Abstract:
A calibrating system for automatically eliminating or reducing imbalance between a first signal and a second signal is disclosed. The calibrating system includes: a programmable delay module, receiving to the first and the second signals; a phase detecting module, coupled to the programmable delay module, for receiving the first and the second signals from the programmable delay module, and comparing a phase of a reference signal with phases of the first and the second signals, respectively; and a de-skew controlling module, coupled to the programmable delay module and the phase detecting module, for controlling the programmable delay module to eliminate imbalance between the first and the second signals by at least delaying the first signal according to a comparison result of the phase detecting module.

Description:
BACKGROUND  
       [0001]     The disclosure relates to a calibration system, and more particularly, to calibration systems and calibration methods for automatically eliminating imbalance between two or more signals.  
         [0002]     Although the delay for each interface trace is expected to be exactly the same, in the actual circuit, the circuit layout may cause various lengths of delay (or skew) between parallel bus interfaces. For example, dynamic random access memory (DRAM) utilizes parallel buses to transfer data, known as data signals DQ, and data strobe signals, known as DQS. The data strobe signal DQS is utilized to access data carried by the data signal. Unfortunately, as mentioned previously, because of the skew caused by the circuit layouts, the signals transferred through different buses may travel through different paths. There are phase differences between these signals. Because of the phase differences, it is more difficult to utilize the data strobe signal to properly align the data signal DQ and to correctly recover the data from the data signal DQ.  
         [0003]     Please refer to  FIG. 1 , which is a simplified diagram of a DRAM  100  outputting a plurality of signals. As shown in  FIG. 1 , the DRAM  100  outputs data signals DQ and data strobe signal DQS through parallel buses. As mentioned previously, the phase of each output signal DQ or DQS may be different from the remaining output signals due to various delay elements in each signal path.  
         [0004]     A method for compensating the imbalances among the signals (including the DQ and DQS) is to utilize an oscilloscope to detect the phase differences among the signals. Once the phase differences are detected, programmable delays are utilized to delay individual signal such that the signals can be adjusted to have the same phase. Consequently, the data carried by the data signals may be fetched more correctly.  
         [0005]     However, the aforementioned method does not sufficiently compensate for the measurement of the phase differences because of its reliance on humans. For example, designers must check the phases of the signals individually in an effort to adjust them.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0006]     Calibration systems and methods for automatically eliminating imbalance between two ore more signals are provided.  
         [0007]     According to an exemplary embodiment, a calibrating system for automatically reducing or eliminating imbalance between a first signal and a second signal is disclosed. The calibrating system comprises a programmable delay module, a phase detecting module, and a de-skew controlling module. The programmable delay module receives the first and second signals, and the phase detecting module coupled to the programmable delay module, receives the first and second signals from the programmable delay module, and compares a phase of a reference signal with phases of the first and second signals, respectively. The de-skew controlling module coupled to the programmable delay module and the phase detecting module, controls the programmable delay module to eliminate imbalance between the first and second signals by at least delaying the first signal according to a comparison result of the phase detecting module.  
         [0008]     According to another exemplary embodiment, a calibrating method for automatically reducing or eliminating imbalance between a first signal and a second signal is disclosed. The calibrating method comprises receiving the first and the second signals, comparing a phase of a reference signal with the phases of the first and the second signals, respectively, and eliminating imbalance between the first and the second signals by at least delaying the first signal according to a comparison result.  
         [0009]     Regardless of the cause of the imbalance, for example, because of the trace differences or the different operational environments, the calibration system and calibration method for automatically reducing or eliminating imbalance between two signals can reduce imbalances of signals transferred through parallel buses or interface traces. Furthermore, the disclosed calibration system and related method thereof can automatically eliminate the imbalances. Therefore, the compensation of the skew (i.e., imbalances) can be achieved automatically and no longer depends on human intervention.  
         [0010]     These and other objectives of the present invention will no doubt become obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art after reading the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment that is illustrated in the various figures and drawings.  
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0011]      FIG. 1  is a simplified diagram of a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) outputting a plurality of signals.  
