Abstract:
The present invention generally relates to a method for manufacturing phase change material (PCM) pellets. The method includes providing a melt composition including paraffin and a polymer. The paraffin has a melt point between about 10° C. and about 50° C., and more preferably between about 18° C. and about 28° C. In one embodiment, the melt composition includes various additives, such as a flame retardant. The method further includes forming the melt composition into PCM pellets. The method further may include the step of cooling the melt to increase the melt viscosity before pelletizing.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The present application claims benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/379,252, filed Sep. 1, 2010, which is hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
       [0002]    Not applicable. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    The present invention relates generally to a method for making phase change material, and more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to a low-cost, continuous method of manufacturing form-stable phase change material. 
         [0004]    Published reports show that incorporation of paraffinic Phase Change Material (PCM) in building envelopes (wall boards, attic insulation, etc.) can reduce energy consumption by 20+%. 
         [0005]    Although paraffins with melting points between 10° C. to 50° C. have all found specialty passive energy storage applications (ranging from clothing to spacecraft thermal systems), the paraffins of interest for building envelopes are those that undergo solid-liquid phase change (melting and freezing) at indoor comfort temperatures (generally between 18° C. and 28° C., or between 64° F. and 82° F.). Such paraffins are also referred to as wax. 
         [0006]    Relatively large amounts of energy are stored during paraffin phase change (about 100 to about 240 J/g), thus reducing the peak energy demand for cooling (summer) and heating (winter). 
         [0007]    Paraffins offer advantages over other types of PCM due to thermo-oxidative stability and material compatibility (i.e. non-corrosive). 
         [0008]    Paraffin wax has traditionally been encapsulated for PCM use, mainly to prevent leakage of paraffin when it is in melt phase. A PCM product that keeps its form whether in solid or melt phase is referred to as form-stable PCM. Other methods of making form-stable PCM involve filling small cups (or other container) with the PCM, capping the filled cups, and incorporating them into building construction material. 
         [0009]    Encapsulation is a costly batch process often involving use of toxic monomers. Similarly, filling and capping containers can be labor intensive and inefficient for mass production. 
         [0010]    Given the current state of PCM manufacturing technology, PCM products have been too expensive and not broadly available. As such, despite demonstrated potential for improving energy efficiency of residential and commercial buildings, PCM products have not penetrated this, or other cost-focused segments of industry. 
         [0011]    Recent studies have shown that form-stable PCMs can be formed by mixing paraffins with high density polyethylene (HDPE). However, there has been no suggestion of how these form-stable PCMs can be manufactured commercially. 
         [0012]    To this end, there is a need for a low cost continuous process to manufacture form-stable PCMs. It is to such a process of manufacturing form-stable PCMs that at least one embodiment of the present invention is directed. 
         [0013]    The process uses equipment that is well-suited for automated, high production rate, low cost operation. 
         [0014]    PCM pellets are similar in form to more costly micro-encapsulates. Specifically, the pellets are relatively small in size and therefore, have a high surface area to volume ratio for increased heat transfer rate. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0015]    The present invention generally relates to a method for manufacturing phase change material (PCM) pellets. The method includes providing a melt composition including paraffin and a polymer. The paraffin has a melt point between about 10° C. and about 50° C., and more preferably between about 18° C. and about 28° C. The paraffin has a heat of fusion between 100 and 240 J/g. The paraffin is at least 60 wt % of the melt composition. The paraffin includes n-octadecane. In one embodiment, the polymer is high density polyethylene (HDPE). The HDPE has a melt flow index between about 0.1 g/10 min and about 20 g/10 min. 
         [0016]    In one embodiment, the melt composition includes various additives, such as a flame retardant. 
         [0017]    The method further includes forming the melt composition into PCM pellets in a pelletizer. In one embodiment, an underwater pelletizer may be utilized. The pelletizer water temperature is between the melting point of the paraffin and the melting point of the polymer. In another embodiment, a strand pelletizer may be utilized. The strand pelletizer trough water temperature is between the melting point of paraffin and the melting point of the polymer. Any type of pelletizer may be utilized so long as it functions in accordance with the present invention as described herein. 
