Abstract:
A printed circuit board includes first and second signal pads located on a top surface of the printed circuit board and arranged to transmit a first differential signal, first and second signal vias extending through the printed circuit board and arranged to transmit the first differential signal, a first signal trace located on the top surface of the printed circuit board and connecting the first signal pad and the first signal via, and a second signal trace located on the top surface of the printed circuit board and connecting the second signal pad and the second signal via. The first and second signal vias are located on opposite sides of a line connecting the first and second signal pads.

Description:
[0001]    U.S. Applications Nos. (Attorney Docket No.  80505 . 133 ) and (Attorney Docket No. 80505.134) filed on Sep. 7, 2012 are directed to similar subject matter as this application and are incorporated by reference in their entireties. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    The present invention relates to a via structure of a printed circuit board (PCB). More specifically, the present invention relates to the via structure of a PCB for transmitting differential signals. 
         [0004]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0005]    It is known to use differential signaling to transmit information. Differential signaling uses two complementary signals that are sent on two paired transmission lines, e.g. contacts, wires, or traces. These paired transmission lines are referred to as differential pairs, and the complementary signals are referred to as differential signals. The differential signals are typically transmitted through a connector and a PCB. In the connector, the differential signals are transmitted through an array of contacts. The array of contacts is connected to an array of vias within the PCB. The arrangement of the array of vias is similar to the arrangement of the array of contacts. The PCB includes a break out region (BOR) in which the differential signals are routed to different portions of the PCB. Typically, multiple layers of the PCB are used in the BOR so that the differential signals can be routed on different layers of the PCB. 
         [0006]      FIG. 16  shows a plan view of a known footprint of a PCB  110 . The footprint shows the vias  101  arranged in an array with 50 mils×50 mils (1.27 mm×1.27 mm) (where mils is equal to one thousandths of an inch and mm is millimeters) pitch, where adjacent vias  101  are spaced 50 mils apart in both the top-to-bottom and left-to-right directions. The vias  101  are connected to corresponding contacts  102  of a connector (not shown in  FIG. 17 ) with solder  103  as shown in  FIG. 17 . For simplicity, only a portion of the contacts  102  is shown  FIG. 17 . This specification uses the convention that for reference numbers that include reference numbers without letters and the same reference number with letters that the reference number without a letter, e.g.  102 , refers to all corresponding elements, e.g. all contacts, while the reference numbers with letters, e.g.  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   g , refer to specific elements, e.g. contacts  102   a ,  102   b ,  102   g  as shown in  FIG. 17 . The contacts  102  are arranged in a similar array as the vias  101 .  FIG. 17  only shows a portion (a four-by-four array) of the array of vias  101  and contacts  102  shown in  FIG. 16 . 
         [0007]      FIGS. 17 and 22  show that the width of the channels available for routing the traces  105   b  o between the vias  101  in the BOR is limited to 50 mils minus the via plated through hole (PTH) size, which limits the possible trace routing options in the BOR. 
         [0008]    In  FIG. 17 , contacts  102   a ,  102   b  are paired contacts that transmit complimentary signals, i.e. contacts  102   a ,  102   b  are a differential pair. Ground contacts  102   g  are arranged around contacts  102   a  to improve signal integrity of the differential signal transmitted through the contacts  102   a ,  102   b  by, for example, shielding the contacts  102   a ,  102   b  from adjacent differential pairs. 
         [0009]      FIGS. 18 and 19  show another conventional via structure in which the contacts  102  are connected to pads  108  by solder  103 . The contacts  102  are electrically connected to the vias  101  by traces  105 . Each of the vias  101  includes an annular ring  104  that is connected to the corresponding trace  105 . 
         [0010]    The prior art via structures described above fail to include a single central axis of signal propagation through the transition from the connector to the PCB. As seen in, for example,  FIG. 21 , the central axis of signal propagation through the contacts  102  of the connector is different from the central axis of signal propagation through the vias  101 . This difference in the central axes is determined by the traces  105 . The central axis of signal propagation through the two contacts  102   a ,  102   b  of a differential pair is in the center between the two contacts  102   a ,  102   b . Similarly, the central axis of signal propagation through the vias  101   a ,  101   b  of a differential pair is in the center between the two vias  101   a ,  101   b . The central axes are offset from each other by the length and direction of the traces  105 , which is typically 36 mils for a 50 mils pitch. Further, the prior art via structures lack angular symmetry with respect to the top ground plane layer and lack preferential coupling between the vias of the differential signals because the cross term coupling factors are evenly distributed. The failure to include a single central axis of signal propagation, the lack of angular symmetry, and the lack of preferential coupling negatively affect signal integrity. 
