Abstract:
A trader is enabled to create, to visualize, to study historical performance, to track, to perform analysis on, to share, to edit and to trade a personal composite instrument (PCI) that includes a first portfolio with a first set or group of assets and their respective quantities, and a second portfolio with a second set of assets and their respective quantities, the first portfolio “traded against” the second portfolio, leading to the creation of a new independent financial entity. Being a flexible and universal tool for traders in financial markets, the PCI provides an opportunity to invent unique financial entities which can open hidden ground for performing an in-depth analysis of assets or even markets and can enhance the trader&#39;s ability to set entry and exit points for separate assets or whole portfolios as technical analysis tools and composite price history become available.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    1. Field of the Disclosure 
         [0002]    The present invention relates to the field of electronic trading and investment monitoring, and relates more specifically to a system, method and computer-readable medium for generating and displaying a composite value of a complex instrument consisting of two sets (portfolios) of assets. 
         [0003]    2. Related Art 
         [0004]    Traders of foreign currencies, equities and commodities and the like are often interested in the performance of indices or portfolios of assets to indicate market, sector or asset trends in which they are interested. A number of published market indices, such as the S&amp;P 500 and the Dow Jones Industrial Index provide an indication of market movement or other market trends for an entire market or sector. However, traders often find it advantageous to track or to trade on more than one market or more than one exchange at the same time, or to analyze trends on more than one market, sector or exchange, or to compare performance of markets, sectors or similar assets. Further, traders often find it advantageous to design their own market indicators. For example, Claus et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,873,565, incorporated in its entirety herein by reference, allows the processing of a composite trading order to allow the trader to generate a composite value with a single action. However, Claus does not provide a customizable independent financial instrument that would be a product of a composite order and could be interpreted as a composite dynamic relation of two sets of assets. 
         [0005]    According to principles of modern portfolio theory, developed for instance by Harry Markowitz and other famous economists, the problem of making composite portfolios entails the relationship between financial assets, diversification and management of risks, portfolio structure optimization. The method disclosed herein allows portfolio construction that is simple and best suits individual needs of an investor, taking into account his risk-return profile. 
         [0006]    Foreign currency exchanges often feature prices of trading instruments as a base asset, B, traded against a quoted asset, Q. The quoted asset is commonly used as a reference or “counter currency” to express a relationship between two currencies or to express a value of a currency in terms of a second currency. For example, B/Q might reflect the ε/USD (Euro/U.S. dollar), so that B/Q might be conveniently expressed as 1.250, or 1ε=$1.25. According to an aspect of the present invention, instead of currencies the method places two combinations of assets or two portfolios (B—base portfolio, Q—quoted portfolio). Comparison of the values of two portfolios leads to creation of an independent entity, a composite instrument. The “price” of the instrument represents the number of quoted portfolios currently having the same value as the base portfolio or in other words the value of the base portfolio expressed in a quantity of the quoted portfolio or can be treated as an “exchange rate” of the two portfolios. 
         [0007]    However, there is a need among traders for a more customizable portfolio indicator to facilitate technical analysis and technical analysis tools and visualization, and to offer a fresh look at relationships and correlations, revealing hidden interrelations between different assets, market-traded items and trading instruments, to compare markets or investment alternatives over time, to create and test investment strategies based on complex interrelations between financial assets. By combining different assets and setting for them individual weights in a portfolio, the method converts two sets of assets into a separate financial entity and therefore allows creation of unique personal composite instruments. Therefore, the user avoids limitation of the number of financial instruments available to him and comes to creation of his own product, an idea or a strategy implemented with a computer-based solution by constructing composite instruments which have their own price history and are ready for broad analytical work. An advantage of this approach is its flexibility and universality which opens up new horizons for analysis and trading, allotting the user with the function of creating financial products. The user&#39;s resourcefulness and inventiveness can be brought to bear on the asset allocation as any marketable assets can be selected for the base or quoted portfolio. Therefore the method can be useful for any type of investment preferences and for creating and testing a wide variety of investment strategies. As the number of such combinations is theoretically unlimited, the user may create an unlimited number of composite instruments. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0008]    Disclosed is a method, system, computer-readable medium and means for enabling a trader to create, to track, to study historical performance, to perform technical analysis on, to share, to edit, to review performance and to trade assets of a composite instrument, or the composite instrument itself, that includes a first (base) portfolio with a first set of assets and their respective quantities, and a second portfolio (quoted) with a second set of assets and their respective quantities, the first portfolio “traded against” the second portfolio. The method can be also treated as a universal converter, enabling a trader to determine “exchange rate” between two combinations (portfolios) of assets, to track, to study historical performance and interrelations, to build investment strategies and perform trading operations. 
         [0009]    Many different combinations of assets exist and thus the personal composite method can open new opportunities for analysis and trading. Users may construct their own financial instruments in accordance with their individual needs, requirements and limitations through building composite instruments of varying degree of complexity and reaching near absolute flexibility by assigning each asset an individual weight in the overall structure. When one portfolio is divided to another, a new technical instrument can be created. The fundamental and physical meaning of deviation is exchange of one portfolio against another similar to exchange rate in forex market. The function of personal composite instrument (PCI) during the time is variation of exchange rate of one portfolio (instrument) against another. 
         [0010]    Theoretically unlimited number of possible composite instruments may increase considerably the number of trading opportunities. The instrument can help reveal market, sector or asset valuation trends, needed for macroeconomic analysis or to reveal hidden interrelations between assets or times of anomalous behavior of financial assets. Also it can be applicable in portfolio creation and optimization process leading to risk diversification benefits or it can be helpful in comparing investment alternatives as portfolios can be expressed and graphed in absolute values or in relation to any benchmark or in relation to each other. Many trading strategies may be tested under the method, including spread trading, mean-reversion trading, searching for a stable relationship and so on. It can be used as a hedge instrument in case of substantial reduction of composite price sensitivity to a desirable factor. As there are two sets of assets in a composite instrument strategies may also assume taking both long and short positions. 
         [0011]    The computer-readable medium incorporates instructions, when executed by a computer, receive user selection of a first portfolio of assets and user selection of a second portfolio of assets and generates a user report of a personal composite instrument value. Such instructions can include: user interface instructions to enable the user selection of the first (base) portfolio of assets, by enabling user selection of: a first asset of the first portfolio and a quantity of the first asset of the first portfolio, a second asset of the first portfolio, and a quantity of the second asset of the first portfolio. 
         [0012]    The instructions further can include user interface instructions to enable the user selection of the second (quoted) portfolio of assets, by enabling user selection of: a first asset of the second portfolio of assets and a quantity of the first asset of the second portfolio, and a second asset of the second portfolio of assets and a quantity of the second asset of the second portfolio. 
         [0013]    Further included can be asset price generating instructions configured automatically to receive from a real-time market data stream a first trading price of the first asset of the first portfolio, a first trading price of the second asset of the first portfolio, a first trading price of the first asset of the second portfolio, and a first trading price of the second asset of the second portfolio. Alternatively, the current market prices of all assets may be “captured” at initiation of composite instrument construction process, before the user chooses assets and indicates quantities. Therefore those prices may not coincide with the latest market prices available. However after the instrument construction is completed, its price may be constantly recalculated using the latest market data. 
         [0014]    In addition, the instructions include portfolio processing instructions to cause the computer automatically to calculate a first value of the first portfolio according to a first trading price of the first asset of the first portfolio and the quantity of the first asset of the first portfolio, and according to a first trading price of the second asset of the first portfolio and the quantity of the second asset of the first portfolio, and to calculate a first value of the second portfolio according to a first trading price of the first asset of the second portfolio and the quantity of the first asset of the second portfolio, and according to a first trading price of the second asset of the second portfolio and the quantity of the second asset of the second portfolio. 
