Abstract:
In a switched circuit telephone network implementing an SS7 protocol with out-of-band signaling for call establishment, the specification discloses a proxy load balancer coupled between a signaling gateway and application server processes running application services. The proxy load balancer receives signaling messages from the signaling gateway directed to an application server process running an application service, and forwards that signaling message to one of two or more application server processes, each running the application service. In this way, additional application server processes may be installed in the system without reconfiguration or even knowledge of the signaling gateway. The proxy load balancer appears as a single application server process running an application service to the signaling gateway, and correspondingly appears as a signaling gateway to the two or more application server processes running application services downstream of the proxy load balancer.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
         [0001]    This application claims priority to European Patent Application No. 02 291 617.5, filed Jun. 28, 2002.  
         STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT  
         [0002]    Not applicable.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0004]    The preferred embodiments of the present invention are directed generally to switched circuit and wireless telephone networks. More particularly, the preferred embodiments are directed out-of-band signaling in support of telephone system operations. More particularly still, the preferred embodiments are directed to a load balancer for balancing signal traffic between signaling gateways and application service processes performing tasks such as toll free number translations and maintaining location registers.  
           [0005]    2. Background of the Invention  
           [0006]    Consider for purposes of explanation a telephone customer picking up the receiver of the telephone and dialing a telephone number intending to make a connection. The communication between the customer&#39;s telephone and telephone company&#39;s equipment, commonly known as a switch, is accomplished via the tones created by actuation of the buttons on the telephone. Thus, the residential customer tells the switch the number to connect to through the use of in-band signaling—over the same communication link as will eventually carry the voice or data communications. However, most modem telephone systems perform what is known as “out-of-band” signaling in support call establishment. By out-of-band signaling, it is meant that any communications required between the switch and other equipment, such as a second switch or signaling gateways take place on communication channels other than the channel by which the voice or data communications flow. Typically, the out-of-band signaling takes place by means of digital communication channels. Thus, establishing connections between two telephones involves a complex interaction of digital messages, hereinafter referred to generally as signaling.  
           [0007]    Although there may be several protocols for out-of-band signaling, the most commonly used protocol, in North America and Europe, is known as Signaling System No. 7 (SS7 or Sigtran 7). However, SS7 defines more than just a protocol for communication between switches. The SS7 protocol defines an entire switching network for facilitating signaling for call establishment, billing, routing, and information exchange functions of switched circuit networks. The switched circuit networks may comprise not only telephone service, but also wireless communication systems such as cell phone systems and paging devices.  
           [0008]    [0008]FIG. 1 shows an exemplary prior art system operating under the SS7 protocol. In particular, FIG. 1 shows two signaling end points (SEPs)  2 , 4 , which in the example of telephone service would be the switch to which the telephone is coupled. Extending between the two SEPs  2 , 4  is a trunk (not shown) that carries the voice or data communications. Each of the SEPs  2 , 4  also couple to a signaling transfer point (STP)  8 . Coupled to the same SS7 network is a server  10  running a service, which acts as a database whose function is dependent upon the network implemented. In an intelligent network, the server  10  may be a signaling control point (SCP). Establishing a call between a telephone connected to SEP  2  and telephone connected to SEP  3  involves SEP  2  sending a series of digital messages across the digital link  12  which are routed to SEP  4  via digital link  14 . Thus, SEP  2  sends and receives a series of messages to and from SEP  4  through the signaling transfer point  8  over the communication pathways  12  and  14 . If the destination telephone number is known, then part of the exchange of information between SEP  2  and SEP  4  is trunk information and the call is connected. If, however, the telephone number dialed by the telephone coupled to SEP  2  is a toll free number, then some number translation is required. In such a circumstance, the signaling end point  2  formulates a signaling message to the signaling control point  10 , which in this example translates the virtual toll free number into a telephone number representing a physical telephone and replies to the SEP  2 . The SEP  2  establishes the call the physical number as described above.  
