Abstract:
Disclosed are lithium/carbon monofluoride batteries suitable for long term use at highly elevated temperatures. Organosilicon electrolytes having low vapor pressure and high flash points are used, along with lithium salts and ceramic separators. Methods of using these batteries at high temperatures are also disclosed.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    Not applicable. 
       STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH/DEVELOPMENT 
       [0002]    Not applicable. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    The present invention relates to batteries. More particularly, it relates to organosilicon electrolytes used in combination with lithium anode/carbon monofluoride cathode batteries in structures where the battery is operable at highly elevated temperatures. 
         [0004]    In developing optimal batteries one needs to take into account a variety of considerations. Typically, one will want to provide high voltage, store substantial amounts of energy, operate reliably and safely, provide energy on a timely response basis, keep the cost of the battery materials within commercially practical limits, provide a battery that operates long term without significant maintenance issues, and also keep the weight of the battery low. 
         [0005]    A particularly promising type of battery for many applications is one where the anode is a lithium metal anode and the cathode is primarily made of carbon monofluoride. “Carbon monofluoride”, which is often abbreviated as “CF x ”, is typically formed by a carbon substrate (such as graphite powder) having been exposed to fluorine gas at high temperature. This creates a material where fluorine is intermixed with carbon at a molar ratio near 1 to 1, but usually not exactly at 1 to 1. These materials often range from CF 0.68  to CF 1.12 , yet still are collectively referred to as “monofluoride”. That nomenclature will be used herein as well. 
         [0006]      FIG. 1  depicts a prior art type of battery, of the coin cell/button type. It has a disk form cathode  12 , an anode  13 , a metal current collector  14  attached along a side of the cathode  12 , and a separator  15  impregnated with (and adjacent) electrolyte  16 . There may also be metal spacers  17 , a spring  18 , a gasket  19 , and outer casings  20  and  21 . For example, the separator could be polyethylene impregnated with a mixture of polypropylene carbonate, 1,2 dimethoxyethane, and lithium tetrafluoroborate salt. 
         [0007]    While this type of prior art device is useful for a variety of applications, it is not well suited for long term use at temperatures above 100° C. This is significant as there are various industrial and military applications for batteries which would benefit if the batteries were operable at higher temperatures (without significantly compromising other performance characteristics). 
         [0008]    For example, in a number of oil drilling applications various battery powered devices (e.g. cameras; sensors) are used at or near the bottom of the drilled area. This can expose the device to geothermal heating extremes. 
         [0009]    As another example, in a battlefield environment military devices can become exposed to heat generated by explosions. It is desirable for those devices (e.g. their power sources) to have improved survivability in the face of such heat exposure. 
         [0010]    The literature has described a variety of organosilicon based electrolytes and methods for producing them. This has in some cases included a discussion of mixing those electrolytes with lithium salts for improved performance. See e.g.: 
         [0011]    (a) 1S 1 M3: Me 3 Si—CH 2 O—(CH 2 CH 2 O) 3 —Me: K. Amine et al., Novel Silane Compounds As Electrolyte Solvents For Li-Ion Batteries, 8 Electrochemistry Communications 429-433 (2006); N. Rossi et al., Improving Properties Of Silicon-Containing Oligo(ethylene oxide) Electrolytes With Cyclic Carbonate Additives, 92 PMSE Preprints 426-427 (2005). 
         [0012]    (b) 1NM3: Me 3 Si—O—(CH 2 CH 2 O) 3 —Me: Z. Zhang et al., Highly Conductive Oligoethyleneoxy-Functionalized Silanes, 46 Polym. Prepar. 662-663 (2005). 
         [0013]    (c) 2NM 2 3: Me 3 Si—O—(CH 2 CH 2 O) 3 —SiMe 3 : V. Phung et al., Synthesis Of Inorganic Squid Type Molecules, 472 Zeitschrift Fuer Anorganische Und Allgemeine Chemie 75-82 (1981); L. Zhang et al., Highly Conductive Trimethylsilyl Oligo(ethylene oxide) Electrolytes For Energy Storage Applications, 18 Journal Of Materials Chemistry 3713-3717 (2008). 
         [0014]    (d) 2NM 2 4: Me 3 Si—O—(CH 2 CH 2 O) 4 —SiMe 3 : V. Phung et al., and L. Zhang et al., supra. 
         [0015]    (e) 1ND3: Me—O—(CH 2 CH 2 O) 3 —Si—O—(CH 2 CH 2 O) 3 —Me: K. Amine et al. and N. Rossi et al., supra, as well as B. Leska et al., Generation And Stability Of N-phenacyl-4-R-pyridinium Ylides In Silicon Polypodands, 700 Pol. Journal Of Molecular Structure 169-173 (2004). 
         [0016]    (f) 1ND4: Me—O—(CH 2 CH 2 O) 4 —Si—O—(CH 2 CH 2 O) 4 —Me: K. Amine et al., N. Rossi et al., and B. Leska et al., supra. 
         [0017]    (g) 2ND3: Me—O—(CH 2 CH 2 O) 3 —Si—O—Si—(CH 2 CH 2 O) 3 —Me: H. Nakahara et al., Passive Film Formation On A Graphite Electrode: Effect Of Siloxane Structures, 160 Journal Of Power Sources 548-557 (2006); Z. Zhang et al., Oligo(ethylene glycol)-functionalized Disiloxane: Synthesis And Conductivity, 92 PMSE Preprints 365-366 (2005); and U.S. patent application publication 2007/065728. 
         [0018]    However, to date, we are unaware of any prior suggestion to use such organosilicon based electrolytes in carbon monofluoride/lithium type batteries, much less what the attributes of such organosilicons should preferably be for such purposes, or other modifications to the batteries to enable high temperature operation. 
         [0019]    In unrelated work there has been discussion of the use of ceramics such as alumina in separator materials in a battery system, albeit there have been indications of expected difficulties in using that material at various temperatures. See e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 3,773,558. 
         [0020]    Hence, there is a need for improved lithium/carbon monofluoride batteries, particularly with respect to capabilities for high temperature operation. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0021]    In one aspect the invention provides a battery suitable to deliver stored energy at above 130° C. (preferably at above 150° C.) for a period of greater than five hours. There is a cathode comprising carbon monofluoride, an anode comprising lithium metal, a separator, and an electrolyte. The electrolyte is primarily an organosilicon compound having a flash point above 180° C. and a vapor pressure below 2 torr at 25° C. For this purpose flash point has been defined using the test of ASTM D3828-09. 
         [0022]    In one preferred form the organosilicon compound includes the following moiety: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
           
