Abstract:
An integrated circuit device has a touch controller with at least one input, a liquid crystal display (LCD) controller with a plurality of outputs, an external interface comprising a plurality of external pins, and a multiplexer operable in a first mode to connect the plurality of external pins with the plurality of outputs of the LCD controller and in a second mode to connect at least one of the plurality of external pins with the touch controller.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to controllers with human device interface, in particular display controllers. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Controllers, such as microcontrollers or other system on a chip still often require to interface with external components, in particular human device interfaces. Typical examples for such human device interfaces are liquid crystal display (LCD) and capacitive touch interfaces. LCDs, in particular segmented LCDs and capacitive touch interfaces often require many pins to couple with a respective e controller. 
     SUMMARY 
     There exists a need for a controller with a human device interface with a reduced number of necessary pins. 
     According to an embodiment, an integrated circuit device may comprise a touch controller comprising at least one input, a liquid crystal display (LCD) controller comprising a plurality of outputs, an external interface comprising a plurality of external pins, and a multiplexer operable in a first mode to connect the plurality of external pins with the plurality of outputs of the LCD controller and in a second mode to connect at least one of the plurality of external pins with the touch controller. 
     According to a further embodiment of the integrated circuit device, the integrated circuit device may further comprise a central processing unit operable to control the multiplexer. According to a further embodiment of the integrated circuit device, the integrated circuit device may further comprise a state machine operable to control the multiplexer. According to a further embodiment, the integrated circuit device is a microcontroller. According to a further embodiment, when operating in the second mode, a subset of the plurality of external pins can be connected together along with the at least one input of the touch controller. According to a further embodiment, the touch controller can be a capacitive voltage divider (CVD) controller. According to a further embodiment of the integrated circuit device, the integrated circuit device may further comprise an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) coupled with the CVD controller and the at least one external pin. According to a further embodiment, the ADC may comprise a sampling capacitor coupled with the ADC and a controllable driver coupled with the sampling capacitor and the CVD controller. According to a further embodiment of the integrated circuit device, the integrated circuit device may further comprise a digital-to-analog (DAC) converter coupled with the CVD controller, wherein the ADC is coupled with a first one of the plurality of external pins and the DAC is connected with a second one of the plurality of external pins. According to a further embodiment, the LCD driver and the CVD controller can be synchronized. According to a further embodiment, the touch controller may comprise a charge time measurement unit, a relaxation oscillator, or an impedance phase shift sensor. 
     According to another embodiment, a system may comprise an integrated circuit device as described above, further comprising a liquid crystal display having segment electrodes and common electrodes which are each coupled with the external pins of the integrated circuit device. 
     According to another embodiment, a system may comprise an integrated circuit device as described above wherein segment electrodes and common electrodes of the liquid crystal display are controlled by the integrated circuit device. 
     According to yet another embodiment, a method of operating an integrated circuit device coupled with a liquid crystal display (LCD) can be provided, wherein the integrated circuit device comprises a touch controller comprising at least one input, a liquid crystal display (LCD) controller comprising a plurality of outputs, an external interface comprising a plurality of external pins coupled with segment electrodes and common electrodes of the LCD, and a multiplexer operable in a first mode to connect the plurality of external pins with the plurality of outputs of the LCD controller and in a second mode to connect at least one of the plurality of external pins with the touch controller, wherein the method may comprise: a) connecting for a first time period the segment electrodes and the common electrodes by means of the multiplexer with the LCD controller, and b) connecting for a subsequent time period the at least one input of the touch controller with at least one of the segment electrodes and common electrodes. 
