Abstract:
A device is disclosed. The device contains a first electro-optical waveguide comprising at least one first grating, a second electro-optical waveguide comprising at least one second grating, a plurality of electrodes disposed adjacent to the first grating and configured to impose an electric field through the first electro-optical waveguide to modify spectra of the first grating, a fiber amplifier configured to propagate a laser radiation between the first electro-optical waveguide and the second electro-optical waveguide, and at least two circulators associated with the fiber amplifier and the first electro-optical waveguide and the second electro-optical waveguide and configured to provide unidirectional propagation of the laser radiation along the fiber amplifier.

Description:
This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/703,753 titled “High-Speed Self-Adjusting Photonic Converter” filed Feb. 10, 2010, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 8,295,654. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present disclosure generally relates to the processing of optical signals. More particularly, it relates to high-speed conversion of electrical pulses into optical pulses of approximately the same duration. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The prior art relevant to the proposed method is described in a book by N. Dagli “High-speed photonic devices.” CRC Press, 2007, Chapter 3; U.S. Pat. No. 6,640,020 (S. Ionov, “Method and apparatus for electro-optic delay generation of optical signals,” U.S. Pat. No. 6,640,020, October 2003); and the review by J. Hukriede, D. Runde, D. Kip, “Fabrication and application of holographic Bragg gratings in lithium niobate channel waveguides,” J.Phys.D: App.Phys. v. 36, pp. R1-R16, 2003; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/234,980 (HRL 071220), filed Sep. 22, 2008 for “High-speed amplitude electro-optical modulator” by Oleg Efimov, entire content of all of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     A common way for conversion of electrical pulses into optical pulses is the use of Mach-Zehnder electro-optic modulators wherein an applied electrical signal controls the phase of one of the interfering beams. A novel conversion of electrical pulses into optical pulses is presently disclosed. 
     SUMMARY 
     According to a first aspect, a device is disclosed, comprising: a first electro-optical waveguide comprising at least one first grating; a second electro-optical waveguide comprising at least one second grating; a plurality of electrodes disposed adjacent to the first grating and configured to impose an electric field through the first electro-optical waveguide to modify spectra of the first grating; a fiber amplifier configured to propagate a laser radiation between the first electro-optical waveguide and the second electro-optical waveguide; and at least two circulators associated with the fiber amplifier and the first electro-optical waveguide and the second electro-optical waveguide and configured to provide unidirectional propagation of the laser radiation along the fiber amplifier. 
     According to a second aspect, a device is disclosed, comprising an electro-optical waveguide comprising a phase-shifted Bragg grating, wherein the electro-optical waveguide further comprises a first end and a second end; a plurality of electrodes proximate to the phase-shifted Bragg grating and configured to impose an electric field through the electro-optical waveguide to modify spectra of the phase-shifted Bragg grating; a fiber amplifier configured to propagate a laser radiation between the first end and the second end; and a circulator associated with the fiber amplifier and the electro-optical waveguide and configured to provide unidirectional propagation of the laser radiation along the fiber amplifier. 
     According to a third aspect, a method of converting electrical pulses into optical pulses is disclosed, comprising: propagating a laser radiation between a first electro-optical waveguide and a second electro-optical waveguide using a fiber amplifier, wherein the first electro-optical waveguide comprises a first grating and a plurality of electrodes adjacent to the first grating to impose an electric field to modify spectra of the first grating, wherein the second electro-optical waveguide comprises a second grating, wherein the first electro-optical waveguide and the second electro-optical waveguide are connected by two circulators configured to provide unidirectional propagation of the laser radiation along a first direction; and imposing electric pulses to the plurality of electrodes in a direction substantially opposite the first direction. 
     According to a fourth aspect, a method of converting electrical pulses into optical pulses is disclosed, comprising: propagating a laser radiation between a first end and a second of an electro-optical waveguide using a fiber amplifier, wherein the electro-optical waveguide comprises a phase-shifted Bragg grating and a plurality of electrodes adjacent to the phase-shifted Bragg grating to impose an electric field to modify spectra of the phase-shifted Bragg grating, wherein the first end and the second end are connected by a circulator configured to provide unidirectional propagation of the laser radiation along a first direction; and imposing electric pulses to the plurality of electrodes in a direction substantially opposite the first direction. 
     According to a fifth aspect, a ring cavity laser is disclosed, comprising: a first electro-optical waveguide comprising at least one first grating; a second electro-optical waveguide comprising at least one second grating; a plurality of electrodes disposed adjacent to the first grating and configured to impose an electric field through the first electro-optical waveguide to modify spectra of the first grating; a fiber amplifier configured to propagate a laser radiation between the first electro-optical waveguide and the second electro-optical waveguide; a first circulator disposed between an input of the first electro-optical waveguide and an output of the second electro-optical waveguide; and a second circulator disposed between an output of the first electro-optical waveguide and an input of the second electro-optical waveguide, wherein the fist circulator and the second circulator are configured to provide unidirectional propagation of the laser radiation along the fiber amplifier. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1   a  depicts an Amplitude Electra-Optical Modulator (AEOM) as known in the Prior Art. 
