Abstract:
An apparatus is provided for forming coatings on stents. The apparatus includes a temperature adjusting element that can increase or decrease the temperature of the stent.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION  
       [0001]     This is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/438,378, filed on May 15, 2003, the teaching of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD  
       [0002]     The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for coating stents.  
       BACKGROUND  
       [0003]     Blood vessel occlusions are commonly treated by mechanically enhancing blood flow in the affected vessels, such as by employing a stent. Stents act as scaffolding, functioning to physically hold open and, if desired, to expand the wall of affected vessels. Typically stents are capable of being compressed, so that they can be inserted through small lumens via catheters, and then expanded to a larger diameter once they are at the desired location. Examples in the patent literature disclosing stents include U.S. Pat. No. 4,733,665 issued to Palmaz, U.S. Pat. No. 4,800,882 issued to Gianturco, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,886,062 issued to Wiktor.  
         [0004]      FIG. 1  illustrates a conventional stent  10  formed from a plurality of struts  12 . The plurality of struts  12  are radially expandable and interconnected by connecting elements  14  that are disposed between adjacent struts  12 , leaving lateral openings or gaps  16  between adjacent struts  12 . Struts  12  and connecting elements  14  define a tubular stent body having an outer, tissue-contacting surface and an inner surface.  
         [0005]     Stents are used not only for mechanical intervention but also as vehicles for providing biological therapy. Biological therapy can be achieved by medicating the stents. Medicated stents provide for the local administration of a therapeutic substance at a diseased site. Local delivery of a therapeutic substance is a preferred method of treatment because the substance is concentrated at a specific site and thus, smaller total levels of medication can be administered in comparison to systemic dosages that often produce adverse or even toxic side effects for the patient.  
         [0006]     One method of medicating a stent involves the use of a polymeric carrier coated onto the surface of the stent. A composition including a solvent, a polymer dissolved in the solvent, and a therapeutic substance dispersed in the blend is applied to the stent by immersing the stent in the composition or by spraying the composition onto the stent. The solvent is allowed to evaporate, leaving on the stent surfaces a coating of the polymer and the therapeutic substance impregnated in the polymer.  
         [0007]     A shortcoming of the above-described method of medicating a stent is the potential for coating defects due to the nature of the composition applied to the stent. For solvents that evaporate slowly, or “non-volatile” solvents, the liquid composition that is applied to a relatively small surface of the stent can flow, wick and collect during the coating process. As the solvent evaporates, the excess composition hardens, leaving clumps or pools of polymer on the struts or “webbing” between the struts. For solvents that evaporate very fast, or “volatile solvents,” the coating can be rough with a powder like consistency.  
         [0008]     For slow evaporating solvents, heat treatment has been implemented to induce the evaporation of the solvent. For example, the stent can be placed in an over at an elevated temperature (e.g., 60 deg. C. to 80 deg. C.) for a duration of time, for example, at least 30 minutes, to dry the coating. Such heat treatments have not reduced pooling or webbing of the polymer. Moreover, prolonged heat treatment can adversely affect drugs that are heat sensitive and may cause the warping of the stent. The manufacturing time of the stent is also extending for the time the stent is treated in the oven.  
         [0009]     An apparatus and method is needed to address these problems. The embodiments of this invention address these and other problems associated with coating stents.  
       SUMMARY  
       [0010]     An apparatus to support a stent during the application of a coating composition to a stent, is provided comprising: a mandrel to support a stent during application of a coating composition to the stent; and a temperature element integrated with the mandrel to adjust the temperature of the mandrel. In one embodiment, the inner surface of the stent is in contact with the outer surface of the mandrel. Alternatively, the outer surface of the mandrel is not in contact with the inner surface of the stent or with a majority of the inner surface of the stent. The temperature element can increase or decrease the temperature of the stent to a temperature other than room temperature. In one embodiment, the temperature element includes a heating coil or heating pin disposed within the mandrel. Alternatively, the temperature element can be a lumen or conduit disposed inside of the mandrel for receiving a fluid or a gas. The temperature of the fluid or gas can be adjusted to vary the temperature of the mandrel. A temperature controller can also be provided to adjust the temperature of the temperature element.  
