Abstract:
In the method for generating blue laser light with high optical and electrical efficiency, wherein the improvement comprises the step of using a phosphate glass photonic crystal fiber rod as a gain medium.

Description:
This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/060,876 filed Oct. 7, 2014. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to lasers, and more particularly, to fiber lasers. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Typical blue lasers require cascaded nonlinear conversion, which decreases efficiency. They can also employ a single nonlinear mechanism or stage when operating on a short wavelength of Neodymium (Nd) to Ytterbium (Yb). However, suppression of the gain peaks, in the 1-micron spectral region, is difficult and generally requires optical filtering techniques, which limits the overall power and energy which can be achieved. Operating Yb at 975 nm, similar to operating a Nd-doped laser at 911 nm, suffers from parasitic lasing effects and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) due to the high gain at the 1030 nm and 1064 nm gain peaks, respectively. In order to operate on the shorter wavelength transitions, the losses in the 1-micron region must be suppressed. This can be done with external filtering. However, at high power intensities and inversion levels, the gain in the 1-micron transition can often overcome the losses, thus limiting power scaling on the short wavelength transition. 
     Silica based Yb-doped fiber lasers have been used to generate efficient 1-micron light. Photonic crystal fibers have enabled energy scaling to &gt;25 mJ level, and have even been used to generate 975 nm light. However, suppression of the 1030 nm peak, in Yb-doped fibers, is challenging. In view of the above drawbacks, there still remains a need for lasers which have increased efficiency. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Wherefore, it is an object of the present invention to overcome the above mentioned shortcomings and drawbacks associated with the prior art. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the invention may use a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) structure as a wavelength filter. In addition to the use of the PCF as a wavelength filter, the large mode area of PCF fibers (i.e., large core diameter, small numerical aperture) allows for favorable gain characteristics for short wavelength of operation, effectively reducing the gain at longer wavelengths. This allows for propagation of the 975 nm light in the fiber core, while leaking any 1030 nm light into the cladding, thereby effectively reducing the overlap of the 1030 nm light with the Yb doping and reducing the gain. In addition, the present invention may use, for example, a phosphate glass as the host material for propagation of the 975 nm light. The inventors discovered that phosphate glass has more favorable gain properties, at 975 nm, than compared to silica glass where the emission and absorption cross section are nearly identical. In phosphate glass, the cross sections provide high emission, with lower absorption, thereby enabling efficient lasing at 975 nm, with low laser threshold. In the silica glass, the absorption and emission cross sections are identical, meaning that this is a highly three-level transition with a high threshold. With phosphate glass, on the other hand, the emission cross section is almost two times higher than the absorption cross section. This is still a three-level transition, but the discrepancy between the emission and absorption means that the overall gain is higher, thereby allowing for better optical performance at 975 nm. 
     The present invention addresses several methods for enhancing the gain at the short wavelength transition, while simultaneously suppressing gain at the 1-micron transitions, thereby allowing for highly efficient operation in the 900-980 nm region. This also allows for power scaling in the 9XX nm (i.e., 900-999 nm) region which, using conventional approaches, has be difficult. The system may use a photonic crystal fiber structure for dispersion engineering and efficiency. This allows for good overlap of the 9XX nm transition with the doped fiber core while, at the same time, suppressing the gain in the 1-micron transition through modal leakage. The PFC structure and the material dispersion may be chosen to allow for single-moded beam propagation in the fiber core, at 975 nm (for a Yb-doped fiber), while suppressing modal confinement in the core for 1030 nm light. This lack of confinement causes the 1030 nm light to leak into the exterior cladding, thereby effectively reducing the gain that any spontaneously generated 1030 nm photon can achieve. The use of a photonic crystal fiber structure allows for very high efficiency due to pump and signal overlap. The PCF structure allows the present invention to achieve a very large core diameter (&gt;100 microns) with a low numerical aperture (NA&lt;0.03). This provides a large mode field with a single-mode beam propagation. The large core diameter allows for high energy scaling and higher nonlinear thresholds, compared to standard step index fibers. However, the low numerical aperture restricts the fiber from bending. The present invention uses this to its advantage to have a bend-loss-induced mode filtering at 1030 nm, further reducing gain at 1030 nm. 
