Abstract:
The invention provides a printed circuit board (PCB) printing system. In a particular embodiment, the system includes a liquid electrophotographic printing device. At least one supplier of electrically conductive ink supplying electrically conductive ink to the electrophotographic printing device is also provided. In addition, at least one supplier of dielectric ink supplying dielectric ink to the electrophotographic printing device is also provided. The liquid electrophotographic printing device is operable to apply the electrically conductive ink and the dielectric ink to a provided substrate such that substantially immiscible boundary delineation occurs at any points of contact between the applied electrically conducive ink and the applied dielectric ink. An appropriate method of use for the rendering of a printed circuit board is also provided.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates generally to a system and method of rendering printed circuit boards, and more specifically to the use of liquid electrophotographic printing in rendering printed circuit boards. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Computers, televisions, communication devices, consumer electronics and the vast majority of electronic equipment rely upon the printed circuit board (PCB) to interconnect and interface internal electrical components. For example, the PCB known as a computer motherboard provides interconnection and interface between memory stores, processors, switches and a host of other components that collectively operate as a desktop or laptop computer. In other words, a PCB is the platform to which other electronic devices are commonly attached so as to interact as a greater system or device. 
         [0003]    Early PCB&#39;s were relatively simple as the number of components was low and the size and complexity of the attached components were also relatively simple. As electronic components and apparatuses, such as cell phones and personal data assistants, became smaller, thinner and more advanced in performance ability, PCB&#39;s for such devices have become more complex and higher density. 
         [0004]    With advancements in nano-scale fabrication of semiconductor devices, more and more components may be desired upon a PCB. Contemporary PCB boards often require high resolution manufacturing techniques and precision. In addition, whereas once the interconnection circuits on a PCB were commonly on only one surface, modern system often require at least two layers. In some instances this may be achieved by providing a PCB with a circuit trace on both the top and bottom surfaces, generally requiring either two substrates to be joined as a single PCB, or careful fabrication processes so as to not foul one side while rendering the other, and/or multi-level fabrication. 
         [0005]    The fabrication process for a conventional PCB is typically quite involved. An insulating substrate is provided with a thin copper (or other conductive metal) layer deposited across the top surface. To function as a PCB, the circuit or trace lines need to be defined. One typical method used to establish the trace lines from the metal layer is the well known process of photolithography. 
         [0006]    Generally speaking, a photo-resist layer, also commonly known simply as a photoresist, or even resist, is deposited upon the metal layer, typically by a spin coating machine. A mask is then placed over the photo resist and light, typically ultra-violet (UV) light is applied. During the process of exposure, the photoresist undergoes a chemical reaction. Generally the photoresist will react in one of two ways. 
         [0007]    With a positive photoresist, UV light changes the chemical structure of the photoresist so that it is soluble in a developer. What “shows” therefore goes, and the mask provides an exact copy of the patterns which are to remain—such as, for example the trace lines of a circuit. 
         [0008]    A negative photoresist behaves in the opposite manner—the UV exposure causes it to polymerize and not dissolve in the presence of a developer. As such the mask is a photographic negative of the pattern to be left. Following the developing with either a negative or positive photoresist, blocks of photoresist remain. These blocks may be used to protect portions of the original metal layer, serve as isolators or other components. 
         [0009]    In typical PCB fabrication, the photoresist blocks protect portions of the metal layer as an etching process is performed. It is generally understood that an etching process such as ion etching, is accomplished by either of two traditional processes, a physical process or an assisted physical process. In a physical etching environment no chemical agent is provided. Rather, the removal of material is entirely dependent upon the physical impact of ions knocking atoms off the material surface by physical force alone. Physical ion etching is commonly referred to as ion milling or ion beam etching. 
         [0010]    In an assisted physical process, such as a reactive ion etching process (or RIE), removal of material comes as a combined result of chemical reactions and physical impact. Generally the ions are accelerated by a voltage applied in a vacuum. The effect of their impact is aided by the introduction of a chemical that reacts with the surface being etched. The reaction makes the surface softer and as such, increases both the relative control of the etching as well as the etching rate. 