         [0011]    In  FIG. 18 , because the antipad  107  (i.e., holes or portions where the ground plane  106  is not located) of the ground plane  106  encircles only the vias  101   a ,  101   b  and does not encompass the pads  108   a ,  108   b  and traces  105   a ,  105   b  when viewed in plan view, the capacitive coupling between the pads  108   a ,  108   b , traces  105   a ,  105   b , and the ground plane  106  is increased. Too much capacitive coupling can cause a drop in the time-domain reflectometer (TDR) impedance profile, which can cause the signal to be reflected back and not transmitted. If the size of the antipad  107  was increased to remove the ground plane  106  from underneath the pads  108 , then the larger antipad  107  would increase crosstalk and affect the impedance profile. Also, as the signal speed increases, larger antipads  107  can cause the signal to change propagation modes around the antipads  107 , which can further cause signal loss and reflections. 
         [0012]    As shown in  FIG. 20 , each ground contact  102   g  is connected to a corresponding ground via  101   g , which increases costs because each ground via  101   g  connected to a ground contact  102   g  must be drilled. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0013]    To overcome the problems described above, preferred embodiments of the present invention provide a via structure that can be used in high-density, high-speed connector applications that require high-performance PCB breakout designs to enable full utilization of the connector&#39;s utility. The preferred embodiments of the present invention offer significant performance benefits with respect to crosstalk and insertion loss, which extends the upper high-frequency operating range for high-density small-pitch applications. 
         [0014]    A printed circuit board according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention includes first and second signal pads located on a top surface of the printed circuit board and arranged to transmit a first differential signal, first and second signal vias extending through the printed circuit board and arranged to transmit the first differential signal, a first signal trace located on the top surface of the printed circuit board and connecting the first signal pad and the first signal via, and a second signal trace located on the top surface of the printed circuit board and connecting the second signal pad and the second signal via. The first and second signal vias are located on opposite sides of a line connecting the first and second signal pads. 
         [0015]    The first and second signal vias are preferably located on a centerline between the first and second signal pads. The first and second signal vias are preferably offset from a centerline between the first and second signal pads. 
         [0016]    The printed circuit board further preferably includes third and fourth signal vias extending through the printed circuit board and arranged to transmit a second differential signal, where there are preferably no ground vias located between a first centerline between the first and second signal pads and a second centerline between the third and fourth signal pads and where the first and second centerlines preferably do not overlap. 
         [0017]    The printed circuit board further preferably includes first and second breakout traces connected to the first and second signal vias and located on a layer within the printed circuit board and between the first and second centerlines when viewed in plan. The printed circuit board further preferably includes a ground planelocated on a layer below the top surface of the printed circuit board and including an antipad that encompasses the first and second signal pads and the first and second signal vias when viewed in plan. 
         [0018]    The printed circuit board further preferably includes first, second, third, and fourth ground pads located on the top surface of the printed circuit board and arranged to provide ground, first and second ground vias extending through the printed circuit board and arranged to provide ground, a first ground trace located on the top surface of the printed circuit board and connecting the first and second ground pads, and a second ground trace located on the top surface of the printed circuit board and connecting the third and fourth ground pads. The first and second ground vias are preferably located on a centerline between the first and second signal pads. The first and second ground vias and the first and second signal vias are preferably located on a centerline between the first and second signal pads. 
         [0019]    The first and second signal vias are preferably arranged such that the first differential signal when transmitted through the first and second signal vias has a central axis. 
         [0020]    An electrical system according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention preferably includes a printed circuit board as discussed above and a connector including first and second signal contacts arranged to transmit the first differential signal. The first signal contact is preferably connected to the first signal pad, and the second signal contact is preferably connected to the second signal pad. 
         [0021]    The first and second signal vias are preferably located on a centerline between the first and second signal pads. The first and second signal vias are preferably offset from a centerline between the first and second signal pads. 
         [0022]    The printed circuit board further preferably includes third and fourth signal vias extending through the printed circuit board and arranged to transmit a second differential signal, and the connector further preferably includes third and fourth signal contacts arranged to transmit the second differential signal, where there are preferably no ground vias located between a first centerline between the first and second signal pads and a second centerline between the third and fourth signal pads, where the first and second centerlines preferably do not overlap, where the third signal contact is preferably connected to the third signal pad, and where the fourth signal contact is preferably connected to the fourth signal pad. 
