Abstract:
This invention comprises deposition of thin film photovoltaic junctions on metal substrates which can be heat treated following deposition in a continuous fashion without deterioration of the metal support structure. In a separate operation an interconnection substrate structure is produced in a continuous roll-to-roll fashion. In this way the interconnection substrate structure can be uniquely formulated from polymer-based materials since it does not have to endure high temperature exposure. Cells comprising the metal foil supported photovoltaic junctions are then laminated to the interconnection substrate structure. Conductive interconnections are deposited to complete the array. The conductive interconnections can be accomplished with a separately prepared interconnection component. The interconnected array is produced using continuous roll-to-roll processing which avoids the need to use the expensive and intricate material removal operations currently taught in the art to achieve electrical interconnections among arrays of photovoltaic cells.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/682,093 filed Oct. 8, 2003, entitled Substrate and Collector Grid Structures for Integrated Series Connected Photovoltaic Arrays and Process of Manufacture of Such Arrays which is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/186,546 filed Jul. 1, 2002, entitled Substrate and Collector Grid Structures for Integrated Series Connected Photovoltaic Arrays and Process of Manufacture of Such Arrays, now abandoned, which is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/528,086, filed Mar. 17, 2000, entitled Substrate and Collector Grid Structures for Integrated Series Connected Photovoltaic Arrays and Process of Manufacture of Such Arrays, and now U.S. Pat. No. 6,414,235, which is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/281,656, filed Mar. 30, 1999, entitled Substrate and Collector Grid Structures for Electrically Interconnecting Photovoltaic Arrays and Process of Manufacture of Such Arrays, and now U.S. Pat. No. 6,239,352. The entire contents of the above identified applications are incorporated herein by this reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Photovoltaic cells have developed according to two distinct methods. The initial operational cells employed a matrix of single crystal silicon appropriately doped to produce a planar p-n junction. An intrinsic electric field established at the p-n junction produces a voltage by directing solar photon produced holes and free electrons in opposite directions. Despite good conversion efficiencies and long-term reliability, widespread energy collection using single-crystal silicon cells is thwarted by the exceptionally high cost of single crystal silicon material and interconnection processing. 
         [0003]    A second approach to produce photovoltaic cells is by depositing thin photovoltaic semiconductor films on a supporting substrate. Material requirements are minimized and technologies can be proposed for mass production. The thin film structures can be designed according to doped homojunction technology such as that involving silicon films, or can employ heterojunction approaches such as those using CdTe or chalcopyrite materials. Despite significant improvements in individual cell conversion efficiencies for both single crystal and thin film approaches, photovoltaic energy collection has been generally restricted to applications having low power requirements. One factor impeding development of bulk power systems is the problem of economically collecting the energy from an extensive collection surface. Photovoltaic cells can be described as high current, low voltage devices. Typically individual cell voltage is less than one volt. The current component is a substantial characteristic of the power generated. Efficient energy collection from an expansive surface must minimize resistive losses associated with the high current characteristic. A way to minimize resistive losses is to reduce the size of individual cells and connect them in series. Thus, voltage is stepped through each cell while current and associated resistive losses are minimized. 
         [0004]    It is readily recognized that making effective, durable series connections among multiple small cells can be laborious, difficult and expensive. In order to approach economical mass production of series connected arrays of individual cells, a number of factors must be considered in addition to the type of photovoltaic materials chosen. These include the substrate employed and the process envisioned. Since thin films can be deposited over expansive areas, thin film technologies offer additional opportunities for mass production of interconnected arrays compared to inherently small, discrete single crystal silicon cells. Thus a number of U.S. patents have issued proposing designs and processes to achieve series interconnections among the thin film photovoltaic cells. Many of these technologies comprise deposition of photovoltaic thin films on glass substrates followed by scribing to form smaller area individual cells. Multiple steps then follow to electrically connect the individual cells in series array. Examples of these proposed processes are presented in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,443,651, 4,724,011, and 4,769,086 to Swartz, Turner et al. and Tanner et al. respectively. While expanding the opportunities for mass production of interconnected cell arrays compared with single crystal silicon approaches, glass substrates must inherently be processed on an individual batch basis. 
         [0005]    More recently, developers have explored depositing wide area films using continuous roll-to-roll processing. This technology generally involves depositing thin films of photovoltaic material onto a continuously moving web. However, a challenge still remains regarding subdividing the expansive films into individual cells followed by interconnecting into a series connected array. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,965,655 to Grimmer et. al. and U.S. Pat. No. 4,697,041 to Okamiwa teach processes requiring expensive laser scribing and interconnections achieved with laser heat staking. In addition, these two references teach a substrate of thin vacuum deposited metal on films of relatively expensive polymers. The electrical resistance of thin vacuum metallized layers significantly limits the active area of the individual interconnected cells. 
         [0006]    It has become well known in the art that the efficiencies of certain promising thin film photovoltaic junctions can be substantially increased by high temperature treatments. These treatments involve temperatures at which even the most heat resistant plastics suffer rapid deterioration, thereby requiring either ceramic, glass, or metal substrates to support the thin film junctions. Use of a glass or ceramic substrates generally restricts one to batch processing and handling difficulty. Use of a metal foil as a substrate allows continuous roll-to-roll processing. However, despite the fact that use of a metal foil allows high temperature processing in roll-to-roll fashion, the subsequent interconnection of individual cells effectively in an interconnected array has proven difficult, in part because the metal foil substrate is electrically conducting. 
         [0007]    U.S. Pat. No. 4,746,618 to Nath et al. teaches a design and process to achieve interconnected arrays using roll-to-roll processing of a metal web substrate such as stainless steel. The process includes multiple operations of cutting, selective deposition, and riveting. These operations add considerably to the final interconnected array cost. 
         [0008]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,385,848 to Grimmer teaches roll-to-roll methods to achieve integrated series connections of adjacent thin film photovoltaic cells supported on an electrically conductive metal substrate. The process includes mechanical or chemical etch removal of a portion of the photovoltaic semiconductor and transparent top electrode to expose a portion of the electrically conductive metal substrate. The exposed metal serves as a contact area for interconnecting adjacent cells. These material removal techniques are troublesome for a number of reasons. First, many of the chemical elements involved in the best photovoltaic semiconductors are expensive and environmentally unfriendly. This removal subsequent to controlled deposition involves containment, dust and dirt collection and disposal, and possible cell contamination. This is not only wasteful but considerably adds to expense. Secondly, the removal processes are difficult to control dimensionally. Thus a significant amount of the valuable photovoltaic semiconductor is lost to the removal process. Ultimate module efficiencies are further compromised in that the spacing between adjacent cells grows, thereby reducing the effective active collector area for a given module area. 
         [0009]    Thus there remains a need for an inexpensive manufacturing process which allows high heat treatment for thin film photovoltaic junctions while also offering unique means to achieve effective integrated series connections. 
         [0010]    A further unsolved problem which has thwarted production of expansive surface photovoltaic modules is that of collecting the photogenerated current from the top, light incident surface. Transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layers have been employed as a top surface electrode. However, these TCO layers are relatively resistive compared to pure metals. This fact forces individual cell widths to be reduced in order to prevent unacceptable resistive power losses. As cell widths decrease, the width of the area between individual cells (interconnect area) should also decrease so that the relative portion of inactive surface of the interconnect area does not become excessive. Typical cell widths of one centimeter are often taught in the art. These small cell widths demand very fine interconnect area widths, which dictate delicate and sensitive techniques to be used to electrically connect the top TCO surface of one cell to the bottom electrode of an adjacent series connected cell. Furthermore, achieving good stable ohmic contact to the TCO cell surface has proven difficult, especially when one employs those sensitive techniques available when using the TCO only as the top collector electrode. The problem of collecting photovoltaic generated current from the top-light impinging surface of a photovoltaic cell has been addressed in a number of ways, none entirely successful. 
         [0011]    In a somewhat removed segment of technology, a number of electrically conductive fillers have been used to produce electrically conductive polymeric materials. This technology generally involves mixing of the conductive filler into the polymer resin prior to fabrication of the material into its final shape. Conductive fillers typically consist of high aspect ratio particles such as metal fibers, metal flakes, or highly structured carbon blacks, with the choice based on a number of cost/performance considerations. Electrically conductive resins have been used as bulk thermoplastic compositions, or formulated into paints. Their development has been spurred in large part by electromagnetic radiation shielding and static discharge requirements for plastic components used in the electronics industry. Other known applications include resistive heating fibers and battery components. 
         [0012]    In yet another separate technological segment, electroplating on plastic substrates has been employed to achieve decorative effects on items such as knobs, cosmetic closures, faucets, and automotive trim. ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) plastic dominates as the substrate of choice for most applications because of a blend of mechanical and process properties and ability to be uniformly etched. The overall plating process comprises many steps. First, the plastic substrate is chemically etched to microscopically roughen the surface. This is followed by depositing an initial metal layer by chemical reduction (typically referred to as “electroless plating”). This initial metal layer is normally copper or nickel of thickness typically one-half micrometer. The object is then electroplated with metals such as bright nickel and chromium to achieve the desired thickness and decorative effects. The process is very sensitive to processing variables used to fabricate the plastic substrate, limiting applications to carefully molded parts and designs. In addition, the many steps employing harsh chemicals make the process intrinsically costly and environmentally difficult. Finally, the sensitivity of ABS plastic to liquid hydrocarbons has prevented certain applications. The conventional technology for electroplating on plastic (etching, chemical reduction, electroplating) has been extensively documented and discussed in the public and commercial literature. See, for example, Saubestre, Transactions of the Institute of Metal Finishing, 1969, Vol. 47, or Arcilesi et al., Products Finishing, March 1984. 
         [0013]    Many attempts have been made to simplify the process of electroplating on plastic substrates. Some involve special chemical techniques to produce an electrically conductive film on the surface. Typical examples of this approach are taught by U.S. Pat. No. 3,523,875 to Minklei, U.S. Pat. No. 3,682,786 to Brown et. al., and U.S. Pat. No. 3,619,382 to Lupinski. The electrically conductive film produced was then electroplated. None of these attempts at simplification have achieved any recognizable commercial application. 
         [0014]    A number of proposals have been made to make the plastic itself conductive enough to allow it to be electroplated directly thereby avoiding the “electroless plating” process. Efforts to advance systems contemplating metal electrodeposition directly onto the surface of an electrically conductive polymer have encountered a number of obstacles. The first is the combination of fabrication difficulty and material property deterioration brought about by the heavy filler loadings often required. A second is the high cost of many conductive fillers employed such as silver flake. 
         [0015]    Another major obstacle involved in the electroplating of electrically conductive polymers is a consideration of adhesion between the electrodeposited metal and polymeric substrate (metal/polymer adhesion). In some cases such as electroforming, where the electrodeposited metal is eventually removed from the substrate, metal/polymer adhesion may actually be detrimental. However, in most cases sufficient adhesion is required to prevent metal/polymer separation during extended environmental and use cycles. 
         [0016]    A number of methods to enhance adhesion have been employed. For example, etching of the surface prior to plating can be considered. Etching can be achieved by immersion in vigorous solutions such as chromic/sulfuric acid. Alternatively, or in addition, an etchable species can be incorporated into the conductive polymeric compound. The etchable species at exposed surfaces is removed by immersion in an etchant prior to electroplating. Oxidizing surface treatments can also be considered to improve metal/plastic adhesion. These include processes such as flame or plasma treatments or immersion in oxidizing acids. 