         [0011]    Once the etching process is complete, the remaining photoresist blocks are removed, normally by dissolving them with a chemical agent. If a trace is intended to cross another trace, a dielectric layer may be applied, followed by another application of photoresist to be masked, exposed and etched so as to insulate portions of some traces while providing contact spots for other traces. Typically a multi layer PCB board is achieved by laminating multiple thin layers together, each layer having previously lithographically established traces. 
         [0012]    Although the photolithographic process has been described in general terms, it is still apparently obvious that it is a complex and involved process. As it is a process involving the removal of material (the metal being etched as well as the photoresist) it is also a somewhat wasteful process. Recapture of materials for re-use may or may not be economically feasible. In addition, many of the materials and chemicals used may be harmful to the general environment. 
         [0013]    Further still, the multiple steps are time consuming. It is also not uncommon to experience some percentage of failure due to defects in the masking and etching process which may or may not be detected prior to the final PCB being provided for testing and or component assembly. 
         [0014]    Although current PCB architecture is largely aided with computer drafting, it is not uncommon for prototype systems to require several versions and revisions to a PCB. Indeed, with a new system, or simply to test new semiconductor structures such as memory devise and processors, it is not uncommon to utilize repeated copies of the same PCB architecture and or to rapidly evolve the PCB architecture as refinements are made with the attaching components. As such the time, cost, materials and other factors of the photolithographic processes traditionally used in PCB fabrication may be aggregated and aggravated. 
         [0015]    Hence, there is a need for a system and method of rendering PCB&#39;s that overcomes one or more of the drawbacks identified above. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0016]    The present disclosure advances the art and overcomes problems articulated above by providing a system and method for rendering printed circuit boards. 
         [0017]    In particular and by way of example only, according to an embodiment, provided is a printed circuit board (PCB) printing system including: a liquid electrophotographic printing device; at least one supplier of electrically conductive ink supplying electrically conductive ink to the electrophotographic printing device; at least one supplier of dielectric ink supplying dielectric ink to the electrophotographic printing device; wherein the liquid electrophotographic printing device is operable to apply the electrically conductive ink and the dielectric ink to a provided substrate such that a substantially immiscible boundary delineation occurs at any points of contact between the applied electrically conductive ink and the applied dielectric ink. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0018]      FIG. 1  is a plan view of a printed circuit board (PCB) printing system according to an embodiment; 
           [0019]      FIG. 2  is an additional view of the PCB printing system shown in  FIG. 1 , further showing the printing of dielectric ink; 
           [0020]      FIG. 3  is a plan view of an alternative embodiment of a PCB printing system; 
           [0021]      FIG. 4  is an enlarged side view of a first layer having a conductive trace line established with conductive ink under an embodiment; 
           [0022]      FIG. 5  illustrates the additional application of dielectric ink upon the trace line shown in  FIG. 4 ; 
           [0023]      FIG. 6  illustrates the additional application of a second layer having a conductive trace line upon the dielectric ink of  FIG. 5 ; 
           [0024]      FIG. 7  is a perspective view of a first layer having a plurality of conductive trace lines established with conductive ink under an embodiment; 
           [0025]      FIG. 8  is a perspective view illustrating the additional application of dielectric ink upon at least a portion of the first layer shown in  FIG. 7 ; 
           [0026]      FIG. 9  is a perspective view illustrating the additional application of a second layer upon the first layer and dielectric material shown in  FIG. 8 ; 
           [0027]      FIG. 10  is an enlarged partial plan view showing the application of electrically conductive ink to the photosensitive belt; 
           [0028]      FIG. 11  is an enlarged partial plan view showing the application of dielectric ink to the photosensitive belt; 
           [0029]      FIG. 12  is an enlarged partial plan view of an alternative embodiment providing multiple electrically conductive ink reservoirs; 
           [0030]      FIG. 13  is a flowchart illustrating a method of printing a PCB according to an embodiment; and 
           [0031]      FIG. 14  is a top view of a substrate receiving a printed circuit trace in accordance with an embodiment. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0032]    Before proceeding with the detailed description, it is to be appreciated that the present teaching is by way of example, not by limitation. The concepts herein are not limited to use or application with a specific type of printed circuit board (PCB) printing system. Thus, although the instrumentalities described herein are for the convenience of explanation, and shown and described with respect to exemplary embodiments, it will be appreciated that the principles herein may be equally applied in other types printed circuit board (PCB) printing system. It will be appreciated that the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale and may be expanded in certain aspects for ease of discussion. 