         FIG. 1   b  depicts two electrodes disposed adjacent to a waveguide as known in the Prior Art. 
         FIG. 1   c  depicts three electrodes disposed adjacent to a waveguide as known in the Prior Art. 
         FIG. 2  is a graph of reflection efficiency versus wavelength for the AEOM depicted in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  depicts another example of an AEOM as known in the Prior Art. 
         FIG. 4  is a graph of the calculated reflection percentage versus wavelength of a 4 cm length grating on a Ti:LiNbO 3  waveguide. 
         FIG. 5   a  depicts an exemplary Amplitude Electro-Optical Modulator (AEOM). 
         FIG. 5   b  depicts calculated changes in intensities of a Continuous Wave (CW) laser beam shown in  FIG. 5   a.    
         FIG. 6  depicts a self-adjusting converter of electrical pulses into optical output according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 7   a  is a graph of calculated summarized reflectivity of two 1 cm-long gratings with reflection spectras positioned at 1549.9 nm and 1550.1 according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 7   b  is a graph of a spectral structure of the transmission window in the center of spectrum shown in  FIG. 7   a.    
         FIG. 8  depicts another self-adjusting converter of electrical pulses into optical output according to the present disclosure. 
         FIGS. 9   a  and  9   b  are graphs of the reflection spectrum of 7 mm-length phase-shifted grating on Ti:LiNbO 3  waveguide according to the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     In the following description, like reference numbers are used to identify like elements. Furthermore, the drawings are intended to illustrate major features of exemplary embodiments in a diagrammatic manner. The drawings are not intended to depict every feature of every implementation nor relative dimensions of the depicted elements, and are not drawn to scale. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Currently, high-speed modulators use different modifications of Mach-Zehnder interferometers and require a driving voltage of about 1 V to 5 V. Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure may use direct modulation of light reflected from sharp spectral fronts of optical gratings. This allows for lower driving voltages than previous devices to control the intensities of transmitted or reflected beams by shifting grating spectra by applying an electrical field to an electro-optically active waveguide. 
       FIG. 1   a  is a schematic representation of an exemplary Amplitude Electro-Optical Modulator (AEOM)  110 , where radiation of a narrowband Continuous Wave (CW) laser  1  passes through a waveguide  3 , such as, for example, a Ti:LiNbO 3  waveguide or another electro-optically active waveguide, with a narrowband grating  4 . The optical reflections from all layers (or grooves) of the grating  4  exist concurrently and are continuous due to the utilization of the CW laser  1 . When a voltage, electrical pulse or a radio frequency (RF) pulse  6 , is applied to electrodes  5  located proximate to the waveguide  3 , the refractive index of the waveguide  3  and phase relations of beamlets reflected from the grating  4  layers are modified. The electrodes  5  may be disposed on both sides of the waveguide  3 , as shown in  FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b  or disposed above the waveguide  3 , as shown in  FIG. 1   c  depending on the orientations of the electro-optical material axes. 
     A change in the index of refraction results in a spectral shift of the grating spectrum. If the spectrum of the laser is in the region of grating spectral fronts, even a small shift of the grating spectrum results in considerable modulation of transmitted or reflected beam intensity. Therefore, rather small voltages applied to the electrodes  5  are enough to control or modify transmission/reflection intensities. 
     In  FIG. 2 , the front edge of a grating reflection spectrum is shown by curve  10 . Narrowband CW laser radiation at wavelength λ 0  is reflected at an intensity I 0 . Application of positive or negative voltage to the electrodes  5  (shown on  FIGS. 1   a ,  1   b  and  1   c ) results in modification of the refractive index and spectral shifts of reflection spectra to the left (curve  20  shown in  FIG. 2 ) or right (curve  30  shown in  FIG. 2 ) relative to the initial curve  10  shown in  FIG. 2 . Because of spectral shifts, the intensities I L , I R  of reflections are modified. Thus, modulating the voltage of the applied electrical signal allows modulation of the intensities of transmitted or reflected signals. However, the grating reflection spectrum should be narrow with a sharp transition between high and low reflections. As a result, small changes in the voltage of applied electrical signals may result in high modulations of reflected/transmitted beams in the range from I R  to I L . 
     The response of the grating  4  (changes in transmitted and reflected signals) results from coherent combining (constructive or destructive interference) of beamlets reflected from all layers of grating. The gratings  4  may be implemented as grooves on a waveguide or layers of varying indices of refraction within a waveguide as known in the art. Hereinafter, references to layers will be intended to include waveguides with either grooves or layers. The embodiment shown in  FIG. 1   a , where the voltage, electrical pulse or the RF pulse  6  applied to electrodes  5  has no specific direction of propagation, has a frequency restriction because the minimum time of the grating response is equal to the time required for a round-trip of the optical signal over the grating. For the total response of the grating, the optical signal has to reach the last groove or layer of the grating  4  and reflect from this layer (as well as from all the previous layers) and travel back to the beginning of the grating to interfere with the reflection from the first layer. According to the prior art, the voltage, electrical pulse or the RF pulse  6  is applied to the entire length of the electrodes  5  during this time to modify reflections from all the layers of the grating. For the grating with length L and a refractive index n, this time τ is 
             τ   =       2   ⁢           ⁢   nL     c           
where c is the speed of light in the vacuum. Therefore, the frequency limit F lim  of RF signal is
 