         [0015]    Further, the personal composite instrument calculating instructions calculate a first value of the personal composite instrument by dividing the first value of the first portfolio by the first value of the second portfolio; and then the user report generation instructions report the first value of the personal composite instrument. 
         [0016]    The computer-readable medium may further include: tick tracker instructions to generate a user report of a new value of the personal composite instrument by tracking in real time a current value of the first asset and the current value of the second asset of the first portfolio and calculating a new value of the first portfolio accordingly, by tracking the current value of the first asset and the current value of the second asset of the second portfolio and calculating a new value of the second portfolio accordingly, and by calculating and reporting the new value of the personal composite instrument based on the new value of the first portfolio and the new value of the second portfolio. 
         [0017]    The first asset of the first portfolio and/or the first asset of the second portfolio may be a market item traded on a foreign currency exchange, a market item traded on a stock market or equities exchange, a market item traded on commodities exchange, or may be a published market index or a derivative financial instrument or other marketable instrument, such as contracts for difference (CFDs). 
         [0018]    A graphical user interface can be provided to generate a graph of values of the composite instrument over a time frame, wherein the time frame is selected according to user input. The graphical user interface can provide graphics representing technical tool results drawn on the graph, wherein the technical tool is selected according to user input. 
         [0019]    Also, the instructions further may include: user interface instructions configured to enable receipt of a user instruction to trade one or more of the assets represented by the personal composite instrument; order generating instructions configured to generate a trade order according to the instruction to trade and to communicate the trade order to a trading platform; and instructions to report confirmation of the trade to the user. 
         [0020]    The instructions may further include: user interface instructions configured to enable receipt of a user instruction to trade all of the assets represented by the personal composite instrument, in response to one instruction received from the user; and order generating instructions configured to generate a trade order according to the user instruction to trade. 
         [0021]    The instructions may enable a user to share his personal composite instrument created with a second user. 
         [0022]    The instructions may include: instructions to enable a user to input an alert request specifying user selection of a target composite instrument value; and instructions automatically by the processor to generate and to provide a user alert when the target composite instrument value is reached. The alert request may allow the user to specify an asset of the first or second portfolios that is of interest, and the user alert generated may indicate the asset of interest and a current or trading price thereof. 
         [0023]    The instructions may further include: trade ordering instructions configured to enable a user to order a trade of one or more units of the composite instrument; and order execution instructions configured to place an order for the execution of the trade based on the order received. 
         [0024]    The instructions may further include: first trade ordering instructions configured to enable a user to order long position trades of the assets of a specified portfolio of the first and second portfolios of the composite instrument; second trade ordering instructions configured to enable the user to order short position trades of the assets of a remaining portfolio, other than the specified portfolio, of the first and second portfolios of the composite instrument; and order execution instructions configured to place orders for the execution of the trades of the assets of the first specified portfolio and to place orders for the execution of the trades of the assets of the second specified portfolio based on the orders received. For example, to trade long on the composite instrument, that is, to buy the PCI (or some specified quantity of the PCI), considered by the system as a separate financial instrument, assets of the first portfolio in the quantities indicated by the PCI are bought AND assets of the second portfolio in the quantities indicated by the PCI are sold. To go short on the composite instrument, that is, to sell the PCI (or some specified quantity thereof): assets of the first portfolio in the quantities indicated by the PCI are sold, and assets of the second portfolio in the quantities indicated by the PCI are bought. 
         [0025]    Also disclosed is a system that includes the computer-readable medium incorporating instructions executed by the computer, the system further comprising remote user instructions configured to be executed by a second computer, the second computer being an electronic communication over the network with the computer and being remote from the computer, the remote user instructions comprising: instructions to provide a graphical user interface on a computer display connected to the second computer and to enable user selection of the first portfolio of assets and the second portfolio of assets; and instructions to present the first value of the personal composite instrument reported to a user at the second computer by the remote instructions. 
         [0026]    Further, a method is provided as follows: A method of receiving by a computer user selection of a first portfolio of assets and user selection of a second portfolio of assets and generating a user report of a personal composite instrument value, the method comprising: 
         [0027]    enabling the user selection of the first portfolio of assets and the second portfolio of assets, by enabling selection of: 
         [0028]    one or more assets of the first portfolio and a quantity for each asset of the first portfolio, 
         [0029]    one or more assets of the second portfolio of assets and a quantity of each asset of the second portfolio; and 
         [0030]    automatically receiving in real time, by the computer, from a real-time market data stream, a respective trading price of each asset of the first portfolio, and a respective trading price of each asset of the second portfolio; 
         [0031]    calculating, automatically by the computer, a first value of the first portfolio according to the respective trading price of each asset of the first portfolio and the quantity of each asset of the first portfolio, and calculating, by the computer, a first value of the second portfolio, according to the respective trading price of each asset of the second portfolio and the quantity of each asset of the second portfolio; 
         [0032]    calculating, automatically by the computer, a first value of the personal composite instrument by dividing the first value of the first portfolio by the first value of the second portfolio; 
         [0033]    reporting, automatically by the computer, to a user the first value of the personal composite instrument; and 
         [0034]    generating a user report of a new value of the personal composite instrument by tracking in real time a respective current value of the at least two assets of the first portfolio and calculating a new value of the first portfolio accordingly, and by tracking in real time a respective current value of the at least two assets of the second portfolio and calculating a new value of the second portfolio accordingly. As discussed, the price may be received at initiation of portfolio construction procedure and not updated until after creation of the composite instrument has been completed. 
         [0035]    The method further includes calculating, automatically by the computer, a first value of the first portfolio according to the first trading price of the first asset of the first portfolio and the quantity of the first asset of the first portfolio, and according to a first trading price of the second asset of the first portfolio and the quantity of the second asset of the first portfolio, and calculating, by the computer, a first value of the second portfolio according to a first trading price of the first asset of the second portfolio and the quantity of the first asset of the second portfolio, and according to the second asset of the second portfolio and the quantity of the second asset of the second portfolio; 
         [0036]    calculating, automatically by the computer, a first value of the personal composite instrument by dividing the first value of the first portfolio by the first value of the second portfolio; 
         [0037]    reporting, automatically by the computer, to a user the first value of the personal composite instrument; and 
         [0038]    generating a user report of a new value of the personal composite instrument by tracking in real time a current value of the first and second assets of the first portfolio and calculating a new value of the first portfolio accordingly, and by calculating the current value of the first and second assets of the second portfolio and calculating a new value of the second portfolio accordingly. 
         [0039]    In such a method, one or more assets of the first portfolio and/or one or more assets of the second portfolio, or all assets of the first portfolio, and/or all assets of the second portfolio, may be market items, including ETFs, traded on an equities or stock market, market items traded on a foreign currency exchange, market items traded on commodities exchange, futures, or other contracts or derivatives of market items traded on such exchanges, market or sector indexes, or items traded over the counter. 
         [0040]    Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of the invention that refers to the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0041]      FIG. 1  illustrates an example of a graphical user interface to allow user designation of a first portfolio of assets and a second portfolio of assets to yield a composite instrument, according to an aspect of the present disclosure. 
           [0042]      FIG. 2  is an example of a chart illustrating a graphical representation of the performance of a composite instrument over time, according to an aspect of the present disclosure. 
           [0043]      FIG. 3  illustrates an example of a composite instrument system architecture, according to an aspect of the present disclosure. 
