Abstract:
A method and system are provided for assisting a user performing a procedure. The method includes capturing, by a camera, images of user activity while the user is performing the procedure. The method further includes converting, by computer processing system, the images of user activity into a text representation of user activity. The method also includes comparing, by the computer processing system, the textual representation of user activity to procedure documentation. The method additionally includes at least one of visually and audibly indicating, by a display and a speaker, a corrective action to the user responsive to a mismatch result from said comparing step.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     Technical Field 
       [0001]    The present invention generally relates to cognitive and contextual computing, and more particularly to translating procedural documentation into contextual visual and auditory guidance. 
       Description of the Related Art 
       [0002]    Many manual procedures are executed by people who are not familiar with them. Examples of manual procedures include, but are not limited to, a first time setup, the troubleshooting of specific problem, and so forth. Many such procedures are non-trivial, require both hands, and are complex to follow when on documentation, and must be stopped and restarted frequently (with dirty hands, and so forth) when on instructional videos. Thus, there is a need for a system to guide the user through a procedure without interruption, using available documentation as guide. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0003]    According to an aspect of the present principles, a method is provided for assisting a user performing a procedure. The method includes capturing, by a camera, images of user activity while the user is performing the procedure. The method further includes converting, by computer processing system, the images of user activity into a text representation of user activity. The method also includes comparing, by the computer processing system, the textual representation of user activity to procedure documentation. The method additionally includes at least one of visually and audibly indicating, by a display and a speaker, a corrective action to the user responsive to a mismatch result from said comparing step. 
         [0004]    According to another aspect of the present principles, a non-transitory computer readable storage medium is provided. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium includes a computer readable program for assisting a user performing a procedure. The computer readable program when executed on a computer causes the computer to perform steps of a method. The method includes capturing, by a camera, images of user activity while the user is performing the procedure. The method further includes converting, by computer processing system, the images of user activity into a text representation of user activity. The method also includes comparing, by the computer processing system, the textual representation of user activity to procedure documentation. The method additionally includes visually or audibly indicating, by a display or a speaker, a corrective action to the user responsive to a mismatch result from said comparing step. 
         [0005]    According to yet another aspect of the present principles, a system is provided for assisting a user performing a procedure. The system includes a camera for capturing images of user activity while the user is performing the procedure. The system further includes a computer processing system for converting the images of user activity into a text representation of user activity, and comparing the textual representation of user activity to procedure documentation. The system also includes a display or speaker for at least one of visually and audibly indicating a corrective action to the user responsive to a mismatch result from said comparing step. 
         [0006]    These and other features and advantages will become apparent from the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments thereof, which is to be read in connection with the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0007]    The disclosure will provide details in the following description of preferred embodiments with reference to the following figures wherein: 
           [0008]      FIG. 1  shows an exemplary processing system to which the present principles may be applied, in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles; 
           [0009]      FIG. 2  shows a system for translating procedural documentation into contextual visual and auditory guidance, in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles; 
           [0010]      FIG. 3  shows a variant of the system of  FIG. 2 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles; 
           [0011]      FIG. 4  shows an exemplary overview of processing performed by the system of  FIG. 2  and/or the system of  FIG. 3 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles; 
           [0012]      FIGS. 5-6  show an exemplary method for translating procedural documentation into contextual and auditory guidance, in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles; 
           [0013]      FIG. 7  shows an exemplary a textual part of a procedure to which the present principles can be applied, in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles; 
           [0014]      FIG. 8  shows an exemplary image of the procedure of  FIG. 7 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles; 
           [0015]      FIG. 9  shows another exemplary image of the procedure of  FIG. 7 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present principle; 
           [0016]      FIG. 10  shows a part of an exemplary textual analysis applied to the procedure of  FIG. 7 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles; 
           [0017]      FIG. 11  shows another part of an exemplary textual analysis applied to the procedure of  FIG. 7 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles; 
           [0018]      FIG. 12  shows a part of an image analysis applied to the procedure of  FIG. 7 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present principle; 
           [0019]      FIG. 13  shows a recommendation for the user regarding step  1  of the procedure  70  of  FIG. 7 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles; 
           [0020]      FIG. 14  shows a progress update on the user&#39;s performance of the procedure of  FIG. 7 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles; 
           [0021]      FIG. 15  shows an exemplary cloud computing node, in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles; 
           [0022]      FIG. 16  shows an exemplary cloud computing environment, in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles; and 
           [0023]      FIG. 17  shows exemplary abstraction model layers, in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0024]    The present principles are directed to translating procedural documentation into contextual visual and auditory guidance. 
