Abstract:
In one aspect, the present invention provides a watercraft fin including a first side surface and a second side surface wherein at least one of the first side surface or the second side surface includes a plurality of dimples.

Description:
[0001]    This application is a 35 USC Section 371 of PCT Application PCT/AU2013/000548 filed May 28, 2013 that claims the benefit of Australian Application AU2012902195, filed May 28, 2012, and Australian Application AU2012905498, filed Dec. 14, 2012. The disclosures of all of these priority documents are hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to a fin for a watercraft and in particular a fin for a surfboard. 
       BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    A key part of a watercraft, and in particular a surfboard, is the fin or fins. The fin can act as a stabilizer which allows the user or rider greater control and enjoyment over the board or watercraft. Modern surfboards most commonly use the 3 and 4 fin arrangement. These 3 and 4 fin designs known as the “Thruster” and “Quads” are able to maintain hold of the wave face and create propulsion. The propulsion is generated from the outward forces created by the side fins during turning. 
         [0004]    The Side fins (left and right) work on similar principles to an aircraft wing. Fluid as it travels over the fin, moves faster over the curved foil face than it does on the flat inside foil face of the fin. This results in a high pressure on the flat side and a low pressure on the curved side. The high pressure is pushing the foil upwards. This creates lift for an airplane wing, or in the case of a surfboard fin, the high pressure is pushing the foil/fin outwards. The lift created outwards on the fin is the sensation surfers “feel” when turning known as “drive.” The feel is based on the amount of control, speed, and maneuverability a fin can produce. Drive is activated as the surfboard is turning and the angle of attack (flow) across the fin is such that it creates lift. If this outward force (lift) can be increased then this increases the amount of drive a fin has. 
         [0005]    This increased lift has been, and remains, a significant goal for fin designers whilst trying to minimize drag. An increase in speed, while not sacrificing the control and maneuverability, is desired. As an example, for surfboards, if the rider is lighter a smaller fin can be used as less lift is required for smaller surfers. Smaller fins provide less lift due to the reduction in surface area of the foil but also less drag. The shape of the foil can also be designed to trade off between lift and drag. 
         [0006]    Over the years various attempts have been made to improve the designs of fins. Generally speaking, these attempts have failed and only served to reinforce conventional design criteria which have largely been unchanged from original designs. Such failures have also led the industry to be extremely critical of any attempts to change the standard design. 
         [0007]    While the design of the fin has been important, the actual construction of the fin is also critical. For example, it is understood that to minimize drag it is important to ensure that the surface of the fin is as smooth as possible so as to reduce the friction between the fin and water. It has been understood that friction needs to be reduced as much as possible to ensure that the fin is able to smoothly glide through the water. 
         [0008]    Despite these efforts, drag remains a problem for fin design, and hence the present invention in part seeks to reduce the drag caused by a fin. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0009]    In a broad form, there is provided a fin for a surfboard or other watercraft, wherein the surface of the fin includes a plurality of dimples which improve the performance of the fin. A dimple is like a small depression or indentation on the surface. In one aspect, the present invention provides a watercraft fin including a first side surface and a second side surface wherein at least one of the first side surface or the second side surface includes a plurality of dimples. Reference to the two sides will be understood as referring to the two main faces of a fin. In conventional fins, for a side fin one side would be substantially flat and the other side would be curved. These sides can be compared to the top and bottom of an aircraft wing. 
         [0010]    In the preferred arrangement the dimples will be substantially circular and have a diameter of between 2.0 mm and 4.5 mm, and a depth between 0.1 mm and 0.5 mm. Ideally, the diameter will be between 3.8 mm and 4.3 mm, and the depth between 0.2 mm and 0.5 mm. 
         [0011]    The spacing of the dimples is also important to the invention. It is expected that the midpoints between adjacent dimples will be between 3.7 mm and 4.5 mm apart, wherein the midpoint is considered the center of the dimple and adjacent dimples refers to two dimples that are located proximate to each other and without any other dimples being located in between. 
         [0012]    Ideally there will be some spacing between the dimples so as to not distort the shape of the foil or degrade the flex characteristics of the fin. The edges of adjacent dimples may be located between 0.2 mm and 0.5 mm apart. In preferred arrangements the distance between adjacent edges is between 0.3 mm and 0.4 mm. 
