Abstract:
A disc storage system includes a rotating disc and a transducer. The transducer is carried on a slider which is supported by an armature. The armature is used to move the slider radially across the disc surface whereby information may be read from or written to the disc surface of the transducer. The slider includes an air bearing surface which faces the disc surface. As the disc rotates, the air bearing surface causes the slider to “fly” over the disc surface. Pads are provided on the air bearing surface to improve operational characteristics of the system. For example, the pads may be used to reduce the stiction or improve flying characteristics. Flying instabilities associated with the pads are addressed by a number of characteristics provided to the air bearing surface.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]    The present invention claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/093,745, filed Jul. 21, 1998, entitled “METHODS OF REDUCING STICTION ON SLIDERS WITH LANDING PADS DUE TO SUBSTRATE/DISK CONTACT”; and U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/102,719, filed Sep. 28, 1998, entitled “SUPER SLIDER FOR IMPROVED TRIBOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE AND STABILITY”. 
     
    
     
         [0002]    The present invention relates to disc storage systems for storing information. More specifically, the present invention relates to sliders used in such systems.  
           [0003]    Disc drives are used for storing information, typically as magnetically encoded data, and more recently as optically encoded data, on a disc surface. A transducing head is carried on a air-bearing slider that rides on a bearing of air above the disc surface as the disc rotates at high speed. In another technique, the slider contacts the disc surface with no air bearing interface such as is shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,453,315 and 5,490,027. The head is then positioned radially over the disc to read back or write at a desired location. Benefits associated with an air bearing design are lost in such “contact” sliders.  
           [0004]    In an air bearing design, the air bearing provides an interface between the slider and the disc which prevents damage to the disc over the life of the system, provides damping if the disc drive system undergoes shock due to external vibrations. The air bearing is also used to provide a desired spacing between the transducing element and the disc surface. A bias force is applied to the slider by a flexure armature in a direction toward the disc surface. This bias force is counteracted by lifting forces from the air bearing until an equilibrium is reached. The slider will contact the disc surface if the rotating speed of the disc is insufficient to cause the slider to “fly.” This contact typically occurs during start up or shut down of the disc. If the slider contacts a region of the disc which carries data, the data may be lost and the disc permanently damaged.  
           [0005]    In many disc drive systems, a lubricant is applied to the disc surface to reduce damage to the head and the disc surface during starting and stopping. Air or gas also acts as a lubricant. However, a phenomenon known as “stiction,” which is caused by static friction and viscous shear forces, causes the slider to stick to the disc surface after periods of non use. The lubricant exasterbates the stiction problem. The stiction can damage the head or the disc when the slider is freed from the disc surface. Additionally, the spindle motor used to rotate the disc must provide sufficient torque to overcome the stiction.  
           [0006]    One technique used to overcome the problem associated with stiction is to provide texturing to at least a portion of the disc surface. However, this reduces the effective recording area of the disc. Additionally, various attempts have been made to provide texturing on the air bearing surface of the slider. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,079,657 and 5,162,073 describes a technique for forming recesses in a slider surface. Another technique which is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,418,667 includes providing large pads which provide a pitch to the slider to allow air flow between the air bearing surface and the disc.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0007]    A disc storage system includes a rotating disc and a transducer. The transducer is carried on a slider which is supported by an armature. The armature is used to move the slider radially across the disc surface whereby information may be read from or written to the disc surface of the transducer. The slider includes an air bearing surface which faces the disc surface. As the disc rotates, the air bearing surface causes the slider to “fly” over the disc surface. Pads are provided on the air bearing surface to improve operational characteristics of the system. For example, the pads may be used to reduce the stiction or improve flying characteristics. Flying instabilities associated with the pads are addressed by a number of characteristics which are provided to the air bearing surface. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0008]    [0008]FIG. 1 is a simplified diagram of a storage system in accordance with the present invention.  
         [0009]    [0009]FIGS. 2A and 2B are bottom plan views of a slider including landing pads.  