     The photonic crystal fiber may be a phosphate glass, or some other silicate based glass having a high solubility of rare earth elements. This enables a short gain length to be used (less than 0.25 m in length, for example). The short gain length minimizes losses. The high doping, that can be achieved in phosphate glasses, allows for better pump absorption properties. This is important due to bleaching effects of the resonant pumping. The high doping and the short gain length are important for pulsed lasers, as this increases the nonlinear thresholds in the fiber core, allowing for higher energy and peak-power scaling compared to traditional silica-based fiber rods which can be &gt;1 m in length. Phosphate and silicate glass have inherently higher nonlinear thresholds, further improving peak power scaling. As a result, only a single nonlinear conversion mechanism or stage is required to achieve the blue output having a wavelength of 488 nm, for example. Since the PCF structure can generate 975 nm light directly, only a single second harmonic generator (SHG) mechanism is needed to obtain the desired blue portion of the spectrum. The use of single second harmonic generator mechanism means that the efficiency loss, due to the second harmonic generator, are minimized and this thereby increasing the overall efficiency of the system. According to the present invention, second harmonic generator efficiencies of greater than 50% can be achieved. 
     By using a phosphate glass photonic crystal fiber rod as a gain medium, it is possible to suppress the Yb gain at 1030 nm and force lasing/amplification at the ˜975 nm peak. The frequency doubling of the 975 nm transition allows for a blue light output with greater than 10% electrical-to-optical efficiency, which is almost an order of magnitude more efficient than currently available approaches. By using a phosphate glass (or silicate glass), along with a PFC structure, it is possible to enhance the gain of the laser medium at 975 nm. In addition, using phosphate glass, in a photonic crystal waveguide structure, makes it possible to engineer the dispersion in the waveguide. Such dispersion allows for excellent propagation of the waveguide, particularly at 975+15 nm, within the core of the waveguide structure, but does not allow for 1-micron light to propagate in the core. This means that the waveguide modes are lossy at 1030 nm, thus suppressing its overlap with the doped region, and decreasing the gain, allowing for efficient extraction of 975 nm wavelength (power), rather than 1030 nm wavelength (power). This, in turn, eliminates parasitic losses and can allow for high output power and energy at 975 nm. This 975 nm output can then be doubled, and its wavelength halved, in order to generate the desired blue light, e.g., having a wavelength of 487.5 nm, for example. Due to the waveguide nature of the glass structure as well as the gain filtering, the present invention can achieve greater than 50% optical efficiency with the 975 nm light and greater than 50% efficiency conversion into the desired blue light, thereby significantly improving the overall efficiency of this blue laser in comparison to conventional approaches known in the art. 
     A further embodiment of the present invention provides such a system in which the dopant is selected from the group consisting of rare earth elements and combinations thereof. 
     A still further embodiment of the present invention provides such a system wherein the dopant is selected from the group of lanthanide elements consisting of Ytterbium, Neodymium, Erbium, Holmium, Thulium and combinations thereof. 
     A still yet further embodiment of the present invention provides such a system wherein the photonic crystal fiber structure comprises a phosphate glass photonic crystal rod. 
     Another embodiment of the present invention provides such a system in which each the phosphate glass photonic crystal rod is no longer than 0.25 m. 
     Another embodiment of the invention is where the photonic crystal fiber is used in a q-switched oscillator. 
     Yet another embodiment is where the photonic crystal structure acts as an amplifier. 
     The present invention relates to a method of generating a blue laser light having desired optical and electrical efficiency, the method comprising: generating an amplifier seed beam via a seed source; generating a pump beam via a pump source; combining the pump beam and the seed beam with one another into a combined beam; propagating the combined beam through a non-silica photonic crystal fiber structure which functions as a gain medium; propagating an output from the photonic crystal fiber structure through a single second harmonic generator and generating the blue laser light; and outputting the blue laser light from the single second harmonic generator for use. 
     The present invention also relates to a method of generating a light having optical and electrical efficiency, the method comprising: generating a pump beam via a pump source; propagating the pump beam through a non-silica photonic crystal fiber structure which functions as a gain medium; resonating a laser wavelength within the photonic crystal fiber structure which has a longer wavelength than the pump beam; propagating the laser wavelength output from the photonic crystal fiber structure through a single second harmonic generator to generate the light; and outputting the light from the single second harmonic generator. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate various embodiments of the invention and together with the general description of the invention given above and the detailed description of the drawings given below, serve to explain the principles of the invention. The invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of an oscillator/amplifier setup using the phosphate photonic crystal fiber mode filtering in the amplifier, according to the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional diagram of a phosphate photonic crystal fiber, for use with the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  is a plot of the effective index of refraction of the core and the index of refraction of the cladding, as a function of wavelength; 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram of an amplifier setup using a phosphate crystal fiber mode filtering in the amplifier; 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic diagram of a continuous wave phosphate photonic crystal fiber oscillator, where the PPCF is the gain medium in the laser cavity; and 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic diagram of a q-switched (pulsed) phosphate photonic crystal fiber (PPCF) oscillator, where the PPCF is the gain medium in the laser cavity. 
