Abstract:
A device for isolating and cultivating live cells on a filter or for extracting the genetic material thereof includes: a filter holder ( 108 ) connected to a filter; a compartment ( 102 ) having an upper opening and a lower opening; and an element ( 110 ) that is mobile relative to the compartment for applying a force on the holder and releasing the holder. According to the embodiments, the filter holder is mechanically connected to the compartment or to the mobile element until the application of the force. Preferably, the device further includes a removable end piece ( 104 ) tightly and removably attached and adapted for preventing the relative movement of the mobile element and the compartment for applying the force and releasing the holder.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention concerns a device and a method for isolating and cultivating live cells on a filter or extracting amplified genetic material from live cells isolated on a filter. It applies in particular to isolating and cultivating particular cells present in a liquid, especially blood, or extracting the genetic material of those particular cells. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Some particular blood cells, for example tumor cells and trophoblasts, are present in very small proportions and must be counted for a cytological analysis. However, compared to most of the other cells present in blood, they have a greater size. 
     It is known to apply a formaldehyde-based fixing buffer to a blood sample to fix the cells searched for and then to pass the resulting liquid into a porous filter. That filter is then used to examine the cells searched for thereon under a microscope in the laboratory. However, this procedure does not make it possible to obtain live cells. 
     Now, the inventor has determined that obtaining live cells would make it possible to envisage the identification of specific markers and to obtain good conditions for applying molecular biology, cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques to diagnose genetic abnormalities in tumor cells or trophoblastic cells. 
     The present invention aims to remedy these drawbacks and to address this requirement by making it possible, under conditions compatible with routine laboratory examination, to collect live cells that can subsequently be cultivated in appropriate media in the presence of appropriate growth factors. 
     The present invention also concerns extracting amplified genetic material from cells isolated on a filter and detecting mutations and levels of expression of genes coding for sensitivity and resistance to target therapies or genetic abnormalities. 
     It applies in particular to collecting and uniformly amplifying DNA or RNA from particular cells present in a liquid, especially blood. 
     It is known, for example from the document PCT/FR 2006/000562, to apply a formaldehyde-based fixing buffer to a blood sample to fix the cells searched for and then to pass the resulting liquid into a porous filter. That filter is then analyzed under a microscope in the laboratory to look for the cells. The cells can then be sampled on the filter for analysis, for example by a genetic analysis. 
     However, this procedure cannot be reproduced on a large scale and at a reasonable cost because of the time, equipment and precise working that it entails. Such reproduction on a large scale and at lower cost would make it possible to carry out molecular biology analyses both on tumor cells and on trophoblastic cells. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention also aims to remedy these drawbacks and to address this requirement by making it possible, under conditions compatible with routine laboratory examination, to collect a large proportion of the cellular material from the cells concerned, in particular RNA and DNA, in good condition. 
     To this end, a first aspect of the present invention provides a device for isolating live cells on a filter or extracting their genetic material, characterized in that it includes:
         a filter support fastened to a filter,   a compartment having an upper opening and a lower opening, and   means mobile relative to said compartment for applying a force to the support and releasing said support.       

     This prevents contamination or deterioration of the live cells on the filter or the genetic material. The contents of the compartment are kept sterile during manipulation under an appropriate laminar-flow hood. Accordingly, all the steps for isolating and cultivating the cells or for extracting and analyzing their genetic material can be carried out under sterile conditions. 
     This device also makes it possible to recover the live cells of interest under conditions perfectly compatible with culturing them for cytomorphological and cytogenetic characterization examination. This recovery is effected directly on the filter and with virtually no loss of the cells searched for. Thus a great proportion of the cells concerned are collected at lower cost, in good condition and under conditions compatible with routine laboratory cell culture. 
     The device of the present invention also makes it possible to collect cellular material from particular cells quickly and efficiently, for example, after carrying out:
         a filtration step during which most of the liquid and said other cells pass through a filter the micropores of which have an intermediate diameter between that of said particular cells and that of other cells,   a step of lysis and amplification of the DNA and/or the RNA in said compartment, and   a step of recovering amplified genetic material from the cells on the filter that have undergone lysis.       