         [0025]    In an embodiment, the present principles provide a method for guiding a user through a manual procedure for which instructions exist, by showing relevant steps, displaying suggestions and highlighting components via an optical head mounted display. One advantage of the present principles is that it is not limited to computer-based procedures, and does not require specially constructed documentation. Another advantage of the present principles is that they do not rely on an existing model. These and many other attendant advantages of the present principles are readily determined by one of ordinary skill in the art given the teachings of the present principles provided herein, while maintaining the spirit of the present principles. 
         [0026]    Thus, in an embodiment, only the documentation that comes with the item is needed (no social/connected/cloud knowledge is needed). Of course, in another embodiment, the present principles can be use of such knowledge to further supplement the assistance provided to the user. 
         [0027]      FIG. 1  shows an exemplary processing system  100  to which the present principles may be applied, in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles. The processing system  100  includes at least one processor (CPU)  104  operatively coupled to other components via a system bus  102 . A cache  106 , a Read Only Memory (ROM)  108 , a Random Access Memory (RAM)  110 , an input/output (I/O) adapter  120 , a sound adapter  130 , a network adapter  140 , a user interface adapter  150 , and a display adapter  160 , are operatively coupled to the system bus  102 . 
         [0028]    A first storage device  122  and a second storage device  124  are operatively coupled to system bus  102  by the I/O adapter  120 . The storage devices  122  and  124  can be any of a disk storage device (e.g., a magnetic or optical disk storage device), a solid state magnetic device, and so forth. The storage devices  122  and  124  can be the same type of storage device or different types of storage devices. 
         [0029]    A speaker  132  is operatively coupled to system bus  102  by the sound adapter  130 . A transceiver  142  is operatively coupled to system bus  102  by network adapter  140 . A display device  162  is operatively coupled to system bus  102  by display adapter  160 . 
         [0030]    A first user input device  152 , a second user input device  154 , and a third user input device  156  are operatively coupled to system bus  102  by user interface adapter  150 . The user input devices  152 ,  154 , and  156  can be any of a keyboard, a mouse, a keypad, an image capture device, a motion sensing device, a microphone, a device incorporating the functionality of at least two of the preceding devices, and so forth. Of course, other types of input devices can also be used, while maintaining the spirit of the present principles. The user input devices  152 ,  154 , and  156  can be the same type of user input device or different types of user input devices. The user input devices  152 ,  154 , and  156  are used to input and output information to and from system  100 . 
         [0031]    Of course, the processing system  100  may also include other elements (not shown), as readily contemplated by one of skill in the art, as well as omit certain elements. For example, various other input devices and/or output devices can be included in processing system  100 , depending upon the particular implementation of the same, as readily understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, various types of wireless and/or wired input and/or output devices can be used. Moreover, additional processors, controllers, memories, and so forth, in various configurations can also be utilized as readily appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art. These and other variations of the processing system  100  are readily contemplated by one of ordinary skill in the art given the teachings of the present principles provided herein. 
         [0032]    Moreover, it is to be appreciated that system  200  described below with respect to  FIG. 2  is a system for implementing respective embodiments of the present principles. Part or all of processing system  100  may be implemented in one or more of the elements of system  200 . 
         [0033]    Also, it is to be appreciated that variant (system)  300  described below with respect to  FIG. 3  is a system for implementing respective embodiments of the present principles. Part or all of processing system  100  may be implemented in one or more of the elements of system  300 . 
