Abstract:
A power semiconductor device and a method of forming the same is provided. The method begins by providing a substrate of a first conductivity type and then forming a voltage sustaining region on the substrate. The voltage sustaining region is formed by depositing an epitaxial layer of a first conductivity type on the substrate and forming at least one trench in the epitaxial layer. A barrier material is deposited along the walls of the trench. A dopant of a second conductivity type is implanted through the barrier material into a portion of the epitaxial layer adjacent to and beneath the bottom of the trench. The dopant is diffused to form a first doped layer in the epitaxial layer and the barrier material is removed from at least the bottom of the trench. The trench is etched through the first doped layer and a filler material is deposited in the trench to substantially fill the trench, thus completing the voltage sustaining region. At least one region of the second conductivity type is formed over the voltage sustaining region to define a junction therebetween.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    The present invention relates generally to semiconductor power devices, and more particularly to a semiconductor power device such as a MOSFET and other power devices that use floating islands of oppositely doped material to form the voltage sustaining layer.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    Semiconductor power devices such as vertical DMOS, V-groove DMOS, and trench DMOS MOSFETs, IGBTs as well as diodes and bipolar transistors are employed in applications such as automobile electrical systems, power supplies, motor drives, and other power control applications. Such devices are required to sustain high voltage in the off-state while having low on-resistance or a low voltage drop with high current density in the on-state.  
           [0003]    [0003]FIG. 1 illustrates a typical structure for an N-channel power MOSFET. An N-epitaxial silicon layer  101  formed over an N+ doped silicon substrate  102  contains p-body regions  105   a  and  106   a,  and N+ source regions  107  and  108  for two MOSFET cells in the device. P-body regions  105  and  106  may also include deep p-body regions  105   b  and  106   b.  A source-body electrode  112  extends across certain surface portions of epitaxial layer  101  to contact the source and body regions. The N-type drain for both cells is formed by the portion of N-type epitaxial layer  101  extending to the upper semiconductor surface in FIG. 1. A drain electrode is provided at the bottom of N+ doped substrate  102 . An insulated gate electrode  118  comprising insulating and conducting layers, e.g., oxide and polysilicon layers, lies over the channel and drain portions of the body.  
           [0004]    The on-resistance of the conventional MOSFET shown in FIG. 1 is determined largely by the drift zone resistance in epitaxial layer  101 . Epitaxial layer  101  is also sometimes referred to as a voltage sustaining layer since the reverse voltage applied between the N+ doped substrate and the P+ doped deep body regions is sustained by epitaxial layer  101 . The drift zone resistance is in turn determined by the doping concentration and the thickness of epitaxial layer  101 . However, to increase the breakdown voltage of the device, the doping concentration of epitaxial layer  101  must be reduced while the layer thickness is increased. The curve in FIG. 2 shows the on-resistance per unit area as a function of the breakdown voltage for a conventional MOSFET. Unfortunately, as the curve shows, the on-resistance of the device increases rapidly as its breakdown voltage increases. This rapid increase in resistance presents a problem when the MOSFET is to be operated at higher voltages, particularly at voltages greater than a few hundred volts.  
           [0005]    [0005]FIG. 3 shows a MOSFET that is designed to operate at higher voltages with a reduced on-resistance. This MOSFET is disclosed in Cezac et al.,  Proceedings of the ISPSD,  May 2000, pp. 69-72, and Chen et al.,  IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices,  Vol. 47, No. 6, June 2000, pp. 1280-1285, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. This MOSFET is similar to the conventional MOSFET shown in FIG. 1 except that it includes a series of vertically separated P- doped layers  310   1 ,  310   2 ,  310   3 , . . .  310   n  (so-called “floating islands”), which are located in the drift region of the voltage sustaining layer  301 . The floating islands  310   1 ,  310   2 ,  310   3 , . . .  310   n  produce an electric field that is lower than for a structure with no floating islands. The lower electric field allows a higher dopant concentration to be used in the epitaxial layer that in part, forms the voltage sustaining layer  301 . The floating islands produce a saw-shaped electric field profile, the integral of which leads to a sustained voltage obtained with a higher dopant concentration than the concentration used in conventional devices. This higher dopant concentration, in turn, produces a device having an on-resistance that is lower than that of a device without one or more layers of floating islands.  
