Abstract:
The invention relates to a method and apparatus of processing at least one multimedia document, comprising the steps of determining at least one segment of the document, and assigning at least one type of permission to said at least one segment, wherein the type of permission assigned to a segment of the document is available for later use when processing the document.

Description:
Priority is claimed to European Patent Convention Application No. EP 10 15 0316.7, filed Jan. 8, 2010, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. 
     The invention relates to a method and system of processing annotated multimedia documents using granular permissions. The invention specifically relates to a method and system of capturing, processing and sharing annotated multimedia documents using granular permissions. The multimedia documents can be audio recordings, telephonic conversations, or video streams, or text documents such as email, SMS, chats logs, etc. The annotation of such a document can include marking specific regions of interest for a user. These annotations can also include permissions of participating users. The users are able to access the specific regions of interest according to the allotted permission. The invention can be used in the field of telecommunications. It presents a method to share multimedia documents in the form of electronic documents over a computer network such as the Internet. 
     Today, the Internet enables users to participate in creation of sharing electronic documents. These include creating editable text documents, spreadsheets, sharing calendars, notes, chats, pictures etc. A variety of commercial applications such as Google Docs, Flickr, and also popular social networking sites such as FaceBook already exist. In these applications it is possible to share both work related and personal data. 
     A variety of handheld devices such as PDAs, Smartphone along with existing data exchange networks (cellular networks, Wi-Fi etc) enable users to create, access, share and edit/access documents anytime and virtually anywhere. 
     It is also commonplace for users to share multimedia documents instantly using data networks and Internet-based applications. Multimedia documents include pictures/images. In addition to sharing multimedia documents, the applications also enable users to add caption, tag specific parts of a document (such as people&#39;s faces on images). 
     For example in Flickr, in addition to adding a caption a blog and keywords to images, users are able to mark specific parts of an image and include additional comments on the image. In general, these tags remain hidden, but when a user moves the pointing device over the specific region, the tag and the boundary of the region pops up. 
     This aspect is also popular in text documents such as Adobe-PDF files where sticky notes and highlighting of specific words or sentences of text are possible. Another example where users can collectively create/edit and manage documents is Google Docs. 
     In the examples illustrated above, in addition to marking and tagging, it is also possible to assign permissions to whole documents. Permission is a mechanism that allows one user (usually the author) to selectively allow other users to either access the document view/browse the whole document or make the document editable/annotatable or completely disallow access to the document. 
     Sharing documents is also applicable to audio documents. Audio documents include podcasts, music files, or recorded speech/conversation. In audio documents too it is possible to add captions and tags or other annotations and also have permission based access mechanisms. 
     Marking specific regions in pictures/images translates to marking specific (short) contiguous segments of the audio documents. This requires start time and the end time. The marked segments can also be tagged/annotated using text. Such a document can again be shared in the conventional approach where the tags are editable or accessible to only a selected group of users. 
     US2006100877 proposes a system and a method for generating speech minutes. The method maps speech chunks to text information via a user interface such as the audio chunk and related text formed voice tagged meeting minutes. 
     In US 2009228279 a method and system for recording of an audio performance of media in segments over a communication network is described. It records a media file in segments that can be tagged with text notes. The segments of audio data may be collected and arranged in order and assembled with prerecorded segment cues. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,738,743 B2 relates to a method for architecture configuration. Selection can be made between a client-based configuration, a server-based configuration or a client-gateway-server distributed configuration based upon user functionality and network conditions. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,797,123 describes a method to perform flexible speech processing for detecting key-phrases. 
     The object of the present invention is to provide a method and a system of processing multimedia documents, wherein an author or a collection of users can selectively determine the permission to use said multimedia document by another user. 
     This object is achieved with the features of the claims. 
     The invention describes a method and an apparatus of processing at least one multimedia document, wherein at least one segment of the multimedia document is determined, one type of permission is assigned to this segment such that the later use of the multimedia document can be controlled using the assigned permission. More specifically, the permission assigned to a segment of the document may allow a user to capture this segment, to share this segment, to modify this segment or to further process this segment of the multimedia document. 
     According to a further aspect of the present invention, two or more segments of the multimedia document can be defined, wherein different segments can be related to a different type of permission. This allows that a user, for example an author may control the later use of the multimedia document by specifying which segment can be used by a first user or a first group of users and which segment can be used by a second user or second group of users. Preferably, any different types of permission can be related to a plurality of users or group of users. 
     According to another aspect of the invention, said defined segment of a multimedia document can be marked. A tag and/or an annotation can be provided to the marked segment. Similar to the segment as such, a type of permission can be assigned to said tag and/or annotation. This allows that a user, for example an author can control the later use of a multimedia document by specifically assigning the respective permission of a user with regard to the tag and/or annotation of a respective segment. 