         [0033]    Referring now to the drawings, and more particularly to  FIG. 1 , there is shown a portion of a PCB printing system  100  according to an embodiment, having a case  102 , at least one liquid electrophotographic printing device  104 , at least one supplier of electrically conductive ink  106 , and at least one supplier of dielectric ink  108 . In a roll-to-roll printing environment, the case  102  may or may not entirely enclose all elements of the system. 
         [0034]    PCB printing system  100  has a print receiving media path  130  proximate to the at least one liquid electrophotographic printing device  104 . In at least one embodiment, electrical ink supplier is an electrical ink reservoir  122  and dielectric ink supplier is a dielectric ink reservoir  124 . In at least one embodiment both reservoirs  122 ,  124  are removable and or refillable. 
         [0035]    A substrate  110  is provided to the PCB printing system  100  along media path  130 . Substrate  110  is of an appropriate type to receive both electrically conductive ink  106  and dielectric ink  108 . In at least one embodiment, the substrate  110  is a flexible substrate suitable, such as for example a flexible substrate used in roll-to-roll fabrication processes. 
         [0036]    In an embodiment, the electrically conductive ink  106  is an ink such as a metal-colloidal ink consisting of metallic particles. Specifically, the metal-colloidal ink has metallic nano-particles selected from the group consisting of copper, gold, silver, platinum, or other electrically conductive metals or alloys. 
         [0037]    The dielectric ink  108  may be a printable polymer material. In at least one embodiment, the dielectric ink  108  is a printable polymetric material. The use of polymetric material may be preferred over a more basic polymer as the combination of materials combined to achieve the polymetric characteristic may provide improved characteristics such as breakdown, adhesion and greater control over application thickness 
         [0038]    In a traditional liquid electrophotographic printing system, the utilized ink is a liquid substance composed of oil or solvent, pigment and a polymer. The pigment is typically black, or a color such as cyan, magenta and/or yellow. The purpose of the pigment is to provide a visual image such as a chart, graph, photo or text. By mixing the primary color inks (red/green/blue or cyan, magenta/yellow) a fall spectrum of colors may be obtained. 
         [0039]    The pigment is blended with the polymer particles so that when heated the polymer will melt. In a melted form the polymer and pigment will adhere to the media substrate to which it is applied. Force, typically from a roller, may be applied to assist in binding the melted polymer and pigment to the media substrate. 
         [0040]    In PCB printing system  100 , the issue of pigment specifically for visual image purposes is not highly important. For electrically conductive ink  106 , metallic particles  120  are combined with a polymer in addition to or in place of a pigment. As shown in the figures, metallic particles  120  are represented as filled circles. 
         [0041]    The metallic particles  120  are suspended in an oil or solvent solution. When printed, with or without an additional pigment, the electrically conductive ink  106  is visible, thus permitting the system operator to visually inspect the printed PCB board. In at least one embodiment, the metallic particles  120  are less than 100 nm in size. 
         [0042]    Electrically conductive ink  106  has a high concentration of metallic particles  120 . Specifically, the concentration of metallic particles relative to the polymer is such that when melted and applied to a media substrate, the metallic particles  120  will have sufficient contact with one another so as to establish an electrical conductor of the relative shape and size of the area of printed electrically conductive ink  106 . Not all particles need to be in contact: only enough particles need touch that there is conduction from one end of the printed pattern to the other. Thus, the size, shape and intrinsic conductivity of the particles and also the printed layer thickness together determine the overall conductance of the printed pattern. 
