Abstract:
An electric motor and its controller are specially adapted for variable speed applications. The stator of the motor has its main windings controlled by triacs. The triacs are placed to allow the main windings to operate in series at low speed and in parallel at high speeds. The firing delay of the operating triacs is controlled in both series and parallel winding operations to aid in smooth operation of the motor. The auxiliary winding is preferably left uncontrolled to contribute a regular sinusoidal component to the windings power at all times. The controller receives the speed command and figures firing delay and outputs triac control pulses at one of a plurality of settings to bring the motor to the selected speed. In this manner a simple, inexpensive, and continuously variable speed motor may be realized with good performance characteristics.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates generally to electric motors. The present invention relates more specifically to induction motors utilized in applications demanding a range of variable speeds. 
     2. Discussion of the Related Art 
     Many applications for electric motors demand variable speeds with a known load on the motor. For example a blower motor in a household heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system will typically be a fractional horsepower motor driving a blower unit or fan blade which represents a known load varying regularly by speed in revolutions per minute. 
     Inexpensive induction motors are desirably utilized in many applications. These motors are not particularly well adapted for variable speed usage. Rather they are designed to operate efficiently only at one best speed and inefficiencies result when trying to run the motor at other than the designed speed. However, many systems, such as the above HVAC applications, would benefit greatly from having a wider range of motor speeds available. 
     In the past art, a variable range of speeds from one induction motor was obtained through the use of expensive controllers changing the frequency and voltage of the input to the motor windings or by using a multi-tap motor to attain a number of fixed selectable speeds by mechanical switching between the taps. 
     Expensive controllers such as these were necessary because, as the input to the motor windings strays farther from sinusoidal, motor efficiency and power factor drop while total harmonic distortion rises, resulting in unacceptable noise, heat, efficiency loss, and motor life. 
     Thus, known motor controllers utilizing inexpensive switching mechanisms, such as triacs, to control power to the motor windings by “chopping” the sinusoidal waveform input were thought to be of limited use in applications of continuously variable motor speed control. 
     In an article entitled “A Single Phase Induction Motor Voltage Controller with Improved Performance”, J. D. Law, T. A. Lipo,  IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics , Vol. PE-1, No. 4, October 1986, pp 240-247; triac control of paired main and auxiliary windings is suggested to run the pairs first in series then in parallel to maintain constant motor speed as the load varies from a low to a high, or fully rated, load. A constant firing delay angle based on empirical study is input to the triac controller using DIP switches. The phase delay is measured with a voltage zero crossing detector and zero current detector. The current hold off angle is then computed and adjusted to make the phase delay and current hold off equal to the predetermined firing delay to maintain constant rated or near-rated speed under the varying load conditions to maintain as closely as possible the full speed the motor was designed for. 
     The present invention is rather concerned with the opposite effect of obtaining reasonably efficient variable speed for a load of known characteristics with a low cost induction motor and controller system. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In a variable speed motor application a particular motor speed is called for according to an environmental demand placed on the motor function e.g. moving air or other compressible fluids. For example, a thermostat may determine that more conditioned air needs to be moved in a ventilation system, thus requiring an increase in blower unit rotation and concurrent motor speed. 
     The controller decodes the speed demand signal and determines if the main windings should operate in series or in parallel configuration. It also determines the firing rate or delay angle, of the triacs to achieve the desired motor speed and greatest motor efficiency at the expected load. The auxiliary windings are preferably left unswitched to provide a constant sinusoidal component to the input power in order to increase power factor, and lower total harmonic distortion in the motor and thereby increase efficiency and reduce noise and heat. 
     The present invention provides an inexpensive system for obtaining variable speed electric motor operation over known load ranges. The stator main windings of the motor are switch-controlled, preferably by triacs, in an exclusive OR function, to run in series at lower speeds and in parallel at higher speeds. The switch point between parallel and series operation is determined empirically according to the motor usage, or load, and designed into the motor controller in the form of memory such as a look-up-table or by calculable result of an algorithm. Because the load of a blower varies in known relation to the speed of the motor, the slip can be determined and controlled by adjustment of the firing delay angle of the triacs with use of only a zero crossing voltage detector for feedback. 
     Where fine adjustments are necessary, a tachometer may be added as a motor speed feedback to the controller to ensure continuously variable speed adjustments. Where available, the tachometer may also be used to determine the switch point between series and parallel main winding operations. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is an overview of a system utilizing a variable speed induction motor according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 is an alternate embodiment showing a 2-stage environmental demand apparatus. 
     FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of the stator windings and triac placement thereon. 
     FIG. 4 is a schematic of the motor controller according to a preferred embodiment of the invention. 
     FIG. 5 is a flow chart detailing the series/parallel switching and firing delay adjustment operation of the controller. 