           [0006]    The structure shown in FIG. 3 can be fabricated with a process sequence that includes multiple epitaxial deposition steps, each followed by the introduction of the appropriate dopant. Unfortunately, epitaxial deposition steps are expensive to perform and thus a structure that uses multiple epitaxial deposition steps is expensive to manufacture.  
           [0007]    Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide a method of fabricating a power semiconductor device such as the MOSFET structure shown in FIG. 3, which method requires a minimum number of epitaxial deposition steps so that the device can be produced less expensively.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0008]    In accordance with the present invention, a method is provided for forming a power semiconductor device. The method begins by providing a substrate of a first conductivity type and then forming a voltage sustaining region on the substrate. The voltage sustaining region is formed by depositing an epitaxial layer of a first conductivity type on the substrate and forming at least one trench in the epitaxial layer. A barrier material is deposited along the walls of the trench. A dopant of a second conductivity type is implanted through the barrier material into a portion of the epitaxial layer adjacent to and beneath the bottom of the trench. The dopant is diffused to form a first doped layer in the epitaxial layer and the barrier material is removed from at least the bottom of the trench. The trench is etched through the first doped layer and a filler material is deposited in the trench to substantially fill the trench, thus completing the voltage sustaining region. At least one region of the second conductivity type is formed over the voltage sustaining region to define a junction therebetween.  
           [0009]    The power semiconductor device formed by the inventive method may be selected from the group consisting of a vertical DMOS, V-groove DMOS, and a trench DMOS MOSFET, an IGBT, a bipolar transistor, and diodes.  
           [0010]    In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a power semiconductor device is provided. The device includes a substrate of a first conductivity type and a voltage sustaining region disposed on the substrate. The voltage sustaining region includes an epitaxial layer having a first conductivity type and at least one trench located in the epitaxial layer. At least one doped layer having a dopant of a second conductivity type is located in the epitaxial layer, adjacent a sidewall of the trench. A filler material is also provided, which substantially fills the trench. At least one region of the second conductivity is disposed over the voltage sustaining region to define a junction therebetween. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0011]    [0011]FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of a conventional power MOSFET structure.  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 2 shows the on-resistance per unit area as a function of the breakdown voltage for a conventional power MOSFET.  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 3 shows a MOSFET structure that includes a voltage sustaining region with floating islands located below the body region, which is designed to operate with a lower on-resistance per unit area at the same voltage than the structure depicted in FIG. 1.  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 4 shows a MOSFET structure that includes a voltage sustaining region with floating islands both below and between the body regions.  
         [0015]    FIGS.  5 ( a )- 5 ( f ) show a sequence of exemplary process steps that may be employed to fabricate a voltage sustaining region constructed in accordance with the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0016]    In accordance with the present invention, a method of forming the p-type floating islands in the voltage sustaining layer of a semiconductor power device may be generally described as follows. First, one or more trenches are etched in the epitaxial layer that is to form the voltage sustaining region of the device. Each trench is centered where the vertical series of islands is to be located. A first horizontal plane of such islands is formed by implanting p-type dopant material into the bottom of the trench. The implanted material is diffused into the portion of the voltage sustaining region located immediately adjacent to and below the trench bottom. The trenches are subsequently etched to a greater depth so that a second horizontal plane of floating islands can be formed by again implanting and diffusing a p-type dopant material. This second etching step form floating islands that have the shape of donut (when the trenches are circular) and which are located in the first horizontal plane. If the trenches have a shape other than circular, e.g., square, rectangular, or hexagonal, the shape of the trench determines the shape of the floating islands. The aforementioned process is repeated until the desired number of vertical layers of islands have been formed. Finally, the trenches are filled with a material that does not adversely affect the characteristics of the device. Exemplary materials that may be used for the material filling the trenches include highly resistive polysilicon, a dielectric such as silicon dioxide, or other materials and combinations of materials.  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 4 shows a power semiconductor device constructed in accordance with the present invention. In this embodiment of the invention the trenches are assumed to be circular and therefore the floating islands are depicted as donut-shaped. An N-type epitaxial silicon layer  401  formed over an N+ silicon substrate  402  contains P-body regions  405 , and N+ source regions  407  for two MOSFET cells in the device. As shown, P-body regions  405   a  may also include deep P-body regions  405   b.  A source-body electrode  412  extends across certain surface portions of epitaxial layer  401  to contact the source and body regions. The N-type drain for both cells is formed by the portion of N-epitaxial layer  401  extending to the upper semiconductor surface. A drain electrode is provided at the bottom of N+ substrate  402 . An insulated gate electrode  418  comprising oxide and polysilicon layers lies over the channel and drain portions of the body. A series of floating islands  410  are located in the voltage sustaining region of the device defined by epitaxial silicon layer  401 . The floating islands are arranged in an array when viewed from the top of the device. For instance, in FIG. 4, in the “y” direction, floating islands are denoted by reference numerals  410   11 ,  410   12 ,  410   13 , . . .  410   1m  and in the “z” direction floating islands are denoted by reference numerals  410   11 ,  410   21 ,  410   31 , . . .  410   m1 . While the column of floating islands  410  located below the gate  418  may or may not be employed, they are employed when required for the device geometry and the resistivity of epitaxial layer  401 .  
