Abstract:
An article of footwear including a shell that provides stability. The shell can include a heel cup and a wall extending forward of the heel cup and around the periphery of the forefoot, returning to the heel cup. The shell can also define a hole in the forefoot region. A cushion in the form of a midsole can be secured in the shell, with a portion extending at least partially through the shell hole. An upper can be secured to the shell with stitching passing through the upper and the shell wall in at least the forefoot region; and rearward of the stitching, the upper can be secured with cement and/or adhesives to the shell and/or the midsole. The footwear provides comfort and stability, for example toe-to-heel and lateral stability, especially during toe-off, i.e., the propulsion portion of a gait.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to footwear and, more particularly, to a footwear construction and method for making the same. 
     There is an ongoing effort in the footwear industry to produce footwear that provides stability and a high level of comfort. Such footwear is targeted toward individuals who commute in urban environments, who travel on foot for significant distances on hard surfaces (e.g., concrete floors), or who require comfortable, yet stable footwear. 
     Conventional footwear constructions, however, provide one of stability or comfort—but usually not both—because the features required for these characteristics typically negate one another. For example, one construction known for its stability includes a heel cup positioned in the heel of the footwear. The heel cup wraps upward around the user&#39;s heel, and terminates short of the arch region. The heel cup firmly seats the user&#39;s foot in the footwear, and minimizes roll of the user&#39;s heel when the heel is properly seated in the heel cup. 
     Although this construction provides stability of the foot in the heel region, it fails to provide stability and torsion resistance for the remainder of the foot. Furthermore, the region where the heel cup terminates in the arch region undergoes significant stresses due to the twisting of heel cup. Accordingly, the heel cup can cause premature de-lamination or destruction of other footwear components, thereby shortening the useful life of the footwear. 
     At the end of the footwear spectrum, opposite heel cup constructions, are constructions built primarily for comfort, for example, casual shoe constructions. In these “comfort” constructions, a midsole and/or outsole is secured to an upper. The outsole usually is constructed from a hard wearing material. The midsole usually is constructed of a soft material such as polyurethane or ethylvinyl acetate to provide a layer of shock-absorption material. Although this construction provides comfortable cushioning for the wearer&#39;s foot, the soles wear out and the uppers detach from the soles in a short time. Moreover, the transition between the upper and the sole of such constructions typically are abrupt and aesthetically displeasing. 
     Although different constructions exist that provide either stability of comfort, there remains an unmet need for a footwear construction that provides the best of both requirements. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The aforementioned problems are overcome in the present invention, which provides a footwear construction including a shell with stabilizing features. The shell can include a heel cup in the heel region and a peripheral wall that extends from the heel cup, forward of the heel region, wrapping around at least a portion of the forefoot region. The shell also can define a hole in the forefoot region, optionally adjacent the peripheral wall. 
     In another aspect, the shell can be at least partially filled with a midsole cushioning material. Where the shell defines a hole, that material can extend into and optionally through the hole. 
     In a third aspect, an upper can be stitched, for example, with Opanka stitching techniques, to the shell in the forefoot region, and optionally at least partially in the arch region. The stitching can terminate short of the heel region. In a more specific aspect, the upper can include a Strobel construction in the heel region, and that Strobel construction can be secured to the midsole and/or shell, for example, with adhesives. 
     In another aspect, an outsole can be secured to the shell opposite the upper. The outsole can include a forefoot portion and a separate heel portion. The outsole forefoot portion can define at least one aperture. A portion of the midsole that optionally projects through the hole defined in the shell may also project into and/or through the aperture defined by the outsole. 
     The present invention can be manufactured by: forming a shell including a heel cup and a peripheral wall that extends forward of the heel region around at least a portion of the forefoot region; securing a cushion material within the shell; optionally Opanka stitching an upper to the shell in the forefoot region, but short of the heel region; optionally securing the upper to at least one of the shell and the cushion material in the heel region; optionally defining a hole in the forefoot portion of the shell; and optionally extending the cushion material at least partially into or through the hole. 
     The present invention provides a revolutionary footwear construction with an unparalleled combination of stability, comfort and styling. The shell provides both lateral and medial reinforcement for underfoot stability. Where the shell extends underfoot into the arch region, it provides an integrated arch support, as well as forefoot and rear-foot stability. Furthermore, where the shell defines a hole in the forefoot, the shell can provide both stiffness in the heel for strike stability, as well as lightness and lateral stability in at least the forefoot for easier toe-off, i.e., propulsion. 