         [0034]    Further, it is to be appreciated that processing system  100  may perform at least part of the methods described herein including, for example, at least part of method  500  of  FIGS. 5-6 . Similarly, part or all of system  200  may be used to perform at least part of method  500  of  FIGS. 5-6  Additionally, part or all of system  300  may be used to perform at least part of method  500  of  FIGS. 5-6 . 
         [0035]      FIG. 2  shows a system  200  for translating procedural documentation into contextual visual and auditory guidance, in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles. The system  200  includes a display  210 , a camera  211 , an image recognition system  220 , a gesture recognition system  230 , and a computer processing system  240 . 
         [0036]    The display  210  can provide contextual visual guidance to the user. For example, the display  210  can allow the user to view information for assisting the user to perform a procedural document. 
         [0037]    The camera  211  can capture images/video of objects seen by the user. The images/video can then be processed by the computer processing system  240  and/or any of the systems under its control. The camera  211  can be capable of capturing still and moving images. 
         [0038]    The computer processing system  240  essentially controls the other systems of system  200 , including the image recognition system  220  and the gesture recognition system  230 . 
         [0039]    The image recognition system  220  recognizes images. The image recognition system  220  can, for example, map available images from documentation to what the user sees. 
         [0040]    The gesture recognition system  230  recognizes gestures. The gesture recognition system  230  can, for example, recognize actions taken by a user (grabbing a wrench, turning clockwise instead of counter-clockwise, and so forth). 
         [0041]    The computer processing system  240  performs functions relating, for example, but not limited to: (i) image-to-words neural embeddings, to map images (e.g., in the documentation) to words (e.g., in the documentation and/or generated in a textual representation by system  200 ); (ii) word embeddings, to map words from the documentation to images (e.g., in the documentation and/or captured by camera  211 ); (iii) similarity-based alignment and generalization; and (iv) aligning demonstrated user actions with existing documentation. The word embeddings can involve the use of word sense disambiguation, part of speech detection, synonym evaluation, and so forth. Moreover, the computer processing system  240  can generate hypotheses of the current place in a procedure, and provide feedback towards the next step. 
         [0042]    Further, the system  200  can perform continuous matching between the text and images of documentation, and what is seen through the camera, in order to provide visual and auditory guidance to a user. 
         [0043]    A speaker  241  of the computer processing system can provide auditory guidance to the user. 
         [0044]    In an embodiment, one or more of the elements of system  200  is implemented in the cloud using a cloud-based configuration. 
         [0045]    In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 2 , the elements thereof are interconnected by a bus(es)/network(s)  201 . However, in other embodiments, other types of connections can also be used. Moreover, in an embodiment, at least one of the elements of system  200  is processor-based. Further, while one or more elements may be shown as separate elements, in other embodiments, these elements can be combined as one element. The converse is also applicable, where while one or more elements may be part of another element, in other embodiments, the one or more elements may be implemented as standalone elements. Moreover, one or more elements of  FIG. 2  can be implemented in a cloud configuration including, for example, in a distributed configuration. Additionally, one or more elements in  FIG. 2  may be implemented by a variety of devices, which include but are not limited to, Digital Signal Processing (DSP) circuits, programmable processors, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs), and so forth. These and other variations of the elements of system  200  are readily determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, given the teachings of the present principles provided herein, while maintaining the spirit of the present principles. 
         [0046]      FIG. 3  shows a variant  300  of system  200  of  FIG. 2 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles. 
         [0047]    The elements of variant  300  are similar to system  200 , except for the display  210  and camera  211 . Further regarding the display  210  and camera of  FIG. 2 , in an embodiment such as that shown in  FIG. 3 , the display  210  can be a heads-up display having the camera  211  attached thereto. For example, a hat or head-mounted apparatus  299  can be used to support the display  210  and camera  211  on the user in a manner that does not interfere with the actions of the user as well as capture images of the documentation and the user&#39;s actions without any interference imparted to the user. In such a case, the head-mounted apparatus  299  can communicate with system  200  wirelessly (e.g., through WIFI, Bluetooth, etc.) and/or using a wired connection (e.g., a USB double-ended connector). In an embodiment, the display  210  and camera  211  are implemented using Google Glass® eyewear. The Google Glass eyewear or similarly configured device can communicate wirelessly with the computer processing system (via, e.g., a network adapter). 