         [0023]    The printed circuit board further preferably includes first and second breakout traces connected to the first and second signal vias and located on a layer within the printed circuit board and between the first and second centerlines when viewed in plan. The printed circuit board further preferably includes a ground plane located on a layer below the top surface of the printed circuit board and including an antipad that encompasses the first and second signal pads and the first and second signal vias when viewed in plan. 
         [0024]    The printed circuit board further preferably includes first, second, third, and fourth ground pads located on the top surface of the printed circuit board and arranged to provide ground, first and second ground vias extending through the printed circuit board and arranged to provide ground, a first ground trace located on the top surface of the printed circuit board and connecting the first and second ground pads, and a second ground trace located on the top surface of the printed circuit board and connecting the third and fourth ground pads. The connector further preferably includes first, second, third, and fourth ground contacts arranged to provide ground. The first ground contact is preferably connected to the first ground pad. The second ground contact is preferably connected to the second ground pad. The third ground contact is preferably connected to the third ground pad. The fourth ground contact is preferably connected to the fourth ground pad. The first and second ground vias are preferably located on a centerline between the first and second signal pads. The first and second ground vias and the first and second signal vias are preferably located on a centerline between the first and second signal pads. 
         [0025]    The first and second signal vias and the first and second signal contacts are preferably arranged such that the first differential signal when transmitted through the first and second signal vias and the first differential signal when transmitted through the first and second signal contacts share a common central axis. 
         [0026]    The above and other features, elements, characteristics and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments of the present invention with reference to the attached drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0027]      FIG. 1  is a close-up view of a differential pair of contacts and vias according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0028]      FIG. 2  is a top plan view of a portion of an array of contacts and vias including a differential pair of contacts and vias according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0029]      FIG. 3  is a top perspective view of a portion of an array of vias including a differential pair of vias according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0030]      FIG. 4  is a perspective of a pair of ground contacts according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0031]      FIG. 5  is a side perspective view of a portion of an array of contacts and vias including a differential pair of contacts and vias according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0032]      FIG. 6  is another side perspective view of a portion of an array of contacts and vias including a differential pair of contacts and vias according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0033]      FIG. 7  is another bottom perspective view of a differential pair of contacts and vias according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0034]      FIG. 8  is a perspective view of an array of contacts and vias including differential pairs of contacts and vias according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0035]      FIG. 9  is a top plan view of a portion of a two-row array of vias including differential pairs of contacts according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0036]      FIG. 10  is a top plan view of a portion of a one row of vias including differential pairs of contacts with additional rows of ground vias according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0037]      FIG. 11  is a perspective of another array of an array of contacts and vias including differential pairs of contacts and vias according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0038]      FIG. 12  is a perspective of yet another array of an array of contacts and vias including differential pairs of contacts and vias according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0039]      FIG. 13  is a graph comparing the far end crosstalk (FEXT) versus frequency of the via structure of  FIG. 8  of the preferred embodiments of the present invention with the via structure of  FIG. 22  of the prior art. 
           [0040]      FIG. 14  is a graph comparing the near end crosstalk (NEXT) versus frequency of the via structure of  FIG. 8  of the preferred embodiments of the present invention with the via structure of  FIG. 22  of the prior art. 
           [0041]      FIG. 15  is a graph comparing the differential insertion loss (IL) versus frequency of the via structure of  FIG. 8  of the preferred embodiments of the present invention with the via structure of  FIG. 22  of the prior art. 
           [0042]      FIG. 16  is a top plan view of a prior art footprint. 
           [0043]      FIG. 17  is a side perspective view of an array of contacts and vias according to a prior art arrangement. 
           [0044]      FIG. 18  is a close-up view of a differential pair of contacts and vias according to a prior art arrangement. 
           [0045]      FIG. 19  is a top plan view of an array of contacts and vias including differential pairs of contacts and vias according to a prior art arrangement. 
           [0046]      FIG. 20  is a perspective of a pair of ground contacts according to a prior art arrangement. 
           [0047]      FIG. 21  is a top plan view of another prior art footprint. 
           [0048]      FIG. 22  is a perspective view of an array of contacts and vias including differential pairs of contacts and vias according to a prior art arrangement. 