         [0011]     A method of coating a stent is provided comprising: positioning a stent on a mandrel assembly; applying a coating composition to the stent; adjusting the temperature of the mandrel assembly to change the temperature of the stent. The mandrel assembly can include a temperature element integrated therewith to allow a user to adjust the temperature of the stent. In one embodiment, the temperature of the mandrel assembly is adjusted prior to the application of the coating composition to the stent. The temperature can be maintained at the same level or adjusted during the coating process. In an alternative embodiment, the temperature of the mandrel assembly can be adjusted subsequent to the termination of the application of the composition to the stent. In yet another embodiment, the temperature of the mandrel is adjusted during the application of the coating composition to the stent. The temperature can be maintained at a constant level or adjusted at anytime as the user sees fit.  
         [0012]     A method of coating a stent is also provided, comprising: applying a coating composition to the stent; and inserting a temperature adjusting element within the longitudinal bore of the stent to change the temperature of the stent. The temperature adjusting element does not contact the inner surface of the stent during this process. Alternatively, a user can touch the inner surface of the stent with the temperature adjusting element. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0013]      FIG. 1  is a conventional stent;  
         [0014]      FIGS. 2-4  are support assemblies according to various embodiments of the invention;  
         [0015]      FIG. 5  is a temperature adjustment element inserted into a stent; and  
         [0016]      FIG. 6  is a graph illustrating average weight loss versus time. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0017]      FIGS. 2 and 3  illustrate an apparatus that can be used for coating an implantable medical device such as a stent. A stent mandrel fixture  20  supports a stent and includes a support member  22 , a mandrel  24 , and a lock member  26 . Support member  22  can connect to a motor  28 A so as to provide rotational motion about the longitudinal axis of a stent, as depicted by arrow  30 , during the coating process. Another motor  28 B can also be provided for moving fixture  20  in a linear direction, back and forth, along a rail  32 . The type of stent that can be crimped on mandrel  24  is not of critical significance. The term stent is broadly intended to include self- and balloon-type expandable stents as well as stent-grafts.  
         [0018]     Lock member  26  is coupled to a temperature control device or temperature controller  34  via a conduit  36 . A coupler  38  allows the stent mandrel fixture  20  to rotate with respect to conduit  36  and temperature controller  34 . Temperature controller  34  can be in communication with a CPU for allowing a user to adjust and determine the temperature of mandrel  24  during the coating process. Sensors could be positioned anywhere along the length of mandrel  24 , preferably where mandrel  24  is in contact with the stent for measuring the temperature of the stent structure and providing feedback to the CPU. A temperature element  40 , disposed or embedded within, on the exterior surface mandrel  24 , or coupled or connected to mandrel, is in communication with temperature controller  34  via a connecting line  42 . Temperature element  40  can be, for example, a heating coil pin or any other suitable mechanism capable of heating mandrel  24  to a desired temperature. The temperature element  40  should extend along the length of mandrel  24  so as to provide an even application of heat along the length of a stent. Mandrel  24  should be made from a material that conducts heat efficiently, such as stainless steel, and can be coated with a non-stick material such as TEFLON.  
         [0019]     Support member  22  is coupled to a first end  44  of mandrel  24 . Mandrel  24  can be permanently affixed to support member  22 . Alternatively, support member  22  can include a bore for receiving first end  44  of mandrel  24 . First end  44  of mandrel  24  can be threaded to screw into the bore. Alternatively, a non-threaded first end  44  of mandrel  24  can be press-fitted or friction-fitted within the bore. The bore should be deep enough so as to allow mandrel  24  to securely mate with support member  22 . The depth of the bore can be over-extended so as to allow a significant length of mandrel  24  to penetrate the bore. This would allow the length of mandrel  24  to be adjusted to accommodate stents of various sizes.  