           [0044]      FIG. 4  illustrates examples of devices that may be used to communicate over a communications network with a machine incorporating the composite instrument architecture, according to an aspect of the present disclosure. 
           [0045]      FIGS. 5 and 6  illustrate an example of a flowchart of steps performed by a machine to allow a user to generate and to use a composite instrument, according to an aspect of the present disclosure. 
           [0046]      FIG. 7  illustrates an example of a technical analysis tool-generated “channel” to facilitate technical analysis of the composite instrument, according to an aspect of the present disclosure. 
           [0047]      FIG. 8  illustrates an example of a technical analysis tool-generated “Fibonacci fan” to facilitate technical analysis of the composite instrument, according to an aspect of the present disclosure. 
           [0048]      FIG. 9  illustrates an example of a technical analysis tool-generated “Fibonacci extension” to facilitate technical analysis of the composite instrument, according to an aspect of the present disclosure. 
           [0049]      FIG. 10  illustrates an example of a technical analysis tool-generated “Double bottom chart pattern” to facilitate technical analysis of the composite instrument, according to an aspect of the present disclosure. 
           [0050]      FIG. 11  illustrates an example of a technical analysis tool-generated “Alligator indicator” to facilitate technical analysis of the composite instrument, according to an aspect of the present disclosure. 
           [0051]      FIG. 12  illustrates an example of a technical analysis tool-generated “MACD” (moving average convergence/divergence) to facilitate technical analysis of the composite instrument, according to an aspect of the present disclosure. 
           [0052]      FIG. 13  illustrates an example of a technical analysis tool-generated “RSI” (relative strength index) to facilitate technical analysis of the composite instrument, according to an aspect of the present disclosure. 
           [0053]      FIG. 14  illustrates an example of a technical analysis tool-generated “SMA” (simple moving average) to facilitate technical analysis of the composite instrument, according to an aspect of the present disclosure. 
           [0054]      FIG. 15  illustrates an example of a chart illustrating a graphed composite instrument with moving average, price support and price resistance levels, and triangle chart patterns drawn to facilitate technical analysis, according to an aspect of the present disclosure. 
           [0055]      FIG. 16  illustrates an example of a chart illustrating a graphed composite portfolio showing the price channel, RSI indicator, and a head and shoulders chart pattern. 
           [0056]      FIG. 17  is an example of a chart illustrating a portfolio including U.S. stocks Disney (DIS) at 20% of portfolio, Home Depot (HD) at 20% of portfolio, Honeywell (HON) at 15% of portfolio, International Business Machine (IBM) at 15% of portfolio, Coca-Cola (KO) at 10% of portfolio, and McDonalds (MCD), with current portfolio value of $100,000 weighted against $100,000 USD to yield the PCI value close to 1. 
           [0057]      FIG. 18  is an example of a chart illustrating a portfolio including U.S. stocks Disney (DIS) at 20% of portfolio, Home Depot (HD) at 20% of portfolio, Honeywell (HON) at 15% of portfolio, International Business Machine (IBM) at 15% of portfolio, Coca-Cola (KO) at 10% of portfolio, and McDonalds (MCD), with portfolio value of $100,000 weighted against a portfolio of 100,000 USD invested in benchmark Dow Jones Index. 
           [0058]      FIG. 19  illustrates an example of a chart graphing a composite instrument composed of a first portfolio comprising 1,000 AUD, 1,000 NZD, 1,000 NOK, 1,000 SEK and 1,000 CAD constructed against a second portfolio of lower-yielding currencies, the second portfolio including 1,000 CHF, 100,000 JPY and 1,000 DKK, according to an aspect of the present disclosure. 
           [0059]      FIG. 20  illustrates an example of a chart showing the performance of the German DAX index compared with the French CAC  40 . 
           [0060]      FIG. 21  illustrates an example of a remote composite instrument module, according to an aspect of the disclosure. 
           [0061]      FIG. 22  illustrates an example of the composite instrument module on a remote computer connected via a network to a composite instrument server, according to an aspect of the disclosure. 
           [0062]      FIG. 23  illustrates an example of trading operations as necessary to replicate a purchase of one unit of a composite instrument, and a panel regarding percent changes of the assets&#39; values of the composite instrument and the total percent change of the value of the composite instrument since its creation. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
       [0063]    According to an aspect of the present disclosure, a trader can select from hundreds or thousands of assets or financial instruments, specify their quantities, and thus create the contents of a first portfolio of assets and of a second portfolio of assets. One portfolio of assets can then be priced in terms of the second portfolio to create an independent composite instrument (sometimes referred to as a personal composite instrument). This allows for visualization of the value of the composite instrument and enables the use of technical analysis tools, user alerts, sharing, and trading of the composite instrument. The system allows for a variety of technical analysis tools and indicators for analyzing price history and for composite instrument price forecasting. 
         [0064]      FIG. 1  illustrates a graphical user interface  30  that enables creation of the first (Base) portfolio of assets, and the first portfolio of assets will then be weighed against a second portfolio of assets (Quoted) to yield the composite instrument. Asset panel  31  of graphical user interface  30  illustrated in  FIG. 1  allows the user to find and choose assets for the portfolio he wishes to create. Examples shown in  FIG. 1  are forex examples, but it will be understood that many types of assets can be included in the first and/or the second portfolio, including equities and stocks traded on a stock market or other exchange or over the counter, bonds, including corporate, state, national, local, federal or regional bonds and other fixed income securities, real estate and mortgage-based securities, commodities, precious metals or other metals, oil or any number of market-traded items. Further, the assets to be included in the portfolio can include composites of such market-traded items, currencies, equities and commodities, as well as derivatives, such as futures, and other contracts, as well as market, sector or geographic region indexes. Asset panel  31  allows the user to search for a symbol representing an asset he likes for his portfolio or the user can click on one or more of the assets shown already populated thereon. 
         [0065]    In the example illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the user has selected the Australian dollar, the Canadian dollar and the New Zealand dollar to comprise his first portfolio (Base). As shown in volume panel  38 , the user has selected 1,000 AUD, as shown in volume panel  39  he has selected 500 CAD, and he has selected 3,000 NZD. The upper limit volume indicator  34  shows a total amount, in this case indicated in the USD that the trader may “spend” for the first portfolio. This upper amount may be changed by the user, according to an aspect of the invention, or may be limited by a supervisor, according to an aspect of the invention. The percent panel  40  illustrates the percentage of his overall allotment in AUD relative to the limit volume and the second percent panel  41  illustrates the total allotment for his portfolio that he has in CAD. Volume panel  43  expresses in U.S. dollars the respective price of each asset of the first portfolio. Current total panel  61  shows the total U.S. value of the first portfolio, while pie chart panel  63  shows that of the total maximum allotment for the first portfolio, the trader has the various percentages shown in each asset. It will be understood that a user may select the quantities for each asset of the first portfolio by inputting or selecting a volume in volume panels  38 ,  39  etc., or the user may specify the volume expressed in U.S. dollars using U.S. dollar volume panel  43 . Or, the user may specify volumes in percentage terms in volume panels  40 ,  41  etc. In addition, a user may select the volume by moving the cursor to control the pie chart shown in pie chart panel  63 . 
         [0066]    Similarly, graphical user interface  30  shows a second (quoted) portfolio on the bottom denoted as the “quotation.’ The second portfolio is shown as comprised of 1,500 CHF, 200 EUR, and 400 GBP. These assets comprise respectively 16.1, 2.61 and 6.12 percentage of his total allotment, shown in this example for purposes of illustration as 10,000 dollars for the second portfolio, as illustrated in percent panel  50 . The percentages are shown in percent panel  50  and the total allotment allowed for the second portfolio is shown in limit volume bar  44 . The percentage that each asset of the second portfolio comprises of the total limit volume is shown by pie chart panel  64 . The total current USD value of the second portfolio is shown in current total panel  62  as 2,483.06. The assets of the second portfolio and their quantities may be selected in a manner similar to the selection of the first portfolio. In this way, the user has populated the first and second portfolio with chosen assets, has designated the volume or quantity of each asset, and has thus created the “base” portfolio and “quoted” portfolio. Accordingly, a market data stream can be input to the system so that as the value of each underlying asset of the first portfolio and the second portfolio changes, the current value of the personal instrument will change as well accordingly and will be reported to the user. 
         [0067]    The composition of the composite instrument is then shown in composition bar  67 . Based on the current trading price of each asset of the first and second portfolios the current composite instrument price is displayed in price bar  68 . ASK price, that is a price of purchase from the user&#39;s side, is shown in the price bar  68 , however it is assumed that BID price, that is a price of sale from the user&#39;s side, according to the latest market data, may also be received and may be used to update the portfolio values. In the illustrative example shown in  FIG. 1  that value is 1.6339. This value is equal to the ratio of the first portfolio value to the second portfolio value. More formally expressed, if the first composite portfolio (B, base) and the second portfolio (Q, quoted) are denoted as: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             B 
             = 
             