         [0017]    In the case of conductive polymers containing finely divided metal, one can propose achieving direct metal-to-metal adhesion between electrodeposit and filler. However, here the metal particles are generally encapsulated by the resin binder, often resulting in a resin rich “skin”. To overcome this effect, one could propose methods to remove the “skin”, exposing active metal filler to bond to subsequently electrodeposited metal. 
         [0018]    Another approach to impart adhesion between conductive resin substrates and electrodeposits is incorporation of an “adhesion promoter” at the surface of the electrically conductive resin substrate. This approach was taught by Chien et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,278,510 where maleic anhydride modified propylene polymers were taught as an adhesion promoter. Luch, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,865,699 taught that certain sulfur bearing chemicals could function to improve adhesion of initially electrodeposited Group VIII metals. 
         [0019]    An additional major obstacle confronting development of electrically conductive polymeric resin compositions capable of being directly electroplated is the initial “bridge” of electrodeposit on the surface of the electrically conductive resin. In electrodeposition, the substrate to be plated is normally made cathodic through a pressure contact to a metal rack tip, itself under cathodic potential. However, if the contact resistance is excessive or the substrate is insufficiently conductive, the electrodeposit current favors the rack tip to the point where the electrodeposit will not bridge to the substrate. 
         [0020]    Moreover, a further problem is encountered even if specialized racking successfully achieves electrodeposit bridging to the substrate. Many of the electrically conductive polymeric resins have resistivities far higher than those of typical metal substrates. The polymeric substrate can be relatively limited in the amount of electrodeposition current which it alone can convey. Thus, the conductive polymeric substrate does not cover almost instantly with electrodeposit as is typical with metallic substrates. Except for the most heavily loaded and highly conductive polymer substrates, a large portion of the electrodeposition current must pass back through the previously electrodeposited metal growing laterally over the surface of the conductive plastic substrate. In a fashion similar to the bridging problem discussed above, the electrodeposition current favors the electrodeposited metal and the lateral growth can be extremely slow and erratic. This restricts the size and “growth length” of the substrate conductive pattern, increases plating costs, and can also result in large non-uniformities in electrodeposit integrity and thickness over the pattern. 
         [0021]    This lateral growth is dependent on the ability of the substrate to convey current. Thus, the thickness and resistivity of the conductive polymeric substrate can be defining factors in the ability to achieve satisfactory electrodeposit coverage rates. When dealing with selectively electroplated patterns long thin metal traces are often desired, deposited on a relatively thin electrically conductive polymer substrate. These factors of course work against achieving the desired result. 
         [0022]    This coverage rate problem likely can be characterized by a continuum, being dependent on many factors such as the nature of the initially electrodeposited metal, electroplating bath chemistry, the nature of the polymeric binder and the resistivity of the electrically conductive polymeric substrate. As a “rule of thumb”, the instant inventor estimates that coverage rate problems would demand attention if the resistivity of the conductive polymeric substrate rose above about 0.001 ohm-cm. 
         [0023]    Beset with the problems of achieving adhesion and satisfactory electrodeposit coverage rates, investigators have attempted to produce directly electroplateable polymers by heavily loading polymers with relatively small metal containing fillers. Such heavy loadings are sufficient to reduce both microscopic and macroscopic resistivity to a level where the coverage rate phenomenon may be manageable. However, attempts to make an acceptable directly electroplateable resin using the relatively small metal containing fillers alone encounter a number of barriers. First, the fine metal containing fillers are relatively expensive. The loadings required to achieve the particle-to-particle proximity to achieve acceptable conductivity increases the cost of the polymer/filler blend dramatically. The metal containing fillers are accompanied by further problems. They tend to cause deterioration of the mechanical properties and processing characteristics of many resins. This significantly limits options in resin selection. All polymer processing is best achieved by formulating resins with processing characteristics specifically tailored to the specific process (injection molding, extrusion, blow molding etc.). A required heavy loading of metal filler severely restricts ability to manipulate processing properties in this way. A further problem is that metal fillers can be abrasive to processing machinery and may require specialized screws, barrels, and the like. Finally, despite being electrically conductive, a simple metal-filled polymer still offers no mechanism to produce adhesion of an electrodeposit since the metal particles are generally encapsulated by the resin binder, often resulting in a non-conductive resin-rich “skin”. For the above reasons, fine metal particle containing plastics have not been widely used as substrates for directly electroplateable articles. Rather, they have found applications in production of conductive adhesives, pastes, and paints. 
         [0024]    The least expensive (and least conductive) of the readily available conductive fillers for plastics are carbon blacks. Attempts have been made to produce electrically conductive polymers based on carbon black loading intended to be subsequently electroplated. Examples of this approach are the teachings of U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,038,042, 3,865,699, and 4,278,510 to Adelman, Luch, and Chien et al. respectively. 
         [0025]    Adelman taught incorporation of conductive carbon black into a polymeric matrix to achieve electrical conductivity required for electroplating. The substrate was pre-etched in chromic/sulfuric acid to achieve adhesion of the subsequently electroplated metal. A fundamental problem remaining unresolved by the Adelman teaching is the relatively high resistivity of carbon loaded polymers. The lowest “microscopic resistivity” generally achievable with carbon black loaded polymers is about 1 ohm-cm. This is about five to six orders of magnitude higher than typical electrodeposited metals such as copper or nickel. Thus, the electrodeposit bridging and coverage rate problems described above remained unresolved by the Adelman teachings. 
         [0026]    Luch in U.S. Pat. No. 3,865,699 and Chien et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,278,510 also chose carbon black as an electrically conductive filler for polymeric compounds to be electroplated. However, these inventors further taught incorporation of an electrodeposit coverage or deposition rate accelerator to overcome the galvanic bridging and lateral electrodeposit growth rate problems described above. In the embodiments, examples and teachings of U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,865,699 and 4,278,510, it was shown that certain sulfur bearing materials, including elemental sulfur, can function as electrodeposit coverage or growth rate accelerators to overcome those problems associated with electrically conductive polymeric substrates having relatively high resistivity. In addition to elemental sulfur, sulfur in the form of sulfur donors such as sulfur chloride, 2-mercapto-benzothiazole, N-cyclohexyle-2-benzothiaozole sulfonomide, dibutyl xanthogen disulfide, and tetramethyl thiuram disulfide or combinations of these and sulfur were identified. Those skilled in the art will recognize that these sulfur donors are the materials which have been used or have been proposed for use as vulcanizing agents or accelerators. Since the polymer-based compositions taught by Luch and Chien et al. could be electroplated directly they could be accurately defined as directly electroplateable resins (DER). These resins can be generally described as electrically conductive polymers with the inclusion of a growth rate accelerator. 
         [0027]    Specifically for the present invention, specification, and claims, directly electroplateable resins, (DER), are characterized by the following features. 
         [0028]    (a) having a polymer or resin matrix or binder; 
         [0029]    (b) presence of conductive fillers in the polymer matrix in amounts sufficient to provide an electrical volume resistivity of the polymer/conductive filler mix, which is sufficiently low to allow direct electrodeposition. Typically, a resistivity less than 1000 ohm-cm., e.g., 100 ohm-cm., 10 ohm-cm., 1 ohm-cm. 0.1 ohm-cm., 0.01 ohm-cm., 0.001 ohm-cm., suffices; 
         [0030]    (c) presence of an electrodeposit coverage rate accelerator; 
         [0031]    (d) presence of the polymer, conductive filler and electrodeposit coverage rate accelerator in the directly electroplateable composition in cooperative amounts required to achieve direct coverage of the composition with an electrodeposited metal or metal-based alloy. It has been found that Group VIII metals or Group VIII metal-based alloys are particularly suitable as the initial electrodeposit on the DER surface. 
         [0032]    It is understood the electrical conductivity required to allow for direct electrodeposition can also be achieved thru the use of an inherently conductive polymer. In this instance it may not be necessary to add electrical fillers to the polymer. 
         [0033]    In his patents, Luch specifically identified unsaturated elastomers such as natural rubber, polychloroprene, butyl rubber, chlorinated butyl rubber, polybutadiene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber etc. as suitable for the matrix polymer of a directly electroplateable resin. Other polymers identified by Luch as useful included polyvinyls, polyolefins, polystyrenes, polyamides, polyesters and polyurethanes. 
         [0034]    When used alone, the minimum workable level of carbon black required to achieve “microscopic” electrical resistivities of less than 1000 ohm-cm. for a polymer/carbon black mix appears to be about 8 weight percent based on the combined weight of polymer plus carbon black. The “microscopic” material resistivity generally is not reduced below about 1 ohm-cm. by using conductive carbon black alone. This is several orders of magnitude larger than typical metal resistivities. Other well known, finely divided highly conductive fillers (such as metal flake) can be considered in DER applications requiring lower “microscopic” resistivity. In these cases the more highly conductive fillers can be used to augment or even replace the conductive carbon black. 
         [0035]    The “bulk, macroscopic” resistivity of conductive carbon black filled polymers can be further reduced by augmenting the carbon black filler with additional highly conductive, high aspect ratio fillers such as metal containing fibers. This can be an important consideration in the success of certain applications. Furthermore, one should realize that incorporation of non-conductive fillers may increase the “bulk, macroscopic” resistivity of conductive polymers loaded with finely divided conductive fillers without significantly altering the “microscopic resistivity” of the conductive polymer “matrix” encapsulating the non-conductive filler particles. 
         [0036]    It is important to recognize a number of important characteristics of directly electroplateable resins (DERs) which facilitate the current invention. First, regarding electrodeposit coverage rate accelerators, both Luch and Chien et al. in the above discussed U.S. patents demonstrated that sulfur and other sulfur bearing materials such as sulfur donors and accelerators served this purpose when using an initial Group VIII “strike” layer. One might expect that other elements of Group 6A nonmetals, such as oxygen, selenium and tellurium, could function in a way similar to sulfur. In addition, other combinations of electrodeposited metals and nonmetal coverage rate accelerators may be identified. It is important to recognize that such an electrodeposit coverage accelerator is extremely important in order to achieve direct electrodeposition in a practical way onto polymeric substrates having relatively high resistivity compared to metals (i.e. 0.001 ohm-cm. or above) or very thin electrically conductive polymeric substrates having restricted current carrying ability. 
         [0037]    A second important characteristic of directly electroplateable resins is that electrodeposit coverage speed depends not only on the presence of an electrodeposit coverage rate accelerator but also on the “microscopic resistivity” and less so on the “macroscopic resistivity” of the DER formulation. Thus, large additional loadings of functional non-conductive fillers can be tolerated in DER formulations without undue sacrifice in electrodeposit coverage or adhesion. These additional non-conductive loadings do not greatly affect the “microscopic resistivity” associated with the polymer/conductive filler/electrodeposit coverage accelerator “matrix” since the non-conductive filler is essentially encapsulated by “matrix” material. Conventional “electroless” plating technology does not permit this compositional flexibility. 
         [0038]    A third important characteristic of DER technology is its ability to employ polymer resins generally chosen in recognition of the fabrication process envisioned and the intended end use requirements. For example, should an extrusion blow molding fabrication be desired, resins having the required high melt strength can be employed. Should the part be injection molded and have thin wall cross-sections, a typical situation encountered in selective design of conductive trace patterns, a high flow resin can be chosen. Should a coating, ink, paint, or paste be envisioned, a soluble resin such as an elastomer can be considered. All polymer fabrication processes require specific resin processing characteristics for success. The ability to “custom formulate” DER&#39;s to comply with these changing processing and end use requirements while still allowing facile, quality electroplating is a significant factor in the electroplating teachings of the current invention. Conventional “electroless” plating technology does not permit great flexibility to “custom formulate”. 