     
    
    
     It should be understood that the drawings are not necessarily to scale and that the disclosed embodiments are sometimes illustrated diagrammatical and in partial views. In certain instances, details which are not necessary for an understanding of this disclosure or which render other details difficult to perceive may have been omitted. It should be understood, of course, that this disclosure is not limited to the particular embodiments illustrated herein. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The present invention will be understood by reference to the following detailed description, which should be read in conjunction with the appended drawings. It is to be appreciated that the following detailed description of various embodiments is by way of example only and is not meant to limit, in any way, the scope of the present invention. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 1 , a proposed arrangement, for the practice of the present invention will now be discussed. According to this illustrated embodiment of the invention, the phosphate photonic crystal fiber structure is used both as an oscillator and as an amplifier. The oscillator generates low power 975 nm pulses, while the amplifier boosts the power of those pulses. For both the seed stage  12  and the main stage  14 , the fiber is pumped at 915 nm. Due to bleaching concerns, the present invention typically elects use of 915 nm as a pump source. However, it is to appreciated that the system  8  could also pump at 940 nm, or at a variety of other wavelengths, within the 900-974 nm region for example, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
     A single nonlinear converter  10  is used for converting the 975 nm light to the blue. In this case, about 50% efficiency is achieved. However, the actual efficiency of the nonlinear converter  10  could be either higher or lower depending on characteristics of the laser, such as its pulse duration, its power, its energy, etc. The nonlinear converter  10  may be, for example, a monoclinic bismuth borate or BiB 3 O 6  (BiBO) nonlinear crystal, a lithium triborate or LiB 3 O 5 (LBO) nonlinear crystal, a CsLiB 6 O 10  (CLBO) nonlinear crystal, or some other suitable nonlinear material. 
     As generally shown in  FIG. 1 , the system  8  comprises a seed stage  12  which comprises a first (laser) seed source  16  for generating and supplying a desired amplifier seed beam  18  to the oscillator  4 . According to this embodiment, the seed source  16  generates a laser first (laser) amplifier seed beam  18  having a wavelength of 915 nm at a power of 20 W. The generated amplifier seed beam  18  is inputted into a first inlet end of a first optical fiber  20  while the opposite outlet end of the first optical fiber  20  transmits the amplifier seed beam  18  to a seed lens  22 . The seed lens  22 , in turn, focuses the amplifier seed beam  18  onto a first surface  24  of a high reflector  26 , e.g., a partially reflective mirror. The first surface  24  of the high reflector  26  permits substantially all of supplied amplifier seed beam  18  to pass therethrough and enter into the oscillator  4 . An opposed second surface  28 , of the high reflector  26 , is coated with a coating which reflects substantially 100% of the 976 nm back toward an opposite second end of the oscillator  4 . 
     The amplifier seed beam  18  after passing through the high reflector  26  and entering into the oscillator  4 , the amplifier seed beam  18  passes through a Q-switch  30  and into a first end of an oscillator optical fiber  32 . A second opposite end of the oscillator optical fiber  32  is arranged to emit the amplifier seed beam  18  toward a first surface  34  of an output coupler  36 . 
     The first surface  34  of the output coupler  36  is coated with a reflective coating which typically reflects between 4% and 90% of the 976 nm light back toward the first end of the oscillator  4 . Typically, the first surface  34  of the output coupler  36  will reflect between 20% and 80% of the 976 nm light back through the oscillator optical fiber  32  and toward the second surface  28  of the high reflector  26  where the amplifier seed beam  18  is reflected back toward the output coupler  36 . 
     As is conventional within the art, only a portion of the 976 nm light is permitted to pass through the first surface  34  of the output coupler  36  and exit from the oscillator  4  while the remaining portion of the 976 nm light is reflected and repeatedly oscillates back and forth, between the high reflector  26  and the output coupler  36  of the oscillator  4 , until such the light is eventually permitted to pass through the first surface  34  of the output coupler  36  and exit from the oscillator  4 . 
