Abstract:
In high frequency circuits, the switching speed of devices is often limited by the series resistance and capacitance across the input terminals. To reduce the resistance and capacitance, the cross-section of input electrodes is made into a T-shape or inverted L-shape through lithography. The prior art method for the formation of cavities for T-gate or inverted L-gate is achieved through several steps using multiple photomasks. Often, two or even three different photoresists with different sensitivity are required. In one embodiment of the present invention, an optical lithography method for the formation of T-gate or inverted L-gate structures using only one photomask is disclosed. In another embodiment, the structure for the T-gate or inverted L-gate is formed using the same type of photoresist material.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    This invention relates to the methods for the formation of T-gate or inverted L-gate for a high frequency devices or circuits. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    In circuits for high frequency applications, the unwanted series resistance and capacitance across the input terminals of a device must be reduced. One of the high frequency devices is a high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) where input signals are applied between the gate and source. To reduce the series resistance, the cross section of the gate metal should be maintained even when its length is reduced for short channel devices. To reduce the capacitance, the lateral areas of the gate electrode facing the source and drain should be minimized. This is achieved by adopting a two sections gate electrode structure ( 100 ) as depicted in  FIG. 1(   a ), which shows a simplified schematic diagram of a HEMT ( 100 ) having a substrate ( 101 ), a channel layer ( 102 ), a source ( 103 ), a drain ( 104 ) and a gate ( 105 ). The gate ( 105 ) has a stem portion ( 105   s ) and a head portion ( 105   h ), the dimension of the stem portion of the gate contacting the channel layer is defined as the gate length or channel length ( 105 Ls) which is made close to 100 nm or smaller in order to achieve high frequency performance. Whereas the head portion length ( 105 Lh) is made substantially larger than the gate length ( 105 Ls) to reduce the resistance of the gate in the direction of perpendicular to the direction of channel length and parallel to the surface of the substrate. Such a gate with the head portion substantially longer than that of the stem portion is often called a T-gate. It may be possible that the head portion is not aligned to the stem portion symmetrically to reduce further the capacitance to the source. Such a gate with the misaligned head portion is often called inverted L-gate. 
         [0003]    The fabrication of these T-gate or inverted L-gate is normally made by a lift-off process in order to avoid the interaction of etching chemicals with the channel layer on the substrate, which is often based on GaAs and related materials. The lift-off process is depicted in  FIG. 1(   b )- 1 ( d ). To simplify the explanation, the drain, source and channel layer are not shown in these figures. On a semiconductor substrate ( 101 ), a first photoresist (or resist) layer ( 112 ) with a first resist layer thickness ( 112   t ) and a second resist layer ( 113 ) having a second resist layer thickness ( 113   t ) are applied. Material of the first resist layer is selected to be different from that of the second resist layer to minimize intermixing between these two resist layers. First, the second resist layer ( 113 ) is exposed to a second UV light beam through a second photomask pattern and developed to form a second cavity ( 113   c ). After a cleaning and drying step, the first resist layer is exposed to a first UV light beam through a first photomask pattern and then developed to form a first cavity ( 112   c ) of a width ( 112   w ). During the creation of the second cavity ( 113   c ), the exposure and developing conditions are selected so that top portion width ( 113   wt ) of the second cavity is smaller than the bottom portion width ( 113   wb ) to facilitate lift-off after metal layer deposition. As shown in  FIG. 1(   b ), the second cavity widths ( 113   wt  and  113   wb ) is selected to be larger than the first cavity width ( 112   w ) in order to form the stem portion and head portion of the gate. After cleaning and drying, the semiconductor substrate ( 101 ) with the first resist layer and the second resist layer is loaded into a vacuum chamber to deposit metal layer for forming of the gate ( 105 ). Due to the nature of deposition, layer of gate metal ( 115   a ,  115   b ,  FIG. 1(   c )) is also deposited on the second resist layer ( 113 ). Gate thickness ( 105   th ) is controlled to be less than the second resist layer thickness ( 113   t ) so that there is no connection between the gate ( 105 ) and the layer of gate metal ( 115   a ,  115   b ) on the second resist layer. The semiconductor substrate ( 101 ) with the first resist layer ( 112 ), the second resist layer ( 113 ) and the deposited gate ( 105 ) and the layer of gate metal ( 115   a ,  115   b ) is immersed in a solvent to dissolve the first resist layer and the second resist layer. The layer of gate metal ( 115   a ,  115   b ) will be detached from the semiconductor substrate. After a cleaning and drying step, the fabrication of the T-gate ( 105 ) on the semiconductor substrate ( 101 ) as shown in  FIG. 1(   d ) is completed. 