               
                 
                   ∑ 
                   
                     i 
                     = 
                     1 
                   
                   K 
                 
                  
                 
                   Vi 
                   * 
                   Ai 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   Q 
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
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                     j 
                     = 
                     1 
                   
                   N 
                 
                  
                 
                   Vj 
                   * 
                   Aj 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where:
 
A i,j =assets traded in the system, priced or recalculated in US dollars (however it will be understood that any other currency unit may also chosen as the base);
 
V i,j =volume (quantity) of asset i,j
 
K is the number of assets in the Base portfolio, and
 
N is the number of assets in the Quoted portfolio.
 
Then, the composite instrument trading concept is based on trading instrument B against instrument Q, trading as pair B/Q, or
 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   PCI 
                 
               
               
                 
                   GeWorko 
                 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   
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                       = 
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               . 
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    It may be assumed that asset prices are already in US dollars here. 
         [0068]    To calculate a trader&#39;s P/L (profit/losses) ratio for the day or for a period of trading in USD for composite instrument trading the following equation can be used: 
         [0000]        P/L=V *( Tc−To )* Qc=V *( Bc/Qc−Bo/Qo )* Qc=V *( Bc−Bo )− V *( Qc−Qo )* To  
 
         [0000]    where:
 
V is trading volume (number of composite instruments);
 
T O  and T C  are composite instrument&#39;s values or quotes at open and close of trading, respectively.
 
