Abstract:
Techniques are described for efficient reordering of data and performing data exchanges within a register tile or memory, or in general, any device storing data that is accessible through a set of addressable locations. In one technique, an address translator is placed in the path of all or a selected set of address busses to a storage device to provide a programmable and selectable means of translating the storage device addresses. An effect of this translation is that the data stored in one pattern may be accessed and stored in another pattern or accessed, processed and stored in another pattern. The address translation operation may be carried out in a single cycle, does not involve the physical movement of data in swap operations, allows data to effectively be ordered more efficiently for algorithmic processing and therefore saves power. Address translation functions are shown to be useful for vector operations and a new type of storage unit using built in address translation functions is presented.

Description:
[0001]    The present application is a continuation of and claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Ser. No. 10/815,294 filed Apr. 1, 2004 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates generally to improvements in signal processing systems, and more particularly to advantageous techniques for instruction execution to include translating storage device addresses prior to data access. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Signal processing systems, including those for video, audio and graphics, for example, use interface paths to transmit data from a media source or sources and/or a high capacity storage medium to a signal processing subsystem. The data received in the signal processing subsystem will typically be stored locally in a number of different patterns. From this local storage, the data will be accessed for algorithmic processing. These data patterns may not be in the best order for efficient algorithmic processing. In addition, when processing the data with a series of algorithms, each algorithmic stage of processing may produce results in a pattern that is not in an efficient order for the next stage of processing. The result is that a considerable amount of time can be spent by the processing system reordering data to fit the algorithms that are used. This inefficiency causes a loss in performance and an increase in power utilization. 
         [0004]    There are many signal analysis techniques that make use of matrix and data sorting operations and could make advantageous use of data swapping or exchange type operations. In a processor, a swap operation can be specified to read the contents of two registers and then write the data values to the swap address. For efficient programming when using register files or local memories, it can be advantageous to additionally provide the ability to swap contents of groups of locations. For example, swapping a block of data, providing the transpose of a matrix stored in either registers or memory, implementing permutations on a set of registers, and the like, are all examples of algorithmic capabilities which are desirable to efficiently support. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0005]    Among its several aspects, the present invention describes methods and apparatus for efficient reordering of data and performing data exchanges within a register file or memory or, in general, devices storing data that is accessible through a set of addressable locations. The present invention addresses problems, such as those noted above, while achieving a variety of advantages as discussed in further detail below. In one aspect of the present invention, an address translator is placed in the path of all or a selected set of address buses to a storage device to provide a programmable and selectable arrangement for translating the storage device addresses. 
         [0006]    The address translator may provide support for many permutation operations to be carried out on the order of the data resident in the storage device. The effect of this translation is that data stored in one pattern may be accessed and stored in another pattern or accessed, processed and stored in another pattern. In one aspect of the present invention, a processor system specifies input operands to be selected from translated addresses, result operands to be stored at translated addresses, or both of these types operations to occur together as defined by a processor instruction. The address translation operation may be carried out in a single processor cycle and need not involve the physical movement of data in swap operations which allows data to, in effect, be ordered more efficiently for algorithmic processing and therefore saves power. 
         [0007]    In another aspect of the present invention, the address translator can be specifically designed for a single type of address translation function, or it may be designed more generally to support multiple address translation functions. In a further aspect of the present invention, exemplary instructions for effectively using the address translation facility of the hardware are presented. In addition, address translation functions, in accordance with the invention, are shown to be useful in vector operations supporting flexible capabilities for efficient processing. Further, a new type of storage unit using built in address translation functions is also described herein. 
         [0008]    These and other features, aspects and advantages of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description taken together with the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0009]      FIG. 1  illustrates an exemplary processor showing a logical data flow using address translators in operand address paths for direct operand addressing instructions in accordance with the present invention; 
           [0010]      FIG. 2A  illustrates a 3-bit address translator with a complement bit A 2  function in accordance with the present invention; 
           [0011]      FIG. 2B  illustrates an address translation operation where the address line A 2  is complemented in accordance with the present invention; 
           [0012]      FIG. 2C  illustrates a programmer&#39;s view of a register tile using address translation as depicted in  FIG. 2B  in accordance with the present invention; 
           [0013]      FIG. 2D  illustrates a processor subsystem having a Rx read port translator for translating instruction operand addresses to different addresses for reading addressable data from a register tile in accordance with the present invention; 
           [0014]      FIG. 3  illustrates an exemplary block load with address translation instruction for use in conjunction with address translators in accordance with the present invention; 
           [0015]      FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary register file indexing (RFI) VLIW processor with address translation functions in each VLIW execution slot and further illustrating an exemplary four stage pipeline in accordance with the present invention; 
           [0016]      FIG. 5  illustrates an ALU subsystem of the RFI VLIW processor of  FIG. 4  with address translation functions in each operand address in accordance with the present invention; 