     According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the method comprises the steps of assigning a binary permission to the whole document such that a user, for example an author can determine whether a user will have access to the whole document or not, for example to capture, to process or to share the whole document. Binary permissions can be also assigned to at least one segment of the multimedia document, such that the author can determine whether a user can capture, process or share this segment or not. In a corresponding manner, a binary permission can be assigned to one tag and/or annotation. This embodiment allows a user, for example an author to provide a hierarchical permission such that the author can determine the access to the multimedia document, e.g., reading the document or not, and in the affirmative, the author can specify what a user can do with the multimedia document. For example, the specific type of permission may comprise the ability to copy and paste a particular segment of the multimedia document or to change the form and style of the segment of the multimedia document or to edit the segment of the multimedia document. Other types of uses may be permitted depending on the respective type of permission which is assigned by the author to the corresponding segment. For example, this comprises the re-use of a segment, the replaying of a segment or the sharing of a segment. 
     For example, when processing an audio document, an author may assign a hierarchical permission scheme to this audio document. The respective author or the owner of the multimedia document can assign binary permission to allow processing of the audio document. Additionally, the author or the owner may also assign binary permission to a selected segment of the audio document. Subsequently, if the processing for the whole audio document is allowed and processing of a selected segment is also allowed, then the type of processing that is allowed to be performed on the document can also be defined by the author. In one embodiment, the author may selectively allow emotion recognition, age and/or gender recognition, speaker recognition, semantic processing/understanding and keyword spotting. 
     In the case that the multimedia document is an image or video clip, an author can assign the following hierarchical permission scheme. The respective author or the owner of the multimedia document can assign permission to allow a processing of the whole image or video clip or not. Additionally, the user or the owner may also assign binary permission to a selected segment of the image or video clip. Subsequently, if the processing for the whole image or video clip is allowed, and processing of a selected segment is also allowed, then the type of processing that is allowed to be performed on the document can also be defined by the user. In an embodiment, the author may allow face detection to select areas or segments of the image or video clips. On the other hand, the author may not allow subsequent detailed processing such as face recognition after the face detection procedure. 
     According to a further aspect of the invention, two or several multimedia documents may be generated or recorded by two or several respective authors. These two or more multimedia documents can be combined to a new combined multimedia document. At least one of these generated or recorded multimedia documents can be processed according to the above discussed aspects of the invention. For example, a first author may determine at least one segment of a first multimedia document and assign at least one type of permission to said at least one segment and/or the second author determines at least one segment of the second multimedia document and assigns at least one type of permission to said at least one segment. The new combined multimedia document comprises the respective permissions given by one or more authors to corresponding segments of the respective multimedia documents. Thus, the corresponding information regarding the type of processing is automatically transferred to the new combined multimedia document. 
     When, e.g., combining two multimedia documents resulting from a telephone conversation between two parties, the two audio files (individually comprising of each party&#39;s speech) are combined into one multimedia document comprising the whole conversation between the two parties. The combination is done by using, e.g., time synchronization. Each audio document recorded at the place of an author will receive a time information so that synchronization can be done on a time basis. 
     Such type of conversations can be captured over the phone but also through other systems, e.g., a video system or a phone conference system or other Internet-based systems using networks and/or wireless communication systems. 
     In this invention a system that assigns granular and hierarchical permission to audio streams (and multimedia document) has been implemented. The granularity aspect arises from the fact that certain segments or sections of the document can be marked and made exclusive by the author or the owner of the document. In this, selected sections, regions or segments can have different permission settings and accordingly different users can only access the available document in such a manner. For example, when sharing a recording of a two-party phone conversation one party can selectively limit the access to certain segments of the conversation to the other party. Such a system can be used in sharing a conversation between friends in an Internet-based social network, but does not allow other users to access the conversation. 
     In this invention an audio stream or multimedia document can be a recording of a two-party or multi-party conversation that has been captured over the phone. In this, the recording of each party can be recorded individually (and locally) and finally combined together to form the whole conversation. Such a scenario can arise when the users are having a conversation using mobile phones, and an in-call voice recording application of the phone user has been enabled in each handset. This invention also describes a method for sharing the recorded audio stream or multimedia document, as well as a method for granular tagging whereas tags have associated permissions for further processing of the tagged audio snippet. 
     The method described in US2006100877 deviates from the present invention at least in the following aspects:
         Voice chunks are generated using a voice recording device during a meeting. The present invention records one end of a conference call to generated voice chunks.   US2006100877 correlates (tags) voice chunks to text. The present invention tags chunks with additional data for future sharing of the calls.   The present invention enables granular tagging of voice calls by associating data to voice chunks, for this it proposes a novel method for granular tagging of voice calls. US2006100877 proposes a method exclusively for correlating voice chunks to text minutes.   The present invention proposes a voice recording method based on using a recording module to generate one-party speech file for each of the parties in a call, and post-call speech mixing of the generated files. On the contrary, in US2006100877 voice chunks are generated from direct speech recording and then tagged to text minutes.       

