Abstract:
The present invention provides an asynchronous state machine with a programmable tSKEW that is used to generate an empty and full flag in a synchronous FIFO buffer. The present invention reduces the delay associated in producing the full or empty flags from a typical eight gate delays, to as little as no gate delays. The present invention accomplishes this by using a set state machine which can only make an internal flag go low, or active, and a reset state machine which can only make the internal flag go high, or inactive. The functioning of the set state machine and the reset state machine is controlled by a blocking logic. The output of each of the state machines is stored in a latch. The output of the latch is presented to an input of the blocking logic, which is used by the blocking logic to control the activity of the state machines.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part application of Ser. No. 08/572,623, filed Dec. 14, 1995 and now U.S. Pat. No. 5,627,797. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to FIFO buffers generally and more particularly to an asynchronous state machine design to generate full and empty flags in synchronous FIFO buffers. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     A synchronous first-in first-out (FIFO) buffer includes logic indicating when the FIFO is full or empty. In a typical synchronous FIFO full and empty status flags are updated by a single clock, either a read clock or a write clock. The logic to generate the full and empty flags typically consists of counters, adders, combinatorial logic to generate a so called internal full-1(empty+1)flag and a final output register. An alternate way to generate the internal full flag is by directly decoding the counter outputs using combinatorial logic. The register is typically a master-slave register. The register architecture may use both the look-ahead internal flag (full-1 or empty+1) and the non look-ahead internal flag (full or empty) or just the internal look-ahead flag. The register architectures which use both look-ahead and non look-ahead flags are simple, whereas the architectures which use only one internal flag have a complex resetting mechanism of the master-slave after the first read or the first write. Typically the full or empty flag is updated by the write or read clock. 
     The minimum delay between the clocks is defined as a tSKEW delay. The updating clock, either the write or read clock, is guaranteed to recognize the second clock, either the read or write clock, if it occurs at least tSKEW delay ahead of the updation clock. If the second (read) clock occurs within tSKEW time from the updation clock (write), the updation clock may or may not recognize the second clock. 
     In a counter/adder decode method there are two counters, one each for the read and write clocks. These two counters are reset to zero upon master reset and are incremented based only on their respective clocks. The outputs of these counters are fed into a subtractor that perform Wcount-Rcount, or the difference between the number of locations written and the number of locations read. This difference is then fed into combinatorial logic to determine if the FIFO is full or full-1 (empty or empty+1). The combinatorial logic output is used as the input to the D-register which is clocked by the appropriate external clock. 
     Another method, called the direct decode method, uses the counters just like the counter/adder method. Instead of having a subtractor on the outputs, combinatorial logic is used to decode when the FIFO is full. This is done by taking the exclusive-OR (XOR) of the Wcount and the Rcount. This combinatorial logic can be arrived at by generating the truth table for the full (empty) flag with respect to the Wcount and Rcount input variables. This direct decode method greatly reduces the amount of logic required to generate an internal full status flag and improves the tSKEW delay. 
     The output register architectures which make use of both the look-ahead and non look-ahead internal flags are simple. These architectures have a multiplexer that is used to select either the free running clock or the enable clock. This selection is done by the output of the slave register. 
     The other alternate register implementation is accomplished exclusively with the internal look-ahead flag. The register receives the clock as long as the external flag is not active. When the external flag goes active, indicating a boundary condition, the master and slave registers are frozen by special logic. After the first read (full) or write (empty) the next clock resets the master and slave registers and enables the register clock. The reset logic design is typically very involved and complex. 
     All the above architectures suffer from very high tSKEW delays (˜8-10 Gate Delays). Additionally these architectures also suffer from metastabilty problems introduced by the register trying to sample the asynchronous internal flag which is updated by both the asynchronous read and write clocks. The present invention solves both of these issues by providing very high MTBF and very short, even Ons tSKEW. Additionally the present invention gives designers the flexibility to program the tSKEW to any desired value, including a Ons tSKEW. The synchronous FIFO&#39;s require a flag updation cycle at the empty and full boundaries. Typically the fall through read timing (read after the first write), which is the worst, defines the clocking frequency. Although the flexibility to program the tSKEW to Ons is idealistic, the tSKEW does need to be programmed based on the fall through timing, which typically results in higher tSKEW requirements. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides an asynchronous state machine with a programmable tSKEW that is used to generate a synchronous empty or full flag in a synchronous FIFO buffer. The present invention accomplishes this by using a set state machine which can make the external flag go low, or active, and a reset state machine which can only make the external flag go high, or inactive. The functioning of the set state machine and the reset state machine is controlled by a blocking logic. The output of each of the state machine drives a set-reset (SR) latch. The output of the SR latch is presented to an input of the blocking logic, which is used to control the mutual exclusion of the state machines. 