     According to a further embodiment of the method, the method may further comprise repeating steps a) and b). According to a further embodiment of the method, the multiplexer can be controlled by a central processing unit of the integrated circuit device. According to a further embodiment of the method, the multiplexer can be controlled by a state machine of the integrated circuit device. According to a further embodiment of the method, the touch controller may use a capacitive voltage divider method to determine whether a touch of the LCD has been performed. According to a further embodiment of the method, the LCD controller and the CVD controller can be synchronized. According to a further embodiment of the method, the touch controller may comprise a charge time measurement unit, a relaxation oscillator, or an impedance phase shift sensor. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows a system with an LCD display and microcontroller according to an embodiment; 
         FIGS. 2 a  and 2 b    show more detailed block diagrams of a system with a controller device according to various embodiments; 
         FIG. 3  shows details of an enhanced block diagram allowing to select either commons or segments as sensors or guard electrodes; and 
         FIG. 4  shows exemplary sensor pad arrangements for an LCD. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     According to various embodiments, a controller capable of interfacing with a touch screen display using for example less expensive segmented liquid crystal displays (LCD) and a lower cost button based capacitive touch input can be provided.  FIG. 1  shows a system  100  with an embodiment of a microcontroller  110  with an integrated human device interface coupled with an external LCD  200 . The LCD  200  may comprise a plurality of 7-segment main display numbers  210  arranged for example to display a time or other value, and secondary 7-segment numbers  240 , for example to indicate any other type of value as a real or integer number. Graphical symbols  220 ,  230  such as bar graphs, etc. and other fields  250  may be used to indicate certain operating modes or functions. The display  200  is a low cost display without a specific controller and must therefore be directly driven by a microcontroller  110  with integrated LCD controller  120 . 
     Each display segment electrode is therefore externally accessible for connection to microcontroller  110 . For example as shown in  FIG. 1  an LCD may comprise m external pins for m segment electrodes. As shown, the LCD  200  may furthermore comprise a plurality of n common connections wherein associated internal common electrodes are the counter electrodes for respective LCD segment electrodes. For example, LCD  200  may provide external connections to the common electrodes  215 ,  217  associated with 7-segment number  210 , common electrodes  235 ,  237  associated with bar graph  230 , common electrode  245  and  255  associated with display segments  240  and  250 , respectively. However, according to other embodiments, a single common electrode or multiple common electrodes may be provided.  FIG. 1  shows some examples of common electrodes wherein more than one common electrodes is provided for multiple segments or segment groups. For example, graphic symbols  220  and  260  may share a single common electrode (not shown). However, providing multiple common segments can be beneficial, in particular when the segments and commons are also used as electrodes for capacitive touch control according to various embodiments. According to various embodiments, the segment electrodes and/or the common electrodes are used for touch sensing in addition to their primary LCD function, Thus, an LCD can be used to allow a direct user input functionality by touching or approaching the display. 
     The controller  110  can be for example a microcontroller with a central processing unit  140 . The microcontroller  110  may furthermore comprise an integrated LCD controller  120 , for example a state machine, and an integrated touch controller  130 . In addition, a dedicated multiplexer  150  is provided which allows to couple the external pins for the commons and/or segment connections to either the LCD controller  120  or the touch controller  130  for example under control of CPU  140 . However, according to some embodiments, an automatic time division function between touch detection and LCD driver function may be implemented that does not require active control of the multiplexer by the CPU. As shown in  FIG. 1 , for example a simple state machine  160  may be provided for providing the respective switching function. The state machine  160  would also provide respective signals to the LCD controller  120  and the touch controller  130  for automatically performing their respective functions when connected to the external pins. Whenever a touch function has been detected, the touch controller could then simply initiate an associated interrupt. Thus, the CPU would be free to perform other functions while LCD function and touch recognition are maintained. 
     According to some embodiments, only selected electrodes of the LCD display may be used for touch sensing. For example, all segment electrodes associated with a number may be coupled in parallel by the multiplexer and coupled with a single input of the touch controller while these electrodes are separately driven when connected with the LCD driver  120 . Depending on the measurement method applied by the touch controller it may be more beneficial to only use the common electrodes or the segment electrodes as touch sensors. According to other embodiments, a combination of segment electrodes and common electrodes may be used for touch sensing. 
