Abstract:
Current channels, blocking areas, or strips in a semiconductor laser are used to channel injected current into the antinodal region of the optical standing wave present in the optical cavity, while restricting the current flow to the nodal regions. Previous devices injected current into both the nodal and antinodal regions of the wave, which is fed by the population inversion created in the active region by the injected electrons and holes, but inversion created in the nodal regions is lost to fluorescence or supports the creation of undesirable competing longitudinal modes, causing inefficiency. Directing current to the antinodal regions where the electric field is at its maximum causes a selected longitudinal mode to preferentially oscillate regardless of where the longitudinal mode lies with respect to the gain curve. In one embodiment, exacting fabrication of the Fabry-Perot cavity correlates the current channels to antinodal regions, vis-a vis current blocking areas, strips or segmented layers.

Description:
GOVERNMENT INTEREST 
       [0001]    The invention described herein may be manufactured, used, and licensed by or for the United States Government. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    The present disclosure relates generally to optics and, more particularly, to semiconductor lasers. 
       DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART 
       [0003]    The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for manufacturing a semiconductor laser device which can be used in an optical communication system, telecommunications, CD/DVD data storage and players, diode pumped solid state lasers. The present invention is particularly useful in applications where high power/efficiency and wavelength stability are at a premium. 
         [0004]    The typical laser comprises a gain medium positioned within a highly reflective optical cavity and a power source which supplies energy to the gain medium. The process of supplying the energy required for the amplification is called pumping. The pumping energy is typically supplied as an electrical current to the gain medium. Light is amplified by stimulated emission due to the properties of the gain medium. An optical cavity generally comprises two reflective surfaces (or mirrors) arranged such that light bounces back and forth repeatedly through the gain medium. Typically the output reflective surface is partially transparent, through which light is emitted. The other reflective surface may also be partially reflective and used in conjunction with feedback circuitry. During laser operation, light of a specific wavelength passes through the gain medium and is amplified repeatedly. A portion of the light passes through the partially transparent reflective surface and is outputted as a beam of light. 
         [0005]    The present invention relates to laser diodes where the gain (or active) medium is a semiconductor formed from a p-n junction and powered by injected electrical current, which provides the stimulated emission. Semiconductor lasers include an active or gain layer or region by which a standing optical wave is created responsive to current flow. In a typical double heterostructure laser diode, the active layer is of low band gap material that is sandwiched between two high band gap layers. In such a laser diode, an optical waveguide is produced such that the light is confined to a relatively narrow line. The two ends are cleaved to form perfectly smooth, parallel edges, forming a Fabry-Perot resonator. Photons emitted into a mode of the waveguide will travel along the waveguide and be reflected several times from each end face before they are emitted. 
         [0006]    Generally, the wavelength of light emitted from a semiconductor laser is a function of the band-gap of the semiconductor and the modes of the optical cavity. For example, the band-gap wavelength for InGaAsP may be on the order of approximately 1.0 to 1.115 μm, depending upon the configuration of the laser. In general, the maximum gain will occur for photons with energy slightly above the band-gap energy, and the modes nearest the gain peak will lase most strongly. If the diode is driven strongly enough, additional side modes may also lase. For example, if the oscillation wavelength is from 1100 nm to 1550 nm (or on the order of 10 −6  meters), and the length of the resonator is L, the mode interval Δλ of the longitudinal mode generated by the resonator of the semiconductor laser device can be expressed by the following equation, where refractive index is “n.” 
         [0000]      Δλ=λ 2 /(2 nL ). 
         [0007]    As the length of the resonator increases, the mode interval Δλ of the longitudinal mode becomes narrower, and the selection condition(s) of the emitting the laser beam of a single longitudinal mode are more exacting. For example, U.S. Patent Application No. 2003/0092300 A1, hereby incorporated by reference, discloses a profile for a semiconductor laser device with a single longitudinal mode. 
         [0008]    Some laser diodes, such as most visible lasers, operate at a single wavelength, but that wavelength is unstable and changes due to fluctuations in current or temperature. The present invention provides a more stable device that will permit less wavelength drift due to fluctuations in temperature. 
