Abstract:
Methods and systems for applying visual effects to active content, such as buttons, comboboxes, video, edit fields, etc., wherein interactivity of the active content are retained thereafter. Also, the present disclosure provides a mechanism for developers to build new visual effects and have them applied to active content.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION  
       [0001]     This application claims benefit to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/716,735 (attorney docket number 314930.01), filed on Sep. 13, 2005. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND  
       [0002]     Sometimes, application developers desire to implement user interfaces that contain unique elements that distinguish the user interface over other user interfaces and/or to enhance a user&#39;s experience when the user is working with the application via the user interface. One way in which a developer may want to customize a user interface is to create visual effects that occur to signal a user interface change or to modify an element of a user interface. However, current platforms do not support applying a visual effect on content that is used as part of a user interface.  
       SUMMARY  
       [0003]     The following presents a simplified summary of the disclosure in order to provide a basic understanding to the reader. This summary is not an extensive overview of the disclosure and it does not identify key/critical elements of the invention or delineate the scope of the invention. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts disclosed herein in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.  
         [0004]     The present disclosure describes methods and systems for applying visual effects to active content, such as buttons, comboboxes, video, edit fields, etc., wherein interactivity of the active content are retained thereafter. Also, the present disclosure provides a mechanism for developers to build new visual effects and have them applied to active content. Such visual effects, for example, include blur, glow, flash, explode, expand, shrink, fade, gray, swirl, wave, combine, sparkle, or any other visual effect that might be applied to active content.  
         [0005]     Many of the attendant features will be more readily appreciated as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description considered in connection with the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0006]     The present description will be better understood from the following detailed description read in light of the accompanying drawings, wherein:  
         [0007]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram showing an example Effect object.  
         [0008]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram showing an example effect object including various input and output pins.  
         [0009]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram showing an example effect object containing two EffectPrimitives, each supporting various input and output formats.  
         [0010]      FIG. 4  is a block diagram showing an example effect object.  
         [0011]      FIG. 5  is a block diagram showing an example button before and after an explosion effect is applied.  
         [0012]      FIG. 6  is a block diagram showing an example method for providing one or more effects to a visual element.  
         [0013]      FIG. 7  is a block diagram showing an example method for transforming hit coordinates for accurate hit testing on a visual element with an applied effect(s).  
         [0014]      FIG. 8  is a block diagram showing a general purpose computing environment that may be used in one or more implementations according to the present description. 
     
    
       [0015]     Like reference numerals are used to designate like parts in the accompanying drawings.  
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0016]     The detailed description provided below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of the present examples and is not intended to represent the only forms in which the present example may be constructed or utilized. The description sets forth the functions of the example and the sequence of steps for constructing and operating the example. However, the same or equivalent functions and sequences may be accomplished by different examples.  
         [0017]     Although the present examples are described and illustrated herein as being implemented in a computer system, the system described is provided as an example and not a limitation. As those skilled in the art will appreciate, the present examples are suitable for application in a variety of different types of computing and graphics systems.  
         [0018]     There are a number of terms used through out this description that are explicitly defined below. The following definitions are meant to supersede any alternative definitions that may be known in the art.  
         [0019]     Active content—a visual element, such as a button, combobox, edit field, checkbox, image, video, or the like capable of supporting some form of user interaction or that is animated in some form. Active content may be rendered in memory without being displayed on a screen.  
         [0020]     Effect—An Effect is an object that contains an EffectGraph (i.e. a Direct Acyclic Graph (DAG)).  
         [0021]     EffectPrimitive—This is a base effect. It does not contain any children. It is what effect developers generally create. This is the object that does the actual pixel processing for the effect.  
         [0022]     effect—This term is typically used when either an Effect or an EffectPrimitive may be used or specified.  
         [0023]     EffectGraph—This refers to the entire effect graph (i.e. some Effect that is the top most Effect in a DAG of DAGs).  
         [0024]     pin—This is used to describe the connection point (via IMILBitmapEffectInputConnector) that an effect exposes for connecting effects together or for other purposes.  
         [0025]     Raster graphics—This is the representation of images as a collection of pixels, generally in the form of a rectangular grid or a bitmap. This term is typically used in contrast to the term “vector graphics”.  
         [0026]     Vector graphics—Also known as geometric modeling, this is the use of geometric primitives such as points, lines, curves, and polygons to represent images in computer graphics. This term is typically used in contrast to the term “raster graphics”.  
         [0027]     Visual element—This is a graphical construct such as a button, edit field, image, menu, icon, or any other interactive or animated graphical construct rendered in memory or on a display, electronic canvas, user interface, or the like. A visual element may be a raster graphics element, a vector graphics element, or any other type of graphical construct.  