     According to an embodiment, a controller is provided to directly drive the LCD and to evaluate a capacitive touching of the display. The controller can be configured to evaluate a touching of the display and provide a resulting event signal which for example could be fed to a host or further processed within the controller. To this end, the controller may comprise a touch controller  130  such as for example, a capacitive voltage divider (CVD) controller, a charge time measurement unit CTMU, a relaxation oscillator, impedance phase shift sensor, or any other method of determining a capacitive touch, as known in the art. 
       FIGS. 2 a  and 2 b    show a more detailed view of possible implementations of switch circuitry forming a multiplexer to couple the segment electrode and common electrodes of an LCD with the respective LCD driver  120  and touch controller  130 .  FIGS. 2 a  and 2 b    only show a single 7-segment display to provide a better overview. However, any number of display elements may be used according to various embodiments. Here, the 7-segment display includes seven segment electrodes  211  and a decimal point segment electrode, as well as two separate common electrodes  215  and  217 . Another general common electrode may be associated with the decimal point. However, common electrode  215  may also be designed larger to encompass the decimal point according to some embodiments. 
     Microcontroller  110  comprises a first multiplexer  310  that is configurable to couple the segment electrodes  211  with either the LCD driver  120  or through another multiplexer  320  with digital to analog converter  380 , which is controlled by the CVD touch controller  130 . Similarly, the common electrodes can be either coupled with LCD driver  120  through multiplexer  330  or through another multiplexer  340 .  FIG. 2 a    shows a block diagram with a generic touch detection system. Here the output of multiplexer  340  is coupled with a touch detection system  390 .  FIG. 2 b    shows an embodiment in which the touch detection system is implemented by a capacitive voltage divider system wherein the output of multiplexer  340  is coupled with sampling capacitor  360 . Sampling capacitor  360  is furthermore coupled with analog-to-digital converter (ADC)  350  and with a driver  370  which is configurable to pre-charge or discharge capacitor  360 . ADC  350  and driver  370  are controlled by touch controller  130 . 
     The system would be designed to synchronize the scanning of a multiplexed LCD display with a CVD capacitive touch peripheral formed by CVD controller  130 , ADC  350 , driver  370  and DAC  380  or any other touch detection system  390 . According to one embodiment, touch recognition can be performed by using one or more selected common electrodes or one or more segment electrodes as shown in the example of  FIGS. 2 a  and 2 b   . For example, in one mode, one electrode  215  may be used or a plurality of common electrodes  215 ,  217  may be switched together and used for CVD measurements. In a CVD measurement, as shown in  FIG. 2 b   , the system is configurable to charge the external capacitor formed, for example, by the common electrode(s) to a predefined voltage and discharge the internal capacitor  360 . After a predetermined time, both capacitances are coupled in series wherein the capacitors form a voltage divider and a certain voltage will settle on the internal capacitor  360  depending on the value of the external capacitor. This voltage can then be measured by the ADC  350  to determine whether a touch has been performed or not. The measurement can also be performed in a reversed arrangement in which the internal capacitor  360  is charged and the external capacitor is discharged. Respective switches to perform this function are present but not shown in  FIG. 2 . The driver  370  can be used to charge the external or internal capacitor. 