         [0009]    Normally, a current (known as “injected current”) flows into both the nodal and anti-nodal regions of the standing optical wave. The direction of current flow is perpendicular to optical cavity axis. The standing optical wave is fed by the population inversion created in the gain or active region by the electrons and holes provided by the injected current. The standing optical wave depletes the inversion in the anti-nodal regions in which the optical electric field is at its maximum. The inversion created in the nodal regions, however is lost to fluorescence and/or supports the creation of competing longitudinal modes, thereby resulting in lower efficiency and reduced stability. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0010]    Systems and methods for emitting laser radiation are provided. The invention involves the use of current channels, or blocking areas, strips or layers in a semiconductor laser to channel the injected current into the antinode region of the optical standing wave present in the optical cavity, while restricting the current flow to the nodal regions. Normally, the injected current flows into both the node (or nodal) and antinode (or antinodal) regions of the optical standing wave. The optical standing wave is fed by the population inversion created in the active region by the injected electrons and holes. The standing optical wave depletes the inversion in the antinodal regions where the electric field is at its maximum, but the inversion created in the nodal regions is lost to fluorescence or supports the creation of undesirable competing longitudinal modes. This invention increases the efficiency of the device, and causes a selected longitudinal mode to preferentially oscillate regardless of where the longitudinal mode lies with respect to the gain curve. In one embodiment of the present invention, the semiconductor laser is fabricated with exacting fabrication of the Fabry-Perot cavity so that the nodes and antinodes are properly positioned with respect to the current channels, vis-a vis the current blocking areas, strips or segmented layers. There may be on the order of one thousand nodes (e.g., 500-1500) produced vis-a vis the on the order of one thousand pairs of current blocking areas, strips or segmented layer portions so that the nodes and antinodes are properly positioned with respect to the current channels in an embodiment of the present invention. This new method of semiconductor laser is applicable to, but not limited to, the GaAlAs, AlGaInP, AlGaAsP, and InGaN diode laser material systems. In one embodiment, a p-type electrode provides an ohmic contact to the p side of the device, followed by a p-GaAs cap layer that surrounds the p-AlGaAs cladding layer. This layer forms part of the optical index waveguide that contains the laser radiation. One primary feature of this embodiment of the present invention is the placement of the n-GaAs current blocking layers (above the active layer) and p-GaAs current blocking layer (below the active layer), which may be strips, areas, or segmented layers that provide the current channeling. An AlGaAs active layer is where the stimulated recombination takes place. Lowering of the refractive index relative to the active region of the laser produces improved light confinement; i.e., restricts laser light to the active region more effectively. A standing optical wave is formed in the space between the ends of the device, which act as partially reflecting mirrors. An n-AlGaAs cladding layer provides an optical index waveguide with the p-side cladding layer. The n-GaAs buffer layer provides a transition to the n-GaAs substrate. An n-type electrode provides the device with an ohmic contact of the n-side of the device. Laser radiation is emitted from both ends of the device that act as mirrors, but generally the emission from one end is used, while the output from the opposite end is used for feedback control of the device. In one embodiment, the entire device may be approximately 0.5 mm in length and 0.25 mm in height and width. The current blocking layers are composed of highly doped p-type material on the n-side, and heavily doped n-type material on the p-side. The choice of blocking material may be varied with materials appropriate to the particular laser materials system being used. The materials used and the thickness of the layers will vary from material system to material system, but the current channeling concept can be used in all material systems. This invention has an advantage over presently known devices in that the quantum efficiency will be increased, as less current will be wasted as fluorescence. This invention also has the advantage of locking in a single pre-chosen longitudinal mode that will remain relatively fixed in wavelength with temperature. This invention fully optimizes the performance of a semiconductor laser, producing maximum quantum efficiency. It also solves the problem of wavelength drift with temperature. This invention will be useful in any application where semiconductor lasers are used, i.e., CD/DVD data storage, Diode-Pumped Solid State Lasers, telecommunications. This invention will be particularly useful for applications where high power/efficiency and wavelength stability is at a premium. The following features of this invention are believed to be novel: use of current channeling to increase efficiency, and the use of current channeling to lock in a single longitudinal mode 
         [0011]    An embodiment of a system for emitting laser radiation includes a first cladding layer, a second cladding layer, a first plurality of strips, a second plurality of strips, and an active layer. The first plurality of strips have a different level of conductivity than the first cladding layer. The second plurality of strips have a different level of conductivity than the second cladding layer. The active layer is located between the first and second cladding layers and between the first and second pluralities of strips. The active layer is configured to produce an optical wave having a plurality of nodes. Each of the plurality of nodes is located between a corresponding one of the first plurality of strips and a corresponding one of the second plurality of strips. Current channels exist between the strips which are necessarily small, and equal to λ/2n, where λ is the wavelength, and n is the refractive index of the active layer. The number of nodes in the device will also be large, on the order of 1000. The fabrication of the present invention requires additional patterning steps to produce the channels, and requires fabrication of the Fabry-Perot cavity so that the nodes and antinodes are properly positioned with respect to the current channels. 