           [0049]      FIGS. 23A and 23B  are top and bottom perspective views of a connector according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0050]      FIGS. 24A and 24B  are perspective views of a contact according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0051]      FIG. 25  is a close-up section view of a connector connected to a via structure according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0052]      FIGS. 1-15  and  23 A- 25  show preferred embodiments of the present invention.  FIGS. 1-15  show via structures according to various preferred embodiments of the present invention.  FIGS. 23A-25  show a connector connected to via structure according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
         [0053]      FIG. 1  is a close-up view of contacts  2   a ,  2   b  that are arranged as a differential pair.  FIG. 2  is a plan view of a six-by-three array of pads  8 , in which contacts  8   a ,  8   b  are surrounded by contacts  8   g.  In  FIGS. 1 and 2 , as well as some of the other figures, certain elements or features are left-out for illustrative purposes. For example, only the conductive portions of the PCB are shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , while the dielectric portions (e.g., layers of FR-4 or other suitable dielectric materials) are not shown. In addition, some the elements or features are exaggerated in some of the figures. For example, the distance between the ground planes  6  in  FIG. 3  is exaggerated so that BOR can be easily seen. 
         [0054]    For simplicity,  FIG. 1  only partially shows the contacts  2   a ,  2   b . Any suitable contact can be used for contacts  2   a ,  2   b , including those shown, for example, in  FIG. 4 . The contacts  2   a ,  2   b  are included in a connector  10  (not shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , but an example of which is shown in  FIGS. 23A and 23B ). Typically, a connector  10  includes an array of contacts  2  that are arranged to correspond to an array of pads  8  as shown in  FIG. 2 . Any number of rows and columns can be used in the arrays of contacts  2  and pads  8 . The arrays of contacts  2  and pads  8  are preferably regular in that the distance between adjacent rows is the same distance as the distance between adjacent columns, i.e. the horizontal pitch is the same as the vertical pitch. However, it is possible to use arrays in which these distances are not the same, i.e., the horizontal pitch and the vertical pitch are not the same. 
         [0055]    In the array of contacts  2  and pads  8 , different pinout assignments can be used. That is, each contact  2  and pad  8  can be assigned to a differential signal pair or to ground. It is also possible that some of the contacts  2  and pads  8  are not assigned to a differential signal pair or to ground. For example, some contact  2  and pads  8  could be assigned to singled-ended signals, power, or not assigned at all. To provide preferred pinout assignments, optimal horizontal and high-density are preferably used as discussed below. It is possible for a portion of the array of contacts  2  and pads  8  to be assigned to the optimal horizontal pinout and for another portion of the array of contacts and pads to be assigned to the high-density pinout. 
         [0056]    In  FIG. 1 , the contacts  2   a ,  2   b  are connected to pads  8   a ,  8   b  preferably by solder  3 . The solder  3  can be provided by solder balls, crimped solder, or solder charges, for example. Further, instead of using solder arranged in a BGA, it is also possible to use pins that are arranged in a pin grid array (PGA). The pads  8   a ,  8   b  are connected to annular rings  4   a ,  4   b  of the vias  1   a,    1   b  by traces  5   a ,  5   b.    
         [0057]    As seen in  FIG. 1 , the vias  1   a,    1   b  are arranged on opposite sides of a line connecting contacts  2   a ,  2   b  and are preferably arranged along a centerline between the contacts  2   a ,  2   b . However, as discussed below with respect to  FIG. 12 , it is possible that the vias  1   a,    1   b  are offset from the centerline between the contacts  2   a ,  2   b  so as not to be exactly aligned along the centerline. The vias  1   a,    1   b  are preferably arranged such that the distance between vias  1   a,    1   b  is the same as the distance between the contacts  2   a ,  2   b , which, when looking in plan view, would place the contacts  2   a ,  2   b  and the vias  1   a,    1   b  on the corners of a square. However, instead of a square, it is possible that the contacts  2   a ,  2   b  and the vias  1   a,    1   b  are placed on the corners of rhombus or other suitable shape. 
         [0058]    The top layer of the PCB includes a conductive layer, which is typically copper but could be any suitable conductive material, that includes the annular rings  4 , traces  5 , and pads  8 . The annular rings  4 , traces  5 , and pads  8  can be formed at the same time or at different times. As explained above, the vias  1  and the contacts  2  are connected by annular rings  4 , traces  5 , and pads  8 . The length of a signal&#39;s propagation path in the vertical direction, i.e. perpendicular to the surface of the PCB, is quite small compared to the length of a signal&#39;s propagation path in the horizontal direction, i.e. parallel to the surface of the PCB. 