         [0043]    Dielectric ink  108  comprises non-conductive polymer particles  126  (or polymetric particles as indicated above) suspended in an oil or solvent solution. As shown in the figures, non-conductive ink particles  126  are shown as hollow circles. For purposes of the PCB to be printed, a non-conductive polymer is considered that which will not conduct electricity under normal PCB operating conditions. Specifically, when applied, the dielectric ink  108  will form a layer of dielectric insulation of the relative shape and size of the printed dielectric ink  108 . In at least one embodiment the dielectric ink  108  is a polymetric material. The dielectric particles are of such material that has high dielectric strength. In some cases, the dielectric particles may be made of insulator materials such as oxides, nitrides, and organic insulating materials. In other cases, the dielectric particles may be made of a combination of conducting materials coated with dielectric insulating materials. The presence of conducting material within the dielectric particles  126  may, in combination with the oil and solvent in which the particles are dissolved, aid in charging of the ink during the LEP process, but does not provide a conductive property to the dielectric ink  108 . 
         [0044]    The resolution often desired for PCB boards is quite small so as to permit a high density of components and electrical trace lines between components to be placed upon the PCB. Dry print materials, such as toners, are typically composed of particulates (i.e the combined pigment and polymer) no smaller than 5 microns. 
         [0045]    Use of liquid based electrically conductive ink  106  and dielectric ink  108  permits the use of particulates about one micron in size, thus permitting greater resolution and detail to be provided in the resulting PCB. One micron sized ink particles, as used in PCB printing system  100 , are smaller than ink particles used in ink-jet printing systems, thus permitting finer resolution in PCB printing system  100 . In addition, PCB printing system  100  permits faster printing, greater precision and control over the points of application then are possible with ink jet printing. 
         [0046]    With respect to the prior-art process of lithographic fabrication, PCB printing system  100  may advantageously eliminate the traditional and complex tasks of depositing a conductive layer, depositing a protective resist, exposing the resist, developing the resist to expose portions of the conductive layer, etching the exposed portions of the conductive layer, and then removing the resist. For crossing traces, these lithographic processes are repeated with precise alignment becoming an issue. In addition to avoiding the multitude of traditional lithographic steps, PCB printing system  100  is likely to produce far less waste product. 
         [0047]    The principles of electrophotographic printing are well understood in the art, and are briefly summarized herein for the purposes of discussion with respect to  FIGS. 1 through 12 . 
         [0048]      FIGS. 1˜3  conceptually illustrate two embodiments of PCB printing system  100 .  FIGS. 1 and 2  show an embodiment wherein electrically conductive ink  106  and dielectric ink  108  are applied to a substrate  110  separately  FIG. 3  shows an embodiment wherein electrically conductive ink  106  and dielectric ink  108  are applied to a substrate  110  in combination. The component elements for either embodiment are substantially the same. 
         [0049]    An electrophotographic printing device  104  is provided having a light source, such as laser  150 , a photosensitive medium, such as photosensitive belt  152 , a charging device  154 , and a discharge device  156 . The photosensitive belt  152  is typically made out of a highly photoconductive material that may be discharged by light photons. 
         [0050]    Discharge device  156  serves to uniformly discharge photosensitive belt  152  to an initial ready state. A positive charge is applied to the photosensitive belt  152 , which circulates past charging device  154 , as directed by drive and guide rollers  160 ,  162 ,  164 . Additional guide rollers may be used, though not shown. In at least one embodiment, charging device  154  is a corona wire. 
         [0051]    Photosensitive belt  152  is disposed so as to be optically coupled to the imaging light source, such as the illustrated laser  150 . As the charged photosensitive belt  152  circulates, laser  150  directs beam  158  across the surface of photosensitive belt  152  to discharge certain locations (take them from a positive charge to a negative charge). Stated another way, laser  150  draws an electrostatic latent image on photosensitive belt  152 . Other photon emitting sources such as, for example, LED&#39;s may be used in place of laser  150 . 
         [0052]    The operation of the light source, such as laser  150 , is directed by controller  180 . A suitable controller  180  may be comprised of analog circuitry, a digital processor, a CPU programmed with control logic, a device driver, and combinations thereof. Under appropriate circumstances, the controller  180  may be a single device object, or may be comprised of separate components electrically coupled together. 