         [0013]    The dimples may also be arranged in lines. In some embodiments these lines will be substantially parallel to the base of the fin, or plane of the watercraft. The base of the fin is that part of the fin that joins with or attaches to the watercraft, whereas the opposite end is the tip of the fin. In alternative embodiments these lines will run between 170 degrees and 190 degrees relative to the base of the fin that is +/−10 degrees from parallel. 
         [0014]    In some embodiments, substantially the whole side of the fin will be dimpled. In an alternative arrangement, the dimples will be located from the widest point of the fin to the rear edge of the fin. 
         [0015]    The dimples may also be located on both sides of the fin, or limited to one side only, depending on the performance required. 
         [0016]    It is expected that fins having only one dimpled side will be dimpled on the lift generating side. 
         [0017]    Depending on the implementation, rather than being circular the dimples may be hexagonal, triangular, rectangular, oval or square in shape. Further, some arrangements may elect to have varying dimple sizes, or the dimples increasing in size in a line starting from the leading edge of the fin extending to the trailing edge of the fin. 
         [0018]    The present invention is a marked departure from conventional thinking employed in the design of current fins. The inclusion of dimples has led to marked improvements in the performance of fins, and thereby the watercraft to which they are attached. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0019]    An illustrative embodiment of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying figures. Further features and advantages of the invention will also be apparent from the accompanying description. 
           [0020]      FIG. 1   a  exemplifies the flow of water about a smooth surface. 
           [0021]      FIG. 1   b  exemplifies the flow of water about a dimpled surface. 
           [0022]      FIG. 2   a  demonstrates flow of water over the surface of a smooth foil. 
           [0023]      FIG. 2   b  demonstrates flow of water over the surface of a dimpled foil. 
           [0024]      FIG. 3   a  demonstrates the creation of vortices about the tip of a fin. 
           [0025]      FIG. 3   b  demonstrates the reduction of tip vortices through the use of dimples. 
           [0026]      FIGS. 4   a - 4   c  show the preferred location of dimples for different arrangements. 
           [0027]      FIG. 5  shows a foil of one embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0028]      FIG. 6  shows a representational cross sectional view of the foil of  FIG. 5  (i.e. the dimples are not to scale). 
           [0029]      FIG. 7  shows a foil of an alternative embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0030]      FIG. 8  shows possible shape variations for the dimples. 
           [0031]      FIG. 9  shows possible dimple arrangements on the curved outer face of a fin. 
           [0032]      FIG. 10  shows possible dimple arrangements on the “flat” inner face of a fin. 
           [0033]      FIGS. 11   a - 11   c  show possible foil shapes. 
           [0034]      FIG. 12  shows a foil of an alternative embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0035]      FIG. 13  shows a foil of an alternative embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0036]      FIG. 14  shows a foil of an alternative embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0037]      FIG. 15   a - 15   c  show possible dimple arrangements on the applicants prior fin designs. 
           [0038]      FIG. 16  shows the arrangement of a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0039]      FIG. 17  shows the preferred depth and arrangement of one embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0040]      FIGS. 18   a - 18   d  show alternative embodiments of the present invention. 
           [0041]      FIG. 19  shows the number of dimples on the curved outer face of a small isometric fin in one embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0042]      FIG. 20  shows the number of dimples per side of a small symmetrical fin in one embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0043]      FIG. 21  shows the number of dimples on the curved outer face of a medium isometric fin in one embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0044]      FIG. 22  shows the number of dimples per side of a medium symmetrical fin in one embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0045]      FIG. 23  shows the number of dimples on the curved outer face of a large isometric fin in one embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0046]      FIG. 24  shows the number of dimples per side of a large symmetrical fin in one embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0047]      FIG. 25  illustrates the spacing of dimples from the edge of the fin in one embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0048]      FIG. 26  shows an alternative measuring to that of  FIG. 25 . 
           [0049]      FIG. 27  shows preferred setbacks of dimples for a particular fin of one embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0050]      FIG. 28   a  shows simulated flow streamlines over a conventional fin. 
           [0051]      FIG. 28   b  shows simulated flow streamlines over a dimpled fin. 