           [0017]      FIG. 6  illustrates a detailed view of RFI update logic for the Rt register file address including an address translator of a DSU subsystem in accordance with the present invention; 
           [0018]      FIG. 7A  illustrates a two processing element (PE) subsystem from a ManArray 2×2 indirect very long instruction word (iVLIW) processor incorporating RFI and address translators in register file operand address paths in accordance with the present invention; 
           [0019]      FIG. 7B  is a table illustrating an address translation pattern used in a data movement example for the processor of  FIG. 7A  in accordance with the present invention; 
           [0020]      FIG. 8A  illustrates an exemplary register file or memory unit incorporating the address translation function and translation parameter state internally with a view of a read port in accordance with the present invention; 
           [0021]      FIG. 8B  illustrates a storage unit with an optimized merging of an address translation function with location selection logic in each port of a two port storage unit in accordance with the present invention; 
           [0022]      FIG. 9  illustrates a general form of a two port storage unit illustrating the data flow paths in accordance with the present invention; 
           [0023]      FIG. 10A  illustrates a 4×4 organization of data stored in memory in i,j order; and 
           [0024]      FIG. 10B  illustrates a transpose of the 4×4 organization of data stored in memory in j,i order in accordance with the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0025]    The present invention now will be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which several presently preferred embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in various forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. 
         [0026]      FIG. 1  illustrates an exemplary processor  100  showing a logical data flow using address translators  139 ,  151 , and  153  in operand address paths for direct operand addressing instructions. The processor uses a fetch, decode, and execute pipeline and has an instruction fetch control unit  102  that includes a program counter (PCntr), instruction memory address generation components, support for interrupts, branch control, eventpoints, and other suitable subsystems. The instructions fetched are decoded during a decode stage to determine the operations required by the instructions and also determines the operand addresses of data to be operated on that are stored in a storage device, such as a register file or memory. The instruction specified operations are accomplished during the execute stage of the pipeline. 
         [0027]    During the fetch stage, the instruction fetch control unit  102  generates an address, based on the PCntr, to a short instruction word (SIW) memory  104  that contains SIWs in order to fetch an instruction over instruction bus  106 . The fetched instruction is stored in instruction register (IR)  108 . The processor  100  includes a storage device such as a register file  110  accessible by a function execution unit  114 . A decode and control unit  118  decodes the opcode and control bits  120  of the instruction stored in the IR  108 . Further, the operation of the function execution unit  114  and the timing and control signals for the register file accessing and associated multiplexers are controlled by the decode and control unit  118   
         [0028]    Instructions received into the IR  108  may include load, store, control, arithmetic, and similar type instructions. With a load instruction, data is read from data memory  124 , at an address  126  generated from information contained in the instruction in the IR and may be a translated address. For sake of simplicity of illustration, the store and load data memory address generation components and address path are not shown. Rather, the address generation components and operation are described for operand addresses to the processor&#39;s register file. It is noted that similar techniques may be used for data memory addressing such as for the data memory  124 . Once a data memory address has been generated, the data, read from data memory  124 , is provided to load data bus  128 . The addressed data is passed through multiplexer  130 , as selected by the write data path selector signal  132 , to the write port  134  of register file  110  for writing the selected data into the register file  110  at a register file target address specified by the load instruction either directly or in translated form as described further below. 
         [0029]    With a store instruction, data is read from register file  110 , at an address RyA′  156  that is a translation of Ry  146  from the store instruction in the IR  108  applied to address bus RyA  138  as input to address translator  139  or is passed through address translator  139  and used directly. The data, read from register file  110 , is provided to register file read data port  140  connected to the write port of data memory  124  for writing the selected data into the data memory  124  at an address  126  that may be a translated address. For purposes of clearly describing the present invention, only load, store, and arithmetic instructions are described in further detail. 
         [0030]    An arithmetic instruction received in the IR  108  may contain, for example, three register file address fields, Rt  142 , Rx  144 , and Ry  146  that are supplied over RtA bus  150 , RxA bus  152 , and RyA bus  138  where address translators  151 ,  153  and  139 , respectively, are located in the three operand address paths. Each operand address is five bits to allow full addressing range for the thirty two entry register file  110 . The opcode and control bits are supplied over OpA bus  154  to the decode and control unit  118 . Logically, the register file  110  read and write ports have associated port address inputs that are latched in port address registers  155  that are part of a decode register at the end of the decode stage of processor  100 . The output of the address translators RyA′  156 , RxA′  157 , and RtA′  158  are latched and then provided to the address inputs to the register file  110 . The address translation occurs on each data transfer to or from the register file as specified by the instruction in IR  108 . The read data ports Rx  162  and Ry  140  provide input data to the function execution unit as specified by control signals  164  from the decode and control unit  118 . The function execution unit  114  produces a result output Rt  160  that is one of two data paths that share the register file&#39;s  110  write port  134  through multiplexer  130 . 
         [0031]      FIG. 2A  illustrates an addressing subsystem  200  comprising an address translator  202  with address inputs  204  and outputs  206  for use in addressing eight locations requiring only three address lines. The exemplary three bit address subsystem  200  is a subset of the five bit address subsystems used for each operand address in the processor  100  of  FIG. 1 . As an example, the address translator  202  can be described by way of an exemplary block exchange of four registers. Three address bit inputs  204 , A 0 , A 1 , and A 2 , are the inputs of the address translator  202 . In this block exchange example, the address translator  202  operates to complement address bit  2  (A 2 ) so that translator  202  produces on its outputs  206 , A 0 ′, A 1 ′, and A 2 ′ the translated values as follows A 0 ′=A 0 , A 1 ′=A 1  and A 2 ′=Ā    2   , where Ā    2    indicates that a value applied to the input address line A 2  is complemented. 