         [0053]      FIG. 1  illustrates the application of electrically conductive ink  106 . As the electrostatic latent image of at least a portion of a circuit trace image on the photosensitive belt  152  passes electrical ink reservoir  122 , electrically conductive ink  106  (which has been given a positive charge) is attracted from electrical ink reservoir  122  to the photosensitive belt  152 . As electrically conductive ink  106  is positively charged, it will cling to the photosensitive belt  152 . The electrically conductive ink  106  electrostatically clinging to the photosensitive belt  152  will develop at least a partial image of at least one trace line  132  as part of a circuit trace image as desired for a PCB. 
         [0054]      FIG. 2  illustrates the application of dielectric ink  108 . As the electrostatic latent image of at least a portion of a circuit trace image on the photosensitive belt  152  passes dielectric ink reservoir  124 , dielectric ink  108  (which has been given a positive charge) is attracted from dielectric ink reservoir  124  to photosensitive belt  152 . As dielectric ink  108  is positively charged, it will cling to the photosensitive belt  152 . The dielectric ink  108  electrostatically clinging to the photosensitive belt  152  will develop at least a partial image of an insulation area  134  for at least one trace line  132  as part of a circuit trace image as desired for a PCB.  FIG. 3  illustrates the substantially contemporaneous application of dielectric ink  108  and electrically conductive ink  106  as may be provided in an alternative embodiment. 
         [0055]    More specifically, the electrically conductive ink  106 , and dielectric ink  108  are not propelled or extruded from their respective reservoirs  122 ,  124  as is the case with ink-jet printing. The electrically conductive ink  106  and dielectric ink  108  are electrostatically attracted from their respective reservoirs  122 ,  124 , and as such may be applied with enhanced precision. Dielectric ink  108  is attracted to the photosensitive belt  152  in the substantially the same manner as electrically conductive ink  106 . To simplify the following discussion, the focus is primarily upon the application of electrically conductive ink  106 . 
         [0056]    Use of photosensitive belt  152  is generally preferred over a drum, as the electrophotographic ink is oil based or solvent based, and it is desirable to substantially remove the oil or solvent carrier. A photosensitive belt  152  may provide more surface area within the same physical space then may a drum. The travel time across the greater surface area may permit greater evaporation and dispersion of the oil or solvent carrier. 
         [0057]    Heat may be applied to assist in dissipating the oil or solvent carrier as well. Heat may be applied by a radiant heat source directed towards photosensitive belt  152 , such as by a guide roller  164  including an internal heating element. Dissipating the carrier oil or solvent may increase the electrical connectivity between metallic particles  120  in the applied electrically conductive ink  106 . 
         [0058]    The heated electrically conductive ink image of the trace lines  132  is then transferred from the photosensitive belt  152  to the provided substrate  110  by transfer roller  166 . Additional intermediate transfer rollers may be used, though not shown. The heating establishes an adhesive property within the electrically conductive ink trace line  132 , such that it will adhere to the provided substrate  110 , previously applied trace lines  132  and or insulation areas  134 . 
         [0059]    In addition, heating may further fuse the metallic nanoparticles  120  to enhance the conductive properties of conductive ink trace line  132 . The heating may also occur during the process of transfer from the photosensitive belt  152  to the transfer roller  166 , in place of or in addition to earlier heating. 
         [0060]    A press roller  168  assists in bonding the developed ink image to substrate  110 . In addition to, or in place of the heat that may be applied to ink deposited upon photosensitive belt  152 , a second heating element (not shown) may be disposed proximate to the substrate  110  to further assist in bonding the applied ink to the substrate  110 , and or to further dissipate the oil or solvent carrier of the ink. 
         [0061]    In at least one embodiment, spent ink not transferred to transfer roller  166  may be removed from photosensitive belt  152  by a spent ink remover  182 . Spent ink may be collected for later disposal, or re-circulated back to the appropriate reservoir for reuse. Spent ink remover  182  may also serve to clean photosensitive belt  152  in preparation for the rendering of the next electrostatic image established to attract electrically conductive ink  106  or dielectric ink  108 . A clean photosensitive belt  152  is generally preferred as it will permit the rendering of a more precise electrostatic image. 