         [0039]    Due to multiple performance problems associated with their intended-end use, none of the attempts identified above to directly electroplate electrically conductive polymers or plastics has ever achieved any recognizable commercial success. Nevertheless, the current inventor has persisted in personal efforts to overcome certain performance deficiencies associated with the initial DER technology. Along with these efforts has come a recognition of unique and eminently suitable applications employing the DER technology. Some examples of these unique applications for electroplated articles include solar cell electrical current collection grids, electrical circuits, electrical traces, circuit boards, antennas, capacitors, induction heaters, connectors, switches, resistors, inductors, batteries, fuel cells, coils, signal lines, power lines, radiation reflectors, coolers, diodes, transistors, piezoelectric elements, photovoltaic cells, emi shields, biosensors and sensors. One readily recognizes that the demand for such functional applications for electroplated articles is relatively recent and has been particularly explosive during the past decade. 
         [0040]    While not precisely definable, electrically insulating materials may generally be characterized as having electrical resistivities greater than 10,000 ohm-cm. Also, electrically conductive materials may generally be characterized as having electrical resistivities less than 0.001 ohm-cm. Also electrically resistive or semi-conductive materials may generally be characterized as having electrical resistivities in the range of 0.001 ohm-cm to 10,000 ohm-cm. The characterization “electrically conductive polymer” covers a very wide range of intrinsic resistivities depending on the filler, the filler loading and the methods of manufacture of the filler/polymer blend. Resistivities for electrically conductive polymers may be as low as 0.00001 ohm-cm. for very heavily filled silver inks, yet may be as high as 10,000 ohm-cm or even more for lightly filled carbon black materials or other “anti-static” materials. “Electrically conductive polymer” has become a broad industry term to characterize all such materials. Thus, the term “electrically conductive polymer” as used in the art and in this specification and claims extends to materials of a very wide range of resitivities from about 0.00001 ohm-cm. to about 10,000 ohm-cm and higher. 
         [0041]    In order to eliminate ambiguity in terminology, for the present invention the following definitions are supplied: 
         [0042]    “Metal-based” refers to a material or structure having at least one metallic property and comprising one or more components at least one of which is a metal or metal-containing alloy. 
         [0043]    “Alloy” refers to a substance composed of two or more intimately mixed materials. 
         [0044]    “Group VIII metal-based” refers to a substance containing by weight 50% to 100% metal from Group VIII of the Periodic Table of Elements. 
       OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
       [0045]    An object of the invention is to eliminate the deficiencies in the prior art methods of producing expansive area, series interconnected photovoltaic arrays. A further object of the present invention is to provide improved substrates to achieve series interconnections among expansive thin film cells. 
         [0046]    A further object of the invention is to permit inexpensive production of high efficiency, heat treated thin film photovoltaic cells while simultaneously permitting the use of polymer based substrate materials and associated processing to effectively interconnect those cells. 
         [0047]    A further object of the present invention is to provide improved processes whereby expansive area, series interconnected photovoltaic arrays can be economically mass produced. 
         [0048]    A further object of the invention is to provide improved processes and structures for supplying current collector grids. 
         [0049]    Other objects and advantages will become apparent in light of the following description taken in conjunction with the drawings and embodiments. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0050]    The current invention provides a solution to the stated need by producing the active photovoltaic film and interconnecting substrate separately and subsequently combining them to produce the desired expansive series interconnected array. The invention contemplates deposition of thin film photovoltaic junctions on metal foil substrates which can be heat treated following deposition in a continuous fashion without deterioration of the metal support structure. In a separate operation, an interconnection substrate structure is produced in a continuous roll-to-roll fashion. 
         [0051]    The metal foil supported photovoltaic junction is then laminated to the interconnecting substrate structure and conductive connections are deposited to complete the array. In this way the interconnection substrate structure can be uniquely formulated from polymer-based materials since it does not have to endure high temperature exposure. Furthermore, the photovoltaic junction and its metal foil support can be produced in bulk without the need to use the expensive and intricate material removal operations currently taught in the art to achieve series interconnections. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0052]    The various factors and details of the structures and manufacturing methods of the present invention are hereinafter more fully set forth with reference to the accompanying drawings wherein: 
           [0053]      FIG. 1  is a top plan view of a thin film photovoltaic cell including its support foil. 
           [0054]      FIG. 2  is a sectional view taken substantially along the line  2 - 2  of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0055]      FIG. 3  is an expanded sectional view showing a form of the structure of layer II of  FIG. 2 . 
           [0056]      FIG. 4  illustrates a process for producing the structure shown in  FIGS. 1-3 . 
           [0057]      FIG. 5  is a sectional view illustrating the problems associated with making series connections among thin film photovoltaic cells shown in  FIGS. 1-3 . 
           [0058]      FIG. 6  is a top plan view of a substrate structure for achieving series interconnections of thin film photovoltaic cells. 
           [0059]      FIG. 7  is a sectional view taken substantially along the line  7 - 7  of  FIG. 6 . 
           [0060]      FIG. 8  is a sectional view similar to  FIG. 7  showing an alternate embodiment of a substrate structure for achieving series interconnections of thin film photovoltaic cells. 
           [0061]      FIG. 9  is a top plan view of an alternate embodiment of a substrate structure for achieving series interconnections of thin film photovoltaic cells. 
           [0062]      FIG. 10  is a sectional view similar to  FIGS. 7 and 8  taken substantially along line  10 - 10  of  FIG. 9 . 
           [0063]      FIG. 11  is a top plan view of another embodiment of a substrate structure for achieving series interconnections of thin film photovoltaic cells. 
           [0064]      FIG. 12  is a sectional view taken substantially along the line  12 - 12  of  FIG. 11 . 
           [0065]      FIGS. 13A and 13B  schematically depict a process for laminating the foil supported thin film photovoltaic structure of  FIGS. 1 through 3  to an interconnecting substrate structure.  FIG. 13A  is a side view of the process.  FIG. 13B  is a sectional view taken substantially along line  13 B- 13 B of  FIG. 13A . 
           [0066]      FIGS. 14A ,  14 B, and  14 C are views of the structures resulting from the laminating process of  FIG. 13  and using the substrate structure of  FIGS. 7 ,  8 , and  10  respectively. 
           [0067]      FIGS. 15A ,  15 B, and  15 C are sectional views taken substantially along the lines  15   a - 15   a ,  15   b - 15   b , and  15   c - 15   c  of  FIGS. 14A ,  14 B, and  14 C respectively. 
           [0068]      FIG. 16  is a top plan view of the structure resulting from the laminating process of  FIG. 13  and using the substrate structure of  FIGS. 11 and 12 . 
           [0069]      FIG. 17  is a sectional view taken substantially along the line  17 - 17  of  FIG. 16 . 
           [0070]      FIG. 18  is a top plan view of the structures of  FIGS. 14A and 15A  but following an additional step in manufacture of the interconnected cells. 
           [0071]      FIG. 19  is a sectional view taken substantially along the line  19 - 19  of  FIG. 18 . 
           [0072]      FIG. 20  is a top plan view of a completed interconnected array. 
           [0073]      FIG. 21  is a sectional view taken substantially along line  21 - 21  of  FIG. 20 . 
           [0074]      FIG. 22  is a sectional view similar to  FIG. 15A  but showing an alternate method of accomplishing the mechanical and electrical joining of the lamination process of  FIG. 13 . 
           [0075]      FIG. 23  is a sectional view similar to  FIG. 15A  but showing an alternate embodiment of the laminated structure. 
           [0076]      FIG. 24  is a sectional view of an alternate embodiment. 
           [0077]      FIG. 25  is a sectional view of the embodiment of  FIG. 24  after a further processing step. 
           [0078]      FIG. 26  is a sectional view of another embodiment of a laminated intermediate article in the manufacture of series interconnected arrays. 
           [0079]      FIG. 27  is a top plan view of a starting material for another embodiment of substrate structure. 
           [0080]      FIG. 28  is a greatly magnified plan view of the material of  FIG. 27 . 
           [0081]      FIG. 29  is a sectional view taken substantially along line  29 - 29  of  FIG. 28 . 
           [0082]      FIG. 30  is a sectional view taken substantially along line  30 - 30  of  FIG. 28 . 
           [0083]      FIG. 31  is a simplified sectional view representing the structure depicted in  FIGS. 29 and 30 . 
           [0084]      FIG. 32  is a view similar to  FIG. 27  but defining three distinct area portions of the structure produced by a process step. 
           [0085]      FIG. 33  is a greatly magnified plan view of that portion of  FIG. 32  defined by “W 2 ”. 
           [0086]      FIG. 34  is a greatly magnified sectional view of a portion of the structure of  FIG. 33  taken substantially from the perspective of line  34 - 34  of  FIG. 33 . 
           [0087]      FIG. 35  is a sectional view similar to  FIG. 34  showing the structure following an optional additional process step. 
           [0088]      FIG. 36  is a simplified plan view of the structure of  FIG. 32  useful in illustrating the process and structure of the embodiment. 
           [0089]      FIG. 37A  is a simplified sectional view taken substantially along line  37 - 37  of  FIG. 36 , useful in illustrating the process and structure of the embodiment. 
           [0090]      FIG. 37B  is a simplified sectional view similar to  FIG. 37A  incorporating an optional additional process step. 
           [0091]      FIG. 38  is a schematic depiction of a process for joining the foil supported thin film photovoltaic structure of  FIGS. 1 through 3  to the substrate structure of  FIG. 32  or  36 . 
           [0092]      FIG. 39  illustrates one form of the process depicted in  FIG. 38 . 
           [0093]      FIG. 40  is a view of the process of  FIG. 39  taken substantially along line  40 - 40  of  FIG. 39 . 
           [0094]      FIG. 41  is a plan view of the structure resulting from the process of  FIG. 38 . 
           [0095]      FIG. 42A  is an embodiment of the structure of  FIG. 41  taken substantially along line  42 - 42  of  FIG. 41 . 
           [0096]      FIGS. 42B and 42C  are views similar to  42 A showing alternate embodiments of the structure depicted in  FIG. 41 . 
           [0097]      FIG. 43  is an enlarged view of the portion of  FIG. 42A  shown within circle 
           [0098]      FIG. 44  is a plan view of the structure of  FIG. 43  after an additional processing step. 
           [0099]      FIG. 44A  is a sectional view taken substantially along the line  44 A- 44 A of  FIG. 44 . 
           [0100]      FIG. 45  is a view similar to  FIG. 44  after a further processing step. 
           [0101]      FIG. 46  is a top plan view of another embodiment of the novel substrate structures useful in the manufacture of series interconnected photovoltaic arrays. 
           [0102]      FIG. 47  is a sectional view taken substantially along line  47 - 47  of  FIG. 46 . 
           [0103]      FIG. 48  is a view similar to  FIG. 47  following an additional processing step. 
           [0104]      FIG. 49  is a sectional view similar to  FIG. 43  illustrating an alternate processing sequence. 
           [0105]      FIG. 50  is a top plan view of a starting component of an additional embodiment of the invention. 
           [0106]      FIG. 51  is a sectional view taken along line  51 - 51  of  FIG. 50 . 
           [0107]      FIG. 52  is a simplified representation of the sectional view of  FIG. 51 . 
           [0108]      FIG. 53  is a top plan view of the embodiment of  FIGS. 50 through 52  following an additional processing step. 