         [0020]     Lock member  26  includes a flat end that can be permanently affixed to a second end  46  of mandrel  24  if end  44  of mandrel  24  is disengagable from support member  22 . Mandrel  24  can have a threaded second end  46  for screwing into a bore of lock member  26 . A non-threaded second end  46  and bore combination can also be employed such that second end  46  of mandrel  24  is press-fitted or friction-fitted within the bore of lock member  26 . Lock member  26  can, therefore, be incrementally moved closer to support member  22  to allow stents of any length to be securely pinched between flat ends of the support and lock members  22  and  26 . A stent need not, however, be pinched between these ends. A stent can be simply crimped tightly on mandrel  24 . Should the design include a mandrel that is disengagable from lock member  26 , electrical components need be used to allow connecting line  42  to be functionally operable when all the components are assembled.  
         [0021]      FIG. 3  illustrates another embodiment of the invention, wherein a fluid line  48  runs through mandrel  24 , lock member  26 , and conduit  36  to temperature controller  34 . A gas or fluid, such as water, can be circulated through mandrel  24  and controller  34  can adjust the temperature of the fluid. The temperature of the fluid can be both cold and warm, as will be described in more detail below. Cold fluid application can be used with solvents that evaporate more quickly.  
         [0022]     In  FIGS. 2 and 3 , the outer surface of mandrel  24  can be in direct contact with the inner surface of a stent. However, a gap can be provided between the outer surface of mandrel  24  and the inner surface of a stent. This gap can be created any suitable number of different ways, such as by having protruding elements or fins (not shown) extending out from mandrel  24  or by using the design illustrated by  FIG. 4 .  FIG. 4  illustrates a stent mandrel fixture  20  in which support member  22  and lock member  26  include coning end portions  50  and  52 , instead of the flat ends, for penetrating into ends of stent  10 . The coning end portions  50  and  52  can taper inwardly at an angle Ø of about 15° to about 75°, more narrowly from about 30° to about 60°. By way of example, angle Ø can be about 45°. The outer diameter of mandrel  24  can be smaller than the inner diameter of stent  10 , as positioned on fixture  20 , so as to prevent the outer surface of mandrel  24  from making contact with the inner surface of stent  10 . As best illustrated by  FIG. 4 , a sufficient clearance between the outer surface of mandrel  24  and the inner surface of stent  10  is provided to prevent mandrel  24  from obstructing the pattern of the stent body during the coating process. By way of example, the outer diameter of mandrel  24  can be from about 0.010 inches (0.254 mm) to about 0.017 inches (0.432 mm) when stent  10  has a mounted inner diameter of between about 0.025 inches (0.635 mm) and about 0.035 inches (0.889 mm). Contact between stent  10  and fixture  20  is limited as stent  10  only rests on coning ends  50  and  52 .  
         [0023]     In accordance with another embodiment of the invention, in lieu of or in addition to using stent mandrel fixture  20 , a heating pin  54  (e.g., a TEFLON covered electrical heating element), as illustrated by  FIG. 5 , can be used subsequent to the application of the coating composting to stent  10 . Heating pin  54  is coupled to a temperature controller or thermo-coupler  56 , which in turn is connected to a CPU. Thermo-coupler  56  in the feedback loop senses the temperature of heating pin  54  and relays a signal to the CPU which in turn adjusts the heat supplied to heating pin  54  to maintain a desired temperature. The controller can be, for example, a Eurotherm controller.  