           [0009]    Switched circuit telephone network users have, in recent years, steadily increased bandwidth requirements. As the number of users and their respective bandwidth requirements increase, it becomes necessary to increase the network capability. Expansion, however, is penalized by expensive proprietary equipment of the SS7 system. This expense is incurred not only in building the specialty network, but is also incurred in the maintenance of the SS7 network, as it requires specialty equipment and highly skilled people to maintain the system. For this reason, there is a trend in the telephone industry to migrate telephone systems using SS7 based networks for signaling to Internet Protocol (IP) networks. This migration is due, to some extent, to the fact that IP networks are more abundant, and their hardware more readily available which result in a savings in scale. The International Engineering Task Force (IETF) has created a working group to study the migration of telephone signaling from SS7 networks to IP networks. The group, known as the Sigtran group, studies the intricacies of migration to an IP network, and further has defined several new communication protocols (implemented in programs of layered network communication), to facilitate hauling of SS7 signaling messages across IP networks.  
           [0010]    [0010]FIG. 2 shows an exemplary related art system of a portion of a signaling system that incorporates not only a SS7 network  18  between a signaling end point  20  and a signaling gateway  22 , but also an IP network  24  coupled between multiple application server processes (ASPs)  26  and  28 . Generally speaking, signaling across an IP network involves replacing the lower levels of the SS7 layered protocol with IP network protocol communications and transport layers.  
           [0011]    As a practical matter, however, it is difficult to expand a system such as that shown in FIG. 2. In particular, typically a large telephone company owns the SS7 network  18  as well as the signaling gateway  22 . The application server processes  26 ,  28  (running software programs known generally in the art as application services) could be owned, for example, by a regional telephone service provider. As traffic to the application server processes  26 ,  28  increases from the signaling gateway  22 , there may be a need to place additional application server processes in the system. However, because the signaling gateway  22  is owned by different company, adding a application server process is not as easy as a mere physical installation. Rather, the addition may require extensive negotiations with the signaling gateway owner as well as new contracts, new physical connections, and the like. Relatedly, while the signaling gateway  22  may perform some load balancing operations, this may not be the load balancing preferred or required by the owner of the application server processes.  
           [0012]    Thus, what is needed in the art is to isolate the application server processes from the signaling gateway in such a way that application server processes may be added, removed or maintained without intervention of the signaling gateway owner, and further such that load balancing may be accomplished at the discretion of the application server processes owner.  
         SUMMARY OF SOME OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
         [0013]    The problems noted above are solved in large part by a load balancer coupled between a signaling gateway and application server processes running application services. The load balancer preferably is owned and controlled by the same entity that owns and maintains the application server processes. The load balancer preferably appears to be an application server process to the signaling gateway and thus receives communications directed to application server processes, and relays those communications to one of the application server processes to distribute the computing tasks.  
           [0014]    The load balancer also preferably appears, to the plurality of application server processes, to be a signaling gateway. That is, all data communications between the application server processes running application services (such as toll free telephone number translation) and the signaling gateway take place through the load balancer, but as far as the application server processes are concerned, they are communicating directly to the signaling gateway. Because the expansion of the SS7 protocol to include signaling over an IP network provides for only a single level signaling gateway to application server processes communication, the load balancer also preferably performs consolidation of signaling messages from the application server processes to the signaling gateway such that the communication between the signaling gateway and the load balancer follows the SS7 protocol as modified for IP network communications. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0015]    For a detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings in which:  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 1 shows a prior art system operating under the SS7 protocol;  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 2 shows an exemplary related art system incorporating an IP network between the signaling gateways and the application server processes running application services;  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 3A shows the preferred implementation of a system using an application server process as a proxy load balancer between the signaling gateway and application server processes running application services;  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 3A shows the preferred implementation of a system using an application server process as a proxy load balancer between a plurality of signaling gateways and application server processes running application services;  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 4 shows examples of the proxy load balancer consolidating messages propagating between the signaling gateways and the application server processes running application services;  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 5 shows various layers of the layered protocol communication schemes between the signaling gateway and the application server processes running the application services; and  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 6 shows an embodiment having multiple or redundant proxy load balancers. 
     
    
     NOTATION AND NOMENCLATURE  
       [0023]    Certain terms are used throughout the following description and claims to refer to particular system components. As one skilled in the art will appreciate, computer and telephone companies may refer to a component by different names. This document does not intend to distinguish between components that differ in name but not function.  