     These and other objects, advantages and features of the invention will be more readily understood and appreciated by reference to the detailed description of the invention and the drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is side elevational view of an article of footwear incorporating the construction of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a sectional view of the footwear taken along line  2 — 2  of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  is a sectional view of the footwear taken along line  3 — 3  of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 4  is an exploded perspective view of the footwear; 
         FIG. 5  is a perspective view of the shell of the footwear; 
         FIG. 6  is a bottom plan view of the shell; 
         FIG. 7  is a perspective of the shell filled with cushion material; and 
         FIG. 8  is a bottom plan view of the shell filled with cushion material. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     A footwear construction of the present invention is shown in  FIG. 1  and generally designated  10 . For purposes of the disclosure, the present invention is described in connection with a casual shoe, however, the present invention is well suited for use with other types of footwear. 
     In general, the shoe  10  can include an upper  20  secured to a shell  30 , which can be further secured to an outsole  40 . The shell  30  can include a heel cup portion  32  and a wall  34  extending around the periphery of the shoe in the forefoot region. The upper  20  can be secured to the shell with stitching  28  in the forefoot region and at least a portion of the arch region. Rearward of the stitching, the upper can be secured with cement and/or adhesives to the shell. 
     As used herein, the term “arch region” refers generally to the portion of the shoe corresponding to the arch of the wearer&#39;s foot; the term “forefoot region” refers generally to the portion of the shoe forward of the arch region corresponding to the forefoot (e.g., the ball and the toes) of a wearer&#39;s foot; and the term “heel region” refers generally to that portion of the shoe rearward of the arch region corresponding to the heel of the wearer&#39;s foot. The forefoot region  45 , arch region  43  and heel region  49  are generally identified in  FIG. 1 , however, it is to be understood that delineation of these regions may vary depending upon the configuration of the footwear. 
     The upper  20  is generally conventional and will not be described in detail. Suffice it to say that the upper  20  can include vamp  22 , quarters  24  and backstay  26 . With reference to  FIG. 4 , the upper  20  can include a lower portion that transitions to an allowance  23 , also referred to as a stitching allowance, which is folded outward away from the center of the upper. A sock or other material can be secured to the lowermost portion of the upper. This sock can optionally extend from heel to toe, and/or from one side of the shoe to the other, so that the upper  20  is closed on its bottom. The peripheral allowance also can be secured to an insole (not shown), or optionally Strobel stitched to material  29  and/or fabric sock liner (not shown). With this construction, the upper can be closed along all or a portion of its bottom. The upper  20  may be manufactured from leather, canvas, nylon, or other suitable materials and may include other conventional accessories. 
     A foot bed  25  can be positioned in the upper  20 . The foot bed can be constructed from ethylvinyl acetate (EVA) foam, or any other suitable cushioning material. The rigidity and the flexibility of the EVA foam can be varied from application to application as desired. The foot bed can be secured to the closed bottom of the upper as desired as well to ensure it does not move within the upper. 
     The outsole  40  is manufactured from a relatively hard rubber or other sufficiently durable and wear-resistant material. This outsole can be divided into at least two separate or independent pieces. As shown, the outsole includes a forefoot portion  42 , which corresponds generally to the forefoot region of the footwear, and a heel portion  44 , which corresponds generally to the heel region of the footwear. These portions can be separated from one another a pre-selected distance. Each of these portions can be contoured to interfit with raised portion  39  on the bottom of the shell  30 . The raised portion  39  can serve as a boundary between the forefoot and heel portions of the outsole, and can separate those elements as well. Further, the outsole portions  42  and  44  can be shaped to correspond to the recesses  35  and  37  formed on the shell  30 . Accordingly, when secured to the shell, these outsole components have a flush and finished appearance. 
     The bottom of the outsole  40  includes an outer surface  48  that forms the wearing surface of the outsole  40  and is contoured to the desired tread pattern. The outer surface  48  can be textured to improve the traction and aesthetic appeal of the shoe. Optionally, the upper surface  47  of the outsole may be textured as desired. As shown in  FIG. 4 , the forefoot portion  42  of the outsole can define at least one hole  46 . The holes  46  can be aligned with the optional protrusions  56  formed on the undersurface of the midsole  50 . The protrusions can also be of sufficient depth that they extend at least partially into and/or through the holes  46  as described below. The outsole  40  can be secured to the shell  30  and/or midsole  50  that is exposed through the hole  33  with cement or adhesives, or as desired, direct attached to these components. 