             wherein R 1  is selected from the group consisting of alkyl moieties of less than five carbons, and 
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
           
             wherein R 5 , R 6  and R 7  are the same or different, and each is selected from the group consisting of alkyl moieties of less than five carbons; 
             wherein R 2 , R 3  and R 4  are the same or different, and each is selected from the group consisting of alkyl moieties of less than five carbons and R 8 —O(CH 2 CH 2 O) r —, where R 8  is selected from the group consisting of alkyl moieties of less than five carbons; 
             wherein m is equal to or higher than 0 and lower than 11; and 
             wherein r and n are the same or different and equal to or higher than 1 and lower than 10. 
           
         
       
     
         [0028]    In another preferred form the organosilicon compound includes the following moiety: 
         [0000]      R 1 —O—(CH 2 CH 2 O) m —Si—O—Si—(CH 2 CH 2 O) n —R 2  
       wherein R 1  and R 2  are the same or different and selected from the group consisting of alkyl moieties of less than five carbons; and   wherein m and n are the same or different and equal to or higher than 1 and lower than 10.       
 
         [0031]    In other aspects the separator is not made of a plastic material (e.g. it is made of a ceramic, highly preferably made of alumina), the electrolyte is a liquid, the electrolyte further comprises a salt such as a lithium salt is selected from the group consisting of lithium-tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium-bis(trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl)imide, and lithium bis-(oxalatoborate). Most preferably the salt is lithium bis-(oxalatoborate). 
         [0032]    The cathode may include a metallic current collector that has been bonded to a mixture of carbon monofluoride, a polyvinylidene fluoride binder, and acetylene black conductivity aid (e.g. by drop drying the mixture on the collector). 
         [0033]    In another aspect the invention provides methods of using such batteries to deliver stored energy. After obtaining a battery of the above type (with energy stored therein), one exposes the battery to a temperature above 130° C. (preferably above 150° C.) and delivers stored energy from the battery at that temperature more than five hours. 
         [0034]    From the present disclosure it will be appreciated that one can generate electricity using a conventional energy source, use that electricity to charge a battery of the present invention, and then use a battery of the present invention at highly elevated temperatures. Batteries of the present invention can be produced at acceptable cost, can store significant quantities of energy and deliver that energy in a responsive manner, and be reliable for long term use. 
         [0035]    The above and still other advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the description that follows. It should be appreciated that the following description is merely of preferred embodiments of the invention. The claims should therefore be looked to in order to understand the full claimed scope of the invention. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0036]      FIG. 1  is a schematic exploded view of a prior art type of lithium/carbon monofluoride battery; 
           [0037]      FIG. 2  is a graph showing voltage delivery characteristics of a first battery of the present invention, when operated at 130° C.; 
           [0038]      FIG. 3  is a graph showing voltage delivery characteristics of a second battery of the present invention, when operated at 130° C.; 
           [0039]      FIG. 4  is a graph showing voltage delivery characteristics of a third battery of the present invention, when operated at 130° C.; 
           [0040]      FIG. 5  is a graph showing voltage delivery characteristics of a fourth battery of the present invention, using a ceramic separator, when operated at 150° C.; and 
           [0041]      FIG. 6  is a graph similar to  FIG. 5 , using a similar battery except where the separator is a plastic separator, when operated at 150° C. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0042]    Our carbon monofluoride/lithium batteries are useful for a variety of specialized applications. For example, they can be used in military applications where heat resistance is important (e.g. battlefield related equipment such as radio communication devices, GPS, thermal imaging equipment). They can also be used in a variety of industrial applications, again where heat resistance is important (e.g. oil field services). 
         [0043]    They are very lightweight (due to high energy density), thus retaining a highly desirable property of conventional carbon monofluoride/lithium batteries. Further, they have a very constant discharge voltage until essentially the end of their useful life. 