         [0032]      FIG. 2B  shows a storage device  210 , such as a register file or small memory, containing eight physical data storage locations  212  with addresses A 0 ′, A 1 ′, and A 2 ′, 000 to 111 in a binary order as table  216 . Associated with these addresses 000-111 are location names R 0 -R 7 , respectively. For example, when address 000 is used implicitly or explicitly as an operand address by an instruction, the programmer assumes that R 0  is accessed, and when address 101 is used by an instruction, it is assumed that R 5  is accessed. Address inputs A 0 , A 1 , and A 2 , 000-111, in table  214  are inputs to an address translator component indicated by oval  218 . As seen in  FIG. 2B , an access to address A 0 , A 1 , A 2  of 000 is converted to an A 0 ′, A 1 ′, A 2 ′ value of 100 (R 4 ) and all accesses to A 0 , A 1 , A 2  of 100 are converted to an A 0 ′, A 1 ′, A 2 ′ value of 000 (R 0 ). In effect, the registers R 0  and R 4  have been exchanged. All other registers are exchanged in like fashion as illustrated in  FIG. 2B . The address translator  202 , as indicated by the dashed oval  218  for convenience, operates to complement address line A 2  and pass the other address lines, A 0  and A 1 , through. As can be seen by the arrows, each address input is translated to its new address value. 
         [0033]    In another view of this translation,  FIG. 2C  illustrates a programmer&#39;s view  220  of the register file  222  using address translation as depicted in  FIG. 2B  in which the address translator function  224  is hidden from the programmer. The programmer deals with register names and therefore the translation can be viewed from the programmers vantage as having the effect of a block-exchange of four registers per block while in actuality only the addresses used to access the data have been modified to cause the exchange without any physical data movement. From the programmer&#39;s view, after translation, the addressable order of registers can be accessed as shown in register file  222 . 
         [0034]      FIG. 2D  illustrates a processor subsystem  230  having a Rx read port translator  232  for translating instruction operand addresses to different addresses for reading addressable data from a register file  238 . The processor subsystem  230  includes instruction register IR  231 , an address translator  232 , operating in one operand address bus  236 , port address register  239 , and a register file  238 . The address translator  232  receives as input the Rx address bus  236  from the instruction in the IR  231 , a control input  252  from a decode and control unit, such as decode and control unit  118  of  FIG. 1 , and a load transition parameter input  248  for specifying the translator operations. The translator  232  generates translated outputs A 0 ′, A 1 ′, and A 2 ′  234  which are latched at the end of a decode stage in port address register  239 . The port address register  239  is directly connected to the Rx read address port  240  of the register file  238 , where, for example, a 1 of 8 selector  241  decodes the binary input into one of eight selection signals  242 . An address translator function unit  243  is one of the components making up the Rx address translator  232 . Combinatorial logic, for example, that implement a translation operation, is located in the address translator function unit  243 . Since it is desirable to support a number of translation operations, a control input  244  is used to select a translation operation from a supported number of translation operations. The values placed on the control input  244  are provided by a translation parameter control unit  246  which receives translation parameters  248  from a number of sources including, for example, from a bit field in an instruction stored in the instruction register (IR)  231 , such as an opcode or specific control bits, or from a data path connected to a control register and decodes the control bits if they are in an encoded format. The translation parameter control unit  246  may also receive decode and control information  252  indicating, for example, whether an instruction is to use or not use the address translation function. 
         [0035]    Since there may be a need for a number of different translations, a mechanism to select among multiple translation options may be advantageously provided. There are multiple mechanisms for making such a selection. One mechanism is to use a mode control bit or bits to specify that selected addresses are to be translated according to the setting of the mode control for every instruction received while the mode control is active for translation. A preferable approach is to utilize control information in an instruction to control the translation of the addresses associated with the instruction and only for that instruction. Each instruction contains control information specifying the translation operation to be used for its execution. 
         [0036]      FIG. 3  shows an exemplary block load with address translation instruction  300  for use in conjunction with address translators. The exemplary block load instruction  300  uses a format having a two bit translation selection (Tsel) field  305 . The two bit Tsel field  305  specifies either a no-translation option or one of three translation choices. One of these choices may be to load a linear sequential ordering of data from a memory into a bit-reverse address pattern in a register file. A second choice may be to begin with a bit-reverse address sequence of data in memory and load it into a linear sequential ordering of data in a register file. For example, a block load operation can be specified by an instruction  300 , in opcode  310 , for which loading a block of up to 16 data items can be specified by encoding a block size in block size field  315 , with the target block of data beginning at Rt address  320 , in a register file, such as register file  110 . The block of data is to be loaded from a linear sequence of data located in a local data memory, such as data memory  124 , beginning at the address specified in the direct address field  325 , with Tsel field  305  being set for bit-reverse loads to the register file. 
         [0037]    Although only a limited number of address translation patterns have been presented thus far, the present invention contemplates mechanisms that support many translation patterns. A general way of specifying a pattern transformation is through a binary matrix where input translation parameter bits and input address bits are logically combined to produce a translated address. The translation parameter bits may be stored in a program loadable control register. For example, equation (1) below can be used to specify a permutation of an address using translation parameters {s, e} bits stored in a special purpose control register. 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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             where the input address is represented as a vector of binary bits A=(A 0  A 1  A 2 ), product operations are treated as ANDs, and sum operations are treated as XORs.
 