         [0004]    In the above described method, the materials for the first resist layer ( 112 ) should have slower developing property compared to that for the second resist layer ( 113 ).  FIG. 2  shows schematically the developing property of the exposed first resist layer (Curve A) and that of the second resist layer (Curve B) in a developer B used to develop the second resist layer ( 113 ). It is noted that the thickness of the second resist layer at t D ≈100 seconds is effectively zero whereas the decrease in the thickness of the first resist layer, Δth A  is almost negligible. Therefore, the second resist layer ( 113 ) can be developed without affecting the integrity of the first resist layer ( 112 ). 
         [0005]    The prior art processing steps involving two separate photomasks are illustrated in  FIG. 3(   a )- 3 ( d ). As depicted in  FIG. 3(   a ), a first resist layer ( 112 ) of thickness ( 112   t ) is coated on a semiconductor substrate ( 101 ) and baked. This is followed by the coating and baking of a second resist layer ( 113 ) of thickness ( 113   t ). A second light beam ( 120 ) having a second light beam length ( 120 L) is illuminated on the second resist layer ( 113 ) through a second photomask ( 121 ) with a second window of width ( 121   w ). After exposure, the semiconductor substrate with the resist layers is immersed in a developer B to develop the second resist layer ( 113 ) and to form a second cavity ( 113   c ) with a top portion width ( 113   wt ), as indicated in  FIG. 3(   b ). After rinsing and drying, a first light beam ( 125 ) having a first light beam length ( 125 L), defined by a first photomask ( 126 ) with a first window width ( 126   w ), is illuminated on the first resist layer ( 112 ). After exposure, the semiconductor substrate with the resist layers is developed in a developer A to develop the first resist layer and to form a first cavity ( 112   c ) with a first cavity width ( 112   w ), as indicated in  FIG. 3(   d ). After rinsing and drying, the semiconductor substrate with the first cavity ( 112   c ) and the second cavity ( 113   c ) is ready for the deposition of gate metal layer. 
         [0006]    It is thus clear that in order to form the first cavity and a second cavity to define the gate structure using the prior art method, a first photomask, a second photomask, a first resist layer and a second resist layer of a different material are needed. Furthermore, precise alignment is required when applying the first photomask and the second photomask. In order to simplify the formation process, a method using only one photomask to create the cavities can be very beneficial. 
       OBJECTIVES OF THE INVENTION 
       [0007]    One object of the invention is to provide a method to form a T-gate or an inverted L-gate for semiconductor device utilizing a single photomask. Another object of the invention is to provide a method for forming a T-gate or an inverted L-gate for semiconductor devices utilizing resist layers of the same material. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0008]      FIG. 1(   a )- 1 ( d ) shows schematic cross-sectional diagrams of a prior art method for fabrication of a T-gate structure at different stages. 
           [0009]      FIG. 2  shows the variation of thicknesses with time for two photoresists (curve A for first resist layer A and curve B for second resist layer B) in a developer B for second resist layer B. 
           [0010]      FIG. 3(   a )- 3 ( d ) illustrates the main prior art processing steps for the formation of cavities for a T-gate structure. 
           [0011]      FIG. 4(   a )- 4 ( f ) illustrates main processing steps in one embodiment of the present invention for the formation of cavities for a T-gate structure using a multiple-exposure patterning method with a single light beam and a single photomask.  FIG. 4(   g ) shows the substrate ( 201 ) in  FIG. 4(   a ) with an antireflection layer or an attenuating layer ( 230 ) added between the semiconductor substrate ( 201 ) and the first resist layer ( 212 ) to reduce reflection of the light from the substrate. 
           [0012]      FIGS. 5(   a ) and  5 ( b ) illustrates a multiple-exposure patterning method with a single light beam and a single mask for the formation of cavities for a T-gate structure, while  5 ( c ) shows the enlarged substrate in  FIG. 5(   b ) for demonstration purpose. 