         [0010]    [0010]FIG. 3 is a graph of static friction versus contact start/stop (CSS) cycles.  
         [0011]    [0011]FIG. 4 is a graph of static friction versus nominal area of contact.  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 5 is a graph of friction versus roughness.  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 6 is a graph showing friction, acceleration and velocity of a slider versus time.  
         [0014]    [0014]FIGS. 7A, 7B and  7 C are bottom plan view of sliders showing trenches formed near their trailing edge.  
         [0015]    [0015]FIGS. 8A, 8B,  8 C and  8 D are bottom plan views of sliders showing various roughened areas.  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 9A is a bottom plan view of a slider having micro pores formed therein.  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 9B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line labeled  9 B- 9 B of FIG. 9A showing the micro pores of FIG. 9A.  
         [0018]    [0018]FIGS. 9C is a plan view of micro pores connected by channels.  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 10 is a bottom plan view of a slider which includes side kick features.  
         [0020]    [0020]FIGS. 11A and 11B are side cross-sectional and plan views, respectively, of a landing pad with a trench.  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 12A is a bottom plan view of a slider showing various features in accordance with the present invention to reduce the occurrence and the effects of tipping.  
         [0022]    [0022]FIGS. 12B and 12C are side cross-sectional views taken along the lines labeled  12 B- 12 B of FIG. 12A showing portions of a rail of the slider of FIG. 12A.  
         [0023]    [0023]FIGS. 13, 14,  15 ,  16  and  17  are bottom plan views of sliders showing various embodiments of the present invention.  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 18 is a perspective view showing a center island of a slider which includes trenches formed therein. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0025]    [0025]FIG. 1 is a top view of a disc drive  10  including a slider in accordance with the present invention. Disc drive  10  includes a magnetic disc  12  mounted for rotational movement about and axis defined by spindle  14  within housing  16 . Disc drive  10  also includes an actuator  18  mounted to a base plate  20  of housing  16  and pivotally moveable relative to disc  14  about axis  22 . A cover  24  covers a portion of actuator  18 . Drive controller  26  is coupled to actuator  18 . In the preferred embodiment, drive controller  26  is either mountable within disc drive  10 , or is located outside of disc drive  10  with suitable connection to actuator  18 . Actuator  18 , includes an actuator arm assembly  28 , a rigid support member  30 , and a head gimbal assembly  32 . Head gimbal assembly  32  includes a load beam or flexure arm  34  coupled to rigid member  30 , and a slider  36  coupled by a gimbal (not shown) to load beam  34 . Slider  36  operates in accordance with the embodiments set forth herein and supports a transducer for reading information from and encoding information on disc  12 .  
         [0026]    During operation, drive controller  26  receives position information indicating a portion of disc  12  to be accessed. Drive controller  26  receives the position information from an operator, from a host computer, or from another suitable controller. Based on the position information, drive controller  26  provides a position signal to actuator  18 . The position signal causes actuator  18  to pivot about axis  22 . This, in turn, causes actuator  18  to pivot about axis  22 . This, in turn, causes slider  36  (and consequently the transducer mounted on slider  36 ) to move radially over the surface of disc  12  in a generally arcuaic path indicated by arrow  38 . Drive controller  26  and actuator  18  operate in a known closed loop, negative feedback manner so that the transducer carried by slider  36  is positioned over the desired portion of disc  12 . Once the transducer is appropriately positioned, drive controller  26  then executes a desired read or write operation.  
         [0027]    Recording density can be increased by reducing the fly height of slider  36 . Close proximity of slider  36  with disc  12  allows greater accuracy in reading and writing information onto disc  12 .  