         [0059]    The ground plane  6  shown in, for example,  FIGS. 1 and 2  is located below the plane containing the annular rings  4 , pads  8 , and traces  5 . Only one ground plane  6  can be seen in  FIG. 1 , while two ground planes  6  can be seen in  FIG. 2 , where the bottom ground plane  6  can be seen through the antipad  7  in the top ground plane  6 . The ground planes  6  preferably include antipads  7  that surround the vias  1   a,  lb. Any number of ground planes  6 , including zero and more than two, can be used.  FIG. 2  shows two different antipads  7  that are located within the two ground planes  6 . The top antipad  7  is located closest to the surface of the PCB and to the annular rings  4   a ,  4   b , pads  8   a ,  8   b , and traces  5   a ,  5   b  ; surrounds the vias  1   a,    1   b;  and is large enough to encompass the annular rings  4   a ,  4   b , pads  8   a ,  8   b , and traces  5   a ,  5   b  when viewed in plan view. The bottom antipad  7  surrounds the vias  1   a,    1   b  but preferably is not large enough to encompass the annular rings  4   a ,  4   b , pads  8   a ,  8   b , and traces  5   a ,  5   b  when viewed in plan view. Because the vias  1   a,    1   b  and the contacts  2   a ,  2   b  are arranged around the same central axis  9  (shown in  FIGS. 6 and 7 ), it is possible to provide the smallest antipad  7  to reduce the capacitive coupling between the annular rings  4   a ,  4   b , pads  8   a ,  8   b , and traces  5   a ,  5   b  and the top ground plane  6 . Because the capacitive coupling is reduced, the low impedance discontinuity at the top ground layer  6  is reduced. 
         [0060]    It is preferable to provide the smallest-possible symmetrically-shaped antipads  7 ; however, any size and shape of antipad  7  can be used. The size and shape of the antipad  7  can be used to adjust the TDR impedance profile of signals transmitted through the connector and the PCB. Because the antipad  7  can be located directly below the signal contacts  2   a ,  2   b , it is possible to provide a symmetrically shaped antipad  7  with respect to the contacts  2   a ,  2   b , which is not possible with the conventional arrangement as shown, for example, in . The combination of a common central axis  9  and a symmetrical minimally-sized antipad  7  enhances the signal integrity. The Differential Insertion Loss graph of  FIG. 15  shows significantly better performance for the preferred embodiments of the present invention over the prior art at high frequencies. 
         [0061]    As seen by the arrows in  FIG. 2 , the traces  5   a ,  5   b  are arranged to connect the annular rings  4   a ,  4   b  and pads  8   a ,  8   b  such that the differential signals propagating through the vias  1   a,    1   b  share the same central axis  9  (shown in  FIGS. 6 and 7 ) as the differential signals propagating through the contacts  2   a ,  2   b . This arrangement of traces effectively creates a transmission line structure that has a symmetrical 90° twist around the central axis  9  of propagation with a symmetrically-shaped minimally-sized antipad  7  to encompass both the annular rings  4   a ,  4   b  and the pads  8   a ,  8   b , compared to the conventional structure which has no common centerline, has two 90° turns, is not symmetric, and requires larger antipads. 
         [0062]    As shown in  FIG. 4 , two contacts  2   g  are preferably connected to the same ground via  1   g . Connecting two ground contacts  2   g  to a single ground via  1   g  reduces the number of holes that need to be formed in the PCB, which reduces costs. Further, connecting two ground contacts  2   g  to a single ground via  1   g  in combination with arranging the vias  1   a,    1   b  along a centerline between the contacts  2   a ,  2   b , increases the size of the channels between adjacent rows of vias  1  in the PCB. As seen in  FIG. 2 , the ground vias  1   g  are located on the centerline between the signal vias  1   a,    1   b  on the left and on the centerline of between the signal vias  1   a,    1   b  on the right so that there are no ground vias between the two centerlines. 
         [0063]    As shown in the  FIGS. 5 and 8 , the width of the channels available for routing traces  5   bo  between the vias  1  is about 100 mils minus PTH, which is about twice as large as the widths of the channels shown in  FIG. 18 . The increased width of the channels increases the trace routing options. In addition to increasing the trace routing options, the increased width between adjacent rows of signal vias  1   a,    1   b  increases the isolation between adjacent differential pairs. 