         [0012]    An embodiment of a method for emitting laser radiation includes injecting a current into a laser, generating an optical wave in the laser, and restricting current flow to the nodal regions of the optical wave such that the current is channeled to the non-nodal regions of the optical wave. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0013]    Many aspects of the disclosure can be better understood with reference to the following drawings. The components in the drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon clearly illustrating the principles of the present disclosure. Moreover, in the drawings, like reference numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the several views. 
           [0014]      FIG. 1A  is a schematic diagram depicting a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a laser system. 
           [0015]      FIG. 1B  is a schematic diagram depicting an end view of the embodiment shown in  FIG. 1A . 
           [0016]      FIG. 2A  is a schematic diagram depicting a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a laser system. 
           [0017]      FIG. 2B  is a schematic diagram depicting an end view of the embodiment shown in  FIG. 2A . 
           [0018]      FIG. 3A  is a schematic diagram depicting a top view of an embodiment of a current blocking layer. 
           [0019]      FIG. 3B  is a schematic diagram depicting a top view of another embodiment of a current blocking layer. 
           [0020]      FIG. 3C  is a schematic diagram depicting a top view of a further embodiment of a current blocking layer. 
           [0021]      FIG. 4A  is a schematic diagram depicting a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a laser system. 
           [0022]      FIG. 4B  is a schematic diagram depicting a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a laser system. 
           [0023]      FIG. 5  is a schematic diagram depicting an embodiment of the relative alignment of standing optical waves and current blocking strips in a laser system. 
           [0024]      FIGS. 6-8  are flow charts depicting respective embodiments of methods for constructing laser systems. 
           [0025]      FIG. 9  is a flow chart depicting an embodiment of a method for emitting laser radiation. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0026]    Systems and methods for emitting laser radiation are provided. In this regard, an embodiment of such a system provides current blocking strips or layers in a semiconductor laser to channel the injected current into the anti-nodal regions of the standing optical wave generated by the active region of a homogeneously broadened semiconductor laser material. Such an embodiment can potentially increase efficiency, and cause a selected longitudinal mode to preferentially oscillate regardless of where the longitudinal mode lies with respect to the gain curve. This results in a more stable system that permits less wavelength drift with temperature. 
         [0027]    By way of background, photon-emitting semiconductor lasers use of a type of semiconductor whose physical and atomic structure confers the possibility for photon emission. These photon-emitting semiconductors are the so-called “direct bandgap” semiconductors. The so-called compound semiconductors, which have virtually the identical crystal structure as silicon or germanium but use alternating arrangements of two different atomic species in a checkerboard-like pattern that break the symmetry and in doing so create the critical direct bandgap. Examples of compound semiconductors that are adapted to be used with the present invention are gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, gallium antimonide, gallium nitride and so forth, and junction diodes fabricated from these materials emit light. 
         [0028]      FIGS. 1A and 1B  are schematic diagrams depicting an embodiment of a laser system  100 .  FIG. 1A  depicts a cross-sectional view, whereas  FIG. 1B  depicts an end view of the laser system  100 . The laser system  100  includes cladding layers  101  and  104 , an active layer  103 , and current blocking areas (e.g., strips)  102  and  105 . The current blocking strips  102  are located within the cladding layer  101 , whereas the current blocking strips  105  are located within the cladding layer  104 . The active layer  103  is located between the cladding layers  101  and  104 . 