     Once the 976 nm light exits from the oscillator  4 , substantially 100% of the amplifier seed beam  18  is reflected by a seed mirror  38  toward a main mirror  40 , which forms part of a main stage  14 . An isolator  42  is located between the seed mirror  38 , of the seed stage  12 , and the main mirror  40 , of the main stage  14 , and the isolator  42  is designed to only permit the reflected amplifier seed beam  18 , from the seed mirror  38 , to propagate in one direction, e.g., from the seed mirror  38  toward the main mirror  40 , but not propagate in the opposite direction from the main mirror  40  toward the seed mirror  38 . 
     The main stage  14  of the system  8  is equipped with a second (laser) pump source  44  which, according to this embodiment, also pumps 915 nm light into the system  8 . However, the second (laser) pump beam  46 , which is pumped by the pump source  44  of the main stage  14 , is a 915 nm beam having a higher power level, e.g., a higher power level of 60 Watts in this instance. It is to appreciated that the power level of the pump source  44  can vary, from application to application, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
     The second pump beam  46  of 915 nm, from the pump source  44 , is supplied to a first end of a second optical fiber  48 . A second opposite end of the second optical fiber  48  is aligned to supply the second pump beam  46 , from the pump source  44 , to a first main lens  50  which focuses the second pump beam  46 , from the pump source  44  with a wavelength of 915 nm, at a second surface  52  of the main mirror  40 . This second surface  52  is not provided with any reflective coating(s) so that substantially all of the supplied second pump beam  46 , from the pump source  44  with a wavelength of 915 nm, is permitted to pass therethrough. 
     The second pump beam  46 , from the pump source  44 , is then combined with the amplifier seed beam  18  (having a wavelength of 976 nm), from the seed source  16  and supplied by the seed stage  12 , and the combined beam  18 ,  46  propagates toward and enter a first inlet end of an amplifier  6 , i.e., a Yb (ytterbium) doped fiber core  54  in this instance. Preferably, the system  8  is designed so that the 976 nm beam travels through the central inner core  54  of the amplifier  6  while the second pump beam  46  (having a wavelength of 915 nm) travels through the exterior cladding  56  of the amplifier  6 . As the second pump beam  46 , with a wavelength of 915 nm, travels through the exterior cladding  56  of the amplifier  6 , the 915 nm beam is reflected by the cladding  56  of the amplifier  6  and eventually passes through the core  54  of the amplifier  6 . When the 915 nm beam strikes the ytterbium doping, contained within the core  54 , the 915 nm beam excites the electrons contained within the outer shell of the ytterbium to a higher energy level. As this higher energy level eventually decays over time, a photon of 976 nm is emitted during this process. The excitation process, when the 915 nm beam strikes the ytterbium doping contained within the core  54 , repeated occurs as the second pump beam  46 , with a wavelength of 915 nm, propagates through the cladding  56  of the amplifier  6  and is reflected toward and passes through the core  54 . The photons of 976 nm light, generated by the pump source  44  as the 915 nm beam strikes the ytterbium doping contained within the core  54 , are combined with the 976 nm light generated by the seed source  16 . As a result, the amplifier  6  is able to amplify or increase the amount of 976 nm light which eventually exits and propagates out from the second end of the amplifier  6 . The system  8 , according to the present invention, is able to increase the amount of 976 nm wavelength light, which is generated by the seed source  16 , by typically between 2 and 1000 times and more preferably the system  8  is able to increase amount of the 976 nm light, generated by the seed source  16 , by about 20 to about 200 times or so. 
     As generally shown in this figure, the amplifier  6  is a phosphate glass photonic crystal rod. The phosphate glass photonic crystal rod typically has a length of between 10 and 25 cm and a diameter of between 125 and 600 microns, preferably about 250 microns. However, it is to be appreciated that the overall length and diameter of the phosphate glass photonic crystal rod can vary one embodiment to another, depending upon the particular application at hand. 
     The amplified 976 nm beam, which eventually exits and propagates from the second end of the amplifier  6 , is then transmitted to a second main lens  53  which focuses the 976 nm light a single (BiBO) nonlinear converter  10  which is used to convert the amplified 976 nm light into the desired blue light, e.g., blue light having a wavelength of 488 nm, for example. The blue light, having a wavelength of 488 nm, then exits and propagates away from the second end of the single (BiBO) nonlinear converter  10  and is available for use in a desired application. 
