Abstract:
Creating and detecting crossings of conductive traces on different layers of an integrated circuit or a conducting trace over a device contact in a system. Values are stored by a system simulator corresponding to a galvanic potential or same “net”. According to a set of rule based instructions vias are automatically displayed, correct-by-construction, and via connections between the traces, or the trace and device contact, to short circuit the paths. The via structure will not be created if it will short-circuit a conducting trace not associated with the net in question. By connecting traces on different layers using automatically created via structures so as not to short circuit other net traces, errors are eliminated and design cycles reduced when compared to a manual design scheme of inserting via connections. There is an interactive mode which allows the via to be easily resized by the use of familiar control handles.

Description:
PRIORITY CLAIM 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/220,508, titled “Automatic Creation of Vias in Electrical Circuit Design”, filed Jul. 25, 2008, which claims benefit of priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/961,936, filed on Jul. 25, 2007, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety as though fully and completely set forth herein. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    This invention provides an automatic via creation tool for use with electronic design automation (“EDA”) systems used in integrated circuit design. Specifically, this invention relates to the automatic creation of via connections between overlapping conducting traces when those conducting traces are part of the same net. 
         [0004]    2. Related Art 
         [0005]    As the complexity, efficiency and robustness requirements in electrical devices like mobile phones, satellite receivers and wireless local area networks increase, more efficient and accurate circuit design of such devices are needed. To reduce product development schedules and make the design work as efficient as possible, it is important to automate this work, too. This design work is often performed by means of computer and associated software in which case the design is stored into the memory of a computer as a virtual representation. 
         [0006]    Circuit design typically involves several steps. Usually the design starts with some schematic representation of the circuit that can then be simulated to observe and manipulate the behavior of the design. When the design on a schematic level is found working, a layout of the circuit is produced. The layout is usually a collection of metallizations, routes or traces of other conducting material interconnecting the various electrical components of the circuit design. These conducting traces are fabricated e.g. over and into a printed circuit board, into an integrated circuit or a ceramic slab or other such technology, possibly in several layers. 
         [0007]    In designing modern electronic circuits, there are increasing numbers metallization layers that are used to interconnect the various components of the circuit. In RF and high frequency circuits in particular, the interconnect routing and connecting of these components is performed interactively using graphical layout editors. When connecting between two conducting layers or between a conducting layer and the pin of a device, a via or contact structures must be inserted to make an electrical connection between the two. Finding the locations of these connection areas by visual inspection can be very time consuming and error prone for the circuit designer, especially if the circuit contains many components and connections. Once found, creating the via or contact structures to make a connection is also very tedious and error prone. To a circuit designer, it is advantageous to automate the creation of the via structure procedure as much as possible. 
         [0008]    Prior art methods of via connection between conducting traces on different layers of an integrated circuit are available commercially in other electronic design automation software, but their design is very limited. In other popular commercial custom electronic layout editors such as Cadence&#39;s VirtuosoXL, vias can be inserted between conducting layers, but require a continuous path description and/or an explicit request in order to insert a via into the design. In automatic place and route software such as Magma and Synopsys P&amp;R products, vias are automatically inserted between layers on a continuous routed path. This invention does not require the user to identify the need for or a requirement that the user request insertion a via connection between conducting paths that happen to overlap during the interactive custom layout process. This invention teaches the automatic creation of the via. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0009]    This invention is directed to a methodology of detecting crossings of conductive traces on different layers of an integrated circuit or a conducting trace over a device contact stored into the memory of a computer, corresponding to the same galvanic potential or same “net” and then automatically placing, correct-by-construction, a via connection between the traces, or the trace and device contact, to short circuit them. The via structure will not be created if it will create a short-circuit to a conducting trace not associated with the net in question. By connecting traces on different layers using automatically created via structures so as not to short circuit other net traces, errors are eliminated and design cycles times are reduced when compared to creating manual via connections. 
         [0010]    This invention also teaches the automatic placement of the via structure without the need to specify which metal layout needs connecting on another metal layer in the integrated circuit design. This invention routes a path according to a net of predefined circuit components. If that route path crosses another path on another layer in the circuit layout that is part of the same net, a via is automatically created based on the via creation rules set by the user. Thus, the system will automatically recognize when two metal layers cross that are part of the same net, vias are created according to the design rules specified by the user. 
         [0011]    There are a number of useful features that can be applied to the automatic via structure creation. For example, an interactive mode allowing easily resizing of the via structure by the use of familiar control handles in the graphical user interface display. The invention allows for the creating of certain rules such as preventing automatic via creation when the trace does not come into overlap contact with a pin structure on a layer above or below the trace. Certain user defined rules may allow for the enforcement of vias created according to a minimum size, the size covers the pin-route intersection, or the entire pin area. 