Using equation (1), the translated output address is given as:
 
           
         
       
     
         [0000]      A0′=s0A0⊕s1A1⊕s2A2⊕e0
 
         [0000]      A1′=s3A0⊕s4A1⊕s5A2⊕e1
 
         [0000]      A2′=s6A0⊕s7A1⊕s8A2⊕e2  (2)
 
         [0000]    For example, to obtain a bit-reversed 3-bit address the {s, e} bit matrix would be as shown in {s, e} Matrix 1 below: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
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         [0000]    For implementation, a set of nine s-bits, s 0 -s 8 , and three e-bits, e 0 -e 2 , can be stored in a single 12-bit control register whose outputs are logically combined with the address lines according to equation (2). 
         [0039]    In another example, to shift a block of data as shown in  FIG. 2C , the {s, e} bit matrix would be as shown in {s, e} Matrix 2 below: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
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         [0040]    By using an {s, e} matrix of parameters, general and larger register files can be easily accommodated. For example, a 32 entry register file, such as register file  110 , would utilize five address lines A 0 -A 4  for each read and write port and would further require a 5×6 translation {s, e} matrix for each address translator, such as address translators  139 ,  153  and  151  of  FIG. 1 . Each translation {s, e} matrix requires 25-bits of storage for the 5×5 s-bits and 5 bits of storage for the 5 e-bits thereby requiring a 30-bit control register containing the s and e hits. In general, translation parameters are k by k s-bits and k e-bits for a k-bit address as shown in equation (3). 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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         [0041]    A selection field in the instruction, such as the 2-bit Tsel field  305 , can specify one of a number of {s, e} bit control registers previously loaded with translation pattern bits. 
         [0042]    Vector operations are typically specified by a single instruction that initiates a series of operations on a set of data, such as the block load example discussed previously which can be considered a form of vector operation. A different mechanism may be utilized to obtain vector operations that are operable in conjunction with indirect very long instruction word (iVLIW) operations. For example, the approach described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,446,190, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, utilizes an indirect method of specifying the vector operations termed register file indexing (RFI). In the RFI approach, operands are accessed from a register file with a linear sequential programmable stride incrementing mechanism. This approach may be adapted to the present invention as illustrated in  FIG. 4 .  FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary register file indexing (RFI) VLIW processor  400  with address translation functions in each VLIW execution slot and further illustrating an exemplary four stage pipeline  402 . The four stage pipeline  402 , includes fetch stage  404 , predecode stage  408 , decode stage  412 , and execute stage  416 . Note that other pipelines are not precluded, such as the dynamic reconfigurable pipeline of the ManArray processor which for VLIW processing used a five or six stage pipeline including a fetch stage, predecode stage, decode stage, a single cycle execute stage or a two cycle execute stage, and a condition return stage. 
         [0043]    During fetch stage  404 , the program flow and pipeline controller (PFC)  420  initiates an instruction fetch cycle using an address from the program counter (PCntr) circuit  422 . The generated instruction address is supplied to a short instruction word (SIW) program memory (SIM)  424  and a SIW is read which is supplied to instruction memory bus  426  to the instruction register  1  (IR 1 )  428 . At the end of the fetch cycle  404  a new instruction has been loaded into the IR 1   428 . 
         [0044]    In the predecode stage for VLIW accesses, the instruction in IR 1   428 , for example being an execute VLIW (XV) instruction, causes VLIW memory (VIM) controller (VMC)  430  to generate a VIM  432  address and read a VLIW supplied to VLIW bus  434  for loading into a VLIW instruction register (VIR)  436 . The VIR  436  consists of, for example, five instruction slot registers for a store, load, arithmetic logic unit (ALU), multiply accumulate unit (MAU), and data select unit (DSU) instructions. At the end of the predecode cycle for VLIW access, a new VLIW has been loaded into the VIR  436 . RFI enable is determined if the XV instruction encoding specifies RFI and also if subsequent RFI enabled XV instructions access the same Vim  432  address. 
         [0045]    During the decode stage for VLIW accesses, the VLIW from the VIR  436  is selected by the multiplexers  440  to five instruction decode units  444  where each instruction of the VLIW is decoded. The operand addresses for each of the five instructions are processed by a VLIW RFI and Translator subsystem  446  which processes each instruction slot individually in slot specific RFI and Translator subsystems which are more fully described in the discussion of  FIGS. 5 and 6  below. The decoded instructions and modified operand addresses are then stored in five decode registers  448  by the end of the decode stage. 
         [0046]    In the execute stage for VLIW accesses, the decoded and enabled instructions are executed in five execute units  452 . Execute store unit  454  reads a specified register from the register file  456  and stores it into a local data memory  460 . Execute load unit  464  reads a memory location from the local data memory  460  and loads it into register file  456 . Execute ALU  468  reads up to two operands from register file  456 , operates on the two operands, and produces a result that is stored in register file  456 . Execute MAU  472  reads up to three operands from register file  456 , operates on the three operands, and produces a result that is stored in register file  456 . Execute DSU  476  reads up to two operands from register file  456 , operates on the two operands, and produces a result that is stored in register file  456 . At the end of the execute stage up to five execution operations have been completed. 