     With reference to  FIGS. 4–6 , the shell  30  will be described in more detail. The shell includes a heel cup portion  32 , which includes and upwardly extending wall  34  that extends forward from the heel region and optionally around the entire periphery of the forefoot portion of the footwear. These components of the shell can be unitary so that the shell is formed from one-piece of material. The heel cup may be bounded underfoot by a base plate  31 , which also may extend into the arch and forefoot regions of the shell. The peripheral wall  34  can extend generally upwardly and perpendicular to the base plate  31  as desired. The outer portion of the peripheral wall  34  in the forefoot region, and optionally in the arch and heel regions, can also define a stitching groove  38  within which thread  28  or other stitching material may be stitched. When stitched within this groove  38 , the stitching  28  can be protected from abrasion and premature wear. 
     In the forefoot region  45  and/or arch region  43  of the footwear, the shell can define a hole  33 . This hole  33  can be bounded by remaining portions of the base plate  31 , or where the base plate is completely removed from the shell in the forefoot region, the hole can be bounded by the peripheral wall  34  itself. This hole can extend from generally from the portion of the footwear corresponding to the bottom of the ball of a wearer&#39;s foot to the toe of the footwear as desired. 
     In the forefoot region  45  and/or arch region  43  of the footwear, the shell can also include a ledge  34   a,  which projects outwardly from the wall  34  and/or the heel cup portion  32 . This ledge  34   a  can coterminate with the stitching groove  38  as desired. The ledge can also project outwardly from the wall and/or heel cup portion a depth A from the top of those components of the shell. This depth A can be equal to the thickness of the peripheral allowance and any material secured to that allowance to close the bottom of the upper if desired. Moreover, this depth A can also correspond to and/or be equal to distance D as described below. 
     The exterior portions of the shell  30  can include a graphic design or text as desired. On the bottom of the shell  30 , opposite the midsole  50 , the shell can include at least one raised portion  39 . The raised portion can be visible even when the outsole  40  and its components  42  and  44  are attached to the shell  30 . The raised portion  39  can include a design (not shown) that is visible from the bottom of the shoe, even when the outsole portions  42  and  44  are secured to the shell  30 . This design may also be colored or include graphic images or text as desired. 
     The bottom of the shell  30  can define recesses  35  and  37 , which correspond to the shape of the outsole components  42  and  44 , so that when these components are secured to the shell, they mount flush for a clean, finished appearance. 
     The shell and its components can be constructed from polyurethane, for example, thermoplastic polyurethane, or other sufficiently ridged and/or semi-ridged materials, which can be synthetic or natural. 
     The shell  30 , including the recess defined by the heel cup portion  32  and the peripheral wall  34  in the forefoot region, can be filled with a cushion material, also referred to herein as a midsole  50 . The cushion material can be poured, injected, or otherwise molded in the shell as desired. The midsole can fill the recess formed by the heel cup  32  and the peripheral wall  34  to a depth that enables the wall  34  to be exposed above the uppermost portion of the midsole  50 . Optionally, the cushioning material  50  may be formed within the shell so that in at least the forefoot region  45  a distance D ( FIG. 7 ) of the wall  34  is exposed above the uppermost portion of the cushioning material  50  in the forefoot. Accordingly, the allowance  23  can be stitched to the portion of the wall  34  exposed above the cushion material, and optionally through the cushioning material as well. With this construction, the edge of the peripheral allowance can abut the exposed shell wall  34 , and/or can be concealed from view. The midsole  50  can define a recess  57  which conforms generally to the shape of a wearer&#39;s foot. 
     The midsole can define an air cushion recess  52  in the heel region  49  to receive an air cushion  54 . The midsole can also include a midsole heel wall  58 , which extends partially up the shell heel wall  36 . On the underside of the midsole  50 , protrusions  56  can be formed. These protrusions can extend at least partially through the hole  33 , and as desired, into or at least partially through the holes  46  defined by the outsole. These protrusions  56  can be colored as desired. 
     Optionally, a shank (not shown) of steel, plastic, nylon or other material may be secured or molded in the cushioning material that forms the midsole  50  in the arch region  43  of the shoe. The shank can extend and/or overlap with other regions of the footwear, for example the forefoot region  45  and the heel region  49 . 
     MANUFACTURE AND ASSEMBLY 
     Manufacture of the shoe  10  will now be described with reference to  FIGS. 4–7 . The upper  20  is manufactured using generally conventional techniques and apparatus. The desired upper material (not shown) is cut to form the upper, including its elements, such as the vamp  22  quarters  24  and back stay  26 . Pieces of the upper  20  can be fitted and sewn together. A piece of material  27 , generally the same shape as the foot, can be Strobel stitched to the bottom of the upper to close the upper in the heel and/or from heel-to-toe. A sock (not shown) can also be secured to the inside of the upper so that the bottom of the upper  20  is closed. 