         [0012]    Other features include creating via and keeping the structure size inside the size dimensions of the trace including forcing a rectangular via structure to orient in the horizontal or vertical position. Optionally, the user can periodically override selected features of the automatic via creation rules. 
         [0013]    Other systems, methods, features, and advantages of the invention will be or will become apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of the following figures and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, features and advantages be included within this description, be within the scope of the invention, and be protected by the accompanying claims. 
     
    
     
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0014]    The components in the figures are not necessarily to scale, emphasis being placed instead upon illustrating the principles of the invention. In the figures, like reference numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the different views. 
           [0015]      FIG. 1  is a top view of a simplified layout circuit diagram showing the interrelationship with a circuit schematic diagram with components connected by trace lines and via structures. 
           [0016]      FIG. 2  is a top view of a simplified layout circuit diagram showing the resizing of the via structure by expansion handles. 
           [0017]      FIG. 3  is a top view of a simplified layout circuit diagram showing different circuit elements of a physical net connected by trace lines and via structures. 
           [0018]      FIG. 4  is a top view of a trace line and pin structure corresponding to a graphical user interface of a system layout option menu structure. 
           [0019]      FIG. 5  is a top view of a trace line and pin structure corresponding to a graphical user interface of a system layout option menu structure. 
           [0020]      FIG. 6  is a top view of a trace line and pin structure corresponding to a graphical user interface of a system layout option menu structure. 
           [0021]      FIG. 7  is a top view of a trace line and pin structure corresponding to a graphical user interface of a system layout option menu structure. 
           [0022]      FIG. 8  is a top view of a trace line and pin structure corresponding to a graphical user interface of a system layout option menu structure. 
           [0023]      FIG. 9  is a top view of a trace line and pin structure corresponding to a graphical user interface of a system layout option menu structure. 
           [0024]      FIG. 10  is a top view of a trace line and pin structure corresponding to a graphical user interface of a system layout option menu structure. 
           [0025]      FIG. 11  is a top view of a trace line and pin structure corresponding to a graphical user interface of a system layout option menu structure. 
           [0026]      FIG. 12  is a top view of a trace line and pin structure corresponding to a graphical user interface of a system layout option menu structure. 
           [0027]      FIG. 13  is a perspective view of a via cap structure. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0028]    This invention assumes that the system simulator knows each polygon or circuit component in the net without running any other tools such as a layout versus schematic (“LVS”) tool or any explicit definition of where a via needs to be place in the layout as a single path definition by place and route tools. In traditional layout editors, the user has to inquire as to whether or not to insert a via between two different pieces of metals located on different layers of the integrated circuit layout. The layout is usually a collection of layers of metallizations separated by other layers while having routes or traces of conducting material interconnecting the various electrical components of the design. Typically, the creation of vias can be made in integrated circuit designs but it can also be created in the design of printed circuit boards. 
         [0029]    The circuit design implicitly contains the knowledge of the nets allocated to the circuit components. The integrated data model understands the connectivity in the model. As soon as the two metal layers overlap, the system creates a via structure according to the user defined rules. This automatic creation of vias eliminates the omission of the via structure by the user, placement in the wrong place within the layout or the creation of an improperly sized via structure violating system requirements. This automatic via creation make the via creation correct by construction connectivity. The system knows that the metal layers overlap from the schematic design. Nets are used to connect components in the schematic design. Thus, when the layout is created the system understands the location of the pins and the required connectivity from the creation of the nets. In this system, it is inherent that such connectivity exists. In prior art systems, it is possible for the connectivity and schematic to be inconsistent. In this system, the connectivity and schematic will always be consistent. 
         [0030]    Via inter-connect is prohibited if a via is inserted when a second net interferes with the creation of a via that is large enough to interfere with the second net trace or component. Stray voltage can create a short circuit that is undesirable. An error checking feature may alert the user that a short circuit may exist and guide the user to the location in the layout where the problem exists. 
         [0031]    In the physical layout of an integrated circuit, layers of insulators and metals are deposited forming the complex structure of the integrated circuit. This three dimensional layered structure is best represented by a layout diagram where the components are on located on a first level. Metal traces can also be located on the first layer as well as on the third layer. Insulating material is often deposited on the second layer and via structures created connecting the metal traces of the first and third layers so that electrical connectivity exists through the second insulating layer. Integrated circuit design is well known in the art and a plurality of layers may exist forming the overall circuit design. 
         [0032]      FIG. 1  is a top view of a simplified layout circuit diagram showing the interrelationship with a circuit schematic diagram with components connected by trace lines and via structures. In the circuit schematic, components have pins  100 ,  102 ,  104  and  106  and comprise a simplified circuit. Components  100 ,  102 ,  104  and  106  are interconnected along routes  1  ( 108 ), route  2  ( 110 ), route  3  ( 112 ) and route  4  ( 114 ). A node  116  marks the interconnection of the three routes  108 ,  110  and  112 . For route  112 , design rules define the route as a series of parameters  118  regarding the paths of the traces. 