           [0052]      FIG. 29  is a graph and table comparing the lift force (N) of a dimpled fin to a conventional fin without dimples. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0053]    The following description is presented to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the invention, and is provided in the context of a particular application and its requirements. Various modifications to the disclosed embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. The present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown, but is to be construed at the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein. 
         [0054]    To obtain optimum control of watercraft such as a surfboard, it is desirable to ensure the flow of water maintains contact with the control surface such as a fin. Once the water flow detaches from the surface of the foil it begins to form a separation bubble. This usually occurs during high angles of attack or sharp turns and is undesirable as the Coanda Effect (the tendency of flowing water to attach to a curved surface) no longer occurs, creating pressure drag, reducing lift, and ultimately resulting in a stalling of the fin. In effect, the watercraft reduces speed and controllability. 
         [0055]    Referring to  FIG. 1   a  the laminar flow of water about a smooth object is shown. Laminar flow is also known as streamlined flow and is the flow of a fluid in parallel layers. The fluid will continue to flow in straight lines without mixing of the layers. When a smooth shaped object is introduced into the flow, as shown in  FIG. 1   a , the parallel layers continue in the same general direction (left to right in the figure), however a large amount of separation between the layers is created. 
         [0056]    In contrast, if a dimpled surface is introduced into the flow as shown in  FIG. 1   b , the effect of the dimples is to reduce the separation. The dimples on the surface create a turbulent flow, which draws the flow back over the foil/fin and prevents back-flow, also called flow separation, from the high pressure region in the back. The turbulent boundary layer contains more energy, so it will delay separation until a greater magnitude of negative pressure gradient is reached, effectively moving the separation point further aft on the foil and possibly eliminating separation completely. 
         [0057]    This effect can also be seen in  FIG. 2   a  which exemplifies water flow over the surface of a fin. Similar to the smooth object in  FIG. 1   a , the smooth surface of the fin in  FIG. 2   a  does not provide any attraction, and allows a large separation between the water and the surface of the fin. As a result the flow shears off the foil creating cavitation which results in a stalling of the fin during maneuvers or high angles of attack.  FIG. 2   b  demonstrates the effect of the dimples on the surface of the fin. In this case, turbulent flow created by the dimples draws the lamina flow back over the curved foil surface, allowing the foil to function at more extreme angles of attack. 
         [0058]    Similarly,  FIG. 3   a  shows the known problem of vortices being created about the tip of the fin. These fin tip vortices are associated with induced drag, an unavoidable side-effect of the fin generating lift. Fin tip vortices form the major component of wake turbulence. A fin generates aerodynamic lift by creating a region of lower pressure in front of the fin as shown in  FIG. 3   a . Fluids are forced to flow from high to low pressure and the fluid behind the fin tends to migrate toward the top of the fin via the fin tips. The fluid does not escape around the leading edge of the fin due to velocity, but it can flow around the tip. As a consequence, fluid flows from behind the fin and out around the tip to the front of the fin in a circular fashion. This leakage will raise the pressure in front of the fin and reduce the lift that the fin can generate. 
         [0059]    The problem of tip vortices can be lessened through the use of dimples about the tip of the fin. This is demonstrated in  FIG. 3   b . In this case, the dimples reduce the leakage of flow over the tip. By creating a turbulent flow along the tip it draws the escaping flow back to the tip surface. 
         [0060]    All solid objects traveling through a fluid acquire a boundary layer of fluid around them where viscous forces occur in the layer of fluid close to the solid surface (being in this case the outer edge of the fin). Boundary layers can be either laminar or turbulent. 
         [0061]    Fins, to date, have a smooth surface that results in a laminar flow of water over the fins. Achieving this laminar flow has been, and remains presently, the objective in the industry. However, in high angles of attack which a fin is subject to, the laminar flow actually increases drag and reduces the performance of a fin when contrasted with the present invention. The introduction of the dimples on the fin in the present invention results in a turbulent flow of water over the surface of the fin. 
         [0062]    The introduction of dimples on the fin reduces the separation of the water flowing over the fin by pulling the water molecules to the surface of the fin, thereby delaying energy sapping separation of the water flows. This is due to reducing the laminar separation of the flowing water over the surface of the fin. 