     According to particular features, the device of the present invention includes a removable end-piece removably fixed and sealed and adapted to prohibit relative movement of the mobile means and said compartment that makes it possible to apply said force and release said filter support. 
     Thanks to these provisions, holding of the filter-carrier in position is guaranteed. Moreover, the end-piece can protect it against splashing and contamination. 
     Thus the filter is retained during filtration and then released, for its recovery, by withdrawing the end-piece and imparting respective movements to the mobile means and the compartment to apply the force that releases the filter support. 
     According to particular features, said end-piece has a lower opening that fits onto a reduced-pressure chamber of an aspiration system. 
     Thanks to these provisions, cells smaller than the cells of interest, cells that have undergone lysis and most of the liquid present in the compartment can be filtered by aspiration into the reduced-pressure chamber. 
     According to particular features, said filter support takes the form of a washer. A washer is an annular filter-carrier. 
     According to particular features, said filter support is in PVC. The inventor has found that, unlike hydrophobic polyethylene, this material does not float and is more rigid than the latter material, which is beneficial for use with the filter support at the bottom of the culture well. 
     According to particular features, said filter support is in rigid PVC. These provisions make it possible to manipulate the filter during cytogenetic and cytomorphological analyses. 
     According to particular features, said filter support takes the form of an object cover slide. 
     According to particular features, said filter support has dimensions greater than or equal to those of an object cover slide. These provisions make it possible to mount the filter between the plate and the slide. 
     According to particular features, said filter support has a thickness less than or equal to 0.4 mm and preferably 0.3 mm. 
     Thanks to these provisions, the filter support may be used under a microscope, even at high magnification, with no risk of touching any part of the microscope during lateral displacement of the filter support. 
     According to particular features, said filter support takes the form of at least part of an Eppendorf tube. 
     According to particular features, the upper interior part of said filter support reproduces the shape of the upper interior part of an Eppendorf tube. 
     Thanks to these provisions, the top opening of said filter support may be closed with an Eppendorf tube stopper. 
     According to particular features, the lower interior part of said filter support reproduces the shape of the lower interior part of an Eppendorf tube. 
     According to particular features, said filter has a diameter less than or equal to 5 mm and preferably 3.5 mm, which is beneficial for lysis of the cells and preamplification of the genetic material. 
     Thus the lower interior surface of an Eppendorf tube can be simulated. 
     According to particular features, the upper exterior part of said filter support reproduces the shape of the upper interior part of an Eppendorf tube. 
     Thanks to these provisions, the filter support can be inserted into the upper part of an Eppendorf tube. 
     Thus a seal can be created between the upper exterior part of said filter support and the upper interior part of an Eppendorf tube. 
     Thanks to the last three of the above provisions, the filter support has a column function. 
     According to particular features, the filter support includes polycarbonate. 
     Thanks to these provisions, the pores of the filter retain the lysis buffer and the reagents to amplify the genetic material. 
     According to particular features, the filter support is mechanically connected to said compartment up to application of said force. 
     According to particular features, said filter support is mechanically connected to said mobile means up to application of said force. 
     A second aspect of the present invention provides a method for isolating live cells on a filter or extracting their genetic material, characterized in that it includes:
         a step of fastening a filter support fastened to a filter to a compartment having an upper opening and a lower opening or to means mobile relative to said compartment, and   a step of moving said mobile means and said compartment to apply a force to the filter support and release said filter support.       