         [0012]      FIG. 2  is a functional block diagram of a calibration system for automatically eliminating the imbalances between signals.  
         [0013]      FIG. 3  is a diagram of a calibration system of a first embodiment.  
         [0014]      FIG. 4  is a timing diagram of the data signals and the reference signal.  
         [0015]      FIG. 5  is a diagram of the count value and the value stored in the register shown in  FIG. 3 .  
         [0016]      FIG. 6  is a calibration system of a second embodiment.  
         [0017]      FIG. 7  is a calibration system of a third embodiment.  
         [0018]      FIG. 8  is a calibration system of a fourth embodiment. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0019]     Please refer to  FIG. 2 , which is a conceptual block diagram of a calibration system  200  for automatically eliminating the imbalances of signals. As shown in  FIG. 2 , the calibration system  200  comprises a programmable delay module  210 , a phase detecting module  220  coupled to the programmable delay module  210 , and a de-skew controller  230  coupled to the programmable delay module  210  and the phase detecting module  220 .  
         [0020]     In addition, a circuit under test (CUT)  240  is coupled to the calibration system  200 . In this embodiment, the CUT  240  can be the aforementioned memory circuit (DRAM). As mentioned previously, the memory circuit  240  outputs signals, including data signals DQ and data strobe signals DQS, through a plurality of parallel buses. And the signals, for example as shown in  FIG. 1 , are imbalance due to various phase delays with respect to a reference signal.  
         [0021]     In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 2 , the programmable delay module  210  comprises a plurality of programmable delay units. In addition, each delay unit is coupled to one of the parallel buses for receiving imbalanced signals from the DRAM  240 . The phase detecting module  220  comprises a plurality of phase detectors. The phase detectors respectively compare the phase of a reference signal with phases of the received signals. The phase detecting module  220  is capable of determining the phase difference between the reference signal and any other signal, such as the received signals. Please note that the operation and the circuit of each phase detector is already well known by those skilled in the art, and are thus further explanation is omitted here. The de-skew controller  230  controls each delay unit of the delay module  210  according to the phase difference determined by the phase detecting module  220  in order to adjust the phase of each received signal. In this fashion, the imbalances of the signals can be eliminated. Some more detailed diagrams and descriptions of various embodiments of the calibration system are disclosed as follows.  
         [0022]     Please refer to  FIG. 3 , which is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a calibration system  300 . As shown in  FIG. 3 , the calibration system  300  comprises a programmable delay module  310 , a phase detecting module  320 , and a de-skew controller  350 . Additionally, there is a CUT (DRAM)  340  coupled to the calibration system  300 . However, the phase detecting module  320  not only comprises a plurality of phase detectors  321 ˜ 326 , but also a plurality of registers  331 ˜ 336  and counters  341 ˜ 346  for calculating and storing the phase difference between a reference signal and each received signal. This feature differentiates this embodiment as shown in  FIG. 3  from the previous embodiment. The operation will be illustrated in the following disclosure.  
         [0023]     First, the DRAM  340  outputs signals DQ 1 ˜DQ 6  as shown in  FIG. 3 . As shown in  FIG. 3 , the signals DQ 1 ˜DQ 6  are clock-like data for the calibration procedure. The clock-like data are generated, for example, by storing two inverted data into two locations in the DRAM  340  before the calibration procedure and recursively reading the two locations of the DRAM  340  when the calibration procedure is being performed. Therefore, the clock-like data can be outputted simultaneously on the parallel buses.  
         [0024]     Please note that the clock-like data, shown as the data signals DQ 1 ˜DQ 6  in  FIG. 3 , outputted by the DRAM  340  are not exactly in-phase with each other. The programmable delay module  310  receives the data signals DQ 1 ˜DQ 6  for compensating the phase differences between the data signals DQ 1 ˜DQ 6 . Initially, no delay value has been set in each delay unit  311 ˜ 316  of the programmable delay module  310 , thus the delay module  310  directly transfers the data signals DQ 1 ˜DQ 6  to the phase detecting module  320  without delaying any of the data signals DQ 1 ˜DQ 6 , such that the phase detecting module  320  receives the data signals DQ 1 ˜DQ 6  output from the programmable delay module  310 .  