         [0033]    In the layout diagram of  FIG. 1  corresponding to the schematic diagram, components  100  and  102  are located on the first level of the integrated circuit and components  104  and  106  are located on a second level. The trace lines of route  1  ( 108 ), rout  2  ( 110 ) and route  3  ( 112 ) are located on the same level. Route  4  ( 114 ) is located on an upper level. In a semiconductor, these two paths are located on different layers. Where their traces overlap, an opportunity is established for the creation of a via structure connecting the components  100 ,  102  and  104  together assuming they are all on the same net. Once the trace of route  3  ( 112 ) overlaps with pin  104 , a via structure can be automatically created. Once the via is created, the circuit is complete. 
         [0034]      FIG. 2  is a top view of a simplified layout circuit diagram showing the resizing of the via structure by expansion handles  200 . Once the via structure is created  202  in the layout design, control handles  200  can allow a user to resize the via structure increasing the size of the via  202  or creating a via cap  204  and forming a plurality of via structures  206 . 
         [0035]      FIG. 3  is a top view of a simplified layout circuit diagram showing different circuit elements of a physical net connected by trace lines and via structures. Electronic component  300  comprises pins P 1  ( 302 ) and P 2  ( 304 ). Electronic component  306  comprises pin P 1  ( 308 ). Electronic component  310  comprises pins P 1  ( 312 ) and P 2  ( 314 ) forming structure  316 , and pin P 3  ( 318 ). Connecting P 2  ( 304 ), P 1  ( 308 ) and structure  316  having pins P 1  ( 312 ) and P 2  ( 314 ) forms a net  320 . Once the net  320  is created, connecting metal traces between electronic components  300 ,  306  and  310  allows the system to automatically permit for the accurate and correct creation of via structures. 
         [0036]      FIG. 4  is a top view of a trace line and pin structure corresponding to a graphical user interface of a system layout option menu structure. The metal trace route  400  is represented in the bottom of the figure. When the metal trace route is drawn in a system such that the trace route  400  overlaps a pin  402  located on another layer of the semiconductor, a via structure  404  is automatically created. 
         [0037]    Associated with the automatic via creation tool is a menu layout  406  for selecting various rules for forming the automatic via structures. In the menu layout  406 , the size of the via structure is controlled by a user selecting to enforce the minimum size rule  408 . This rule ensures that the size of the via structure is no larger than the minimum required. Should the user not select to enforce minimum size via, the via structure created will fill to the size limits of the other user selected rules. Another rule controlled by the user is whether the via will cover the pin route intersection  410 . This sizing rule is illustrated in the layout located below the menu layout  406  where the via  404  covers the entire area of the metal trace  400  overlap with the pin  402 . 
         [0038]      FIG. 5  is a top view of a trace line and pin structure corresponding to a graphical user interface of a system layout option menu structure. The metal trace route  500  is represented in the bottom of the figure. When the metal trace route is drawn in a system such that the trace route  500  located on a second layer  502  overlaps a pin  504  located on a first layer  506  of the semiconductor, a via structure  508  is automatically created. 
         [0039]    Associated with the automatic via creation tool is a menu layout  406  for selecting various rules for forming the automatic via structures. In the menu layout  406 , the size of the via structure is controlled by a user selecting to enforce the minimum size rule  408 . This rule ensures that the size of the via structure is no larger than the minimum required. Should the user not select the rule enforce minimum size via, the via structure created will fill to the size limits of the other user selected rules. Another rule controlled by the user is whether the via will cover the entire pin area  510 . This sizing rule is illustrated in the layout located below the menu layout  406  where the via  508  covers the entire area of the pin overlap  512 . 
         [0040]      FIG. 6  is a top view of a trace line and pin structure corresponding to a graphical user interface of a system layout option menu structure. The metal trace route  600  is represented in the bottom of the figure. When the metal trace route is drawn in a system such that the trace route  600  located on a second layer overlaps a pin  602  located on a first layer of the semiconductor, a via structure  604  is automatically created. 
         [0041]    Associated with the automatic via creation tool is a menu layout  406  for selecting various rules for forming the automatic via structures. In the menu layout  406 , the size of the via structure is controlled by a user selecting to enforce the minimum size rule  408 . This rule ensures that the size of the via structure is no larger than the minimum required. Should the user not select the rule enforce minimum size via, the via structure created will fill to the size limits of the other user selected rules. Another rule controlled by the user is whether the via will cover the minimum via area  606 . This sizing rule is illustrated in the layout located below the menu layout  406  where the via  604  covers the minimum area of the pin overlap  604 . 