         [0047]      FIG. 5  shows an ALU subsystem  500  of the RFI VLIW processor  400  of  FIG. 4  with address translation functions in each operand address. The ALU subsystem  500  includes an ALU execution unit  502 , such as Execute ALU  468  that is part of a larger multiple execution unit VLIW processor system. In  FIG. 5 , each operand address  504 ,  506  and  508  is received in a corresponding RFI and translator unit  514 ,  516  and  518 , respectively. The RFI and translator units  514 ,  516  and  518  also receive update control information  524 ,  526  and  528  from an ALU decode, RFI, and translator control unit  530 . The RFI and translator units  514 ,  516 , and  518  outputs are stored in port address registers  519  at the end of the decode pipeline stage, such as decode stage  412 . The ALU decode, RFI and translator control unit  530  responds to an RFI enable signal  532  generated in a VMC, such as VMC  430 , in response to received execute VLIW (XV) instructions containing RFI control information. The XV instruction initiates an RFI VLIW execution by reading a VLIW from VIM  432 . The VLIW includes an ALU instruction, received on VLIW ALU slot instruction bus  533 , part of VLIW bus  434 , and the ALU instruction is stored in ALU slot IR  534 , part of the VIR  436 . For illustrative purposes, the unit  530  includes internal RFI parameter and translator control registers. The registers are programmed to initialize the system for RFI operation, translator operation, or both. It is appreciated that the RFI and translator parameter control registers may be part of a general processor control register file located elsewhere in the processor. Independent of the location of the control registers, the parameter control bits are used in the RFI and translator units,  514 ,  516 , and  518 . A vector RFI operation uses the instruction operand addresses  504 ,  506  and  508  supplied by the instruction in slot IR  534  for the first access of operands from a block of operands in register file  536  through address ports  544 ,  546  and  548 . The RFI addresses may be translated depending upon the slot instruction received. 
         [0048]    To further explain such RFI operation and RFi with address translation, a more detailed view of RFI update logic for the Rt register file address including address translator of a DSU subsystem is shown in  FIG. 6  and more fully described below. The exemplary pipeline  402  is used to present the basic flow of vector RFI operations. It is noted that this choice of pipeline does not preclude the use of other pipelines, such as deeper pipelines for higher clock performance, and the like which can be adapted for providing address translation operations in accordance with the present invention. The pipeline  402  begins with a fetch of an XV instruction from SIM  424  and loaded into IR 1   428 . During the predecode stage  408  the operation of the XV instruction and RFI operation is determined, a VLIW is fetched from the VIM  432 , and each instruction from the VLIW is loaded into its own instruction register, such as DSU slot IR  602 , associated with its execution unit, such as execution unit  604 . During the decode stage  412 , each instruction in the VLIW is decoded. In the case of RFI operations, the operand address is updated via an RFI update unit  610  to prepare the next operand address that will be required for a RFI operation on a block of data. An update process, as described in greater detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,446,190, utilizes a linear sequential addressing of data, with stride address incrementing available as an option. The operand addresses with no translation for the first register file access of the starting operands for the block of data are passed directly through from the slot instruction register  602  operand address fields, such as Rt( 5 ) field  614 , through multiplexer  616  through Rt address translator  634  to a port address register  618  which latches the address at the end of the decode cycle. 
         [0049]    When the next XV instruction is received with RFI enabled to access the same VIM  432  location as the previous XV accessed, the next operand address to be processed in the block of data has already been prepared during the previous XV RFI instruction&#39;s decode cycle and stored in a look ahead register, such as look ahead register  620 . For this next XV instruction, the operand address is selected from the look ahead register  620  via multiplexer  616 , through Rt address translator  634  without translation and latched in the port address register  618  at the end of the decode cycle. The operand address  624  is available during the execute cycle to access the operands from the register file  626 . A miscellaneous register file (MRF) data bus  646  provides access to a set of registers that store the RFI and translator parameters as well as other processor control and status bits. 
         [0050]    It is also desirable to provide a general addressing mechanism where the operands in a block of data may not be in a sequential order. One option for providing this capability is through the use of an address translator, such as described above with respect to equation (1), which can advantageously provide a discrete logic approach to general vector or RFI addressing, where the addressing sequence is non sequential, such as bit reverse addressing, permutation addressing, and other addressing patterns, for example. To this end, in  FIG. 6 , address translator  634  is placed in output path  630  of multiplexer  616 . The Rt address translator  634  output  636  is connected to a port address register  618  whose output connects to the Rt address port  624  of register file  626 . This subsystem  600  uses an RFI update unit  610  to create a linear sequential stream of addresses using programmed stride increment values. This sequential stream of addresses provided through multiplexer  616  on output bus  630 , applied to the Rt address translator  634  for each translation type instruction, is translated to a desired address sequence and output on translator bus  636 . An instruction, such as the instruction stored in DSU slot IR  602  may contain a Tsel bit field  642  which is used to select a specific set of {s, e} bits that are provided on RFI and translator parameter bus  644  from the MRF data bus  646  where the RFI and translator parameters are accessed, in this example. With multiple pattern select control provided by the {s, e} bits, different addressing patterns may be chosen. 
         [0051]    A two processing element (PE) subsystem  700  from a ManArray 2×2 indirect very long instruction word (iVLIW) processor incorporating RFI and address translators in register file operand address paths is shown in  FIG. 7A . In SIMD fashion, it is desired to transfer between the two PEs, PE 0   702  and PE 2   704 , two blocks of data stored in the PEs&#39; register files  714  and  716 . Both data blocks are stored in a sequential pattern in the register files of the PEs, but it is desired to send the blocks between the two PEs and place all even addresses in one block and all odd addresses in a different block according to the pattern shown in Table  765  of  FIG. 7B , for a block size of 16 locations. A first block of data, addressed as shown in table  770 , is stored in sequential addresses 00000 to 01111 in PE 0   702  and this data is to be sent to PE 2   704  with the target being two blocks of data, with the even addresses of the first PE 0  block stored in PE 2  locations 00000 to 00111 and the odd addresses of the first PE 0  block stored in PE 2  locations 01000 to 01111, as shown in table  775 . The same transfer is to occur in the reverse direction between PE 2   704  and PE 0   702  at the same time. The address transformation equations for the five-bit Rt address RtA 0 -RtA 4 , based on using equation (3) with k=5, are shown in equation (4): 
         [0000]      RtA0′=s0RtA0⊕s1RtA1⊕s2RtA2⊕s3RtA3⊕s4RtA4⊕e0
 
