Abstract:
A method allowing a terminal with data to be transmitted in an uplink direction to transmit a radio resource allocation request message to a base station by effectively using radio resource(s) to its maximum level is disclosed. In particular, the method allows the terminal to select a radio resource allocation request message of a proper format according to a situation of radio resource(s) or the amount of data of each channel and transmit the same to the base station.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS 
     Pursuant to 35 U.S.C. §119, this application claims the benefit of earlier filing date and right of priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. Nos. 60/974,072 filed on Sep. 20, 2007, 60/975,582 filed on Sep. 27, 2007, 60/976,766 filed on Oct. 1, 2007, and 61/039,095 filed on Mar. 24, 2008, and Korean Application No. 10-2008-0091724, filed on Sep. 18, 2008, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a wireless communication system providing wireless communications and a mobile terminal, and particularly, to a method allowing a terminal with data to be transmitted in an uplink direction to transmit a radio resource allocation request message to a base station by effectively using radio resource(s) to its maximum level. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method allowing the terminal to select a radio resource allocation request message of a proper format according to a situation of radio resource(s) or the amount of data of each channel and transmit the same to the base station. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
       FIG. 1  shows a network structure of the E-UMTS, a mobile communication system, applicable to the related art and the present invention. The E-UMTS system has been evolved from a UMTS system, for which the 3GPP is proceeding with the preparation of the basic specifications applicable thereto. The E-UMTS system may be classified as an LTE (Long Term Evolution) system. 
     The E-UMTS network may be divided into an E-UTRAN and a core network (CN). The E-UTRAN includes a terminal (referred to as ′UE (User Equipment), hereinafter), a base station (referred to as an eNode B, hereinafter), and an access gateway (AG) located at an end of a network and connected with an external network. The AG may be divided into a part handling processing of user traffic and a part processing control traffic. In this case, the AG for processing user traffic and the AG processing control traffic may communicate with each other by using a new interface. One or more cells may exist for a single eNode B. An interface for transmitting the user traffic or the control traffic may be used between eNodes. The CN may include a node for registering an AG and a user of a UE. An interface for discriminating the E-UTRAN and the CN may be used. 
     Layers of a radio interface protocols between the terminal (UE) and the network can be divided into a first layer (L1), a second layer (L2), and a third layer (L3) based on three lower layers of an open system interconnection (OSI) standard model widely known in communication systems. A physical layer belonging to the first layer (L1) provides an information transfer service using a physical channel, and an RRC (Radio Resource Control) layer positioned at the third layer serves to control radio resource(s) between the terminal and the network. To this end, the RRC layer exchanges an RRC message between the terminal and the network. The RRC layer may be distributively positioned at network nodes such as the eNode B, the AG, etc., or may be positioned only at the eNode B or at the AG. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a radio interface protocol architecture based on a 3GPP radio access network specification between the terminal and the base station. The radio interface protocol has horizontal layers comprising a physical layer, a data link layer, and a network layer, and has vertical planes comprising a user plane for transmitting user information and a control plane for transmitting control signals (signaling). The protocol layers can be divided into the first layer (L1), the second layer (L2), and the third layer (L3) based on three lower layers of an open system interconnection (OSI) standard model widely known in communication systems. 
     The radio protocol control plane in  FIG. 2  and each layer of the radio protocol user plane in  FIG. 3  will now be described. 
     The physical layer, namely, the first layer (L1), provides an information transfer service to an upper layer by using a physical channel. The physical layer is connected to an upper layer called a medium access control (MAC) layer via a transport channel, and data is transferred between the MAC layer and the physical layer via the transport channel. Meanwhile, between different physical layers, namely, between a physical layer of a transmitting side and that of a receiving side, data is transferred via the physical channel. 
     The MAC layer of the second layer provides a service to a radio link control (RLC) layer, its upper layer, via a logical channel. The RLC layer of the second layer may support reliable data transmissions. The function of the RLC layer may be implemented as a function block in the MAC. In this case, the RLC layer may not exist. A PDCP layer of the second layer performs a header compression function for reducing the size of a header of an IP packet including sizable unnecessary control information, whereby an IP packet such as IPv4 or IPv6 can be effectively transmitted in a radio interface with a relatively small bandwidth. 
     A radio resource control (RRC) layer located at the lowest portion of the third layer is defined only in the control plane, and handles the controlling of logical channels, transport channels and physical channels in relation to configuration, reconfiguration and release of radio bearers (RBs). The radio bearer refers to a service provided by the second layer (L2) for data transmission between the terminal and the UTRAN. 