     According to particular features, during the movement step, the filter support is passed directly to a culture well. 
     This prevents any contamination or deterioration of the live cells on the filter or of the extracted genetic material. Thanks to each of these provisions, the content of the compartment remains sterile during manipulation under a laminar-flow hood. Thus all the steps are effected under sterile conditions appropriate to cell culture or genetic material extraction. 
     The advantages, objects and particular features of the above method being similar to those of the device of the present invention, as succinctly set out above, they are not repeated here. 
     Thus the method of the present invention makes it possible to collect cellular material quickly and efficiently. The cellular material recovered using the present invention is generally the genetic material of the cells. Thus the method of the present invention makes it possible to recover genetic material from rare cells, even a single isolated cell, directly from the filter and practically without losses. Thus a large proportion of the genetic material of the cells concerned is collected in good condition under conditions compatible with routine laboratory examination. 
     According to particular features, the method of the present invention, as succinctly described above, includes, after the lysis step, a step of amplification of the DNA and/or the RNA and, during the recovery step, the amplified genetic material is recovered from the cells that have undergone lysis. 
     According to particular features, uniform amplification preserving the quantitative aspect of the DNA and RNA is effected during the lysis and amplification step. 
     According to particular features, the method of the present invention, as succinctly described above, further includes a detection step during which the amplified DNA is used as a matrix for detecting at least one mutation of a gene coding for sensitivity or resistance to at least one target therapy. 
     According to particular features, the method of the present invention, as succinctly described above, further includes a detection step during which the amplified DNA is used as a matrix for detecting a variation of the level of expression of a gene coding for sensitivity or resistance to the target therapies. 
     According to particular features, the method of the present invention, as succinctly described above, further includes a detection step during which RNA is converted into cDNA and said cDNA is used to detect the level of expression of a gene coding for sensitivity or resistance to the target therapies. 
     According to particular features, a quantitative and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is effected during the detection step. 
     According to particular features, during the detection step, at least one pair of forward and reverse primers is used to amplify a predetermined sequence of interest. 
     According to particular features, during the detection step, at least one pair of probes is used. 
     According to particular features, at least two probes of a pair of probes are coupled to different fluorochromes and are defined so that one recognizes the mutated sequence and the other recognizes the normal sequence. 
     According to particular features, at least one pair of primers and one pair of probes are adapted to detect the G12D mutation of the K-ras gene coding for resistance to Erlotinib and Gefitinib. 
     According to particular features, at least one primer includes at least 80% of the sequence AGGCCTGCTGAAAATGACTGAATAT (SEQ ID NO: 1). 
     According to particular features, at least one primer includes at least 80% of the sequence TCGTCCACAAAATGATTCTGAATTAGCT (SEQ ID NO: 2). 
     According to particular features, at least one probe includes at least 80% of the sequence TTGGAGCTGGTGGCGT (SEQ ID NO: 3). 
     According to particular features, at least one probe includes at least 80% of the sequence TGGAGCTGATGGCGT (SEQ ID NO: 4). 
     According to particular features, at least one pair of primers and one pair of probes are adapted to detect the G12V mutation of the K-ras gene coding for resistance to Erlotinib and Gefitinib. 
     According to particular features, at least one primer includes at least 80% of the sequence AGGCCTGCTGAAAATGACTGAATAT (SEQ ID NO: 5). 
     According to particular features, at least one primer includes at least 80% of the sequence TCGTCCACAAAATGATTCTGAATTAGCT (SEQ ID NO: 6). 
     According to particular features, at least one probe includes at least 80% of the sequence TTGGAGCTGGTGGCGT (SEQ ID NO: 7). 
     According to particular features, at least one probe includes at least 80% of the sequence TTGGAGCTGTTGGCGT (SEQ ID NO: 8). 
     According to particular features, at least one pair of primers and one pair of probes are adapted to detect the G13C mutation of the K-ras gene coding for resistance to Erlotinib and Gefitinib. 
     According to particular features, at least one primer includes at least 80% of the sequence AGGCCTGCTGAAAATGACTGAATAT (SEQ ID NO: 9). 
     According to particular features, at least one primer includes at least 80% of the sequence TCGTCCACAAAATGATTCTGAATTAGCT (SEQ ID NO: 10). 
     According to particular features, at least one probe includes at least 80% of the sequence TTGGAGCTGGTGGCGT (SEQ ID NO: 11). 
     According to particular features, at least one probe includes at least 80% of the sequence TTGGAGCTGGTTGCGT (SEQ ID NO: 12). 
     According to particular features, at least one pair of primers and one pair of probes are adapted to detect the L858R mutation of the EGFR gene coding for increased sensitivity to Erlotinib and Gefitinib. 
     According to particular features, at least one primer includes at least 80% of the sequence GCAGCATGTCAAGATCACAGATTT (SEQ ID NO: 13). 
     According to particular features, at least one primer includes at least 80% of the sequence CCTCCTTCTGCATGGTATTCTTTCT (SEQ ID NO: 14). 
     According to particular features, at least one probe includes at least 80% of the sequence CAGTTTGGCCAGCCCA (SEQ ID NO: 15). 
     According to particular features, at least one probe includes at least 80% of the sequence CAGTTTGGCCCGCCCA (SEQ ID NO: 16). 
     A third aspect of the present invention provides a device for isolating live cells on a filter, characterized in that it includes:
         a filter support fastened to a filter,   a compartment having an upper opening and a lower opening adapted to retain said support and said filter, and   means for applying a force to the support from inside the compartment.       

     This device makes it possible to recover live cells of interest under conditions perfectly compatible with culturing them for genetic examination. 
     According to particular features, the device of the present invention, as succinctly described above, includes, in the compartment, a mobile part adapted to bear on the filter support and to receive a force exerted by a piston inserted in the compartment. 
     According to particular features, the device of the present invention, as succinctly described above, includes, at its lower opening, an end-piece for retaining the filter and the filter support, said end-piece being removably fixed and sealed to the compartment. 
     Thanks to these features, the filter is retained during filtration and then released, for recovery, by withdrawing the end-piece and applying a force to the filter support from inside the compartment. 
     According to particular features, said end-piece has a lower opening that is fitted to a reduced-pressure chamber. 
     Thanks to these features, cells smaller than the cells of interest, cells that have undergone lysis and most of the liquid present in the compartment can be filtered by aspiration into the reduced-pressure chamber. 
     A fourth aspect of the present invention provides a method for collecting cells present in a liquid, characterized in that it includes:
         a step of fastening a filter support to a compartment having an upper opening and a lower opening adapted to retain said support and said filter inside said compartment,   a step of filtering a liquid containing live cells through said filter, and   a step of applying a force to the support from inside the compartment to recover the filter outside the compartment.       

     The particular advantages, objects and features of this method being similar to those of the device of the third aspect of the present invention, as succinctly described above, they are not repeated here. 
     A fifth aspect of the present invention provides a method for isolating live cells on a filter, characterized in that it includes:
         a step of inserting a liquid containing said cells and a filtration buffer with no fixative into a compartment via an upper opening of the compartment, said compartment having a lower opening, a filter being positioned between the two openings the micropores of which have an intermediate diameter between that of said particular cells and that of other cells,   a filtration step during which most of the liquid and said other cells pass through the filter, and   a step of recovering the filter and the cells remaining on the filter.       