           [0109]      FIG. 54  is a sectional view taken along the line  54 - 54  of  FIG. 53 . 
           [0110]      FIG. 55  is a sectional view taken along the line  55 - 55  of  FIG. 53 . 
           [0111]      FIG. 56  is a top plan view of embodiment of  FIGS. 53 through 55  after an additional processing step. 
           [0112]      FIG. 57  is a sectional view taken along line  57 - 57  of  FIG. 56 . 
           [0113]      FIG. 58  is a sectional view taken along line  58 - 58  of  FIG. 56 . 
           [0114]      FIG. 59  is a sectional view taken along line  59 - 59  of  FIG. 56 . 
           [0115]      FIG. 60  is a simplified representation of a process used in the manufacture of an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0116]      FIG. 61  is a sectional view taken along the line  61 - 61  of  FIG. 60  using the structures of  FIGS. 19 and 59 . 
           [0117]      FIG. 62  is a sectional view showing a lamination resulting from the process of  FIG. 60 . 
           [0118]      FIG. 63  is an enlarged sectional view of the portion of  FIG. 62  within Circle “A” of  FIG. 62 . 
           [0119]      FIG. 64  is a simplified sectional view of a starting substrate component for an additional embodiment of the invention. 
           [0120]      FIG. 65  is a sectional view of the  FIG. 64  components following additional processing steps. 
           [0121]      FIG. 66  is a sectional view of the structure resulting from combining the structures shown in  FIGS. 56 and 65  using the process illustrated in  FIG. 60 . 
           [0122]      FIG. 67  is a top plan view of a starting component for an additional embodiment of the invention. 
           [0123]      FIG. 68  is a sectional view taken along line  68 - 68  of  FIG. 67 . 
           [0124]      FIG. 69  is a top plan view after an additional processing step employing the structure of  FIGS. 67 and 68 . 
           [0125]      FIG. 70  is a simplified sectional view taken along line  70 - 70  of  FIG. 69 . 
           [0126]      FIG. 71  is a top plan view, similar to  FIG. 69 , of an alternate embodiment. 
           [0127]      FIG. 72  is a sectional view of the structure of  FIG. 70  after an additional processing step. 
           [0128]      FIG. 73  is a sectional view of a portion of the  FIG. 72  structure after an additional processing step. 
           [0129]      FIG. 74  is a sectional view similar to  FIG. 13B  just prior to the process illustrated in  FIG. 13A , employing the structures shown in the sectional view in  FIGS. 7 and 73 . 
           [0130]      FIG. 75  is a sectional view showing the structure resulting from application of the process of  FIG. 13A  to the structural arrangement shown in  FIG. 74 . 
           [0131]      FIG. 76  is a sectional view of the spacial positioning of the structure shown in  FIG. 75  and an additional component of the embodiment just prior to a process employed to combine them. 
           [0132]      FIG. 77  is a plan view taken along the line  77 - 77  of  FIG. 76 . 
           [0133]      FIG. 78  is an alternate embodiment of the  FIG. 77  structure. 
           [0134]      FIG. 79  is yet another alternate embodiment of the  FIG. 77  structure. 
           [0135]      FIG. 80  is a sectional view showing one possible example of the structural makeup of a portion the components illustrated in  FIGS. 77 through 79 . 
           [0136]      FIG. 81  is a sectional view of the structure resulting from the process envisioned in  FIG. 76 . 
           [0137]      FIG. 82  is an illustration of a lamination process used to produce an additional embodiment of the series interconnected photovoltaic cells of the disclosure. 
           [0138]      FIG. 83  embodies the results of the lamination process of  FIG. 82 . 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0139]    Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, like reference numerals designate identical or corresponding parts throughout several views and an additional letter designation is characteristic of a particular embodiment. 
         [0140]    Referring to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , a thin film photovoltaic cell is generally indicated by numeral  10 . Cell  10  has a light-incident top surface  59  and a bottom surface  66 . Structure  10  has a width X- 10  and length Y- 10 . Width X- 10  defines a first photovoltaic cell terminal edge  45  and second photovoltaic cell terminal edge  46 . It is contemplated that length Y- 10  is considerably greater than width X- 10  and length Y- 10  can generally be described as “continuous” or being able to be processed in a roll-to-roll fashion.  FIG. 2  shows that cell  10  comprises a thin film semiconductor structure  11  supported by metal-based foil  12 . Foil  12  has first surface  65 , second surface  66 , and thickness “Z”. Metal-based foil  12  may be of uniform composition or may comprise a laminate of two or more metal-based layers. For example, foil  12  may comprise a base layer of inexpensive and processable metal  13  with an additional metal-based layer  14  disposed between base layer  13  and semiconductor structure  11 . The additional metal-based layer may be chosen to ensure good ohmic contact between the top surface  65  of support  12  and photovoltaic semiconductor structure  11 . Bottom surface  66  of foil support  12  may comprise a material  75  chosen to achieve good electrical and mechanical joining characteristics to the substrate as will be shown. The thickness Z of support layer  12  is generally contemplated to be between 0.001 cm. and 0.025 cm. This thickness would provide adequate handling strength while still allowing flexibility for roll-to-roll processing. 
         [0141]    Semiconductor structure  11  can be any of the thin film structures known in the art. In its simplest form, a photovoltaic cell combines an n-type semiconductor with a p-type semiconductor to from an n-p junction. Most often an optically transparent window electrode such as a thin film of zinc or tin oxide is employed to minimize resistive losses involved in current collection.  FIG. 3  illustrates an example of a typical photovoltaic cell structure in section. In  FIGS. 2 and 3  and other figures, an arrow labeled “hv” is used to indicate the light incident side of the structure. In  FIG. 3 ,  15  represents a thin film of a p-type semiconductor,  16  a thin film of n-type semiconductor and  17  the resulting photovoltaic junction. Window electrode  18  completes the typical photovoltaic structure. The exact nature of the photovoltaic semiconductor structure  11  does not form the subject matter of the present invention. 
         [0142]      FIG. 4  refers to the method of manufacture of the foil supported photovoltaic structures generally illustrated in  FIGS. 1 through 3 . The metal-based support foil  12  is moved in the direction of its length Y through a deposition process, generally indicated as  19 . Process  19  accomplishes deposition of the active photovoltaic structure onto support foil  12 . Support foil  12  is unwound from supply roll  20   a , passed through deposition process  19  and rewound onto takeup roll  20   b . Process  19  can comprise any of the processes well-known in the art for depositing thin film photovoltaic structures. These processes include electroplating, vacuum sputtering, and chemical deposition. Process  19  may also include treatments, such as heat treatments, intended to enhance photovoltaic cell performance. 
         [0143]    Referring now to  FIG. 5 , there are illustrated cells  10  as shown in  FIG. 2 . The cells have been positioned to achieve spacial positioning on the support substrate  21 . Support structure  21  is by necessity non-conductive at least in that distance indicated by numeral  70  separating the adjacent cells  10 . This insulating space prevents short circuiting from metal foil electrode  12  of one cell to foil electrode  12  of an adjacent cell. In order to achieve series connection, electrical communication must be made from the top surface of window electrode  18  to the foil electrode  12  of an adjacent cell. This communication is shown in the  FIG. 5  as a metal wire  41 . Metal wire  41  is clearly impractical for inexpensive continuous production and is shown for illustration purposes only. The direction of the net current flow for the arrangement shown in  FIG. 5  is indicated by the double pointed arrow “I”. 
         [0144]    It should be noted that foil electrode  12  is relatively thin, on the order of 0.001 cm to 0.025 cm. Therefore connecting to its edge as indicated in  FIG. 5  would be impractical. Referring now to  FIGS. 6 and 7 , one embodiment of the interconnection substrate structures of the current invention is generally indicated by  22 . Unit of substrate  22  comprises electrically conductive sheet region  23  and electrically insulating joining portion region  25 . Electrically conductive sheet region  23  has a top surface  26 , bottom surface  28 , width X- 23 , length Y- 23  and thickness Z- 23 . Width X- 23  defines a first terminal edge  29  and a second terminal edge  30  of conductive sheet  23 . Top surface  26  of conductive sheet  23  can be thought of as having top collector surface  47  and top contact surface  48  separated by imaginary insulating boundary  49 . The purpose for these definitions will become clear in the following. 
         [0145]    Electrically conductive sheet  23  includes an electrically conductive polymer. Typically, electrically conductive polymers exhibit bulk resistivity values of less than 1000 ohm-cm. Resistivities less than 1000 ohm-cm can be readily achieved by compounding well-known conductive fillers into a polymer matrix binder. 
         [0146]    The substrate unit  22  may be fabricated in a number of different ways. Electrically conductive sheet  23  can comprise an extruded film of electrically conductive polymer joined to a strip of compatible insulating polymer  25  at or near terminal edge  29  as illustrated in  FIG. 7 . Alternatively, the conductive sheet may comprise a strip of electrically conductive polymer  23   a  laminated to an insulating support structure  31  as illustrated in section in  FIG. 8 . In  FIG. 8 , electrically insulating joining portions  25   a  are simply those portions of insulating support structure  31  not overlaid by sheets  23   a.    
         [0147]    It is contemplated that electrically conductive sheets  23  may comprise materials in addition to the electrically conductive polymer. For example, a metal may be electrodeposited to the electrically conductive polymer for increased conductivity. In this regard, the use of a directly electroplateable resin (DER) may be particularly advantageous. 
         [0148]    A further embodiment of fabrication of interconnection substrate unit  22  is illustrated in  FIGS. 9 and 10 . In  FIG. 9 , electrically conductive sheet  23   b  comprises electrically conductive polymer impregnated into a fabric or web  32 . A number of known techniques can be used to achieve such impregnation. Insulating joining portion  25   b  in  FIG. 9  is simply an un-impregnated extension of the web  32 . Fabric or web  32  can be selected from a number of woven or non-woven fabrics, including non-polymeric materials such as fiberglass. 
         [0149]    Referring now to  FIG. 11 , an alternate embodiment for the substrate structures of the present invention is illustrated. In the  FIG. 11 , a support web or film  33  extends among and supports multiple individual cell units, generally designated by repeat dimension  34 . Electrically conductive sheets  35  are analogous to sheet  23  of  FIGS. 6 through 10 . At the stage of overall manufacture illustrated in  FIG. 11 , electrically conductive sheets  35  need not comprise an electrically conductive polymer as do sheets  23  of  FIGS. 6 through 10 . However, as will be shown, electrically conducting means, typically in the form of an electrically conductive polymer containing adhesive, must eventually be utilized to join photovoltaic laminate  10  to the top surface  50  of electrically conductive sheets  35 . In addition, the electrically conducting sheets  35  must be attached to the support carrier  33  with integrity required to maintain positioning and dimensional control. This is normally accomplished with an adhesive, indicated by layer  36  of  FIG. 12 . 
         [0150]    Conductive sheets  35  are shown in  FIGS. 11 and 12  as having length Y- 35 , width X- 35  and thickness Z- 35 . It is contemplated that length Y- 35  is considerably greater than width X- 35  and length Y- 35  can generally be described as “continuous” or being able to be processed in roll-to-roll fashion. Width X- 35  defines a first terminal edge  53  and second terminal edge  54  of sheet  35 . 
         [0151]    It is important to note that the thickness of the conductive sheets  35 , Z- 35  must be sufficient to allow for continuous lamination to the support web  33 . Typically when using metal based foils for sheets  35 , thickness between 0.001 cm and 0.025 cm would be chosen. 