         [0028]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram showing an example Effect object  100 . An Effect is a collection of one or more EffectPrimitives, such as  104   a - 104   d , that form a direct acyclic graph (DAG). This effect DAG is typically encapsulated inside a single object  100  that exposes IMILBitmapEffect  106 . Each element inside the Effect  100  is either another Effect (i.e. exposes IMILBitmapEffect) or an EffectPrimitive (i.e. exposes IMILBitmapEffectPrimitive  107 ). Each effect can have 0 or more inputs, such as input  108 , and outputs, such as output  109 . Each input/output pin is described by an IMILBitmapEffectConnector, such as examples 101 and 102. These are connected together, as by example connection  110 , to form the data flow paths through the effect DAG.  
         [0029]     Effect  100  may be used to provide a visual effect for active content in bitmap form, including visual elements such as buttons, edit fields, video graphics, or any other interactive or animated visual element(s) of a display, canvas, user interface, or the like. Effect  100  may also be used to apply a visual effect to a bitmap in memory without the bitmap ever being displayed. Further, Effect  100  may surface other properties that describe attributes of its input. For example, BitmapEffect could emit color histogram information or face detection information. The specific effects provided are generally determined by the Effects and EffectPrimitives contained in an Effect, such as example Effect  100 .  
         [0030]     Typically a bitmap of a visual element is provided at the input of example Effect  100 , such as input  101 . The input bitmap is processed by Effect  100  to provide an effect (or collection of effects if the Effect includes multiple EffectPrimitives, such as  104   a - 104   d , or other Effects), and a bitmap including the effect(s) is provided at the Effect  100  output, such as output  102 .  
         [0031]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram showing an example effect object  200  including various input and output pins. The advantage of exposing a set of input/output pins, such as pin  210 , instead of just exposing an output image is that such pins allow querying for the effect&#39;s input and output formats and other information without actually running the effect. Each pin may accept/generate images in multiple formats. The formats a pin accepts/generates can be enumerated through the IMILBitmapEffectInputConnector or IMILBitmapEffectOutputConnector interface&#39;s GetFormat( ) and GetNumberFormats( ) methods. Each pin may also have an optimal format—the format that the effect would prefer to accept/generate at its input/output. If two connected pins have the same optimal format than that format is typically used. Otherwise, some other matching format is determined, typically based on the initial output format requested at the end of the effect graph. If there is no mutual matching format then a conversion will occur when data flows from the output of one effect to the input of the next effect, as shown in connection with  FIG. 3 .  
         [0032]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram showing an example effect object  300  containing two EffectPrimitives, each supporting various input and output formats. EffectPrimitive1 is shown supporting two output formats, MILPixelFormat24bbpBGR—the optimal output as indicated by the asterisk, and a second output format, MILPixelFormat32bppARGB, EffectPrimitive2 is shown supporting two input formats, the optimal input format being the same as the optimal output format of EffectPrimitive1&#39;s optimal output format. The connection  310  between EffectPrimitive1 and EffectPrimitive2 will not cause a format conversion since they both share an optimal format type of MILPixelFormat24bppBGR. EffectPrimitive1 will be asked for output in it&#39;s optimal format and the result will be passed into EffectPrimitive2.  
         [0033]     EffectPrimitive2 is shown supporting a single output format, MILPixelFormat32bppGray (its optimal format as indicated by the asterisk), and is connected  320  to the single output  330  of effect  300 . But the sole output format of effect  300  is MILPixelFormat32bppARGB, different than the sole output format of PrimitiveEffect2. Therefore, a conversion would occur between the output of EffectPrimitive2 and the entire effect graph&#39;s  300  output.  
         [0034]     In one example of how format miss-matches are handled, if the optimal formats don&#39;t match between the graph and the effect connected to the graph output, then the last requested format (i.e. MILPixelFormat32bppGray as shown in  FIG. 3 ) will be requested. If the last requested output format doesn&#39;t exist as an output of the graph, a random format may be selected.  
         [0035]     Each output pin (IMILBitmapEffectOutputConnector) can be linked to an input pin of another effect in the DAG, as long as it preserves the acyclic nature of the graph. This linkage may be 1-to-many (i.e. a single output connection can link to multiple input connections, but not vice versa).  
         [0036]      FIG. 4  is a block diagram showing an example effect object  400 . In this example, effect object  400  is comprised of a wrapper  420  built using managed code, such as C# (C sharp), containing an unmanaged implementation of the actual effects code  410 , implemented in code such as C++ or the like. Example object  400  includes a single input  401  and a single output  490 . In Alternative examples, multiple inputs and/or output may be provided. In the event that format conversion is required or provided, such conversion code is typically included in the wrapper  420 . Alternatively, conversion code may be included in the unmanaged code portion  410  or be provided by some other module.  