         [0000]      RtA1′=s5RtA0⊕s6RtA1⊕s7RtA2⊕s8RtA3⊕s9RtA4⊕e1
 
         [0000]      RtA2′=s10RtA0⊕s11RtA1⊕s12RtA2⊕s13RtA3⊕s14RtA4⊕e2
 
         [0000]      RtA3′=s15RtA0⊕s16RtA1⊕s17RtA2⊕s18RtA3⊕s19RtA4⊕e3
 
         [0000]      RtA4′=s20RtA0⊕s21RtA1⊕s22RtA2⊕s23RtA3⊕s24RtA4⊕e4  (4)
 
         [0000]    The {s, e} bits required to obtain the Table 1  765  transformation are shown in Matrix 3: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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         [0000]    The {s, e} bits are loaded into parameter registers that control the address transformation within the Rt address RFI and translator and units  740  and  742 . The Rt address RFI and translator and units  740  and  742  connect to the Rt port address registers  744  and  746  respectively, such as port address register  618  of  FIG. 6 . The {s, e} parameter bits may be stored in registers located with the RFI parameter registers, such as in the MRF. If path delay is of concern, it is noted that equation (4) can be simplified using standard techniques which is not covered here since equivalent equations and their implementation can be generated using various types of logic gates and this may vary depending upon the processor cycle time and process technology chosen. 
         [0052]    Referring to  FIG. 7A , the block move with address translation operation begins with an RFI enabled XV which causes PE exchange (PEXCHG) instructions to be fetched from the local PEs&#39; VIM over local instruction buses  710  and  712  and then latched in slot IR  706  and slot IR  708 . The Rx operands of the instructions are not translated, and standard sequential addressing is used to read the data operands in each PE. With each RFI XV for this block move operation, each data operand is sequentially read from register files  714  and  716  over the Rx read output ports  718  and  720  to the DSUs  722  and  724 , respectively. The DSUs  722  and  724  make the data available on the data paths  726  and  728 , respectively, to a cluster switch  730 . Each PE controls its portion of the cluster switch so that PE 0 &#39;s output path  726  is connected via the cluster switch multiplexers to PE 2  DSU input path  732 , and PE 2 &#39;s output path  728  is connected via the cluster switch multiplexers to PE 0 &#39;s DSU input path  734 . The DSUs connect via internal multiplexers the cluster switch input paths to the Rt output paths  736  and  738 . The Rt addressing for the data transferred is generated by the Rt address translators  740  and  742  which transform the sequential addresses output from a multiplexer associated with an RFI update unit, such as multiplexer  616  and RFI update unit  610  of  FIG. 6 , according to the {s, e} bits of Matrix 3. This block move operation continues with each RFI enabled XV received until all 16 data elements are moved. 
         [0053]    Another aspect of the present invention, is achieved by including the address translator in the register file or memory unit thereby creating a storage unit a programmer would view as a pool of register or memory locations that can be manipulated by operations on storage unit addresses. Consider an exemplary storage subsystem  800  of  FIG. 8A , illustrating aspects of a read port, which operates differently than the storage subsystem  238  shown in  FIG. 2D . In  FIG. 8A , if the storage unit  810  is used as a register file for example, the address translation {s, e} bits would be considered architectural state information of the storage subsystem and the address translation is considered to be operative for each instructions accessed, as indicated by the {s, e} bits. In  FIG. 2D  subsystem  230 , the address translation occurs only in operation for instructions that specify the address translation function. Other instructions, which don&#39;t specify an address translation function, use the register file or memory unit normally as sequentially addressed storage. In the storage subsystem  800  of  FIG. 8A , all address inputs  815  are translated according to the translation settings  820  that govern how the addresses access data from the storage unit  835 . It is noted that port address latches may be included internal to the storage unit  810  at the outputs of the address translators or external depending upon application. 
         [0054]    The storage subsystem  800  includes a storage unit  810 , showing only a read port path, with address inputs  815 , a load translation parameter input  820  and read port output Rx  825 . Timing and control signals are not shown, as they may vary depending upon the technology chosen for implementation and system design choices. Internal to the storage unit  810  are two basic units, the address translator  830  and a storage device  835 . The address translator  830  applies {s, e} bit state information to translate the address input for any access to the storage device  835 . It is noted that the {s, e} bit state information could be stored external to the storage subsystem  800  with separate signal lines provided to the storage subsystem from an external register without changing the operational characteristics of the storage subsystem. The {s, e} bit state information, whether locally maintained in an internal register or externally maintained in a separate register, is considered part of the storage subsystem. The translation function operates as previously described using the examples shown in equation (2) and equation (4), depending upon the number of address lines to be translated. The storage device  835  includes an address to location select device, such as a 1 of 8 selector  840 , and a storage array  845  containing the data. It is noted that a write port to the storage array would contain a similar address translator and require the same or a corresponding set of {s, e} bit translation parameter state information. 