         [0048]      FIG. 4  shows an exemplary overview of processing performed by the system  200  of  FIG. 2  and/or the system  300  of  FIG. 3 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles. 
         [0049]    Image analysis  410  is applied to pictures  411  of the documentation and text  412  of the documentation in order to generate a textual representation  419  of a scene. 
         [0050]    Scene analysis  420  is applied to pictures of the scene to generate a textual representation of objects  425 , a textual representation of the scene  426 , and a textual representation of user actions  427 . 
         [0051]    Word embedding  430  is performed to map words from the documentation to pictures in the documentation and pictures  421  of the scene. 
         [0052]    A procedure processing engine  440 , formed in the computer processing system  240 , performs the following: match objects; find the current/next step; match the current/next step to seen objects; highlight objects; monitor actions; suggest/correct actions; confirm actions; and so forth. 
         [0053]      FIGS. 5-6  show an exemplary method  500  for translating procedural documentation into contextual and auditory guidance, in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles. 
         [0054]    At step  510 , receive an input from the user indicating that the user is commencing a documented procedure. 
         [0055]    At step  520 , capture images from documentation being read by the user. 
         [0056]    At step  530 , automatically apply language processing techniques to the documentation to identify goals, steps, actions, tools and parts involved. 
         [0057]    At step  540 , reproduce the documentation or generate a representation thereof, and display to the user on a display screen. In an embodiment, step  540  can include showing textual descriptions and/or images and/or providing verbal instructions. In an embodiment, step  540  can include highlighting a goal, step, action, tool and/or part involved in a step (e.g., the current step and/or the next step). 
         [0058]    At step  550 , monitor the user and capture images of the user performing any actions relating to the documentation or representation thereof. 
         [0059]    At step  560 , evaluate the user performed actions against expected actions specified in the documentation. In an embodiment, step  560  involves determining whether the user is correctly following the documentation. Moreover, in an embodiment, step  560  involves determining when a user has completed a given step. Further, in an embodiment, step  560  involves determining whether the user is having difficulty with any of the steps or whether the user has requested additional/supplemental information. 
         [0060]    At step  570 , provide (visual and/or audible) feedback to the user regarding the user performed actions. For example, either confirm or correct the user performed actions. Any visual and/or auditory feedback (e.g., an indication) can be provided (e.g., display a green light, have the system state “continue”, and/or so forth). If the user is doing something incorrect, then the corrective action (e.g., audibly state “do not turn the screw counter-clockwise, instead turn it clockwise”, “Careful—rotate the screw clockwise—the other way” and/or so forth) can be specified. 
         [0061]    In an embodiment, step  570  can include providing on-line and/or otherwise publically available information on the display and/or through the speaker in order to assist the user. For example, in an embodiment, textual or image based content from the Internet can be converted into audible instructions to supplement any visual instructions provided by the documentation or can be used in its found form (textual or image based, which can be displayed to the user). Such an application is particularly useful when the original documentation includes parts/steps that only have images showing user actions without any corresponding textual information for such parts/steps as well as for steps that are not described clearly or sufficiently. For example, the supplemental information can be provided to the user when the system detects that the user is having trouble with a particular step or in response to a user request for additional/supplemental information for a given step. 
         [0062]    At step  580 , upon determining the user has correctly completed a given step, return to step  520  to continue assisting the user for each step up to and including the last step specified in the documentation. 
         [0063]    Further regarding step  570 , upon a user having difficulty with a step, in an embodiment, the following can be performed: searching the internet for the procedure; identifying relevant pages; matching the current step in the procedure with the steps described in the relevant pages; identifying pages that clarify the problematic step; (conceptually) replacing the problematic step in the original documentation with the clarifying information; and executing the procedure with the assistance of a tool (see  FIG. 14 ). 