         [0024]    In the following discussion and in the claims, the terms “including” and “comprising” are used in an open-ended fashion, and thus should be interpreted to mean “including, but not limited to . . . ”. Also, the term “couple” or “couples” is intended to mean either an indirect or direct electrical connection. Thus, if a first device couples to a second device, that connection may be through a direct electrical connection, or through an indirect electrical connection via other devices and connections.  
         [0025]    Throughout the specification, and in the claims, the term “application server process” refers to a piece a hardware, a computer or server, running software to perform a task and communicating with other devices and/or programs over a communication channel. Further, reference to an “application service” means a software program running on hardware (an application server process) to perform a task related to the telephone network, such as (but not limited to) toll free number translation, maintaining home location registers, and maintaining visitor location registers.  
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0026]    [0026]FIG. 3A shows the preferred implementation of the Sigtran user adaptation proxy load balancer. In particular, FIG. 3A shows a signaling end point (SEP)  30  (which could be a telephone switch if the system is implemented for residential or commercial telephone service) coupled to a signaling gateway (SG)  34  by way of a signaling system 7 (SS7) network  32 . Only one such signaling end point  30  is shown in FIG. 3A for simplicity of the drawing; however, it is understood that many signaling end points may be coupled to the signaling gateway, either directly or through other signaling gateways. The signaling gateway  34  is preferably adapted to communicate to the application server process load balancer (ASP-LB)  38  over an internet protocol (IP) network  36 . While only one application server processes  38  is shown for simplicity, any number of application server processes may be coupled to the signaling gateway. The signaling gateway may need to communicate with the application server process  38  for many reasons, such as performing toll-free number translations (for hard-wired telephone systems) or for access to and updating of visitor location or home location registers (for wireless networks). As discussed in the Background section, communications between the signaling end point  30  and signaling gateway  34 , as well as the communications between the signaling gateway  34  and the application server processes  38  over the IP network  36  are known by those of ordinary skill in the art and therefore need not be described in great detail here.  
         [0027]    Still referring to FIG. 3A, the application server process  38 , running an application service (AS), preferably acts as a load balancer distributing signaling messages from the signaling gateway  34  to any number of application server processes  40 . That is, in the preferred embodiment, the application server processes  38  acting as a load balancer preferably does not service the signaling messages from the signaling gateway  34  itself, but rather distributes those signaling messages to other application server processes  40  coupled to the ASP-LB  38 . FIG. 3B shows that the application server process may act as a proxy load balancer for a plurality of signaling gateways (labeled  34 A and  34 B in FIG. 3B).  
         [0028]    As discussed in the Background section, the signaling gateway  34  may be owned by a different entity than the entity that owns the application server process  38 . Moreover, there may be a significant distance between the signaling gateway  34  and the application server process  38 . In the preferred embodiments, the application server process  38  acting as a load balancer is proximate to, preferably within, the same rack of servers as the application server processes  40  that service the signaling messages from the signaling gateway  34 . As shown in FIG. 3, communications between the signaling gateway  34  and the application server process  38  preferably take place over an Internet Protocol (IP) network  36 . Communication between the ASP-LB  38  and the application server processes  40  running application services preferably takes place, because of their proximity, over a local area network (LAN) protocol such as Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) or, in an alternative embodiment, standard Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). The various layers of the communication protocol existing between the signaling end point  30  and each of the application server processes  40  is discussed more fully below. Before delving into the layered protocol topic, however, it is important to discuss some of the functions the application server process  38  performs to facilitate the load balancing operation, without requiring modification to either the signaling gateway  34  or application server processes  40  from the way they operate in the prior art systems without a load balancer. Stated otherwise, in the preferred embodiments, neither the signaling gateway  34  nor the application server processes  40  running the application services know, or need be modified, to account for the application server processes  38  acting as a load balancer. From the perspective of the signaling gateway  34 , the ASP-LB  38  appears to be a single application server process responding to the signaling messages presented. Likewise, from the perspective of one of the application server process  40 , for example application server  40 A, the ASP-LB  38  appears to be the signaling gateway  34 . Not only may application server processes  40  be added or removed in general, but also one may perform maintenance, and the like, without affecting operation. It could be said that the ASP-LB  38  and the application server processes  40  are parts of a distributed application server process.  