         [0018]    The size of the PCM pellets is between about 0.5 mm and about 2 mm. The PCM pellets may be incorporated into wallboards, attic insulation, items of clothing, and footwear. 
         [0019]    The method further may include the step of cooling the melt composition to increase the melt viscosity to 4,000 cP or higher before pelletizing. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0020]      FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of an operation of a process according to the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0021]    One embodiment of the invention is presented in  FIG. 1 . A paraffin wax  10  is transferred to a wax storage tank  20 . Paraffin wax  10 , for example, is a normal paraffin having a carbon number between 14 and 22. For example, paraffin includes 60-100 wt % n-octadecane, and has a melting point between about 50° F. (10° C.) and about 122° F. (50° C.), preferably between about 64° F. (18° C.) and about 82° F. (28° C.). The paraffin has a heat fusion between about 100 and 240 J/g. The paraffin wax may be obtained from a number of chemical and refining operations such as Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, ethylene oligomerization followed by hydrogenation of C 14 -C 22  linear olefins, or via mole sieve separation from petroleum fractions. A bio-based process for production of n-paraffins involves hydrodeoxygenation of lipids using a hydrogenation catalyst having hydrogenolysis and olefin saturation activity. The lipid fatty acid/ester oxygen atoms are removed and double-bonds therein saturated. In a preferred embodiment, the octadecane-rich wax composition is the product of hydrodeoxygenation of lipids such as canola oil. 
         [0022]    The paraffin wax  10  is transferred to a mix tank  30  where it is mixed with other ingredients for pelletizing. A level transmitter  40  and an automatically activated valve  50  are used to ensure the proper amount of paraffin wax is introduced to the mix tank  30 . Paraffin wax storage tank  20  is typically located at a higher elevation than the mix tank  30 , thus allowing for gravity flow of the paraffin. In some embodiments, a pump is used to transfer the contents of the storage tank  20  to the mix tank  30 . The other mix components include a polymer  60  and an additive composition  70 . 
         [0023]    The polymer  60  is, for example, a high density polyethylene (HDPE) powder. The polymers have a molecular weight greater than 100,000 and are compatible with the paraffin wax, or have at least one wax-compatible phase. Some polymers have flame retardant properties which is useful when the PCM is used in building and construction applications. Examples of such polymers include halogenated or halogen-modified polymers, or those additized with flame-retardants. A preferred polymer is HDPE having melt flow index (or melt flow rate) less than 50 g per 10 minutes. Melt flow index (MFI) is a measure of the polymer&#39;s molecular weight and melt viscosity; the higher the molecular weight and melt viscosity, the lower its MFI. The most preferred polymer is HDPE having MFI values between about 0.1 g/10 min and about 20 g/10 min. However, it should be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that various polymers may be utilized so long as the polymer functions in accordance with the present invention as described herein. 
         [0024]    The polymer  60  is loaded into a hopper  80 , from where required amounts for PCM compounding are transferred to the mix tank  30  using a mass flow control loop  90  including a load cell  100  and solids flow valve  110 . Typically, hopper  80  is at a higher elevation than the mix tank  30 , thus allowing for gravity flow of polymer  60  through conduit  170 . If hopper  80  is not at a higher elevation, pneumatic transport, screw conveyor, or bucket elevators may be used to transfer the contents to the mix tank  30 . 
         [0025]    The additive composition  70  is optionally added to the mix tank  30  to enhance the PCM pellet performance. The additive composition  70  is a solid (powder or flake) blend including a thermal conductivity improver, a nucleating agent, an anti-oxidant, and/or a flame retardant. Thermal conductivity improvers are optionally added to increase the rate of heat transfer from the PCM pellet walls to the paraffin clusters trapped therein. Prior art teaches use of expandable graphite, graphite microfiber pieces, or graphite powder for this purpose. It should be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that any material having thermal conductivities higher than the polymer and the wax—for example, in microfiber form—may be used as the thermal conductivity improver. 