     Objects, features and advantages of the present invention are to provide a system for generating a synchronous empty or full flag for use with synchronous FIFO buffers. The system produces the desired flags with extremely low tSKEW, can break the conventional tSKEW barrier of eight-ten gate delays, and can be programmed to produce any desired tSKEW delay all the way from Ons. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide a system for producing synchronous full and empty flags that can be ported to other technologies with minimal effort, can produce a consistent tSKEW delay that is independent of the size of the FIFO buffer, has a very high MTBF, can be used for the generation of both synchronous empty and full flags, requires less simulation when compared to prior art techniques and handles all the possible asynchronous clock transitions successfully. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     These and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description and the appended claims in which: 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the overall flag generation architecture; 
     FIG. 2 is a top level block diagram of the empty flag generation logic; 
     FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the programmable tSKEW delay; 
     FIG. 4 is a diagram of the reset state machine; 
     FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the set state machine; 
     FIGS. 6A-6C are diagrams of the non-overlapping logic used for the clock generator state variables; and 
     FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of the logic used to produce the reset and retransmit functions. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring to FIG. 1, a block diagram of the overall architecture of the flag generator 10 is shown. The flag generator 10 generally comprises a state machine block 11, a set state machine 12, a reset state machine 14, a latch 16 and a blocking logic block 18. The set state machine 12 has a first input 20 that receives a signal Enwclk which represents an enabled write clock, a second input 22 that receives a signal Enrclk which represents an enabled read clock and a third input 24 that receives a signal Eflh which represents a look-ahead empty signal. The enabled read clock Enrclk and the enabled write clock Enwclk each drive a counter. Each of these counters have two built-in subcounters. A first subcounter is an exact subcounter and starts counting from zero after a reset signal. A second subcounter is a plus one counter that starts counting from a one after a reset. A look-ahead empty signal Eflh, is a signal that is generated externally from the state machines 12 and 14, but internally to the FIFO (not shown) and is a result of a bitwise exclusive OR of the plus one read subcounter and the exact write subcounter. The flag output of the latch 16 represents an empty flag (or full flag) indicating when the FIFO is either empty (or full). When the set output 26 is active the reset state machine 14 is enabled. Similarly, the set state machine 12 is enabled when the external empty (or full) flag is inactive. The blocking logic block 18 controls the mutual exclusion of the state machine 12 and 14. The set output 26 can only provide a flag signal that sets the latch 16. The latch 16 will remain in a set state until the reset state machine provides an output 28 that resets the latch 16. 
     The reset state machine 14 has a first input 30 that receives the enabled write clock signal Enwclk, a second input 32 that receives a free running read clock rCLK and a third input 34 that receives a non-look-ahead empty signal Efnlh. The non-look-ahead empty signal Efnlh is a signal that is generated externally from the state machines 12 and 14, but internally to the FIFO (not shown) and is a result of a bitwise exclusive OR of the exact read subcounter and the exact write subcounter. 
     The signals rCLK and wCLK are each free running externally generated clocks. The actual reading (or writing) is performed by additionally providing a synchronous read (write) enable input signal to the FIFO. When the enable input is active in a clock cycle, internally to the FIFO, an enabled read (write) clock is generated. These are represented by the Enrclk (Enwclk) inputs to the state machine. 
     The reset state machine 14 produces the reset output 28 that resets the latch 16. The reset state machine 14 also has a fourth input 36 that receives a signal from the blocking logic block 18. The blocking logic block 18 controls the functioning of the reset state machine 14. As a result, the reset state machine 14 only produces a reset output 28 when the FIFO is empty. In contrast, no additional logic is required to control the set state machine 12 because, unlike the reset state machine 14, the set state machine 12 has an enabled read clock Enrclk as an input at input 22. The result is that the activity of each of the state machines 12 and 14 is mutually exclusive. While the set machine 12 is active, the reset state machine 14 is frozen by the blocking logic block 18. The latch 16 receives the set output 26 and the reset output 28 and produces an output signal flag and an output signal flagb. The output flag is updated by the enabled read clock Enrclk present at the second input 22 of the state machine 12. A programmed tSKEW delay can be achieved by delaying the enabled write clock Enwclk present at the input 22 of the set state machine 12. This programming feature will be more apparent after reading the description of FIG. 2. 
