Abstract:
A guidewire introducable into a bodily lumen having an obstruction therein is provided. An introducer needle is advanced through tissue and into the bodily lumen. A guidewire is advanced through the introducer and into the lumen. The guidewire is advanced further through the lumen until an atraumatic distal tip of the guidewire encounters an obstruction the distal tip cannot pass in a straight forward manner. The distal tip is pressed against the obstruction such that a flexible segment proximal of the distal tip forms a loop distal of the distal tip. The guidewire is advanced further through the lumen such that the loop of the flexible segment is pushed past the obstruction and the distal tip is pulled distally past the obstruction. A greater diameter guidewire extension can be coupled to the back end of the guidewire, providing function as a larger diameter guidewire.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of U.S. non-provisional patent application Ser. No. 15/055,282, filed Feb. 26, 2016 [Attorney Docket No. 41145-705.201], which claims the benefit of the following provisional patent applications: Ser. Nos. 62/192,392, filed Jul. 14, 2015 [Attorney Docket No. 41145-705.104], 62/137,583, filed Mar. 24, 2015 [Attorney Docket No. 41145-705.103], 62/136,733, filed Mar. 23, 2015 [Attorney Docket No. 41145-705.102] and 62/121,589, filed Feb. 27, 2015 [Attorney Docket No. 41145-705.101], the contents of which are fully incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    The present disclosure relates to medical devices, systems, and methods. In particular, the present disclosure relates to guidewires used in micropuncture sets and many medical procedures. 
         [0003]    Many minimally invasive medical procedures rely on catheters and other similar devices introduced and advanced through the vasculature or other bodily lumens. In many cases, such devices are advanced over a guidewire that has been navigated through the vasculature or bodily lumen. Often, the guidewire itself has been introduced first through an introducer needle puncturing tissue and accessing the vasculature or other bodily lumen and then through the vasculature or bodily lumen. The guidewire may then be advanced and navigated toward a target region. 
         [0004]    In some medical procedures, small diameter or micropuncture guidewires may be used. For example, regular guidewires may have a diameter of about 0.035″ while micropuncture guidewires may have a diameter of 0.018″. Current micropuncture guidewires may be less than ideal in at least some cases. For example, many micropuncture guidewires may encounter a high degree of friction as they are advanced through the lumen of a small gauge introducer needle. Due to the friction, the operator of the guidewire may lose much tactile feedback. It may therefore be difficult for the operator to discern resistance from the guidewire versus resistance from the micropuncture guidewire encountering plaque or other obstructions in the vasculature or bodily lumen. In some cases, the operator may mistake resistance from plaque or the guidewire abutting the wall of the vessel as resistance from the needle, apply excessive forward force to the guidewire, and inadvertently puncture or dissect the wall of a blood vessel with the guidewire tip. Micropuncture guidewires also may have a smaller diameter than standard guidewires. Therefore, the force exerted by the tip of micropuncture guidewires can be concentrated on a smaller area, which may increase the likelihood of perforating, puncturing, or otherwise causing trauma to tissue. An additional risk of using currently available micropuncture sets may be that after removing the micropuncture needle, in order to enlarge the entry hole into the vessel or body lumen, two coaxial dilators, an inner one with a 0.018″ inner diameter and an outer one with a 0.035″ inner diameter, are typically introduced over the micropuncture guidewire. The inner dilator may then be removed together with the 0.018″ guidewire thus leaving in place a 0.035″ inner diameter dilator. The remaining outer dilator can allow the introduction of a larger 0.035″ guidewire, which must successfully re-cross the segment of the vessel or body cavity which had been previously crossed with the initially introduced 0.018″ guidewire. The attempted re-crossing may pose an additional injury threat and it may be difficult or even impossible to successfully re-cross the vessel or body cavity. There are therefore needs for improved micropuncture guidewires to overcome such disadvantages. 
         [0005]    References that may be of interest may include U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,824,345, 7,169,118, 5,507,729, 5,368,049, 5,282,478, 5,133,364, 5,060,660, 4,991,602, and 4,796,642 and U.S. Pub. Nos. 2011/0071435 and 2009/0187147. Many of these references show guidewires and extensions with the same diameter and describe nothing specifying or implying the need for or rationale for different diameter guidewires and extensions. Some of these references also specify that guidewires and their extensions be of the same diameter. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0006]    Aspects of the present disclosure provide a guidewire apparatus advanceable through a bodily lumen or vessel. The guidewire apparatus may comprise a rounded distal tip, a flexible neck segment, and an elongate segment. The rounded distal tip may have a first diameter. The flexible, neck segment may be proximal of the rounded distal tip and may have a second diameter less than the first diameter. The flexible neck segment may be straight, curved, or shapable. The elongate segment may be proximal of the neck segment and may have a third, fourth, or further diameter(s) greater than the second and/or subsequent diameter(s). When the guidewire apparatus encounters an obstruction as it is advanced through the bodily lumen, it may be steered, directed, and advanced past the obstruction as other similar conventional guidewires can be made to do. However, when the guidewire apparatus is unable to be advanced past the obstruction as described, the flexible neck segment may be configured to assume a loop form as the rounded distal tip encounters the obstruction. The loop may be disposed distally of the rounded distal tip when formed. Further advancement of the guidewire may push the loop past the obstruction so that the rounded distal tip is ultimately pulled past the obstruction. 
         [0007]    One or more of the rounded distal tip, the flexible neck segment, or the elongate segment may be covered with a coating. The coating may comprise one or more of a radiopaque coating, a hydrophobic coating, a hydrophillic coating, an anti-thrombogenic coating, a polymeric coating, a silicone coating, or a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coating, to name a few. 
         [0008]    The guidewire apparatus may comprise a single piece extrusion or grind without joints or welds. The guidewire apparatus may be made of a material comprising one or more of platinum, gold, silver, NiTi, steel, steel alloy, stainless steel, stainless steel alloy, titanium, titanium alloy, aluminum, aluminum alloy, tungsten, or tungsten alloy, to name a few. 
