Abstract:
An earring that flashes in synchronism with the wearer&#39;s heartbeat. A pulsed IR LED/photocell combination is built into an earring along with a comparator and a visible light-emitting source. The comparator determines when the heart has beat from the variation in the signal from the photocell and transmits a signal to a solid state switch to turn on the visible light-emitting source. Thus, the light emitting source flashes once for each heart beat. In a preferred use of the present invention a lover is able to determine when his or her partner is excited by observing the rate at which the partner&#39;s earring flashes. The invention may also be used for medical monitoring of patients.

Description:
This application relates to earrings and heartbeat monitors. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Flashing earrings are known. These are usually worn as novelty items. One such earring is an earring shaped like a small Christmas tree powered by a small battery. These earrings are seen occasionally at Christmas parties. 
     Many types of heartbeat monitors are known. These include pressure monitors; the simplest being a finger pressed against an artery. A well-known technique for measuring heartbeat utilizes a infrared (IR) light emitting diode (LED)/photocell combination. This technique is discussed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,239,048, 4,100,536 and 4,407,295, each of which are incorporated herein by reference. Infrared light will travel several centimeters through typical human skin tissue. Its absorption is much greater in blood. Thus, an IR LED is pressed against skin tissue near an artery and emits pulsed infrared light into the skin. A photocell is placed against the skin near the IR LED and measures light scattered from or transmitted through the skin. The signal received by the photocell varies as the blood surges in the tissue near the photocell and the IR LED with each beat of the person&#39;s heart. It is known that a person&#39;s earlobe is a good place to place the IR LED/photocell instrument since the carotid artery runs close to the ear. In prior art devices signals from the photocell are typically transmitted to a comparator, which calculates the rate of heart, beat and the resulting rate is displayed on a monitor. 
     What is needed is a simple method of displaying heartbeat by means of visible light flashes with a device that can be worn as a novelty item. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides an earring that flashes in synchronism with the wearer&#39;s heartbeat. A pulsed IR LED/photocell combination is built into an earring along with a comparator and a visible light-emitting source. The comparator determines when the heart has beat from the variation in the signal from the photocell and transmits a signal to a solid state switch to turn on the visible light-emitting source. Thus, the light emitting source flashes once for each heart beat. In a preferred use of the present invention a lover is able to determine when his or her partner is excited by observing the rate at which the partner&#39;s earring flashes. The invention may also be used for medical monitoring of patients. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIGS. 1A and 1B is a circuit diagram of a preferred of the present invention 
     FIG. 2 is a drawing of a preferred embodiment mounted on a person&#39;s ear. 
     FIG. 3 shows a person wearing a preferred embodiment. 
     FIG. 4 shows a string of pulses moderated by blood pulsing in tissue. 
     FIG. 5 shows a waveform used to trigger an LED. 
     FIG. 6 is a flow chart of the software of a preferred embodiment. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     First Preferred Embodiment 
     A first preferred embodiment of the present invention can be described by reference to the drawings. 
     IR Emitter, IR Detector and Visible Light Emitter 
     FIGS. 1A and 1B is a circuit diagram of a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The sensor head of the embodiment is shown at 6. The sensor head includes an IR LED, D1F5E1 and a photocell Q2MRD701, which is a phototransistor. In this embodiment the photocell and the IR LED are located on the same side of the earlobe as shown in FIG.  2 . In another embodiment the photocell and the IR LED will be located on opposite of the earlobe and the light from the IR LED passes through the lobe. In this embodiment as shown in FIG. 2, pulses of light from IR LED  20  are scattered in the earlobe and are detected by photocell  22 . Electronics as described below and shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B detect the wearer&#39;s heartbeat and cause LED  8  to flash once for each beat of the heart. The earring shown in FIG. 2, except for the electronics, is of a standard design with rod  40  piercing the earlobe through an existing hole and a clip mechanism  42  on the neck side of the earlobe to hold the earring in place on the earlobe. Clip-type earrings could also be used for ears not pierced. 
     Electronics 
     The electronic and electro-optical components shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B are available from any of many commercial suppliers, such as Allied, Arrow and Avnet Electronics. The circuitry described in this embodiment provides all the functions needed to detect the heartbeat and drive LED  8  that emits visible red light. 