         [0055]    The read port was used in  FIG. 8A  to focus on address translation functions and apparatus that could similarly be required on any read or write port to the storage subsystem.  FIG. 8B  illustrates a 2 port storage subsystem  850  in which a storage unit  855  comprises two address translator function units  860  and  865 , a transform parameter control unit  870  for holding the {s, e} bit state information, and a storage array  875 . A write data port  880  supplies data to be written at the specified translated address in the storage array  875  and a read data port  885  reads data from the specified translated address in the storage array  875 . The address translation function units  860  and  865  are merged with the location selection logic, such as the 1 of 8 selector  840  of  FIG. 8A , providing an optimization of an implementation. It is further noted that the location selection logic could use Gray encoding or other suitable encoding of the address lines rather than using a sequential binary ordering as shown in  FIG. 8B . This encoding choice is dependent upon optimization and functional requirements. 
         [0056]    Referring to the address translation function of moving a block of data described earlier and illustrated in  FIGS. 2A-2D , in using the address translating memory, the operation of moving the data is emulated by the loading of the appropriate {s, e} bits that affect the address translators&#39; operations. For the block move operation, the data does not move in the storage device as only the addressing mechanism is changed. To accomplish the swapping of four 32-bit registers in a processor without a swap instruction, would require reading the first block of four registers and storing them in a temporary set of four registers followed by the reading of the second set of four registers and storing them into the first set of four registers&#39; location then reading the four temporary registers and storing them into the second set of registers&#39; location. A total of twelve 32-bit read operations and twelve 32-bit write operations would be required and would take at least 12-cycles to accomplish. On a bit basis, 12×32, or 384 bits, would have to be read and 384 bits would have to be written to accomplish this operation. Using the techniques of the present invention, the whole operation can be accomplished in a single cycle and with no movement of the data, and only requiring the loading of 9 s-bits and 3 e-bits as per equation (2), thus demonstrating the effectiveness of the present techniques for low power and high performance. A storage device in accordance with the present invention may have a new input, the load translation parameter signals, as compared to existing storage devices such as register files and memories. In addition to data stored in the storage array, the address translation control registers are considered additional state that, for example, must be saved and restored on context switches. 
         [0057]      FIG. 9  illustrates a two port memory unit  900  including a write data port  910  and a read data port  915 , which may be 1, 4, 8, 9, 16, 32, 64, 128 or other bit width. A write port address  920  and a read port address  925  are each k lines for 2 k  data memory  930  capacity. A load translation parameters input  935  is used to load k×k+k {s, e} bit translation state information. For example, with a k=10, 2 10 =1024 data locations of 64 bit data, and a load translation parameter input path width of 64 bits to the address translator  940 , it would require two load cycles to load the 110 {s, e} bits for each address port. A number of variations to reduce the setup loading overhead can be considered such as using common {s, e} bit state information for write and read pairs of ports, having separate e bit load cycles if the e bits do not change between translation patterns, minimizing the number of {s, e} bits when a limited selected set of transformations are used, and the like. 
         [0058]    As an example, consider a system that needs to support a transpose operation which is used in various algorithms such as the 2 dimension discrete cosine transform (2D-DCT) and requires other data reorganization steps, such as bit-reversed addressing for FET algorithms. For this system, a memory  900  shown in  FIG. 9  can be used with a capacity, for the purposes of this example, of 32 data locations of a data width required by the application, k=5 and a 32-bit load translation parameters data path  935  is used. The write port data  910  and read port data  915  are of a data width required by the application. For purposes of explanation, assume that a transpose of a 4×4 matrix of 16 data elements is required. The 4×4 data matrix as shown in data Matrix 4  1004  is stored in 16 sequential locations as shown in Table  1008  of  FIG. 10A . Specifically, the 4×4 data matrix 4  1004  is sequentially loaded through a write port  910  of  FIG. 9  with a write address translation, part of translator  940 , configured for sequential addressing, obtaining the sequential addressing order for the data as shown in Table  1008 . For this example, the algorithm requires a transpose operation to be performed on the data matrix such that after the transpose operation the data resides in a 4×4 logical order as shown in data Matrix 5  1024  and in memory as shown in Table  1028  of  FIG. 10B . To accomplish the transpose operation without data movement, or reading and writing the data in the data memory  930 , the read port Rx {s, e} bit address transformation parameters as shown in {s, e} Matrix 6 below are loaded in a 30-bit parameter control register, part of translator  940 , and equation (4) is used with {s, e} Matrix 6 for the transpose operation. When data is read, the data will follow the output pattern of Table  1028 , which is in transpose order from the order as originally stored. This same memory unit can then be reconfigured by loading new {s, e} bit translation parameters to support, for example, bit-reverse addressing as well as other specified data patterns. 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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                             5 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             s 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             6 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             s 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             7 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             s 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             8 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             s 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             9 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             e 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             1 
                           