         [0152]    As with the substrate structures of  FIGS. 6 through 10 , it is helpful to characterize top surface  50  of conductive sheets  35  as having a top collector surface  51  and a top contact surface  52  separated by an imaginary barrier  49 . Conductive sheet  35  also is characterized as having a bottom surface  80 . 
         [0153]    Referring now to  FIGS. 13A and 13B , a process is shown for laminating the metal-based foil supported thin film photovoltaic structure of  FIGS. 1 through 3  to the substrate structures taught in  FIGS. 6 through 12 . In  FIGS. 13A and 13B , photovoltaic cell structures as illustrated in  FIGS. 1 through 3  are indicated by numeral  10 . Substrate structures as taught in the  FIGS. 6 through 12  are indicated by the numeral  22 . Numeral  42  indicates a film of electrically conductive adhesive intended to join electrically conductive metal-based foil  12  of  FIGS. 1 through 3  to electrically conductive sheet  23  of  FIGS. 6  through  10  or electrically conductive sheets  35  of  FIGS. 11 and 12 . It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the adhesive strip  42  shown in  FIGS. 13A and 13B  is one of but a number of appropriate metal joining techniques which would maintain required ohmic communication. For example, it is contemplated that methods such as doctor blading a conductive resin prior to lamination, spot welding, soldering, joining with low melt temperature metals or alloys, or crimped mechanical contacts would serve as equivalent methods to accomplish the ohmic joining illustrated as achieved in  FIGS. 13   a  and  13   b  with a strip of conductive adhesive. These equivalent methods can be generically referred to as conductive joining means. In  FIG. 13B , the process of  FIG. 13A  is illustrated using the substrate structure of  FIGS. 6 and 7 . 
         [0154]    Referring now to  FIGS. 14 and 15 , there is shown the result of the lamination process of  FIG. 13  using the substrate structure of  FIGS. 6 through 10 . In these and most subsequent figures, cells  10  are shown as a single layer for simplicity, but it is understood that in these figures cells  10  would have a structure similar to that shown in detail in  FIG. 2 .  FIGS. 14A and 15A  correspond to the substrate structures of  FIGS. 6 and 7 .  FIGS. 14B and 15B  correspond to the substrate structure of  FIG. 8 .  FIGS. 14C and 15C  correspond to the substrate structures of  FIGS. 9 and 10 . 
         [0155]    In the  FIGS. 15A ,  15 B and  15 C, electrically conductive adhesive layer  42  is shown as extending completely and contacting the entirety of the second surface  66  of metal-based foil supported photovoltaic cells  10 . This complete surface coverage is not a requirement however, in that foil  12  is highly conductive and able to distribute current over the expansive width X- 10  with minimal resistance losses. For example, the structure of  FIG. 22  shows an embodiment wherein electrical communication is achieved between conductive sheet  23  of  FIGS. 6 and 7  and second surface  66  of foil  12  through a narrow bead of conductive joining means  61 . An additional bead of adhesive shown in  FIG. 22  by  44 , may be used to ensure spacial positioning and dimensional support for this form of structure. Adhesive  44  need not be electrically conductive. 
         [0156]    In the  FIGS. 15A ,  15 B and  15 C, the conductive sheets  23 ,  23   a  and  23   b  are shown to be slightly greater in width X- 23  than the width of foil X- 10 . As is shown in  FIG. 23 , this is not a requirement for satisfactory completion of the series connected arrays.  FIG. 23  is a sectional view of a form of the substrate structures of  FIGS. 6 and 7  laminated by the process of  FIG. 13  to the photovoltaic structures of  FIGS. 1-3 . In  FIG. 23 , width X- 10  is greater than width X- 23 . Electrical communication is achieved through conductive joining means  42  and additional joining means  44  to achieve dimensional stability may be employed. The only requirement of the current invention is that first conductive sheet terminal edge  29  be offset from first photovoltaic cell terminal edge  45  to expose a portion of top surface  26  of conductive sheet  23 . 
         [0157]    In  FIG. 23 , insulating joining portion  25  is shown as extending continuously from second terminal edge  30  of one conductive sheet  23  to the first terminal edge  29  of an adjacent conductive sheet. As shown in  FIG. 26 , this is not necessary. In  FIG. 26 , metal foil supported photovoltaic cell  10  is attached to a first conductive sheet  23  through electrically conductive joining means  42  and also to insulating joining portion  25  of an adjacent substrate structure through adhesive  44 . Thus, the substrate structure  22  can be discrete. In the embodiment of  FIG. 26 , the foil based photovoltaic structure  10  is of sufficient strength to maintain proper spacial relationships and positioning among cells. 
         [0158]    Referring now to  FIGS. 16 and 17 , there is shown an alternate structure resulting from the laminating process of  FIG. 13  as applied to the photovoltaic cells of  FIGS. 1-3  and the substrate structure of  FIGS. 11 and 12 . In a fashion similar to that of  FIGS. 15 ,  22 , and  23 , the first terminal edge  53  of conductive sheets  35  supported by insulating substrate  33  are slightly offset from the first terminal edge  45  of photovoltaic cells  10 . This offset exposes a portion of top surface  50  of conductive sheet  35 . Electrical and mechanical joining of sheets  35  with second surface  66  of metal-based foil  12  is shown in  FIG. 17  as being achieved with conductive adhesive  42  as in previous embodiments. However, it is contemplated as in previous embodiments that this electrical and mechanical joining can be accomplished by alternate means such as soldering, joining with compatible low melting point alloys, spot welding, or mechanical crimping. 
         [0159]    In  FIG. 17 , support web or film  33  is shown as extending continuously among many cells. However, it should be clear that support film  33  can be discontinuous. Support film  33  need only be attached to a portion of a first sheet  35  and a portion of a second sheet  35  of an adjacent cell. This arrangement would suffice to achieve the desired spacial positioning among cells and leave exposed a portion of back surface  80  of electrically conductive sheet  35 . 
         [0160]    Comparing the sectional views of  FIGS. 15 ,  22 ,  23  and  17 , one observes many similarities. The most important common structural similarity is that the first terminal edges  29  of conductive sheets  23  be offset slightly from first terminal edge  45  of photovoltaic cells  10  ( FIGS. 15 ,  22 ,  23 ). Similarly, first terminal edges  53  of conductive sheets  35  are slightly offset from first terminal edges  45  of photovoltaic cells  10  ( FIG. 17 ). As will be shown, the resulting exposed top surface portions are used as contact surfaces for the final interconnected array. 
         [0161]    It should also be observed that the structures equivalent to those shown in  FIGS. 16 and 17  can also be achieved by first joining photovoltaic cells  10  and conductive sheets  35  with suitable electrically conductive joining means  42  to give the structure shown in  FIG. 24  and laminating these strips to an insulating support web  33 . An example of such an equivalent structure is shown in  FIG. 25 , wherein the laminates of  FIG. 24  have been adhered to insulating web  33  in defined repeat positions with adhesive means  57  and  44 . As mentioned above and as shown in  FIGS. 24 and 25 , conductive sheets  35  do not have to contact the whole of the bottom surface  66  of photovoltaic cell  10 . In addition, support web  33  need not be continuous among all the cells. The support web  33  need only extend from the adhesive means  57  of one cell to the adhesive attachment  44  of an adjacent cell. This arrangement would leave a portion of the bottom surface  66  of foil  12 , and perhaps a portion of the bottom surface  80  of conductive sheet  35  exposed. 
         [0162]    Referring now to  FIGS. 18 and 19 , insulating beads  56  and  60  of insulating material having been applied to the first and second terminal edges  45  and  46  respectively of photovoltaic cells  10 . While these beads  56  and  60  are shown as applied to the structure of  FIG. 15   a , it is understood that appropriate beads of insulating material are also envisioned as a subsequent manufacturing step for the structures of  FIGS. 15   b ,  15   c ,  17 ,  22 ,  23 ,  25 , and  26 . The purpose of the insulating beads is to protect the edge of the photovoltaic cells from environmental and electrical deterioration. In addition, as will be shown the insulating bead allows for electrical interconnections to be made among adjacent cells without electrical shorting. 
         [0163]    It is noted that the application of insulating material  56  to first terminal edge  45  of photovoltaic cells  10  effectively divides the top surfaces  26  and  50  of conductive sheets  23  and  35  respectively into two regions. The first region (region  48  of surface  26  or region  52  of surface  50 ) can be considered as a contact region for series interconnects among adjacent cells. The second region (region  47  of surface  26  or region  51  of surface  50 ) can be considered as the contact region for interconnecting the substrate to the second surface  66  of photovoltaic cells  10 . 
         [0164]    Referring now to  FIGS. 20 and 21 , there is shown the method of forming the final interconnected array. Grid fingers  58  of a highly electrically conductive material are deposited to achieve electrical communication between the top surface  59  of the photovoltaic cell  10  and the remaining exposed contact regions  48  or  52  of an adjacent cell. It is contemplated that these fingers can be deposited by any of a number of processes to deposit metal containing or metal-based foils or films, including masked vacuum deposition, printing of conductive inks, electrodeposition or combinations thereof. In the embodiments of  FIGS. 20 and 21 , the net current flow among cells will be understood by those skilled in the art to be in the direction of the double pointed arrow labeled “I” in the figures. 
         [0165]    Referring now to  FIG. 27 , the starting material for yet another embodiment is illustrated in plan view. Web, mesh or fabric strip  90  is characterized by having a width “W” and a length “L”. It is contemplated that length “L” is considerably greater than width “W” and length “L” can generally be described as “continuous” or being able to be processed in a roll-to-roll fashion.  FIG. 28 , a greatly magnified plan view of a portion of the structure of  FIG. 27 , shows the fabric  90  comprising fibrils  92  interwoven to form a sturdy structure. Holes  94  are present among the interwoven fibrils. It is understood that the fibrils need not be actually interwoven as shown. Equivalent structures comprising fibrils and holes, such as polymeric non-woven fabric or adhesively bonded fibril mats, can be employed. 
         [0166]      FIGS. 29 and 30  are sectional views of the embodiment of  FIG. 28  taken substantially along line  29 - 29  and line  30 - 30  of  FIG. 28  respectively. 
         [0167]      FIG. 31  is a greatly simplified sectional representation of the structure depicted in  FIGS. 29 and 30 . This simplified representation of  FIG. 31  is useful in the illustration of subsequent embodiments. 
         [0168]    Referring now to  FIG. 32 , there is shown the material shown in  FIG. 27  following an additional processing step. The material of width “W” is now generally designated as  104  to indicate this additional process step. Width “W” has been further defined as comprising three minor widths “W 1 ”, “W 2 ”, and “W 3 ”. Each of these widths “W 1 ”, “W 2 ”, and “W 3 ” is understood to extend along length “L” as indicated. 
         [0169]      FIG. 33  is a greatly magnified plan view of the portion of  FIG. 32  structure identified as minor width “W 2 ”. In contrast to the plan view shown in  FIG. 28 , the structure of  FIG. 33  appears continuous in the two-dimensional plan view. This continuity results from coating the fibrils with an electrically conductive coating. The structure of the coated fibrils is best shown in the sectional view of  FIG. 34 , which is a view taken substantially along line  34 - 34  of  FIG. 33 . In  FIG. 34 , fibrils  92  in the region “W 2 ” have been coated with electrically conductive coating  96 . It is anticipated that coating  96  and the deposition process for applying coating  96  can be chosen from any number of suitable techniques. Included in such techniques are painting, dipping, or printing of conductive inks, laminating, and masked chemical or vapor deposition of metals or other conductive materials. In the case of a temperature resistant fabric such as fiberglass, deposition of a low melting point metal such as solder could be employed. A particularly advantageous coating  96  to prepare the structure of  FIG. 34  is directly electroplateable resin (DER) applied as a ink, paint solution or paste. The DER is inexpensive, and readily formulated and applied from solution form. 
