Abstract:
Heterologous protein secretion from Gram-positive bacteria, in particular from Bacilli has, with few exceptions, met with little success. Incompatibility of the heterologous proteins with the protein secretion machinery of the host is the main cause of this effect. This limiting factor for the production of heterologous proteins in commercially significant concentrations from  Bacillus subtilis  is removed by overexpressing the  Bacillus subtilis  protein FtsY or FtsY protein in combination with overexpression of other members of the bacterial signal recognition particle. Said gene(s) is(are) overexpressed in Bacillus host cells expressing a heterologous protein which then shows an increased amount of the heterologous protein secreted in the surrounding medium.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to processes for the production of proteins by micro-organisms. Specifically, it relates to the secretion of heterologous proteins by micro-organisms, in particular by Gram-positive bacteria, especially by the bacterial host Bacillus. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     It also relates to (the overexpression of) a novel gene encoding a protein involved in the early stages of prokaryotic protein secretion. specifically, it relates to the overexpression of said gene within a Bacillus host (over) expressing heterologous proteins. 
       B. subtilis  and (closely) related bacilli secrete proteins directly into the growth medium to high concentrations. Secretion as a mode of production of proteins of interest, be it homologous to the host or heterologous to the host, be it of recombinant origin or not, provides several advantages over intracellular production. It for instance facilitates purification of the product, it theoretically will lead to a higher yield, no aggregation of the product will occur, and it gives the possibility for continuous cultivation and production. However, attempts to secrete heterologous proteins from  B. subtilis  and (closely) related organisms at commercially significant concentrations have, with few exceptions, met with little success. 
     Nearly all secreted proteins use an amino-terminal protein extension, known as the signal peptide, which plays a crucial role in the targeting to, and translocation of precursor proteins across the membrane and which is proteolytically removed by a signalpeptidase during or immediately following membrane transfer. The newly synthesized precursor proteins are recognized by specific proteins in the cytoplasm collectively called chaperones. These chaperones prevent polypeptides, destined for translocation, to aggregate or fold prematurely leading to an export incompatible conformation. 
     For instance, SecB, GroEL/GroES and DnaK/DnaJ are the presently known chaperones in the export pathway of  E. coli.  For the productive binding of precursor proteins to translocation sites in the cytoplasmic membrane SecA is needed. SecA, a protein of which cytoplasmic, peripheral as well as integral membrane forms have been detected, has an ATPase activity which mediates the initial channelling of precursor proteins into the export pathway. 
     The SecA subunit acts as a receptor recognizing the leader and mature domains of the preproteins (Lill et al. 1990) as well as the SecB chaperone (Hartl et al. 1990). It has been suggested that SecA penetrates into the membrane, after binding of ATP, and so promotes the coinsertion of the preprotein. After hydrolysis of bound ATP the preprotein is released from the SecA protein (Schiebel et al. 1991). Translocation is completed with the proton motive force as the main driving force and requires members of the integral membrane part of the preprotein translocase complex like SecY, SecE and SecG (p12/Band1). SecD and SecF are also integral membrane proteins and are probably participating in the late steps of protein translocation. 
     For many years, the protein secretion machinery in prokaryotes has been considered to be independent from the protein secretion system found in higher eukaryotes (Luirink et al, 1992)a. In mammalians, targeting of secretory proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is mediated by the signal recognition particle (SRP), which is a ribonucleoprotein particle composed of one RNA molecule SRP 7S RNA) and six polypeptides of 9, 14, 19, 54, 68 and 72 kD. The SRP proteins are associated with the RNA as either monomers (SRP19 and SRP54) or heterodimers (SRP9/14 and SRP68/72). 
     As soon as the signal peptide of secreted and transmembrane proteins has emerged from the ribosome, it is recognized and bound by SRP, which also has affinity for the ribosome. This association slows down the elongation of the polypeptide chain (elongation arrest). When the complex of SRP, nascent polypeptide chain, and ribosome bind to the SRP receptor (SR or docking protein) associated with the ER membrane, the nascent polypeptide chain is displaced from SRP in a GTP-dependent reaction and protein translation is resumed. 
     The translocation of the polypeptide into the ER takes place co-translationally through a protein pore, the translocon (Gilmore et al. 1993). Thus, the SRP functions both as a cytosolic chaperone preventing premature folding of the preprotein by coupling translation to translocation and as a pilot to guide the preprotein to the SRP receptor complex in the membrane. The 54 kD subunit of SRP (SRP54) binds to the signal peptide when it emerges from the ribosome and therefore seems to have a key function in the SRP-mediated process of protein secretion. 