         [0025]     As mentioned previously, the phase detecting module  320  comprises a plurality of phase detectors  321 ˜ 326 . In this embodiment, the phase detecting module  320  can shift the reference signal periodically such that each phase detector  321 ˜ 326  can utilize the periodically shifted reference signal to detect a transient of each data signal DQ 1 ˜DQ 6 .  
         [0026]     Please refer to  FIG. 4 , which is a timing diagram of the data signals DQ 1 ˜DQ 6  and the reference signal. As shown in  FIG. 4 , the reference signal can have a clock-like waveform or the reference signal can simply be a clock cycle shifted T periods (where the period T is determined by an inner clock). The dotted line in  FIG. 4  indicates that the reference signal has aligned the transient of the data signal DQ 1  (this means that the transient of the data signal DQ 1  is detected).  
         [0027]     Please note that in this embodiment, the phase detecting module  320  is utilized to shift the reference signal. However, the de-skew controller  330  also has the ability of shifting the reference signal. The reference signal may be shifted by the de-skew controller  350  and the phase detectors  321 ˜ 326  detect transients of the data signal DQ 1 ˜DQ 6  based on the reference signal shifted by the de-skew controller  350 .  
         [0028]     When one of the phase detectors  321 ˜ 326 , for example phase detector  322  detects that the reference signal aligns the transient of the corresponding data signal DQ 2 , the phase detector sets a register  332  coupled to the phase detector  322 . When the register  332  is set, the corresponding counter  342  coupled to the register  332  starts to count a count value. The same operation is performed on the other data signals DQ 2 ˜DQ 6  to calculate the phase difference between the reference signal and the data signals DQ 2 ˜DQ 6 . In some embodiments, the registers  331 ˜ 336  are implemented by flip-flips.  
         [0029]     Please refer to  FIG. 5 , which is a diagram illustrating the count values and the values stored in the registers. As shown in  FIG. 5 , the topmost signal is an inner clock CLK utilized for the counters  341 ˜ 346 . Assume that the reference signal aligns with the data signal DQ 1  at time T 1 . As mentioned previously, the register  331  is set at time T 1 , and then the counter  341  starts incrementing the count value. Similarly, the reference signal aligns the data signal DQ 3  at time T 3  such that the register  333  is set at time T 3 , thus the counter  343  starts incrementing the count value after time T 3 .  
         [0030]     Furthermore, the reference signal respectively aligns the remaining data signals DQ 2 , DQ 5 , DQ 4 , and DQ 6 . Therefore, the registers  332 , and  334 ˜ 336  are set at times T 2 , T 4 ˜T 6  respectively, and their corresponding counters  342 ,  344 ˜ 346  begins counting.  
         [0031]     As long as the transients of all the data signals DQ 1 ˜DQ 6  are detected, the phase difference between an edge of the reference signal and each corresponding edge of the data signals DQ 1 ˜DQ 6  is stored as a count value in the counters  341 ˜ 346 . In this embodiment, if all of the registers  331   336  are set, indicating all the transients are detected, which means that all the data signal DQ 1 ˜DQ 6  had been phase aligned with the reference signal, the de-skew controller  350  stops the counters  341 ˜ 346 . Furthermore, the de-skew controller  350  utilizes the count values stored in the counters  341 ˜ 346  as the trace difference between any of the data signals and the most delayed data signal. The count values are provided as feedback to the programmable delay module  310 , and each of the delay units  311 ˜ 316  is set according to the corresponding count value.  