     This method makes it possible to recover the live cells of interest under conditions perfectly compatible with culturing them for genetic examination. This recovery is effected directly on the filter and with virtually no loss of the cells searched for. Thus a large proportion of the cells concerned is recovered in good condition under conditions compatible with routine laboratory cell culture. 
     According to particular features, the method as succinctly described above includes, prior to the filtration step, a step of applying to the liquid containing the particular cells a filtration buffer with no fixative consisting of a culture medium and a lysis agent. 
     According to particular features, during the filtration step, aspiration is applied below the filter by a pressure reduction less than or equal to 25 mBar. 
     Thanks to these provisions, filtration is efficient and fast and does not damage the live cells to be recovered on the filter. 
     According to particular features, during the filtration step, an end-piece of the compartment retains the filter in the compartment and, during the step of recovering the filter, said end-piece is withdrawn from the compartment, a piston is introduced into the compartment and said piston applies a force to a support of said filter. 
     This force makes it possible to extract from the compartment the support carrying the filter at the lower end of the compartment and thus the filter itself. Moreover no force being exerted directly on the filter and the applied force causing no pressure rise, the cells carried by the filter are not damaged during recovery of the filter. 
     According to particular features, during the recovery step, the filter is passed directly from the compartment to a culture well plate and/or a culture flask. 
     This prevents any contamination or deterioration of the live cells on the filter. Thanks to each of these provisions, the content of the compartment remains sterile during manipulation under a laminar-flow hood making it possible to manipulate the cells under sterile conditions. Thus all the steps are effected under sterile conditions appropriate to cell culture. 
     A sixth aspect of the present invention provides a device for collecting cells present in a liquid, characterized in that it includes:
         means for inserting the liquid and a filtration buffer with no fixative into a compartment via an upper opening of the compartment, said compartment having a lower opening,   a filter positioned between the two openings of the compartment, said filter having micropores with an intermediate diameter between that of said particular cells and that of other cells,   filter means for passing most of the liquid and said other cells through a filter, and   means for recovering the filter and cells remaining on the filter.       