         [0029]    The current blocking strips  102  and  105  are configured to restrict the current  107  from flowing through areas of the material located between opposing pairs of current blocking strips  102  and  105 . In particular, the current blocking strips exhibit lower electrical conductivity (i.e., higher resistance) than that of the material surrounding the current blocking strips. As a result, the current  107  is channeled through gaps  106  located between adjacent current blocking strips  102  and through gaps  109  located between adjacent current blocking strips  105 . This is because Ohm&#39;s law dictates that more current will flow along a path of lower resistance than along an alternative path of higher resistance. 
         [0030]    In one embodiment, the distance between the centers of adjacent gaps  106  (and between the centers of adjacent gaps  109 ) is substantially equal to λ/2n, where n is the refractive index of the active layer  103 , and λ is the wavelength of the standing optical waves that the laser system  100  is configured to create. Similarly, the distance between the centers of adjacent current blocking strips  102  (and adjacent current blocking strips  105 ) (excluding the narrower current blocking strips  102  and  105  at the ends of the laser system, which are included to provide regions for accommodating a node at the end facet of the laser) is substantially equal to λ/2n. This restricts the current from flowing through the nodal regions of the standing optical waves since the nodal regions are located between respective opposing current strips  102  and  105 . The width of each of the gaps  106  and  109  is preferably less than λ/4n. This enables the current flowing through the active layer  103  to be concentrated in the anti-nodal regions of the standing optical waves since the anti-nodal regions are located between respective opposing gaps  106  and  109 . 
         [0031]      FIGS. 2A and 2B  are schematic diagrams depicting an embodiment of a laser system  200 .  FIG. 2A  depicts a cross-sectional view, whereas  FIG. 2B  depicts an end view of the laser system  200 . The laser system  200  includes cladding layers  201  and  204 , an active layer  203 , and current blocking strips  202  and  205 . The materials used for each of the system components may be, for example, as listed in Table 1, among other possible materials, depending on a desired implementation. The current blocking strips  202  are located within an upper portion of the cladding layer  201 , whereas the current blocking strips  205  are located within a lower portion of the cladding layer  204 . 
         [0032]    The active layer  203  is located between the cladding layers  201  and  204  as well as between the current blocking strips  202  and  205 . Having the current blocking strips  202  and  205  located closer to the active layer  203  reduces the extent of diffusion of the current  207  in a direction that is perpendicular to its general direction of current flow as the current propagates through the layers of the laser system  200 . 
         [0033]    The current blocking strips  202  and  205  are configured to restrict the current  207  from flowing through areas located between opposing pairs of the current blocking strips  202  and  205 . As a result, the current  207  is channeled through gaps  206  located between adjacent current blocking strips  202  and through gaps  209  located between adjacent current blocking strips  205 . In one embodiment, the width of each of the gaps  206  and  209  is equal or less than λ/4n, whereas the distance between the centers of adjacent gaps  206  and  209  is substantially equal to λ/2n. For example, if n is equal to 3.5, and the oscillation wavelength is from 1100 nm to 1550 nm, the width of the gaps or channels will be on the order of 153.14 to 214.285 nm, or less. 
         [0034]    The gaps or channels will be substantially equal to number of nodal or anti-nodal regions in the system and may be relatively large, on the order of, for example, hundreds or thousands of nodes. High precision fabrication of the Fabry-Perot cavity helps the current blocking strips (and the current channels) to be properly positioned with respect to the nodes and anti-nodes to facilitate the production of a single longitudinal wave. 
         [0035]    An advantage of this embodiment is increased quantum efficiency as less current is wasted through fluorescence. Another advantage is that it enables locking into a single pre-chosen longitudinal mode that will experience relatively little shift in wavelength responsive to changes in temperature. The current blocking strips also may act as a distributed feedback (DFB) structure that causes a preferred longitudinal mode to oscillate. This embodiment may be useful in many applications where semiconductor lasers are used including, for example, compact disc (CD) and digital video decoder (DVD) data storage functionality, diode-pumped solid state lasers, and optics based telecommunications. This embodiment may be particularly useful for applications where high power, high efficiency, and/or wavelength stability is desired. 