     A downlink transport channel transmitting data from the network to the terminal includes a BCH (Broadcast Channel) that transmits system information and a downlink SCH (Shared Channel) that transmits user traffic or a control message. Traffic or a control message of a downlink multicast or broadcast service may be transmitted via the downlink SCH or a downlink MCH (Multicast Channel). An uplink transport channel transmitting from the terminal to the network may include an RACH (Random Access Channel) that transmits an initial control message and an uplink SCH that transmits user traffic or a control message. A general method for receiving data by the terminal in the LTE system will now be described. 
     The base station and the terminal mostly transmit and receive data via a physical channel PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel0 using a transport channel DL-SCH, except for a particular control signal or particular service data. Information about a terminal (one or more terminals) to which data of the PDSCH is to be transmitted, information about how the terminals receive the PDSCH data, information about how the PDSCH data is to be received or decoded, or the like are included in a PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel) and transmitted. 
     For example, it is assumed that a particular PDCCH including information regarding data, which is CRC-masked with an RNTI (Radio Network Temporary Identity (or Identifier)) of ‘A’ and transmitted via transmission format information (e.g., a transmission block size, a modulation and coding information, etc.) of ‘C’ via radio resource (e.g., a frequency position) of ‘B’, is transmitted in a particular sub-frame. Then, one or two or more terminals located in a corresponding cell monitor the PDCCH by using RNTI information of their own, and if they have the ‘A RNTI’ at a corresponding point of time, the terminals would receive the PDCCH and also receives the PDSCH indicated by ‘B’ and ‘C’ via the information of the PDCCH. 
     In this process, the RNTI is transmitted in order to information about to which terminals allocation information of radio resource(s) transmitted via each PDCCH is pertinent. The RNTI includes a dedicated RNTI and a common RNTI. The dedicated RNTI is used to transmit/receive data to/from a particular terminal, and used by the terminal when information of the terminal is registered in the base station. Meanwhile, the common RNTI is used to transmit or receive data to or from terminals that have not been allocated a dedicated RNTI because their information was not registered to the base station, or transmit information, such as system information, commonly used by a plurality of terminals. For example, an RA-RNTI or a T-C-RNTI in the RACH process is the common RNTI. 
     As mentioned above, the base station and the terminal(s) are two main entities that constituting the E-UTRAN. Radio resource(s) include uplink radio resource and downlink radio resource in a cell. The base station handles allocation and controlling of the uplink radio resource and the downlink resource in the cell. Namely, the base station determines which terminal uses which radio resource(s) in a certain moment. For example, the base station may determine that frequency 100 MHz to 101 MHz is allocated to a user No. 1 to transmit downlink data for 0.2 seconds after 3.2 seconds. After such determination, the base station may inform the corresponding terminal accordingly to allow the terminal to receive downlink data. Also, the base station determines when and which terminal would transmit data in an uplink direction by using which and how much radio resource(s), and allows a corresponding terminal to transmit data during the corresponding time. Such dynamic management of radio resource(s) by the base station is effective, compared with the related art in which a single terminal keeps using a single radio resource while a call is in connection. This is irrational in the aspect that, recently, many services are based on IP packets. That is, most packet services do not constantly generate packets during a call-connected time but there are many sections during which nothing is transmitted, and in this sense, constantly allocating radio resource(s) to a single terminal would be ineffective. Thus, the E-UTRAN system employs the method of allocating radio resource(s) to the terminal only when the terminal requires them or only while there is service data. 
     In the LTE system, in order to effectively use radio resource(s), the base station should know which data each user waits for. In case of data to downlink, the downlink data is transferred from the access gateway. Namely, the base station knows how much data should be transmitted to each user via the downlink. Meanwhile, in case of data to uplink, if each terminal does not inform the base station about data it intends to directly transmit to uplink, the base station could not know how much uplink radio resource(s) each terminal requires. Thus, for a proper uplink radio resource allocation, each terminal should provide information required for scheduling of radio resource(s) to the base station. 
     Namely, if a terminal has data to be transmitted, it informs the base station about that, and the base station then transmits a radio resource allocation message to the terminal based on the information. 
     In this case, when the terminal informs the base station that it has data to be transmitted, actually, the terminal informs the base station about the amount of data gathered in its buffer. It is called a buffer status report (BSR). 