     Today more and more data become available indicating that an SRP-mediated export pathway may also function in other organisms. Homologues of mammalian SRP components have been isolated from Yeast (Hann et al. 1989),  E. coli  (Bernstein et al. 1989, and Rymisch et al. 1989),  Mycoplasma mycoides  (Samuelsson, 1992) and  Bacillus subtilis  (Struck et al. 1989, and Honda et al. 1993). 
     So it is likely that an SRP-mediated pathway functions in prokaryotes in a separate secretory pathway or may form part of the general secretory pathway. 
     In  E. coli  members of an SRP-like secretory pathway were identified. These members are Ffh (Fifty four homologue) and a 4.5S RNA molecule which are homologous to the SRP54 and SRP 7S RNA0f eukaryotic SRP (Ribes et al. 1990). It is shown that Ffh interacts specifically with the signal sequence of nascent presecretory proteins (Luirink et al. 1992).  E. coli  protein FtsY, which originally has been implicated in cell division (because its gene is located in an operon together with FtsE and FtsX) displays striking sequence similarity with the subunit of mammalian docking protein. Several observations suggest that FtsY is the functional  E. coli  homologue of the mammalian SRP receptor (Luirink et al. 1994). Depletion of either FtsY, Ffh or the RNA component of the  E. coli  SRP affects the export of several secretory proteins. 
     Also in  B. subtilis  components of the SRP-like secretory pathway have been found. The Small Cytoplasmic RNA (scRNA) was shown to have a functional relationship with the human SRP 7S RNA and the  E. coli  4.5S RNA (Nakamura et al., 1992). The  B. subtilis  scRNA is transcribed from the scr gene as a 354 nucleotide precursor which is then processed to a 271 nucleotide RNA at the 5′ and 3′ end (Struck et al., 1989), which is similar to its eukaryotic homologue (300 nucleotides) but much larger than the  E. coli  4.5S RNA (114 nucleotides). Also the secondary structure of the scRNA is very similar to the eukaryotic SRP 7S RNA, lacking only the it domain III (Struck and Erdmann, 1990). This is in contrast to the other eubacterial SRP-like RNAs, which only fold into a single hairpin corresponding to domain IV (Poritz et al., 1988). Therefore the  B. subtilis  scRNA is both in size and secondary structure an intermediate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic SRP-like RNA. 
     Besides the =scr gene another gene encoding a SRP constituent has been isolated from  B. subtilis . The ffh gene was found to encode the Ffh protein which shows homology to both the  E. coli  and eukaryotic SRP54 protein (Honda et al., 1993). 
     It is not unlikely that chaperones or members of the SRP-like secretion pathway may become a rate-limiting step in the secretion pathway, the result of which being that the majority of the heterologous protein expressed will aggregate or fold prematurely. This effect could be the reason why attempts to secrete heterologous proteins in high amounts from Gram-positive micro-organisms, in particular  B. subtilis  and (closely) related micro-organisms have met with little success. Overexpression of particular members of the  B. subtilis  secretion machinery, especially of chaperone-like proteins which are the rate-limiting step in the secretion pathway would solve this problem. It is to be understood that the terms “chaperone” and “secretion factor” are not completely clearly defined. Both groups of proteins will at least overlap and in some cases may be identical. Because the mechanism of action of these proteins is not yet clearly understood, both terms will be used interchangeably herein. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention thus provides a proteinaceous substance comprising at least a functional part of a chaperone-like protein expressed by Gram-positive bacteria encoded by the ftsY gene of said bacteria, a representative of said gene being defined by the seguence of seq. ID no. 7. 
     When Gram-positive bacteria, especially Bacillus species and in particular  Bacillus subtilis  and its closely related organisms are provided with this proteinaceous substance, of which the functionality is defined as being able to recognize a protein of interest to be secreted and lead it into the secretory pathway, they will have an enhanced capability of secreting proteins. It is very likely that proteins to be secreted must have a signal sequence, which may be their own signal sequence, or a signal sequence of a homologous protein of the host bacteria or a signal sequence homologous to the micro-organism from which the proteinaceous substance, i.e. the secretion factor according to the invention is derived. 