         [0064]      FIG. 7  shows an exemplary a textual part  710  of a procedure  700  to which the present principles can be applied, in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles. The procedure  600  is for stacking numbered blocks in a pyramid such that the lowest numbered block is the farthest left block in the lowest row of blocks, with the numbers increasing going from bottom to top and left to right. The total number of blocks is 10, with the blocks numbered from 1 to 10. As shown, the procedure  700  includes four steps expressed using text as well as an image of the blocks in an unstacked configuration ( FIG. 8 ) as well as an image of the completed pyramid ( FIG. 9 ). 
         [0065]      FIG. 8  shows an exemplary image  720  of the procedure  700  of  FIG. 7 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles. In particular,  FIG. 8  shows the blocks in an unstacked configuration.  FIG. 9  shows another exemplary image  730  of the procedure  700  of  FIG. 7 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles. In particular,  FIG. 9  shows the blocks stacked into a completed pyramid. 
         [0066]      FIG. 10  shows a part  1010  of an exemplary textual analysis  1000  applied to the procedure  700  of  FIG. 7 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles. 
         [0067]    In this part  1010  of the analysis  1000 , for each step, the goal of that step is identified as well as the actions performed to achieve that goal. As an example, step  1  can be analyzed as follows. In the case of step  1 , the goal  1011  is “To complete the bottom row”, with a first action  1012  being “place the block with the number  1  in the lowest, farthest left position” and a second action  1013  being “place the next three numbered blocks (#s  2 - 4 ) in ascending order starting after, and to the right of, the block with the number  1 ”. 
         [0068]      FIG. 11  shows another part  1020  of an exemplary textual analysis  1000  applied to the procedure  700  of  FIG. 7 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles. 
         [0069]    In this part  1020  of the analysis  1000 , word sense disambiguation is performed to detect multiple action verbs “complete”  1021 , “place”  1022 , and “place”  1023 , and multiple nouns “row”  1024 , “block”  1025 , “blocks”  1026 , and “block”  1027 . 
         [0070]      FIG. 12  shows a part  1210  of an image analysis  1200  applied to the procedure  700  of  FIG. 7 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles. The image analysis  1200  involves both the text and the image content, as well as a matching performed there between. In this part  1210  of the analysis  1200 , nouns from the instructions are matched to corresponding nouns in a figure (in this case, the figure shown in  FIG. 8 ). Thus, the blocks are identified as such. While in this simplified example, where the procedure is applied to a single type of item, namely blocks, only 1 type of item is identified, in more complex procedures involving more than one type of item, each of the types can be identified to make the procedure easier to complete for the user. 
         [0071]      FIG. 13  shows a recommendation  1310  for the user regarding step  1  of the procedure  700  of  FIG. 7 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles. 
         [0072]    A recommendation  1310  of how to proceed is made to the user, using instructions provided in the bubble (namely “Stack the blocks as shown by the dotted lines”) as well as dashed arrow lines to indicate where to place the objects (blocks). 
         [0073]      FIG. 14  shows a progress update  1410  on the user&#39;s performance of the procedure  700  of  FIG. 7 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles. The progress update  1410  indicates to the user that “Step  1  is now complete”. 
         [0074]    While the preceding examples are directed to Step  1  of procedure  700  of  FIG. 7 , the present principles can be readily applied to each of the steps of procedure  700 . As is evident to one of ordinary skill in the art given the teachings of the present principles provided herein, various aspects of the present principles will be implicated depending upon the procedure itself, such as the complexity of the procedure, the number of parts/components involved in the procedure, the number of tools (e.g., wrenches, etc.) involved in the procedure, the level of disambiguation needed to decipher the procedure, and so forth. 
         [0075]    A description will now be given of some exemplary scenarios to which the present principles can be applied, in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles. 
         [0076]    One exemplary scenario to which the present principles can be applied is troubleshooting a cycling computer. In such a scenario, there is typically a small manual, with instructions on multiple pages, and figures on different pages, where the user has few components, screwdrivers and wrenches, and is working in a restricted environment with grease likely on their hands. 
         [0077]    Another exemplary scenario to which the present principles can be applied is changing a broken screen on a handheld device. In such a scenario, there is typically terse documentation, with delicate work that requires both hands, with the risk of damage to a costly device. 