     As stated above, if a terminal has data in its buffer and certain conditions are met, the terminal is to transmit a BSR to the base station. 
     In this respect, however, the BSR has no direct connection with user data, which the terminal and the base station actually want to exchange. Namely, the BSR is used to merely transfer information required for effectively allocating radio resource(s) to the terminal by the base station, rather than transferring actual user data. 
     Thus, it is better to have the smaller the BSR, thereby reducing a waste of radio resource(s) used for transmitting the BSR. Namely, the BSR is preferred to be as simple as possible. 
     There are several logical channels for a single terminal, and each logical channel has a different priority level. For example, in case of an SRB (Signaling Radio Bearer) used for exchanging an RRC message by the base station and the terminal, if there is data in the SRB, the terminal should inform the base station accordingly as soon as possible, and in this case, the base station should allocate radio resource(s) to the terminal more preferentially. Meanwhile, if there is data in a logical channel for a VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) and if there are other terminals than the terminal, the terminals having channels set with a priority level higher than the VoIP, and there is data in the channels with the higher priority level in the cell, the terminal would not need to quickly transmit the BSR to the base station and the base station also would not need to immediately allocate radio resource(s) to the terminal. Thus, the BSR would be better to be as accurate as possible in consideration of a difference of each channel. Namely, in this case, as the BSR becomes large, it can include more detailed information, which promotes an improvement of performance at the side of a scheduler of the base station. 
     Thus, a method for effectively informing the base station about a buffer status of the terminal while satisfying the two conflicting conditions is required. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Therefore, in order to address the above matters, the various features described herein have been conceived. One aspect of the exemplary embodiments is to provide a method whereby a terminal transmits a radio resource allocation request message to a base station by effectively using radio resource(s) to its maximum level, for which the terminal selects a radio resource allocation request message of a proper format according to a status of radio resource(s) or the amount of data of each channel set for the terminal and transmits the same to the base station. 
     This specification provides a method for communicating data in a wireless communication system, including: defining a plurality of buffer status report (BSR) formats for a transmission of a BSR; selecting one of the plurality of BSR formats based on particular conditions; generating the BSR according to the selected BSR format; and transmitting the generated BSR. 
     The foregoing and other objects, features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the present invention when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows a network structure of an E-UMTS, a mobile communication system, applicable to the related art and the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  shows an exemplary structure of a control plane of a radio interface protocol between a UE and a UTRAN based on the 3GPP radio access network standards. 
         FIG. 3  shows an exemplary structure of a user plane of the radio interface protocol between the UE and the UTRAN based on the 3GPP radio access network standards. 
         FIG. 4  is a view showing a radio resource allocation according to the related art. 
         FIG. 5  shows an exemplary view of a contention based random access procedure. 
         FIG. 6  is a view showing a plurality of buffer status report (BSR) formats used for transmitting a BSR to a base station by a terminal according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7  shows exemplary formats of short buffer status report and long buffer status of a MAC Control Element according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 8  shows a method for determining a BSR format to be selected for transmitting the BSR. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     One aspect of this disclosure relates to the recognition by the present inventors about the problems of the related art as described above, and further explained hereafter. Based upon this recognition, the features of this disclosure have been developed. 
     Although this disclosure is shown to be implemented in a mobile communication system, such as a UMTS developed under 3GPP specifications, this disclosure may also be applied to other communication systems operating in conformity with different standards and specifications. 
     Hereinafter, description of structures and operations of the preferred embodiments according to the present invention will be given with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
     In general, a terminal (or UE) may perform a random access procedure in the following cases: 1) when the terminal performs an initial access because there is no RRC Connection with a base station (or eNB), 2) when the terminal initially accesses to a target cell in a handover procedure, 3) when it is requested by a command of a base station, 4) when there is uplink data transmission in a situation where uplink time synchronization is not aligned or where a specific radio resource used for requesting radio resources is not allocated, and 5) when a recovery procedure is performed in case of a radio link failure or a handover failure. 
     In the LTE system, the base station allocates a dedicated random access preamble to a specific terminal, and the terminal performs a non-contention random access procedure which performs a random access procedure with the random access preamble. In other words, there are two procedures in selecting the random access preamble: one is a contention based random access procedure in which the terminal randomly selects one within a specific group for use, another is a non-contention based random access procedure in which the terminal uses a random access preamble allocated only to a specific terminal by the base station. The difference between the two random access procedures is that whether or not a collision problem due to contention occurs, as described later. And, the non-contention based random access procedure may be used, as described above, only in the handover procedure or when it is requested by the command of the base station. 