     FIG. 6 is a schematic of an alternative motor controller showing triac control of the auxiliary winding. 
     FIG. 7 is a schematic showing alternative winding arrangements. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Referencing FIG. 1, an operational system  11 , such as an HVAC system, has speed demand system  13  derived from environmental sensing and control units such as a thermostat or other furnace control apparatus; a motor controller  15  for accepting input from the environmental demand system  13  and outputting control signals to a motor  17  which drives a load  19 , such as a blower unit, fan blades or other compressible fluid moving mechanisms as represented in FIG. 1 by a fan blade  20 . A tachometer  21  such as a Hall effect device or other known angular speed measuring means is placed to measure motor speed and report the speed information back to the motor controller  15 . 
     The speed demand system  13  is illustrated as having a temperature probe  23  in an air plenum  25  for its sensing unit upon which the speed demand for the motor  17  would be determined and communicated to the motor controller  15 . Various known demand systems and operations may be used in the system of the present invention. 
     Alternatively, referencing FIG. 2, it will be appreciated that an external environmental control unit such as a thermostat  27  may only give the motor controller an on/off signal at which point an internal or separately placed, speed demand system  29 , such as one having differential temperature sensors  26 ,  28  located within the plenum  25 , may determine the speed requirements for the motor  17  and report them to the motor controller  15 . 
     Referencing FIG. 3, first and second main windings  31 ,  33 , respectively, and auxiliary winding  35  of the motor  17  are shown connected across a voltage supply  36  as parallel legs  45 ,  47 ,  49  respectively of the stator circuit  37  of the motor. The windings  31 ,  33 ,  35  need not have an equal number of turns, as illustrated in FIG.  7 . Any or all of the main and auxiliary windings may have an unequal number of turns selected to provide the greatest motor efficiency when operating the motor at a given speed and in a given mode. First and second main windings  31 ,  33  have first and second triac  39 ,  41 , respectively, at opposing ends of their parallel legs. A third triac  43  provides a switchable path between the main winding parallel legs  45 ,  47  to provide in-series operation of the main windings by operating the third triac  43  while the first and second triacs  39 ,  41  are not operational. While the auxiliary winding leg  49  is shown with a constant capacitor  51 , it is envisioned that any known arrangement of start and run capacitors may be utilized with the present invention. The auxiliary winding  49  is preferably left in parallel with the main windings to provide a constant sinusoidal component to the total power in the windings. 
     Referencing FIG. 4, the motor controller  15  comprises a microprocessor or programmable microcontroller  53  with an internal oscillator, accepting a speed demand  55  input from the environmental demand unit  13  and a tachometer input  57  from the tachometer  21 ; a rectifying diode  56 , a filter capacitor  58 , a voltage regulator  59  across AC line power  61 , a resistor  63  for establishing zero voltage detection to the microcontroller  53 , and first, second, and third opto-isolators  65 ,  67 ,  69  for control inputs to the respective first, second and third triacs  39 ,  41 ,  43 . 
     The microprocessor  53  is preferably a low power device such as model No. PIC 12C508, available from Microchip Technology Inc., of Phoenix, Ariz., which draws on the order of 1-2 mA. The voltage regulator  59  is also a lower power device preferably drawing less than 1 MA such as part no. VB408 from ST Microelectronics (www.st.com), and the opto-isolation units  65 ,  67 ,  69  such as part No. MOC 3023 from QT Optoelectronics Co. of Sunnyvale, Calif., are also low power devices operating at 5 mA. By selecting lower power devices, load current of the controller is low and the IR drop required is low resulting in little wasted power or heat thereby allowing the present invention to generate low voltage by regulating the rectified AC power line  61  and thus saving the cost of a transformer. Alternately, a resistor divider from the power line may be used to lower the voltage, with about one watt of additional power loss, so that a low voltage regulator may be used. 
     The LEDs of the opto-isolators, or optically coupled trigger devices  65 ,  67 ,  69  are driven by a first and second output lines  71 ,  73  from the microcontroller  53 . The serial winding operation triac trigger device  69  is connected in opposite polarity to the parallel winding operation trigger devices  65  and  67 . Thus, the parallel trigger devices  65 ,  67  are exclusively OR&#39;ed with the serial trigger device  69 . If both microprocessor outputs  71 ,  73  are equal all triacs  39 ,  41 ,  43  are off. If the first output  71  is high, the parallel winding operation triacs  39 ,  41  will conduct. If the second output  73  is high, the serial winding operation triac  43  will conduct. Thus, so long as when transitioning between series and parallel winding configuration modes, an operating triac is forced or allowed to have its load current go through zero, i.e. turn off, before selecting the next winding configuration mode, no condition can operate both modes simultaneously. Thus, there is no danger during power up or software failure of a short across the power line drawing excess current and damaging the triacs  39 ,  41 ,  43 . 