         [0078]    Yet another exemplary scenario to which the present principles can be applied is installing a “secret door” bookshelf. In such a scenario, the user is typically dealing with a heavy piece of furniture, with the risk of damage or injury, and where both hands are typically needed and the work is such that the user cannot just leave it in the middle to consult documents. 
         [0079]    Still another exemplary scenario to which the present principles can be applied is the initial setup and tuning up of a pneumatic nailer. In such a scenario, typically both hands are required, and where a failure to follow procedure can lead to serious injury. Usually, the pictures are not clear enough, and a lack of familiarity with the device can lead to errors. 
         [0080]    A further exemplary scenario to which the present principles can be applied is installing new ceramic brakes on a mountain bike. In such a scenario, the bottom line is that the user better do it right if the user wants to stop the bike when needed. Typically, the user will need both hands, and will be working in a tight environment, possibly with dirty hands. 
         [0081]    The preceding scenarios are but a few of an infinite number of scenarios to which the present principles can be applied, as readily appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art. Thus, the present principles are not limited to the preceding, and can be applied to essentially any documented procedure in order to obtain the inherent benefits of the present principles, as readily appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art given the teachings of the present principles provided herein, while maintaining the spirit of the present principles. 
         [0082]    It is understood in advance that although this disclosure includes a detailed description on cloud computing, implementation of the teachings recited herein are not limited to a cloud computing environment. Rather, embodiments of the present invention are capable of being implemented in conjunction with any other type of computing environment now known or later developed. 
         [0083]    Cloud computing is a model of service delivery for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g. networks, network bandwidth, servers, processing, memory, storage, applications, virtual machines, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or interaction with a provider of the service. This cloud model may include at least five characteristics, at least three service models, and at least four deployment models. 
         [0084]    Characteristics are as Follows: 
         [0085]    On-demand self-service: a cloud consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with the service&#39;s provider. 
         [0086]    Broad network access: capabilities are available over a network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs). 
         [0087]    Resource pooling: the provider&#39;s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to demand. There is a sense of location independence in that the consumer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher level of abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter). 
         [0088]    Rapid elasticity: capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out and rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time. 
         [0089]    Measured service: cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service. 
         [0090]    Service Models are as Follows: 
         [0091]    Software as a Service (SaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider&#39;s applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices through a thin client interface such as a web browser (e.g., web-based email). The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings. 
         [0092]    Platform as a Service (PaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including networks, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly application hosting environment configurations. 
         [0093]    Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls). 
         [0094]    Deployment Models are as Follows: 
         [0095]    Private cloud: the cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization. It may be managed by the organization or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises. 
         [0096]    Community cloud: the cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises. 
         [0097]    Public cloud: the cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry group and is owned by an organization selling cloud services. 
         [0098]    Hybrid cloud: the cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for load balancing between clouds). 
         [0099]    A cloud computing environment is service oriented with a focus on statelessness, low coupling, modularity, and semantic interoperability. At the heart of cloud computing is an infrastructure comprising a network of interconnected nodes. 
         [0100]    Referring now to  FIG. 15 , a schematic of an example of a cloud computing node  1510  is shown. Cloud computing node  1510  is only one example of a suitable cloud computing node and is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of embodiments of the invention described herein. Regardless, cloud computing node  1510  is capable of being implemented and/or performing any of the functionality set forth hereinabove. 
         [0101]    In cloud computing node  1510  there is a computer system/server  1512 , which is operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well-known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with computer system/server  1512  include, but are not limited to, personal computer systems, server computer systems, thin clients, thick clients, handheld or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputer systems, mainframe computer systems, and distributed cloud computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like. 
         [0102]    Computer system/server  1512  may be described in the general context of computer system executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer system. Generally, program modules may include routines, programs, objects, components, logic, data structures, and so on that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Computer system/server  1512  may be practiced in distributed cloud computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed cloud computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer system storage media including memory storage devices. 