         [0044]    The preferred electrolytes of the present invention can be used with a wide variety of lithium/carbon monofluoride battery constructions. As one example, a  FIG. 1  device can have its standard electrolyte replaced with an organosilicon/lithium salt electrolyte of the present invention, and most preferably its plastic (polyethylene) separator replaced with an alumina or other ceramic separator. Further, we prefer to use ceramic type screws to hold the device together and a silicone o-ring for the seal. 
         [0045]    One could, for example, make the outer housing  20 / 21  of a 2032 stainless steel. The stainless steel current collector  14  could be a single ring at 1.5 cm diameter. 
         [0046]    The separator  15  could be surfactant-coated polypropylene (Celgard 3400, available from Celgard LLC) when operating at some temperatures. Such a separator could have a 25 μM thickness. 
         [0047]    However, as the operating temperature increases to 130° C. or more we have discovered significant operational advantages when the separator is ceramic. Most preferred is an alumina filter membrane, such as the Anopore Inorganic Membrane from Whatman, having a 13 mm diameter and a 0.02 micron pore size. 
         [0048]    The anode  13  could be pure lithium metal punched to a 13.5 mm diameter circle. The lithium metal used is electrochemical grade (Lectro Max 100, Batch #1385) from FMC Lithium. The metal is stored at all times in an argon glove box with water content less than 5 ppm. 
         [0049]    The cathode  12  could be a composite material of 90% carbon monofluoride (Advance Research Chemical, CAS# 51311-17-2), 5% polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF, Sigma Aldrich, M w ˜180,000), and 5% acetylene black (Alfa Aesar), by mass. The carbon monofluoride acts as the cathode&#39;s active material, the PVDF serves as a binder, and the carbon black is an additive to increase the electronic conductivity of the composite. 
         [0050]    To form this cathode, PVDF is dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP, Sigma Aldrich) solvent at 40° C. in four hours of mixing to achieve roughly 0.04 g/ml. The carbon black and carbon monofluoride material is added, mixed well (via vortex and bath sonication for thirty minutes). After all ingredients are added the mixture is bath sonicated for 90 minutes. 
         [0051]    200 μl of the resulting slurry is then drop-dried onto 1.5 cm diameter steel or nickel current collectors and allowed to dry overnight at 70° C. See also G. Nagasubramanian, Fabrication And Testing Capabilities For 18650 Li/(CF x ) n  Cells, 2 Int. J. Electrochem. 913-922 (2007). 
         [0052]    We then select an organosilicon electrolyte. Highly preferred are organosilicon electrolytes which are liquid, with high temperature stability, such as 1NM3, 2NM 2 3, and 2NM 2 4. 
         [0053]    We mix the organosilicon material with a salt (e.g. over a period of 4 to 24 hours), such as a lithium salt, such as using about 1M lithium salt. A particularly desirable lithium salt is LiTSFI (lithium-bis(trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl)imide), this salt being available from Sigma Aldrich. 
         [0054]    In some tests of our batteries we charged at 0.1 mA until 3.2V functionality was reached. The batteries were then discharged at −0.1 mA until 1.5 V functionality was reached. This was tested at varying temperatures between 55° C. to about 150° C.  FIGS. 2-6  depict the test results. In these five cases we used LiTFSI as the salt. The organosilicon compound was as indicated in  FIGS. 2 and 3 . For  FIGS. 4-6  it was 2NM 2 4. 
         [0055]    It should be particularly noted that  FIGS. 5 and 6  compare operability of a  FIG. 4  type system, but at 150° C., with  FIG. 5  using a ceramic separator and  FIG. 6  using a plastic separator. Surprisingly, the  FIG. 5  battery had nearly three times the capacity of the  FIG. 6  battery, with all other factors being equal, when operated at this temperature with the same electrolyte. 
         [0056]    While a number of embodiments of the present invention have been described above, the present invention is not limited to just these disclosed examples. There are other modifications that are meant to be within the scope of the invention and claims. Thus, the claims should be looked to in order to judge the full scope of the invention. 
       INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY 
       [0057]    The present invention provides improved batteries capable of high temperature operation, without materially compromising other desired characteristics of lithium/carbon monofluoride batteries.