         [0009]    The guidewire apparatus may comprise a micropuncture guidewire. The first diameter, or the diameter of the rounded distal tip, may be about 0.018 inches and the second diameter, or the diameter of the flexible neck segment, may be about 0.010. In some embodiments, the flexible neck segment may comprise (sub) segments or (sub) sections of several diameters which increase proximally with tapered transition(s). For instance, the second diameter, or the diameter of a distal section of the flexible neck segment may be about 0.002 inches; a third diameter, or a diameter of a middle section of the flexible neck segment, may be about 0.004 inches; and, a fourth diameter, or a diameter of a proximal section of the flexible neck segment, may be about 0.010 inches; and, further optionally, a fifth diameter, or a diameter of the elongate section of the guidewire proximal flexible neck segment, may be about 0.018 inches. These dimensions of the guidewire apparatus are disclosed as an example only and other dimensions are contemplated. The guidewire apparatus will typically be scalable and adaptable for other guidewire sizes, such as “standard” non-micropuncture guidewires of any diameter and length. For example, the guidewire apparatus may be adapted for use with a typical 145 cm or 180 cm long and 0.035 inch diameter guidewire, according to many embodiments. 
         [0010]    The bodily lumen the guidewire apparatus may be advanced through may comprise a bodily duct, a bodily track, a bodily orifice, a bodily invagination, a blood vessel, an artery, a vein, a urethra, a ureter, a vagina, a fallopian tube, a rectum, a throat, an ear canal, a nasal tract, a bile duct, a biliary tract, an esophagus, a trachea, a bronchus, or an artificial bodily tract or lumen, to name a few. In many embodiments, the bodily lumen comprises a blood vessel and the obstruction comprises plaque therein. 
         [0011]    The rounded distal tip may be biased to return to a position distal of the flexible segment after the loop of the flexible neck segment is advanced past the obstruction and the rounded distal tip is pulled past the obstruction. The flexible neck segment may be biased so that the loop straightens after the loop of the flexible neck segment is advanced past the obstruction and the rounded distal tip is pulled past the obstruction. 
         [0012]    The elongate segment proximal of the neck segment may comprise a first portion having the third diameter and a second portion having a fourth diameter different than the third diameter. The fourth diameter may be greater than the third diameter. The first portion of the elongate segment may be axially separate from the second portion of the elongate segment. For example, the greater diameter second portion may be proximal (or closer to the user-operated end) of the lesser diameter second portion. 
         [0013]    The guidewire apparatus may further comprise a wire braid or coil disposed over and supporting the flexible, neck segment. The wire braid or coil may be attached to the flexible, neck segment. The wire braid or coil may be at least partially disposed over one or more of a distal tapering region between the rounded distal tip and the flexible, neck segment or a proximal tapering region between the elongate segment and the flexible, neck segment. A combined diameter of the wire braid or coil and the flexible, neck segment will typically be less than the third diameter of the elongate segment 
         [0014]    Aspects of the present disclosure also provide a guidewire apparatus advanceable through a bodily lumen. The guidewire apparatus may comprise an atraumatic distal tip, a flexible segment, and an elongate segment. The atraumatic distal tip may have a first stiffness. The flexible segment may be proximal of the atraumatic distal tip and may have a second stiffness less than the first stiffness. The elongate segment may be proximal of the flexible segment and may have a third stiffness greater than the second stiffness. The flexible segment may be configured to form into a loop as the guidewire apparatus is advanced through the bodily lumen and the atraumatic distal tip encounters an obstruction. The loop may be disposed distally of the atraumatic distal tip when formed. Further advancement of the guidewire may push the loop past the obstruction so that the atraumatic distal tip is pulled past the obstruction. 
         [0015]    One or more of the atraumatic distal tip, the flexible segment, or the elongate segment is covered with a coating or several coatings. For example, the atraumatic distal tip may be coated with a soft coating to minimize trauma caused by contact of the distal tip with tissue. Alternatively or in combination, the atraumatic distal tip may be rounded to minimize such potential trauma. The coating may comprise a radiopaque coating, a hydrophobic coating, a hydrophillic coating, an anti-thrombogenic coating, a polymeric coating, a silicone coating, or a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coating, to name a few. 
         [0016]    One or more of the atraumatic distal tip or the elongate segment may comprise a first material, and the flexible segment may comprise a second material different from and more flexible than the first material. 
         [0017]    Alternatively, one or more of the atraumatic distal tip or the elongate segment may comprise a first material, and the flexible segment may comprise the same first material. The flexible segment may be mechancially modified to be more flexible than one or more of the atraumatic distal tip or the elongate segment. For example, the flexible segment may have one or more slots or cuts (e.g., cut into the shape of a coil spring) to provide flexibility. One or more of the atraumatic distal tip, flexible segment, or elongate segment may have the same diameter. For example, each of the atraumatic distal tip, flexible segment, and elongate segment may have the same diameter. Alternatively, the flexible segment may have a smaller diameter than the atraumatic distal tip and the elongate segment. In some embodiments, the flexible segment may comprise a neck segment having an hourglass-like shape (i.e., a shape having tapers toward the middle on both axial ends). 
         [0018]    Exemplary materials the guidewire apparatus may be made of include platinum, gold, silver, NiTi, steel, steel alloy, stainless steel, stainless steel alloy, titanium, titanium alloy, aluminum, aluminum alloy, tungsten, and tungsten alloy, to name a few. 
         [0019]    The bodily lumen the guidewire apparatus may be advanced through may comprise a bodily duct, a bodily track, a bodily orifice, a bodily invagination, a blood vessel, an artery, a vein, a urethra, a ureter, a vagina, a fallopian tube, a rectum, a throat, an ear canal, a nasal tract, a bile duct, a biliary tract, an esophagus, a trachea, a bronchus, or an artificial bodily tract or lumen, to name a few. In many embodiments, the bodily lumen comprises a blood vessel and the obstruction comprises plaque therein. 