         [0028]    Stiction and fly/stiction are two major phenomena that impair the use of ultra-low flying recording heads to increase recording areal density. The solution to these problems has been to generate, in a controlled fashion, some asperities, or texture, on the media surface to reduce the area of contact at the head-media interface. The presence of these asperities on the media surface, although they can be confined to only within a small dedicated zone (i.e., a “landing zone”), enhances the chance of head-media contact during operation and thereby sets the limit to the true attainment of ultra-low flying. In most cases, due to the shape of the asperity, the nature of contact is called Hertzian contact, in which elastic deformation can occur locally. Consequently, the number of asperities on the media surface to support the head cannot be arbitrarily reduced, otherwise the interface will collapse leading to excessive stiction. In addition, this type of contact is prone to collapsing when an excessive amount of liquid lubricants are present in the interface. For example, the lubricant applied on the media to prevent wear during head-disc contact, as well as other outgassing materials from various drive components, may accumulate on the heads, and transfer to the interface thereby leading to excessive fly/stiction.  
         [0029]    One technique to address these issues is the use of small column-like texture features, i.e., landing pads, on the air bearing surface of a flying head to control stiction. Sliders with such landing pads can be used on stantial smooth discs. The use of such pad is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/029,276, filed Feb. 25, 1998, entitled “SLIDER FOR DISC STORAGE SYSTEM” which is incorporated herein by reference.  
         [0030]    [0030]FIGS. 2A and 2B are bottom plan views of sliders  200 . Similar elements have been numbered the same. Slider  200  includes a slider body  202  having rails  204  and  206  extending between a leading edge  208  and a trailing edge  210 . A center island  212  is positioned on trailing edge  210 . In slider  200  of FIG. 2A includes four pads  214  positioned on rails  204  and  206 . In the embodiment of FIG. 2B, slider  200  includes multiple pads  216  positioned on rails  204  and  206 .  
         [0031]    The use of the pads on the air bearing surface of the slider reduces the area of contact and thus reduces the stiction/friction when contacting a very smooth storage medium. Typically, the landing pads have heights on the order to 200 nm to 700 nm and are attached to the air bearing surface shown generally at  218 . To avoid contact during flying, the pads are typically positioned 254 μm away from trailing edge  210 . However, this geometry creates instabilities under both dynamic and static conditions. For example, under static conditions when the slider stops on the disc it has a tendency to tip due to back rotation of the motor which drive spindle  14 . This causes contact of the trailing edge  210  and wear of the rear pads occurs. Further, during wear of the slider pads, the slider body may tip.  
         [0032]    An approximate calculation shows that when the slider tips backwards, the area of contact increases by approximately an order of magnitude and thus the friction also increases by an order of magnitude. This pseudo-linear dependence of friction to the nominal area of contact has been observed experimentally as illustrated in FIG. 2 which is a graph of static friction versus contact start/stop (CSS). This is also predicted using a friction model as described in Polycarpou, AA., Etison, I., 1998, “Static Friction of Contacting Real Surfaces in the Presence of Sub-Boundary Lubrication,” ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 120, pp. 296-303. The prediction of this model is illustrated in FIG. 4 which is a graph of static friction versus nominal area of contact. This model is an alternative to meniscus stiction models and is more accurate for strong lubricant solid bond, very thin lubricants typically used at the head/disc interface. The static friction coefficient μ is written as:  
             μ   =       Q   F     =     Q     P   -     F   S                   Equation                 1                               
 
         [0033]    where Q, F, P and Fs are the friction, preload, contact and adhesion forces, respectively. The surfaces are modeled with a surface roughness model that allows for elastic-plastic deformation of the asperities. The model depends on the preload and nominal area contact, surface roughness (standard dedition of asperity heights related to R a , radius of curvature of asperity heights, areal density of asperities, and the distribution of asperity heights. It also depends on the material properties (hardness, elastic modulus of elasticity, and Poisson&#39;s ratio), and the lubricant properties of energy of adhesion (surface free energy), intermolecular spacing, and the lubricant thickness.  
         [0034]    The friction is strongly and non-linearly dependent upon the roughness, as observed experimentally and also as predicted by the above model. FIG. 5 is a graph of friction versus the roughness parameter σ/R which shows the effect of roughness on friction for rough, smooth and very smooth surfaces.  