         [0037]     Also included as part of effect object  400  is transformation function F(p)  430 . In one example, the transformation function  430  is included as part of the unmanaged code  410 . Transformation  430  is the function that transforms the input visual element, typically in the form of a bitmap, to provide the visual element with some new visual effect. In general, such a transformation function  430  may be applied to visual elements that are raster graphic constructs, vector graphic constructs, or the like.  
         [0038]     For example, suppose it is desirable to provide a button in a user interface and to have the button “glow” when the mouse if positioned over the button. In such as case, a glow effect object can be created and associated with the button, the transformation function of the glow effect performing the operation on the button bitmap to make it appear to glow. Note that the functionality of the button remains unchanged—only the visual aspects of the button are modified by the effect. That is, the user may still hover the mouse cursor over the button, click on the button, etc and the button behaves as expected.  
         [0039]     In a conventional user interface, “hit testing” is typically employed to determine if some user input, such as a mouse click or key stroke, should be applied to a visual element or active content. That is, when the user clicks on a button for example, hit testing code tests the coordinates of the mouse click to determine if the click was made on the button. If so, then the button responds accordingly, such as redrawing itself in the down position, launching the functionality associated with the button, etc.  
         [0040]     In the case of a visual effect associated with the button, it is important that hit testing continue to operate as expected. Using the example of a glow effect object, when the mouse cursor hovers over the button, an associated glow effect object may cause the button to take on a glowing appearance. In addition to the glow effect, the button will also highlight due to the mouse-over event as it typically would. And clicking on the button would produce the expected result as well. In one example, an effect object may be associated with a visual element as a property of the element.  
         [0041]      FIG. 5  is a block diagram showing an example button before and after an explosion effect is applied. Consider an effect object that produces and explosion effect—breaking the associated visual element into several fragments and spreading them across a user interface over time.  FIG. 5  provides a before and after example of such an effect.  
         [0042]     In frame  501 —the “before” frame, user interface (UI)  500  is shown with conventional button  502  prior to the explosion effect is applied, perhaps as a result of a mouse over event or a click event on the button. Frame  502 —the “after” frame, shows the same user interface  500  with the button  504  after the explosion effect is applied. Button  504  is shown broken into three fragments  504   a - 504   c  each separated from each other on the UI  500 .  
         [0043]     The explosion effect is implemented in part by an explosion transformation function mapping each bit of the input button bitmap to new locations, such as in several fragments. Such mappings may change over time, such as in a “moving away” aspect of an explosion, perhaps until the fragments “settle” somewhere on the UI.  
         [0044]     Regardless of the transformation, the button continues to operate as expected. That is, the user my click on any fragment of the exploded button  504  and the button will behave as it would if not exploded. This implies that the hit testing code continues to operate as expected. This is facilitated by the user events passing through the Effect object and the transformation function determining if the button was “hit”. Typically this is done by solving the transformation function in reverse, or by using a bi-directional transformation function.  
         [0045]     Transformation functions may perform affine transforms or non-affine transforms. For example, affine transforms may include magnifying, shrinking, stretching, or rotating a bitmap. Non-affine transforms may include effects such as blur, glow, deform, gray, dim, fade, sparkle, gleam, flash, morph, or any other similar effect wherein elements of the bitmap are added, removed and/or modified in some way. In addition, a transformation function may not translate all of the original bits of an input bitmap, such as when providing the effect of disappearing, shrinking, dropping-out, transitioning to a line or point, or the like. Other possible transforms include swirl, wave, disintegrate, replication, merging multiple bitmaps into one, or the like. In some cases, the effect may result in a bit from an input bitmap being mapped to multiple locations, to an arbitrary location(s), or eliminated altogether. In all of the proceeding examples, the transformation function also provides the ability to indicate if the modified bitmap is “hit” by some user input so as to ensure hit testing functionality continues to operate as expected.  
         [0046]      FIG. 6  is a block diagram showing an example method  600  for providing one or more effects to a visual element. An Effect object, such as Effect object  100  shown in  FIG. 1  and used in the method  600  description herein below, may make use of such a method  600 .  
         [0047]     At block  610 , method  600  begins with a visual element bitmap being provided at the input of Effect object  100 . This may occur via any number of conventional software processes and/or techniques.  