     Based on the above description,  FIG. 5  shows an operation procedure between a terminal and a base station in a contention based random access procedure. 
     First, a terminal in the contention based random access randomly may select a random access preamble within a group of random access preambles indicated through system information or a handover command, may select PRACH resources capable of transmitting the random access preamble, and then may transmit the selected random access preamble to a base station (Step  1 ). 
     After transmitting the random access preamble, the terminal may attempt to receive a response with respect to its random access preamble within a random access response reception window indicated through the system information or the handover command (Step  2 ). More specifically, the random access response information is transmitted in a form of MAC PDU, and the MAC PDU may be transferred on the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH). In addition, the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) is also transferred such that the terminal appropriately receives information transferred on the PDSCH. That is, the PDCCH may include information about a terminal that should receive the PDSCH, frequency and time information of radio resources of the PDSCH, a transfer format of the PDSCH, and the like. Here, if the PDCCH has been successfully received, the terminal may appropriately receive the random access response transmitted on the PDSCH according to information of the PDCCH. The random access response may include a random access preamble identifier (ID), an UL Grant, a temporary C-RNTI, a Time Alignment Command, and the like. Here, the random access preamble identifier is included in the random access response in order to notify terminals to which information such as the UL Grant, the temporary C-RNTI, and the Time Alignment Command would be valid (available, effective) because one random access response may include random access response information for one or more terminals. Here, the random access preamble identifier may be identical to the random access preamble selected by the terminal in Step  1 . 
     If the terminal has received the random access response valid to the terminal itself, the terminal may process each of the information included in the random access response. That is, the terminal applies the Time Alignment Command, and stores the temporary C-RNTI. In addition, the terminal uses the UL Grant so as to transmit data stored in a buffer of the terminal or newly generated data to the base station (Step  3 ). Here, a terminal identifier should be essentially included in the data which is included in the UL Grant (message  3 ). This is because, in the contention based random access procedure, the base station may not determine which terminals are performing the random access procedure, but later the terminals should be identified for contention resolution. Here, two different schemes may be provided to include the terminal identifier. A first scheme is to transmit the terminal&#39;s cell identifier through the UL Grant if the terminal has already received a valid cell identifier allocated in a corresponding cell prior to the random access procedure. Conversely, the second scheme is to transmit the terminal&#39;s unique identifier (e.g., S-TMSI or random ID) if the terminal has not received a valid cell identifier prior to the random access procedure. In general, the unique identifier is longer than the cell identifier. In Step  3 , if the terminal has transmitted data through the UL Grant, the terminal starts the contention resolution timer. 
     After transmitting the data with its identifier through the UL Grant included in the random access response, the terminal waits for an indication (instruction) of the base station for the contention resolution. That is, the terminal attempts to receive the PDCCH so as to receive a specific message (Step  4 ). Here, there are two schemes to receive the PDCCH. As described above, if the terminal identifier transmitted via the UL Grant is the cell identifier, the terminal attempts to receive the PDCCH by using its own cell identifier. If the terminal identifier transmitted via the UL Grant is its unique identifier, the terminal attempts to receive the PDCCH by using the temporary C-RNTI included in the random access response. Thereafter, for the former, if the PDCCH (message  4 ) is received through its cell identifier before the contention resolution timer is expired, the terminal determines that the random access procedure has been successfully (normally) performed, thus to complete the random access procedure. For the latter, if the PDCCH is received through the temporary cell identifier before the contention resolution timer is expired, the terminal checks data (message  4 ) transferred by the PDSCH that the PDCCH indicates. If the unique identifier of the terminal is included in the data, the terminal determines that the random access procedure has been successfully (normally) performed, thus to complete the random access procedure. 
     The present invention provides a method whereby a terminal may effectively provide information about the amount of data gathered in its buffer while minimizing the amount of radio resource(s) required for transmitting a buffer status report (BSR). 