         [0020]    The atraumatic distal tip may be biased to return to a position distal of the flexible segment after the loop of the flexible segment is advanced through the obstruction and the atraumatic distal tip is pulled through the obstruction. The flexible segment may be biased so that the loop straightens after the loop of the flexible segment is advanced past the obstruction and the atraumatic tip is pulled past the obstruction. 
         [0021]    The guidewire apparatus may further comprise a wire braid or coil disposed over and supporting the flexible segment. The braid or wire coil may be attached to the flexible segment. The wire braid or coil may be at least partially disposed over one or more of a distal transition region between the atraumatic distal tip and the flexible segment or a proximal transition region between the elongate segment and the flexible segment. A combined diameter of the wire braid or wire and the flexible, neck segment is less than a diameter of the elongate segment. 
         [0022]    Aspects of the present disclosure may further provide a method of introducing a guidewire into a bodily lumen having an obstruction therein. An introducer needle may be advanced through tissue and into the bodily lumen. A guidewire may be advanced through a lumen of the introducer needle and into the bodily lumen. The guidewire may be advanced further through the bodily lumen until an atraumatic distal tip of the guidewire encounters an obstruction. The guidewire may be advanced or steered past these obstructions with its atraumatic tip leading. On occasion, the atraumatic distal tip may not pass and be pressed against the obstruction such that a flexible segment proximal of the atraumatic distal tip forms a loop distal of the atraumatic distal tip. The guidewire may be advanced further through the bodily lumen such that the loop of the flexible segment is pushed past the obstruction and the atraumatic distal tip is pulled distally past the obstruction by the loop of the flexible segment. 
         [0023]    After the loop of the flexible segment is advanced past the obstruction and the atraumatic distal tip is pulled distally past the obstruction, the atraumatic distal tip may resiliently return to a position distal of the flexible segment and the loop of the flexible segment may straighten. 
         [0024]    The bodily lumen the guidewire may be advanced through may comprise a bodily duct, a bodily track, a bodily orifice, a bodily invagination, a blood vessel, an artery, a vein, a urethra, a ureter, a vagina, a fallopian tube, a rectum, a throat, an ear canal, a nasal tract, a bile duct, a biliary tract, an esophagus, a trachea, a bronchus, or an artificial bodily tract or lumen, to name a few. In many embodiments, the bodily lumen comprises a blood vessel and the obstruction comprises plaque therein. 
         [0025]    To support the flexible segment as it is advanced through the bodily lumen, a wire braid or coil may be coupled to the flexible segment. The wire braid or coil may be disposed over the flexible segment. 
         [0026]    Aspects of the present disclosure also provide extension guidewire apparatuses for coupling to guidewires, such as the guidewire extensions described above and herein. A guidewire extension apparatus may comprise a far end portion, a near end portion, and a tapering transition portion therebetween. The far end portion may have a first diameter matching a diameter of a near end of the guidewire. The far end portion may be configured to couple with the near end of the guidewire. For example, the far end portion may be configured to couple with the near end of the guidewire with a male-female connection such as a snap-fit, an interference fit, or a threaded fit. The near end portion may have a second diameter greater than the first diameter. For example, the first diameter and the diameter of the near end of the guidewire may be both 0.018″, and second diameter of the near end portion is 0.035″. One or more of the far end portion, the near end portion, or the tapered portion is covered with a lubricious coating such as any of the coating described above and herein. 
         [0027]    Aspects of the present disclosure also provide methods for introducing a micropunture guidewire, such as the micropuncture guidewire apparatus described above and herein, and a guidewire extension, such as the guidewire extension apparatus described above and herein, into a bodily lumen, such as any of the bodily lumens described above and herein. A micropuncture needle may be penetrated through tissue to access the bodily lumen. The micropuncture guidewire may be advanced through the micropuncture needle and into the bodily lumen such that a near or proximal end of the micropuncture guidewire remains outside of the tissue. The micropuncture needle may be retracted from the tissue and bodily lumen and removed from the micropuncture guidewire. The near or proximal end of the micropuncture guidewire may be coupled to a far or distal end portion of a guidewire extension such as with a male-female connection, for example, a snap-fit, interference joint, or a threaded fit. The near or proximal end of the micropuncture guidewire and the far or distal end portion of guidewire extension may have the same diameter, such as 0.018″, while the far end of the guidewire extension may have a greater diameter, such as 0.035″. The coupled micropuncture guidewire and guidewire extension may be advanced through the tissue and bodily lumen such that a greater diameter near end portion and a tapering transition portion of the guidewire extension are within the bodily lumen. The tapering transition portion may be disposed between the greater diameter near end portion and the far end portion of the guidewire extension. 
         [0028]    Aspects of the present disclosure also provide a sheath introducer apparatus which may be introduced over the micropuncture guidewire. The inner diameter of the sheath may be of various sizes, for example 3, 4, 5, or 6 Fr. The end of the inner dilator may be tapered to the same diameter as the micropuncture guidewire, such as 0.018″. The length of the sheath introducer apparatus may be long enough to insert a catheter or other over-the-wire device over the guidewire to access the bodily lumen or vessel. The inner diameter of the catheter or over-the-wire device may be greater than 0.018″, such as 0.035″. 
       INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE 
       [0029]    All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0030]    The novel features of the present disclosure are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present disclosure will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the present disclosure are utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which: 
           [0031]      FIG. 1  shows a side view of the distal portion of a micropuncture guidewire, according to many embodiments; 
           [0032]      FIG. 2  shows a side, section view of a current, standard type micropuncture guidewire advanced into a blood vessel through an introducer needle; 
           [0033]      FIG. 3A  shows a side, section view of the micropuncture guidewire of  FIG. 1  advanced into a blood vessel through an introducer needle, according to many embodiments; 
           [0034]      FIG. 3B  shows a side, section view of the micropuncture guidewire of  FIG. 1  and its flexible, neck segment forming into a loop as its distal tip encounters an obstruction in the blood vessel, according to many embodiments; 
           [0035]      FIG. 3C  shows a side, section view of the micropuncture guidewire of  FIG. 1  and its flexible, neck segment advanced past the obstruction as a loop, pulling the distal tip distally past the obstruction, according to many embodiments; 
           [0036]      FIG. 4A  shows a side section view of a current, standard type micropuncture guidewire being introduced into a blood vessel through an introducer needle; 
           [0037]      FIG. 4B  shows a side section view of the micropuncture guidewire of  FIG. 4A  introduced into the blood vessel and the introducer needle withdrawn; 
           [0038]      FIG. 4C  shows a side section view of coaxial introducer dilators being introduced into the blood vessel over the micropuncture guidewire of  FIG. 4A ; 
           [0039]      FIG. 4D  shows a side section view of the micropuncture guidewire of  FIG. 4A  and the inner introducer dilator being withdrawn while the outer introducer dilator remains; 
           [0040]      FIG. 4E  shows a side section view of a standard 0.035″ diameter guidewire being introduced into the blood vessel through the outer introducer dilator of  FIG. 4C ; 
           [0041]      FIG. 5A  shows a side section view of the micropuncture guidewire of  FIG. 1  being introduced into a blood vessel through an introducer needle, according to many embodiments; 
           [0042]      FIG. 5B  shows a side section view of the micropuncture guidewire of  FIG. 1  being coupled to a guidewire extension after the introducer needle has been withdrawn, according to many embodiments; 
           [0043]      FIG. 5C  shows a side section view the coupled micropuncture guidewire and guidewire extension of  FIG. 5B  being advanced further into the blood vessel; according to many embodiments; 
           [0044]      FIG. 5D  shows a threaded fit between the micropuncture guidewire and the guidewire extension of  FIG. 5B , according to many embodiments; 
           [0045]      FIG. 5E  show a snap fit between the micropuncture guidewire and the guidewire extension of  FIG. 5B , according to many embodiments; 
           [0046]      FIG. 5F  shows another snap fit between the micropuncture guidewire and the guidewire extension of  FIG. 5B , according to many embodiments; 
           [0047]      FIG. 5G  shows an interference fit between the micropuncture guidewire and the guidewire extension of  FIG. 5B , according to many embodiments; 
           [0048]      FIG. 5H  shows another interference fit between the micropuncture guidewire and the guidewire extension of  FIG. 5B , according to many embodiments; 
           [0049]      FIG. 5I  shows another interference fit between the micropuncture guidewire and the guidewire extension of  FIG. 5B , according to many embodiments; 
           [0050]      FIG. 5J  shows another interference fit between the micropuncture guidewire and the guidewire extension of  FIG. 5B , according to many embodiments; 
           [0051]      FIG. 5K  shows another interference fit between the micropuncture guidewire and the guidewire extension of  FIG. 5B , according to many embodiments; 
           [0052]      FIG. 6  shows a side view of a micropuncture guidewire with multiple tapered segments, according to many embodiments; 
           [0053]      FIG. 7A  shows a side section view of the micropuncture guidewire of  FIG. 1  being introduced into a blood vessel and the introducer needle withdrawn; 
           [0054]      FIG. 7B  shows a side section view of an outer introducer sheath with an inner dilator being introduced into the blood vessel over the micropuncture guidewire of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0055]      FIG. 7C  shows a side section view of the micropuncture guidewire of  FIG. 1  and the inner dilator being withdrawn while the outer introducer sheath remains; and 
           [0056]      FIG. 7D  shows a side section view of a catheter or other over-the-wire device being introduced into the blood vessel through the outer introducer sheath and over the micropuncture guidewire of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0057]      FIG. 8A  shows a side view of a wire braid to support the flexible neck segment of a guidewire apparatus, according to many embodiments. 
           [0058]      FIG. 8B  shows the wire braid of  FIG. 8A  to be advanced over the flexible neck portion. 
           [0059]      FIG. 8C  shows the wire braid of  FIG. 8A  advanced over the flexible neck portion and in a radially expanded, foreshortened configuration. 
           [0060]      FIG. 8D  shows the wire braid of  FIG. 8A  advanced over the flexible neck portion and in a radially collapsed configuration. 
           [0061]      FIG. 9  shows a wire coil advanced over and supporting the flexible neck portion of a guidewire apparatus, according to many embodiments. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0062]      FIG. 1  shows a side view of the micropuncture guidewire  100 , according to many embodiments. The micropuncture guidewire  100  may comprise an atraumatic distal tip  110 . The atraumatic distal tip  110  may be hemispheric or rounded and/or coated as described herein to minimize trauma to tissue the tip  110  may encounter as the guidewire  100  is advanced or retracted through a bodily lumen. As shown in  FIG. 1 , the atraumatic distal tip  110  may have a diameter of 0.018″. Alternatively, the atraumatic distal tip  110  may have the diameter of a standard guidewire, such as 0.035″. 
         [0063]    The micropuncture guidewire  100  may further comprise a flexible segment  120  proximal of the atraumatic distal tip  110 . The flexible segment  120  may be more flexible than the atraumatic distal tip  110 . As shown in  FIG. 1 , the flexible segment  120  may comprise a distal tapering portion  122 , which tapers in the proximal direction. The flexible segment  120  may further comprise a middle, flexible wire shaft portion  124 , and a proximal tapering portion  126 , which tapers in the distal direction. The diameter of the guidewire  100  at the middle, flexible wire shaft portion  124  may be 0.010″ or 0.0070″, for example. Alternatively, the diameter of the flexible segment  120  may be same as for the remainder of the guidewire  100 . Alternatively or in combination, the flexibility of the flexible segment  120  may be provided by having the flexible segment  120  being made of a different, more flexible material than the remainder of the guidewire  100 , mechanically modifying the flexible segment  120  such as with slots or cuts, and/or modifying the flexible segment  120  with coating(s) in selected region(s) to increase stiffness in those region(s). For example, the flexible segment  120  may be cut into the shape of a coil spring. 