     The particular advantages, objects and features of this device being similar to those of the method of the fifth aspect of the present invention, as succinctly described above, they are not repeated here. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES 
       Other advantages, objects and features of the present invention will emerge from the following description given by way of nonlimiting explanation with reference to the appended figures, in which: 
         FIG. 1  represents, diagrammatically and in perspective, the assembly of the parts of the device of a first embodiment of the present invention, 
         FIGS. 2A to 2D  represent, diagrammatically and in mutually perpendicular axial sections, the device of the first embodiment before use, 
         FIGS. 3A to 3O  represent, diagrammatically, in elevation or in section, steps of the use of the device of the first embodiment of the present invention, 
         FIG. 4  represents, in flowchart form, steps executed in the method of a first particular embodiment of the present invention, 
         FIG. 5  represents, diagrammatically and in perspective, the assembly of the parts of the device of a second particular embodiment of the present invention, 
         FIGS. 6A to 6D  represent, diagrammatically and in mutually perpendicular axial sections, the device of the second embodiment prior to use, 
         FIGS. 7A to 7L  represent, diagrammatically, in elevation or in section, steps of using the device of the second embodiment of the present invention, 
         FIG. 8  represents, in section, a filter support integrated into the device of the second embodiment of the present invention, and 
         FIG. 9  represents, in flowchart form, steps executed in the method of a second particular embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     There are seen in  FIG. 1  a reservoir or compartment  102 , an end-piece  104 , a seal  106 , a filter support  108 , mobile means  110 , a seal  112  and a stopper  114 . 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The general shape of the compartment  102  is cylindrical. Its upper end may be closed and sealed by the stopper  114 . The lower end of the compartment  102  has, on its external surface, discontinuous rings the discontinuities whereof guide lugs of the mobile means  110 , said rings guiding the body of the mobile means  110 . 
     The mobile means  110  have a cylindrical general shape with two lugs  116  extending toward the end-piece  104  and coming closer together in that direction so as to be separated from each other by a distance less than the diameter of the filter support  108 . As will emerge hereinafter, this particular shape, notably that of the lugs  116  that curve toward each other, enables the mobile means  110 , after withdrawal of the end-piece  104 , to push the filter support  108  in order to release it from the compartment  102  on movement of the mobile means toward the filter support  108 . 
     The ends of the lugs  116  of the mobile means  110  and the lower end of the compartment  102  are adapted to enter a culture box or well. On the other hand, the discontinuous ring at the end of the compartment  102  has a diameter such that it bears on the edge of the culture box or well. 
     An end-piece or adapter  104  that grips the exterior wall of the compartment  102  and has a tapered lower opening of smaller diameter than the compartment  102  is placed at the lower opening of the compartment  102  in a sealed, sterile and removable fashion. 
     This tapered lower opening of the end-piece or adapter  104  has a length sufficient to prevent potential contamination of the end of the compartment  102  by splashes coming from a chamber in which the pressure is reduced. 
     In a manner coordinated with the shape of the lower end of the compartment  102 , which has lateral lugs  118 , the end-piece  104  has rotation locking means for gripping said lugs in a manner known in itself. Thus the end-piece  104  guarantees that the filter-holder is held in position during the filtration steps. The end-piece  104  also protects the filter from splashing and contamination. 
     The lower end of the compartment  102  has an opening which, after fitting, discharges onto the filter carried by the filter support  108  which is itself held in position on the one hand by the lower end of the compartment  102  and on the other hand by the end-piece  104 . 
     In the first embodiment, the filter support  108  takes the form of an annular washer. The microperforated filter is welded under the filter support  108  and then inserted with it into the lower end of the compartment  102 . 
     The filter support  108  is preferably in PVC and has a thickness less than or equal to 0.4 mm and preferably less than 0.3 mm. Its outside diameter is 12.6 mm, for example. The diameter of the filter carried by the filter support  108  is 8.2 mm, for example. 
     The compartment  102 , the end-piece  104  and the mobile means  110  are produced in polypropylene, for example. The seals  106  and  112  are in silicone, for example. 
       FIGS. 2A and 2C  are mutually perpendicular axial sections of the device of the first embodiment of the present invention when the parts shown in  FIG. 1  have been assembled.  FIGS. 2B and 2D  are enlarged detail views of parts of  FIGS. 2A and 2C , respectively. The elements described with reference to  FIG. 1  appear in  FIGS. 2A to 2D . 
       FIG. 3A  represents the device in elevation in its storage configuration.  FIG. 3B  represents the placement of the device on a plate  120  of a known type aspiration system (not shown) after removal of the stopper  114  and introduction of liquid (not shown), for example blood, into the compartment  102  through its upper opening.  FIG. 3C  is an enlarged detail view of part of  FIG. 3B . It is seen in  FIGS. 3B and 3C  that the end-piece  104  is held in position in a part  122  and that an O-ring  124  seals the connection between the interior of the end-piece and thus, via the filter  108 , the interior of the compartment  102  and the aspiration chamber of the aspiration system. It is seen that the end-piece  104  projects into the interior of the aspiration chamber. 
     During aspiration, some particular cells of larger diameter in the liquid present in the compartment  102  are retained by the filter whereas most of the liquid, the contents and walls of cells that have undergone lysis and cells with smaller dimensions than the cells to be collected are aspirated out of the compartment  102  through the filter. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3D , after filtration, the device is removed from the plate. Then, as shown in  FIGS. 3E and 3F , the end-piece  104  is removed after rotating it to release the lugs  118 . Then, as shown in  FIGS. 3G and 3H , the end of the compartment  102  is inserted into a culture box or well  130 . 
     As disclosed above and as shown in  FIG. 31 , the close together ends of the lugs  116  of the mobile means  110  and the lower end of the compartment  102  are adapted to penetrate into a culture box or well. On the other hand, the discontinuous ring at the end of the compartment  102  has a diameter such that it bears on the edge of the culture box or well  130 . 
     To be more precise, as shown in  FIGS. 3J and 3K , in this position the mobile means  110  are still able to move parallel to the axis of the compartment  102 . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 3N and 3M , during this movement, the lugs  116  of the mobile means when moved by the fingers of an operator exert a vertical downward force on the filter support  108  and release it from the lower end of the compartment  102 . The filter support  108  then drops into the culture box or well  130 . 
     Finally, as shown in  FIG. 3O , the compartment  102  and the mobile means  110  are removed from the culture box or well  130 . 
       FIG. 4  summarizes the above steps. 
     During a step  202 , the parts of the device are assembled. During a step  204 , the device is placed on a plate  120  of an aspiration system. During a step  206 , the stopper  114  is removed. During a step  208 , a liquid, for example blood, containing cells to be cultivated is introduced via the upper end of the compartment  102 . 
     During a step  210 , cells smaller than the cells of interest, cells that have undergone lysis and most of the liquid present in the compartment  102  are filtered by aspirating them into the reduced-pressure chamber of the aspiration system. 
     During a step  212 , the device is removed from the plate. During a step  214 , the end-piece  104  is removed. During a step  216 , the end of the compartment  102  is inserted into a culture box or well. 
     During a step  218 , the mobile means and the compartment are moved to exert a force on the filter support and release it in order for it to drop into the culture box or well. During a step  220  the compartment  102  and the mobile means  110  are removed from the culture box or well  130 . 
     During a step  220 , cell culture takes place in the culture well  130  in a manner known in the art. Note that the presence of the support  108  around the upper face of the filter, which carries the cells isolated on the filter, makes it possible to prevent the cells leaving the filter. 
     During the step of culturing the live cells of interest on the filter, the filter is for example covered with a thin layer of Matrigel (Registered Trade Mark) (or brought into contact with a layer of Matrigel previously placed on the bottom of the plate well and/or culture flask on which it rests) containing factors appropriate to the growth of the cells of interest. 
     When it is required to observe the cells, or their genetic material, during a step  222 , the filter support  108  is picked up with tweezers, which is facilitated by the presence of lateral cylindrical holes or notches in the upper face of the filter support  108 . 
     The filter support  108  may then be placed on a glass plate and a disc-shaped glass slide placed on the filter that has a diameter matching the free upper surface of the filter. The analysis of the cells or of their genetic material is then effected in a manner known in itself. 
     There are seen in  FIG. 5  a reservoir or compartment  302 , an end-piece  304 , a seal  306 , a filter support  308 , mobile means  310 , a seal  312  and a stopper  314 . 
     The general shape of the compartment  302  is cylindrical. Its upper end may be blocked and sealed by the stopper  314 . The lower end of the compartment  302  has, on its external face, a cylinder  350  separated from the body of the compartment  302  except for mechanical connections in the form of lateral ribs  352 . This cylinder  350  has an outside diameter that corresponds to the inside diameter of the body of the mobile means  310  in order to guide it as it moves. The cylinder  350  is provided with openings  354  adapted to allow the lugs  316  of the mobile means  310  to enter and slide longitudinally. 
     The mobile means  310  have a cylindrical general shape with two lugs  316  extending toward the end-piece  304  and coming closer together in this direction so as to be separated from each other by a distance less than the diameter of the filter support  308 . As explained later, this particular shape, in particular that of the lugs  316  that are curved toward each other, enables the mobile means  310 , following removal of the end-piece  304 , to push on the filter support  308  in order to release it from the compartment  302  during movement of the mobile means toward the filter support  308 . 
     In a manner coordinated with the shape of the lower end of the compartment  302 , which has lateral lugs  318 , the end-piece  304  has rotation locking means for gripping said lugs in a manner known in itself. Thus the end-piece  304  guarantees that the filter-holder is held in position during the filtration steps. The end-piece  304  also protects the filter from splashing and contamination. 
     The lower end of the compartment  302  has an opening which, after fitting, discharges onto the filter carried by the filter support  308  which is itself held in position on the one hand by the lower end of the compartment  302  and on the other hand by the end-piece  304 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 8 , in the second embodiment, the filter support  308  has a shape coordinated with that of an Eppendorf tube. 
     In particular:
         the interior upper part of the support  308  has the shape of the interior upper part of an Eppendorf tube, which makes it possible to close the upper opening of said support with an Eppendorf tube stopper,   the interior lower part of the support  308  has the shape of the interior lower part of an Eppendorf tube, which makes it possible to simulate an interior lower surface of an Eppendorf tube, and   the exterior lower part of the support  308  has the shape of the interior upper part of an Eppendorf tube, which makes it possible to insert the filter support  308  into the upper part of an Eppendorf tube.       