         [0026]    Nucleating agents include organic and inorganic material that can form a site for crystal growth, thus preventing sub-cooling or reducing the extent of sub-cooling. Sub-cooling is when a molten material does not freeze when cooled to its melting point, but several degrees lower. The nucleating agents suitable for use in PCM pellets include inorganic salts, such as sodium and calcium chloride, or organic compounds having a higher melting point than the paraffin, but with a similar alkyl group. A suitable organic nucleating agent for the present invention includes 1-octadecanol. It should be noted that 1-octadecanol is also a reaction intermediate during hydrodeoxygenation of vegetable oils to paraffins, and thus, may be present in n-octadecane produced via hydrodeoxygenation. 
         [0027]    Antioxidants/stabilizers include hindered phenols, phosphites, and hydroxylamines. Flame retardants include halogenated organic compounds, as well as organo-antimony and organo-phosphorus compounds. Antioxidant/stabilizers are added mainly to protect the polymer and wax from degradation at high compounding temperatures (e.g. in the mix tank  30 , or an extruder). 
         [0028]    The additives that include the additive composition  70  may be in the form of a master-batch. As such, the additive composition  70  is placed in an additive holding and transfer vessel  120 . If the components that include additive composition  70  are not pre-blended as a master-batch, individual holding and transfer vessels for each component will be required such that they can be dosed individually to the mix tank  30 . The amount (defined below) of additive composition  70  is transferred to the mix tank  30  using a mass flow control loop  130 , including a load cell  140  and solids flow valve  150 . Typically, vessel  120  is at a higher elevation than the mix tank  30 , thus allowing for gravity flow of solids additive composition  70  through conduit  180 . If vessel  120  is not at a higher elevation, pneumatic transport, screw conveyor, or bucket elevators may be used to transfer the contents to the mix tank  30 . The rate of transfer of solids through conduits  170  and  180  may need to be controlled (through control loops  90  and  130 , respectively) to ensure that the solids are well-dispersed and/or melted. 
         [0029]    The paraffin wax, the polymer, and the additives are then charged to the mix tank  30  through conduits  160 ,  170 , and  180 , respectively. The order of addition depends on the type of equipment used as the mix tank  30 . The mix tank  30  may be a viscous melt batch mixer (e.g. Banbury or Henschel mixers) or a continuous extruder. The extruder may be a single-screw mixer, a twin screw co-rotating mixer, or a counter-rotating mixer. In the embodiment of  FIG. 1 , the mix tank  30  is shown as a heated vessel equipped with a mixing device appropriate for the relatively high viscosity polymer melt composition. For this system, the polymer and additive are added to the pool of molten wax. A mix tank agitator  190 , including a motor, shaft, and propeller blade, is kept on during addition of all ingredients. The paraffin wax  10  and polymer  60  are charged at a ratio (paraffin:polymer) of from about 50:50 to 90:10, preferably from 60:40 to 80:20. The additives  70  are then dosed through a conduit  180 . The additive composition  70  and dosing level are such that the amount of nucleating agent in PCM paraffin is from about 0 to about 10 wt %, the thermal conductivity improver is from about 0 to about 2 wt %, the flame retardant is from about 0 to about 10 wt %, and the anti-oxidant is from about 0 to about 0.1 wt %. 
         [0030]    In order to ensure a homogenous molten composition is achieved, the mix tank  30  is equipped with a jacket  200  wherein a heat transfer fluid  210  circulates. The mix tank  30 , agitator  190 , and baffles  220  assist with heat transfer from the mix tank  30  walls to its contents. The heat transfer fluid  210  is supplied from a hot oil system (not shown), including a storage and expansion tank system with electric or direct-fired heating, and with a recirculation pump. The hot oil system is designed to maintain the mix tank  30  temperature between about 250° F. and about 550° F. 
