Abstract:
A system and method for treating (e.g. polishing to remove defects) the surface of a media, such as a magnetic hard disk, while in operation, such as during dynamic electrical testing is disclosed. Further, a method for manufacturing a head for treating the surface of a media is disclosed.

Description:
BACKGROUND INFORMATION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to magnetic hard drive manufacturing. More specifically, the present invention relates to a system for treating (e.g. polishing to remove defects) the surface of a media, such as a magnetic hard disk, while in operation, such as during electrical testing. 
         [0002]    In a continuing effort to improve magnetic hard drive performance, efficiency, and reliability, different methods are utilized to improve quality control. One method in the art includes cleaning and burnishing a hard disk following the deposition of thin film layers to remove debris and asperities from the surface. To support ever-increasing areal-density requirements, parameters such as flying height, disc roughness, and carbon thickness are continually reduced. The successful manufacture of disks capable of meeting these parameters requires improvements to hard disk preparation. 
         [0003]    In the art, a burnishing head, which replaces the slider of a hard drive suspension such as a head gimbal assembly (HGA), is used to swab the disk surface on-line during dynamic electrical testing (DET) of magnetic heads. Such burnishing heads are typically created by diamond-grinding means, which provides a burnishing surface that can result in a dispersal of unwanted head particles as well as a propensity to chip. Further, the typical burnishing head design can cause abrupt takeoffs as well as high dynamic pitch angles, being unable to provide a burnishing surface substantially parallel to the media surface (hard disk) as is needed for optimal polishing. 
         [0004]    Several different burnishing head designs are currently utilized in media manufacture (e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 6,267,645; U.S. Pat. No. 6,249,945; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,782,680). Some heads have a burnishing ridge providing a burnishing edge that extends across the entire widthwise surface of the head. Other head designs have burnishing pads only on various points of the burnishing surface, but have a lengthwise channel between two members. 
         [0005]    An ineffective burnishing head may result in a lower glide yield, while an overly aggressive glide head may result in scratches and damage to the disk surface, which can lead to disk corrosion. The most commonly used burnishing head has a polyangular design, such as rectangular and triangular, with a grinding wheel-cut waffle pattern. 
         [0006]      FIG. 1  provides a burnishing head as is typical in the art. The fabrication of such ‘waffle’ burnish heads is accomplished by slotting the head substrate with a diamond grinding wheel (See  FIG. 2 ) and taper-lapping. Unfortunately, utilizing these manufacturing methods (to achieve this design) results in a high likelihood of micro-fractures in the ceramic and a high level of particulate production. The sharp corners  102  (typical) of this design are stress concentration areas that are easily broken off and embedded into the disc. Further, as stated, the burnishing head typically has a taper  104  at the leading  106  and/or trailing  108  edge. 
         [0007]      FIG. 2  provides an illustration of tile grinding steps for creating the ‘waffle head’ pattern as is used in the art. First, several parallel grooves are carved out of the burnishing material with a grinding wheel in a diagonal direction  202 . Second, several parallel grooves are carved out with the grinding wheel in the other (perpendicular) diagonal direction  204 . Third, the material is cut entirely through in a direction perpendicular to the material&#39;s length  206 , yielding individual (‘waffle head’) burnishing pads  208 . 
         [0008]    Such heads are designed for media manufacture to burnish rough surfaces and are too aggressive to adapt to swab the testing surface of media during DET of magnetic heads. It is therefore desirable to have a system for treating (e.g. polishing to remove defects) the surface of a media such as a magnetic hard disk while on-line without the aforementioned problems. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
         [0009]      FIG. 1  provides a burnishing head as is typical in the art. 
           [0010]      FIG. 2  provides an illustration of the grinding steps for creating the ‘waffle head’ pattern as is used in the art. 
           [0011]      FIG. 3  provides an illustration of a burnishing head under principles of the present invention. 
           [0012]      FIG. 4  provides a cross-section of the burnishing head and the design of an elliptical burnishing pad under principles of the present invention. 