         [0064]    As shown in  FIG. 1 , the atraumatic distal tip  110  may be rounded and have a greater diameter than the middle, flexible wire shaft portion  124  and the atraumatic distal tip  110  tapers down to the lesser diameter over the distal tapering portion  122 . Alternatively, the micropuncture guidewire  100  may omit the distal tapering portion  122  such that the atraumatic distal tip  110  has a rounded end and the same diameter as the middle, flexible wire shaft portion. 
         [0065]    The micropuncture guidewire  100  may further comprise an elongate wire shaft segment  130  proximal of the flexible segment  120 . As shown in  FIG. 1 , the elongate segment  130  may have a diameter of 0.018″. Alternatively, the elongate segment  130  may have the diameter of a standard guidewire, such as 0.035″. The elongate segment  130  may be stiffer than the flexible segment  120 . Rather than having a sharp transition from the greater diameter atraumatic distal tip  110  and the greater diameter elongate segment  130 , the distal tapering portion  122  and the proximal tapering portion  126  gradually transition to the middle, flexible wire shaft portion  124 . The distal tapering portion  122 , the middle, flexible wire shaft portion  124 , and the proximal tapering portion  126  may combine to significantly reduce friction of the entire micropuncture guidewire  100  and provide better feedback, thereby reducing the risks of inadvertent perforation and dissection. The middle, flexible wire shaft portion  124  may have substantially the same diameter throughout. The combined length of the distal tapering portion  122 , the middle, flexible wire shaft portion  124 , and the proximal tapering portion  126  may be 2-4 cm, for example. 
         [0066]      FIG. 2  shows a side, section view of a current micropuncture guidewire  210  advanced into a blood vessel  250  through an introducer needle  200 . As the guidewire  210  is advanced through the blood vessel  250 , the guidewire  210  may encounter obstructions in the blood vessel  250  such as plaque  260 . To move the guidewire  210  past the plaque  260 , the operator may push the guidewire  210  with greater force. While attempting to advance the guidewire  210  past the plaque  260 , the guidewire  210  may instead perforate or otherwise damage the wall of the blood vessel  250  in at least some cases. For instance, the guidewire  210  may encounter resistance from the inner lumen of the needle  200  and the operator may mistake the resistance from the plaque  260  as resistance from the needle  200 . Due to the poor tactile feedback, the operator may inadvertently apply too much force to the guidewire  210  and perforate or otherwise damage the wall of the blood vessel  250 . 
         [0067]      FIG. 3A  shows a side, section view of the micropuncture guidewire  100  advanced into the blood vessel  250  through the introducer needle  200 . The atraumatic distal tip  110  and the tapered segment  122  may be advanced to encounter the plaque  260 . In some embodiments, the smaller diameter of the flexible segment  120  may reduce the degree of friction encountered by the guidewire  100  as it is advanced through the introducer needle  200 . In  FIG. 3B , the guidewire  100  is further advanced into the blood vessel  250  such that the plaque  260  stops the advancement of the atraumatic distal tip  110  and the tapered segment  122  and the flexible segment  120  forms a loop distal of the atraumatic distal tip  110 . In  FIG. 3C , the guidewire  100  is even further advanced so that the stiffer elongate segment  130  pushes the looped flexible segment  120  beyond the plaque  260 , pulling the distal tip  110  past the plaque  260  as well. Once the distal tip  110  and the flexible segment  120  are advanced past the plaque  260 , the distal tip  110  and the flexible segment  120  may resiliently straighten such that the distal tip  110  is distal of the flexible segment  120  once more. 
         [0068]      FIGS. 4A to 4E  show the standard method of advancing a micropuncture guidewire (e.g., 0.018″ in diameter) and replacing it with a standard guidewire (e.g., 0.035″ in diameter).  FIG. 4A  shows a standard micropuncture guidewire  400  being introduced into the blood vessel  250  through an introducer needle  200  penetrating tissue to access the blood vessel  250 . The standard micropuncture guidewire  400  may have a diameter of 0.018″ or the like throughout and one or more soldered segments at its tip and distal portion. In some embodiments, the atraumatic micropuncture guidewire  100  may be used in lieu of the standard micropuncture guidewire  400 . The standard micropuncture guidewire  400  may be advanced further into the blood vessel to cross areas of extensive vascular disease such as plaques  260 . 
         [0069]      FIG. 4B  shows the standard micropuncture guidewire  400  introduced into the blood vessel  250  and the introducer needle  200  withdrawn. In some embodiments, the introducer needle  200  may be retracted over the standard micropuncture guidewire  400  before the standard micropuncture guidewire  400  is further advanced. The introducer needle  200  may have inner lumen with a diameter closely matching the outer diameter of the standard micropuncture guidewire  400  and it may have soldered joints at or near its tip such that friction between the introducer needle  200  and the standard micropuncture guidewire  400  may impede the advancement of the standard micropuncture guidewire  400 . 
         [0070]      FIG. 4C  an inner introducer sheath  410  and a coaxial outer introducer sheath  420  introduced into the blood vessel  250  over the standard micropuncture guidewire  400 . The inner introducer sheath  410  may have an inner lumen with a diameter closely matching the outer diameter of the standard micropuncture guidewire  400 . The inner introducer sheath  410  may be advanced over the standard micropuncture guidewire  400  outside the body before being advanced through the tissue tract over the standard micropuncture guidewire  400 . The outer introducer sheath  420  may have an inner lumen with a diameter closely matching the outer diameter of the inner introducer sheath  410  and may be advanced thereover. The end of the outer introducer sheath  420  may be tapered to the outer diameter of the inner introducer sheath  410  to facilitate its advancement into the tissue tract as the inner introducer sheath  410  is advanced into the tissue. 