         [0170]    A method to form an equivalent structure to that shown in  FIG. 34  would be to manufacture portion “W 2 ” from a woven or non-woven web of solid DER fibrils. 
         [0171]    The important feature of the structure of  FIG. 34  is that through-hole electrical communication extends from the top surface  98  to the bottom surface  100  in the region defined by “W 2 ” of  FIG. 34 . This situation is readily achieved by using the coated fabric or solid DER web approaches of the present embodiments. 
         [0172]      FIG. 35  is a sectional view similar to  FIG. 34  following an additional optional process step. In  FIG. 35 , the electrical conductivity and mechanical and environmental integrity of the structure is further enhanced by applying an additional highly conductive coating  102  overlaying coating  96 . This subsequent coating  102  can be conveniently applied by metal electrodeposition. The structure of  FIG. 35  gives highly conductive communication, equivalent to a metal screen, from top surface  98  to bottom surface  100  in region “W 2 ” by virtue of the through-hole electrodeposition. 
         [0173]    Referring now to  FIG. 36 , there is shown a simplified plan view of the  104  structure intended to facilitate teaching of the processing steps envisioned to accomplish manufacture of the series connected photovoltaic arrays using the substrate structure  104 . In  FIG. 36 , the regions “W 1 ” and “W 3 ” have structure shown in detail in  FIGS. 28-30 . In  FIG. 36 , region “W 2 ” has structure shown in detail in  FIGS. 33 and 34  and optionally  FIG. 35 . 
         [0174]    Referring now to  FIG. 37   a , there is shown a simplified sectional view of the  104  structure employing the “W 2 ” structure depicted in  FIG. 34 .  FIG. 37   b  shows a similar view of the  104  structure employing the “W 2 ” structure depicted in  FIG. 35 . These simplifications will help illustration of the processing steps and the structures resulting from these processing steps. 
         [0175]    Referring now to  FIG. 38  there is shown a schematic depiction of a process for joining the foil supported thin film photovoltaic structure of  FIGS. 1 through 3  with the substrate strips  104 . Photovoltaic cells  10  are continuously fed to the process in spaced relationship to substrate strips  104 . The process accomplishes attaching one edge portion of cells  10  to a portion “W 3 ” of one substrate strip  104  and an opposite edge portion of cells  10  to a portion “W 1 ” of a second substrate strip  104 . 
         [0176]      FIGS. 39 and 40  illustrate the process of  FIG. 38  in more detail. In  FIG. 39 , spacially positioned substrate strips  104  are continuously fed to the joining process  110  from roll  106 . Spacially positioned photovoltaic cells  10  are continuously fed to the process  110  from roll  108 . The resultant combined structure is designated by the numeral  112 . 
         [0177]      FIG. 40  illustrates the process of  FIG. 39  from the perspective of line  40 - 40  of  FIG. 39 . 
         [0178]      FIG. 41  is a plan view of the combined structure resulting from joining process  110 . 
         [0179]      FIG. 42A  is a simplified sectional view taken substantially along line  42 - 42  of  FIG. 41  of the product from process  110  when structure  104  shown in  FIG. 37A  is employed. Adhesive bead  114  is used to attach a first edge portion  118  of photovoltaic cell structure  10  to portion “W 3 ” of a substrate strip and adhesive bead  116  attaches the second edge portion  120  of cell  10  to portion “W 1 ” of another substrate strip. Insulating beads  56  and  60  protect the first and second terminal edges of photovoltaic cells  10 . 
         [0180]      FIG. 42B  is a structure similar to  42 A but shows that the substrate structure need not be discrete strips but can be joined. This is equivalent to stating the portion “W 1 ” of one strip is joined to portion “W 3 ” of another strip. Maintenance of spacial positioning and mechanical integrity are promoted by the structure depicted in  FIG. 42B . 
         [0181]      FIG. 42C  is a view similar to  FIG. 42A  but employing the substrate structure  104  shown in  FIG. 37B . 
         [0182]      FIG. 43  is an enlarged view of the structural portion within circle “A” of  FIG. 42A . 
         [0183]      FIG. 44A  is a view similar to  FIG. 43  but following an additional manufacturing step in preparation of the series connected array. In  FIG. 44A  an electrically conductive coating  122  extends from the top surface  59  of photovoltaic cell  10 A over insulating bead  60  and to electrically conductive region “W 2 ”. Coating  122  can comprise a number of electrically conductive media, such as conductive inks or conductive adhesives. Appropriate conductive inks or adhesives can be applied by silk screening, masked printing, or simple extrusion of molten conductive thermoplastic. Alternate forms of applying coating  122  are chemical or vacuum deposition of conductive materials in conjunction with appropriate masking techniques. 
         [0184]    As indicated in  FIG. 44A , conductive coating  122  extends outward across the surfaces of cells  10 A,  10 B in the form of grid fingers. These grid fingers obviously do not cover the entire top surface  59  of cell  10 , but are positioned in spaced relationship on the surface. This arrangement is best shown by the plan view of  FIG. 44 . 
         [0185]      FIG. 44A  also shows an electrically conductive coating  124  extending from the second lower surface  66  of cell  10 B and to electrically conductive region “W 2 ”. Coating  124  need not be the same composition nor applied by the same process as coating  122 . 
         [0186]      FIG. 44A  shows that electrical communication is established between the top surface  59  of photovoltaic cell  10 A and the bottom surface  66  of adjacent photovoltaic cell  10 B. However, coatings  122  and  124  may not supply sufficient conductivity, either because coating resistivities are high relative to pure metals or coating thicknesses are small, as would be the case with vacuum or chemical deposited metal coatings. The conductivity of the grid fingers can be further enhanced to minimize resistive power losses by depositing additional metal or metal-based material onto fingers  122 . In a preferred embodiment, this additional metal or metal-based material is applied by electrodeposition. This is accomplished by first employing masking techniques to cover those areas of top surface  59  not covered by grid coating  122  with a protective insulating coating. The insulating coating prevents electrodeposition on those areas and also protects the surface from the possible deleterious effects of the electroplating solution. Masking techniques well known in the art are envisioned, and can be as simple a registered pad printing of an insulative organic coating. The plan views of  FIG. 44  indicates the location of the insulative masking coating  150 . The structure depicted in  FIGS. 44 and 44A  may be continuously passed through one or more metal electrodeposition baths to result in the structure depicted in the sectional view of  FIG. 45 . In  FIG. 45 , the electrodeposited material  126  extends from the top surface  59  of cell  10 A to the bottom surface  66  of adjacent cell  10 B by virtue of the holes in region “W 2 ”. As with other embodiments, the direction of net current flow is shown by the double pointed arrow labeled “I” in  FIG. 45 . Those skilled in the art will recognize that a similar combination of conductive coating  122  and electrodeposit  126  may be used to produce the grid fingers  58  depicted in  FIGS. 20 and 21 . In the embodiments depicted in  FIGS. 20 ,  21  and  FIG. 45 , the fact that the bottom surfaces  66  ( FIG. 45) and 28  ( FIG. 21 ) are conductive and exposed facilitate the continuous electrodeposition step by allowing cathodic contacting to these bottom surfaces, exposing the opposite top surfaces to the electroplating baths. 
         [0187]    In a preferred embodiment of the grid structure taught above in conjunction with  FIGS. 20 ,  21  and  FIG. 45  conductive grid coating  122  comprises a DER. “DERS” are inexpensive, can be formulated to achieve good adhesion and ohmic contact to top surface  59  comprising the transparent conductive oxide (TCO), and achieves good ohmic contact and adhesion to the electrodeposit  126 . In essence, the DER functions as a “conductive adhesive” joining the TCO and the electrodeposit  126 . Those skilled in the art will recognize that electrodeposit  126 , while illustrated as a single layer, may comprise multiple layers. 
         [0188]      FIG. 49  is a sectional view similar to  FIG. 43  of an alternative intermediate article resulting from feeding the material of  FIGS. 27 through 31  to the process of  FIGS. 38 through 40  rather than the joining strips  104  of  FIGS. 36 and 37 . Here the conductive coating  96  defining region “W 2 ” of  FIGS. 36 and 37  has not been applied. However, applying the conductive coating  96  to the  FIG. 49  structure at the time of applying conductive coatings  122  and  124  (see discussion of  FIG. 44A ), results in converting the  FIG. 49  structure into one equivalent to that shown in  FIG. 44A . 
         [0189]      FIG. 46  shows yet another embodiment of the current disclosure. The plan view of  46  illustrates a polymer based sheet  130  of width “W” subdivided into three areas “W 1 ”, “W 2 ”, and “W 3 ” in fashion similar to that of  FIG. 32 . Polymer based sheet  130  can be conveniently formed by coextrusion of materials  132 ,  134 , and  136 , corresponding to regions “W 1 ”, “W 2 ”, and “W 3 ” respectively. Materials  132 ,  134 , and  136  can be all based on the same polymer or different polymers can be chosen. It is important however that proper joining integrity be established at mating interfaces  138  and  140 . 
         [0190]    The material  134  chosen for region “W 2 ” is an electrically conductive polymer. A particularly advantageous resin is a DER. 
         [0191]      FIG. 47  is a sectional view taken substantially along line  47 - 47  of  FIG. 46 . As shown in  FIGS. 46  and  47 , region “W 2 ” is caused to have holes  142  along its length. In the simplest conceptual case, these holes are simply punched in the region “W 2 ”. Another approach would be to formulate the region “W 2 ” of  FIGS. 46 and 47  from a fabric (non-woven or woven) of electrically conductive polymer. 
         [0192]      FIG. 48  shows the structure of  FIG. 47  following an additional processing step of depositing metal  144  through holes  142  to establish high electrical conductivity from top surface  146  to bottom surface  148 . Preferably this metal deposition is by electroplating although chemical and vapor deposition techniques could be used. 
         [0193]    In many respects the structures shown in  FIGS. 47 and 48  resemble the structures depicted in  FIGS. 37   a  and  37   b  respectively. Thus the use of the structures of  FIGS. 47 and 48  in the process of  FIGS. 38 through 40  would give results similar to those previously taught as one skilled in the art will recognize. 
         [0194]    It is important to recognize that the unique design and process taught by the present invention is accomplished in a fully additive fashion. No wasteful and costly material removal steps are needed to achieve the integrated series connected arrays taught. This is a significant advantage over the prior art. 
         [0195]    Despite the relative simplicity envisioned for production of the current collector grid/interconnect structures using the combination “conductive coating plus electrodeposition” approach taught above in conjunction with  FIGS. 20 ,  21  and  FIGS. 44 ,  44 A and  45 , it can be contemplated that separate production of the grid/interconnect array followed by subsequent application to a geometrically registered arrangement of photovoltaic cells may be employed to advantage. This concept would avoid the masking and possible exposure of the photovoltaic cells to the wet electrochemistry involved in the approaches taught above in conjunction with  FIGS. 20 ,  21  and  44 ,  44 A and  45 . Thus, a further embodiment of the grid structure, design and fabrication process is taught below in conjunction with  FIGS. 50 through 66 . 
         [0196]      FIG. 50  is a plan view of a polymeric film or glass substrate  160 . Substrate  160  has width X- 160  and length Y- 160 . In one embodiment, taught in detail below, Y- 160  is much greater than width X- 160 , whereby film  160  can generally be described as “continuous” in length and able to be processed in length Y- 160  in a continuous roll-to-roll fashion.  FIG. 51  is a sectional view taken substantially from the view  51 - 51  of  FIG. 50 . Thickness dimension Z- 160  is small in comparison to dimensions Y- 160 , X- 160  and thus substrate  160  has a sheetlike structure. As shown in  FIG. 51 , substrate  160  may be a laminate of multiple layers  162 ,  164 ,  166  etc. or may comprise a single layer of material. The multiple layers  162 , 164 , 166  etc. may comprise inorganic or organic components such as thermoplastics or silicon containing glass-like layers. The various layers are intended to supply functional attributes such as environmental barrier protection or adhesive characteristics. Such functional layering is well-known and widely practiced in the plastic packaging art. Sheetlike substrate  160  has first surface  190  and second surface  192 . 
         [0197]      FIG. 52  depicts the structure  160  (possibly laminate) as a single layer for purposes of presentation simplicity. Substrate  160  will be represented as this single layer in the subsequent embodiments. 
         [0198]      FIG. 53  is a plan view of the structure following an additional manufacturing step, and  FIG. 54  is a sectional view taken along line  54 - 54  of  FIG. 53 . 
         [0199]      FIG. 55  is a sectional view taken along line  55 - 55  of  FIG. 53 . In  FIGS. 53 through 55 , it is seen that a pattern of “fingers”, designated  170 , extends from “buss” structures, designated  171 . Both “fingers”  170  and “busses”  171  are deposited on and supported by substrate  160 . While shown as a single layer, “fingers”  170  and “busses”  171  may comprise multiple layers. “Fingers”  170  and “busses”  171  may comprise electrically conductive material, or may comprise non-conductive material which would assist accomplishing a subsequent deposition of conductive material. For example, “fingers”  170  or “busses”  171  could comprise a seeded polymer which would catalyze chemical deposition of a metal in a subsequent step. A second example would be materials selected to promote adhesion of a subsequently applied conductive material. “Fingers”  170  and “busses”  171  may differ in actual composition. 
         [0200]      FIGS. 56 ,  57  and  58  correspond to the views of  FIGS. 53 ,  54  and  55  following an additional processing step.  FIG. 59  is a sectional view taken substantially along line  59 - 59  of  FIG. 56 .  FIGS. 56 through 59  show additional conductive material deposited onto the “fingers” and “busses” of  FIGS. 53 through 55 . This additional conductive material is designated by layers  173 , 175 . While shown as multiple layers  173 , 175 , it is understood that this conductive material could be a single layer. As best shown in  FIG. 58 , “fingers”  170  have top free surface  185  and “busses”  171  have top free surface  187 . In a preferred embodiment, additional layers  173 , 175  etc. are deposited by electrodeposition, taking advantage of the deposition speed, low cost and selectivity of the electrodeposition process. Alternatively, these additional metal-based layers may be deposited by selective chemical deposition or registered masked vapor deposition. Metal-filled conductive resins may also be used to form these additional layers  173 , 175 . 
         [0201]      FIGS. 60 through 63  illustrate a process  177  by which the interconnection component of  FIGS. 56 through 59  is combined with the structure illustrated in  FIG. 19  to accomplish series interconnections among geometrically spaced cells. In  FIG. 60  roll  179  represents a “continuous” feed roll of the grid/buss structure on the sheetlike substrate as depicted in  FIGS. 56 through 59 . Roll  181  represents a “continuous” feed roll of the sheetlike geometrical arrangement of cells depicted in  FIG. 19 . As indicated in  FIGS. 60 through 63 , process  177  laminates these two sheetlike structures together in a spacial arrangement wherein the grid “fingers” project laterally across the top surface  59  of cells  10  and the “finger/buss” structure extends to the top contact surface  48  of an adjacent cell. As with prior embodiments, the double pointed arrow labeled “i” indicates the direction of net current flow in the embodiments of  FIGS. 62 and 63 . 
         [0202]    The actual interconnection between adjacent cells is depicted in greatly magnified form in  FIG. 63 , magnifying the encircled region “A” of  FIG. 62 . In the embodiments of  FIGS. 62 and 63 , “buss” structure ( 171 , 173 , 175 ) is shown to extend in the “continuous” Y direction of the laminated structure (direction normal to the paper). It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the only electrical requirement to achieve proper interconnection of the cells is that the grid “fingers” extend to the contact surface  48  of an adjacent cell. However, in those cases where the grid fingers comprise an electrodeposit, inclusion of the “busses” provides a convenient way to pass electrical current by providing a continuous path from the rectified current source to the individual grid “fingers”. This facilitates the initial electrodeposition of layers  173 ,  175  etc. onto the originally deposited materials  170 ,  171 . Those skilled in the art will recognize that if the grid “fingers” comprise material deposited by selective chemical, masked vapor deposition or printing, the grid “fingers” could constitute individual islands and the “buss” structure could be eliminated. 
         [0203]    Those skilled in the art will recognize that contact between the top surface  59  of the cell and the mating surface  185  of the grid finger will be achieved by ensuring good adhesion between first surface  190  of sheet  160  and the top surface  59  of the cell in those regions where surface  190  is not covered by the grid. However, electrical contact between grid “fingers”  170  and cell surface  59  can be further enhanced by selectively printing a conductive adhesive onto “fingers”  170  prior to the lamination process taught in conjunction with  FIGS. 60 and 61 . In this way surface  185  is formed by a conductive adhesive resulting in secure adhesive and electrical joining of grid “fingers”  170  to top surface  59  following the lamination process. 
         [0204]    Alternatively, one may employ a low melting point metal-based material as a constituent of the material forming surface  185 . In this case the low melting point metal-based material is caused to melt during the process  177  of  FIG. 60  thereby increasing the contact area between the mating surfaces  185  and  59 . In a preferred embodiment indium or indium containing alloys are chosen as the low melting point contact material at surface  185 . Indium melts at a low temperature, considerably below possible lamination temperatures. In addition, Indium is known to bond to glass and ceramic materials when melted in contact with them. Given sufficient lamination pressures, only a very thin layer of Indium would be required to take advantage of this bonding ability. 
         [0205]    Bonding to the contact surface  48  of conductive sheet  23  can be accomplished by any number of the electrical joining techniques mentioned above. These include electrically conductive adhesives, solder, and melting of suitable metals or metal-base alloys during the heat and pressure exposure of the process  177  of  FIG. 60 . As with the discussion above concerning contact of the “fingers”, selecting low melting point metal-based materials as constituents forming surface  187  could aid in achieving good ohmic contact and adhesive bonding of “busses”  171  to the contact surface  48  of sheet  23 . 
         [0206]      FIGS. 64 through 66  show the result of the  FIG. 60  process using a substrate structure similar to that illustrated in  FIG. 37B , except that the portion “W- 3 ” shown in  FIG. 37B  is omitted.  FIG. 65  shows photovoltaic cells  10  spacially arranged using the substrate structure of  FIG. 64 . Conductive joining means  202  connect cells  10  to portions of top surface  200  of conductive regions W- 2 . Insulating beads  56 , 60  protect the edges of cells  10 . Adhesive  204  attaches cell  10  to the non-conductive region W- 1  of the substrate. The structure depicted in  FIG. 65  is similar in electrical and spacial respects to the structure depicted in  FIG. 19 . Substituting the structure of  FIG. 65  for the  FIG. 19  structure shown in the prior embodiments of  FIGS. 60 through 63  results in the structure shown in the sectional view of  FIG. 66 . In this case the through-holes associated with the  FIG. 64  substrate structures may assist in the lamination process by permitting a reduced pressure on the bottom side  206  of the sheetlike structures ( FIG. 65 ) thereby promoting removal of air from between the sheetlike structures of  FIGS. 56 through 59  and the sheetlike structure of  FIG. 65  just prior to lamination. 
         [0207]    The sectional views of  FIGS. 63 and 66  embody application of the invention to the substrate structures taught in  FIGS. 7 and 64  respectively. It is understood that similar results would be achieved using the other substrate structures taught in the disclosure, such as those embodied in  FIGS. 8 through 12 ,  24  and  25 ,  26 ,  27  through  37 B,  46  through  48 , and  49 . 
         [0208]    The sectional view of  FIGS. 63 and 66  show film  160  remaining as part of the structure following the process  177  of  FIG. 60 . In some cases in may be advantageous to employ film  160  in a manner wherein it is removed after attachment of the “fingers” and “busses” to the respective surfaces of the cells and substrate. In this application, the film  160  would serve as surrogate support and spacial positioning means during formation, placement and bonding of the “finger/buss” structure. In this case a suitable “release” material would be positioned between surface  190  of film  160  and “fingers/busses”  170 / 171 . 
         [0209]    A further embodiment of a front face current collector structure is taught in conjunction with  FIGS. 67 through 81 .  FIG. 67  is a top plan view of a metal foil/semiconductor photovoltaic structure similar to the laminated structure depicted in  FIGS. 1 and 2 . However, the structure of  FIG. 67 , generally referred to as  300 , also includes narrow strips of insulating material  302  extending in the length direction Y- 300 . Strips  302  are usually positioned at repeat distances R in the width direction X- 300  of structure  300 . As will be seen below, dimension R approximates the width X- 10  of the eventual individual cells. 
         [0210]      FIG. 68  is a sectional view taken substantially along line  68 - 68  of  FIG. 67 .  FIG. 68  shows a laminate comprising separate layers  75 , 13 , 14 , 11 , and  18  as previously described for the structure of  FIG. 2 . Insulating strips  302  are shown positioned on top surface  59  of structure  300 . However, it is understood that strips  302  could be positioned on top surface  303  of semiconductor material  11 . In this latter case, window electrode  18  could be deposited over the entire surface (including strips  302 ) or selectively onto the surface areas between strips  302 . For simplicity, the embodiments of  FIGS. 67 through 78  will show strips  302  disposed on top surface  59  of window electrode  18 . The purpose of the insulating strips  302  is to prevent shorting between top and bottom electrode material during subsequent slitting into individual cells, as will become clear below. 
         [0211]    In the embodiment shown, length Y- 300  is much greater than width X- 300  and length Y- 300  can generally be described as “continuous” or being able to be processed in roll-to-roll fashion. In contrast to width X- 10  of the individual cell structure of  FIGS. 1 and 2 , X- 300  of  FIGS. 67 and 68  is envisioned to be of magnitude equivalent to the cumulative widths of multiple cell structures. Strips  302  are typically 0.002 inch to 0.050 inch wide (dimension “T”,  FIG. 67 ). Strips  302  can be applied to the surface  59  by any number of methods such as thermoplastic extrusion, roll printing or photo masking. 
         [0212]    In order to promote simplicity of presentation, layers  75 , 13 , 14 , 11  and  18  of structure  300  will be depicted as a single layer  370  in subsequent embodiments. 
         [0213]      FIG. 69  is a top plan view of the  FIG. 67  structure following an additional processing step and  FIG. 70  is a sectional view taken substantially along line  70 - 70  of  FIG. 69 . Electrically conductive material has been deposited in conductive strips  304  onto the top surface of the structure  300 . Strips  304  extend in the width direction X- 300  and traverse a plurality of repeat distances “R”. Dimension “N” of strips  304  is normally made as small as possible, typically 0.002 inch to 0.100 inch. Dimension “C”, the repeat distance between strips  304  depends to some extent on dimension “N” but is typically 0.05 inch to 1.0 inch. 