         [0063]    Flow separation occurs when the boundary layer travels far enough against an adverse pressure gradient that the speed of the boundary layer relative to the fin falls almost to zero. The fin becomes less efficient as the boundary layer separates resulting in less lift and speed and a stalling of the fin. 
         [0064]    Boundary layer separation occurs when the portion of the boundary layer closest to the surface of the fin or leading edge reverses in flow direction. As a result, the overall boundary layer initially thickens suddenly and is then forced off the surface by the reversed flow at its bottom. The fluid flow becomes detached from the surface of the smooth surface fin, and instead takes the forms of eddies and vortices (as shown in  FIG. 2   a ). In flow dynamics, flow separation results in increased drag. 
         [0065]    When the laminar boundary layer around a fin surface separates so rapidly, it creates a very large wake with resulting cavitation of the fin. 
         [0066]    The present invention creates a dimpled surface on a fin that thereby creates a turbulent flow of water over the fin surface. 
         [0067]    The placement of dimples in areas of laminar separation of the flow over the fin delays flow separation and keeps the flow attached to the surface longer. This improves the performance of the fin at high angles of attack (such as critical maneuvers of a surfboard). 
         [0068]    The addition of dimples to the curved surface of the foil promotes the boundary layer to transition from laminar to turbulent sooner (compared to the standard design) along the foil&#39;s length. The turbulent boundary layer is able to remain attached to the surface of the foil much longer than a laminar boundary layer, reducing the overall pressure drag. A downside of this is the slightly increased viscous drag of a turbulent boundary layer compared to a laminar boundary layer. However, testing of dimpled fins has shown reduced pressure on the curved side of the fin resulting in an increased lift (9-12%) for angle of attacks between 7.5-15 degrees. 
         [0069]    The placement of the dimples can be influenced by the intended use, or desired effect of the fin. Referring to  FIGS. 4   a - 4   c , there is shown the preferred location of dimples based on the expected angle of attack. The angle of attack is the direction of the water flow when it comes into contact with the fin. In  FIG. 4   a , if the fin is traveling in a straight line then the inclusion of dimples behind the widest point of the cross-section of the foil can create a clean transition without a lamina separation bubble forming. This clean transition reduces the pressure drag caused by the foil and thus improves performance. The transition is where the flow begins to change from lamina to turbulent. When the pressure changes from high to low, the flow detaches from the foil. 
         [0070]    When fluid flows over the fin (foil), there is a layer of fluid called the boundary layer between the fins surface and where the fluid is undisturbed. Depending on the profile of the fin, the water will often flow smoothly in a thin boundary layer across much of the fin&#39;s surface. The boundary layer will be laminar near the leading edge and will become turbulent a certain distance from the leading edge (depending on surface roughness and Reynolds Number (speed)). However, there comes a point, being the separation point, in which the boundary layer breaks away from the surface of the fin due to the magnitude of the positive pressure gradient. Beneath the separated layer, bubbles of stagnant water form, creating additional drag because of the lower pressure in the wake behind the separation point. 
         [0071]    These bubbles can be reduced or even eliminated by adding dimples that trips the boundary layer into turbulence. The turbulent boundary layer contains more energy, so it will delay separation until a greater magnitude of negative pressure gradient is reached, effectively moving the separation point further aft on the foil and possibly eliminating separation completely. A consequence of the turbulent boundary layer is increased skin friction relative to a laminar boundary layer, but this is very small compared to the increase in drag associated with separation. 
         [0072]    When a board rider attempts a radical turn, the angle of attack can be considered extreme. This case is exemplified in  FIGS. 4   b  and  4   c . Surfboards turn in an arc or in S-turns, usually being between 0-35 degrees and 0-360 degrees. Extreme angles of attack would be above 35 degrees to the straight path. 
         [0073]    In some embodiments the dimples are located on one side of the fin only, as shown in  FIG. 4   b . Generally, this will be the lift generating side of the fin. However in other arrangements the dimples will be located on both sides of the fin as shown in  FIG. 4   c . This will particularly be the case for asymmetrical fins. 
         [0074]    This is to also reduce separation from the inside of the foil. Surfboards commonly have more than one fin and each side is in contact with the flow at different angles. It is desirable to reduce separation on both sides of the foil to maximize the foil performance. Separation occurs in different areas on a flat inside of a fin opposed to the curved outside of the fin. 