         [0071]      FIG. 4D  shows the outer introducer sheath  420  remaining in the tissue tract to access the blood vessel  250 . After the coaxial introducer sheaths  410 ,  420  are introduced into the blood vessel  250 , the standard micropuncture guidewire  400  and the inner introducer sheath  420  may be withdrawn and removed so that a standard guidewire  430  may be advanced into the blood vessel  250 , replacing the standard micropuncture guidewire  400  as shown in  FIG. 4E . The standard guidewire  430  may have an outer diameter less than or equal to the diameter of the inner lumen of the outer introducer sheath  420 . For example, the standard guidewire  430  may have a diameter of 0.035″. As shown in  FIG. 4E , the standard guidewire can be advanced further into the blood vessel  250 . 
         [0072]    The withdrawal of the standard micropuncture guidewire  400  and the later advancement of the standard guidewire  430  can be disadvantageous in at least some cases. There may be a greater likelihood of injury with the increased number of steps of withdrawal and advancement. The larger standard guidewire  430  may encounter difficulty or even failure in crossing one or more diseased vascular segments that the smaller micropuncture guidewire  400  had already successfully crossed through. 
         [0073]    Aspects of the present disclosure also provide methods, systems, and devices for advancing larger diameter guidewires where a micropuncture guidewire has already been introduced to address at least some of the aforementioned disadvantages. 
         [0074]      FIG. 5A  shows a micropuncture guidewire  500  of the present disclosure being introduced into the blood vessel  250  through the introducer needle  200 . The micropuncture guidewire  500  may have a uniform diameter throughout or may have an atraumatic distal tip as described above and herein. For example, the micropuncture guidewire  500  may have a diameter of about 0.018″. As shown in  FIG. 5A , the micropuncture guidewire  500  may be advanced through areas of the blood vessel which may include diseased regions such as plaque  260 . After the micropuncture guidewire  500  is advanced, the introducer needle  200  may be withdrawn. 
         [0075]      FIG. 5B  shows the micropuncture guidewire  500  being coupled to a guidewire extension  510  with the introducer needle  200  having been withdrawn. The far end  500   f  of the micropuncture guidewire  500  has been advanced past the plaque  260 . The near end  500   n  of the micropuncture guidewire  500  may couple to the far end portion  510   f  of the guidewire extension  510 . The coupling  505  may occur outside of the subject. The diameters of the near end  500   n  and the far end portion  510   f  may be the same, such as 0.018″. The guidewire extension  510  may comprise a far end portion  510   f , a tapering transition portion  510   t , and a near end portion  510   n  which may have the diameter of a standard guidewire or 0.035″. The micropuncture guidewire  500  and the guidewire extension  510  may be constructed of the same materials or different materials. Examples of the materials include but are not limited to steel, stainless steel, copper, gold, silver, NiTi, to name a few. One or more of the micropuncture guidewire  500  and the guidewire extension  510  may be coated. 
         [0076]      FIG. 5C  shows the coupled micropuncture guidewire  500  and guidewire extension  510  being advanced further into the blood vessel  250 . The guidewire extension  510  may be advanced at least 10 cm into the blood vessel  250 , for example. The transition portion  510   t  expands the tissue tract and blood vessel as it is advanced therethrough to minimize trauma to the tissue when the larger diameter guidewire extension  510  is advanced further into the blood vessel. An introducer sheath or other over-the-wire device which may require the outer diameter of the guidewire extension  510  can then be advanced over the guidewire extension  510  to access the blood vessel  250 . The introducer sheath may be of various sizes such as 3, 4, or 5 Fr., for example. By coupling the micropuncture guidewire  500  and guidewire extension  510 , a guidewire of a standard size (i.e., 0.035″) can be introduced into blood vessel through an initial micropuncture (i.e., 0.018″ in diameter) access without additional steps of withdrawing a smaller guidewire and re-advancing a larger guidewire using a succession of introducers  410  and  420  as shown in  FIGS. 4A-4E . 
         [0077]    The far end portion  510   f  of the guidewire extension  510  can be coupled to the near end  500   n  of the guidewire  500  in many ways. In an example shown by  FIG. 5D , the coupling  505  may comprise a threaded fit between the threaded male connector of the far end portion  510  and the threaded female receptacle of the near end  500   n . In another example shown by  FIG. 5E , the coupling  505  may comprise a snap fit between the male connector of the far end portion  510  and the female receptacle of the near end  500   n . In an example shown by  FIG. 5F , the coupling  505  may comprise a snap fit of a different configuration between the male connector of the far end portion  510  and the female receptacle of the near end  500   n . In an example shown by  FIG. 5G , the coupling  505  may comprise an interference fit between the male connector of the far end portion  510  and the female receptacle of the near end  500 . In some embodiments, the male and female parts are reversed. 
         [0078]    Also provided herein are further embodiments of interference fits between the male connector of the far end portion  510   f  and the female receptacle of the near end portion  500   n . In an example shown by  FIG. 5H , the coupling  505  may comprise an interference fit between the far end portion  510   f  and the near end portion  500   n  in which the far end portion  510   f  of the male connector extends into the female receptacle of the near end  500 . The far end portion  510   f  of the male connector may further comprise a tubular outer extension covering over the female receptacle of the near end  500  past the site of coupling  505 . In another example shown by  FIG. 5I , the coupling  505  may comprise an interference fit of a different configuration between far end portion  510   f  and near end portion  500   n . The male distal end  510   f  of the far end portion  510  may extend into the female receptacle and may also comprise an outer extension covering over the female receptacle of the near end portion  500   n  with a gradually tapering far end  510   f  and a near end  500   n  with pointed ends.  FIGS. 5J and 5K  show examples where the male and female parts are reversed so that the far end portion  510  receives the near end tip  500   n . In  FIG. 5J , the coupling  505  may comprise an interference fit between the far end portion  510   f  and the near end portion  500   n  in which the ends of the far end portion  510   f  extend and cover the guidewire  500  past the site of coupling. In  FIG. 5K , the coupling  505  may comprise an interference fit between the far end portion  510   f  and the near end portion  500   n  in which the ends of far end portion  510   f  extend and cover the guidewire  500  with a gradually tapering near end  500   n  and a far end  510   f  with pointed ends. 