       FIG. 2  diagrammatic illustrates a cross sectional view of the phosphate photonic crystal fiber structure (PPCF). It is to appreciated that this is diagrammatic cross sectional view of one example of a phosphate photonic crystal fiber structure, for use with the present invention. This figure shows a large fiber core  54 , surrounded by air-holes  58  in order to provide the PCF structure. It is to appreciated that the number, the size and the spacing of the air-holes  58  can vary, from application to application, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. The cladding  56 , where the second pump beam  46  is launched, is located outside the PCF structure is and is the material though which the 1030 nm light will generally propagate after leaking from the core  54 . This particular design shows an outer air cladding  60  to provide waveguiding to the pump; however, this air cladding  60  may not be necessary. It is possible to have an outer glass cladding  56  with a low index of refraction compared to the pump cladding. This also allows for pump waveguiding and enhances the thermal properties of the fiber, since air is generally a poor conductor of heat. 
     As generally shown in  FIG. 2 , the central inner core  54  has a diameter of between 25 and 200 microns, preferably about 100 microns. The cladding  56  is arranged around and surrounds the core  54 . The cladding  56  typically has a diameter of between 125 and 600 microns, preferably about 250 microns. 
       FIG. 3  is a plot of the effective index of refraction of the core and the index of refraction of the cladding, as a function of wavelength. As shown in this plot, the index of refraction of the cladding (i.e., cladding index) decreases less rapidly than the index of refraction of the core (i.e., inner core index). Since the index of refraction of the core  54  is greater than the index of refraction of the cladding at 975 nm, the core  54  will waveguide the 975 nm light in the core  54  of the fiber. However, since the index of refraction of the cladding  56  is greater than the index of refraction of the core at 1030 nm, the core  54  will not waveguide the 1030 nm light, thus preventing gain overlap at 1030 nm (mode filtering). 
     Turning now to  FIG. 4 , a second embodiment of the present invention will now be described. As this embodiment is very similar to the previously discussed embodiment, only the differences between this new embodiment and the previous embodiment will be discussed in detail while identical elements will be given identical reference numerals. 
       FIG. 4  shows a simplified embodiment of a phosphate photonic crystal fiber (PPCF) amplifier  6  with a single nonlinear converter  10  and generally includes a pump source  44 , a seed source  18 ′ (supplied by a first source—not shown), the PPCF amplifier  6 , and the nonlinear converter  10 . According to this embodiment, the laser seed beam  18 ′, generated by the first source and having a wavelength of 975 nm, propagates toward and is reflected by a first surface  63  of a seed mirror  64  toward the amplifier  6 . 
     The second (laser) pump source  44 , according to this embodiment, pumps 900-950 nm light into the system  8 . The second pump beam  46 , from the pump source  44  and having a wavelength of 900-950 nm, propagates into a first end of a focusing lens assembly (typically comprising a plurality of lens)  61 . A second opposite end of the focusing lens assembly  61  propagates the second pump beam  46 , from the pump source  44 , toward a second surface  62  and through a seed mirror  64 . The combined beam  18 ′,  46  then propagates from the seed mirror  64  toward a first lens  68  which focuses the combined beam  18 ′,  46  at a first inlet end of the amplifier  6 , i.e., a Yb (ytterbium) doped fiber core  54  in this instance. Preferably, the system  8  is designed so that the 976 nm seed source travels through the central core  54  of the amplifier  6  while the second pump beam  46  of 900-950 nm travels through the exterior cladding  56  of the amplifier  6 . The amplifier  6  operates generally as described above to amplify the 976 nm seed source. 
     As a result, the amplifier  6  is able to amplify or increase the amount of 976 nm light which eventually exits and propagates out from the second end of the amplifier  6 . The system  8 , according to the present invention, is able to increase the amount of 976 nm wavelength light, from the seed source, by typically between 2 and 1000 times and more preferably the system  8  is able to increase amount of the 976 nm light by about 20 to about 200 times or so. 