     Referencing FIG. 6, in an alternative embodiment, a motor controller  75  is easily connectable to a conventional furnace as is manufactured in volume today. A furnace controller, or environmental demand system, has two 120VAC inputs to the motor controller. If the first input  77  is high, i.e. 120VAC present, this corresponds to the furnace being in the air conditioning mode. In the air conditioning mode the demand is for the fan to be at or near, i.e. substantially, the maximum motor speed. If the second input  79  is high, this corresponds to the furnace being in the heating mode, and asking the fan to be at a preset speed within the range of about sixty to ninety percent of maximum speed. There is a third input  81  coming from a thermostat having a fan switch. This is usually a 24VAC signal and will ask the furnace to recirculate the air at a preset speed in the range of about 300-600 rpm, or twenty five to fifty percent of maximum. If the thermostat is in this recirculation mode, and either the first input  77  or second input  79  goes high, the third input  81  will be overridden. 
     To make the motor installation easy for the installer, the motor controller may have a EEPROM  83  with a preset variety of motor speeds for selection of the proper speed setting for each of the above discussed modes of the furnace. The furnace is placed in one of the three operating modes, and the installer then presses an up button  85  or down button  87  to increase or decrease the motor speed. Once the proper speed is selected, that speed setting is locked in, or set, for that operational mode. The setting is kept in EEPROM for the controller to use indefinitely. Then the furnace is changed to the next mode and the process is repeated until all three modes are set. Thus in this alternative embodiment, the motor is variable over a wide range of speeds but has only two or three widely spaced motor speed settings. Where large changes in motor speed are to occur between speed settings, there may be software controlled power cycle removal for a small number of cycles, especially as between high speeds and lower speeds, in order to allow the motor to slow thus preventing current surges when starting operation of the motor at the lower speed. When going from a low speed to a high speed, power cycle removal should be only long enough to protect the triacs without causing undue current surge at the switch to higher speed operation. 
     When it is required for the motor to be off, and the auxiliary winding is placed across the AC line with no preceding way to shut off the line power, a fourth triac  89  is placed in series with the auxiliary winding and is turned off when all three of the main winding triacs  39 ,  41 ,  43  are off. Alternatively, one may place the auxiliary winding across one of the run windings as seen in FIG.  7 . This would eliminate the need for the fourth triac but may result in decreased motor performance. 
     A switch point for determining series and parallel winding operations is empirically selected for the motor system between two numbers on the speed setting scale. In the present example with twenty four speed settings, the switch point may e.g. be between twelve and thirteen with twelve or less being series windings operation and thirteen or greater being parallel windings operation. The switch in motor operation need not occur at fifty percent of motor speed and can be different for different constructions and arrangements of motors. For example, it has been found that high speed series operation of the windings is more efficient than low speed parallel operation of the windings. Therefore when in that range of speed settings, the operator may wish to push the series windings operation settings to a higher percentage of the rated motor speed before changing operation to parallel windings, perhaps to as much as seventy plus percent of rated speed. 
     When the motor is operating near the switchpoint, hysteresis should be provided in order to minimize the number of changes in operation mode between series and parallel. In the preferred embodiment software supplied hysteresis serves to prevent chatter at operational points close to the switch over point. Opto-isolation prevents back EMF from stressing the controller or the triacs. As an added precaution, delays in switching may be programmed, e.g. power may be turned off for one or more half cycles between series/parallel transitions to prevent any possible shorting of the triacs  39 ,  41 ,  43  across the line. 
     Referencing FIG. 5, the speed demand input  55  is sent to the microprocessor  53 . The speed demand input  55  may, for example, be a pulse width modulated (PWM) signal although other forms of input may be accommodated. The microprocessor  53  counts the PWM high cycle, i.e. decodes or translates, the speed demand input to a speed setting number level usable by the microprocessor and compares it to the current speed setting. The number of speed settings is limited only by the microprocessor capability, but in the present embodiment is preferably between two and one thousand twenty four choices, inclusive, which is believed to be adequate for most variable speed applications. In the present embodiment the PWM count is divided by four to limit the number of speed setting number level choices. If the speed setting level is greater than the current speed setting, the speed setting is incremented. If the speed setting level is less than the current speed setting, the speed setting is decremented. When a new speed setting is established, it serves as index number for a look-up table returning the triac to be operated and the appropriate phase delay timing for that speed. Separate tables may be used for series operation and parallel operation. Alternatively, the phase delay may be calculated according to an equation such as for a speed to load curve or speed to firing delay curve contained within the microprocessor. 
     While in the foregoing specification this invention has been described in relation to certain preferred embodiments thereof, and many details have been set forth for the purpose of illustration, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention is susceptible to additional embodiments and that certain of the details described herein can be varied considerably without departing from the basic principles of the invention.