         [0064]    Although connecting two ground contacts  2   g  to a single ground via  1   g  can slightly increase the self-inductance from the top ground layer to BGA pads, it is possible to offset the slight increase in self-inductance for the following reasons. The effective length of the ground vias  1   g  is typically very short, about 4 mil, for example, which reduces the negative effects caused by the increased self-inductance. The ground vias  1   g  typically extend through the PCB from top to bottom and are typically connected to every groundplane the ground vias  1   g  extend through. However, because the ground via  1   g  is connected to the ground plane  6  closest to the top of the PCB, the effective length of the ground via  1   g  is the distance between the top of the PCB and the ground plane  6  closest to the top of the PCB, which is about 4 mil. It is possible to decrease the self-inductance of the one ground via  1   g  by enlarging the diameter of the one ground via  1   g . Preferred embodiments of the present invention use one ground via  1   g  for two ground contacts  2   g , which reduces the number of ground vias  1   g  extending through the PCB. Because the number of ground vias  1   g  is reduced, trace routing in the BOR is made easier because more space is made available for trace routing. As discussed above, replacing two ground vias  1   g  with one ground via  1   g  with a larger diameter can compensate for changes in the self-inductance. In addition, the optimal horizontal pinout allocates an additional connector contact for ground, which lowers the self-inductance. The overall self-inductance can be improved because the addition of the additional signal contact  1   a,    1   b  lowers the overall self-inductance many times compared to the slight increase in self-inductance created by connecting the two ground contacts  2   g  to a single ground via  1   g.    
         [0065]    Connecting two contacts  2   g  to the same ground via  1   g  reduces the number of thermal paths. The heat sinks defined by the ground pads  8   g  compared to the heat sinks defined by the pads  8   a ,  8   b  will be slightly more alike. The signal pads  8   a ,  8   b  are attached to vias  1   a,    1   b  that have internal traces as their heat sink. The ground pads  8   g  are attached to ground planes  6  with more copper mass, i.e., more thermal mass. The temperature rise of the ground pads  8   g,  including any solder, should be slower than the signal pads  8   a ,  8   b  because they are attached to a larger thermal mass. By connecting the two ground pads  8   g  to one via  1   g , the resistance to thermal conductivity is increased, allowing the ground pads  8   g  to move a little closer to the signal pad  8   a ,  8   b  temperature rise curve. 
         [0066]    Preferably, the single ground via  1   g  connected to the two ground contacts  2   g  is arranged along the centerline between the two contacts  2   a ,  2   b  as shown, for example, in  FIGS. 1 and 2 . This arrangement creates a 4-inline via arrangement: ground via  1   g , signal via  2   a , signal via  2   b , and ground via  1   g  (G-S-S-G). The 4-inline via arrangement tightly couples the differential signals propagated within the signal vias  1   a,    1   b.  Removing 50% of the ground vias  1   g  by connecting two ground contacts  2   g  to the same ground via  1   g  reduces some of the capacitive coupling between the signal vias  1   a,    1   b  and the ground vias  1   g . The reduction of the capacitive coupling enables an increase in the capacitive coupling within signal vias  1   a,    1   b  of the 4-inline via arrangement, maintains an acceptable TDR impedance profile, and focuses the propagating signal in a smaller space, i.e., between the signal vias  1   a,    1   b.  In addition, by approximately doubling the distance between the centerlines of adjacent pairs of signal vias  1   a,    1   b,  electrical isolation is provided and significantly increased between adjacent pairs of signal vias  1   a,    1   b,  which more than compensates for the ground via shielding loss from the 50% reduction in ground vias  1   g . The distance between the centerlines of adjacent pairs of signal vias  1   a,    1   b  is typically about 100 mils as shown in  FIG. 5  for a connector with 50-mil-by-50-mil pitch spacing, which is twice the conventional 50 mil distance shown in  FIG. 17  also for a connector with 50-mil-by-50-mil pitch spacing. 
         [0067]    As shown in  FIG. 12 , it also possible to offset the signal vias  1   a,    1   b  from the centerline between the contacts  2   a ,  2   b . Offsetting allows for longer distances between the drill holes for forming the signal vias  1   a,    1   b  and thus allows for greater density for signal vias  1   a,    1   b  with those distances, while also achieving improved signal integrity advantages as previously discussed. The maximum offset of the vias  1   a,    1   b  would be equal to half of the connector pitch, at which point the distance between vias would be at the original routing channel width. Any further offset would make signal integrity worse. 