           [0013]      FIG. 6(   a ) illustrates a multiple-exposure patterning method according to another embodiment of the invention.  FIG. 6(   b ) shows the exposure dose received by the second resist layer and  6 ( c ) shows the dose distribution in the first resist layer.  FIG. 6(   d ) illustrates the cross-section of the substrate with the two cavities ( 212   c ,  213   c ). 
           [0014]      FIG. 7  ( a ) shows the exposure dose received by the second resist layer from a multiple-exposure process illustrated in  FIG. 6(   a ), where an increased dose level ( 309 ) for developing the top layer of the second resist is indicated.  FIG. 7(   b ) is a schematic diagram illustrates cross-section of cavities with overhung using the multiple-patterning method shown in  FIG. 6  ( a ) but with an increased development dose level ( 309 ), to facilitate lift-off. 
           [0015]      FIG. 8(   a ) illustrates cross-sectional view of a substrate with an attenuator layer deposited between the first resist layer and the second resist layer according to yet another embodiment of the multiple-exposure patterning method, and  8 ( b ) shows reduced dose distribution in the first resist layer. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0016]    To simplify the explanation, the channel layer as well as the source and drain are not shown in the following figures. According to one embodiment of the invention, as shown in  FIG. 4(   a ) a semiconductor substrate ( 201 ) is coated with a first resist layer ( 212 ) having a first resist layer thickness ( 212   t ) and is baked to remove the solvent. This is followed by the coating of a second resist layer ( 213 ) having a second resist layer thickness ( 213   t ) and baking. With the right edge of the semiconductor substrate aligned to a starting position ( 214 ), a light beam ( 220 ) having a light beam length ( 220 L) is illuminated on the second resist layer ( 213 ) and the first resist layer ( 212 ) to expose a first portion A ( 212 A in first resist layer and  213 A in second resist layer), defined by a photomask ( 221 ) with a transparent window ( 221   w ). The first exposure time, t 1 , is controlled to be sufficiently long so that the first exposure dose in both the first portion A of the second resist layer ( 213 A) and the first portion A of the first resist layer ( 212 A) is sufficiently large to allow the removal of resist materials from the above portions during subsequent developing steps. 
         [0017]    The light beam ( 220 ) is then momentarily turned off and the semiconductor substrate with the photoresist layers is moved to the left by a distance Δx from the starting position ( 214 ). The light beam ( 220 ) is then turned on to expose a second portion B ( 212 B in first resist layer and  213 B in second resist layer, see  FIG. 4(   b )) for a second exposure time, t 2 . The second exposure time t 2  is selected to be substantially shorter than t 1  so that the second exposure dose in the second portion B ( 213 B) of the second resist layer ( 213 ) is high enough to develop whereas the second exposure dose in the first portion B ( 212 B) of the first resist layer ( 212 ) is not high enough to develop. The light beam ( 220 ) is momentarily turned off again and the semiconductor substrate is moved to the left by another distance Δx from the starting position ( 214 ). The total distance moved from the starting position ( 214 ) is now 2Δx. The light beam ( 220 ) is then turned on again to expose a third portion C ( 202 C in first resist layer and  213 C in second resist layer, see  FIG. 4(   c )) for a second exposure time, t 2 . The second exposure time t 2  is selected to be substantially shorter than t 1  so that the second exposure dose in the third portion C ( 213 C) of the second resist layer ( 213 ) is high enough to develop whereas the second exposure dose in the third portion C ( 212 C) of the first resist layer ( 212 ) is not high enough to develop. The distance Δx is selected to be smaller than the light beam length ( 220 L) in order to avoid forming a gap between adjacent exposure portions in the second resist layer ( 213 ). Therefore: Δx&lt; 220 L. 