     According to various embodiments, either the common electrodes or the segment electrodes of an LCD can be used in a touch recognition system. If the common electrodes are used, then the segment electrodes form parasitic capacitance and vice versa. Also any other unused electrode may form such parasitic capacitance. These parasitic capacitances formed by the unused segments and/or the commons negatively influence the CVD measurement. Hence, according to a further embodiment, the unused electrodes or at least some of the unused electrodes of an LCD can be driven with a voltage that is close or equal to, for example, the voltage that will be established on the sensor electrode after it has been connected in series with the internal capacitor  360 . Thus, the parasitic capacitive effect is minimized. This voltage is either known or could be dynamically determined after each measurement. Alternatively, a fixed voltage, for example, half the supply or half the output voltage of driver  370  could be used as a bias voltage for the unused electrodes.  FIG. 2  shows an example in which the common electrodes  215 ,  217  are used as sensor electrodes and the segment electrodes  211  are used as guard electrodes which can be driven by the digital-to-analog converter  380  when the system is in the touch recognition mode. The controller device can furthermore comprise additional multiplexers  410 ,  420  as shown in  FIG. 3  that are configurable to select which electrodes, commons or segment, are used as sensing electrodes and which ones are used as guard electrodes. Other selection multiplexers may be used to individually select certain electrodes for either function. Preferably, the unused electrodes surrounding a sensing electrode may be switched together and may be driven by the DAC  380  to form a guard ring around the sensing electrode.  FIG. 3  shows otherwise the same elements as  FIG. 2  wherein the dashed lines indicate the connections to elements not shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     Furthermore according to some embodiments, a synchronization connection Sync between the LCD controller  120  and CVD controller  130  may be provided as shown in  FIG. 2 . This allows the use of the LCD commons or segments as touch sensors. As stated above, because the LCD segments have a large parasitic capacitance with respect to the LCD commons and vice versa, it may be necessary or beneficial that a guard ring type drive be employed to drive the segments for a system that uses the commons as touch sensors, and vice versa for systems that use the segments as touch sensors. It will also be necessary to synchronize the scanning with the touch detection to prevent contention between the systems. 
     The various electrodes within an LCD may allow for various touch functions including gestures that can be detected by touch controller  130 . For example, if the user draws a finger from the top to the bottom of a 7-segment number, the respective number can be increased or decreased. If a user draws the left most digit to the right, the entire value may shift down through the digits, for example with the right most values ‘falling off’. According to further embodiments, if the user draws their finger from the right most digit to the left, the value may shift up through the digits with the right most value back filled with zeros. Other gesture decoding may be implemented. 
     Further examples of functions are explained with reference to  FIG. 4 . For Individual indicators (F 1 , F 2 , F 3  &amp; F 4 ) as shown in the top area of  FIG. 4 : When the user touches the transparent capacitive touch sensor over the indicator, the touch detector peripheral or software running in the controller registers the touch and toggles the state of the indicator. With the existing LCD segments used as sensor elements, multiplexing is used to provide display and sensing functionality at the same time. To avoid any type of flicker, the switching can be performed fast enough to be invisible for the human eye. 
     For Sliders, the common electrodes may be formed as shown in the bottom area of  FIG. 4 : When the user touches the area above the triangular common electrodes  230 ,  235  over the bar graph, the relative shift of capacitance in both electrodes  235 ,  237  can be measured and the ratio is used to set the number of segments to be activated in the display. The various embodiments, in particular with respect to the size and shape of an electrode are not restricted to the shown examples. Rather, any type, size and shape of common electrode may be implemented within an LCD as long as the display function is maintained. Furthermore, even though the 7-segment numbers show two associated common electrodes, the various embodiments are not limited to the number of common electrodes. Thus, as mentioned above more than one common electrode may be provided within a low cost LCD display. Also, dot matrix LCDs may be used wherein a plurality of dot segments may be connected in parallel to form a touch sensor. Thus, individual sensors may be formed by the respective switching unit. Hence, a controller may be able to detect more than a simple vertical or horizontal movement. 
     The various embodiments provide for a lower cost solution, and intuitive interface by providing a simple touch based input interface. Thus, for example existing peripherals for input such as provided in a microcontroller can be used. The various embodiments also provide for simple mounting and interface. as discussed above, the capacitive touch sensor pads can be provided within an LCD display or added to the back of an LCD display. In particular according to an embodiment, transparent metal layers can be patterned with conventional technologies to form the respective touch sensor areas within an LCD display.