               F   lim     =     c     2   ⁢           ⁢   nL             
For exemplary purposes, for a grating with length of about 1 cm on a Ti:LiNbO 3  waveguide, this time τ is about 1.4×10 −10  s. Therefore, the maximum operation frequency is about 7 GHz. If the frequency of modulation is lower than F lim , either transmitted or reflected beams can be used as modulated beams, and the points of electrical signal application to the electrodes are not important.
 
     For high frequency applications (using high frequency radio signals or RF signals), the time of the electrical signal change is much shorter than the time of optical beam propagation through the grating.  FIG. 3  is a schematic representation of an AEOM  120  for high speed modulation, where radiation of a narrowband CW laser  1  passes through an optical circulator  2  and then a waveguide  3 , such as, for example, a Ti:LiNbO 3  waveguide or another electro-optically active waveguide, with a narrowband grating  4 . The optical reflections from all layers (or grooves) of the grating  4  exist concurrently and are continuous due to the utilization of the CW laser  1 . By propagating a voltage, electrical pulse or an RF pulse  101  along the electrodes  5  in a direction that is substantially opposite the propagation path of the radiation from the narrowband CW laser  1 , the refractive index of the waveguide  3  and phase relations of beamlets reflected from the grating  4  layers get modified. 
     In one example, the speed of RF pulse  101  propagation through the electrodes  5  and the speed of optical pulse propagation through the waveguide  3  are substantially the same. As a result, the RF pulse  101  will collect all the reflected optical beamlets with modified phases analogous to a snow-plough collecting snow in front of it. Therefore, when the RF pulse  101  reaches the beginning of waveguide  3  (adjacent to the circulator  2 ), all the beamlets with modified phases are coherently combined and constructively interfere with each other, resulting in a short pulse reflection corresponding to the applied RF pulse  101  modifying the refractive index of the waveguide  3 . 
     Still referring to  FIG. 3  when the RF pulses  101  are short (e.g., high-speed applications), the refractive index of only a small fraction of the grating is modified at a time. Therefore, the intensity of the transmitted CW signal decreases only a small amount during the time of electrical pulse  101  propagation through the waveguide  3 . However, the reflected signal has considerable intensity as a result of coherent summing (or constructive interference) of the reflections from the entire grating. Here, it may be desirable to utilize sampled input RF pulses  101  with a small duty cycle (e.g., &lt;50%) to enable the recovery of light energy stored in the grating  4  during the time between RF pulses  101 . A lower duty cycle may result in substantially total recovery of the light energy transmitted through the grating  4  and high reproducibility of intensity of the reflected optical pulses. 
       FIGS. 5   a  and  5   b  depict calculated changes in reflected  41  and transmitted  42  intensities of CW laser beam  49  that depend on the traveling distance of a short (˜2 ps) electrical pulse  43  propagating through the electrodes  44  surrounding waveguide with length of 10 mm-grating  45 . Referring to  FIG. 5   a , during propagation of electrical pulse  43  through the electrodes  44 , the electrical pulse  43  modifies the refractive index of grating  45  and coherently collects all modified reflections from grating layers. Coherent collection of reflections requires the speed of light propagation through the waveguide has to be approximately equal to the speed of electrical pulse propagation through the electrodes as discussed above. The interference of reflections develops an optical pulse  41  (shown in  FIG. 5   a ) with intensity (shown in  FIG. 5   b ) growing with the number of interfering reflections proportional to the traveling distance of electrical pulse  43 . The same electrical pulse  43  splits the grating  45  in three consecutive sub-gratings  46 ,  47  and  48 . The first  46  and third  48  gratings have unmodified refractive index while the second grating  47  has refractive index modified by electrical field of propagating pulse  43 . Splitting the grating into three parts decreases the intensity of the transmitted beam. However, this decrease is negligible because of the small change in refractive index of the second grating  47  and the short length of electrical pulse  43  relative to the total length of grating  45  as a whole. 
     In  FIG. 3 , a 4 cm-length grating for a λ=1550 nm is on a Ti:LiNbO 3  waveguide with a diameter D wg  of about 3 μm and a refractive index n=2.16. The calculated spectrum of this grating is shown in  FIG. 4 . According to  FIG. 4 , the range where reflected beam intensity varies from 20% to 80% corresponds to a spectral range δλ=2 picometers (pm). To provide this spectral shift, the refractive index of waveguide may be changed by 
     