     Moreover, the filter support  308  has a column function to enable lysis of cells retained on the filter and transfer of cellular lysate and genetic material from the filter support to the Eppendorf tube. 
     The filter support  308  is preferably in PC (polycarbonate). The compartment  302 , the end-piece  304  and the mobile means  310  are produced in polypropylene, for example. The seals  306  and  312  are in silicone, for example. 
       FIGS. 6A and 6C  are mutually perpendicular axial sections of the device of the first embodiment of the present invention when the parts shown in  FIG. 5  have been assembled.  FIGS. 6B and 6D  are enlarged detail views of parts of  FIGS. 6A and 6C , respectively. The elements described with reference to  FIG. 5  are seen in  FIGS. 6A to 6D . 
       FIG. 7A  represents the device in elevation in its storage configuration.  FIG. 7B  represents the placement of the device on a plate  320  of a known type aspiration system (not shown) after removal of the stopper  314  and introduction of liquid (not shown), for example blood, into the compartment  302  through its upper opening.  FIG. 7C  is an enlarged detail view of part of  FIG. 7B . It is seen in  FIGS. 7B and 7C  that the end-piece  304  is held in position in a part  322  and that an O-ring  324  seals the connection between the interior of the end-piece and thus, via the filter  308 , the interior of the compartment  302  and the aspiration chamber of the aspiration system. It is seen that the end-piece  304  projects into the interior of aspiration chamber. 
     Thus cells smaller than the cells of interest, cells that have undergone lysis and most of the liquid present in the compartment  302  are filtered by aspirating them into the reduced-pressure chamber. 
     As shown in  FIG. 7D , after filtration, the device is removed from the plate. Then, as shown in  FIGS. 7E and 7F , the end-piece  304  is removed after rotating it to release the lugs  318 . Then, as shown in  FIGS. 7G, 7H and 7I , the end of the compartment  302  is inserted into an Eppendorf tube support  328  provided with an Eppendorf tube  330 . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 7J and 7K , the mobile means  310  are then moved downward, parallel to the axis of the compartment  302 . During this movement, the lugs  316  of the mobile means  310  when moved by the fingers of an operator exert a vertical downward force on the filter support  308  and release it from the lower end of the compartment  302 . The filter support  308  then drops into the Eppendorf tube  330 . 
     Finally, as shown in  FIG. 7L , the compartment  302  and the mobile means  310  are removed. 
       FIG. 9  summarizes the above steps. 
     During a step  402 , the parts of the device are assembled. During a step  404 , the device is placed on a plate  320  of an aspiration system of known type (not shown). During a step  406 , the stopper  314  is removed. During a step  408 , a liquid, for example blood, containing cells to be cultivated is introduced via the upper end of the compartment  302 . 
     During a step  410 , cells smaller than the cells of interest, cells that have undergone lysis and most of the liquid present in the compartment  302  are filtered by aspirating them into the reduced-pressure chamber. 
     During a step  412 , the device is removed from the plate. During a step  414 , the end-piece  304  is removed. During a step  416 , the end of the compartment  302  is inserted in an Eppendorf tube support. 
     Then, during a step  418 , the mobile means and the compartment are moved to exert a force on the filter support and release it in order for it to drop into the Eppendorf tube. Finally, during a step  420 , the compartment  302  and the mobile means  310  are removed and the stopper of the Eppendorf tube is closed. 
     The Eppendorf tube is then used in the manner known in itself, for example with steps of lysis, centrifuging and recovery of genetic material with pre-amplification of the global genome. 
     During steps  422  and  424 , an analysis is effected of the genetic material, in particular the DNA or RNA of the cells searched for, collected in these tubes  125  or  126 . The amplified DNA is used as a matrix to detect mutations of sensitivity or resistance to the target therapies. Also, or instead, the complementary DNA (cDNA) produced from the RNA by RT conversion and amplified is used as a matrix to detect the level of expression of genes coding for sensitivity or resistance to the target therapies. 
     A defined volume of the amplified genetic material, in particular the DNA, is sampled to detect the mutations in sensitivity or resistance to the target therapies using pairs of forward and reverse primers and pairs of probes during a quantitative and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). 
     The principle of searching for mutations in sensitivity or resistance to the target therapies employed in the embodiment shown is as follows. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping assay or allelic discrimination provides information as to the presence or absence of a one-off mutation in a gene. The first step  422  of allelic discrimination is a real-time quantitative PCR performed with two primers to amplify the sequence of interest and two probes, for example TaqMan (Registered Trade Mark) probes. One of the probes recognizes the mutated sequence and the other recognizes the normal sequence. The two probes are associated with different fluorochromes, for example VIC for the probe hybridizing with the normal sequence and FAM for the probe hybridizing with the mutated sequence. The second step  424  calls on an allelic discrimination program measuring the initial fluorescence and the final fluorescence emitted by the FAM and/or VIC fluorochromes. This program makes it possible to distinguish between the various sequences present in each sample:
         an increase of only the VIC fluorescence indicates a homozygote profile for the normal sequence,   an increase of only the FAM fluorescence indicates a homozygote profile for the mutated sequence,   an increase of both the VIC and FAM fluorescence indicates a heterozygote profile.       