         [0035]    Another phenomenon that may take place during the tipping of a slider is the migration of the mobile lubricant present at the interface. This can form large menisci and thereby increase stiction. Another phenomenon is the contact of the outer radius and/or the inner radius of the slider either during flying or during static conditions. The net effect of this contact is an increase in the contact area, and thereby an increase in the stiction/friction. Such large increases in stiction are catastrophic for the head/disc interface causing the head to stick and crash on the media.  
         [0036]    Both dynamic and static interaction of the slider and the media cause the unstable behavior and tipping of the slider. In dynamic interaction, when the slider comes to a stop and transitions from sliding to sticking, the friction force (or conjential force) typically oscillates at a system resonance indicating that the slider is experiencing some form of rocking and translational motion. This is shown graphically in FIG. 6. In FIG. 6, the dotted line is the velocity as the slider moves from sliding to sticking (0 velocity). The thick solid line is a graph of the friction force showing that as the velocity goes to zero, the friction also drops to zero and moves through negative values thereby fluctuating. The thinner solid line is a graph of tangential acceleration of the slider which indicates that the transition from sliding to sticking is abrupt and the slider oscillates after it comes to a stop. During such oscillations, the slider air bearing surface and the center pad will contact the media. Static geometrically analysis indicates that even 500 microradians of tilt of the slider is sufficient to cause contact at the trailing edge of the slider.  
         [0037]    Further, typically drive spindles in disc drive systems experience a back lash when coming to a stop and before they start to spin. As these backward motions are usually very small, and because the friction at the landing pads is sufficiently high, sliding does not occur in the slider tips.  
         [0038]    The increased area of contact (in addition to the area from the landing pad) and not the increased friction may also be caused from wearing of the landing pads or from built in variations from the geometry of the slider such as crown and cross curved.  
         [0039]    Thus, although such slider designs have reduced stiction, the complex nature of the air bearing surface including landing pads, curvatures, preload offsets, and stringent flying requirements such as pitch, roll, etc. lead to instabilities under both static and dynamic conditions or during the wearing in of the pads.  
         [0040]    One technique used to reduce the area of possible contact and prevent the migration of mobile lubricants is the use of trenches as illustrated in FIGS. 7A, 7B and  7 C. Sliders  220 ,  222  and  224  include trenches  226 ,  228  and  230 , respectively which are positioned closer to the trailing edge of the slider. The trenches may be in any direction including horizontal, vertical or crosswise as illustrated in FIG. 7B. All three designs achieve a reduction in stiction values. However, the reduction in stiction is only about 50%, from 30 grams to between about 10 and 15 grams. Additionally, significant wear is observed near the trenches.  
         [0041]    Another technique to reduce slider tipping is by “roughening” portions of the air bearing surface. Any portion of the air bearing surface including the center pad and side rails can be roughened using appropriate techniques. In one technique, the surface is coated with diamond-like carbon (DLC) for corrosion protection and the TiC is chemically etched. This can increase the Ra value of the air bearing surface from 2 nm to 9 nm. Further roughening can cause pitting of the air bearing surface. The roughening decreases friction and the contact area is reduced due to the pitting. These pits act as potential locations for storing wear debris and they also increase the positive pressure into additional aerodynamic effects. Another roughening technique is a short duration ion milling. After the air bearing surface has been lapped, an ion beam is applied to achieve a milling depth of around 0.3 μm providing an Ra value change from 1 nm to between 10 and 50 nm. Assuming a square root relationship between ion milling time and milling depth, a three minute ion milling time produces a roughness Ra value of 6.0 nm.  