     The amplified 976 nm beam, which eventually exits and propagates from the second end of the amplifier  6 , is then propagated through a second focusing lens  70  and enters into a single nonlinear converter  10  which is used to convert the amplified 976 nm light into the desired blue light, e.g., having a wavelength of 488 nm. The blue light, having a wavelength of 488 nm, then exits and propagates away from the second end of the single nonlinear converter  10  and is available for use in a desired application. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 5 , a third embodiment of the present invention will now be described which is similar to the previously discussed embodiment. In  FIG. 5 , a simplified embodiment of a phosphate photonic crystal fiber (PPCF) laser oscillator  76 , operating as a continuous wave (CW) with single nonlinear converter  10 , is shown. According to this embodiment, the pump source  72  generates a laser first (laser) pump beam  74 , having a wavelength of 900-950 nm, and propagates the first (laser) pump beam  74  toward a first end of a focusing lens assembly (typically comprising a plurality of lens)  61 . A second opposite end of the focusing lens assembly  61  is aligned to propagate the first pump beam  74  toward a first surface  24  of the high reflector  26  which permits substantially all of supplied first pump beam  74  to pass therethrough and enter into the PPCF laser oscillator  76 . An opposed second surface  28  of the high reflector  26 , is coated with a coating which reflects substantially 100% of the 976 nm back toward an opposite second end of the PPCF laser oscillator  76 . A phosphate photonic crystal fiber rod  77  is located between focusing first and second main lens  78 ,  80 . The light which exits from the high reflector  26  propagates through the focusing first main lens  78 , the phosphate photonic crystal fiber rod  77  and the second main lens  80  toward a first surface  34  of an output coupler  36 . 
     The first surface  34  of the output coupler  36  is coated with a reflective coating which typically reflects between 4% and 90% of the 976 nm light back toward the first end of the PPCF laser oscillator  76 . Typically, the first surface  34  of the output coupler  36  will reflect between 20% and 80% of the 976 nm light back through the the second main lens  80 , the phosphate photonic crystal fiber rod  77  and the focusing first main lens  78  toward the second surface  28  of the high reflector  26  where the first pump beam  74  is reflected back toward the output coupler  36 . This process is repeatedly repeated during operation. The system  8  is designed so that the 976 nm beam travels through the central core  54  of the phosphate photonic crystal fiber rod  77  while the 900-950 nm light travels through the exterior cladding  56  thereof. The PPCF laser oscillator  76  operates, generally as described above, to amplify the 976 nm light. 
     As a result, the PPCF laser oscillator  76  is able to amplify or increase the amount of 976 nm light which eventually exits and propagates out from the second end thereof. The system  8 , according to the present invention, is able to increase the amount of 976 nm wavelength light by typically between 2 and 1000 times, and more preferably the system  8  is able to increase amount of the 976 nm light by about 20 to about 200 times or so. 
     The amplified 976 nm beam, which eventually exits and propagates PPCF laser oscillator  76  is then transmitted to and enters into a single nonlinear converter  10  which is used to convert the amplified 976 nm light into the desired blue light, e.g., light having a wavelength of 488 nm. The blue light, having a wavelength of 488 nm, then exits and propagates away from the second end of the single nonlinear converter  10  and is available for use in a desired application. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 6 , a fourth embodiment of the present invention will now be described which is similar to the previously discussed embodiments. In  FIG. 6 , a simplified embodiment of a phosphate photonic crystal fiber (PPCF) laser oscillator  76 , operating as a Q-switched pulsed source  30 ′ with single nonlinear converter  10 , is shown. This embodiment is quite similar to the third embodiment, except that a Q-switch  30 ′ is located between the second main lens  80  and the output coupler  36 . As shown, the pump source  72  generates a laser first (laser) pump beam  74 , having a wavelength of 900-950 nm, and propagates the first (laser) pump beam  74  toward a first end of a focusing lens assembly (typically comprising a plurality of lens)  61 . A second opposite end of the focusing lens assembly  61  is aligned to propagate the first pump beam  74  toward a first surface  24  of the high reflector  26  which permits substantially all of supplied first pump beam  74  to pass therethrough and enter into a first end of a phosphate photonic crystal fiber rod  77 . An opposed second surface  28  of the high reflector  26 , is coated with a coating which reflects substantially 100% of the 976 nm back toward an opposite second end of the PPCF laser oscillator  76 . The phosphate photonic crystal fiber  77  is located between the first and second main lens  78 ,  80 . The light which exits from the high reflector  26  propagates through the first main lens  78 , the phosphate photonic crystal fiber rod  77 , the second main lens  80  and the Q-switched pulsed source  30 ′ toward a first surface  34  of an output coupler  36 . The first surface  34  of the output coupler  36  is coated with a reflective coating which typically reflects between 4% and 90% of the 976 nm light back toward the first end of the PPCF laser oscillator  76 . Typically, the first surface  34  of the output coupler  36  will reflect between 20% and 80% of the 976 nm light back through the Q-switched pulsed source  30 ′, the second main lens  80 , the phosphate photonic crystal fiber rod  77  and the first main lens  78  toward the second surface  28  of the high reflector  26  of the PPCF laser oscillator  76  where the first pump beam  74  is reflected back toward the output coupler  36  of the PPCF laser oscillator  76 . 