     In another step, the shell  30  is formed. Material from which the shell is made can be injected into a mold shaped to correspond to the features of the shell, for example, the heel  32 , the peripheral wall  34 , the base plate  31 , the stitching groove  38  and/or the raised portion  39  on the underside of the shell. The mold can be contoured so that the hole  33  is formed in the shell as it is formed. However, the shell can also be formed without the hole, and the hole  33  trimmed from the shell after it is formed. Further, the exposed portion of the shell may be printed with a graphic design via any conventional printing methods, for example, oil printing, lithograph and/or airbrush. The shell  30  can be trimmed as desired. Other techniques can be used to form the shell as desired. 
     With the shell formed, the cushion material  50  can be secured to the shell. The material  50  can be pour molded into the cavity formed by the heel cup and the peripheral wall. When the material fills this cavity, it can also at least partially extend within or through the hole  33  of the shell. Optionally, a secondary mold (not shown) can be positioned adjacent the bottom of the shell so that protrusions  56  are formed in the cushion material that is exposed through the hole  33 . These protrusions can be contoured and shaped so that they align with corresponding holes  46  in the outsole. Further, the cushion material  50  can be filled in the shell to a specific depth so that a portion of the peripheral wall  34  is exposed a distance D, and optionally, the ledge  34   a  is exposed as well, as shown in  FIG. 7 . This distance D can be about the same as and/or greater than the thickness of the leather that forms the stitching allowance  23 , and any material that is secured to the midsole-facing portion of that stitching allowance. In this manner, the edge of the peripheral allowance  23  can be un-exposed to the environment. Of course, if desired, the cushion material  50  can fill the shell to the upper most portion of the wall so that the material is flush with the top of the wall  30 . 
     It is noted that the portion of the shell wall  34  that is exposed above the cushion material can be a completely separate component from the cushioning material  50  that forms the midsole. In this configuration the two components, i.e., the wall  34  in the midsole  50  are separate and independent components. 
     As the midsole  50  is formed, features, such as the air cushion hole  52  and stitching guide holes, can also be formed in the upper surface of the cushioning material  50 . 
     The outsole components  42  and  44  can be injection molded or pour molded from a hard, durable rubber using conventional molding apparatus. The tread pattern  48  on the lower surface of the outsole, as well as the holes  46  defined in the forward portion  42  of the outsole can be formed during the molding operation. Optionally these features, as well as any contours or shapes of the outsole components, can be cut through the outsole  40  after it is molded. It is noted that the holes  46  can be cut so that they align with the protrusions  56  of the midsole. The outsole and its components can be secured to the shell with cement, adhesives or other attachment devices. 
     The outsole components  42  and  44  also can be aligned with the raised portion  39 , and within respective shell recesses  35  and  37 , and then secured to the shell  30 . When included, the protrusions  56  of the midsole also can be aligned with the holes  46  in this securing process. The outsole components may be trimmed as desired to ensure a flush and clean fit with the shell  30 . 
     In another step, the shell  30  with the cushion material  50  secured therein is attached to the upper. This can be accomplished by stitching the peripheral allowance  23  to the shell wall  34  in the forefoot regions  45  and optionally the arch region  43 . The stitching can be accomplished via machine or hand stitching. More specifically, the peripheral allowance can be Opanka stitched to the shell and/or midsole in the forefoot region  45 . The stitching can be protected from abrasion by the passing through the shell within the groove  34 , through the peripheral allowance  23 , back through the peripheral allowance  23  and then back through the shell  30  repeatedly. In the heel  49  and/or arch regions  43  of the shoe, the upper can be secured with glue to the upper surface of the cushioning material  50 , and over the air cushion  54  when included. The upper optionally can be further glued to the heel flanges  58  of the midsole and the heel wall  36  of the shell. 
     With the outsole  40  secured to the upper  20 , the foot bed  25  can be positioned in the interior of the upper  20 . A number of conventional finishing operations can be performed on the shoe  10 . For example the edges of the shell  30  and outsole  40  can be trimmed and shaped; the upper  20  can be cleaned, polished and treated as appropriate and necessary; and where applicable, laces can be inserted into eyelids. 
     The above descriptions are those of the preferred embodiments of the invention. Various alterations and changes can be made without departing from the spirit and broader aspects of the invention as defined in the appended claims, which are to be interpreted in accordance with the principles of patent law including the doctrine of equivalents. Any references to claim elements in the singular, for example, using the articles “a,” “an,” “the,” or “the,” is not to be construed as limiting the element to the singular.