         [0075]    The dimpled surface induces an early transition to a turbulent flow regime with the benefit of controlling the separation of the water from the surface. 
         [0076]    Depending on the performance desired, dimples may be placed to a lesser or greater extent over the surface of the fin, or portions of the fin. Referring to  FIG. 9 , various embodiments are shown with the dimpled section of the fin in each case shaded. 
         [0077]    Each different variation will provide a different feel and different performance. Surfing conditions also vary greatly and different dimple arrangements can be preferred in different conditions, i.e. more dimple coverage will result in a grippier feel and less feeling of the fins sliding out, this arrangement would be better in steeper waves and larger waves. 
         [0078]    Generally speaking, fins have an active curved side and a flat side. A common exception is the single fin and center fin in a tri fin arrangement. In this case, the center fin is usually symmetrical with both sides being curved. These common foil shapes can be seen in  FIG. 11 .  FIG. 11   b  shows a curved upper face and a flat inner face.  FIG. 11   a  shows a curved upper face, and a slightly curved inner face which, for simplicity, we will consider flat like the foil of  FIG. 11   b .  FIG. 11   c  shows the symmetrical foil shape with both the upper and inner faces being curved. This is the foil which is commonly used as a center fin and single fin. 
         [0079]    In the present invention, the primary dimple arrangements are placed on the curved face of the fin. These arrangements have been explained above and exemplified in  FIG. 9 . However, benefit is also gained from inclusion of dimples on the “flat” side of the fin.  FIG. 10  shows the preferred location of dimples on the flat side of the fin. These are areas of expected separation. 
         [0080]    In the preferred arrangement the dimples will be circular in shape. Circular is preferred as, due to the combination of the wave and surfers&#39; maneuvering, the flow is constantly changing and there is no steady flow from one direction. The circular dimples are uniform in the way they deal with the various flow angles. In modern day surfing, the surfer may turn 360 degrees and ride the surfboard backwards. In these circumstances, the round circular dimples can give a uniform result no matter which direction the surfers is traveling. However, a variety of different shapes can be used. Preferred shapes for the dimples are shown in  FIG. 8 . The selection of dimple shape can depend on the intended use. Different performance may also be required for different craft. For example, a wake board is towed behind a boat and generally goes in a straighter line and is not subject to as wide angles of attack as a surfboard is. Therefore, the wakeboard can benefit from dimples that are not circular, such as, for example, hexagon shaped dimples, although it will be understood that circular dimples will still improve performance. 
         [0081]    In most embodiments, the dimples will be of a common size and shape. However, in some cases varying size dimples may be utilized. These variations of sized dimples could be smaller (0.1 mm depth×2.0 mm width) at the tighter radius section of the leading edge, just forward of the widest point of the fin, leading to larger dimples in increments of about 1.0 mm until they reach a maximum size of size 0.325 mm depth×4.0 mm width as they traverse the foils curved shape face, reducing in size to 0.1 mm depth×2.0 mm width in increments of 1.0 mm as they approach the trailing edge. 
         [0082]    Current testing has shown that the preferred dimples have a diameter between 2.0 mm and 4.5 mm and a depth between 0.1 mm and 0.5 mm. It has been found that if the diameter is too small, for example less than 2.0 mm, it increases drag without reducing the pressure drag or increasing the lift to counter the increase, and similarly if the diameter is too large, for example greater than 5 mm, then the surface area is increased too much and again drag is created. 
         [0083]    In the preferred embodiment the dimples have a diameter of between 2.0 mm and 4.5 mm with the optimum diameter being between 3.8 mm and 4.3 mm. The depth of the dimples would also range from 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm, with an ideal range being between 0.28 mm and 0.325 mm. 
         [0084]    In the preferred arrangement, as exemplified in  FIGS. 16 and 17 , the dimples would have a diameter of 4.036 mm and a depth of 0.325 mm. Preferably, the center of each dimple would be located 4.378 mm apart, providing a spacing of 0.367 mm between each dimple. 
         [0085]    Alternative arrangements are exemplified in  FIG. 18  which shows varying diameters, depth, and spacing of other preferred embodiments of the present invention. 