     To detect mutations, the following sequences of primers and probes (forward and reverse, 5′ to 3′) are used, for example: 
     For the G12D mutation of the K-ras gene coding for resistance to Erlotinib and Gefitinib: 
     
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1) 
               
               
                   
                 forward primer AGGCCTGCTGAAAATGACTGAATAT, 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 2) 
               
               
                   
                 reverse primer TCGTCCACAAAATGATTCTGAATTAGCT, 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 3) 
               
               
                   
                 native probes, color VIC TTGGAGCTGGTGGCGT, 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 4) 
               
               
                   
                 mutated probe, color FAM TGGAGCTGATGGCGT. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     For the G12V mutation (coding 12) of the K-ras gene coding for resistance to Erlotinib and Gefitinib: 
     
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 5) 
               
               
                   
                 forward primer AGGCCTGCTGAAAATGACTGAATAT, 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 6) 
               
               
                   
                 reverse primer TCGTCCACAAAATGATTCTGAATTAGCT, 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 7) 
               
               
                   
                 native probes, color VIC TTGGAGCTGTTGGCGT, 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 8) 
               
               
                   
                 mutated probe, color FAM TTGGAGCTGTTGGCGT. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     For the G13C mutation of the K-ras gene coding for resistance to Erlotinib and Gefitinib: 
     
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 9) 
               
               
                   
                 forward primer AGGCCTGCTGAAAATGACTGAATAT, 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 10) 
               
               
                   
                 reverse primer TCGTCCACAAAATGATTCTGAATTAGCT, 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 11) 
               
               
                   
                 native probes, color VIC TTGGAGCTGGTTGCGT, 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 12) 
               
               
                   
                 mutated probe, color FAM TTGGAGCTGGTTGCGT. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     For the L858R mutation of the EGFR gene coding for increased sensitivity to Erlotinib and Gefitinib: 
     
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 13) 
               
               
                   
                 forward primer GCAGCATGTCAAGATCACAGATTT, 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 14) 
               
               
                   
                 reverse primer CCTCCTTCTGCATGGTATTCTTTCT, 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 15) 
               