         [0062]    Typically, in color liquid electrophotographic printing, a full spectrum of colors is created by precise mixing of base colors—such as Red/Green/Blue or Cyan/Magenta/Yellow. More specifically, as the inks are applied, they blend together. With an electrical device such as a PCB, it is desirable to establish insulated areas between, around or above conductive areas. Such insulation may be desired to insulate a single layer PCB or to permit the fabrication of a multi layer PCB. 
         [0063]    To achieve dielectric insulation, between, around, or above conductive areas, it is highly desirable for the electrically conductive ink  106  and dielectric ink  108  to not mix with one another when applied. More specifically, in an embodiment a substantially immiscible boundary delineation is formed between contact portions of the electrically conductive ink  106  and the dielectric ink  108 . 
         [0064]    Different methods may be used to accomplish the conductive and non-conductive layering in the printing of a PCB.  FIGS. 4 ,  5 ,  6 ,  7 ,  8  and  9  are provided to assist with illustrating at least two embodiments. 
         [0065]      FIG. 4  provides a cross section view of a first layer  200 , of electrically conductive ink traces  202  developed upon photosensitive belt  152  for transfer printing to substrate  110  shown in  FIG. 1 . Upon transfer, the appearance of first layer  200  upon substrate  110  is substantially the same as it was upon the photosensitive belt  152 . 
         [0066]    In one embodiment, at least one area  300  of dielectric ink  108  is printed upon at least one printed trace  202 , see  FIG. 5 . As shown in  FIG. 2 , the dielectric ink  108  may be printed separately from the electrically conductive ink  106 , or as shown in  FIG. 3  it may be printed substantially contemporaneously. As is conceptually illustrated, there is a substantially immiscible boundary delineation  302  between the conductive ink  106  and dielectric ink  108 . 
         [0067]    Although some intermixing may occur on a molecular level at the points of contact, the inks do not intermix and blend. More specifically, although the inks bond to one another, the dielectric properties of the dielectric ink  108  remain substantially intact so as to provide an area of electrical insulation during PCB operation. 
         [0068]    As shown in  FIG. 6 , in an embodiment to provide a multi-layer PCB, a second layer  400  of conductive traces  402  is printed atop area  300  of dielectric ink  108 . As  FIG. 4 , like  FIGS. 2 and 3  is a cross section view, only one trace  202  is shown in first layer  200  and only one trace  402  is shown in second layer  400 , trace  402  crossing trace  202 . 
         [0069]    In PCB printing system  100 , the application of ink is at least a two step process. By depositing either electrically conductive ink  106  or dielectric ink  108  upon photosensitive belt  152  first and transferring the deposited ink to substrate  110 , rather than directly depositing either ink upon substrate  110 , electrophotographic printing device  104  may advantageously provide conductive trace lines  202  and insulation areas  300  that are more precise, more conductive and more individually distinct (not intermixed). 
         [0070]      FIGS. 7 ,  8  and  9  provide a partial perspective view of a simplified set of first and second layer traces. In  FIG. 7  as shown, a first layer  200  of electrically conductive ink traces  202  are set down on media  500 . In  FIG. 8 , areas  300  of dielectric ink are printed upon portions of conductive ink traces  202 . 
         [0071]    In  FIG. 9 , a second layer  400  of electrically conductive ink traces  402  are set down, and as shown oriented to cross the first level traces  202 . As is more fully appreciated in  FIG. 9 , the areas  300  of dielectric ink insulate certain first level traces  202  from certain second layer traces  402 . This process may be repeated to provide even more layers for the desired PCB. 
         [0072]    Traces  202 ,  402  and dielectric areas  300  therebetween advantageously establish the electrical traces for a PCB without excess waste or complex etch and alignment issues typically experienced with photolithographic processes. In addition, the electrical traces for a PCB are established quickly and may be reproduced rapidly. To provide a substantially complete layer of insulation across the entire printed circuit trace, the electrostatic image upon the photosensitive belt  152  used to attract dielectric ink  106  may be substantially equivalent to the surface area of the ink receiving substrate  110 . 