         [0024]     A coating composition can be applied to a stent, for example by spraying. The stent can be rotated about its longitudinal axis and/or translated backward and forward along its axis to traverse a stationery spray nozzle. In one embodiment, prior to the application of the coating composition, the temperature of mandrel  24  can be adjusted either below or above room temperature. If the solvent has a vapor pressure greater than, for example, 17.54 Torr at ambient temperature, the temperature of mandrel  24  can be adjusted to inhibit evaporation of the solvent. If the solvent has a vapor pressure of less than, for example, 17.54 Torr at ambient temperature, the temperature of mandrel  24  can be adjusted to induce the evaporation of the solvent. For example, temperature of mandrel  24  can be adjusted to anywhere between, for example 40 deg. C. to 120 deg. C. for non-volatile solvents. Temperatures of less than 25 deg. C. can be used for the more volatile solvents.  
         [0025]     The temperature can be adjusted prior to or during the application of the coating composition. The temperature of mandrel  24  can be maintained at a generally steady level through out the application of the composition or the coating process, or until a significant amount to the solvent is removed such that the coating is in a completely dry state or a semi-dry state. By way of example, the temperature of mandrel  24  can be set to 60 deg. C. prior to the application of the coating composition and maintained at 60 deg. C. during the application of the composition. In one embodiment, the temperature of the mandrel can be incrementally increased or decreased during the coating process to another temperature. Alternatively, the temperature of mandrel  24  can be adjusted, i.e., increased or decreased, subsequent to the termination of the application of the coating composition, such that during the application of the coating composition, temperature of mandrel  24  is at, for example, room temperature. In the embodiment that heating pin  54  is used, obviously the pin  54  needs to be inserted into the bore of the stent and the heat applied subsequent to the application of the coating composition. In one embodiment, heating pin  54  can be contacted with the inner surface of the stent during the drying process.  
         [0026]     The coating composition can include a solvent and a polymer dissolved in the solvent and optionally a therapeutic substance or a drug added thereto. Representative examples of polymers that can be used to coat a stent include ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (commonly known by the generic name EVOH or by the trade name EVAL), poly(hydroxyvalerate); poly(L-lactic acid); polycaprolactone; poly(lactide-co-glycolide); poly(hydroxybutyrate); poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate); polydioxanone; polyorthoester; polyanhydride; poly(glycolic acid); poly(D,L-lactic acid); poly(glycolic acid-co-trimethylene carbonate); polyphosphoester; polyphosphoester urethane; poly(amino acids); cyanoacrylates; poly(trimethylene carbonate); poly(iminocarbonate); copoly(ether esters) (e.g. PEO/PLA); polyalkylene oxalates; polyphosphazenes; biomolecules, such as fibrin, fibrinogen, cellulose, starch, collagen and hyaluronic acid; polyurethanes; silicones; polyesters; polyolefins; polyisobutylene and ethylene-alphaolefin copolymers; acrylic polymers and copolymers; vinyl halide polymers and copolymers, such as polyvinyl chloride; polyvinyl ethers, such as polyvinyl methyl ether; polyvinylidene halides, such as polyvinylidene fluoride and polyvinylidene chloride; polyacrylonitrile; polyvinyl ketones; polyvinyl aromatics, such as polystyrene; polyvinyl esters, such as polyvinyl acetate; copolymers of vinyl monomers with each other and olefins, such as ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymers, acrylonitrilestyrene copolymers, ABS resins, and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers; polyamides, such as Nylon 66 and polycaprolactam; alkyd resins; polycarbonates; polyoxymethylenes; polyimides; polyethers; epoxy resins; polyurethanes; rayon; rayon-triacetate; cellulose; cellulose acetate; cellulose butyrate; cellulose acetate butyrate; cellophane; cellulose nitrate; cellulose propionate; cellulose ethers; and carboxymethyl cellulose.  
         [0027]     A “Solvent” is defined as a liquid substance or composition that is compatible with the polymer and is capable of dissolving the polymer at the concentration desired in the composition. Examples of solvents include, but are not limited to, dimethylsulfoxide, chloroform, acetone, water (buffered saline), xylene, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, tetrahydrofuran, 1-butanone, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, cyclohexanone, ethyl acetate, methylethylketone, propylene glycol monomethylether, isopropanol, isopropanol admixed with water, N-methyl pyrrolidinone, toluene, and mixtures and combinations thereof.  
         [0028]     The therapeutic substance or drug can be for inhibiting the activity of vascular smooth muscle cells. More specifically, the active agent can be aimed at inhibiting abnormal or inappropriate migration and/or proliferation of smooth muscle cells for the inhibition of restenosis. The active agent can also include any substance capable of exerting a therapeutic or prophylactic effect in the practice of the present invention. For example, the agent can be for enhancing wound healing in a vascular site or improving the structural and elastic properties of the vascular site. Examples of agents include antiproliferative substances such as actinomycin D, or derivatives and analogs thereof (manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich 1001 West Saint Paul Avenue, Milwaukee, Wis. 53233; or COSMEGEN available from Merck). Synonyms of actinomycin D include dactinomycin, actinomycin IV, actinomycin I 1 , actinomycin X 1 , and actinomycin C 1 . The active agent can also fall under the genus of antineoplastic, antiinflammatory, antiplatelet, anticoagulant, antifibrin, antithrombin, antimitotic, antibiotic, antiallergic and antioxidant substances. Examples of such antineoplastics and/or antimitotics include paclitaxel (e.g. TAXOL® by Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Stamford, Conn.), docetaxel (e.g. Taxotere®, from Aventis S. A., Frankfurt, Germany) methotrexate, azathioprine, vincristine, vinblastine, fluorouracil, doxorubicin hydrochloride (e.g. Adriamycin® from Pharmacia &amp; Upjohn, Peapack N.J.), and mitomycin (e.g. Mutamycin® from Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Stamford, Conn.). Examples of such antiplatelets, anticoagulants, antifibrin, and antithrombins include sodium heparin, low molecular weight heparins, heparinoids, hirudin, argatroban, forskolin, vapiprost, prostacyclin and prostacyclin analogues, dextran, D-phe-pro-arg-chloromethylketone (synthetic antithrombin), dipyridamole, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa platelet membrane receptor antagonist antibody, recombinant hirudin, and thrombin inhibitors such as Angiomax™ (Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Mass.). Examples of such cytostatic or antiproliferative agents include angiopeptin, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors such as captopril (e.g. Capoten® and Capozide® from Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Stamford, Conn.), cilazapril or lisinopril (e.g. Prinivil® and Prinzide® from Merck &amp; Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, N.J.); calcium channel blockers (such as nifedipine), colchicine, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) antagonists, fish oil (omega 3-fatty acid), histamine antagonists, lovastatin (an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, a cholesterol lowering drug, brand name Mevacor® from Merck &amp; Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, N.J.), monoclonal antibodies (such as those specific for Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) receptors), nitroprusside, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, prostaglandin inhibitors, suramin, serotonin blockers, steroids, thioprotease inhibitors, triazolopyrimidine (a PDGF antagonist), and nitric oxide. An example of an antiallergic agent is permirolast potassium. Other therapeutic substances or agents which may be appropriate include alpha-interferon, genetically engineered epithelial cells, dexamethasone, rapamycin, and derivatives or analogs thereof.  
       EXAMPLE  
       [0029]      FIG. 6  depicts the weight loss observed for the three temperature test cases. A base primer layer and drug layer were applied and fully cured on stents. Next a topcoat layer was applied and the conductive dry method was used in place of the oven bake. The coating weight was measured at 0 time and at 30 second intervals out to 7.5 minutes. A thermocouple was used to measure the temperature used by the conductive heat pin. The 3 plots show a significant weight loss after the first minute of drying.  
         [0030]     While particular embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that changes and modifications can be made without departing from this invention in its broader aspects. Therefore, the appended claims are to encompass within their scope all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of this invention.