         [0103]    As shown in  FIG. 15 , computer system/server  1512  in cloud computing node  1410  is shown in the form of a general-purpose computing device. The components of computer system/server  1512  may include, but are not limited to, one or more processors or processing units  1516 , a system memory  1528 , and a bus  1518  that couples various system components including system memory  1528  to processor  1516 . 
         [0104]    Bus  1518  represents one or more of any of several types of bus structures, including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, an accelerated graphics port, and a processor or local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, and not limitation, such architectures include Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus. 
         [0105]    Computer system/server  1512  typically includes a variety of computer system readable media. Such media may be any available media that is accessible by computer system/server  1512 , and it includes both volatile and non-volatile media, removable and non-removable media. 
         [0106]    System memory  1528  can include computer system readable media in the form of volatile memory, such as random access memory (RAM)  1530  and/or cache memory  1532 . Computer system/server  1512  may further include other removable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer system storage media. By way of example only, storage system  1534  can be provided for reading from and writing to a non-removable, non-volatile magnetic media (not shown and typically called a “hard drive”). Although not shown, a magnetic disk drive for reading from and writing to a removable, non-volatile magnetic disk (e.g., a “floppy disk”), and an optical disk drive for reading from or writing to a removable, non-volatile optical disk such as a CD-ROM, DVD-ROM or other optical media can be provided. In such instances, each can be connected to bus  1518  by one or more data media interfaces. As will be further depicted and described below, memory  1528  may include at least one program product having a set (e.g., at least one) of program modules that are configured to carry out the functions of embodiments of the invention. 
         [0107]    Program/utility  1540 , having a set (at least one) of program modules  1542 , may be stored in memory  1528  by way of example, and not limitation, as well as an operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data. Each of the operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data or some combination thereof, may include an implementation of a networking environment. Program modules  1542  generally carry out the functions and/or methodologies of embodiments of the invention as described herein. 
         [0108]    Computer system/server  1512  may also communicate with one or more external devices  1514  such as a keyboard, a pointing device, a display  1524 , etc.; one or more devices that enable a user to interact with computer system/server  1512 ; and/or any devices (e.g., network card, modem, etc.) that enable computer system/server  1512  to communicate with one or more other computing devices. Such communication can occur via Input/Output (I/O) interfaces  1522 . Still yet, computer system/server  1512  can communicate with one or more networks such as a local area network (LAN), a general wide area network (WAN), and/or a public network (e.g., the Internet) via network adapter  1520 . As depicted, network adapter  1520  communicates with the other components of computer system/server  1512  via bus  1518 . It should be understood that although not shown, other hardware and/or software components could be used in conjunction with computer system/server  1512 . Examples, include, but are not limited to: microcode, device drivers, redundant processing units, external disk drive arrays, RAID systems, tape drives, and data archival storage systems, etc. 
         [0109]    Referring now to  FIG. 16 , illustrative cloud computing environment  1650  is depicted. As shown, cloud computing environment  1650  comprises one or more cloud computing nodes  1610  with which local computing devices used by cloud consumers, such as, for example, personal digital assistant (PDA) or cellular telephone  1654 A, desktop computer  1654 B, laptop computer  1654 C, and/or automobile computer system  1654 N may communicate. Nodes  1610  may communicate with one another. They may be grouped (not shown) physically or virtually, in one or more networks, such as Private, Community, Public, or Hybrid clouds as described hereinabove, or a combination thereof. This allows cloud computing environment  1650  to offer infrastructure, platforms and/or software as services for which a cloud consumer does not need to maintain resources on a local computing device. It is understood that the types of computing devices  1654 A-N shown in  FIG. 16  are intended to be illustrative only and that computing nodes  1610  and cloud computing environment  1650  can communicate with any type of computerized device over any type of network and/or network addressable connection (e.g., using a web browser). 