         [0214]    Strips  304  can comprise electrically conductive resins or adhesives applied by printing or thermoplastic extrusion. Alternatively, strips  304  can comprise metal-based materials applied by selective deposition. It is, of course, advantageous to select materials and techniques which promote adhesive and ohmic contact to the top surface  59  of window electrode  18 . As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art in light of the following teachings, electrically conductive resins, and DER&#39;s in particular, are very suitable as materials for conductive strips  304 . 
         [0215]    In the embodiment of  FIG. 69 , those areas of the top surface of structure  300  not covered with conductive strips  304  have been coated with a thin coating of electrically insulating material  305 . 
         [0216]      FIG. 71  is a plan view of an alternate embodiment. In  FIG. 71 ,  300 A designates a structure similar to the structure  300  of  FIGS. 67 ,  68  but strips  302  are not shown. They have either been excluded or are invisible in the plan view of  FIG. 71 , having been deposited on the surface of semiconductor material  11  (and thus overcoated with window electrode  18 ) or covered by insulating layer  305 A.  304 A designates strips or islands of electrically conductive material which have dimension “Q” slightly less than repeat distance “R”. Those skilled in the art will recognize, in light of the teachings that follow below, that the structure embodied in  FIG. 71  would be conceptually equivalent to the structure of  FIG. 69 . 
         [0217]      FIG. 72  is a sectional view similar to  FIG. 70  after an additional processing step. In  FIG. 72 , additional highly electrically conductive material  306  has been deposited overlaying conductive material  304 . Material  306  has exposed top surface  352 . In a preferred embodiment, highly electrically conductive material  306  is electrodeposited. Electrodeposition permits relatively rapid deposition rates and permits facile deposition of very conductive materials such as copper and silver. In this regard, it is highly advantageous to employ a DER for the conductive material  304 . It can be appreciated that material strips  304 / 306  extend in the “X” direction a distance equivalent to multiple widths “R”. This concept therefore allows for deposition of the individual cell grid fingers in an essentially continuous, “bulk” fashion. 
         [0218]      FIG. 73  is a sectional view of a portion of the  FIG. 72  structure after an additional processing step comprising slitting the  FIG. 72  structure along the insulating strips  302  at repeat distances “R” to give individual units  308  comprising laminate portions of structures  370 ,  302 ,  304 ,  306  of the prior embodiments. Units  308  have width “R” which, as will be seen, approximates the eventual photovoltaic cell width. During this slitting process, insulating beads  302  prevent smearing of the top conductive material to the bottom electrode material  12  which would result in electrical shorting. 
         [0219]      FIG. 74  is a view similar to  FIG. 13B  showing the  FIG. 73  structures just prior to a laminating process similar to  FIG. 13A . Individual structures  308  are positioned in spacial relationship with electrically conductive adhesive  42  and conductive sheets  23 . As in prior embodiments, sheets  23  are separated by insulating joining portions  25 . Conductive sheets  23  can be considered to have a top contact surface region  48  and top collector surface area  47 . 
         [0220]      FIG. 75  is a sectional view of the structure after the lamination depicted in  FIG. 74  plus an additional step of applying insulating beads  56 , 60  to the terminal edges of the individual units  308 . As shown in  FIG. 75 , at least a portion of top contact surface  48  remains exposed following this lamination. In addition, the lamination is characterized by repeat dimension  34 , which is slightly greater than dimension 
         [0221]      FIG. 76  is a sectional view prior to a further laminating step in the production of the overall array.  FIG. 76  shows introduction of an additional sheetlike interconnection component  309  comprising material strips  316  mounted on sheet  310  having top surface  312  and bottom surface  314 . Sheet  310 , shown as a single layer for simplicity, may comprise a laminate of multiple layers of materials to supply adhesive and barrier properties to the sheet. 
         [0222]    Mounted in spaced arrangement on the bottom surface  314  of sheet  310  are strips  316  of material having an exposed surface  340  which is electrically conductive. Strips  316  are also shown in  FIG. 76  to comprise layer  320  which adhesively bonds conductive layer  318  to sheet  310 . Layer  320  need not necessarily be electrically conductive and may be omitted if adhesion between conductive material  318  and sheet  310  is sufficient. Layer  18  may comprise, for example, an electrically conductive adhesive. 
         [0223]      FIG. 77 , a plan view taken substantially along line  77 - 77  of  FIG. 76 , indicates the linear nature of strips  316  extending in the direction Y- 309 . Strips  316  have a width dimension “B” sufficient to span the distance between conductive strips  306  of one unit  308  to the contact surface  48  of sheet  23  corresponding to an adjacent unit. Typical magnitudes for dimension “B” are from 0.020 inch to 0.125 inch depending on registration accuracy during the multiple lamination processes envisioned. 
         [0224]      FIGS. 78 and 79  present alternatives to the  FIG. 77  component. In  FIG. 78 , tab extensions  322  of width “E” reach out in the “X” direction from the strips  316 A. Tabs  322  are positioned at repeat distances “C” in the “Y” direction corresponding to the repeat dimension “C” of the conductive strips  304 / 306 . Proper positional registration during the lamination process envisioned in  FIG. 76  allows tabs  322  to overlap and contact strips  306 , permitting increased contact area between strips  306  and tabs  322  and also a possible reduction in width “D” of strips  316   a  ( FIG. 78 ) in comparison to dimension “B” ( FIG. 77 ). 
         [0225]      FIG. 79  shows an alternate embodiment wherein strips  316  and  316 A of  FIGS. 77 and 78  respectively have been replaced by individual islands  316 B. Thus, material forming conductive surface  340  need not be continuous in the “Y” direction. Islands  316 B can comprise, for example, an electrically conductive adhesive. Dimension “E” ( FIG. 79 ) is similar to dimension “N” ( FIG. 69 ). Dimension “D”, ( FIG. 79 ) is sufficient to span the distance between conductive strips  306  of one unit  308  to the contact surface  48  of sheet  23  corresponding to an adjacent unit. 
         [0226]    Since the linear distance between strips  306  of one unit  308  and surface  48  corresponding to an adjacent unit is small, the structures  316 ,  316   a  and  322 , and  316   b  of  FIGS. 77 ,  78 , and  79  respectively do not necessarily comprise materials exhibiting electrical conductivities characteristic of pure metals and alloys. However, as will be discussed below, proper selection of metal-based materials to form surface  340  of these structures can be used to advantage in achieving excellent ohmic and adhesive contacts to grid material  306  and contact surfaces  48  of conductive sheets  23 . 
         [0227]    Accordingly, an example of a laminated structure envisioned for conductive layer  318  is shown in the sectional view of  FIG. 80 . A layer of electroplateable resin  324  is attached to adhesive layer  320  (layer  320  not shown in  FIG. 80 ). This is followed by layers  326 , 328  of electrodeposited metal for mechanical and electrical robustness. Finally a layer of low melting point metal or alloy 330 is deposited to produce free surface  340 . Those skilled in the art will recognize that DER&#39;s would be a highly attractive choice for resin layer  324 . Alternatively, a material, not necessarily conductive, which would allow selective deposition of metal by chemical techniques could be chosen for layer  324 . 
         [0228]    Using the structure embodied in  FIG. 80  for the layer  318 , the material  330  with surface  340  is caused to melt during the lamination process depicted in  FIG. 76 , resulting in a “solder” bond between material forming contact surface  48  of sheet  23  and material  330  with surface  340 . A similar “solder” bond is formed between material forming top surface  352  of strip  306  and material  330  having surface  340 . 
         [0229]    One will note that the retention of sheets  310  of  FIGS. 76 through 78  is not an absolute requirement for achieving the electrical interconnections among cells, but does facilitate handling and maintenance of spacial positioning during formation of the conductive interconnect structures and the subsequent laminating process envisioned in  FIG. 76 . In this regard, sheet  310  could be a surrogate support which is removed subsequent to or during lamination. This removal could be achieved, for example, by having layer  320  melt during the lamination process to release sheet  310  from structure  316 , etc. 
         [0230]    One also should recognize that the electrical interconnections between grid material  306  of units  308  and contact surface  48  corresponding to an adjacent cell could be made by using individual “dollops” of conductive material spanning the gap between surface  48  and each individual grid finger of an adjacent cell. 
         [0231]      FIG. 81  is a greatly exploded view of a completed interconnection achieved according to the teachings embodied in  FIGS. 67 through 80 .  FIG. 81  shows first cell  360  and a portion of adjacent cell  362 . Interconnect region  364  is positioned between cells  360  and  362 . It is seen that robust, highly efficient top surface current collection and cell interconnections are achieved with inexpensive, controllable and repetitive manufacturing techniques. Sensitive, fine processing involving material removal techniques and adversely affecting yields are avoided. The double pointed arrow “i” in  FIG. 81  indicates the direction of net current flow among the interconnected cells. 
         [0232]    While the grid/interconnect structure taught in conjunction with  FIGS. 67 through 81  employed the substrate structure depicted in  FIGS. 6 and 7 , it is understood that similar results would be achieved with the other substrate embodiments revealed in conjunction with the teachings corresponding to  FIGS. 8 through 66 . 
         [0233]    Since the layer  370  exhibits reasonable “through conductivity”, it is contemplated that the required electrodeposition current could be achieved by contacting the exposed back metallic surface  66  of metal-based foil  12 . However, it is understood that should this electrodeposition current have a deleterious effect on the cell itself, electrodeposition could still be accomplished by masking surface  66  and including a “buss” structure of conductive material extending in the “Y- 300 ” direction of the structure shown in  FIG. 69 . 
         [0234]    A further embodiment of the series connected photovoltaic arrays of the instant disclosure is taught in conjunction with  FIGS. 82 and 83 .  FIG. 82  is a depiction similar to  FIG. 74  illustrating a laminating process resulting in a series interconnected array of multiple photovoltaic cells.  FIG. 82  shows multiple cells  308  (as described in conjunction with  FIG. 73 ) whose bottom conductive metal-based surface  66  slightly overlaps top, light-incident surface  352  of the grid fingers of an adjacent cell. Conductive adhesive strips  42  are positioned in this area of overlap. Adhesive strips  44  augment positioning and handling reliability by firmly attaching the cells to support web  400 . Should the conductive adhesive bonding imparted by adhesive strips  42  be of sufficient strength and integrity, support web  400  can be considered optional. In addition, conductive adhesive strips  42  are but one of several ways to achieve the electrical joining required, as has been previously disclosed. 
         [0235]      FIG. 83  embodies the result of the laminating process of  FIG. 82 . The individual cells  308  are electrically connected in series through a “shingling” arrangement, wherein the bottom conductive surface  66  of a first cell is electrically and adhesively joined to a light incident top surface  352  of the current collector grid fingers of an adjacent cell. Insulating strips  60  protect terminal edges of individual cells from electrical shorting. The double pointed arrow “I” indicates the direction of net current flow among cells of the  FIG. 83  embodiment. 
         [0236]    The simplified series interconnections among multiple photovoltaic cells taught in the present disclosure are made possible in large measure by the ability to selectively electrodeposit highly conductive metal-based materials to manufacture both supporting interconnect substrates and current collector grid structures. This selectivity is readily and inexpensively achieved by employing directly electroplateable resins (DERs) as defined herein. 
         [0237]    Although the present invention has been described in conjunction with preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that modifications, alternatives and equivalents may be included without departing from the spirit and scope of the inventions, as those skilled in the art will readily understand. Such modifications, alternatives and equivalents are considered to be within the purview and scope of the invention and appended claims.