         [0086]    Ideally, the dimples will be arranged such that the distance between each dimple edge is between 0.2 mm and 5 mm. The ideal distance between the edges of each dimple is 0.3 mm to 0.4 mm. 
         [0087]    In considering distances between the center of each dimple, the preferred range is between 3.70 mm and 4.5 mm. With the above arrangement it has been found that the number of dimples per side of the fin is preferably between 350 to 900. The range of dimples per side is dependant on the size of the fin. For example, small, medium, and large sized fins may have the following dimensions and dimples: 
         [0088]    a) Small sized left and right side fin, Isometric foil:
       Base: 101.0 mm (3.98″)   Depth: 105.0 mm   Area: 8964.0 mm 2        FIG. 19  shows 382.0×3.76 mm diameter dimples on curved outer face.       
 
         [0093]    b) Small center fin symmetric foil:
       Base: 100.0 mm (3.98″)   Depth: 105.0 mm   Area: 8964.0 mm 2        FIG. 20  shows one outer face which is mirrored on the other side and has 764×3.76 mm diameter dimples on both curved outer faces.       
 
         [0098]    c) Medium sized left and right side fin, isometric foil:
       Base: 110.0 mm (4.37″)   Depth: 115.0 mm (4.55″)   Area: 9608.0 mm 2        FIG. 21  shows 418.0×4.15 mm diameter dimples on the curved outer face.       
 
         [0103]    d) Medium sized center fin symmetric foil:
       Base: 110.0 mm (4.37″)   Depth: 115.0 mm (4.55″)   Area: 9608.0 mm 2        FIG. 22  shows one outer face which is mirrored on the other side and has 836.0×4.15 mm diameter dimples on curved outer faces.       
 
         [0108]    e) Large sized left and right side fin, isometric foil:
       Base: 116.0 mm (4.55″)   Depth: 115.0 mm   Area: 9608.0 mm 2        FIG. 23  shows 456.0×4.036 mm diameter dimples on the curved outer face.       
 
         [0113]    f) Large sized center fin symmetric foil:
       Base: 116.0 mm (4.55″)   Depth: 115.0 mm a   Area: 9608.0 mm 2        FIG. 24  shows one outer face which is mirrored on the other side and has 910.0×4.036 mm diameter dimples on both curved outer faces.       
 
         [0118]      FIG. 19  to  FIG. 24  also show the preferred number of dimples on each “line.” In the preferred arrangement, each line of dimples will be substantially parallel to the surface of the surfboard or watercraft to which the fin is applied. This equates to each line of dimples being substantially parallel to the base of the fin which is then connected to the surfboard or watercraft. While the preferred arrangement will have the line of dimples being substantially parallel, or 180 degrees, other embodiments may have the dimples arranged at between 170 degrees and 190 degrees. That is, although the preferred angle of rows of dimples is parallel to the base of the fin, variations of up to 10 degrees are acceptable. 
         [0119]    Various embodiments of the fin with dimples may be provided. In one embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 5 , substantially the entire outer surface of the fin is dimpled, although the dimples are set back from the edge. Ideally, the leading edge of the fin should be dimple free so as to maintain the curve of the foil, and thus not disturbing the Coanda Effect. Similarly in the preferred arrangements, the trailing edge of the fin is dimple free so as to reduce vibration at the thinner section of the foil. Ideally, the dimples would be no closer than 5 mm to the trailing edge. 
         [0120]      FIGS. 25 and 26  demonstrate the preferred set backs from the edge of the fin. From  FIG. 25  it can be seen that the set back from the edge of the fin in a line parallel with the line of dimples is between 5.0 mm and 60.0 mm. Alternatively, as shown in  FIG. 26 , the center of each dimple closest to the edge of the fin is located between 8.0 mm and 60.0 mm perpendicularly from the edge of the fin. 
         [0121]    The preferred setback relative to dimensions of one embodiment of the present invention is also shown in  FIG. 27 . 
         [0122]    In an alternative embodiment, the fin has a dimpled surface located a set distance from the leading edge of the foil. This offset distance can be determined by reference to where the widest point of the foil is, and ensuring that the dimples begin behind this wide point. After the widest point of the foil is where the flow tends to separate. Dimples placed after the widest point will reduce the separation by creating a turbulent layer drawing the flow back. 