         [0042]    [0042]FIGS. 8A, 8B,  8 C and  8 D are bottom plan views of sliders  240 ,  242 ,  244  and  246 , respectively, showing various “roughened” areas. In FIG. 8A, a roughened area  250  is positioned near the trailing edge of the slider. The majority of rails  252  are not roughened and carry landing pads  254 . In FIG. 8B, rails  256  and center pad  258  are roughened everywhere. However, in FIG. 8C, only center pad  260  has been roughened. FIG. 8D illustrates a slider  246  in which roughened areas  262  are positioned near landing pads  264 . Additionally, center island  266  also contains a roughened region  262 . The roughened regions are merely provided as examples for illustrating the invention.  
         [0043]    In addition to roughening areas of the air bearing surface, small holes, or “micro pores” can be used on the surface. FIG. 9A is a bottom plan view of a slider  270  including micro pores  272  carried on side rails and the center island of the slider  270 . Pads  274  are also carried on the rails. The micro pores reduce the area of contact and thus reduce the stiction and friction. Further, the micro pores have aerodynamic properties which contribute to the lift of the air bearing surface. This reduces contact force and thereby reduces friction and wear. The shape and size of micro pores can vary as desired to achieve optimal load carrying capacities. Example shapes of the micro pores are illustrated in the inset  276 . FIG. 9B is a side cross-sectional view of a portion of the side rail of FIG. 9A taken along the line  9 B- 9 B. The cross-sectional shape of the micro pores can vary as desired. Several different shapes are illustrated in inset  278 . FIG. 9C shows a close up of a portion of the air bearing surface of the slider  270  of FIG. 9A. In the embodiment of FIG. 9C, the micro pores are connected by channels  280  which reduces the trapping of any lubricant or debris in the micro pores. This reduces the migration of lubricant which may take place during stopping of the slider which is known to lead to increased friction.  
         [0044]    [0044]FIG. 10 is a bottom plan view of slider  290  in which “side kicks”  292  are positioned on center island  296 . The side kicks  292  are small pads, for example, small diamond-like carbon bumps which reduce tipping of the slider  290 . However, if the slider is not flying optimally due to high roll or if the slider is flying too low, or if the geometry of the slider is incorrect such as the crown or camber being out of specification, the side kick pads  292  are quickly worn off and the very smooth air bearing surface comes into direct contact with the disc surface leading to high stiction.  
         [0045]    [0045]FIG. 11A is a side cross-sectional view and FIG. 11B is a bottom plan view showing pad  298  with a mote or a trench  300  extending around the pad  298 . The mote  300  acts to reduce stiction by reducing the gross menisci which is formed around pad  298 .  
         [0046]    Another technique to reduce stiction is to provide the slider with a high crown. For example, crowns greater than 1 μin and preferably about 1.5 μin offer reduced stiction, even if the slider tips. This reduction in stiction is due to the smaller area that contacts the media.  
         [0047]    In one aspect of the present invention, some or all of the aforementioned techniques are combined to provide a slider with superior tribological properties which is substantially insensitive to geometrical variations, contaminants, lube thickness variation and media type for both textured or polished media. Preferably, the slider is insensitive to very smooth media (Ra less than 5 Å) which is particularly desirable for high aerial recording densities and low fly heights.  