           [0013]      FIG. 5  provides a bottom view and a side cross-section of a burnishing head under principles of the present invention. 
           [0014]      FIG. 6  provides a cross-section of a burnishing head&#39;s trailing edge under principles of the present invention. 
           [0015]      FIG. 7  is a perspective view of a parabolic profile for the ABS, such as crown, camber and twist for term descriptive purposes 
           [0016]      FIG. 8  describes the various burnishing head orientations with respect to the media surface for purposes of description. 
           [0017]      FIG. 9  provides a pressure contour of a burnishing head under principles of the present invention. 
           [0018]      FIG. 10  illustrates the process of ion-etching and sputtering for manufacturing a burnishing head under principles of the present invention. 
           [0019]      FIG. 11  shows a cross-section of top and bottom burnishing heads with their associated suspensions in contact with a magnetic hard disk under principles of the present invention. 
           [0020]      FIG. 12  provides a top view of a burnishing head with its associated suspension in contact with a magnetic hard disk under principles of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0021]      FIG. 3  provides an illustration of a burnishing head (attached to an HGA) under principles of the present invention. In one embodiment, the burnishing head (slider)  302  includes a plurality of elliptical pads  304  (typical) that are symmetrically arranged with respect to the burnishing head&#39;s axis (of symmetry)  306 . In an embodiment, the pads  304  are created by ion-etching instead of diamond-grinding to reduce head particulate production and propensity to chip. Further, in an embodiment, the burnishing head  302  design does not incorporate a taper on the leading edge  308  or the trailing edge  310 . This is to avoid fast (abrupt) takeoffs and high dynamic pitch angles. As explained below, pad  304  design and distribution, together with the short length and flatness of the air-bearing surface (ABS), enable burnishing head (slider) flight substantially parallel to the media surface. In an embodiment, the bottom surface of the burnishing head is coated with silicon &amp; diamond-like carbon (DLC) to optimize head/disk interface (HDI). As described below in  FIG. 11 , working in combination with a DET machine, such as by Guzik Technical Enterprises™, the burnishing head  302  is loaded at ‘inner diameter’ (ID), and slides slowly from ID to ‘outer diameter’ (OD) as the disk rotates and is then unloaded at OD (See  FIG. 11 ). This helps to remove contamination and particle asperity on the testing tracks, which can increase product yield and decrease media consumption. 
         [0022]    In one embodiment of the present invention, the burnishing head  302  is made from a dummy magnetic wafer or conventional ceramic, such as by recycling waste wafers. The ion-etching process provides a wide range of burnish head design possibilities. In combination with photolithography, ion-etching can produce a vast array of elliptical geometric shapes. Also, as stated, the elliptical shapes capable of being produced with ion-etching can provide improved performance, reduced chipping, and a lower level of disc damage when compared to typical grinding methods. 
         [0023]    In one embodiment, the burnishing head  302  is made from a dummy magnetic wafer (row bar) or a rectangular body of ceramic material (recycled material). The pads  304  are carved out by ion milling (IM). IM is utilized instead of reactive ion etch (RIE) because of the dangers associated with performing RIE upon alumina layers, e.g. danger of core metal exposure. By contrast, the process of IM is performed on all material at almost the same rate. 
         [0024]    As stated, in one embodiment, the burnishing head  302  includes no tapering on the leading edge  308  or trailing edge  310  of the air bearing surface (ABS) to avoid fast takeoff or high dynamic pitch. The placement of the pads  304 , in combination with the flat ABS, provides substantially parallel flight over the media to be polished. This ensures light (gentle) media contact to remove surface defects. Further, utilizing the entire ABS for polishing avoids stress concentration. Heavy contact by the burnishing head  302  upon the disk may cause head vibration and could damage the carbon overcoat. Further, during ‘loading and unloading’ (LUL), any dynamic pitch and roll of the burnishing head  302  could cause an edge of the burnishing head  302  to gouge the media. Further, as stated, to improve the HDI in one embodiment, the burnishing surface of the head  302  is coated with silicon &amp; DLC for lubrication and to enhance durability. The silicon/DLC coating is provided after IM to settle loose particles due to re-deposition. 