         [0068]    As seen, for example, in  FIGS. 3 and 8 , the vias  1   a,    1   b  of a differential pair are located much closer to each other than the vias  1   a,    1   b  of an adjacent differential pair. The vias  1   a,    1   b  of adjacent differential pairs of the preferred embodiments of the present invention are located even farther apart than the vias  101  of adjacent differential pairs shown in, for example,  FIGS. 19 and 22 . This increased distance between vias  1   a,    1   b  of adjacent differential pairs provides improved isolation between adjacent differential pairs. The vias  1   a,    1   b  also provide an improved transition between the PCB and the connector by providing a central axis  9  (shown in  FIGS. 6 and 7 ) along which the differential signals propagate. This via structure provides the tightest signal coupling between the vias  1   a,    1   b  of a differential pair and the largest spatial separation between adjacent differential pairs for best-case isolation. 
         [0069]    The via structure according to preferred embodiments of the present invention can reduce the crosstalk between adjacent differential pairs.  FIGS. 13 and 14  are graphs comparing the near end crosstalk (NEXT) and far end crosstalk (FEXT) of the via structure of the preferred embodiments shown, for example, in  FIG. 8  with the via structure of the prior art shown, for example, in  FIG. 22 . HFSS models of the PCB BOR shown in  FIGS. 8 and 22  needed for a connector were used to create  FIGS. 13 and 14 . The graphs of  FIGS. 13 and 14  were created using worse-case multiple aggressor crosstalk analysis using four aggressors and one victim for the optimal horizontal pinout, which includes a ground contact  2   g  for every signal contact  2   a  or  2   b  and which is industry preferred.  FIGS. 13 and 14  show significant reduction in crosstalk for the via structure according to the preferred embodiments compared to the via structure of the prior art, with up to about  20  dB reduction in crosstalk for most of the shown frequency range. 
         [0070]    Instead of using the optimal horizontal pinout in which every signal contact  2   a  or  2   b  includes a corresponding ground contact  2   g , it is possible to use other pinouts. For example, as shown in  FIG. 11 , it is possible to use a high-density pinout which includes a ground contact  2   g  for every pair of signal contacts  2   a ,  2   b . Because each pair of signal contacts  2   a ,  2   b  is associated with only one ground contacts  2   g , it is possible to achieve a higher density of pairs of signal contacts  2   a ,  2   b.    
         [0071]    As shown in  FIGS. 6 and 7 , the differential signal transmitted through the contacts  2   a ,  2   b  and the vias  1   a,    1   b  have a common central axis  9  and have angular symmetry about this central axis  9 . Having the same central axis in the vias  1   a,    1   b  as the contacts  2   a ,  2   b  is achieved by routing the traces  5   a ,  5   b  (only trace  5   b  can be seen in  FIG. 7  is labeled) in opposite directions, as seen by the two arrows in  FIG. 2 . The traces  5   a ,  5   b  create a 90° twist of the transmitted differential signal around the central axis  9 . This 90° twist occurs in the plane including the annular rings  4 , the traces  5 , and pads  8 , which is typically approximately 0.03 mm thick, for example. The differential signals are coupled, not only in the vias  1   a,    1   b  and contact  2   a ,  2   b , but also in the traces  5   a ,  5   b.    
         [0072]      FIG. 9  shows a via structure for a connector with only two rows of contacts.  FIG. 9  shows an arrangement in which two extra rows of ground vias  1   g  (top and bottom) are added so that a 4-inline via arrangement can be achieved. That is, the 4-inline via arrangement is achieved by grouping signal contacts  2   a ,  2   b  in one row of contacts with a pair of ground contacts  2   g  in the opposing row of contacts and with either the top or bottom extra row of vias  1   g  opposite to the opposing row of contacts, creating the G-S-S-G via structure. In  FIG. 9 , ground pads  8   g  are included in the extra rows of ground vias  1   g ; however, it is possible to not use grounds pads  8   g  and to only use the ground vias  1   g.    
         [0073]      FIG. 10  shows a via structure for a connector with only one rows of contacts.  FIG. 10  shows an arrangement in which two extra rows of ground vias  1   g  (top and bottom) are added so that a 4-inline via arrangement can be achieved. That is, the 4-inline via arrangement is achieved by grouping signal contacts  2   a ,  2   b  with the top and bottom vias  1   g  in the extra rows of vias  1   g , creating the G-S-S-G via structure. In  FIG. 10 , ground pads  8   g  are included in the extra rows of ground vias  1   g  ; however, it is possible to not use grounds pads  8   g  and to only use the ground vias  1   g.    