         [0018]    The light beam ( 220 ) is now turned off and the semiconductor substrate with the photoresist layers is moved to the right so that the right edge of the semiconductor substrate is to the right of the starting position ( 214 ) by a distance of Δx, as shown in  FIG. 4(   d ). The light beam is then turned on to expose a fourth portion D ( 212 D in first resist layer and  213 D in second resist layer) for a second exposure time, t 2 . The second exposure time t 2  again is selected to be substantially shorter than t 1  so that the second exposure dose in the fourth portion D ( 213 D) of the second resist layer ( 213 ) is high enough to develop whereas the second exposure dose in the fourth portion D ( 212 D) of the first resist layer ( 212 ) is not high enough to develop. The light beam ( 220 ) is momentarily turned off yet again and the semiconductor substrate is moved further to the right by a distance Δx so that the total distance between the semiconductor substrate right edge and the starting position ( 214 ) is 2Δx, see  FIG. 4(   e ). The light beam is then turned on to expose a fifth portion E ( 212 E in first resist layer and  213 E in second resist layer) for a second exposure time, t 2 . The second exposure time duration t 2  is again selected to be substantially shorter than the first exposure time t 1  so that the second exposure dose in the fifth portion E ( 213 E) of the second resist layer ( 213 ) is high enough to develop whereas the second exposure dose in the fifth portion E ( 212 E) of the first resist layer ( 212 ) is not high enough to develop. 
         [0019]    After above described multiple exposures, the second resist layer ( 213 ) on the first resist layer ( 212 ) is developed using a second developer to form a second cavity ( 213   c ) with a top width ( 213   wt ). After rinsing, the first resist layer ( 213 ) is developed using a first developer to form a first cavity ( 212   c ) with a first cavity width ( 212   w ). After rinsing and drying, the resist structure with the first cavity ( 212   c ) and the second cavity ( 213   c ), as shown in  FIG. 4(   f ) is ready for T-gate formation. The formation of the T-gate is achieved by vacuum deposition of metal multiple layer followed by a lift-off process. The vacuum deposition of metal multiple layer and subsequent lift-off process are relatively standard to those skilled in the arts and will not be described further here. 
         [0020]    The light beam ( 220 ) in  FIG. 4(   a )- 4 ( e ) may be obtained from an optical stepper using a single photomask or an optical scanner. It is preferable to use an optical stepper due to the high throughputs requirement. For an optical stepper, the photomask used is often fixed in position whereas the position of the stage with the semiconductor substrate mounted on is adjustable. An optical beam is formed through projection of a pattern or opening in the mask onto the semiconductor substrate. 
         [0021]    In order to minimize the un-wanted reflection of light from the substrate, an anti-reflection layer or attenuator layer ( 230  in  FIG. 4(   g )) is preferably deposited on said semiconductor substrate ( 201 ) before the deposition of the first resist layer. The attenuator thickness ( 230   t ) is selected to be substantially equal to one quarter of wavelength of the light traveling in said attenuator layer to minimize the unwanted reflection. 
         [0022]    According to another embodiment of this invention, a multiple-exposure patterning method wherein the distance of movement between adjacent exposure areas is selected to be substantially smaller compared to the light beam length. As shown in  FIG. 5(   a ), the right edge of the semiconductor substrate ( 201 ) is first aligned to the starting position ( 214 ). After a first exposure for a first exposure time of t 1 , a first exposure dose is achieved in first portion A′ ( 213 A′ in second resist layer and  212 A′ in first resist layer), with a width ( 212   w ). The first exposure time, t 1 , is selected to be sufficiently long so that the first exposure dose in both the first portion A′ of the second resist layer and the first portion A′ of the first resist layer is sufficiently large to allow the removal of resist materials from the above portions during subsequent developing steps. After this, the light source ( 220 ) of length ( 220 L) is momentarily turned off and the semiconductor substrate ( 201 ) is moved to the left by a distance Δx′, as shown in  FIG. 5(   b ). The light source ( 220 ) is then turned on again for a second exposure time, t 2 , to provide a second exposure dose in the second portion B′ ( 212 B′ in the first resist layer and  213 B′ in the second resist layer). 
         [0023]    As shown in  FIG. 5(   c ), which is an enlarged illustration of substrate ( 201 ) in  FIG. 5(   b ), the second portion ( 213 B′) of second resist layer ( 213 ) has a left section ( 213 B′- 1 ) and a right section ( 213 B′- 2 ). The left section ( 213 B′- 1 ) overlaps part of the first portion ( 213 A′) of the second resist layer ( 213 ). Similarly, the second portion ( 212 B′) of the first resist layer ( 212 ) has a left section ( 212 B′- 1 ) and a right section ( 212 B′- 2 ). The left section ( 212 B′- 1 ) overlaps part of the first portion ( 212 A′) of the first resist layer ( 212 ). The second exposure time t 2  is selected so that the second exposure dose in the right section ( 213 B′- 2 ) exceeds sensitivity of the second resist layer ( 213 ), whereas the second exposure dose in the right section ( 212 B′- 2 ) is below sensitivity of the first resist layer ( 212 ). 