         [0025]    In an embodiment, the burnishing head  302  size is about the same as current sliders (1.235×1.0×0.3 millimeter), and taking advantage of head gimbal assembly (HGA) assembly processes, the burnishing head  302  is mounted on a related suspension  312  so as to be used on-line without fixture limitation during the DET of the project. 
         [0026]      FIG. 4  provides a cross-section of the burnishing head and the design of an elliptical burnishing pad under principles of the present invention. In one embodiment, the pads  402  are evenly distributed across the burnishing head&#39;s  404  width. In one embodiment, each pad  402  is oriented such that the burnishing edge  406  faces towards the leading edge of the head  404  to collect contaminants as well as to smooth disk asperities. In an embodiment, the elliptical (tear drop) pad design  402  causes the burnishing head  404  to be less sensitive to the skew angle of airflow when the head moves during a seek operation (See  FIG. 12 ). Further, the pad design  402  minimizes contact stress with the media. As stated, in an embodiment, the head  404  surface has a flat ABS, including a flat crown, camber and twist profile (See  FIG. 7 ), to ensure that all burnishing pads  402  are parallel to the surface of the media and are taking part in burnishing. 
         [0027]      FIG. 5  provides a bottom view and a side cross-section of a burnishing head under principles of the present invention. In one embodiment, the pad  502  configuration includes three evenly distributed leading pads  504 , followed by a second row with four evenly distributed pads  506 , which is followed by a third row with three evenly distributed pads  508 , followed by a fourth row with four evenly distributed pads  510 , and then by two trailing pads  512 . The distribution of pads  502  (typical) provides a generally crisscrossed pattern. 
         [0028]    In an embodiment, the elliptical pad design causes the area between the pads  502  to be partially evacuated with respect to the surrounding pressure during movement over a media surface. This vacuum is created by the airflow&#39;s increased surface velocity (compared to airflow surface velocity). In an embodiment, the generated vacuum provides an evenly distributed suction force lightly holding the burnishing head to the media surface. (See  FIG. 9 ). This characteristic aids in absorbing and removing contaminants, as well as maintaining flight stability. 
         [0029]    In one embodiment, the angle, θ, of the air grooves (paths)  502  (typical) is more than 25° in order to avoid any burnishing gaps when the head seeks to specific tracks causing large skew angles (See  FIG. 12 ). Also, in one embodiment, the trailing pads  512  do not include a center pad in order to balance the air pressure below the burnishing head and to obtain an ideal flying attitude. 
         [0030]      FIG. 6  provides a cross-section of a burnishing head&#39;s  602  trailing edge under principles of the present invention. 
         [0031]      FIG. 7  is a perspective view of a parabolic profile for the ABS, such as crown (parabolic deformation in length), camber (parabolic deformation in width) and twist (parabolic deformation causing equal displacement of diagonal corners) for term descriptive purposes. 
         [0032]    To further explain, ‘crown’ is parabolic deformation of the slider in the length direction. A positive crown indicates a convex deformation (smaller spacing at slider center), while negative crown indicates a concave deformation (larger spacing at slider center). Crown is calculated as follows: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
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         [0000]    Where L is the slider length and R is crown. 
         [0033]    ‘Camber’ is parabolic deformation of the slider in the width direction. A positive camber indicates a convex deformation (smaller spacing at slider center), while negative camber indicates a concave deformation (larger spacing at slider center). Camber is calculated as follows: 
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         [0000]    where W is the slider width and A is camber. 