         [0032]     According to the example shown in  FIG. 5 , the counter  341  has a count value 12 (“c” in hexadecimal) such that the corresponding delay unit  311  is set according to the count value 12. That is, the data signal DQ 1  is delayed  12  inner clock cycles by the delay unit  341 . Similarly, each of the data signals DQ 2 ˜DQ 6  is respectively delayed  8 ,  10 ,  1 ,  3 , and  0  inner clock cycles according to the count values. All the data signals DQ 1 ˜DQ 6  are adjusted through the delay units  311 ˜ 316 , and the delayed data signals DQ 1 ˜DQ 6  output from the delay units  311 ˜ 316  are expected to be in phase without any phase difference. In other words, the imbalances of the data signals DQ 1 ˜DQ 6  are eliminated.  
         [0033]     Embodiments of the invented systems and methods derive the relative delay of each data signal or data strobe signal to determine the timing skews among the signals. In the above-mentioned embodiment, the disclosed invention provides a simple method for detecting the phase difference between each signal and a reference signal simultaneously. Each signal starts counting when it is aligned with the reference signal, and when the last signal is aligned with the reference signal, the count value corresponds to each signal is utilized as an index for compensating the phase difference. Determining and compensating the phase difference can be accomplished by using only the most simple and cheap components, such as registers, counters, and phase detectors. The count values is equally fundamental as it is determined when the reference signal aligns the transient of each signal. As a result, the disclosed methods and systems can be easily utilized and imeplemented in many applications requiring multi-traces de-skewing.  
         [0034]     In the above-mentioned embodiment, each of the counters  341 ˜ 346  is a 4-bit counter. That is, the count value can only vary between 0 and 15. Please note that the bit number of the counters  341 ˜ 346  is only utilized as an embodiment, not a limitation. The counters  341 ˜ 346  can be designed as counters having larger bit numbers and the frequency of the inner clock can be designed as being larger such that the calibration system  300  can attain more accurate resolution. In other words, the calibration system  300  can have different resolutions by assigning different bit numbers and inner clocks according to various design rules.  
         [0035]     In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 3 , the calibration system  300  is utilized for calibrating the imbalances of the data signals. Surely, the calibration system  300  can also calibrate the imbalances of a data strobe signal at the same time. As mentioned previously, the data strobe signals are utilized to fetch data from the data signals DQ. Therefore, the data strobe signals must be well aligned to the data signals.  
         [0036]     Please refer to  FIG. 6 , which is a calibration system  600  of another embodiment. The calibration system  600  receives the data signals DQ 1 ˜DQ 6  and data strobe signals DQS 1 ˜DQS 2  at the same time from the CUT (DRAM)  640 . Because the data strobe signals DQS 1 ˜DQS 2  should be well aligned to the data signals DQ 1 ˜DQ 6  and the data signals DQ 1 ˜DQ 6  must also align to each other, the calibration system  600  can utilize the same calibrating mechanism as the above-mentioned calibration system  300 . Thus, further illustration is omitted here.  
         [0037]     Please refer to  FIG. 7 , which is a calibration system  700  of an embodiment. Since the frequency of the data strobe signals DQS 1  and DQS 2  are twice of the frequency of the data signals DQ 1 ˜DQ 6 , before the data strobe signals DQS 1  and DQS 2  are received by the programmable delay module  710 , the frequency of the data strobe signals DQS 1  and DQS 2  are divided by frequency dividers  761  and  762 . Each of the data strobe signals DQS 1  and DQS 2  thus has the same frequency as the data signals DQ 1 ˜DQ 6 . In addition, the operation of the calibration system  700  is similar to the above-mentioned calibration system  300 , therefore further illustration is omitted here.  
         [0038]     In addition, in the above-mentioned embodiments, the phase detecting modules  320 ,  620 , and  720  utilize a reference signal to detect the transients. However, in some implementations, each of the data signals DQ 1 ˜DQ 6  can be utilized as the reference signal. Please refer to  FIG. 8 , which is a calibration system  800  of another embodiment. In this embodiment, the data signal DQ 1  is utilized as the reference signal, so the phase detecting module  820  utilizes the data signal DQ 1  to detect transients of other signals (including the data signals DQ 1 ˜DQ 6  and the data strobe signals DQS 1 ˜DQS 2 ) received from the parallel buses. The operation of the calibration system  800  is also similar to the previously described calibration system. For example, each of the counters  841 ˜ 848  starts counting when each of the phase detectors  821 ˜ 828  detects a transient of the signals DQ 1 ˜DQ 6  and DQS 1 ˜DQS 2 , and stops counting when all the transients are detected. Finally, the stored count values are feedback to the programmable delay module  810 . Please note that since the data signal DQ 1  is utilized as the reference signal, the count value of the counter  841  should have the largest count value.  