       
         
           
             
               δ 
               ⁢ 
               
                   
               
               ⁢ 
               n 
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   δ 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
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                   λ 
                 
                 λ 
               
               ⁢ 
               n 
             
           
         
       
     
     For example, the largest electro-optic coefficient in LiNbO 3  (r 33 =30.8×10 −6  μm/V), which is introduced when the polarized fields of the light and applied voltage are in the c-axis of the LiNbO 3  crystal, may be utilized to estimate the voltage V mod  required for such a modification of refractive index. The change in refractive index may be calculated using the well-known relation (see for example, N. Dagli “High-speed photonic devices.” CRC Press, 2007, Chapter 3, p.32): 
               δ   ⁢           ⁢   n     =       -     n   3       ⁢     r   33     ⁢       V   mod       2   ⁢           ⁢     D   wg                 
Therefore, the modulation voltage may be calculated to be
 
                    V   mod          =         ±       2   ⁢     D   wg           n   2     ⁢     r   33           ⁢       δ   ⁢           ⁢   λ     λ       ≈     0.06   ⁢           ⁢   V             
which is much lower than the driving voltage of existing Mach-Zehnder modulators. However, the modulation voltage V mod  may be higher in practical applications due to a larger distance between the electrodes  5  (as shown in  FIG. 3 ), imperfections of implementation, etc.
 
     As shown above, the speed of the RF and optical pulse propagation may be substantially the same. An example of a desirable tolerance such that the RF and optical propagation speeds for one embodiment of the present disclosure are substantially the same is described below. A waveguide has a grating of length L. If RF pulse propagates through electrodes  5  along the waveguide  3  with a speed V RF , the total time of propagation t RF  is 
               t   RF     =     L     V   RF             
The time t OP  of the optical pulse propagation through the waveguide  3  may differ from the time t RF  not more than the duration of the RF pulse τ RF  to provide good overlapping and interference between the beamlets reflected from all the layers of grating. Taking into account that the speed of the optical pulse V OP  is approximately equal to the speed of RF pulse propagation V RF , and it is equal to c/n where c is the speed of light in vacuum and n is the refractive index of waveguide, the tolerance ΔV/V OP  is
 
     
       
         
           
             
               τ 
               RF 
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   t 
                   RF 
                 
                 - 
                 
                   t 
                   OP 
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   L 
                   ⁡ 
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       
                         1 
                         
                           V 
                           RF 
                         
                       
                       - 
                       
                         1 
                         
                           V 
                           OP 
                         
                       
                     
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                 = 
                 
                   
                     L 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
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                         Δ 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         V 
                       