         [0123]    In another embodiment, the dimples are located on the fin in areas where computational flow dynamics determine the greatest flow separation (and cavitation) occurs. However, there comes a point, the separation point, in which the boundary layer breaks away from the surface of the fin due to the magnitude of the positive pressure gradient. Beneath the separated layer, bubbles of stagnant air form, creating additional drag because of the lower pressure in the wake behind the separation point. 
         [0124]    These bubbles can be reduced or even eliminated by shaping the fin to move the separation point further along or by adding dimples that trip the boundary layer into turbulence. The turbulent boundary layer contains more energy, so it will delay separation until a greater magnitude of negative pressure gradient is reached, effectively moving the separation point further aft on the foil and possibly eliminating separation completely. This separation point varies on different shaped fins, computer flow dynamics can determine the best area for dimple placement. 
         [0125]    Fin designs to date have stipulated smooth surfaces. Contrary to conventional thinking, the present invention improves the performance of watercraft fins, such as surfboard fins in modern surfing (which have dynamic maneuvers with high angles of attack) by introducing the dimpled surface to better control the surfboard. The conventional fin design with a smooth flat surface is unable to maintain its hold on the wave in extreme directional changes due to the cavitation caused by the separation of the flow over the foil surface of the fin. 
         [0126]    The dimple design utilizes turbulence to delay the flow separation, reducing cavitation and drag. The turbulent boundary layer helps the flow overcome an adverse pressure gradient and remain attached to the surface longer than it would otherwise. 
         [0127]    A surfer who has “caught a wave” and is in the process of propelling the board through the water feels the effects of the physics of fluid mechanics which dictate that the so called “attached laminar fluid flow” around either side of each of the fins occurs following the Coanda Effect during this linear motion. 
         [0128]    The size, depth, and distance apart of the dimples of the present invention are important and have a large effect on the overall performance of the fin and manufacture. If the dimples are too large in terms of depth and width, they create too much surface area resulting in an increase in the drag. Further, the lift is reduced and are therefore unable to offset the increased drag. Additionally with a larger, deeper dimple, the flex characteristics of the materials used to make the fin begin to change, making the material too thin in areas and also becoming too flexible or brittle thus reducing performance and making the fin difficult to manufacture. Conversely, dimples that are too small or shallow do not provide the increased performance but rather increase the drag of the fin. The distance between the dimples also affects the performance of the fin. If the dimples are too close together or even touching they have the effect of distorting the shape of the foil curve, thereby reducing the lift created by the fin and the Coanda Effect. Dimples too close together will again also affect the flex characteristics of the materials used to make the fin, making the material too thin in areas and becoming too flexible, thus reducing performance and making the fin difficult to manufacture. Conversely, dimples too far apart reduce the amount of lift created by the dimples and are therefore unable to offset the drag. The present invention thus provides parameters for dimples that produce improved performance that is contrary to conventional thinking within the industry. 
         [0129]    It is expected that the fin of the present invention will be produced using known plastic injection molding techniques. Injection molding is a manufacturing process for producing parts from both thermoplastic and thermosetting plastic materials. Material is fed into a heated barrel, mixed, and forced into a mould cavity where it cools and hardens to the configuration of the cavity. 
         [0130]    While injection molding is likely to be the preferred option, other techniques such as CNC cut, vacuum molding, or casting may also be used. The choice of material will also depend on the construction technique used and the desired effect. Suitable materials may include: fiberglass, polyester, polycarbonate, polycarbonate with a glass fiber, nylon, nylon with a glass fiber, aluminum, epoxy, wood, rubber, and other thermoplastics. For plastic injection, the preferred materials that replicate the flex characteristics of fiberglass are nylon with 30-50% glass fiber, or alternatively nylon with 30-50% carbon fiber or KEVLAR®. It is not essential that the flex characteristics of fiberglass be maintained, however, existing surfers are comfortable with the feel of existing fiberglass fins and hence the preference to provide a similar flex characteristic. 
         [0131]    Generally, the nylon KEVLAR® is considered less abrasive on tooling but is a less commonly used material and more expensive. 
         [0132]    Hydlar™ from Ensinger Industries Inc. has been found to be a suitable material. An alternative is Nylon 6™ from IG Farben. 