         [0018]    The power semiconductor device shown in FIG. 4 may be fabricated in accordance with the following exemplary steps, which are illustrated in FIGS.  5 ( a )- 5 ( f ).  
         [0019]    First, the N-type doped epitaxial layer  501  is grown on a conventionally N+ doped substrate  502 . Epitaxial layer  1  is typically 15-50 microns in thickness for a 400-800 V device with a resistivity of 5-40 ohm-cm. Next, a dielectric masking layer is formed by covering the surface of epitaxial layer  501  with a dielectric layer, which is then conventionally exposed and patterned to leave a mask portion that defines the location of the trench  520 . The trench  520  is dry etched through the mask openings by reactive ion etching to an initial depth that may range from 5-15 microns. In particular, if “x” is the number of equally spaced horizontal rows of floating islands that are desired, the trench  520  should be initially etched to a depth of approximately 1/(x+1) of the thickness of epitaxial layer  502  that is to be between the bottom of the body region and the top of the N+ doped substrate. The sidewalls of each trench may be smoothed, if needed. First, a dry chemical etch may be used to remove a thin layer of oxide (typically about 500-1000 A) from the trench sidewalls to eliminate damage caused by the reactive ion etching process. Next, a sacrificial silicon dioxide layer is grown over the trench The sacrificial layer is removed either by a buffer oxide etch or an HF etch so that the resulting trench sidewalls are as smooth as possible.  
         [0020]    In FIG. 5( b ), a layer of silicon dioxide  524  is grown in trench  520 . The thickness of the silicon dioxide layer  524  should be sufficient to prevent implanted atoms from penetrating the silicon adjacent to and below the sidewalls of the trench  520 , while allowing the implanted atoms to penetrate the oxide layer  524  at the bottom of the trench  520  so that they can be deposited into the silicon adjacent and beneath the trench bottom. Next, a dopant  528  such as boron is implanted through the oxide layer at the bottom of the trench  520 . The total dose of dopant and the implant energy should be chosen such that the amount of dopant left in the epitaxial layer  501  after the subsequent diffusion and etching steps are performed at each horizontal level satisfies the breakdown requirements of the resulting device. Next, in FIG. 5( c ), a high temperature diffusion step is performed to “drive-in” the implanted dopant  528  both vertically and laterally. Oxide layer  524  is removed from the bottom of the trench  520 . The oxide layer  524  may or may not be removed from the sidewalls of the trench  520 .  