Bo—value of the first (Base) portfolio at open
 
Bc—value of the first (Base) portfolio at close
 
Qo—value of the second (Quoted) portfolio at open
 
Qc—value of the second (Quoted) portfolio at close
 
Or, if US dollar is assumed to be the base currency:
 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               P 
               / 
               L 
             
             = 
             
               
                 V 
                 * 
                 
                   
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                       i 
                       = 
                       1 
                     
                     n 
                   
                    
                   
                     Vi 
                     * 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           Ai 
                           / 
                           USDc 
                         
                         - 
                         
                           Ai 
                           / 
                           USDo 
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
               
               - 
               
                 V 
                 * 
                 To 
                 * 
                 
                   
                     ∑ 
                     
                       j 
                       = 
                       
                         n 
                         + 
                         1 
                       
                     
                     N 
                   
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                     Vj 
                     * 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           Aj 
                           / 
                           USDc 
                         
                         - 
                         
                           Aj 
                           / 
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                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    Vi—volumes of assets Ai of the Base portfolio
 
Vj—volumes of assets Aj of the Quoted portfolio
 
Ai/USD o—US-dollar price of asset Ai at open
 
Ai/USD c—US-dollar price of asset Ai at close
 
Aj/USD o—US-dollar price of asset Aj at open
 
Aj/USD c—US-dollar price of asset Aj at close
 
Therefore, the P/L ratio for composite instrument trading can be a linear combination of long and short positions taken on those assets that have been selected to build the composite instrument, each of them with a composite corresponding weight. The terms long position trade, or trading long, and short position trade, or trading short, are well known by traders and financial analysts, and very generally mean, respectively, a trade in which the user initially buys the asset expecting the price of the asset to increase, and a trade in which the user initially sells the asset expecting the price of the asset to decrease. Thus, the trader is able to build portfolios, open charts of the base and quoted portfolios and a chart of the composite instrument and to apply methods of technical analysis on each of them. In addition, the user can trade one portfolio against another. The position represented by the composite instrument can be totally replicated by substituting in the values of the underlying assets and their respective quantities, as explained later and shown in the  FIG. 23 .
 