         [0029]    While FIGS. 3A and 3B show a single application server process acting as the load balancer, it is within the contemplation of this invention that, depending on the required complexity of the SS7 system, or based on the desire to have redundancy at the load balancer portion of the system, additional load balancers may be included between the signaling gateway  34  and the application server processes  40  running application services. In particular, FIG. 6 shows an embodiment where the signaling gateway may communicate with either of a plurality of ASP-LBs  38 . Preferably, each of the ASP-LBs  38  in the system shown in FIG. 6 are coupled to application server processes  40  running application services. Thus, the signaling gateway may forward signaling messages to either of the ASP-LBs  38 , and the ASP-LBs in turn may forward the signaling messages to any of the application server processes  40  running application services. While only two ASP-LBs  38  performing the load balancing function are shown in FIG. 6, any number of load balancers may be implemented within a system, and this would still be within the contemplation of this invention.  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 4 exemplifies several situations where the application server process  38 , acting as a load balancer, acts as a single application server process with respect to the signaling gateway  38  and also appears to be a signaling gateway to the application server processes  40 . In particular, a typical exchange of signals between an application server process and a signaling gateway involves the application server process notifying the signaling gateway that it is operational, as well as an acknowledgement thereof by the signaling gateway. Further, the application server process informs the signaling gateway that a particular application service is active, which again is acknowledged by the signaling gateway. There are also corresponding signals and acknowledgments as the application services, and application server processes, become inoperable. In particular, FIG. 4 shows an exchange of signals between a first application server process  40 A and the signaling gateway  34 . The application server process  40 A sends an “ASP UP” signal indicating that the application server process  40 A is operational. However, the ASP-LB  38  is coupled between the application server process  40 A and the signaling gateway, and is thus the first to receive the ASP UP signal. In this example, application server process  40 A is the first to submit this signal, and therefore the ASP-LB  38  preferably relays the ASP UP signal to the signaling gateway  34 . In response thereto, signaling gateways return an “ASP UP ACK” signal. In a system of the preferred embodiments, this ASP UP ACK signal flows to the ASP-LB  38 , which in turn relays the signal to application server process  40 A, as this was the device that initiated the response. At some later time, application server process  40 B issues its ASP UP signal, which propagates to the ASP-LB  38 . In particular, the ASP-LB  38  does not relay the ASP UP signal of application server process  40 B, as it is the second ASP UP signal to be received (indicated by exchange  44 ). Instead, the ASP-LB  38  sends an ASP UP ACK signal to the application server  40 B. Thus, the signaling gateway  34  has no knowledge that more than one application server processes (and thus application services) are operational. Moreover, neither of the application servers processes  40 A,B need to be modified to be operable in the situation where an application server process  38  acting as a load balancer exists. Although not specifically shown in FIG. 4, but the underlying principles are the same, the proxy load balancer of the preferred embodiments also consolidates SNM, RKM, ASPTM, ASPSM and MGT messages sent by the plurality of application service processes to the signaling gateway, and conversely consolidates the SNM, RKM, ASPTM, ASPSM and MGT messages sent by the signaling gateway to the application service processes.  
         [0031]    Another feature in the communications between signaling gateways and application server processes is a signal from the application server process to the signaling gateway indicating that there has been activation of a particular process, an application service. The exchange of signals of FIG. 4 having numeral  46  is indicative of a first exchange of an ASP ACT signal, and its corresponding acknowledgment from the signaling gateway. Any additional application server processes, such as application server process  40 B, that generate the activation signal in the preferred embodiments are acknowledged only by the ASP-LB  38 , and the signals are not propagated to the signaling gateway  34 . Here again, neither the signaling gateway  34 , nor the application server processes  40 , need to be aware that there is an application server acting as a load balancer coupled between them. From the perspective of the application server processes  40 , the ASP-LB&#39;s  38  load-balancing function is equivalent to the load balancing function of the signaling gateway. Moreover, because the ASP-LB  38  and the application server processes  40  are preferably owned and administered by the same entity, the load balancing may be enhanced. In particular, the ASP-LB  38  can gauge the relative loading of the application server processes  40  for which it acts as a proxy through any suitable mechanism. These monitoring mechanism may comprises timing the response of an echo command (ping), or through direct communications where the application server process  40  specifically identifies its particular loading. This can be achieved by protocol extension not specified in the Sigtran documents, such as use of the information included with the Sigtran Heartbeat and Heartbeat ACK messages. The ASP-LB  38  load balancing function should conform to the upper layer protocols to dispatch messages to the correct application server process  40 . For example, in dispatch SCCP class 1 messages, the ASP-LB  38  uses the SLS and Routing Context (RC) as a routing criteria to the ASPs: every message carrying the same SLS and RC are dispatched to the same ASP. For dispatching TCAP messages, the ASP-LB  38  also uses the TCAP transaction ID to route every message of a single transaction to the same ASP.  