         [0036]    This embodiment is applicable to, but not limited to, the laser material systems of Al x Ga 1-x As (gallium aluminum arsenide), (Al x Ga 1-x ) y In 1-y P (aluminum gallium indium phosphide), (Al x Ga 1-x ) y As 1-y P (aluminum gallium arsenide phosphide), (In x Ga 1-x ) y As 1-y P (indium gallium arsenide phosphide) and Al x Ga 1-x In y N 1-y  (aluminum indium gallium nitride) diode laser material systems. An example of the specific materials used in some embodiments of a GaAlAs laser system is illustrated in Table 1 below. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Materials Used In An Embodiment of A Laser System 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Component 
                 Material 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 First electrode 
                 n-type conducting material (e.g., gold) 
               
               
                 Substrate 
                 n-GaAs (n-type gallium arsenide) 
               
               
                 Buffer layer 
                 n-GaAs (n-type gallium arsenide) 
               
               
                 First cladding layer 
                 n-AlGaAs (n-type aluminum gallium arsenide) 
               
               
                 First plurality of current 
                 p-GaAs (p-type gallium arsenide) 
               
               
                 blocking strips 
               
               
                 Active layer 
                 AlGaAs (aluminum gallium arsenide) 
               
               
                 Second cladding layer 
                 p-AlGaAs (p-type aluminum gallium arsenide) 
               
               
                 Second plurality of 
                 n-GaAs (n-type gallium arsenide) 
               
               
                 current blocking strips 
               
               
                 Cap layer 
                 p-GaAs (p-type gallium arsenide) 
               
               
                 Second electrode 
                 p-type conducting material (e.g., gold) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0037]    The materials used for each of the system components in  FIGS. 1A and 1B  may be for example, as listed in Table 1, among other possible materials, depending on a desired implementation. However, the embodiments described herein are not limited to the materials listed in Table 1, as different lasers may use different sets of materials. For example, in an Al x Ga 1-x In y N 1-y . (Aluminum Indium Gallium Nitride) system, the blocking strips may comprise n-GaN (n-type gallium nitride) on the p-side, and p-GaN (p-type gallium nitride) on the n-side. The current blocking strips will preferably include at least one of the elements (e.g., gallium) found in the corresponding cladding layer, and will have an opposite type (e.g., p-type vs. n-type) as the cladding layer. 
         [0038]      FIG. 3A  is a schematic diagram depicting a top view (showing the x-y plane) of an embodiment of a current blocking layer  310 . The current blocking layer  310  includes current blocking strips  311  having gaps  312  between adjacent current blocking strips  311 . The width of each of the gaps  312  is less than λ/4n, whereas the distance between the centers of adjacent gaps  312  is substantially equal to λ/2n. The number of strips is equal to the mode number q, which is equal to 2nL/λ where L is the length of the active layer. 
         [0039]      FIG. 3B  is a schematic diagram depicting a top view (showing the x-y plane) of another embodiment of a current blocking layer  320 . The current blocking layer  320  includes current blocking strips  321  having gaps  322  between adjacent current blocking strips  321 . The width of each of the gaps  322  is less than λ/4n, whereas the distance between the centers of adjacent gaps  312  is substantially equal to λ/2n. The blocking layer  320  includes borders  323  (typically formed of the same material as the associated blocking strips) that connect the current blocking strips  321 . The borders  323  also serve to confine the current (and the optical transverse mode) in the y-direction. The number of current blocking strips  321  is equal to the mode number q. 