     The method and system of US2009228279 defers from the present invention in at least the aforementioned aspects. Also, in US 2009228279 there is not a method to support granular control (i.e. permissions) of voice segments. On the contrary the present invention proposes a method for granular permission that in a sample application can be used for selective data sharing contained in voice segments. 
     The present invention focuses on different-types of information (emotion, spoken keywords or age/gender information) that can be extracted from the raw speech based on the permission explicitly set by the user. As illustrated in  FIG. 3 , if say USER  03  allows only keyword spotting and speech-to-text, then the back-end server or speech processing module only extracts and processes that type of information. Additionally, USER  03  can also specify what type of keywords can be detected from the raw text stream. For instance, she or he may allow detection of spoken digits (such as phone number or dates) but may not allow detection of personal names. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows a block diagram of an embodiment of the present invention for describing a method and system of capturing, processing and sharing annotated multimedia documents using granular permissions. 
         FIG. 2  shows an example of a method for audio stream or document recording based on individual recording of multi-party conversations. 
         FIG. 3  shows an example of a method for mixing recorded video calls for granular tagging and sharing. 
         FIG. 4  shows an example of a method of a particular embodiment for granular tagging and assignment of permissions. 
         FIG. 5  shows an example of a graphical user interface of a particular embodiment of the system. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION 
     In this invention an audio stream or document can be a recording of a two-party or multi-party conversation that has been captured over a phone or a computer-based client. In this, the recording of each party can be recorded individually (and locally) and finally combined together to form the whole conversation. Such a scenario can arise when the users are having a conversation using mobile phones, and an in-call voice recording application of the phone user has been enabled in each handset. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates such a setting. In general, caller A  110  establishes a call with caller B  120 , in the depict scenario both caller A and caller B carry devices capable of recording audio streams or multimedia documents. Callers A and B can also be named authors A and B. Caller A records his local audio stream or multimedia document and generates a file  111 , and caller B also records his own local document and generates a file  121 . Both individual recordings  111  and  121  are sent to a central server  130  whereas these recordings may contain associated tags ( FIG. 2 ). The individual recorded audio streams or multimedia documents are received in the server and combined to generate a file that contains both, caller A and caller B local recordings  131  that may be sent to caller A or B, containing combined recording and associated tags and permissions. This invention supports two or more participants. This is depicted in  FIG. 2 . 
     In  FIG. 2  ( a ), the recordings from three users (‘USER  01 ’, ‘USER  02 ’, and ‘USER  03 ’) are recorded individually in their respective handsets or application. The three users can also be named authors. The application then combines the speech from each user and combines them to form the complete conversation. This is illustrated in  FIG. 2  ( b ). The combination can result in a single waveform (1-channel) or maintained as separate waveforms itself (multi channel). The resulting audio clip after combining them may or may not be shared amongst the parties in the telephonic conversation. In such a set up each user may or may not be allowed to access the other party&#39;s speech. In addition to obtaining combined conversation, this system also enables in-call marking/tagging and post-call marking tagging of selected segments of the audio stream. The recorded audio stream can be selectively replayed or reused by a user. These segments can also be annotated with permissions where the respective user may or may not choose to share a certain segment of the audio stream. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates multi-party tagging and combination. In this illustration ( FIG. 3   a ) a typical voice-based note-taking task has been illustrated where USER  03  has marked  5  and  6  from USER  01  and  7  and  8  from USER  02 . Each marking is defined by their individual start time point and end time point within the conversation. In this illustration, USER  01  has not allowed USER  03  to reuse or share  5  and  6 , while USER  02  has only allowed 8 to be shared with USER  03 . In the final combined waveform ( FIG. 3   b ), USER  03  is only able to access and play  12  as that is the only segment allowed by USER  02 , whereas USER  03  does not have access to those parts which are indicated with  9 ,  10  and  11 . 
     In addition to selective conversation sharing, this system can also selectively allow for automatic processing methods. Automatic processing methods can include, speech to text conversion such as discussed in L. Bahl, F. Jelinek and R. Mercer “A Maximum Likelihood Approach to Continuous speech Recognition” in  Readings in Speech Recognition  1990, speaker identification described in D. A. Reynolds and R. C. Rose “Robust text-independent Speaker Identification Using Gaussian Mixture Models” IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing Vol. 3, No. 1, January 1995., emotion detection/recognition described in C. M. Lee and S. Narayanan “Towards Detecting Emotions in Spoken Dialogs” IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing Vol. 13, No. 2, March 2005., or semantic processing by dialogue understanding such as described in J. Glass “Challenges for Spoken Dialogue Systems” in proceedings of the IEEE Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding Workshop (ASRU) 1999. 