         [0034]    ‘Twist’ is parabolic deformation of the slider causing equal displacement of diagonal corners. A positive twist indicates the inner leading edge and outer trailing edge are recessed (larger spacing), while the outer leading and inner trailing edges are railed (smaller spacing). Twist is defined as follows: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
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         [0000]    where L is the slider length, W is the slider width, and T is twist. 
         [0035]      FIG. 8  describes the various slider (burnishing head)  802  orientations (with respect to the media surface) for purposes of description. 
         [0036]      FIG. 9  provides a pressure contour of a burnishing head under principles of the present invention. As stated, in one embodiment, the distribution and design of the pads  902  (typical) cause low pressure regions (vacuum)  904  (typical) that provide a balanced suction force for the burnishing head. 
         [0037]    In an embodiment, the elliptical pad design  902  causes the area between the pads  904  to be partially evacuated with respect to the surrounding pressure during movement over a media surface. This vacuum is created by the airflow&#39;s increased surface velocity (compared to airflow surface velocity). In an embodiment, the generated vacuum provides an evenly distributed suction force lightly holding the burnishing head to the media surface. This characteristic aids in absorbing and removing contaminants, as well as maintaining flight stability. 
         [0038]      FIG. 10  illustrates the process of ion-etching and sputtering for manufacturing a burnishing head under principles of the present invention. As stated, ion-etching is capable of producing a vast array of complex geometric shapes. Virtually any two-dimensional shape can be ion-etched into the surface of a ceramic slider body, and the etched surface remains virtually stress-free and absent of micro-fractures resulting in reduced head particulate production and propensity to chip. Also in an embodiment, as stated, the burnishing head is made from a dummy wafer with core material enclosed. The pads are carved out with physical IM, not chemical RIE, preventing the hazards of using RIE on an alumina layer (e.g., core metal exposure). 
         [0039]    In one embodiment, a row bar  1002  or a strip of ceramic material is wholly covered with photo-film  1004 . In an embodiment, a chrome mask  1006 , defining the pad configuration, is utilized. The film coating  1004  is then exposed to ultra-violet light through the mask  1006 . In an embodiment, a developer (0.75% Na 2 CO 3 ) removes the unexposed area while the exposed area forms the film pattern attached on the surface of row bar  1002 , which is the photo resistance  1008  to protect the area from ion-etching  1010 . The depth of the air grooves (height of the pads) is generally controlled by the amount of time ion-etching  1010  is performed. 
         [0040]    Next, in one embodiment, a carbon-thin film overcoating is formed on the entire burnishing surface (including the air groove). Utilizing sputtering  1012  techniques, the surface of the burnishing head is coated with silicon &amp; DLC. As stated, this is done after ion milling (IM) in order to settle loose particles due to re-deposition and for interface lubrication and head durability. In one embodiment, this entire process is done in a relative vacuum. 
         [0041]    Next, in an embodiment, the individual burnishing heads are separated, cleaned, and inspected (with a device such as an optical interferometry instrument; e.g., a Vecco™ device) to determine the ABS flatness. 
         [0042]      FIG. 11  shows a cross-section of top and bottom burnishing heads  1102  with their associated suspensions  1104  in contact with a magnetic hard disk  1110  under principles of the present invention. As described above, the burnishing heads  1102  are loaded at ‘inner disk’ (ID)  1106 , and slides slowly from ID to ‘outer disk’ (OD)  1108  as the media (disk)  1110  rotates and is then unloaded at OD  1108 . This helps to remove contamination and particle asperity on the testing tracks, which can increase product yield and decrease media consumption. 
         [0043]      FIG. 12  provides a top view of a burnishing head  1202  with its associated suspension  1204  in contact with a magnetic hard disk  1206  under principles of the present invention. Further, the airflow skew angle  1208  is illustrated. The skew is defined by the difference in angular orientation between the slider  1212  and the airflow direction  1210 . 
         [0044]    Although several embodiments are specifically illustrated and described herein, it will be appreciated that modifications and variations of the present invention are covered by the above teachings and within the purview of the appended claims without departing from the spirit and intended scope of the invention.