     The Q-switched pulsed source  30 ′ operates in a conventional manner to control the output of the PPCF laser oscillator  76 . That is, when the Q-switched pulsed source  30 ′ is “on,” the Q-switched pulsed source  30 ′ is misaligned and deflects the beam which prevents the 976 nm beam from exiting the PPCF laser oscillator  76 . However, when the Q-switched pulsed source  30 ′ is “off,” the Q-switched pulsed source  30 ′ is aligned and permits the 976 nm beam to exit from the PPCF laser oscillator  76 . 
     This process is repeatedly repeated. The system  8  is designed so that the 976 nm beam travels through the central core  54  of the phosphate photonic crystal fiber  77  while the second pump beam  46  of 900-950 nm travels through the exterior cladding  56  thereof. As a result, the PPCF laser oscillator  76  is able to amplify or increase the amount of 976 nm light which eventually exits and propagates out from the second end thereof. The system  8 , according to the present invention, is able to increase the amount of 976 nm wavelength light by typically between 2 and 1000 times and more preferably the system  8  is able to increase amount of the 976 nm light by about 20 to about 200 times or so. 
     The amplified 976 nm beam, which eventually exits and propagates from the PPCF laser oscillator  76  is then propagates toward and enters into a single nonlinear converter  10  which is used to convert the amplified 976 nm light into the desired blue light, e.g., light having a wavelength of 488 nm. The blue light, having a wavelength of 488 nm, then exits and propagates away from the second end of the single nonlinear converter  10  and is available for use in a desired application. 
     The present invention uses the PCF structure as a wavelength filter. This allows for propagation of the 975 nm light within the fiber core  54  of the photonic crystal fiber structure, while leaking any 1030 nm light into the exterior cladding  56 , thereby effectively reducing the overlap of the 1030 nm light with the Yb doping of the inner core  54  and reducing the gain. In addition, the present invention uses a phosphate glass as the host material for propagating the 975 nm light. The inventors have discovered that phosphate, and in particular phosphate glass, has more favorable gain properties at 975 nm, than compared to silica glass where the emission and absorption cross section are nearly identical. In phosphate glass, these cross sections provide high emission, with lower absorption, enabling efficient lasing at 975 nm, with a low laser threshold. In the silica glass, the absorption and emission cross sections are identical, meaning that this is a highly three-level transition with high threshold. On the other hand, the emission cross section for phosphate glass is almost two times higher than the absorption cross section. This is still a three-level transition, but the discrepancy between the emission and absorption means that the overall gain is higher, thereby allowing for better optical performance at 975 nm. 
     In addition to the gain properties, the phosphate glass can be doped substantially higher, or to a greater degree, with Yb, or some other rare earth element, than compared to silica or silica glass. This means that device or rod length can be on the order of less than 0.25 m, as opposed to ˜1 m devices which exist in silica-based PCF rods. This short length promotes compact packaging, low loss, and high nonlinear thresholds. The high doping of the phosphate glass, on the order of more than 4% by wt. for example, also reduces the effects of bleaching due to the required resonant pumping. 
     By engineering the dispersion, using an appropriate selection of material as well as the PCF structure, the present invention can allow for low loss propagation in the core  54  for 975 nm wavelengths. Similarly, this can be tailored to provide loss at 1030 nm, thereby causing light to leak into the cladding  56 . Since the core  54  is doped with Yb, for example, a mode which propagates in the core  54  and is within the gain bandwidth of the Yb ion will see optical gain. If the 1030 nm modal overlap is reduced by leaking that mode into the cladding  56 , this means that the overlap between the 1030 nm signal and the gain is reduced, thereby reducing parasitic lasing effects from any 1030 nm amplified spontaneous emission (ASE). The present invention can also use bend-induced wavelength filtering to further enhance this loss mechanism for the 1030 nm wavelengths. This allows the 975 nm light to propagate within the Yb-doped core  54  and experience the optical gain. 