         [0079]    The micropuncture guidewire  100  may further have multiple segments of varying diameters between the atraumatic tip  110  and the stiff wire shaft  130 . As shown in  FIG. 6 , the flexible segment  120  may comprise a distal tapering portion  122 , a middle flexible wire shaft portion  124   a , a proximal tapering portion  126   a , a second flexible wire shaft portion  124   b , and a second proximal tapering portion  126   b . The diameter of the flexible wire shaft  124   a  may be 0.002-0.004″ and the diameter of the wire shaft  124   b  may be 0.004.″ Each section may be narrower in diameter than the atraumatic tip  110  and the stiff wire shaft  130 . The atraumatic tip  110  of a guidewire with multiple segments may have a diameter of a micropuncture guidewire, such as 0.018″. Alternatively, the atraumatic tip  110  of a guidewire with multiple segments may have the diameter of a standard guidewire, such as 0.035″. The stiff wire shaft  130  of a guidewire with multiple segments may have a diameter equal to or slightly smaller than that of the atraumatic tip  110 . The micropuncture guidewire  100  with multiple segments may have a straight, curved (shaped) or shapable proximal end and tip. 
         [0080]    The stiff wire shaft  130  of a guidewire with multiple segments may have an end  130   e  suitable for coupling with an extension guidewire. The diameters of the stiff wire shaft  130  and the extension guidewire may be the same. Alternatively, the diameter of the extension guidewire may be of a greater diameter than the stiff wire shaft  130  and comprise a tapering transition portion and an end portion which may have the diameter of a standard guidewire or 0.035″. 
         [0081]    The micropuncture guidewire with multiple segments may be a one piece construction from a single material or may be constructed from different materials. In some embodiments, the micropuncture guidewire with multiple segments may lack the hemispheric tip  110  and comprise a flexible wire shaft portion  124   a , a tapering portion  126   a , a second flexible wire shaft portion  124   b , a second tapering portion  126   b , and the stiff wire shaft  130  which may have a coupling site for an extension guidewire. 
         [0082]    The atraumatic guidewires described herein can eliminate many problems associated with conventional micropuncture guidewires. Because of the friction resulting from a conventional micropuncture guidewire advancing through the lumen of an introducer needle, an operator may not be able to differentiate whether resistance is due to friction of the guidewire within the needle or due to the guidewire tip meeting an obstruction in the bodily lumen such as a plaque in a blood vessel or other obstruction to its path. The operator may use too much force, resulting in the inadvertent puncture or dissection of the bodily lumen such as a blood vessel wall. By having tapered guidewire segments  126   a  and  126   b  and by lacking joints or welds between different guidewire components or segments, there is decreased contact between the wire and lumen of the needle, resulting in decreased friction and increased operator tactile feedback. The softer hemispheric tip  110  and the soft and flexible tapered segments  122 ,  124   a ,  126   a ,  124   b , and  126   b , for example, can also reduce complications resulting from the force exerted by the guidewire tip causing perforations, dissections, or other injuries to the blood vessel or viscus. 
         [0083]    Additionally, by having an end  130   e  suitable for coupling an extension guidewire of a larger diameter, the present disclosure reduces the risks and inconveniences from using two coaxial dilators to introduce a larger diameter guidewire. With currently available micropuncture sets, when a larger diameter guidewire is needed, a coaxial double introducer dilator set is used to introduce an inner 0.018″ diameter dilator and an outer 0.035″ inner diameter dilator over the micropuncture wire. When the inner dilator and micropuncture guidewire are removed, the 0.035″ dilator remains to allow the introduction of a larger 0.035″ guidewire, which must successfully re-cross the segment of the vessel or body cavity previously crossed by the 0.018″ micropuncture guidewire. This attempted re-crossing may fail or may pose an injury threat. The introducer set and re-crossing can be rendered unnecessary by having an end  130   e  on the micropuncture guidewire  100  that may couple to an extension guidewire, resulting in a one-step self-dilation of the entry site. Another advantage of the micropuncture guidewire  100  with multiple segments is that the single piece design, without joints, welds, or wrapping coils, can reduce complexity and cost of manufacturing. 
         [0084]      FIG. 7A  shows a micropuncture guidewire  500  initially introduced into the blood vessel  250  through a micropuncture needle that has been withdrawn. The micropuncture guidewire  500  may have a diameter of 0.018″ and may have a length of 180 cm or, alternatively, a length greater than 180 cm. The micropuncture guidewire  500  may be substantially advanced through the micropuncture needle so that a short length, such as 20 cm, remains outside of the body. 
         [0085]    As shown in  FIG. 7B , an outer introducer sheath  700 , with an inner dilator  710 , may be advanced over the micropuncture guidewire  500 . The outer introducer sheath  700  may have an inner diameter of various sizes such as 3, 4, or 5 Fr, or may be of a size greater than 5 Fr. The inner dilator  710  may have an outer diameter of various sizes such as 3, 4, or 5 Fr, or may be of a size greater than 5 Fr. The inner dilator  710  may have a tip  710   t  that is tapered, for example, to 0.018″. The outer introducer sheath  700  and inner dilator  710  may have a length that is long enough to reach a site of pathology. Alternatively, the outer introducer sheath  700  and inner dilator  710  may have a short length, such as 10 cm, to remain in the iliac artery. The outer introducer sheath  700  may have a sidearm  720  with a stopcock. 
         [0086]      FIG. 7C  shows the outer introducer sheath  700  remaining in the blood vessel  250  after the inner dilator  710  has been removed. In  FIG. 7D , a catheter or other over-the-wire device  730  may be introduced over the micropuncture guidewire  500  through the outer introducer sheath  700  and advanced into the blood vessel  250 . The catheter or other over-the-wire device  730  may have an outer diameter less than or equal to the diameter of the inner lumen of the outer introducer sheath  700 . The catheter or other over-the wire device  730  may have an inner diameter equal to or greater than 0.018″. After introduction of the catheter or other over-the-wire device  730  into the blood vessel  250 , the micropuncture guidewire  500  may be withdrawn and removed so that other guidewires may be advanced into the blood vessel  250 , such as guidewires with an outer diameter equal to the inner diameter of the catheter or other over-the-wire device  730 . 