         [0031]    The homogeneous molten PCM composition prepared in the mix tank  30  is transferred to a pelletizer feed tank  230 . When a continuous mixer such as an extruder is used, the pelletizer feed tank  230  is not required. For the mix tank  30 , the transfer is achieved by opening the block valve  240  and turning on pump  260  and thus, the molten PCM composition flows through conduits  250  and  270 . Any number of pump types known to those having ordinary skill in the art may be selected for use as pump  260  based on the transfer temperature and corresponding PCM compound melt properties such as density and viscosity. Examples of pump types include positive displacement (gear, lobe, screw, diaphragm) and centrifugal. Preferred pumps for the transfer of liquids have viscosities in the 10,000 to 300,000 cP include gear, screw, and lobe pumps. 
         [0032]    The pelletizer feed tank  230  includes many of the same features of the mix tank  30  such as an agitator system  290 , baffles  300 , and vessel jacket  280 . Furthermore, as with the mix tank  30 , heat transfer fluid  310  (as described previously herein) is allowed to circulate through vessel jacket  280  to maintain the PCM molten composition at desired temperature of from about 250° F. to about 550° F. When the volume of pelletizer feed gets low, a new batch of molten PCM compound is prepared in the mix tank  200  and is transferred to the pelletizer feed tank  230 . 
         [0033]    The molten pelletizer feed tank PCM composition is transferred through conduit  320  to a gear pump  330  where it is pressurized and transferred to an optional melt cooler  350  through conduit  340 . Conduit  340  pressure is in the 200 to 2,000 psig range, depending on the melt viscosity and flow restriction provided by the apparatuses downstream. The molten PCM is cooled in melt cooler  350  to cooled PCM melt  360 . The temperature of the cooled PCM melt  360  is from about 200° F. to about 400° F. The purpose of cooling the melt is to raise its viscosity to at least about 4,000 cP. This ensures that extrudates of this melt, formed by pressuring the melt through orifice holes, have sufficiently high melt strength to be cut. When the molten PCM compound  250  has a viscosity higher than 4,000 cP, preferably above 10,000 cP, the melt cooler  350  is not required. 
         [0034]    The melt cooler  350  is a shell and tube heat exchanger. The PCM melt flows through the tubes  345  while a heat transfer fluid (HTF)  351  flows through the shell. Static mixer elements are inserted in the tubes  345  thereby improving heat transfer. Without static mixer elements, or similar tube internals, heat transfer coefficients would be low due to laminar flow of the PCM compound. As a result, a prohibitively large heat transfer surface would be required. Lacking provisions for improving heat transfer coefficient with laminar flow through tubes  345  also necessitates lower shell side temperatures which, in turn, may cause PCM freeze-off on the tube  345  walls. 
         [0035]    The HTF temperature is controlled in a heat transfer fluid unit  352 . The HTF temperature is controlled to be higher than the melting point of the crystalline polymer in the PCM compound. For paraffin/HDPE PCM compounds, the HDPE polymer has a melting point of about 250° F. (120° C.). Typical HTF temperatures are in the 250° F. to 350° F. range, preferably between about 260° F. and about 300° F. The temperature of the HTF is thus controlled to be higher than the melting point of the polymer to ensure that no PCM components freeze on the walls of tubes  345  as the PCM is being cooled. The HTF temperature is controlled via circulation through a HTF cooler  355 . The HTF cooler  355 , in turn, uses cooling water for cooling the HTF as needed for temperature control purposes. In this embodiment, cooling water is supplied through conduit  357 , removing some of the heat from the HTF, and returning cooling water through conduit  356 . The HTF unit  352  is also equipped with heating capability either through a gas or liquid fuel fired heater or an electric heating element (not shown). 
         [0036]    The pressurized and optionally cooled PCM stream  360  enters an underwater pelletizer assembly  400  including a die  370 , rotating knives  380 , and a water chamber  390 . The die  370  is circular in shape and includes a plurality of orifice holes, arranged in a circular pattern. Depending on PCM throughput, the die  370  may have between 10 and 1000 holes. In some embodiments, the die  370  is heated (e.g. by an electric band heater) to prevent freeze-off of molten PCM in the holes. 