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           
                             s 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             10 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             s 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             11 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             s 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             12 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             s 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             13 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             s 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             14 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             e 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             2 
                           
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           
                             s 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             15 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             s 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             16 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             s 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             17 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             s 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             18 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             s 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             19 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             e 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             3 
                           
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           
                             s 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             20 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             s 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             21 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             s 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             22 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             s 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             23 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             s 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             24 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             e 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             4 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     ) 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       
                         
                           0 
                         
                         
                           0 
                         
                         
                           1 
                         
                         
                           0 
                         
                         
                           0 
                         
                         
                           0 
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           0 
                         
                         
                           0 
                         
                         
                           0 
                         
                         
                           1 
                         
                         
                           0 
                         
                         
                           0 
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           1 
                         
                         
                           0 
                         
                         
                           0 
                         
                         
                           0 
                         
                         
                           0 
                         
                         
                           0 
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           0 
                         
                         
                           1 
                         
                         
                           0 
                         
                         
                           0 
                         
                         
                           0 
                         
                         
                           0 
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           0 
                         
                         
                           0 
                         
                         
                           0 
                         
                         
                           0 
                         
                         
                           1 
                         
                         
                           0 
                         
                       
                     
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Matrix 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   6 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0059]    While the present invention has been described in the context of a number of presently preferred embodiments, it will be recognized that the teachings of the present invention may be advantageously applied to a variety of processing systems, such as low power and high performances systems, and variously adopted consistent with the claims which follow.