                       
                         V 
                         OP 
                         2 
                       
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         Ln 
                         c 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           Δ 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           V 
                         
                         
                           V 
                           OP 
                         
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
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                       or 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           Δ 
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                         c 
                         · 
                         
                           τ 
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     For example, for a 5 cm grating on a Ti:LiNbO 3  waveguide (e.g., n=2.16 and c=3×10 8  m/s) operating at a 20 GHz frequency (i.e., τ RF  is equal to a half period or 0.5/(2×10 10 )s or 2.5×10 −11  s), the tolerance of the speeds should be no more than 
                 Δ   ⁢           ⁢   V       V   OP       ≤         3   ·     10   8       ⁢           ⁢   m   ⁢     /     ⁢     s   ·   2.5   ·     10     -   11         ⁢           ⁢   s         5   ·     10     -   2         ⁢           ⁢     m   ·   2.16         ≈     0.07   ⁢           ⁢   or   ⁢           ⁢   7   ⁢   %           
Changes in grating length or RF frequency will correspondingly result in changes in tolerance between the RF and optical propagation speeds.
 
     Although the AEOM  120  depicted in  FIG. 3  may be implemented in high frequency applications, it may be difficult to fix spectral positions of laser line and grating  4  relative to each other with very high accuracy (better than 1 picometer). Any changes in environment (vibrations, temperature, etc.) may influence an operation of the AEOM  120  in  FIG. 3 . For instance, the change in grating temperature of ˜0.1° C. may result in grating spectrum shift of ˜6 picometers and change in the grating operation from transmission to reflection mode. Therefore, self-adjusting schemes for such devices are very desirable and are further described next. 
     According to the present disclosure, high-speed electrical pulses may be converted into optical pulses of approximately the same duration. In one exemplary embodiment, optical pulses are extracted from narrowband unidirectional laser by propagating electrical signals through the electrodes surrounding a waveguide developed in electro-optically active material with a grating on its surface or in the bulk. According to the present disclosure, optical pulses may be extracted at frequency over hundreds of gigahertz with rather low-voltage electrical signals of &lt;&lt;1 volt. 
     In one exemplary embodiment according to the present disclosure, a self-adjusting converter of electrical pulses into optical output is shown in  FIG. 6 .  FIG. 6  depicts a ring cavity laser  25  that may be configured with a fiber amplifier  15  to provide light generation, the waveguides  11   a  and  11   b , with the gratings  12   a  and  12   b  to provide the narrowband transmission spectrum setting the lasing wavelength of the ring cavity  25 . The ring cavity laser  25  may further be configured with circulators  19   a  and  19   b  to provide unidirectional propagation of laser radiation  21  and to prevent the crosstalk between gratings  12   a  and  12   b  and to make gratings  12   a  and  12   b  operations independent. Optional wavelength division multiplexers (WDM)  17  may also be used for optical pumping of fiber amplifier  15  through the fibers  18 . The spectral response of gratings  12   a  and  12   b  may have a narrow transmission window to provide narrowband operation of laser. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, the gratings  12   a  and  12   b  shown in  FIG. 6  may have closely positioned spectra of reflections. For exemplary purposes, a calculated reflectivity of two 1 cm-long gratings with reflection spectral  32  and  33  positioned at 1549.9 nm and 1550.1 nm respectively are shown in  FIG. 7   a .  FIG. 7   b  shows more detailed spectral structure of the transmission window in the center of spectrum. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, the reflection spectrum  33  shown in  FIG. 7   a  of the grating  12   b  shown in  FIG. 6  may be shifted as shown by dotted curve  31  in  FIG. 7   a  by the application of the electrical pulse  14 . This may be done by applying short electrical pulse  14  to the electrodes  13  disposed, for example, above and below the waveguide  11   b . By applying the electrical pulse  14  in the direction opposite to the direction of the laser radiation  21 , the electrical pulse  14  modifies the refractive index of waveguide  11   b , thereby shifting the reflection spectra of the grating  12   b . The reflected optical pulse propagates in the direction opposite to the laser generation direction  21 , is amplified in fiber amplifier  15 , and exits the laser cavity through the circulator  19   a  because of its direction of propagation. Conversely, the laser light propagating in direction  21  is only slightly attenuated by electrical pulse  14 &#39;s modification of the transmission spectra of grating  12   b . The result is the operating wavelength of the ring cavity laser  