         [0069]    As illustrated in  FIG. 4 , a user can communicate with a computer or other type of processor-based device that hosts the composite instrument architecture  70  illustrated in  FIG. 3 , by accessing the computer device over a communications network  101 , illustrated in  FIG. 4 . For example,  FIG. 4  illustrates that a user may use a personal computer  103 , a smartphone, e-reader, or other type of handheld or portable device  104 , a cellular phone  105 , a landline  106 , and/or a tablet device  107  to communicate via communications network  101  with server  102 , which can house the composite instrument system. Although shown as a server  102 , it will be understood that more than one such device may host the system. The system may be based in the cloud or offsite, or may be based at the premises where the trader is located. Further, the server  102  may not be traditional computer but may be a tablet, smartphone, handheld or portable device, or a combination of such devices. 
         [0070]    An example of a composite instrument system architecture and the steps user uses to create a composite instrument and to use a composite instrument will now be illustrated with reference  FIGS. 3 ,  5  and  6 . 
         [0071]    The user accesses the composite instrument system  70  by logging on either onsite or in a remote location and authenticating his status as a subscriber or permitted user. For example, the system may be a user subscription-based system that allows users to use composite instrument system  70  for a period of time in exchange for a subscription price, or to make a number of trades for a set price, or may be a system  70  that may be sold or licensed, for example, as a software package, or accessed for an unlimited time in exchange for a fee. 
         [0072]    As shown in S 1  of  FIG. 5  the user is authenticated, for example, using a password or the like and the user can sign in, or the user can create a user profile if accessing the system for the first time. 
         [0073]    The composite instrument system architecture  70  illustrated in  FIG. 3  includes network interface  71  to receive and to respond to the authentication request and includes user account module  72  that processes the user authentication and user creation of the profile, as well as user subscription information and the like. 
         [0074]    At S 2  illustrated in  FIG. 5 , user creates the composite instrument by providing instructions to the graphical user interface to select user assets and user asset quantities for the first and second portfolios. As shown in  FIG. 3 , the composite instrument system architecture  70  includes a portfolio generator  73  that provides instructions to graphical user interface module  78  to generate the graphical user interface for the user to enable user selection of the assets and the quantities, and to provide percentage and pie chart information and the like, as shown in  FIG. 1 . At S 3  shown in  FIG. 5 , the system receives the user&#39;s selection of assets and their quantities for each of the first and second portfolios, stores these selections and displays these selections to the user. 
         [0075]    At S 4 , the system calculates the composite instrument value based on the current asset value the portfolio values and displays the portfolio totals to the user. For example, a system may interact with a real-time market data stream using market interface  74  illustrated in  FIG. 3  to obtain the real-time current values of the assets underlying the first and second portfolios. The real-time market data streams may be obtained from a number of sources well known in the art, including directly from foreign currency, commodities or equities exchanges or the like, or from commercially available market data feeds. 
         [0076]    It will be understood that the user may interact with composite instrument system  70  on location or via network, such as a LAN, WAN, or the internet located off premises.  FIG. 21  illustrates a remote composite instrument module  170  that may be a software application or the like downloaded to the user&#39;s home computer, tablet, e-reader or other portable device or the like, to enable the user to create the composite instrument and to apply technical analysis tools and to trade thereon from a remote location. Such a software package may be sold or licensed to a user, or may be available free to subscribers or users of the composite instrument system. 
         [0077]    Using network interface  171  of remote composite instrument module  170  illustrated in  FIG. 21 , a user may interact with the composite instrument system using network interface  71  illustrated in  FIG. 3 , for example, to authenticate the user and the like. 
         [0078]    User instruction processor  172  of remote composite instrument module  170  illustrated in  FIG. 21  enables user to input instructions for creating the composite instrument by selecting assets and their respective quantities for the first and second portfolio, and GUI processor  173 , illustrated in  FIG. 21 , provides instructions for the local graphics processor of the user&#39;s device to show the graphical interface created by graphical user interface module  78  of composite instrument system  70  illustrated in  FIG. 3 . The real-time market feed information may be input directly to remote composite instrument module  170  to provide current price information for the assets of the first and second portfolios and thus to generate the current composite instrument value. Thus, market information processor  174  may receive via network interface  171  the real-time market data stream. In the alternative, the market data stream may be received by market interface  74  of composite instrument system  70  shown in  FIG. 3  and then be communicated to the remote composite instrument module  170  for display by command of GUI processor  173  of remote composite instrument module  170 . 
         [0079]    Thus, as shown in step S 5  of  FIG. 5 , the system calculates and displays the value of the composite instrument and displays it the user, for example, in current price bar  68 . Composite instrument tracker  75  of composite instrument system architecture illustrated in  FIG. 3  keeps track of the composite instrument thus generated, including the assets of the first and second portfolios and their quantities, and also keeps track of the value over time of the composite instrument. User may also wish to give the composite instrument a name that is convenient to remember and a composite instrument tracker  75  can also keep track of the name of the composite instrument. 
         [0080]    As shown in S 6 , the system can graph the composite instrument, for example, as illustrated in  FIG. 2 . A user may choose a time frame, and may choose a time frame in the past. The user may wish to focus the time frame on intra day trading, or select a time frame that spans days, weeks, months, years or decades, depending on the user&#39;s preferences.  FIG. 2  illustrates the value of the composite instrument on y axis  82 , while x axis  81  shows the time span. User can select other timeframes and the system will then graph the composite instrument for the selected timeframes, as shown in S 7  and S 8  of  FIG. 5 . 
         [0081]    A number of technical analysis tools can also be used by the trader to aid in the visualization and analysis of the composite instrument and underlying assets or the portfolios of the composite instrument. As shown in S 9 , the user may input one or more technical tools that he wishes to use in composite instrument analysis, and at S 10  the results of the technical analysis tools are shown to the user. For example,  FIG. 7  illustrates a “channel” to aid the trader in analyzing the scope or the trend of the composite instrument. It will be understood that as further market data is received, market interface  74  may transmit the changed value of the assets of the first and/or second portfolios to composite instrument tracker  75 , and graphic user interface module  78  may then redrawn the graph as appropriate. Some tools may be re-drawn automatically, as the user changes time spans or changes other criteria. 
         [0082]      FIG. 8  illustrates that the user has selected and the system has drawn another technical analysis graphing tool called a “Fibonacci fan” to aid in the visualization and analysis of the composite instrument trend, and the scale of the movements of the composite instrument over time. Further analysis tools and technical indicators, including the “Fibonacci extension”, the “double bottom” chart pattern, the “alligator indicator”, the MACD (moving average convergence/divergence), the RSI (relative strength index), the SMA (simple moving average), the moving average, the price support and price resistance levels and triangle chart patterns drawn, and the price channel RSI indicator, and head and shoulders chart pattern are illustrated in  FIGS. 9-16 . The time scale shown by the x axis and the time period graphed may also be varied by the user. Other types of market item analysis tools and visualization aids may also be used. For example, the user may wish to run the composite instrument backward, by showing the value of the composite instrument over a period of time before the composite instrument was created. The trader may wish to obtain the price of hypothetical trades of one or more assets of the composite instrument, or of one of the other or the portfolios of the composite instrument or of the composite instrument, as a whole, at various times or over a period of time, and these services may also be provided by the system. 
         [0083]    In addition, the user may wish to receive a user alert when the value of the composite instrument reaches a certain target value, for example, a particular high or a low. For example, the user may specify that if the composite instrument reaches a 52 week high or low, or a day high or low, or the like, or if the composite instrument reaches a numerical target or percentage change set by the trader, then the user wishes to receive a user alert, such as an alert on the graphic user interface, an e-mail, SMS or other type of text message, voicemail or the like indicating this event. This is shown in S 12  where the user enters in the alert request and specifies the target or the range for the composite instrument value, and S 13  illustrates that the system is generating and providing the alert to the user as specified. Composite instrument tracker  75  may keep track of such composite instrument target values or ranges specified as part of the alert requests, and can then provide instructions to controller  79  to generate and to provide the user alert. 