         [0087]    Further features may be provided to support the flexible neck segment of the guidewire apparatuses described herein, for example, as the guidewire apparatus is withdrawn into an introducer sheath or puncture needle. For example, a wire coil or braid may extend from the beginning of the “comet” taper  122  to the end of the second transition or taper  126  (referring to  FIG. 1 ). Referring to  FIG. 9 , the support feature may comprise a wire coil  900  wound on the wire shaft (e.g., wire shaft  124 ) and can be attached on one or more of its proximal or distal ends to the (e.g., distal taper  122  and/or proximal taper  126 ) such as with glue, solder, or the like. Alternatively or in combination, the wire coil may be made of a material with shape memory characteristics (such as Nitinol) and can be configured to be shaped as a straight wire at very low temperatures but resumes a coil configuration after being applied to the wire shaft (e.g., wire shaft  124 ) at normal operating temperatures (e.g., body temperature). Alternatively or in combination, the support feature may comprise a wire coil or braid  800  (referring to  FIGS. 8A-8D ), which may be similar to many braided stent configurations. When pushed from its ends to shorten, the wire braid may increase in diameter so it can be slipped over the tip of the guidewire apparatus (e.g., tip  110 ) and subsequently pulled to its full length before attachment to the guidewire apparatus (e.g., at distal taper  122  and/or proximal taper  126 ) such as by glue, solder, or the like. Alternatively or in combination, the wire shaft may simply be cut or shaped to provide improved support when withdrawn. Such support features are further discussed as follows. 
         [0088]    The thin tip segment between the proximal end of the comet tip (i.e., hemisphere  110  and decreasing taper  122 ) of the guidewire apparatus  100  and the expanding taper  126  to the full shaft diameter proximally is the often most vulnerable to being sheared off or being deformed during invasive procedures especially during introduction and withdrawal of the wire  100  through puncture needles or catheter based devices. Protecting or reinforcing this portion of the wire (i.e., the flexible segment  120 ) may be necessary. It may also be very important to retain the unique design characteristics of the guidewire tip: softness and flexibility, while reinforcing it. A thin wire braid  800  and/or a spiral coil  900  may add significant protection and reinforcement but very little extra stiffness and rigidity to the guidewire. The contours and narrower diameter of the thin segment  120  of the guidewire  100  over which the reinforcement is applied will typically not be augmented to the maximum diameter of the rest of the guidewire. Below are examples by which these design goals may be achieved: 
         [0089]    Braid: 
         [0090]    Referring to  FIG. 8A , a wire braided “tube”  800  of suitable length and diameter is compressed to shorten it (e.g., along the axial/longitudinal directions indicated by arrows  801 ) and increase its diameter to be greater than that of the comet tip  110  or guidewire shaft flexible segment  120 . 
         [0091]    Referring to  FIG. 8B , the compressed braid  800  can be slipped over the guidewire apparatus  100  such as indicated by the arrow  802 . 
         [0092]    Referring to  FIG. 8C , the braid  800  can be stretched over the thinnest segment  120  of the guidewire apparatus  100  (e.g., along the axial/longitudinal directions indicated by arrows  803 ) and over the increasing diameter tapers  122 ,  126  at both its ends. 
         [0093]    Referring to  FIG. 8D , both ends of the braid  800  can be bonded to the increasing diameter tapers  122 ,  126  of the guidewire apparatus  100 . 
         [0094]    Spiral Coil: 
         [0095]    There are at least three ways to apply a spiral wire coil  900  to the thinnest segment  120  of the guidewire apparatus  100  and to the expanding tapers  122 ,  126  at both its ends: 
         [0096]    (A) Using Shape Memory Nitinol wire which changes shape at different temperatures: 
         [0097]    The spiral wire coil  900  may comprise a shape memory metal (e.g., Nitinol) wire that may be shaped into a spiral coil configuration of suitable length and diameter and which can maintain that shape at body temperature. When chilled, the coil  900  can be manipulated and straightened for the assembly process. 
         [0098]    The cold nitinol wire can then be suitably positioned with relation to the desired segment  120  of the guidewire apparatus  100 . 
         [0099]    The temperature of the coil  900  can be increased, allowing the coil  900  to remember it&#39;s shape. The coil  900  can be allowed to form into a spiral coil around the desired segment  120  of the guidewire apparatus  100 . 
         [0100]    Both ends of the spiral coil  900  are bonded to the increasing diameter tapers  122 ,  126  of the guidewire apparatus  100 . 
         [0101]    (B) Using a length of wire coil (similarly to the technique described above for the braid  800 ): 
         [0102]    A wire coil “cylinder”  900  of suitable length and diameter can be formed with the turns maximally compressed. 
         [0103]    The coil  900  can be slipped over the guidewire (as in  FIGS. 8B and 8C , for example). 
         [0104]    The coil  900  can be stretched and its two ends can be pulled over the thinnest segment  120  of the guidewire apparatus  100  and over the increasing diameter tapers  122 ,  126  at both its ends. 
         [0105]    Both ends of the braid  900  can be bonded to the increasing diameter tapers  122 ,  126  of the guidewire apparatus  100 . 
         [0106]    (C) Using standard techniques of a winding spiral coil on a mandril: 
         [0107]    Both ends of the guidewire apparatus  100  can be fixed and the coil  900  can be wound circumferentially over the desired portion of the guidewire apparatus  100  (e.g., the thin segment  120 ). 
         [0108]    Both ends of the spiral coil  900  can be bonded to the increasing diameter tapers  122 ,  126  of the guidewire apparatus  100 . 
         [0109]    While preferred embodiments of the present disclosure have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the present disclosure. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the present disclosure described herein may be employed in practicing the present disclosure. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.