         [0040]      FIG. 3C  is a schematic diagram depicting a top view (showing the x-y plane) of a further embodiment of a current blocking layer  330 . The current blocking layer  330  includes arrays of current blocking strips  331  having gaps  332  between adjacent current blocking strips  331 . The width of each of the gaps  332  is less than λ/4n, whereas the distance between the centers of adjacent gaps  312  is substantially equal to λ/2n. The current blocking layer  330  can be used in a laser system configured to emit an array of radiation in a fixed and predictable phase relationship. The blocking layer  330  includes borders  333  that connect the current blocking strips  321 . The number of current blocking strips  331  is equal to the mode number q. 
         [0041]      FIG. 4A  is a schematic diagram depicting a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a laser system  400 . The laser system  400  includes cladding layers  401  and  404 , an active layer  403 , current blocking strips  402  and  405 , an n-type electrode  411 , a substrate  412 , a buffer layer  413 , a cap layer  414 , and a p-type electrode  415 . The materials used for each of the system components may be, for example, as listed in Table 1, among other possible materials, depending on a desired implementation. 
         [0042]    The current blocking strips  402  are located within the cladding layer  401 , whereas the current blocking strips  405  are located within the cladding layer  404 . The active layer  403  is located between the cladding layers  401  and  404 . The substrate  412  is located between the n-type electrode  411  and the buffer layer  413 . The buffer layer  413  is located between the first cladding layer  401  and the substrate  412 . The cap layer  414  is located between the second cladding layer  404  and the p-type electrode  415 . The laser system  400  is configured such that a current flows from the p-type electrode  415  to the n-type electrode  411 . The materials used for each of the system components may be, for example, as listed in Table 1, among other possible materials, depending on a desired implementation. 
         [0043]    The current blocking strips  402  and  405  are configured to restrict the current  407  from flowing through an area directly between opposing current blocking strips  402  and  405 . As a result, the current  407  is channeled through gaps  406  located between adjacent current blocking strips  402  and through gaps  409  located between adjacent current blocking strips  405 . In one embodiment, the width of each of the gaps  406  and  409  is less than λ/4n, whereas the distance between the centers of adjacent gaps  406  and  409  is substantially equal to λ/2n. 
         [0044]      FIG. 4B  is a schematic diagram depicting another cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a laser system  440 . The laser system  440  includes cladding layers  441  and  444 , an active layer  443 , current blocking strips  442  and  445 , an n-type electrode  451 , a substrate  452 , a buffer layer  453 , a cap layer  454 , and a p-type electrode  455 . The materials used for each of the system components may be, for example, as listed in Table 1, among other possible materials, depending on a desired implementation. 
         [0045]    The substrate  452  is located between the n-type electrode  451  and the buffer layer  453 . The buffer layer  453  is located between the first cladding layer  441  and the substrate  452 . The cap layer  454  is located between the second cladding layer  444  and the p-type electrode  455 . The laser system  440  is configured such that a current flows from the p-type electrode  455  to the n-type electrode  451 . 
         [0046]    The current blocking strips  442  are located within an upper portion of the cladding layer  441 , whereas the current blocking strips  445  are located within a lower portion of the cladding layer  444 . The active layer  443  is located between the cladding layers  441  and  444  as well as between the current blocking strips  442  and  445 . Having the current blocking strips  442  and  445  located closer to the active layer  443  reduces the extent of diffusion (not shown in  FIG. 4B ) of the current  447  in a direction that is perpendicular to the general direction of current flow as the current propagates through the layers of the laser system  440 . In one embodiment, the width of each of the gaps  446  and  449  is less than λ/4n, whereas the distance between the centers of adjacent gaps  446  and  449  is substantially equal to λ/2n. 
         [0047]      FIG. 5  is a schematic diagram depicting the relative alignment of standing optical waves and current blocking strips in an embodiment of a laser system. In this embodiment, the distance between the centers adjacent gaps  516  (and between the centers of adjacent gaps  519 ) is substantially equal to λ/2n, where λ is the wavelength of the optical waves  501  and  502  that the laser system is configured to generate. Similarly, the distance between the centers of most adjacent current blocking strips  512  (and between adjacent current blocking strips  515 , and excluding the current blocking strips  512  and  515  at the ends of the laser system) is substantially equal to λ/2n. This restricts the current from flowing through the nodal region  503  of the optical waves  501  and  502 . The width of each of the gaps  516  and  519  is preferably less than λ/4n. This enables the current flowing through the active layer to be concentrated in the anti-nodal region  504  of the optical waves  501  and  502 . The number of current blocking strips  515  is equal to the mode number q. 