               
                   
                 native probes, color VIC CAGTTTGGCCCGCCCA, 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 16) 
               
               
                   
                 mutated probe, color FAM CAGTTTGGCCCGCCCA. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The meanings of “forward”, “reverse” and “5′ to 3′” are well known to the person skilled in the art. The probes are matched between the two primers and reveal the presence or absence of a mutation because of their associated fluorescence color. The color FAM is a blue and the color VIC is a green. Measuring the intensity of the fluorescence in each of these colors by the PCR apparatus makes it possible to discriminate normal genes, mutated homozygote genes and mutated heterozygote genes. 50 amplification cycles are performed, for example. 
     In other embodiments, a defined volume of the genetic material, in particular the RNA converted into cDNA by reverse transcription (RT) and amplified, is sampled to detect the level of expression of the gene coding for sensitivity or resistance to the target therapies using pairs of forward and reverse primers and a probe and during a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), for example with 50 cycles. 
     In each of the embodiments described above, the filter is preferably produced in polycarbonate with a hydrophilic surface treatment. The use of such a filter improves the retention of the particular cells and reduces the adhesion of other cells or their contents if they have undergone specific lysis. 
     The filter preferably has a pore diameter centered on a value lower, for example 1 μm lower, than the corresponding value used for the same cells when fixed, i.e. when rendered rigid. 
     For example, if the diameter of the pores would have been centered on 7.5 μm for fixed cells, here it is centered on a lower value, for example 6.5 μm. Because of the spread of diameters, practically none of the pores has a diameter greater than 7 μm. 
     For an application of the invention to blood cells, the filter has pores the density of which is between 50 000 and 200 000 pores/cm 2  and preferably approximately 100 000 pores/cm 2 . 
     Thanks to the use of a polycarbonate filter, the necessary pressure reduction is much lower than in prior art systems, up to four times lower, which prevents deterioration of the cells collected on the filter. Aspiration by a pressure reduction less than or equal to −25 mBar is preferably effected below the filter. 
     In variants, the filter support  108  or  308  is mechanically connected to said mobile means until application of the force that release the filter support from the mobile means by movement of the compartment toward the culture well or Eppendorf tube. Interchanging the roles of the lower end of the compartment  102  or  302  and the mobile means  110  or  310  so that it is the latter that hold the filter support in or in front of the culture well or Eppendorf tube and the former that releases it on pressing on the upper end of the compartment is an easy adaptation that will be obvious to the person skilled in the art given the above description of embodiments of the invention. 
     Note that what has been described above for a single compartment  102  or  302  is preferably effected simultaneously for a large number of compartments held together by a common support (not shown). 
     In some embodiments, the device of the present invention takes the form of a kit including, in an external sachet, two internal sachets of which:
         the first includes the assembled device, as shown in  FIG. 2A or 6A , and   the second includes the culture well and a circular plate and/or an Eppendorf tube or any other accessory useful for using the device.       

     Using the present invention makes it possible to avoid risky sampling of cells, for example amniotic fluid cells, at the same time as enabling cell culture, for example for amniocentesis. Moreover, because of the reservoir form of the filter support  108 , immunocytochemistry or fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) reactions can be produced directly in this support. 
     In some embodiments (not shown), a ring is inserted into the lower opening of the syringe-shaped compartment and clamped or glued into that compartment. A washer- or ring-shaped filter support or cup is placed in the ring and retains the filter. The microperforated filter is welded under the cup and then inserted with it into the lower end of the syringe-shaped compartment. 
     Inside the lower part of the compartment is positioned a part with a downwardly oriented conical interior shape. This part bears on the upper surface of the filter support. The lower half of the part has a length greater than or equal to that of the ring. The connection between the compartment and the part thus has a clearance along the axis of the compartment at least equal to the distance between the top of the support and the lower opening of the ring. In this way, when the part is moved axially by a piston inserted into the syringe-shape compartment, it pushes the support until it is released from the ring and consequently from the syringe-shaped compartment. Moreover, when a piston is inserted in the upper opening of the compartment and the top part of the piston is pressed until the piston comes to bear on the conical part, the piston allows air to pass between its external wall and the internal wall of the compartment and its movement therefore does not increase the pressure inside the compartment, which prevents all risk of damaging live cells carried by the filter. It is seen that, thanks to the conical shape of the part, the piston does not bear on the filter and there is therefore no risk of damaging cells retained on the filter. Similarly, the part presses only on the filter support and thus there is no risk of damaging the cells there either. 
     By pressing further on the top part of the piston in order for it to move the part downward, exploiting the clearance, the part expels the support from the ring and the compartment. The support and the filter then drop into the plate well and/or the culture flask. The stroke of the piston in the compartment, which is limited by a shoulder at the top of the piston, is preferably such that at the end of the stroke, when the shoulder bears on the upper opening of the compartment, the clearance has been entirely taken up by the movement of the part. This prevents all risk of the ring being torn out, with the attendant risk of it dropping onto the filter in the plate well and/or the culture flask.