         [0073]    In at least one embodiment the first and second trace layers  202 ,  402  and insulating dielectric areas  300  are printed individually to the photosensitive belt  152  and transferred to the substrate  110  by transfer roller  166 . Such a PCB printing system  100  may employ multiple paired sets of photosensitive belts  152  and ink reservoirs, i.e. at least one providing electrically conductive ink  106  and at least one providing dielectric ink  108  as substrate  110  moves relative the system. In such a setting, the media  500  shown in  FIGS. 7 ,  8  and  9  corresponds to substrate  110  shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , and is realigned by PCB printing system  100  for each successive application of ink—electrically conductive or dielectric. 
         [0074]    In an alternative embodiment, after electrically conductive ink  106  is deposited to the electrostatic image on photosensitive belt  152 , dielectric ink  108  is also deposited to the photosensitive belt  152  before transfer of both inks to the substrate. In such a setting, media  500  shown in  FIGS. 7 ,  8  and  9  corresponds to photosensitive belt  152  shown in  FIG. 3 . 
         [0075]      FIGS. 10 and 11  illustrate a partial enlarged section of an embodiment suggested by  FIGS. 1 ,  2  and  3 . More specifically, the first layer  200  of conductive traces  202  is provided by a first electrically conductive ink reservoir  800 . Insulation areas  300  are provided by dielectric ink reservoir  804 . Electrically conductive ink  106  is applied to photo sensitive belt  152  in accordance with the electrostatic image rendered by laser  150 . Dielectric ink  108  is applied to photosensitive belt  152  in accordance with an electrostatic image rendered by initial laser  150 , or as shown laser  150 ′. 
         [0076]      FIGS. 10 and 11  further illustrate the application of conductive traces  202  and insulation areas  300  as separate processes upon a clean photosensitive belt  152 . Such independent application permits each ink to at least partially dry and or condense, such that upon heating and applying to substrate  110  (not shows), the properties of each ink are further maintained and not blended. Multiple layers of conductive traces  202  may be established by repeated applications of electrically conductive ink  106  and, as necessary insulation areas provided by dielectric ink  108 . 
         [0077]      FIG. 12  illustrates a partial enlarged section of yet another embodiment of a PCB printing system  100 . As shown the first layer  200  of conductive traces  202  is provided by first electrically conductive ink reservoir  800  and second layer  400  of conductive traces  402  is provided by second electrically conductive ink reservoir  802 . Insulation areas  300  are provided by dielectric ink reservoir  804  disposed between the first and second electrically conductive ink reservoirs  800 ,  802 . Additional electrically conductive reservoirs and dielectric reservoirs may also be included though not presently shown.  FIG. 12  also shows how, in at least one embodiment a first layer  200 , second layer  400  and intervening insulation area  300  may be established upon the photosensitive belt  152  for contemporaneous transfer to substrate  110 . It is appreciated that multiple electrically conductive reservoirs and dielectric reservoirs may operate individually as well—depositing individual layers for individual transfer, rather than a stacked structure as shown. 
         [0078]    With respect to  FIGS. 10 ,  11  and  12 , the precision of laser control permits the electrically conductive ink  106  to be applied as individual dots at predetermined interval spacing. The spacing is selected to ensure electrical contact between the printed metallic nano-particles  120 , and thus provide precisely placed electrical trace lines. 
         [0079]    In a similar fashion, dielectric ink  108  may be applied as individual dots spaced to form a substantially continuous area of dielectric insulation. As shown in  FIG. 12 , controller  180  may control a plurality of lasers  150 ,  150 ′,  150 ″. When electrically conductive ink  106  and dielectric ink  108  are applied in series to the photosensitive belt  152  as shown in  FIG. 12 , the resulting portion of the circuit trace (consisting trace lines and insulation between layers) is transferred to a substrate substantially contemporaneously. 
         [0080]    In an alternative embodiment, a single laser  150  may be directed by the controller  180  to render latent images at the multiple points serviced by the multiple lasers  150 ,  150 ′,  150 ″ shown. As noted above, other photon providing sources may also be employed in place of laser  150 . 