         [0032]    After the initialization stages, data may be transferred  50  between the signaling gateway  34  and the application server processes  40  through the ASP-LB  38 . The signaling gateway  34  addresses its signaling messages only to ASP-LB  38 , and ASP-LB  38  distributes the signaling messages to the various application server processes  40 . If, for example, the entity that owns the application server processes  40  wishes to install additional servers, this may be done transparent to the signaling gateway  34 , and therefore without the knowledge or even approval of the entity that owns the signaling gateway  34 .  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 4 also shows an exemplary set of signals exchanged as application server processes  40  begin deactivating application services. In particular, in exchange  52 , the application server process  40 A sends an “ASP INACT” signal to the ASP-LB  38  indicating deactivation of an application service. Because other application services on other application server processes  40  are still operational, the signal is preferably not propagated to the signaling gateway  34 ; rather, the ASP-LB  38  returns an “ASP INACT ACK” to the application server process  40 A. When the last application server process for which ASP-LB  38  is doing load balancing sends the ASP INACT signal (in FIG. 4 application server process  40 B, exchange  54 ), this signal preferably is propagated to the signaling gateway  34 . The signaling gateway  34  in turn generates an ASP INACT ACK signal, which the ASP-LB  38  allows to propagate back to the application server process  40 B. Likewise with respect to the “ASP DOWN” signals, the first and subsequent (but not the last) set of signals generated are not propagated to the signaling gateway, and instead are acknowledged by the application server process  38 . However, the last ASP DOWN set of signals (exchange  58 ) is propagated through the ASP-LB  38  to the signaling gateway  34 . Thus, FIG. 4 exemplifies for a standard set of signals exchanged between a signaling gateway and an application server process, how the ASP-LB  38  acting as a load balancer appears as a single application server process to the signaling gateway, and likewise appears as a single signaling gateway for each of the application server processes  40 A for which load balancing is accomplished. One of ordinary skill in the art is fully aware of the peculiarities of these upper level message exchange protocols, and, having now been exposed to the use of a proxy load balancer in the context distributing SS7 based signaling messages across non-SS7 networks, could easily program or commission a program to run on an application server process to execute on the ASP-LB  38  load balancing function described.  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 4 exemplifies the consolidation and propagation of some of the message that the application server process  38  deals with when acting as a load balancer. In systems without a load balancer, several other categories of messages exchanged between the signaling gateways and the application server processes exist. For example, these categories of messages may comprise SUA management (MGT) messages, signaling network management (SNM) messages, application server process state maintenance (ASPSM) messages, ASP traffic maintenance (ASPTM) messages and routing key management (RKM) messages. SUA management messages propagated to the ASP-LB  38 , such as notify messages, are forwarded by the load balancer to each of the application server processes  40 . Likewise, error messages in the SUA management messages context may be either processed locally by the application server  38 , or forwarded to each of the application server processes  40 . Signaling network management messages (such as DUNA, DAVA, SCON, DUPU and DRST) are sent by the signaling gateway to the ASP-LB  38 . If the messages do nor carry a routing context, the ASP-LB  38  forwards them to each of the application servers  40 . If, however, the messages carry a routing context, the load balancer forwards them to the appropriate cluster of application server processes running application services. Again, in the signaling network management message context, the DAUD message is sent by an application service (running on an application server process  40 ) to the load balancer  38  which can either: forward the message to the signaling gateway; or direly answer to the DAUD by sending the appropriate SNM message. In the second case, the load balancer keeps a database of SS7 destinations status, updated and consolidated according to the SNM messages, it receives from the signaling gateway or gateways.  