         [0048]     At block  620 , a test determines if there is a next EffectPrimitive contained in the Effect object  100  DAG to process the bitmap. As shown in  FIG. 1 , an Effect object may contain EffectPrimitives and/or other Effect objects, one or more of their inputs being connected to the input of Effect object  100 , and each output being connected to one or more additional EffectPrimitive and/or Effect inputs, or to the output of Effect object  100 . If there is a next EffectPrimitive, method  600  continues at block  650 . Otherwise method  600  continues at block  630 .  
         [0049]     At block  630 , a test determines if there is a next Effect object contained in the Effect object  100  DAG. If there is a next Effect object, say “Effect B”, then the method continues at block  610  for Effect B. Otherwise method  600  continues at block  640 .  
         [0050]     At block  640 , the input bitmap has completed processing by Effect object  100  and the processed bitmap is provided at the output. This may occur via any number of conventional software processes and/or techniques.  
         [0051]     At block  650 , the bitmap, which may have been processed by any previous EffectPrimitives and/or Effects, is provided at the input of the next EffectPrimitive. This may occur via any number of conventional software processes and/or techniques.  
         [0052]     At block  660 , a test determines if the bitmap is in an acceptable format for processing by the EffectPrimitive. If so, then method  600  continues at block  680 . Otherwise method  600  continues at block  670 .  
         [0053]     At block  670 , the bitmap is converted of reformatted into an acceptable format for processing by the next EffectPrimitive. In one example, the bitmap may be reformatted into an optimal format.  
         [0054]     At block  680 , a transformation function, such as transformation function F(p)  430  shown in  FIG. 4 , is applied to the input bitmap, typically resulting in an effect(s) being applied to the bitmap or a new bitmap being generated from the input bitmap, the new bitmap including the effect(s). Method  600  continues at block  620 .  
         [0055]      FIG. 7  is a block diagram showing an example method  700  for transforming hit coordinates for accurate hit testing on a visual element with an applied effect(s). Because a visual element with an effect(s) may be positioned on a user interface other than it would be without the effect(s), a transformation of hit coordinates, such as a mouse click or hover-over event, is typically needed to insure proper hit testing. An Effect object, such as Effect object  100  shown in  FIG. 1  and used in the method  700  description herein below, may make use of such a method  700 .  
         [0056]     At block  710 , method  700  begins with the coordinates of a user event, such as a mouse click or mouse-over event, being provided to an input of Effect object  100 , This may occur via any number of conventional software processes and/or techniques.  
         [0057]     At block  720 , a test determines if there is a previous EffectPrimitive contained in the Effect object  100  DAG to transform the coordinates. As shown in  FIG. 1 , an Effect object such as example Effect object  100  may contain EffectPrimitives and/or other Effect objects, one or more of their inputs being connected to the input of Effect object  100 , and each output being connected to one or more additional EffectPrimitive and/or Effect inputs, or to the output of Effect object  100 . Method  700  begins with the last such effect object in the DAG and works forward to achieve coordinate transformation. A “previous” effect object is an effect object in the DAG starting at the output of the Effect object and working back through any effects objects in the DAG toward the input of the Effect object. For example, EffectPrimitive  104   d  is previous to Effect Object  100  output  102 , EffectPrimitives  104   a ,  104   b  and  104   c  are previous to  104   d , and EffectPrimitive  104   b  is also previous to  104   c . If there is a previous EffectPrimitive, method  700  continues at block  730 . Otherwise method  700  continues at block  740 .  
         [0058]     At block  730 , a transformation function, such as transformation function F(p)  430  shown in  FIG. 4 , is applied to the coordinates of the user bitmap, Typically the transformation function is applied in reverse. Method  700  continues at block  720 .  
         [0059]     At block  740 , a test determines if there is a previous Effect object contained in the Effect object  100  DAG. If there is a previous Effect object, say “Effect A”, then the method continues at block  710  for Effect A. Otherwise method  700  continues at block  750 .  
         [0060]     At block  750 , method  700  provides the transformed coordinates of the user event to the hit testing code or the like.  
         [0061]      FIG. 8  is a block diagram showing a general purpose computing environment  800  that may be used in one or more implementations according to the present description. The computing system environment  800  is only one example of a suitable computing environment and is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of the claimed subject matter. Neither should the computing environment  800  be interpreted as having any dependency or requirement relating to any one or combination of components illustrated in the exemplary operating environment  800 .  
         [0062]     The described techniques and objects are operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use include, but are not limited to, personal computers, server computers, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, distributed computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like.  
         [0063]     The following description may be couched in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The described implementations may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices.  