     To achieve this modal filtering effect via fiber design, the air holes  58  are provided in the PCF structure and such air holes must allow for confinement of the desired wavelengths of interest. This is based on standard, textbook design practices. In addition to the PCF structure, the index of refraction of the various glasses must be appropriately chosen or selected. To achieve the leakage of the 1030 nm light, the index of refraction of the core  54  must decrease more rapidly than the cladding  56  index of refraction, such that n core &gt;n clad  for 975 nm and n core &lt;n clad  for 1030 nm. This is achieved by different amounts of non-rare-earth doping of the core  54  and the cladding glass. It is to appreciated that the precise amount of doping is highly dependent on the particular application and the exact glass composition, as well as the exact PCF design. Those skilled in the art would be able to determine a suitable amount of doping in order to achieve the features disclosed within this application. 
     The inventors have discovered that using a phosphate glass also enhances this effect. Phosphate glass has a negative dn/dT, compared to silica which has a positive dn/dT. This means that when a phosphate glass heats up, its index of refraction decreases. When operating as a laser, an amplifier  6  or an oscillator, the core  54  will typically heat up and this, in turn, reduces the index of refraction of the core  54  compared to the index of refraction of the exterior cladding  56 . The decrease of the index of refraction of the core  54  relative to the index of refraction of the cladding  56 , allowing for active enhanced suppression of the 1030 nm light. 
     Once 975 or 976 nm light is generated, it can be readily converted to the desired blue light, e.g., having a wave length of 487.5 or 488 nm for example, by subjecting the 975 or 976 nm light to a conventional second harmonic generation (SHG) process or converter  10 . This SHG process or converter  10  is performed in a nonlinear material, such BiBO, LBO or CLBO nonlinear crystal. However, due to the short fundamental wavelength at 975 or 976 nm achieved by the present invention, only a single nonlinear converter  10  is required in order to generate blue photons. Other currently available methods and techniques typically require multiple nonlinear converters. In addition, those which are based on solid-state or other fiber configurations, with a single nonlinear converter  10 , are limited in output power or pulse energy due to the parasitic lasing of the fundamental 1030 nm (or 1064 nm in the case of Nd doping) gain peak. 
     Although the above only specifically addresses the ˜970-980 nm transition of Yb, it is appreciated that this invention is also applicable to the ˜911 nm transition of Nd. In addition, the present invention can also potentially be used with other rare earth dopants to operate off the peak of the gain for that ion system. The exact wavelength of operation will be dependent on the choice of rare earth dopant and host glass composition. 
     It is to appreciated that the limitations on phosphate glass are its thermal properties. Phosphate glass cannot effectively handle high average powers compared to silica fibers. So the present invention may be limited to pulsed applications at moderate average power levels (less than 100 W), or gain staging will be required to distribute the thermal load. 
     The fiber is a phosphate glass or other silicate based glass with high rare earth solubility. This enables a short gain length to be used (less than 0.25 m in length) which minimizes losses. In addition, high doping can be achieved in phosphate glasses which allows for better pump absorption properties. This is important due to bleaching effects of the resonant pumping. It is to appreciated that the high doping and short gain length is important for pulsed lasers, as this increases the nonlinear thresholds in the fiber core  54 , allowing for higher energy and peak-power scaling compared to traditional silica-based fiber rods which can be &gt;1 m in length. Further phosphate and silicate glass inherently have higher nonlinear thresholds, thereby further improving peak power scaling. 
     According to the present invention, only a single nonlinear conversion converter  10  is required in order to achieve/obtain a blue light output having the desired wavelength. Since the PCF (phosphate) structure can generate 975 nm light directly, only a single second harmonic generator (SHG) is needed in order to obtain the blue light portion of the spectrum. The use of single SHG mechanism means that the efficiency loss due to the SHG is minimal thereby increasing the overall efficiency of the system  8 . The single second harmonic generator achieves efficiencies of greater than 50%. 
     While the present invention has been described in connection with the preferred embodiments of various figures, it is to be understood that other similar embodiments may be used or modifications or additions may be made to the described embodiment for performing the same function of the present invention without deviating therefrom. However, it is to be expressly understood that such modifications and alterations are within the scope and spirit of the present invention, as set forth in the appended claims. Further, the invention(s) described herein is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various other related ways. In addition, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of“including,” “comprising,” or“having,” and variations thereof herein, is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items while only the terms “consisting of” and “consisting only of” are to be construed in a limitative sense. Therefore, the present invention should not be limited to any single embodiment, but rather construed in breadth and scope in accordance with the recitation of the appended claims.