         [0133]    Nylon filled with KEVLAR® aramid fibers results in a material that is both stronger and has a greater wear resistance to nylon alone. Such a thermoplastic composite will generally outperform other reinforced plastics and, in particular, increase the tensile and flexural strengths. 
         [0134]    The advantage of this present invention can be seen in  FIG. 29  which compares the lift force (N) of a dimpled fin of the present invention compared to a conventional fin without dimples. 
         [0135]    The graph of  FIG. 29  shows the resultant lift provided by the respective fins at various flow angles (angles of attack). This graph illustrates two key points. Firstly, the dimpled design of the present invention has significantly more lift between 7.5 and 15 degrees. The increase in lift at these points is important as it increases the drive allowing a surfer to push the board harder and gain more speed through turns. 
         [0136]    The second point is that the conventional fin design is unable to reduce the dramatic stalling effect after 25 degrees is reached. While the dimpled fin still stalls beyond the 25 degree point, the stalling is not as dramatic as for a conventional fin, allowing the surfer to maintain the hold required to complete the turn. 
         [0137]    This testing supports the applicant&#39;s contention that the dimpled fin having parameters set out as in this specification increases the lift, reduces the pressure drag, and improves the fin performance of the fin as compared to a conventional fin. The advantages of the present invention can also be seen in  FIGS. 28   a  and  28   b , which show the simulated flow streamlines as they approach and go over the fin.  FIG. 28   a  shows the flow over a standard, or conventional fin, and  FIG. 28   b  shows the flow over the same fin design with the addition of dimples.  FIG. 28   a , in particular, shows fin tip vortices. Fin tip vortices are circular patterns of rotating fluid left behind a fin as it generates lift. When a fin generates hydrodynamic lift, the fluid on the top surface has lower pressure relative to the bottom surface. Fluid flows from below the fin and out around the tip to the top of the fin in a circular fashion. An emergent circulatory flow pattern named vortex is observed, featuring a low-pressure core. 
         [0138]    In considering these tip vortices, the simulated flow diagrams of  FIGS. 28   a  and  28   b  again show two aspects of the present invention. First, the tip of the standard fin has a spiraling turbulent flow in its wake. This is what is known as tip vortices. Tip vortices create drag, stalling, and reduced performance of the fin. The inclusion of dimples on the fin largely eliminate the tip vortices, resulting in reduced drag, less stalling, and an improved overall performance compared to the conventional fin. 
         [0139]    Second, it is seen that the wake created by the standard fin is considerably larger than the wake created by the dimpled fin. This shows that the dimples are passing through the water more efficiently with less flow separation or cavitation occurring. 
         [0140]    Prior to this application, it was desired and common for fins to be of a smooth surface over the total area of the fins. Contrary to this, the present invention has disclosed a dimpled surface area on the fin surprisingly increasing the lift generated by the fin and reducing the effects of pressure drag and tip vortices. 
         [0141]    Contrary to conventional thinking, the dimpled fin of the present invention provides greater drive and maneuverability, while maintaining hold and grip in the water, which is usually sacrificed when using a smooth fin in critical maneuvers. 
         [0142]    Prior to the present application the addition of dimples would have been seen as introducing imperfections that increased the surface area, drag of a fin, and, thereby, a degraded performance. The addition of dimples on the surface of the fin as described herein utilizes the turbulent flow created to maintain the connection of the water flow to the surface of the fin longer during extreme changes of direction when subject to high angles of attack. This maintains the speed and holding ability of the fin during the maneuvers, thereby increasing performance of the surfboard. 
         [0143]    While the present invention has been explained in relation to a fin for a surfboard, it will be understood that the fin could be used on other watercraft. For example: a body board, kite board, stand up paddleboard, or wakeboard. 
         [0144]    Reference throughout this specification to “one” or “an” embodiment means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. 
         [0145]    Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in a suitable manner in one or more combinations. It will be appreciated that persons skilled in the art could implement the present invention in different ways to the one described above and variations may be reduced without departing from its spirit and scope. 
         [0146]    Any discussion or documents, devices, acts, or knowledge in this specification is included to explain the context of the invention. It should not be taken as an omission that any of the material forms part of the prior art base or the common general knowledge in the relevant art, in any country, on or before the filing date of the patent application to which the present specification pertains.