         [0064]     With reference to  FIG. 8 , an example system for implementing the invention includes a general purpose computing device in the form of a computer  810 . Components of computer  810  may include, but are not limited to, a processing unit  820 , a system memory  830 , and a system bus  821  that couples various system components including the system memory to the processing unit  820 . The system bus  821  may be any of several types of bus structures including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, and not limitation, such architectures include Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus also known as Mezzanine bus.  
         [0065]     Computer  810  typically includes a variety of computer readable media. Computer readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by computer  810  and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer readable media may comprise computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media includes volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by computer  810 . Communication media typically embodies computer readable instructions, data structures and/or program. Combinations of the any of the foregoing should also be included within the scope of computer readable media.  
         [0066]     The system memory  830  includes computer storage media in the form of volatile and/or nonvolatile memory such as read only memory (ROM)  831  and random access memory (RAM)  832 . A basic input/output system  833  (BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within computer  810 , such as during start-up, is typically stored in ROM  831 . RAM  832  typically contains data and/or program modules that are immediately accessible to and/or presently being operated on by processing unit  820 . By way of example, and not limitation,  FIG. 8  illustrates operating system  834 , application programs  835 , other program modules  836 , and program data  837 .  
         [0067]     The computer  810  may also include other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media. By way of example only,  FIG. 8  illustrates a hard disk drive  841  that reads from or writes to non-removable, nonvolatile magnetic media, a magnetic disk drive  851  that reads from or writes to a removable, nonvolatile magnetic disk  852 , and an optical disk drive  855  that reads from or writes to a removable, nonvolatile optical disk  856  such as a CD ROM or other optical media. Other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media that can be used in the exemplary operating environment include, but are not limited to, magnetic tape cassettes, flash memory cards, digital versatile disks (DVD), digital video tape, solid state RAM, solid state ROM, and the like. The hard disk drive  841  is typically connected to the system bus  821  through a non-removable memory interface such as interface  840 , and magnetic disk drive  851  and optical disk drive  855  are typically connected to the system bus  821  by a removable memory interface, such as interface  850 .  
         [0068]     The drives and their associated computer storage media discussed above and illustrated in  FIG. 8 , provide storage of computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules and other data for the computer  810 . In  FIG. 8 , for example, hard disk drive  841  is illustrated as storing operating system  844 , application programs  845 , other program modules  846 , and program data  847 . Note that these components can either be the same as or different from operating system  834 , application programs  835 , other program modules  836 , and program data  837 . Operating system  844 , application programs  845 , other program modules  846 , and program data  847  are given different numbers here to illustrate that, at a minimum, they are different copies. A user may enter commands and information into the computer  810  through input devices such as a keyboard  862  and pointing device  861 , commonly referred to as a mouse, trackball or touch pad. Other input devices (not shown) may include a microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, or the like. These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit  820  through a user input interface  860  that is coupled to the system bus  821 , but may be connected by other interface and bus structures, such as a parallel port, game port or a universal serial bus (USB). A monitor  891  or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus  821  via an interface, such as a video interface  890 . In addition to the monitor, computers may also include other peripheral output devices such as speakers  897  and printer  896 , which may be connected through an output peripheral interface  895 . A camera  863  (such as a digital/electronic still or video camera, or film/photographic scanner) capable of capturing a sequence of images  864  can also be included as an input device to the personal computer  810 . Further, while just one camera is depicted, multiple cameras could be included as an input device to the personal computer  810 . The images  864  from the one or more cameras are input into the computer  810  via an appropriate camera interface  865 . This interface  865  is connected to the system bus  821 , thereby allowing the images to be routed to and stored in the RAM  832 , or one of the other data storage devices associated with the computer  810 . However, it is noted that image data can be input into the computer  810  from any of the aforementioned computer-readable media as well, without requiring the use of the camera  863 .  
         [0069]     The computer  810  may operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer  880 . The remote computer  880  may be a personal computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to the computer  810 , although only a memory storage device  881  has been illustrated in  FIG. 8 . The logical connections depicted in  FIG. 8  include a local area network (LAN)  871  and a wide area network (WAN)  873 , but may also include other networks. Such networking environments are commonplace in offices, enterprise-wide computer networks, intranets and the Internet.  
         [0070]     When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer  810  is connected to the LAN  871  through a network interface or adapter  870 . When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer  810  typically includes a modem  872  or other means for establishing communications over the WAN  873 , such as the Internet. The modem  872 , which may be internal or external, may be connected to the system bus  821  via the user input interface  860 , or other appropriate mechanism. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer  810 , or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device. By way of example, and not limitation,  FIG. 8  illustrates remote application programs  885  as residing on memory device  881 . It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers may be used.  
         [0071]     While one or more example implementations have been illustrated and described herein, it will be appreciated that various changes can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the claims appended hereto.