         [0042]      FIG. 7  is a top view of a trace line and pin structure corresponding to a graphical user interface of a system layout option menu structure. The metal trace route  700  is represented in the bottom of the figure. When the metal trace route  700  is drawn in a system such that the trace route  700  located on a second layer overlaps a pin  702  located on a first layer of the semiconductor, a via structure  704  is automatically created. 
         [0043]    Associated with the automatic via creation tool is a menu layout  406  for selecting various rules for forming the automatic via structures. In the menu layout  406 , the size of the via structure is controlled by a user who can select the pin route position such as preference to the creation of the via parallel to the line  706  of the route trace  700 . This rule ensures that the orientation of the via structure is located in the same parallel orientation as the trace route. 
         [0044]      FIG. 8  is a top view of a trace line and pin structure corresponding to a graphical user interface of a system layout option menu structure. The metal trace route  800  is represented in the bottom of the figure. When the metal trace route  800  is drawn in a system such that the trace route  800  located on a second layer overlaps a pin  802  located on a first layer of the semiconductor, a via structure  804  is automatically created. 
         [0045]    Associated with the automatic via creation tool is a menu layout  406  for selecting various rules for forming the automatic via structures. In the menu layout  406 , the size of the via structure is controlled by a user who can select the pin route position such as preference to the creation of the via perpendicular to the line  804  of the route trace  800 . This rule ensures that the orientation of the via structure is located in the perpendicular orientation as the trace route. 
         [0046]      FIG. 9  is a top view of a trace line and pin structure corresponding to a graphical user interface of a system layout option menu structure. Here, trace route  900  is located on a second layer of an integrated circuit while trace route  902  is located on a first layer. Assuming that the two trace routes are on the same net, when trace route  900  is drawn such that there exists over lap of the area defined by x  904  and y  906 , a via is automatically created. Because of the sizing requirements of the via, the via created may need to be larger than the area of overlap defined by x  904  and y  906 . In the example where route trace  908  overlaps with route trace  910 , the overlap may need to create a via having dimensions that are greater than the area of the overlap. This larger cross sectional area of the via is represented by the area  912 . 
         [0047]    Associated with the automatic via creation tool is a menu layout  406  for selecting various rules for forming the automatic via structures. In the menu layout  406 , the orientation and sizing of the via structure is controlled by the user. The user has the option of keeping the via inside the route trace  914 . Also, the user can select a preference rule of orienting the via horizontally inside the route trace  916 . Thus, the via can be automatically be resized to the area defined by z  918  and y  906 . 
         [0048]      FIG. 10  is a top view of a trace line and pin structure corresponding to a graphical user interface of a system layout option menu structure. As an alternative to the menu layout  406  option for orienting the via in the horizontal dimension inside the route trace  1004 , the user can select to orient the via in the vertical direction  1000 . Thus, when the route trace  1002  on the second layer of the integrate circuit overlaps the route trace  1004  located on a first layer, but within the same net, the via may be automatically created  1006  in the vertical direction. 
         [0049]      FIG. 11  is a top view of a trace line and pin structure corresponding to a graphical user interface of a system layout option menu structure. In the layout  406 , the user can select to override for short segments  1100  the option to keep the via inside the route trace  1102  and orient the via in the horizontal  1104  or vertical  1106  dimension. Thus, the where normally when the route trace  1108  located on a second layer of an integrated circuit overlaps the route trace  1110  on the same net, the via would normally be oriented in the vertical position  1112  assuming the user had selected the keep inside route option  1102  and prefer vertical orientation  1106 . If the user selected the override option  1100 , the via would be oriented in the horizontal orientation  1114 . 
         [0050]      FIG. 12  is a top view of a trace line and pin structure corresponding to a graphical user interface of a system layout option menu structure. Another option for a user in layout  406  is for a prohibition of the automatic via creation when the route trace is not overlapping a pin  1200 . Normally, when route trace  1202  approaches and then overlaps route trace  1204 , a via is automatically created. However, if the user selects the option prohibiting the automatic via creation unless the route trace overlaps a pin  1200 , then no via is created. 
         [0051]      FIG. 13  is a perspective view of a via cap structure. When a route trace  1300  on a first layer  1302  overlaps a pin or a route trace connected to the same net but located on another layer. The via structure may need to be larger in width  1304  than the route trace  1300 . As such, the via may also need to be formed with a plurality of columns  1306 . In some instances depending upon the design rules, the via structure may require alternating layers of columns  1306  and layers  1308  according to the design criteria of the structure. 
         [0052]    While various embodiments of the invention have been described, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that many more embodiments and implementations are possible that are within the scope of this invention.