         [0024]    The multiple-exposure patterning method with the reduced distance or movement between adjacent exposure portions can be advantageously used to generate reentrant or overhang in the top portion of the second resist layer ( 213 ). This feature is graphically depicted in  FIG. 6 . In  FIG. 6(   a ), the horizontal arrows below the semiconductor substrate indicate the direction and distance of movement after each exposure whereas the numerals 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 indicate the order of exposures for portions A′, B′, C′, D′ and E′. With a total number of five exposures in portions A′, B′, C′, D′ and E′, the exposed second resist ( 213 ) can be divided into six sections: ( 213 E′- 1 ), ( 213 D′- 1  or  213 E′- 2 ), ( 213 A′- 1  or  213 D′- 2 ), ( 213 A′- 2  or  213 B′- 1 ), ( 213 B′- 2  or  213 C′- 1 ), and  213 C′- 2 . The first exposure time, t 1 , for the first exposure in portion A′ or in the sections  213 A′- 1  and  213 A′- 2  is selected to be substantially larger or longer than the second exposure time t 2  for each of the following 4 exposures in portions B′, C′, D′, E′ or in sections: ( 213 E′- 1  and  213 E′- 2 ), ( 213 D′- 1  and  213 D′- 2 ), ( 213 B′- 1  and  213 B′- 2 ), and ( 213 C′- 1  and  213 C′- 2 ). Similarly, with a total number of five exposures in portions A′, B′, C′, D′ and E′, the exposed first resist ( 212 ) can be divided into six sections: ( 212 E′- 1 ), ( 212 D′- 1  or  212 E′- 2 ), ( 212 A′- 1  or  212 D′- 2 ), ( 212 A′- 2  or  212 B′- 1 ), ( 212 B′- 2  or  212 C′- 1 ), and  212 C′- 2 . The distribution of accumulative doses received by the second resist layer ( 213 ) and the first resist layer ( 212 ) is given in  FIGS. 6(   b ) and  6 ( c ) respectively. 
         [0025]    As shown in  FIG. 6(   b ), in second resist ( 213 ) a high dose ( 301 ) is achieved in the central sections ( 213 A′- 1  or  213 D′- 2 ) and ( 213 A′- 2  or  213 B′- 1 ) mainly due to the long first exposure time t 1  in portion A′. In the two outermost sections ( 213 E′- 1 ) and ( 213 C′- 2 ), a low dose ( 303 ) is caused by a single exposure at a shorter second exposure time t 2 . Whereas in the intermediate sections ( 213 D′- 1  or  213 E′- 2 ) and ( 213 B′- 2  or  213 C′- 1 ), intermediate dose ( 302 ) is present owing to a double-exposure at the second exposure time t 2 . It is noted that the two outermost sections ( 213 E′- 1  and  213 C′- 2 ) with low dose are adjacent to the un-exposed second resist layer ( 213 ). In the same way, in the first resist ( 212 ) a high dose ( 304 ) is achieved in the central sections ( 212 A′- 1  or  212 D′- 2 ) and ( 212 A′- 2  or  212 B′- 1 ) as the result of a long first exposure time t 1  in portion A′. In the two outermost sections ( 212 E′- 1 ) and ( 212 C′- 2 ), a low dose ( 306 ) is achieved in the first resist layer ( 212 ) due to the short second exposure time t 2 . And finally, an intermediate dose ( 305 ) is the outcome of double exposure at the second exposure time t 2  in the intermediate sections ( 212 D′- 1  or  212 E′- 2 ) and ( 212 B′- 2  or  212 C′- 1 ). In  FIG. 6(   b ) and  FIG. 6(   c ), the dose level ( 307 ) which is the minimum dose required for developing the first resist layer ( 212 ) is indicated on the y-axis. In  FIG. 6(   b ) the required dose level ( 308 ) for the development of the second resist layer ( 213 ) is also marked. The high dose ( 301 ), the intermediate dose ( 302 ) and the low dose ( 303 ) in the second resist layer ( 213 ) all exceed the dose level ( 308 ) which is required to develop the second resist layer ( 213 ), then a second cavity ( 213   c ,  FIG. 6(   d )) with a top width ( 213   wt ) and bottom width ( 213   wb ) can be formed after developing the second resist layer ( 213 ). As shown in  FIG. 6(   c ), the dose level ( 307 ) required to develop first resist layer ( 212 ) is less than the high dose ( 304 ) value and greater than the intermediate dose ( 305 ) value and the low dose ( 306 ) in the first resist ( 212 ), so that a first cavity ( 212   c  in  FIG. 6(   d )) will be formed after the developing of the first resist layer ( 212 ). Thus, by selecting carefully the materials of the first resist and the second resist as well as the first exposure time t 1  and the second exposure time t 2  to achieve a dose distribution and dose level for developing as shown in  FIGS. 6(   b ) and  6 ( c ), a cavity suitable for the deposition of a T-gate structure (as shown in  FIG. 6(   d )) can be formed by using a single photomask and multiple-exposure method. 