         [0035]    Routing key management messages are consolidated by the load balancer  38  in a manner similar to the ASP UP signal described with respect to FIG. 4. That is, a first routing key management message, such as a registration request, is forwarded by the ASP-LB  38  to the signaling gateway  34 . Thereafter, the ASP-LB  38  internally acknowledges further registration requests, and does not forward those to the signaling gateway. Conversely, de-registration requests are accumulated and self-acknowledged by the ASP-LB  38  until the final de-registration request is submitted. Further, the ASP-LB  38  can perform its load balancing operations by any suitable scheme, such as distribution based on loading, a round robin scheme, or some combination thereof.  
         [0036]    [0036]FIG. 5 shows the various layers of the layered protocol communication schemes between the signaling gateway  34 , the application server process  38  (acting as a load balancer), and the application server processes  40  (running application services). The signaling gateway  34  communicates with a signaling end point (not shown) over the SS7 network  32 . In particular, the signaling gateway  34  communicates with the signaling end point through the use of a MTP2 layer, a MTP3 layer, and a SCCP layer which communicate with a Nodal Interworking Function (NIF). The NIF is, in effect, the highest level software program performing the signaling gateway functions. The application server process  38  has a corresponding set of protocol layers (IP, SCTP and SUA), and also has a NIF layer which performs the load balancing (LB).  
         [0037]    In the preferred embodiments, communication between the application server process  38  in a load balancing operation and the application server processes  40  running application services is over a local area network  60  (which may or may not differ in hardware and protocol layers, as will be discussed subsequently). Still referring to FIG. 5, communications between the ASP-LB  38  and the application server processes  40  running the application services, in the preferred embodiments, has the same layered protocol as the IP communication between the signaling gateway  34  and the ASP-LB  38 . In particular, each of the ASP-LB  38  and application server process  40  have an IP layer, an SCTP layer, and a SUA layers. At the top of the protocol stack is an application (such as TCAP), which is the protocol layer which ultimately interprets the commands and sends responses to the signaling end point (not shown on FIG. 5).  
         [0038]    Still referring to FIG. 5, an alternative embodiment for the protocol layers between the ASP-LB  38  and the application server process  40  is shown. In particular, rather than an SUA layer on top of a SCTP layer, it is possible that the SUA layer may be combined with another communication layer, such as a TCP layer (as shown in parenthesis in FIG. 5). In this alternative embodiment, the application server process  40  runs a TCP layer below an SUA layer. While SCTP is preferred, and TCP is an alternative embodiment, one of ordinary skill in the art, now understanding the function of the application server process acting as the load balancer in the IP portion of a switched circuit telephone network could easily devise many communication systems and protocols to facilitate the transfers of SS7 switching signals across ASP-LB  38 , the application server processes  40 , and the IP network. Further, other embodiments may use other Sigtran adaptation layers such as M3UA, TUA and the like.  
         [0039]    The foregoing discussion is premised upon one of ordinary skill in the art having a working understanding of the character and format of switching signals in the SS7 network, as well as the character and nature of converting SS7 signals for transport across IP networks. For additional information regarding implementing SS7 switching over IP networks, reference may be had to the International Engineering Task Force (IETF) working drafts titled “Signaling Connecting Control Part User Adaptation Layer (SUA)” (Draft—IETF—Sigtran—SUA—13.Txt, Expires Oct. 4, 2002) available from the IETF website at www.ietf.org, which is incorporated herein by reference as if reproduced in full below. Likewise, reference may be had to the IETF draft titled “SS7 MTP3—User Adaptation Layer (M3UA)” (Draft—IETF—Sigtran—M3UA—11.txt, expires Jun. 2002), available from the IETF website at www.ietf.org, and which is incorporated herein by reference as if reproduced in full below. It is noted that each of these IETF documents is a work in progress and subject to change; however, these documents exemplify to one of ordinary skill in the art the changes necessary from a standard SS7 signaling system to be implemented in an IP network context. For additional information regarding the SCTP layer of the transfer protocols, reference may be had to the International Engineering Consortium document titled “SS7 Over IP Signaling Transport and SCTP,” which is available from the IEC website at www.iec.org, and which is incorporated herein by reference as if reproduced in full below.  
         [0040]    The above discussion is meant to be illustrative of the principles and various embodiments of the present invention. Numerous variations and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art once the above disclosure is fully appreciated. It is intended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace all such variations and modifications.