     To this end, in the present invention, a plurality of BSR formats are defined, the terminal selects one of the plurality of BSR formats according to its situation, configures (generates) a BSR according to the selected BSR format, and transmits it to a base station. In detail, in the present invention, two BSR formats are defined: one of them is a normal BSR and the other is a shortened BSR. If the terminal is allocated radio resource(s) enough to transmit the normal BSR, if there is enough room or space in allocated radio resource(s) to include the normal BSR, or if an uplink radio resource is allocated enough to include information with respect to all configured channels or all configured channel groups, the normal BSR may be included in a MAC PDU and this may be transmitted to the base station via the allocated radio resource(s). If the terminal is allocated radio resource(s) which are, however, not enough to transmit the normal BSR, if there is not enough room or space in allocated radio resource(s) to include the normal BSR, or if an uplink radio resource is allocated not enough to include information with respect to all configured channels or all configured channel groups the shortened BSR may be included in a MAC PDU and this may be transmitted to the base station via the allocated radio resource(s). 
     Logical channels set for the terminal may be divided into maximum of four logical channel groups. Namely, the base station and the terminal may define maximum of four logical channel groups, and each logical channel may be belonged to one of the set logical channel groups. The terminal may obtain the sum of data gathered in its buffers of each channel by logical channel groups and may transfer the same to the base station. Namely, the terminal does not transmit the amount of buffers gathered in each channel to the base station but obtains the sum of the buffers stored in each channel belonging to the logical channel groups and transmits the corresponding sum information to the base station. The present invention is to effectively support such a structure. As such, the normal BSR may include all buffer information about every set channel or every logical channel groups, and the shortened BSR may include some or only a portion of buffer information about every set channel or every logical channels. Here, the normal BSR may include a BSR of each channel set for the terminal, and the shortened BSR may include a BSR of some of all the channels set for the terminal. Also, the normal BSR may include a BSR of each logical channel group set for the terminal and the shortened BSR may include a BSR of some of all the logical channel groups set for the terminal. 
     For example, if the terminal with buffers storing data performs a random access procedure in order to transmit a BSR to the base station, the allocated radio resource(s) may be allocated by the base station for transmitting of an RACH message  3 . In this case, if the allocated radio resource(s) are sufficient enough, the terminal may configure the normal BSR and transmits it. If, however, the allocated radio resource(s) are not sufficient enough, namely, if the allocated radio resource(s) are not enough to include the normal BSR, the terminal may configure the shortened BSR and transmits it. Namely, according to the present invention, the terminal may transmit the normal BSR or the shortened BSR according to the amount of allocated radio resource(s). 
       FIG. 6  is a view showing a plurality of buffer status report (BSR) formats used for transmitting a BSR to a base station by the terminal according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in  FIG. 6 , it is assumed that a total of four channels are set for the terminal and an upper portion shows the shortened BSR and the lower portion shows the normal BSR. Because it is assumed that there are a total of four buffers, the normal BSR informs about a status of buffers of every channel, and the shortened BSR informs about a status about a portion of them, e.g., only a buffer of a single channel. The shortened BSR according to the present invention can be applicable for a case where there is not much radio resource(s) to be allocated to the terminal like in the RACH procedure or process, a case where the normal BSR is larger than the amount of allocated radio resource(s) or the amount of data that can be transmitted by the radio resource(s), or a case where information about buffers cannot be included because there is so much data in other channels set for the terminal. 
     The buffer status reporting (BSR) procedure is used to provide a serving base station (e.g. eNB) with information about the amount of data in the uplink buffers of the terminal (e.g. UE). Here, the Buffer Status Report (BSR) may be triggered ( FIG. 8 ) if any of the following events occur: 1) uplink data arrives in the terminal&#39;s transmission buffer and the data belongs to a logical channel with higher priority than those for which data already existed in the terminal&#39;s transmission buffer, in which case the BSR is referred below to as “Regular BSR”; 2) uplink resources are allocated and number of padding bits is larger than the size of the Buffer Status Report MAC (Medium Access Control) control element, in which case the BSR is referred below to as “Padding BSR”; 3) a serving cell change occurs, in which case the BSR is referred below to as “Regular BSR”; 4) the periodic BSR timer expires, in which case the BSR is referred below to as “Periodic BSR”. 
     Referring to  FIG.8  for Regular and Periodic BSR: the shortened BSR may be reported if only one logical channel group (LCG) has buffered data in the transmission time interval (TTI) where the BSR is transmitted, and the long or normal BSR may be reported if more than one LCG has buffered data in the TTI where the BSR is transmitted: report long BSR. For padding BSR: the shortened BSR of the LCG with the highest priority logical channel with buffered data may be reported if the number of padding bits is equal to or larger than the size of the Short BSR but smaller than the size of the Long BSR, and the long or normal BSR may be reported if the number of padding bits is equal to or larger than the size of the Long BSR. Also, Buffer Status Report (BSR) MAC control elements may consist of a short BSR format and a long BSR format. 