         [0110]    Referring now to  FIG. 17 , a set of functional abstraction layers provided by cloud computing environment  1650  ( FIG. 16 ) is shown. It should be understood in advance that the components, layers, and functions shown in  FIG. 17  are intended to be illustrative only and embodiments of the invention are not limited thereto. As depicted, the following layers and corresponding functions are provided: 
         [0111]    Hardware and software layer  1760  includes hardware and software components. Examples of hardware components include mainframes, in one example IBM® zSeries® systems; RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture based servers, in one example IBM pSeries® systems; IBM xSeries® systems; IBM BladeCenter® systems; storage devices; networks and networking components. Examples of software components include network application server software, in one example IBM WebSphere® application server software; and database software, in one example IBM DB 2 ® database software. (IBM, zSeries, pSeries, xSeries, BladeCenter, WebSphere, and DB 2  are trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation registered in many jurisdictions worldwide). 
         [0112]    Virtualization layer  1762  provides an abstraction layer from which the following examples of virtual entities may be provided: virtual servers; virtual storage; virtual networks, including virtual private networks; virtual applications and operating systems; and virtual clients. 
         [0113]    In one example, management layer  1764  may provide the functions described below. Resource provisioning provides dynamic procurement of computing resources and other resources that are utilized to perform tasks within the cloud computing environment. Metering and Pricing provide cost tracking as resources are utilized within the cloud computing environment, and billing or invoicing for consumption of these resources. In one example, these resources may comprise application software licenses. Security provides identity verification for cloud consumers and tasks, as well as protection for data and other resources. User portal provides access to the cloud computing environment for consumers and system administrators. Service level management provides cloud computing resource allocation and management such that required service levels are met. Service Level Agreement (SLA) planning and fulfillment provide pre-arrangement for, and procurement of, cloud computing resources for which a future requirement is anticipated in accordance with an SLA. 
         [0114]    Workloads layer  1766  provides examples of functionality for which the cloud computing environment may be utilized. Examples of workloads and functions which may be provided from this layer include: mapping and navigation; software development and lifecycle management; virtual classroom education delivery; data analytics processing; transaction processing; and translating procedural documentation into contextual visual and auditory guidance. 
         [0115]    The present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a computer program product. The computer program product may include a computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention. 
         [0116]    The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium includes the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmitted through a wire. 
         [0117]    Computer readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing/processing device receives computer readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer readable program instructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium within the respective computing/processing device. 
         [0118]    Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations of the present invention may be assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data, or either source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++ or the like, and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The computer readable program instructions may execute entirely on the user&#39;s computer, partly on the user&#39;s computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user&#39;s computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user&#39;s computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readable program instructions by utilizing state information of the computer readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention. 
         [0119]    Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer readable program instructions. 
         [0120]    These computer readable program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
         [0121]    The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computer implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
         [0122]    The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions. 
         [0123]    Reference in the specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” of the present principles, as well as other variations thereof, means that a particular feature, structure, characteristic, and so forth described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present principles. Thus, the appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment”, as well any other variations, appearing in various places throughout the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. 
         [0124]    It is to be appreciated that the use of any of the following “/”, “and/or”, and “at least one of”, for example, in the cases of “A/B”, “A and/or B” and “at least one of A and B”, is intended to encompass the selection of the first listed option (A) only, or the selection of the second listed option (B) only, or the selection of both options (A and B). As a further example, in the cases of “A, B, and/or C” and “at least one of A, B, and C”, such phrasing is intended to encompass the selection of the first listed option (A) only, or the selection of the second listed option (B) only, or the selection of the third listed option (C) only, or the selection of the first and the second listed options (A and B) only, or the selection of the first and third listed options (A and C) only, or the selection of the second and third listed options (B and C) only, or the selection of all three options (A and B and C). This may be extended, as readily apparent by one of ordinary skill in this and related arts, for as many items listed. 
         [0125]    Having described preferred embodiments of a system and method (which are intended to be illustrative and not limiting), it is noted that modifications and variations can be made by persons skilled in the art in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that changes may be made in the particular embodiments disclosed which are within the scope of the invention as outlined by the appended claims. Having thus described aspects of the invention, with the details and particularity required by the patent laws, what is claimed and desired protected by Letters Patent is set forth in the appended claims.