     Referring to FIG. 2, a more detailed block diagram of the flag generator 10 is shown. The set state machine 12 receives the first, second and third inputs 20, 22 and 24, as well as a fourth input 36 that represents an external reset input Rstb as a control signal input Cntrlb. The input Rstb is an active low input. The set state machine 12 also has a fifth input 38 that also receives the external master reset input Rstb. The reset state machine 14 receives the first, second and third inputs 30, 32 and 34. The reset state machine 14 has a fourth input 40 that receives an input from the external master reset signal Rstb. The reset state machine 14 also has a fifth input 42 that receives a control signal Cntrlb from an inverter 44. The reset state machine receives a sixth input 43, representing an external flag signal flagext, from the blocking logic block 18. The inverter 44 receives a signal from a NOR gate 46. The NOR gate 46 has a first input 48 that receives a signal from the output 43 of the blocking logic 18, a second input 50 from the non-look-ahead empty flag Efnlh and a third input 52 which receives a signal Rtb that represents an external retransmit signal. The external retransmit signal Rtb and the external master reset signal Rstb are additional input signals (not shown in FIG. 1) that provide a means to reset the flag generator 10 from an external source. 
     The first input 20 of the set state machine 12 and the first input 30 of the reset state machine 14 can be delayed through a tSKEW programming block 54, which provides a programmable delay. The programmable delay can be implemented either electronically, or through discrete digital components, such as inverters. Regardless of the delay system used, the presence of a delay from the tSKEW programming block 54 makes the tSKEW delay programmable by the designer to fit any particular design requirements. If no tSKEW delay is desired, the tSKEW programming block 54 can be eliminated. The flag generator 10 can also be used to generate a full flag by adjusting the retransmit and reset logic to suit the design specification of a full flag. 
     Referring to FIG. 3, the tSKEW programming block 54 is shown in greater detail. The tSKEW programming block 54 has an input 56 that receives the signal from the enable write clock Enwclk and an output 58 that is received by the first input 20 of the set machine 12. The input 56 is received by a gate delay block 60 that provides a programmable amount of delay. The gate delay block 60 produces a signal that is cascaded through an inverter 64 and an inverter 66 produce the output 58. 
     Referring to FIG. 4, a detailed schematic of the reset state machine 14 is shown. The reset state machine 14 has an input W, R, Eint, Rstb, Flagext and Cntrib that represent the inputs 30, 32, 34, 40, 43 and 42 shown in FIG. 2. The reset state machine 14 has a set of digital logic gates that perform the desired output function. The input Cntrib is received by a control block 80 that produces the output 26. The control block 80 processes information necessary to produce a reset and retransmit. FIG. 4 also includes blocks 77 (that are described in connection with FIG. 6A) and a block 79 (that is described in connection with FIG. 6C). 
     Referring to FIG. 5, a detailed schematic of the set state machine 12 is shown. The set state machine 12 has inputs W, R, Eint, Rstb and Cntrlb. The set state machine 12 also has a control block 80 which functions identically to the control block 80 in FIG. 4. The set state machine 12 of FIG. 5 uses non-overlapping clock generator blocks 77 (that are described in connection with FIG. 6A) to produce true and complement signals of necessary internal signals. The set state machine 12 of FIG. 5 also includes a block 81 (that is described in connection with FIG. 6B). 
     Referring to FIGS. 6A, 6B and 6C logic level diagrams showing the blocks 77, 79 and 81 is shown. Each of the FIGS. 6A-C comprise of a generic input labeled Xin and a generic output Xb. FIGS. 6B and 6C also include an output X that is equal to Xin. Each of the FIGS. 6A-6C comprise discrete logic components. It should be appreciated that any method of providing a true and complement signal can be used in place of FIGS. 6A-6C without departing from the spirit of the invention. 
     Referring to FIG. 7, the control block 80 is shown in greater detail. The control block 80 has a first input 82 that receives a signal cntrib, a second input 84 that receives a signal IN0, a third input 86 that receives a signal IN1 and a fourth input 88 that receives a signal IN2. The control block 80 comprises a transistor 90, a transistor 92, a transistor 94, a transistor 96, a transistor 98, a transistor 100, a transistor 102 and a transistor 104. The first input 82 is received by an inverted input of the transistor 90 as well as an input of the transistor 100. The second input 84 is received by an inverted input of the transistor 92 as well as an input of the transistor 98. The third input 86 is received by an inverted input of the transistor 94 as well as an input of the transistor 102. The fourth input 88 is received by an inverted input of the transistor 96 as well as an input of the transistor 104. The gates and sources of the transistors 92, 94, 96, 98 and 100 are cascaded together. The source of the transistor 92 is connected to the source of the transistor 90. The drain of the transistor 90 is coupled with the source of the transistor 98, the source of the transistor 102, the source of the transistor 104 and the drain of the transistor 96 to provide an output 106. 
     The logic of the set state machine 12 is illustrated by the following Table 1: 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________Row # 000    001    011  010  110  111  101  100  Set______________________________________0     0       1*    2     3*  4    5    6     7*  11      0*    1       2*  3    4    5     6*  7    12     0       1*    2     3*  4     5*  6    7    13      0*    1       2*  3     4*  5    6    7    14     0      1      2     3*  4    13*  14*   7*  15     0      1       2*  3     4*  5     6*  7    16     0       1*    2    3    4     5*  6     7*  17      0*    1      2    3    XX*  5    14*  7    18     0       9*    10    3*  4    13   14    7*  09      0*    9      10*  3    4    13   14*  7    010    0       9*    10    3*  4    13*  14   7    011     0*    9      10*  3     4*  13   14   7    012    0      9      10    3*  4    13*  14    7*  013    0      9      10*  3     4*  13   14*  7    014    0       9*    10   3    4    13*  14    7*  015     0*    9      10   3     4*  13   14*  7    0______________________________________ 
    