     The permissions can be hierarchical. In one way, a user may or may not choose to share the raw audio stream or may choose to share only the annotations or tags of the audio stream or may choose to share only selected types of annotations where no personal information is present. For example in a note-taking task discussed previously, a user may choose to share ‘Calendar’ tags but may not choose to share ‘Notes’ or ‘To Do’ tags. 
     In another way, the user may choose to explicitly state the type of automatic processing from the raw audio stream. For example, the user may allow for speech-to-text processing but will not allow recognition of emotional state from the raw audio stream or vice versa. In another case, a user may allow automatic keyword spotting of common terms such as ‘meeting’ or ‘calendar’ or ‘movie’ such as using a keyword spotting system described in M. Weintraub “LVCSR Log Likelihood Ratio Scoring for Keyword Spotting” in International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing, 1995 but disallows speech to text processing of personal information such as proper names or telephone numbers. In yet another case, the user may not allow for being identified by automatic speaker recognition methods, but will allow speech-to-text conversion (anonymity). In a different case, the user may allow speech-to-text conversion or recognition of emotional state from the raw audio clip, but may disallow recognition of age or gender using a module such as described in J. Ajmera and F. Burkhardt “Age and Gender Recognition using Modulation Cestrum” in ISCA 2008 Odyssey Workshop. These aspects are also extended to multi-party cases where depending on the assigned relationship between the users or the permissions explicitly set by the users, one can allow or disallow certain types of processing of audio. 
     Such an embodiment is illustrated in  FIG. 4 , where multi-party speech between USER  01 , USER  02  and USER  03  is sent from a user client  20  that can be a mobile phone  23  or a desktop software application to a central speech server using a computer-based network  19 . In addition to the raw speech  21 , the client also sends, using the computer network  19 , preferred permission settings as defined by the user. In the illustration, permissions  22  set by USER  03  says that the speech processing block  17  is allowed to perform Emotion Recognition  16  (ER=OK), Age/Gender Recognition  13  (AGR=OK) and Semantic processing/understanding  14  (SPR=OK), but the processing block is not allowed to perform Automatic Speech Recognition  18  (ASR=NA) and keyword spotting  15  (KS=NA). Permissions for other types of speech processing can also be set or defined in the system. Similarly, USER  01  and USER  02  assign respective permissions to specified segments of the raw speech. 
       FIG. 5  shows details on the graphical user interface of a particular embodiment of the present invention. For this particular implementation, the interfaces shown are implemented in order to provide a control tool to the users. This embodiment runs on a mobile phone whereas the invention may run on other computing devices such as laptops, MDA or similar. 
     The screen  510  shown in the left side of the figure is built on the method of granular tagging. In this particular embodiment, one or both parties have agreed on recording their own side of the audio stream or multimedia document as depicted in  FIG. 1  and the recording has been generated. After finishing the recording process, the user would like to tag the generated file to add particular information to the recording. In  510 , after a document has been recorded the caller may discard the recorded log  511  or save it for further processing  512 . In the screen  510  on its right side, there is also a graphical representation of the resulting log after combining the individual recorded calls from all involved parties  513 . In this embodiment, the left side of the bar is the local recording  514  and the right side of the bar is the other party recording  515  in a two-party call. This combined log is generated in the server as illustrated in  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2  and may be shared to at least the parties involved in the respective audio stream or multimedia document. 
     Also in the same screen  510  and in this particular embodiment there is a button that activates the screen  520  on the right side of  FIG. 5  whereas the last one is used for tagging the generated log  516 . For the particular embodiment, tags associated to the log are represented according to the particular applications that interface with the present system whereas this may be a calendar appointment, an email, a note, a reminder, an online application, etc. For example, the tag represented by the icon  517  represents a calendar appointment, one or more tags can be associated to the log and each tag may have different policies associated whereas these policies can be related to access control, processing restriction, privacy, etc. 
     A tag can be associated to a log using the screen  520  in the right side of  FIG. 5 . The snippet is limited (start and end) by placing markers  521 , and the user can mark or unmark sections of the audio stream or multimedia document. After marking a particular section, a tag can be associated to the section of the recording  522 . 
     The present invention has now been described with reference to several embodiments thereof. The foregoing detailed description and examples have been given for clarity of understanding only. No unnecessary limitations are to be understood there from. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many changes can be made in the embodiments described without departing from scope of the present invention. In particular, although features and elements of the present invention are described in the preferred embodiments in particular combinations, each feature or element can be used alone without the other features and elements of the preferred embodiments or in various combinations with or without other features and elements of the invention. Therefore, the scope of the present invention should not be limited to the apparatuses, methods and systems described herein.