         [0048]    In FIG. 12A a slider  320  which includes diamond-like carbon pads  322  carried on rail  324 . Some or all of the pads  322  include trenches  326  which surround their base to reduce meniscus formation. The number of landing pads and their locations can vary depending upon the specific air bearings type and shape, the geometry of the slider and the load that the slider needs to carry. The diamond-like carbon pads are preferably spaced away from the trailing edge of the slider such that there is no interference or contact with the media. However, this effect increases the propensity of slider  320  for tipping, especially during starting and stopping of the slider. When slider  320  tips, a large area of the smooth air bearing surface and center pad  328  come into contact with the smooth media causing a significant increase in the stiction due to the increase in the adhesive and meniscus forces. Prolonged high stiction can lead to excessive wear of the pads and cause crashes of slider  320 . In order to reduce tipping, side kicks  330  made of shorter diamond-like carbon pads (between about 100 and about 300 Å) are placed on center rail  328  to reduce slider tipping during start up and stopping. Further, slider  320  has a relatively large crown which minimizes the effects of tipping by preventing a large contact area between slider  320  and media surface. In the embodiment shown, there are two side kicks  330 . Additionally, the shape of side kicks  330  can be selected as appropriate for various air bearing designs such as using round pads, oval pads or long thin pads which may provide advantageous air bearing effects. Additionally, trenches  332  are provided on center pads  328  to further reduce the contact area should tipping occur. Trenches  332  also provide paths for drainage of lubricant such that lubricant does not concentrate on center island  328  which could cause high stiction. Roughened areas  334  are provided near the trailing edge of rails  324  of slider  320  to prevent high stiction. FIG. 12B is a cross-sectional view of slider  320  taken along the line labeled  12 B- 12 B. As illustrated in FIG. 12B, the mean plane of the roughened portion  334  can be parallel with the plane of the smooth portion of rail  324 . In another embodiment as illustrated in FIG. 12C, the mean plane of roughened area  334  is recessed from the rest of rail  324 . This can be achieved through ion milling or etching techniques as are known in the art. By recessing the roughened areas  334 , greater distances provided between the trailing edge of slider  320  and the media to further reduce the effects of tipping. This also allows reduced flying which will increase the control or stiffness of the air bearing which is particularly useful in proximity recording application.  
         [0049]    [0049]FIG. 13 is a bottom plan view of a slider  340  in which the entire surface of rails  342  is roughened as is center island  344 . Small kick pads  346  are defined at the trailing edge of rails  342  and on center island  344 .  
         [0050]    [0050]FIG. 14 is a bottom plan view of a slider  350  having short rails  352  and a center island  254  which is substantially entirely roughened. Trenches  356  are also defined in center island  354 . In the embodiment of FIG. 15, a slider  360  is shown in which a center island  362  positioned near the leading edge of the slider carries a bump, such as a DLC bump  364 . Rails  366  include skids or bumps  368 . All or part of the rails  366  is roughened as illustrated in FIG. 15. Further, trenches  370  are formed in rails  366 . In the embodiment shown, the trenches are positioned near the trailing edge of the slider and extend in a generally diagonal direction relative to the direction of sliding.  
         [0051]    In FIG. 16, a slider  380  is shown in which leading edge pads  382  have a height which is greater than trailing edge pads  384 . Additionally, trenches  386  are provided on the center island. The short trailing edge pads act as multiple side kick features.  
         [0052]    [0052]FIG. 17 is a bottom plan view of a slider  390  using DLC bumps  392  and side kick features  394 . In the embodiment shown, bumps  392  cover substantially the entire air bearing surface. This is due to the particular masking technique used to fabricate bumps  392 . The bumps in the recessed portions of the air bearing surface generally have no effect and can be eliminated. Roughened portions  398  are provided at the trailing edge of rails  400 . Preferably, the air bearing surface of slider  390  has a high crown. FIG. 18 is a perspective view of a portion of a slider showing center island  410  and the trailing edge of rails  412 . Center island  410  includes vertical trenches  414  formed therein.  
         [0053]    Although the present invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. In general, the pads may be placed along any protruding portion of the air bearing surface such as the side rails, a center rail, a center island, etc. In general, the present invention includes all of the various sizes, shapes, heights, placings, configurations, densities, etc. of the pads set forth herein. Such pads may be made in accordance with any of the processes set forth herein or may be fabricated using other processes as desired. Similarly, the specific process herein are not limited to fabrication of those pads which have been specifically set forth herein. The invention may be used with any type of transducing element including inductive, magnetoresistive and optical elements. In general, in these designs the pads only contact the disc surface during CSS and do not contact the disc surface during normal flying. As used herein, a “textured portion” or “texture” means any configuration of the air bearing surface in which features have been added in order to have a desired aerodynamic effect.