     The individual columns are labeled as a three bit binary value where the first bit, when the flag generator 10 is configured to generate an empty flag, represents the look-ahead empty signal Eflh, the second bit represents the enabled write clock Enwclk and the third bit represents the enabled read clock Enrclk. The column labeled Set represents the decoded output of the set state machine 12. 
     A specified version of TABLE 1 where redundant states are eliminated is shown in the following TABLE 2: 
     
                       TABLE 2______________________________________Row #  000    001    011  010  110  111  101  100  Set______________________________________0-3,5,6(a)  A      A      A    A    b    A    A    c    14(b)   a      a      a    a    B    d    d    d(c) 17(c)   a      a      a    a    C    a    d    C    18-15(d)  b(a    D      D    b(a) b    D    D    c    0______________________________________ 
    
     Similar to the logic of the set state machine 12 shown in TABLE 2, the logic of the reset state machine 14 is illustrated by the following TABLE 3: 
     
                       TABLE 3______________________________________Row # 000    001    011  010  110  111  101  100  Reset______________________________________0     0       9*    10    3*  4    5    6     7*  11      0*    9      10*  3    4    5     6*  7    12     0       9*    10    3*  4     5*  6    7    13      0*    9      10*  3     4*  5    6    7    14     0      9      10    3*  4     5*   6*   7*  15     0      XX     XX*  3     4*  5     6*  7    16     0      XX*    XX   3    4     5*  6     7*  17      0*    9      10   3    YY*  13    6*  7    18     0       9*    10    3*  4    13   14    7*  09      0*    9      10*  3    4    13   14*  7    010    0       9*    10    3*  4    13*  14   7    011     0*    9      10*  3     4*  13   14   7    012    0      9      10    3*  4    13*  14    7*  013    0      9      10*  3     4*  13   14*  7    014    0       9*    10   3    4    13*  14    7*  015     0*    9      10   3     4*  13   14*  7    0______________________________________ 
    
     The individual columns are similarly labeled. The first bit, when the state machine 10 is configured to generate an empty flag, represents the non look-ahead empty signal Efnlh, the second bit represents the enabled write clock Enrclk and the third bit represents the free running read clock rCLK. The column labeled Reset represents the decoded output of the reset state machine 14. 
     A simplified version of TABLE 3 where the redundant states are eliminated is shown in the following TABLE 4: 
     
                       TABLE 4______________________________________Row # 000    001    011  010  110  111  101  100  Reset______________________________________0-4(a) A      d      d    A    a    b    b    b(c) 15,6(b) a      b      b    a    a    B    B    c    17(c)  d(a)   d      d    d(a) C    d    b    C    18-15(d) a      D      D    a    a    D    D    c    0______________________________________ 
    
     When the flag generator 10 is configured to generate a full flag the bits of the columns of TABLES 1-4 represent the same signals, but at different locations. Specifically, when the flag generator 10 is configured to generate a full flag, the first bit of TABLE 1 and 2 represents the look-ahead full signal Eflh, the second bit represents the enabled read clock Enrclk and the third bit represents the enabled write clock Enwclk. The first bit of TABLE 3 and 4 represents the non-look-ahead full signal Efnlh, the second bit represents the enabled read clock Enrclk and the third bit represents the free running write clock wCLK. 
     The present invention uses the set state machine 12 and the reset state machine 14 that each handle two input clocks and a look-ahead signal. Each of the state machines 12 and 14 has four possible output states, as illustrated in TABLES 2 and 4. With design criteria requiring five input variables and eight output states, the implementation of two input state machines 12 and 14 is far less complex than the implementation of a single state machine capable of handling all combinations. Furthermore, the blocking logic block 18 is insignificant enough to maintain the simplicity of the set/reset implementation of the present invention. While the use of smaller, more efficient state machines 12 and 14 is superior using a single more complex state machine, the present invention can be implemented using a single larger state machine without departing from the spirit of the present invention. 
     While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.