         [0081]    In one embodiment utilizing multiple ink reservoirs, the latent electrostatic image upon photosensitive belt  152  may be established with different layers of electrostatic intensity. By providing each reservoir of ink with a different magnitude of electrical charge, it is possible to electro statically attract one or more of the inks to the same location. 
         [0082]    The flowchart of  FIG. 13  is provided to summarize at least one embodiment of printing a PCB with PCB printing system  100 . It will be appreciated that the described process need not be performed in the order in which the process for providing is herein described, but that this description is merely exemplary of at least one preferred method of rendering a printed circuit board using the PCB printing system  100 . 
         [0083]    In at least one embodiment, the rendering process may be commenced by providing reservoirs of conductive ink and dielectric ink to a liquid electrophotographic printing device as shown in  FIG. 1 , block  900 . A suitable substrate for receiving the printed electrically conductive ink and dielectric ink is also provided, block  902 . 
         [0084]    An electrostatic image of a first circuit layer having at least one conductive trace line is rendered on a photosensitive medium within the printer, block  904 . As discussed above, such a rendering may be accomplished by laser  150  discharging areas of photosensitive belt  152 , see  FIGS. 1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  10 ,  11 , and  12 . The rendered electrostatic image will attract electrically conductive ink from the electrically conductive ink reservoir to the latent image, block  906 . The attracted ink forms at least one electrically conductive ink trace. 
         [0085]    Where electrically conductive ink and dielectric ink are transferred to the substrate together, the printing process may be considered a combined process. In such a case it is appropriate to provide at least one area of dielectric ink to the photosensitive medium before transferring the applied inks to the substrate. Where the process is not combined, the electrically conductive ink is transferred to the substrate, decision  908  and block  910 . 
         [0086]    In either case, an additional electrostatic image of at least one insulation area is rendered on photosensitive medium, block  912 . Dielectric ink is attracted to the electrostatic image of the insulation area. The electrostatic image of at least one insulation area is also aligned to the first layer of conductive traces, block  914 . 
         [0087]    If more layers are desired for the PCB or there are crossing traces, an additional layer of conductive ink will be applied, decision  916 . As above, if the process is not a combined process (decision  918 ), the ink presently upon the dielectric belt is transferred to the substrate (block  920 ) before returning to the process of rendering block  904 —the rendering of the electrostatic image of a circuit layer or trace. If the process is a combined process, the ink may not be transferred to the substrate before returning to the process of block  904 . If more layers or crossing traces are not at issue, the present ink upon the photosensitive medium is transferred to the substrate, block  922 , and the operation may end. 
         [0088]    Typically, electronic components are attached to PCB boards by soldering conductive pins extending from the device to the PCB board. As such it is not uncommon for a PCB to provide apertures or connection pads adjacent to conductive traces to receive such pins. In addition, under certain conditions, it may be desirable to establish a via through the PCB layers to provide contact between multiple layers. Vias and apertures may be established after printing the one or more trace layers by drilling or etching. As such drilling or etching is utilized for vias or apertures and not the general rendering of the electrical tracing, the overall PCB printing system is still considered advantageous over systems reliant upon etching for the rendering of electrical traces. 
         [0089]      FIG. 14  is an elevated view of the substrate  110  emerging from the transfer roller  166  along the media path  130 . As illustrated, conductive trace lines  1002  running parallel and crossing one another have been established. Targets  1004  for solder connection (or other electrical coupling) with electrical components are also provided. Advantageously over photolithographic processes used in traditional PCB fabrication, these trace lines  1002  and targets  1004  have been established in a fast, inexpensive, and material conservation PCB printing system  100 . An operator can visually review the fabricated PCB circuit, as well as render duplicate copies quickly. 
         [0090]    Changes may be made in the above methods, systems and structures without departing from the scope hereof. It should thus be noted that the matter contained in the above description and/or shown in the accompanying drawings should be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. The following claims are intended to cover all generic and specific features described herein, as well as all statements of the scope of the present method, system and structure, which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall therebetween.