         [0074]      FIGS. 23A and 23B  show a connector  10  that can be used with the via structures described above.  FIG. 23A  shows a top perspective view of the connector  10 , and  FIG. 23B  shows a bottom perspective view of the connector  10 . The connector  10  in  FIGS. 23A and 23B  is a female connector; however, the connector  10  could also be the corresponding male connector (not shown) that can mate with a female connector. By being a female connector, riser cards (not shown) can be inserted into the connector  10  instead of being mated with a corresponding male connector. A riser card is a PCB that provides electrical connections, which are typically traces, from one end of the riser card to the other end of the riser card. The ends of the riser cards not inserted into the connector  10  can then be inserted into another female connector (also not shown). The riser cards can provide, in addition to the electrical connections, passive and/or active electrical components. The connector  10  includes an array of contacts  2 . Although the connector  10  shown in  FIGS. 23A and 23B  includes eight rows of contacts  2 , it is possible to use a connector  10  with any number of rows of contacts  2 . The horizontal and vertical pitches of connector  10  are preferably 50 mil; however, any other suitable pitches can be used. The connector  10  includes an array of contacts  2  that can be assigned either to a differential pair or ground. 
         [0075]    The connector  10  can also include alignment pins  10   a  that help align the connector  10  when it is attached to a PCB. As shown in  FIG. 23B , it is preferable that the alignment pins  10   a  are aligned such that the connector  10  can only be aligned one way with respect to the PCB. This can be achieved by asymmetrically aligning the alignment pins  10   a  on the connector  10  and/or by providing alignment pins  10   a  with different sizes or shapes. 
         [0076]    The connector  10  can also include polarization portions  10   b  that prevent the corresponding mating connector (not shown) from mating with the connector  10  unless it is properly aligned. Any suitable polarization portions can be used, or no polarization portions can be used. 
         [0077]      FIGS. 24A and 24B  show a contact  2  that can be used with the connector  10  shown in  FIGS. 23A and 24B .  FIG. 24A  shows the contact  2  without any solder, and  FIG. 24B  shows the contact  2  with the solder  3  as a solder charge. Although a solder charge is shown in  FIG. 24B , it is possible to use any type solder, including crimped solder, solder balls, etc. The solder  3  is attached to the contact  2  using the hole  2   h.    
         [0078]      FIG. 25  is sectional view of the connector  10  connected to a via structure as discussed above. For simplicity, only a portion of the connector  10  is shown, and the frontmost row of contacts  2  is shown without the connector  10 . Contacts  2   a ,  2   b  are connected to vias  1 ,  1   b  by pads  8   a ,  8   b  (not labeled in  FIG. 25 ), traces  5   a ,  5   b  (not labeled in  FIG. 25 ), and annular rings  4   a ,  4   b  (only annular  4   b  is labeled in  FIG. 25 ). Two ground contacts  2   g  are connected to the same ground via la by pads  8   a ,  8   b  (not labeled in  FIG. 25 ), traces  5   a ,  5   b  (not labeled in  FIG. 25 ), and annular rings  4   a ,  4   b  (only annular  4   b  is labeled in  FIG. 25 ). With the arrangement shown in  FIG. 25 , it is possible to transmit a differential signal between the vias  1   a,    1   b  and the contacts  2   a ,  2   b  around a common central axis. As explained above, the differential signal is transmitted with a 90° twist as the differential signal is transmitted to and from the connector  10  and the PCB. Preferably, as shown in  FIG. 25 , the vias  1  are arranged in the 4-inline arrangement (G-S-S-G). 
         [0079]    Preferred embodiments of the present invention are applicable to both lower- and higher-density pitches; their utility being more preferable in high-density pitch applications. Preferred embodiments of the present invention are also applicable to connectors including any number of rows of contacts, including connectors that include two rows of contacts or include only a single row of contacts. 
         [0080]    The various preferred embodiments of the present invention improve the BOR and can be used with any type of riser card construction, including riser cards with coupled microstrips or striplines or with coplanar waveguide structures. 
         [0081]    It should be understood that the foregoing description is only illustrative of the present invention. Various alternatives and modifications can be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the present invention. Accordingly, the present invention is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, and variances that fall within the scope of the appended claims.