         [0037]    The rotating knives  380  are set flush against the face of the die  370  in the water chamber  390 . The rotating knives  380  are supported by a shaft and motor assembly  385 , with the motor outside the water chamber  390 . As the molten PCM extrudate exits the die  370 , it is cut by rotating knives  380  under water. The cut pieces of molten PCM extrudate form into pellets, which are rapidly cooled and carried by water through a pellet slurry pipe  410  (wherein additional pellet cooling takes place in the 1 to 10 second residence time provided by the pipe  410 ) to a spin dryer  420 . Therein, PCM pellets  430  are separated from water and air-dried while spin dryer water  440  enters a pelletizer water tank  450 . The pelletizer water tank  450  is equipped with makeup line  460  and purge line  470 , to maintain tank level and water quality. The purge water in line  470  contains pellet fines and components in the PCM compound which may have migrated into the water phase. As such, the purge water is directed to filtration and/or water treatment (not shown). 
         [0038]    In some embodiments, the pelletizer water tank  450  is equipped with coils (not shown) for controlling the water temperature. In general, pelletizer water temperature best suited for pelletizing PCM according to the present invention is between about 70° F. to about 200° F. The water temperature is at a temperature between the melting point of the paraffin and the melting point of the polymer. Pelletizer water of fairly constant temperature and quality is thus circulated through the water chamber  390  through a pump  480 . Pump  480  is preferably a centrifugal pump sized to provide turbulence in the water chamber  390  and the pellet slurry pipe  410 . 
         [0039]    Although an underwater pelletizer is described in this embodiment of the invention, it should be recognized by those skilled in the art that other pelletizers may be used so long as the pelletizer functions in accordance with the present invention as described herein. For example, a strand pelletizer may be used, wherein the molten extrudates are pulled as strands through a water trough where they are partially or completely solidified before being chopped into pellets. Whereas the pellets formed in an underwater pelletizer are typically spherical, those formed in a strand pelletizer are typically cylindrical. Nevertheless, the size of both types of pellets may be given by an equivalent diameter. For non-spherical pellets, the equivalent diameter is defined as the diameter of a sphere having the same surface area as the non-spherical pellet. 
         [0040]    The dewatered and dried PCM pellets  430  are transferred to a bagging hopper  490 . Depending on pelletizer die  370  orifice size, rotation rate of the cutter knives  380 , and pelletizer gear pump  330  flow rate, the typical size of pellets  430  may be between 0.1 mm and 5 mm in diameter. For most PCM applications, the preferred size is between about 0.5 mm and about 2 mm, where it is small enough for high heat transfer rate, but not too small to create handling problems. For example, this size range can easily be incorporated into the gypsum slurry used to make standard wallboards. The smaller the pellet, the higher the PCM surface area to volume ratio and the higher the rate of heat transfer. 
         [0041]    The pellets  430  from the bagging hopper  490  are transferred to bags, drums, or other containers. The empty containers  510  are moved on a conveyor belt  500  to under the bagging hopper  490  and filled via fill valve  495 . The filled containers  514  are then palletized (not shown) and moved to warehouse for distribution. The bagging or drumming operation may be automated or performed manually. 
         [0042]    The PCM compounding and the continuous pelletizing process of the present invention are well-suited for process automation. The PCM pellets produced in this low cost production process are useful in diverse passive energy storage applications. These applications include, but are not limited to, building energy efficiency products (e.g. wallboards, attic insulation, and roof shingles), clothing, footwear, and furniture. 
         [0043]    From the above description, it is clear that the present invention is well adapted to carry out the objects and to attain the advantages mentioned herein as well as those inherent in the invention. While a presently preferred embodiment of the invention has been described for purposes of this disclosure, it will be understood that numerous changes may be made which will readily suggest themselves to those skilled in the art and which are accomplished within the spirit of the invention disclosed and claimed herein.