         [0039]     In addition, in the above-mentioned embodiments, each counter starts counting when a transient of a corresponding signal is aligned and stops counting when transients of all corresponding signals are aligned. However, we can utilize another mechanism, for example, we can define all counters to start counting when one of the transient is detected, and each counter to stop counting when the transient of the corresponding signal is detected. This change also obeys the spirit of the disclosure.  
         [0040]     Moreover, the number of counters does not necessary to be equal to the number of signals output from the parallel bus, as it can be reduced. For example, each counter can be defined to start counting when a transient of a certain signal is detected and to stop when a corresponding signal is detected. For example, please refer again to  FIG. 3 . If the counter  341  is ignored, the other counters  342 ˜ 346  start counting when the transient of the data signal DQ 1  is detected and stop counting when the transient of each corresponding signals DQ 2 ˜DQ 6  is detected. Therefore, the counter  341  is no longer utilized.  
         [0041]     Furthermore, in the aforementioned embodiments, multiple phase detectors, registers, and counters are utilized to simultaneously measure the phase differences. But we can utilize only one phase detector, one register, and one counter to sequentially measure a phase difference of each signal DQ 1 ˜DQ 6  and DQS 1 ˜DQS 2 . One of the concerns is that an addition storage device is needed to store the measurement results of signals such that the de-skew controller can feedback the measurement results (e.g., count values), stored in the storage device, to the delay units. This change also obeys the spirit of the disclosure.  
         [0042]     Please note that the count values can be utilized to compensate for the imbalances of not only the output path of the signals, but also the intput path of the signals. That is, the calibration system can measure the imbalances of the input signals on the parallel buses. For example, as mentioned previously, the calibration system utilizes the count values as the index of the phase differences between each signal and the reference signal. These count values are therefore used to compensate for the imbalances or skew of the input data signals and data strobe signals. Since the calibration system is capable of fetching data from the DRAM, it is utilized as a memory controller. The calibration system sends some control signals to the DRAM to fetch data. At this time, the count values can also be utilized to compensate for the signals transferring from the calibration system to the DRAM. For example, the calibration system may comprise another programmable delay module for delaying the signals transferred from the calibration system to the DRAM such that the imbalances of the signals are eliminated or reduced.  
         [0043]     Furthermore, in the above-mentioned embodiments, the input data signals DQ 1 ˜DQ 6  or the data strobe signals DQS 1 ˜DQS 2  are continuous clock-like data. In actual implementation, a pulse is sometimes enough for predicting the phase differences of the signals DQ 1 ˜DQ 6  and DQS 1 ˜DQS 2 . For example, the DRAM can output signals with a few, or one clock cycle. That is, in this case, the reference signal is used to begin detecting the actual transients using various predicted transient timings of the clock-like data output from the DRAM. The calibration system is still capable of compensating for the imbalances by analyzing these signals having fewer clock cycles.  
         [0044]     Please note that that the DRAM is only utilized as an exemplary unit with parallel buses interface, and should not be a limitation. That is, the calibration system is not only designed to compensate for imbalances of signals output from DRAM, but also compensates for signals transferred through any parallel buses.  
         [0045]     In contrast to the related art, regardless of what has caused the imbalance, either the trace differences or different operational environments, embodiments of the calibration method can eliminate imbalances of signals transferred through parallel buses, and thus the skew (i.e., imbalances) compensation can be achieved automatically and no longer depends on human intervention.  
         [0046]     Those skilled in the art will readily observe that numerous modifications and alterations of the device and method may be made while retaining the teachings of the invention. Accordingly, the above disclosure should be construed as limited only by the metes and bounds of the appended claims.