         [0048]      FIG. 6  is a flow chart depicting an embodiment of a method  600  for constructing a laser system. The materials used in each of the steps  601 - 607  may be, for example, in accordance with Table 1 above. Other layers of the laser system not mentioned in the method  600  may be fabricated according to any desirable method now known or later developed. According to the first step  601  of the method  600 , a first portion of a first cladding layer is deposited. According to step  602 , a first array of current blocking strips is deposited onto the first portion of the first cladding layer. According to step  603 , a second portion of the first cladding layer is deposited onto the first array of strips. As a result, the gaps between adjoining strips are filled with cladding material which now surrounds most of the first array of strips. According to step  604 , an active layer is deposited above the second portion of the first cladding layer. According to step  605 , a first portion of a second cladding layer is deposited above the active layer. According to step  606 , a second array of current blocking strips is deposited onto the first portion of the second cladding layer. According to step  607 , a second portion of the second cladding layer is deposited above the second array of strips. As a result, the gaps between adjoining strips are filled with cladding material which now surrounds most of the second array of strips. 
         [0049]    An embodiment of a laser system may be constructed by a variety of techniques including, but not necessarily limited to, MBE (Molecular Beam Epitaxy), MOCVD (Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition), MOMBE (Metal-Organic Molecular Beam Epitaxy), ALE (Atomic Layer Epitaxy), or VPE (Vapor Phase Epitaxy). The current blocking strips (or layers) can be formed by a method such as, but not limited to, ion beam implantation or any method that is capable of producing high-resistivity areas at submicron resolution in the manner(s) disclosed herein. The normal growth process may be interrupted to form the high resistivity areas (e.g., the current blocking strips). 
         [0050]      FIG. 7  is a flow chart depicting an embodiment of a method  700  for constructing a laser system. According to step  701  a first cladding layer is deposited. According to step  702 , a first array of current blocking strips is created in the first cladding layer by, for example, ion implantation. According to step  703 , an active layer is deposited above the current blocking strips. According to step  704 , a second cladding layer is deposited above the active layer. According to step  705 , a second array of current blocking strips is created in the second cladding layer by, for example, ion implantation. The depositing of the second cladding layer may be paused while the second array of current blocking strips is created. 
         [0051]      FIG. 8  is a flow chart depicting an alternative embodiment of a method  800  for constructing a laser system. According to step  801 , a first portion of a first cladding layer is deposited. According to step  802 , a first current blocking layer is deposited onto the first portion of the first cladding layer. According to step  803 , portions of the first current blocking layer are removed to create gaps within the current blocking layer. According to step  804 , a second portion of the first cladding layer is deposited onto the first current blocking layer such that the gaps in the first current blocking layer are filled, and the first current blocking layer is covered with the second portion of the first cladding layer. According to step  805 , an active layer is deposited above the second portion of the first cladding layer. According to step  806 , a first portion of a second cladding layer is deposited above the active layer. According to step  807 , a second current blocking layer is deposited onto the first portion of the second cladding layer. According to step  808 , portions of the second current blocking layer are removed to create gaps within the current blocking layer. According to step  809 , a second portion of the second cladding layer is deposited above the second current blocking layer such that the gaps in the second current blocking layer are filled, and the second current blocking layer is covered with the second portion of the second cladding layer. 
         [0052]      FIG. 9  is a flow chart depicting an embodiment of a method  900  for emitting laser radiation. The method  100  includes injecting a current into a laser (step  901 ), generating an optical wave in the laser (step  902 ), and restricting current flow to the nodal regions of the optical wave such that the current is channeled to the non-nodal regions of the optical wave (step  903 ). 
         [0053]    It should be emphasized that the above-described embodiments are merely possible examples, among others, of implementations. Many variations and modifications may be made to the above-described embodiments without departing from the scope of the disclosure. All such modifications and variations are intended to be included herein within the scope of the disclosure and protected by the following claims.