       FIG. 7  shows exemplary formats of short buffer status report and long buffer status report according to the present invention. As illustrated in  FIG. 7 , for example, the short BSR format may include one LCG ID field and one corresponding Buffer Size (BS) field, and the long BSR format may include four BS fields, corresponding to each of LCG IDs. Here, the BSR formats may be identified by MAC PDU sub-headers with LCIDs. The fields of LCG ID and BS may be defined as follow: 1) LCG ID: The Logical Channel Group ID field identifies the group of logical channel(s) which buffer status is being reported. The length of this field may be 2 bits; 2) Buffer Size: The Buffer Size field identifies the total amount of data available across all logical channels of a logical channel group after the MAC PDU has been built. The amount of data is indicated in number of bytes. It may include all data that is available for transmission in the RLC layer and in the PDCP layer. The size of the RLC and MAC headers may be not considered in the buffer size computation. The length of this field may be 6 bits. 
     As so far described, the present invention provides a plurality of BSR formats, based on which the terminal can selected a proper BSR in consideration of a channel status or a data status and transmit the same to the base station, to thus effectively use radio resource(s). 
     The present invention may provide a Method for communicating data in a wireless communication system, the method comprising: defining a plurality of buffer status report (BSR) formats for a transmission of a BSR; selecting one of the plurality of BSR formats based on a certain condition; generating a BSR according to the selected buffer status report format; and transmitting the generated BSR, wherein the plurality of BSR formats comprise a normal BSR and a shortened BSR, the normal BSR is selected if an uplink radio resource is allocated enough to include information with respect to all configured channels or all configured channel groups, the shortened BSR is selected if an uplink radio resource is allocated not enough to include information with respect to all configured channels or all configured channel groups, the normal BSR includes buffer information about every channel set for the terminal, the normal BSR includes buffer information about every logical channel or logical channel group set for the terminal, the shortened BSR includes buffer information about some of all the channels set for the terminal, the shortened BSR comprises buffer information about every logical channel, some channels or some channel groups of logical channel groups, and the shortened BSR is used while the random access procedure is performed. 
     Although the present disclosure is described in the context of mobile communications, the present disclosure may also be used in any wireless communication systems using mobile devices, such as PDAs and laptop computers equipped with wireless communication capabilities (i.e. interface). Moreover, the use of certain terms to describe the present disclosure is not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure to a certain type of wireless communication system. The present disclosure is also applicable to other wireless communication systems using different air interfaces and/or physical layers, for example, TDMA, CDMA, FDMA, WCDMA, OFDM, EV-DO, Wi-Max, Wi-Bro, etc. 
     The exemplary embodiments may be implemented as a method, apparatus or article of manufacture using standard programming and/or engineering techniques to produce software, firmware, hardware, or any combination thereof. The term “article of manufacture” as used herein refers to code or logic implemented in hardware logic (e.g., an integrated circuit chip, Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), etc.) or a computer readable medium (e.g., magnetic storage medium (e.g., hard disk drives, floppy disks, tape, etc.), optical storage (CD-ROMs, optical disks, etc.), volatile and non-volatile memory devices (e.g., EEPROMs, ROMs, PROMs, RAMs, DRAMs, SRAMs, firmware, programmable logic, etc.). 
     Code in the computer readable medium may be accessed and executed by a processor. The code in which exemplary embodiments are implemented may further be accessible through a transmission media or from a file server over a network. In such cases, the article of manufacture in which the code is implemented may comprise a transmission media, such as a network transmission line, wireless transmission media, signals propagating through space, radio waves, infrared signals, etc. Of course, those skilled in the art will recognize that many modifications may be made to this configuration without departing from the scope of the present disclosure, and that the article of manufacture may comprise any information bearing medium known in the art. 
     As the present disclosure may be embodied in several forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof, it should also be understood that the above-described embodiments are not limited by any of the details of the foregoing description, unless otherwise specified, but rather should be construed broadly within its spirit and scope as defined in the appended claims, and therefore all changes and modifications that fall within the metes and bounds of the claims, or equivalents of such metes and bounds are therefore intended to be embraced by the appended claims.