     U 1  is an oscillator integrated circuit that is configured with R 1  and R 2  and with capacitor C 1  to produces a 20-microsecond pulse at approximately 100 Hz. This signal is directed to pin  13  of U 2   a.  U 2   a  is {fraction (1/4+L )} of a quad bilateral switch that inverts the output of U 1  to a positive going 20-microsecond pulse. This signal is directed to field effect transistor Q 1  which in turn provides current to drive infrared light emitting diode (IR LED) D 1  as shown as 20 in FIG.  1 A. D 1  produces a stream of IR pulses with a 20 micro second pulse width at a rate of about 100 pulses per second. Human hearts normally beat at rates between about 40 pulses per minute to about 200 pulses per minute; so this pulse frequency would provide about 30 to 150 pulses per heartbeat. These pulses of infrared light pass relatively well through the tissue of the earlobe but are preferentially absorbed in blood. Therefore, the amount of infrared light returning to the sensor head will vary depending on how much blood the light encounters in the earlobe. Since the amount of blood in the earlobe varies significantly during each heartbeat the returning light will also vary significantly. Phototransistor Q 2  shown as 22 in FIG. 1A is mounted next to D 1  and D 1  and Q 2  form the heartbeat sensor head. U 3  is an integrated circuit with four Op Amps. Op Amp U 3   a  amplifies the pulse stream out of phototransistor Q 2 . Integrator circuit  10  comprising IC switch U 2   b  in conjunction with R 12  and C 6  recovers the heartbeat pulse envelope from the modulated pulse stream out of U 3   a.  A typical waveform out of U 3   a  is shown in FIG.  4 . This waveform (portraying about 50 pulses per heartbeat) would correspond to a heart beating at a rate of about 120 beats per minute (two beats per second) which would correspond to a jogging heart rate of a person in good physical shape or to a very excited lover. Switch U 2   b  is controlled by the same oscillator used to generate the IR pulses and is thus synchronized with these pulses. The switch closes during each 20-microsecond pulse charging integrating capacitor C 6  to the peak of the pulse. The process is repeated with each successive pulse with the result that capacitor C 6  reconstructs the heartbeat waveform from the pulse stream shown in FIG.  4 . Amplifier circuit  13  comprises Op Amp U 3   b  (LM324) acts as a high impedance buffer between the integrator circuit and the next amplifier circuit  14 . Amplifier circuit  14  comprises amplifier U 3   c  (LM324) which provides further amplification and filtering of the recovered waveform. An example of this recovered waveform is illustrated in FIG.  5 . Filter network R 14 , R 30  and C 7  form a hi-pass filter and filter network R 16  and C 8  form a low-pass filter. The passband is from 2.2 Hz to 4.4 Hz. These filters together pass the recovered heartbeat waveform, while rejecting all other frequencies outside the desired passband. This filtering technique improves the signal-to-noise ratio of the circuit and enhances the ability of this preferred embodiment to detect the heartbeat without false triggers. 
     The reproduced heartbeat at the output of U 3   c  (pin  8 ) is positive going with amplitude of approximately 0.3 volts. Op-Amp U 3   d  is configured as a comparator and is biased by the resistor network R 17  and R 18  so that the positive comparator input (pin  12 ) is at about +0.1 volt. The heartbeat signal is applied to the negative comparator output (pin  14 ) is driven from +9 volts to 1 volts. When the output is driven to zero volts, the +9 volt supply provides the drive current to the LED through the limiting resistor R 28 . This provides the drive current to “turn on” the LED (D 6 ). LED D 6  remains “on” until the waveform at pin  13  drops below the reference voltage on pin  12 . Thus we get a flash of visible light from LED D 6  shown at  8  in FIG.  1 B and in FIG. 2 for each detected heartbeat. 
     Second Preferred Embodiment 
     In a second preferred embodiment the pulses from IR detector  22  are digitized by a very small microprocessor that is also used to analyze the digitized pulses and to turn on visible light source  8  for a short pulse for each heartbeat. FIG. 6 is a flow diagram showing a preferred technique for programming the microprocessor. The program converts the amplitude of each pulse into a digital value P. It calculates an average pulse amplitude [P] against which P is compared. The program turns on the visible light source  8  when the number of pulses having amplitudes in excess of the average amplitude is greater than 15 more than the number of pulses having amplitudes less than or equal to the average amplitude. After a pulse the earring will not pulse again until the number of pulses with below average amplitude is more than 15 greater than the number of pulses with amplitudes greater than the average amplitude. The P in FIG. 4 shows when the visible light pulse would be triggered in the example shown. If heartbeats are not being detected but the 100 Hz pulses are being detected with random amplitudes, statistical variations will soon produce a pulse. To reduce these false pulses, the counters are re-zeroed after a number of pulses. In this embodiment that number is 150 pulses which is the number of pulses per heartbeat at 40 beats per minute. In a more sophisticated embodiment the re-zero number could be calculated based on the measured pulse rate; so that a smaller re-zero number would be used when the wearer&#39;s heartbeat rate is greater than 40 beats per minute. 
     Other Embodiments 
     The embodiment of the present invention described above can be produced from components readily available from electronics parts suppliers such as the ones listed above. The earrings made from these parts including a hearing aid battery can be made small enough to fit into an earring as small as about  3  to 4 cm 3 . Utilizing application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) concepts, the earrings (including the battery) can be packaged into an earring as small as 1 cm 3  or smaller. 
     Preferably the battery for the unit will be a rechargeable battery and the earrings can be marketed with a case, which includes a charging circuit powered by standard 120 volt AC so that when the earrings are not in use, the earring batteries can be easily recharged. 
     Although the present invention has been described in terms of specific embodiments, it is understood that many other embodiments of the present invention are possible. For example, the pulse rate of the oscillator could be larger or smaller than 100 Hz; however at least 10 Hz is recommended. A photodiode could be used instead of the specified phototransistor. Many circuits other than the one described in detail above could be used to determine the heart beat from the detected modulating IR pulses. For example, a continuous IR source and corresponding detection circuitry could be implemented. For these reasons the scope of the present invention should be determined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents.