Abstract:
A power sourcing equipment-powered device (PSE-PD) combination unit requests inline power from a connected PSE or other PSE-PD combination unit by having the PD portion of the PD-PSE combination unit adapt its electrical characteristics, if necessary, to obtain the maximum power available. The PD-PSE combination device keeps track of available power less power consumed locally with a summation unit. A PSE manager unit grants PD power requests from downstream devices based upon the available power left (e.g., original PSE power less losses less local consumption).

Description:
STATEMENT OF RELATED CASES 
     This patent may be considered to be related to commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/961,864 filed on Oct. 7, 2004 and entitled “Bidirectional Inline Power Port” in the names of inventors Daniel Biederman, Kenneth Coley and Frederick R. Schindler. 
     This patent may also be considered to be related to commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/961,243 filed on Oct. 7, 2004 and entitled “Redundant Power and Data Over A Wired Data Telecommunications Network” in the names of inventors Daniel Biederman, Kenneth Coley and Frederick R. Schindler. 
     This patent may also be considered to be related to commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/961,904 filed on Oct. 7, 2004 and entitled “Inline Power—Based Common Mode Communications in a Wired Data Telecommunications Network” in the names of inventors Roger A. Karam, Frederick R. Schindler and Wael William Diab. 
     This patent may be considered to be related to commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/961,865 filed on Oct. 7, 2004 and entitled “Automatic System for Power and Data Redundancy in a Wired Data Telecommunications Network” in the names of inventors Roger A. Karam and Luca Cafiero. That application is hereby incorporated herein by reference as if set forth fully herein. 
     This patent may also be considered to be related to commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/982,383 filed on Nov. 5, 2004 and entitled “Power Management for Serial-Powered Device Connections” in the name of inventor Roger A. Karam. 
     This patent may also be considered to be related to commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/022,266 filed on Dec. 23, 2004 and entitled “Redundant Power and Data In A Wired Data Telecommunications Network” in the names of inventors Roger A. Karam and Luca Cafiero. 
     This patent may also be considered to be related to commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/000,734 filed on Nov. 30, 2004 and entitled “Power and Data Redundancy in a Single Wiring Closet” in the names of inventors Roger A. Karam and Luca Cafiero. 
     This patent may also be considered to be related to commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/981,203 filed on Nov. 3, 2004 and entitled “Powered Device Classification In A Wired Data Telecommunications Network” in the name of inventors Roger A. Karam and John F. Wakerly. 
     This patent may also be considered to be related to commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/981,202 filed on Nov. 3, 2004 and entitled “Current Imbalance Compensation for Magnetics in a Wired Data Telecommunications Network” in the names of inventors Roger A. Karam and John F. Wakerly. 
     This patent may also be considered to be related to commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/845,021 filed May 13, 2004 and entitled “Improved Power Delivery over Ethernet Cable” in the names of inventors Wael William Diab and Frederick R. Schindler. 
     This patent may also be considered to be related to commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 6,541,878 entitled “Integrated RJ-45 Magnetics with Phantom Power Provision” in the name of inventor Wael William Diab. 
     This patent may also be considered to be related to commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/850,205 filed May 20, 2004 and entitled “Methods and Apparatus for Provisioning Phantom Power to Remote Devices” in the name of inventors Wael William Diab and Frederick R. Schindler. 
     This patent may also be considered to be related to co-pending commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/033,808 filed Dec. 18, 2001 and entitled “Signal Disruption Detection in Powered Networking Systems” in the name of inventor Roger A. Karam. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to networking equipment which is powered by and/or powers other networking equipment over wired data telecommunications network connections. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Inline power (also known as Power over Ethernet and PoE) is a technology for providing electrical power over a wired telecommunications network from power source equipment (PSE) to a powered device (PD) over a link section. The power may be injected by an endpoint PSE at one end of the link section or by a midspan PSE along a midspan of a link section that is distinctly separate from and between the medium dependent interfaces (MDIs) to which the ends of the link section are electrically and physically coupled. 
     PoE is defined in the IEEE (The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.) Standard Std 802.3af-2003 published 18 Jun. 2003 and entitled “IEEE Standard for Information technology—Telecommunications and information exchange between systems—Local and metropolitan area networks—Specific requirements: Part 3 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Access Method and Physical Layer Specifications: Amendment: Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) Power via Media Dependent Interface (MDI)” (herein referred to as the “IEEE 802.3af standard”). The IEEE 802.3af standard is a globally applicable standard for combining the transmission of Ethernet packets with the transmission of DC-based power over the same set of wires in a single Ethernet cable. It is contemplated that Inline power will power such PDs as Internet Protocol (IP) telephones, surveillance cameras, switching and hub equipment for the telecommunications network, biomedical sensor equipment used for identification purposes, other biomedical equipment, radio frequency identification (RFID) card and tag readers, security card readers, various types of sensors and data acquisition equipment, fire and life-safety equipment in buildings, and the like. The power is direct current, 48 Volt power available at a range of power levels from roughly 0.5 watt to about 15.4 watts in accordance with the standard. There are mechanisms within the IEEE 802.3af standard to allocate a requested amount of power. Other proprietary schemes also exist to provide a finer and more sophisticated allocation of power than that provided by the IEEE 802.3af standard while still providing basic compliance with the standard. As the standard evolves, additional power may also become available. Conventional 8-conductor type RG-45 connectors (male or female, as appropriate) are typically used on both ends of all Ethernet connections. They are wired as defined in the IEEE 802.3af standard. Two conductor wiring such as shielded or unshielded twisted pair wiring (or coaxial cable or other conventional network cabling) may be used so each transmitter and receiver has a pair of conductors associated with it. 
       FIGS. 1A ,  1 B and  1 C are electrical schematic diagrams of three different variants of PoE as contemplated by the IEEE 802.3af standard. In  FIG. 1A  a data telecommunications network  10   a  comprises a switch or hub  12   a  with integral power sourcing equipment (PSE)  14   a . Power from the PSE  14   a  is injected on the two data carrying Ethernet twisted pairs  16   aa  and  16   ab  via center-tapped transformers  18   aa  and  18   ab . Non-data carrying Ethernet twisted pairs  16   ac  and  16   ad  are unused in this variant. The power from data carrying Ethernet twisted pairs  16   aa  and  16   ab  is conducted from center-tapped transformers  20   aa  and  20   ab  to powered device (PD)  22   a  for use thereby as shown. In  FIG. 1B  a data telecommunications network  10   b  comprises a switch or hub  12   b  with integral power sourcing equipment (PSE)  14   b . Power from the PSE  14   b  is injected on the two non-data carrying Ethernet twisted pairs  16   bc  and  16   bd . Data carrying Ethernet twisted pairs  16   ba  and  16   bb  are unused in this variant for power transfer. The power from non-data carrying Ethernet twisted pairs  16   bc  and  16   bd  is conducted to powered device (PD)  22   b  for use thereby as shown. In  FIG. 1C  a data telecommunications network  10   c  comprises a switch or hub  12   c  without integral power sourcing equipment (PSE). Midspan power insertion equipment  24  simply passes the data signals on the two data carrying Ethernet twisted pairs  16   ca - 1  and  16   cb - 1  to corresponding data carrying Ethernet twisted pairs  16   ca - 2  and  16   cb - 2 . Power from the PSE  14   c  located in the Midspan power insertion equipment  24  is injected on the two non-data carrying Ethernet twisted pairs  16   cc - 2  and  16   cd - 2  as shown. The power from non-data carrying Ethernet twisted pairs  16   cc - 2  and  16   cd - 2  is conducted to powered device (PD)  22   c  for use thereby as shown. Note that powered end stations  26   a ,  26   b  and  26   c  are all the same so that they can achieve compatibility with each of the previously described variants. 
     Turning now to  FIGS. 1D and 1E , electrical schematic diagrams illustrate variants of the IEEE 802.3af standard in which 1000 Base T communication is enabled over a four pair Ethernet cable. Inline power may be supplied over two pair or four pair. In  FIG. 1D  the PD accepts power from a pair of diode bridge circuits such as full wave diode bridge rectifier type circuits well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Power may come from either one or both of the diode bridge circuits, depending upon whether inline power is delivered over Pair  1 - 2 , Pair  3 - 4  or Pair  1 - 2 +Pair  3 - 4 . In the circuit shown in  FIG. 1E  a PD associated with Pair  1 - 2  is powered by inline power over Pair  1 - 2  and a PD associated with Pair  3 - 4  is similarly powered. The approach used will depend upon the PD to be powered. In accordance with both of these versions, bidirectional full duplex communication may be carried out over each data pair, if desired. 
     Inline power is also available through techniques that are non-IEEE 802.3 standard compliant as is well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. 
     In order to provide regular inline power to a PD from a PSE it is a general requirement that two processes first be accomplished. First, a “discovery” process must be accomplished to verify that the candidate PD is, in fact, adapted to receive inline power. Second, a “classification” process must be accomplished to determine an amount of inline power to allocate to the PD, the PSE having a finite amount of inline power resources available for allocation to coupled PDs. 
     The discovery process looks for an “identity network” at the PD. The identity network is one or more electrical components which respond in certain predetermined ways when probed by a signal from the PSE. One of the simplest identity networks is a resistor coupled across the two pairs of common mode power/data conductors. The IEEE 802.3af standard calls for a 25,000 ohm resistor to be presented for discovery by the PD. The resistor may be present at all times or it may be switched into the circuit during the discovery process in response to discovery signals from the PSE. 
     The PSE applies some inline power (not “regular” inline power, i.e., reduced voltage and limited current) as the discovery signal to measure resistance across the two pairs of conductors to determine if the 25,000 ohm identity network is present. This is typically implemented as a first voltage for a first period of time and a second voltage for a second period of time, both voltages exceeding a maximum idle voltage (0-5 VDC in accordance with the IEEE 802.3af standard) which may be present on the pair of conductors during an “idle” time while regular inline power is not provided. The discovery signals do not enter a classification voltage range (typically about 15-20V in accordance with the IEEE 802.3af standard) but have a voltage between that range and the idle voltage range. The return currents responsive to application of the discovery signals are measured and a resistance across the two pairs of conductors is calculated. If that resistance is the identity network resistance, then the classification process may commence, otherwise the system returns to an idle condition. 
     In accordance with the IEEE 802.3af standard, the classification process involves applying a voltage in a classification range to the PD. The PD may use a current source to send a predetermined classification current signal back to the PSE. This classification current signal corresponds to the “class” of the PD. In the IEEE 802.3af standard as presently constituted, the classes are as set forth in Table I: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE I 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 PSE Classification 
                 Corresponding 
               
               
                 Class 
                 Current Range (mA) 
                 Inline Power Level (W) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0 
                 0–5 
                 15.4 
               
               
                 1 
                  8–13 
                 4.0 
               
               
                 2 
                 16–21 
                 7.0 
               
               
                 3 
                 25–31 
                 15.4 
               
               
                 4 
                 35–45 
                 15.4 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The discovery process is therefore used in order to avoid providing inline power (at full voltage of −48VDC) to so-called “legacy” devices which are not particularly adapted to receive or utilize inline power. 
     The classification process is therefore used in order to manage inline power resources so that available power resources can be efficiently allocated and utilized. 
     IEEE 802.3af power over Ethernet technology is focused on providing power from a single PSE to a single PD, the typical situation where a data port on an Ethernet switch powers an attached PD such as a VOIP telephone. In many cases where PDs are used, it may be desirable to provide some redundancy in terms of data and/or power delivery for cases in which equipment (hubs, switches, cable and the like) providing the power and/or data fails to continue to do so. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A power sourcing equipment-powered device (PSE-PD) combination unit requests inline power from a connected PSE or other PSE-PD combination unit by having the PD portion of the PD-PSE combination unit adapt its electrical characteristics, if necessary, to obtain the maximum power available. The PD-PSE combination device keeps track of available power less power consumed locally with a summation unit. A PSE manager unit grants PD power requests from downstream devices based upon the available power left (e.g., original PSE power less losses less local consumption). 
     Other aspects of the inventions are described and claimed below, and a further understanding of the nature and advantages of the inventions may be realized by reference to the remaining portions of the specification and the attached drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated into and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate one or more embodiments of the present invention and, together with the detailed description, serve to explain the principles and implementations of the invention. 
       In the drawings: 
         FIGS. 1A ,  1 B,  1 C,  1 D and  1 E are electrical schematic diagrams of portions of data telecommunications networks in accordance with the prior art. 
         FIG. 2  is a system block diagram of a network comprising a plurality of PSE-PD combination units arranged in a daisy chain configuration in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a system block diagram of a pair of PSE-PD combination units in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  is a system block diagram of a PSE-PD combination unit illustrating power utilization and availability in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5  is a system block diagram of a pair of PSE-PD combination units coupled in a daisy chain configuration in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Embodiments of the present invention described in the following detailed description are directed at methods and apparatuses for providing inline power to multiple daisy chained devices in a wired data telecommunications network. Those of ordinary skill in the art will realize that the detailed description is illustrative only and is not intended to restrict the scope of the claimed inventions in any way. Other embodiments of the present invention, beyond those embodiments described in the detailed description, will readily suggest themselves to those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure. Reference will now be made in detail to implementations of the present invention as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Where appropriate, the same reference indicators will be used throughout the drawings and the following detailed description to refer to the same or similar parts. 
     In the interest of clarity, not all of the routine features of the implementations described herein are shown and described. It will, of course, be appreciated that in the development of any such actual implementation, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made in order to achieve the developer&#39;s specific goals, such as compliance with application- and business-related constraints, and that these specific goals will vary from one implementation to another and from one developer to another. Moreover, it will be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time-consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking of engineering for those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure. 
     Note that since fixed voltages are generally used for inline power provision in data communications networks implementing inline power, the terms “power” and “current” are largely interchangeable as used herein. While we often refer to “power” being allocated or requested, more technically it is usually the electrical current magnitude which is being allocated and requested, thus, the two terms should be treated as equivalents for the purposes of this disclosure. 
     Data communications networks have become an integral part of everyday life for many people. As more and more applications for data networks become available, more and more devices are becoming available which not only require a data connection but also require a power connection. Integrated circuitry generally makes power demands of such circuitry relatively small, however, voice over internet protocol (VOIP) telephones, networked cameras, networked sensors, wireless access points, and the like all often require at least a few watts of power and can benefit from daisy-chained connectivity without the requirement for a cable run back to a server or switch at every node. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 2 , a basic configuration of a network segment in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention is illustrated. In  FIG. 2 , network segment  100  comprises, for example, a POE enabled switch  102 , at least one port of which  104  is configured as power sourcing equipment (PSE). Such ports (and all ports discussed herein) may be implemented with conventional wired network connectors such as female RG-45 connectors or other suitable connectors as are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. A first cable  106  couples PSE  104  with first PSE-PD combination unit  108 . First PSE-PD combination unit  108  includes a pair of ports: a first port  110  configured as a powered device (PD) and a second port  112  configured as power sourcing equipment (PSE). The design and operation of first PSE-PD combination unit  108  is described in detail below. A second cable  114  couples second port  112  with first port  116  of second PSE-PD combination unit  118 . A second port  120  of second PSE-PD combination unit  118  is configured as PSE and is available for coupling to additional devices, in the same manner as discussed above. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 3 , the PSE-PD combination unit is now described in more detail. The PSE-PD combination device  122  requests the maximum power in the power classification stage when the unit is first coupled to a PSE such as PSE port  104 . This is done by presenting a first identity network such as an electrical component or components across conductors coupling the PD component  124  to a PSE port  126  such as a port of an inline-powered Ethernet switch, or the like. Where the network in question is IEEE 802.3af compliant, a conventional IEEE 802.3af negotiation for inline power takes place with the PD component requesting maximum power from the coupled PSE port  126 . If the PSE port  126  has the requested power available it will grant the request, otherwise it will reject the request. If the request is rejected, the PD component  124  does not give up, instead it requests the next lower amount of power by presenting a different identity network. In accordance with the IEEE 802.3af approach, the components are electrical resistors with certain resistance values corresponding to certain power classes as specified in the IEEE 802.3af standard. It should be noted, however, that this invention is intended to be applicable to the current IEEE 802.3af standard, subsequent versions of the standard and other similar approached for providing inline power over wired data telecommunications networks, whether IEEE 802.3af compliant or not. 
     When the PD  124  presents an identity network corresponding to a lower power request, the request will be either accepted or rejected by PSE port  126 . If accepted, the power will be provided at the lower level, if rejected, the process will continue until power is provided or the PD runs out of classes to try. If the PD component  124  runs out of classes to try, never having received an acceptance of a power request, it will then give up and no inline power will be transferred from port  126  to PD component  124 . 
     In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, resistors are used as the identity network and a power request selection switch (PRSS) (which may be any form of suitable switching circuitry)  128  selects a suitable resistance from a power request resistor bank  130  to present to the coupled port  126  during the inline power negotiation phase. The PRSS  128  operates under the control of a controller circuit  132  (which may be implemented with an RC (resistor-capacitor) circuit, nonvolatile memory, CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) memory, or other suitable circuitry). The controller circuit  132  is coupled to PD component  124  so that it is aware of the state of negotiations for power. 
     Once a request for power is accepted, the entire PSE-PD combination unit powers up. Once powered up, the requested power value from the PSE  126  is presented to summation unit  134  (which, as discussed above, may be implemented with a microprocessor). From that power value is subtracted a measured or assumed value for the power consumed within the PSE-PD combination unit and, optionally, any measured or assumed power losses due to cabling. The summation unit calculates the remaining power value available and makes that value available to the PSE component  136  so that it may provide up to that value to a daisy chained PD unit such as second PSE-PD combination unit  138 . 
     The number of devices in the chain is limited by the granularity of power sensing and power classes established (e.g., under IEEE 802.3af there are 4 classes: 0, 4, 7, 15.4 watts). It is anticipated that higher levels of power will eventually be made available under IEEE 802.3af and possibly finer granularity allowing more classes. With three levels of delivered power available, the present invention can be utilized to support a maximum of three devices each consuming four watts or less. By decreasing the granularity of the current sensing, more devices could be supported to share the total of 15.4 watts (potential more on future systems). 
     The PSE-PD combination unit can, for example, include circuitry to provide functionality such as an IP camera, a VOIP telephone, a sensor, and the like, with the power for these functions supplied as inline power and accounted for as consumed power as discussed above. 
     Three primary functional blocks of the PSE-PD combination unit are: (1) The PD component  124  which acts as a PD power request unit to request power from a coupled PSE based on predefined current limits drawn by the PD in the power classification stage. These current limits are represented by resistance values in one embodiment of the invention. By adjusting the PRSS  128  the power requested is changed (usually reduced after a rejection). Once a power request is accepted, the PRSS  128  stays in that state until a new power classification cycle is initiated (typically upon reboot of a switch or an interruption in connectivity to the PSE  126 . The state of the PRSS  128  is representative of the power available to the PSE-PD combination unit  122  and a corresponding value is provided to the summation unit  134 . (2) The summation unit  134  which sums power values from the PSE  126  with the power consumed (either measured or assumed). (3) The PSE Manager Unit  140  which grants (or rejects) PD power requests from PDs coupled to PSE port  136 . 
     Turning now to  FIG. 4  the PSE-PD combination unit  122  operates as follows. First, the PD component  124  of the PSE-PD combination unit  122  is connected to a port configured as PSE such as port  126 . The PRSS  128  is set to (by default) to request maximum power under the inline power scheme in effect. The port  126  and the PD component  124  engage in an inline power negotiation phase as discussed above and some level of power is provided to the PD component  124  (if no power is provided, the process stops). The PSE-PD combination unit  122  powers up as inline power becomes available and calculates the amount of power available to the next device with the summation unit  134 . The summation unit  134  makes its information available to the PSE Manager Unit  140 . (Note that the controller  132 , PSE Manager Unit  140  and Summation Unit  134  could all be implemented as one microprocessor or fixed logic circuitry, if desired). 
     Turning now to  FIG. 5 , the operation continues as a second PSE-PD Combination Unit  122 ′ has its PD component  124 ′ coupled to the PSE component  136  of first combination unit  122 . As shown in  FIG. 5 , there are ten total resistors in each power request resistor bank  130 ,  130 ′ illustrated in  FIG. 5  (this differs from the implementation illustrated in  FIGS. 3 and 4  where there are “m” resistors in each bank). Resistor value is set in such a way that requested power is reduced (in this embodiment) by one-tenth of the maximum power of 15.4 watts. PRSS  128  on PSE-PD combination unit  122 ′ is set by default to select resistor R 10  when PSE-PD combination unit  122 ′ is plugged into PSE-PD combination unit  122 . It therefore requests a maximum power from PSE-PD combination unit  122  of 15.4 watts (which is not available due to circuitry power losses and use in PSE-PD combination unit  122 ). Accordingly, the request fails. Thereafter the second PSE-PD combination unit  122 ′ reconfigures PRSS  128  to select a resistor corresponding to a power request of 90% of the previous request (i.e., 13.86 watts). It fails again. The PRSS is set to R 8  whereupon the power request is accepted and 11.32 watts of inline power are provided from first PSE-PD combination unit  122  to second PSE-PD combination unit  122 ′. 
     While embodiments and applications of this invention have been shown and described, it will now be apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of this disclosure that many more modifications than mentioned above are possible without departing from the inventive concepts disclosed herein. Therefore, the appended claims are intended to encompass within their scope all such modifications as are within the true spirit and scope of this invention.