         [0084]    The user may also wish to specify that the user alert to be received include one or more assets that comprise the composite instrument, and/or those asset values, or may wish to specify that the user alert contain one of the first or second portfolios of the composite instrument or that portfolio&#39;s value. In this way, the user can think of the composite instrument as an indicator, which when reaching a numerical target, will indicate that a particular asset or set of assets of the composite instrument should be traded. Conversely, user alert may be set such that the value of the composite instrument is communicated when one or more assets of one of the portfolios or when the value of an entire portfolio of one of the two portfolios reaches a target designated by the user. 
         [0085]    Also provided is a trade ordering step at S 14  to enable the trader to request a trade of one or more assets of the composite instrument, or of all the assets of the composite instruments. For example, at S 14  the user may wish to instruct that a trade should be executed for the first asset of the first portfolio or of all the assets of the first portfolio in real time, or the user may wish to order that such a trade be automatically executed by the system, or requested to a trading platform by the system, when the composite instrument reaches a target value. For example, if the composite instrument reaches a 52 week high or low, or a day high or low, or a particular target value input by the trader, or the like, then at the time he wishes to have the trade executed. The order may be set for one or more asset of the composite instrument or an entire portfolio of the composite instrument, and may be set to be executed when the composite instrument reaches a target set by the user in advance. 
         [0086]    At S 15  the system connects to a trading platform, such as to a trading platform provided by a commercial clearing house or an exchange or the like to execute the trade specified by the user request at S 14 . The order for the trade is placed at S 16 , and at S 17  the user is provided a confirmation of the trade. Accordingly, the user&#39;s account is updated at S 18  and a detailed report can then be additionally provided to the user. For example, a third party payment platform can be accessed to enable payment by the user at the time the order is executed or before the order is executed, for example, the user may wish to have an account balance on the system with which to trade. User account module  72  can keep track of the account balance of the user maintained at the system or can connect with a third party payment platform such as a credit card company, PayPal or the like or with a bank to receive and to wire funds or electronic fund transfers to the user&#39;s account at the system. 
         [0087]    In addition, the user can share the composite instrument that he creates with other users. For example, the user can send or receive composite instrument asset and quantity information or composite instrument value information, or a graph of the composite instrument or a name that is given to the composite instrument to other users. For example, a second user remote from the first user also using the system can be sent the composite instrument created by the first user, including the name of the composite instrument and the assets that comprise the first and second portfolios of the composite instrument and their respective quantities. 
         [0088]    An example of a remote computer  270  interacting with a composite instrument server will now be described with reference to  FIG. 22 . 
         [0089]    A user may wish to create, change, perform technical analysis on, share, trade, set alerts for, or otherwise use a composite instrument from a remote location, such as at a home or office computer, laptop, smartphone, handheld device or other portable device and connect with composite instrument server  251  through internet  101 . For example, the user may wish to download the composite instrument module  273  residing on remote computer  270  from the composite instrument server  251  for a fee or as a monthly subscriber or subscriber based on a number of trades or the like, or the composite instrument module can be purchased and uploaded to the user&#39;s device. Composite instrument module  273  is described in this example as software, however it will be understood that composite instrument module  273  can be provided as hardware, firmware, a card or the like, or as a combination of the foregoing. In addition, composite instrument module  273  may be an app or applet downloaded in real time when accessing composite instrument server  251 . 
         [0090]    Remote computer  270  includes browser  271  that allows user to navigate to composite instrument server  251  over Internet  101  using network interface  274 . Network interface  274  may be connected or may include modem  279 , a wireless router or the like or other equipment to provide wired or wireless network access known in the art. Using composite instrument module  273 , a user may create a composite instrument or may access or change a composite instrument previously created. The composite instrument may be stored by composite instrument module  273  in local memory  278  of remote computer  270 , or in the alternative, or in addition to such storage, the composite instrument created by the user may be stored by composite instrument server  251  at a premises affiliated with composite instrument server or may be stored in the cloud. 
         [0091]    Market data stream provided by market data stream platform  260  can also be connected to internet  101  to provide real time market data for the assets of the first and second portfolio of the composite instrument created by or accessed by a user using composite instrument module  273 . For example, market data stream may be provided by market data stream platform  260  directly to remote computer  270  and composite instrument module  273  may include an asset processor to generate values for the first and second portfolios based on the current trading prices of the underlying assets. Or, the market data stream may be available only for composite instrument server, such that composite instrument module  273  may request composite instrument server  251  to return the value of the composite instrument generated according to the asset prices, or to return the asset prices, to remote computer  270 . 
         [0092]    Operating system  272  will then be requested by composite instrument module  273  to instruct display control  275  to control display  277  to display or graph the composite instrument generated. In addition, user can then use technical analytics tools on the graphed composite instrument, as earlier described. For example, composite instrument module  273  may host a suite of such technical analytics tools, or composite instrument module  273  may request composite instrument server  251  to process the data and to provide instructions for generating the graph of the technical analysis tool output. 
         [0093]    Also contemplated is a system that communicates with trading platform  266  via Internet  101  for placing trades or executing trades ordered by user. Thus, as discussed, the user may wish to order a trade based on a performance of a composite instrument that he has created, or may wish to place an order, such as a market order, a limit order, a day order, or the like for trading one asset or more than one asset of a portfolio, or one asset or more than one asset of a second portfolio, or all assets of both portfolios of the composite instrument, based on the performance of the composite instrument. For example, when the composite instrument reaches a high or low target set by the user, then such an order will be executed by composite instrument module  273  sending instructions to network interface  274  to generate a signal to be sent to a trading platform  266  via modem  279  and Internet  101 . 
         [0094]    In addition, or in the alternative, the trading signal can be sent to composite instrument server  251 , which then connects with trading platform  266  via Internet  101 . Thus, communication can be achieved directly between computer  270  and trading platform  266  via internet  101  and modem  279 , or may be achieved via composite instrument server  251 , which then instructs trading platform  266  to execute the trade. Trading platform  266  may be thought of as a computer platform provided by an exchange, such as a stock market, commodities market, bond market, spot market, foreign currencies exchange, or the like, or may be a trading platform provided by a third party which then, for example, instructs a trade at an exchange. While shown as modem  279 , it will be understood that modem  279  can also include or be coupled with a wireless router, hotspot, ISDN interface, wireless gateway, or other network device for connecting remote computer  270  with internet  101 . Modem  279  can connect to remote computer  270  via a wired connection, such as using Ethernet cable or USB cable, fiber optic cable, coaxial cable, T1 line, or the like, or may be a wireless connection, such as a Bluetooth or a WiFi connection. 
         [0095]    Such a composite portfolio trading method, sometimes referred to herein as GeWorko, can open up a new area for fundamental and technical analysis for traders, providing a fresh look on interrelations and correlations between various trading assets and instruments, including trading instruments that can be quite distinct from one another. Constructing combinations of assets, the trader therefore may thus exercise creative control of his own financial product, a personal composite instrument reflecting his individual needs and requirements and investment limitations. As the number of different combinations of assets is theoretically nearly unlimited, the trader has the ability to construct a virtually unlimited number of independent instruments, thus opening more space for the trader&#39;s imagination. The computer-based realization allows quickly transferring a trading idea to the analytical-trading platform, estimating its effectiveness and employing mutual analysis tools for forecasting. 