         [0021]    In FIG. 5( d ), the depth of the trench  520  is increased by an amount approximately equal to 1/(x+1) of the thickness of epitaxial layer  501  that is located between the bottom of the body region and the N+-doped substrate. Next, a second horizontal layer of floating islands  530  is fabricated by repeating the steps of growing an oxide layer on the trench walls, implanting and diffusing dopant through the bottom of the trench, and removing the oxide layer from the bottom of the trench. This process can be repeated as many times as necessary to form “x” horizontal layers of floating islands, where “x” is selected to provide the desired breakdown voltage. For example, in FIG. 5( d ), four such horizontal layers  528 ,  530 ,  532 , and  534  are shown. As shown in FIG. 5( e ), once the last array of horizontal floating islands is formed, the trench depth is increased by an amount sufficient to etch through the last horizontal array of floating islands. If only a single horizontal array of floating islands is employed, in some embodiments of the invention it will not be necessary to etch through the array  
         [0022]    Finally, the trench  520  is filled with a material that does not adversely affect the characteristics of the device. Exemplary materials include, but are not limited to, thermally grown silicon dioxide, a deposited dielectric such as silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, or a combination of thermally grown and deposited layers of these or other materials. Finally, the surface of the structure is planarized as shown in FIG. 5( f ).  
         [0023]    The aforementioned sequence of processing steps resulting in the structure depicted in FIG. 5( f ) provides a voltage sustaining layer with floating islands on which any of a number of different power semiconductor devices can be fabricated. As previously mentioned, such power semiconductor devices include vertical DMOS, V-groove DMOS, and trench DMOS MOSFETs, IGBTs and other MOS-gated devices. For instance, FIG. 4 shows an example of a MOSFET that includes a voltage sustaining layer with floating islands constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention. It should be noted that while FIG. 5 shows a single trench that is used to form a column of donut-shaped floating islands, the present invention encompasses a voltage sustaining regions having single or multiple trenches to form any number of columns of floating islands having a variety of different shapes.  
         [0024]    Once the voltage sustaining region and the floating islands have been formed as shown in FIG. 5, the MOSFET shown in FIG. 4 can be completed in the following manner. The gate oxide is grown after an active region mask is formed. Next, a layer of polycrystalline silicon is deposited, doped, and oxidized. The polysilcon layer is then masked to form the gate regions. The p+ doped deep body regions  405   b  are formed using conventional masking, implantation and diffusion steps. For example, the p+-doped deep body regions are boron implanted at 20 to 200 KeV with a dosage from about 1×10 14  to 5×10 15 /cm 2 . The shallow body region  405   a  is formed in a similar fashion. The implant dose for this region will be 1×10 13  to 5×10 14 /cm 2  at an energy of 20 to 100 KeV.  
         [0025]    Next, a photoresist masking process is used to form a patterned masking layer that defines source regions  407 . Source regions  407  are then formed by an implantation and diffusion process. For example, the source regions may be implanted with arsenic at 20 to 100 KeV to a concentration that is typically in the range of 2×10 15  to 1.2×10 16 /cm 2 . After implantation, the arsenic is diffused to a depth of approximately 0.5 to 2.0 microns. The depth of the body region typically ranges from about 1-3 microns, with the P+ doped deep body region (if present) being slightly deeper. Finally, the masking layer is removed in a conventional manner. The DMOS transistor is completed in a conventional manner by etching the oxide layer to form contact openings on the front surface. A metallization layer is also deposited and masked to define the source-body and gate electrodes. Also, a pad mask is used to define pad contacts. Finally, a drain contact layer is formed on the bottom surface of the substrate.  
         [0026]    It should be noted that while a specific process sequence for fabricating the power MOSFET is disclosed, other process sequences may be used while remaining within the scope of this invention. For instance, the deep p+ doped body region may be formed before the gate region is defined. It is also possible to form the deep p+ doped body region prior to forming the trenches. In some DMOS structures, the P+ doped deep body region may be shallower than the P-doped body region, or in some cases, there may not even be a P+ doped body region.  
         [0027]    Although various embodiments are specifically illustrated and described herein, it will be appreciated that modifications and variations of the present invention are covered by the above teachings and are within the purview of the appended claims without departing from the spirit and intended scope of the invention. For example, a power semiconductor device in accordance with the present invention may be provided in which the conductivities of the various semiconductor regions are reversed from those described herein. Moreover, while a vertical DMOS transistor has been used to illustrate exemplary steps required to fabricate a device in accordance with the present invention, other DMOS FETs and other power semiconductor devices such as diodes, bipolar transistors, power JFETs, IGBTs, MCTs, and other MOS-gated power devices may also be fabricated following these teachings.