25  remaining set by the transmission spectra of gratings  12   a  and  12   b . And since gratings  12   a  and  12   b  are constructed to experience the same environmental factors, any change in the transmission spectra of gratings  12   a , for example by temperature chances, is substantially mimicked by grating  12   b . Thus, the proposed converter  25  allows development of short optical pulses  22  controlled by electrical pulses  14  at very high frequency. More specifically, converter  25  converts electrical pulses  14  into optical pulses  22 . The present disclosure should not be limited by the location of the component as shown in  FIG. 6 . Although not shown in the figures, in one exemplary embodiment, the fiber amplifier  15 , WDMs  17  and fibers  18  may be disposed between circulator  19   b  and waveguide  11   b . In another exemplary embodiment, the fiber amplifier  15 , WDMs  17  and fibers  18  may be disposed between waveguide  11   a  and circulator  19   a.    
     In another exemplary embodiment, a phase-shifted Bragg gratings may be used to obtain a very narrow transmission resonance in the spectral band of grating reflection (see e.g., A. Othonos, K. Kalli. “Fiber Bragg Grating: fundamentals and application in telecommunication and sensing,” Chapter 5 (5.3), pp. 203-205, Artech House. Boston, London. 1999). 
       FIG. 8  depicts an exemplary embodiment of a self-adjusting converter of electrical pulses into optical output using phase-shifted Bragg gratings.  FIG. 8  depicts a converter  26  that may be configured with a fiber amplifier  55  providing a generation, the waveguide  51  having a π-phase shift in the middle of its length with the grating  52  providing the narrowband spectrum of generation, and circulator  59  providing unidirectional propagation of laser radiation  70 . Wavelength division multiplexers (WDM)  57  may be used for optical pumping of fiber amplifier  55  through the fibers  58 . 
     To demonstrate the advantages of using phase-shifted Bragg gratings, as shown in  FIG. 8 , the reflection spectrum of a 7 mm-length phase-shifted grating on Ti:LiNbO 3  waveguide was calculated. This spectrum is shown in  FIG. 9   a .  FIG. 9   a  depicts a 7 mm-length grating having a transmission resonance with very sharp spectral change of transmitted/reflected intensity. As shown in  FIG. 9   b , a considerable change in intensity may be provided by spectral shift of less than 0.1 picometers as shown by the dotted curve  80  in  FIG. 9   b . This shift is 20 times less than the 2.0 picometer shift shown in  FIG. 4 . This means that the electrical pulse voltage required for modulation of CW laser radiation may be ˜0.003 V instead of 0.06 V as calculated above. Thus, the proposed converter  26  shown in  FIG. 8  allows development of short optical pulses  71  controlled by electrical pulses  54  at very high frequency with increased sensitivity to the magnitude of the electrical pulse. More specifically, converter  26  converts electrical pulses  54  into optical pulses  71 . Another advantage of the converter  26  with phase-shifted grating is that only one and shorter in length grating is needed for converter  26 &#39;s development. 
     The preceding embodiments convert an input electrical pulse into an optical pulse. Successive optical pulses will repeat the timing of the input electrical pulses as long as the propagation time of the electrical pulse substantially equals the propagation time of the optical pulse. This timing will be insensitive to shills in the lasing wavelength of the ring cavity laser. 
     The foregoing Detailed Description of exemplary and preferred embodiments is presented for purposes of illustration and disclosure in accordance with the requirements of the law. It is not intended to be exhaustive nor to limit the invention to the precise form(s) described, but only to enable others skilled in the art to understand how the invention may be suited for a particular use or implementation. The possibility of modifications and variations will be apparent to practitioners skilled in the art. Other embodiments are within the scope of the claims. No limitation is intended by the description of exemplary embodiments which may have included tolerances, feature dimensions, specific operating conditions, engineering specifications, or the like, and which may vary between implementations or with changes to the state of the art, and no limitation should be implied therefrom. Applicant has made this disclosure with respect to the current state of the art, but also contemplates advancements and that adaptations in the future may take into consideration of those advancements, namely in accordance with the then current state of the art. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims as written and equivalents as applicable. Reference to a claim element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless explicitly so stated. Moreover, no element, component, nor method or process step in this disclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether the element, component, or step is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element herein is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. Sec. 112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for . . . ” and no method or process step herein is to be construed under those provisions unless the step, or steps, are expressly recited using the phrase “comprising the step(s) of . . . ”