         [0096]    Further, the method can be an entertaining and informative instrument for portfolio construction. The instrument can allow a user simultaneously open and close position or simulating the same, on a great number of instruments combined under a common, single trading idea. As there are two sets of assets in the composite portfolio GeWorko method allows considering both long and short positions when trading composite instruments. 
         [0097]    The GeWorko method allows, for example, constructing stock portfolios, global stock indices, currency indices, globally diversified portfolios, indices of precious metals, sector or industry indices and much more. The user may chart his instrument in any currency. Further the method allows viewing any portfolio, index or a composition of assets relative to another portfolio, index or a composition of assets. The method therefore can be treated as a universal converter which allows expressing the value of one set of assets relative to another set of assets. 
         [0098]    In this way, a number of types of traders can user the GeWorko method with advantage: traders holding investment portfolios expressed as composite instrument can optimize their trading portfolio composition and structure and rebalance portfolios as needed, can analyze composite price history, can apply technical analysis tools to determine optimal entrance and exit points for buying and selling portfolios, and assets of portfolios. In addition, traders who are devotees of cross or spread trading on similar instruments can use the method with advantage, studying evolutions of any possible relation between assets in time. 
         [0099]    The GeWorko method provides not only new multiple trading opportunities, but also may be used to construct composite instruments which will serve as economic indicators, needed to analyze markets, sectors, economies, revealing hidden interrelations between assets or reflecting times of anomalous behavior of financial assets. 
         [0100]    A composite instrument already created may be easily edited by the user. The user can change composition of the first or the second portfolio and/or change individual weights/quantities of assets in the first or the second portfolio. For example this function simplifies considerably portfolio optimization and rebalancing. After editing the user may replace already created composite instrument with the new one or save the new one under another name so both composite instruments will be available. This simplifies comparison of investment alternatives and therefore may lead to a more efficient portfolio management process. 
         [0101]    The user may also review properties of a composite instrument.  FIG. 23  illustrates properties of the instrument that is being created. Trade operations panel illustrated near the top in  FIG. 23  illustrates the trade operations that can be performed to replicate a purchase of one unit of the composite instrument. Using notation that would be familiar to traders of foreign currency, the trade operations are for the base portfolio, buy 1000.00 AUDUSD, sell 486.20 USDCAD, and buy 3000.00 NZDUSD. For the quotation portfolio, the operations include buy 2,446.62 USDCHF, sell 303.40 EURUSD, and sell 606.80 GBPUSD. The number “2446.62” in front of USDCHF means that 2446.62 USD are bought and some quantity of CHF is sold. This quantity does not equal to 1500 CHF indicated by the user in the table entitled “Quotation” in the “Trade Operations” panel shown in  FIG. 23 . It equals approximately 2275.50 CHF (1500*1.5170, or volume set by the user for CHF, multiplied by the current PCI price). As will be apparent, the remaining two operations in the Quotation also have the multiple of 1.5170. This is done to make both parts of equation (base and quoted portfolios) equal in value. This is based on a principle used in currency trading: if we buy 1000 EURUSD at current rate of 1.3000, we actually buy 1000 EUR and sell 1300 USD (the purchasing power of 1000 EUR and of 1300 USD are equal at the moment of transaction). 
         [0102]    It will be understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art that, in keeping with the convention prevalent in foreign exchange trading, the second operation in the base portfolio is written as “USDCAD” (as opposed to CADUSD), and therefore this operation is indicated as a sell operation, even though its in the base portfolio. Similarly for the USDCHF operation in the quotation portfolio, trades are traditionally noted in this way. As will be understood, each operation involves (simultaneously or near simultaneously) a buying and a selling transaction: buying or selling a first currency, that is the base currency, and selling (if the base currency was bought) or buying (if the base currency was sold) a quotation currency. 
         [0103]    If the user wants to buy a unit of the PCI after it has been saved and is ready for trading, the system will open with positions showing the same currency pairs but with updated volumes according to the most recent currency exchange rate received. While the assets are illustrated using currency examples, it will be understood that any type of asset can be used and will be displayed similarly. 
         [0104]    The trader can also sell the PCI, that is, using a single click or other operation performed on the interface, user can short the instrument. If the PCI is sold, then all “buy” orders on the list become “sell” orders, and all “sell” orders become “buy” orders. Similarly, if twenty (of some other multiple) units of the PCI are bought, then all quantities shown are multiplied by twenty (or by the multiple). 
         [0105]    The bottom panel denoted “Instrument Browser” of  FIG. 23  illustrates recent changes since the creation of the instrument for the assets of the currency, as updated automatically by information received, for example, from a market information feed. 
         [0106]    The window of properties shows %-change of the composite instrument value since creation, %-changes of values of the first and the second portfolios of assets since creation of the PCI and %-changes of values of individual assets in the first and the second portfolios. 
         [0107]    A thousand or more financial instruments or assets can be combined into one or both of the portfolios of the composite instrument under the GeWorko method, so the user may create instruments of varying complexity (from the most simple, involving only two assets, to really complex combinations). 
         [0108]    Pooling together different asset classes may lead to diversification benefits, and the GeWorko method provides for a convenient and an effective visualization and forecasting tool. For example, suppose a trader is interested in analyzing the performance of a basket of currencies pooled together under a common idea. That is, the user may wish to compare the performance and dynamics of a first currency portfolio with higher yielding currencies against a second portfolio of lower yielding currencies or “safe havens” over a previous time to gauge global economic outlook for the foreseeable future and follow switches well-known among investors and traders, that is switching from “risk-on mode” to “risk-off mode” and vice versa.  FIG. 19  illustrates a composite instrument composed of 1,000 AUD, 1,000 NZD, 1,000 NOK, 1,000 SEK and 1,000 CAD, which the trader thinks of as higher-yielding or riskier currencies, comprising the first portfolio, and a second portfolio comprising 1,000 CHF, 100,000 JPY, and 1,000 DKK, which the trader regards as “safe havens.” Such a composite instrument reveals for the trader that compared to the 2007 recession years, over the period June 2012-March 2013, the higher-yielding currencies outperform the safe havens, which could signal a more bullish global economic outlook. It could also signal trading opportunities on foreign currency exchanges as well as on other markets. 
         [0109]    The present methods, functions, systems, computer-readable medium product, or the like may be implemented using hardware, software, firmware or a combination of the foregoing, and may be implemented in one or more computer systems or other processing systems, such that no human operation may be necessary. One or more software applications may be downloaded to a computer or portable device of the user to make possible the delivery of the graphical user interface to the user communicating remotely. The methods and functions can be performed entirely automatically through machine operations, but need not be entirely performed by machines. Similarly, the systems and computer-readable media may be implemented entirely automatically through machine operations but need not be so. A computer system may include one or more processors in one or more units for performing the system according to the present disclosure and these computers or processors may be located in a cloud or may be provided in a local enterprise setting or off premises at a third party contractor. Similarly, the information stored may be stored in a cloud or may be stored locally or remotely. 
         [0110]    The computer system or systems that enable the viewer or user to interact with content or features can include a GUI (Graphical User Interface), or may include graphics, text and other types of information, and may interface with the user via desktop, laptop computer or via other types of processors, including handheld devices, telephones, mobile telephones, smartphones or other types of electronic communication devices and systems. A computer system for implementing the foregoing methods, functions, systems and computer-readable storage medium may include a memory, preferably a random access memory, and may include a secondary memory. Examples of a memory or a computer-readable storage medium product include a removable memory chip, such as an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), a programmable read-only memory (PROM), removable storage unit or the like. 
         [0111]    The communication interface may include a wired or wireless interface communicating over TCP/IP paradigm or other types of protocols, and may communicate via a wire, cable, fire optics, a telephone line, a cellular link, a satellite link, a radio frequency link, such as WI-FI or Bluetooth, a LAN, a WAN, VPN, the world wide web or other such communication channels and networks, or via a combination of the foregoing. 
         [0112]    While the preferred embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described, modifications and adaptations, and other combinations or arrangements of the structures and steps described come within the spirit and scope of the application and the claim scope.