         [0026]    As shown in  FIGS. 7(   a ) and  7 ( b ), in yet another embodiment, a required exposure dose level ( 309 ,  FIG. 7(   a )) to develop the top or surface layer ( 320 ,  FIG. 7(   b )) of the second resist layer ( 213 ) is increased from the dose level ( 308 ) for the bulk of the second resist layer to a new value which is larger than the low dose level ( 303 ) and less than the intermediate dose level ( 302 ). Therefore, after developing of the second resist layer ( 213 ), portions of second resist surface layer ( 320 A,  320 B) of thickness ( 320   t ) do not dissolve. These portions of second resist surface layer form reentrant or overhang structures ( 320 A and  320 B) for the second cavity ( 213   c ) to facilitate lift-off process after deposition of gate metals. The second resist surface layer ( 320 ) with an increased required exposure dose level for development may be formed by carrying out a plasma treatment to in-sensitize a surface layer ( 320 ) of the second resist layer ( 213 ). This can also be achieved by a chemical treatment. Alternately, the second resist surface layer ( 320 ) may be formed by applying a new resist layer having a lower sensitivity and a higher dose level required to develop. 
         [0027]    In the event that the first resist layer ( 212 ) is too sensitive so that the exposure dose ( 307 ′) required to develop it is smaller than the intermediate dose level ( 305 ,  FIG. 6(   c )) and in certain cases even smaller than the low dose level ( 306 ,  FIG. 6(   c )), the multiple-exposure patterning method described above may not yield proper a first cavity ( 212   c ) and a second cavity ( 213   c ) suitable for T-gate formation. According to yet another embodiment of the invention, an attenuator layer ( 340 ) is inserted between the first resist layer ( 212 ) and the second resist layer ( 213 ). The attenuator layer ( 340 ) has an attenuator layer thickness ( 340   t ) and reduced transmission so that after the multiple exposures, the dose distribution in the first resist layer ( 212 ) will be given in  FIG. 8  ( b ). Here in the first resist layer ( 212 ), the value of the high dose ( 304 ′), intermediate dose ( 305 ′) and the low dose ( 306 ′) have been reduced substantially (from  304 ,  305  and  306  in  FIG. 6(   c )) so that the dose ( 307 ′) required to develop first resist layer ( 212 ) is much larger than the intermediate dose ( 305 ′) and low dose ( 306 ′). After developing of the second resist layer ( 213 ), a second cavity ( 213   c ) will form to expose portion of the attenuator layer ( 340 ). The exposed portion of the attenuator ( 340 ) is removed by etching in an etching solution to expose the first resist layer ( 212 ). After developing of the first resist layer, a well defined first cavity ( 212   c ) will form. 
         [0028]    According to still another embodiment of this invention, as a consequence of the use of the attenuator layer ( 340 ), material for the first resist layer ( 212 ) and material for the second resist layer ( 213 ) can be selected to be the same and separated by the attenuator layer ( 340 ). The attenuator layer thickness ( 340   t ) is selected so that the exposure dose received by the first resist layer ( 212 ) during exposure at a first exposure time t 1  is substantially less compared to dose required developing the second resist layer ( 213 ).