     The protein of interest may be any protein which up until now has been considered for expression in prokaryotes, as long as it can be provided or has of its own a signal sequence which render it suitable for secretion in a Gram-positive host. Of course it must also be able to be recognized (if possibly not very efficiently) and lead into the secretory pathway by the chaperone-like proteins according to the invention. It may not be the case that the chaperone-like proteins would be capable of recognizing and leading into secretion each and every protein by itself. Other secretion factors may become the rate-limiting step, if the presently invented secretion factor is provided in sufficient quantities. In that case it is preferred to also provide the hosts with the secretion factors which may become the rate-limiting step in sufficient quantities also. since we believe that there is a SRP-like route in Bacillus species and other gram-positive bacteria, it would be advantageous to provide the micro-organism with enhanced amounts of FtsY, the 7S scRNA and Ffh. 
     The protein of interest may be either homologous or heterologous to the host. In the first case overexpression should be read as expression above normal levels in said host. In the latter case basically any expression is of course overexpression. 
     The proteinaceous substance according to the invention, which for convenience will often be referred to as the chaperone, secretion factor or the chaperone-like protein, may be homologous to the host, which is preferred, but it may also be heterologous to the host, as long as it is compatible with the secretion machinery of the host. It stands to reason that this will be most likely in closely related organisms. Thus in the case of a  Bacillus subtilis  secretion factor, it would be preferred to use it in a Bacillus. 
     The sequence being depicted as giving a representative of a sequence encoding a chaperone-like protein according to the invention is given in order to enable the person skilled in the art to find homologous sequences which encode similar or functionally the same chaperone-like proteins in other Gram-positive bacteria, in particular of other Bacillus species. Given the general level of skill in the art, it will be routine work to prepare for instance primers based on the given sequence and to screen for other homologous sequences encoding said chaperone-like proteins These chaperone-like proteins from other related organisms should therefore be considered as part of the present invention. Their DNA and/or amino acid sequences usually will be quite homologous. As a rule the homology will be greater then 70% overall, in particular homologies of greater than 85% overall are to be expected. It is understood that all homologous genes which can hybridize with the sequence depicted in seq. ID no. 7 and which encode a protein of essentially the same structure or function are comprised in this invention. The following equation, which has been derived from analyzing the influence of different factors on hybrid stability: 
     
       
           Tm= 81+16.6(log 10  Ci )+0.4(%  G+C )−600/ n− 1.5% 
       
     
     mismatch (Ausubel et al., supra) where 
     n=length of the shortest chain of the probe 
     Ci=ionic strength (M) 
     G+C=base composition, 
     can be used to determine which level of homology can be detected using DNA-DNA hybridisation techniques. 
     Therefore the term “essentially of a structure” is intended to embrace sequences which can include conservative mutations, where the sequence encodes the same amino acid, but which may differ by up to 35% in the DNA sequence according to the above equation, more typically by up to 10%. It is not always necessary to have a complete chaperone-like protein to perform the functions of recognizing the protein to be secreted and leading said protein into the secretion pathway. Where possible the hosts may thus also be provided with functional parts of said secretion factor. It is also possible and even likely that association with non-protein material such as the 7S RNA may occur when the secretion factor performs its functions. The term proteinaceous substance is chosen to include such associations. It is by now well known in the art that mutations in proteins may lead to higher activity, longer half-lives, better stability of the mutated protein. Such derivatives of the secretion factors according to the invention are also part thereof, since given the information presented herein, it is routine work to find weak spots, or other sites interesting for mutation in the secretion factors according to the invention and making site-directed mutations. 
     A preferred embodiment of the present invention is a proteinaceous substance which is a chaperone-like protein which is at least partly encoded by the ftsY gene of a Bacillus species. Bacillus species are highly preferred organisms to express genes of interest in and a lot of developmental and production experience is available. As stated before however, there has always been a problem with secretion of especially heterologous proteins from Bacillus. This problem may in many cases be solved by providing Bacillus organisms with chaperone-like proteins from other related species, but it will be clear that chances of a good functional secretion factor in Bacillus, including recognition of the heterologous protein are highest using a chaperone-like protein which is derived from a secretion factor in a Bacillus species. Of special interest as a chaperonelike protein is a proteinaceous substance which is at least partly encoded by the ftsY gene of  Bacillus subtilis  or another Bacillus species. These proteinaceous substances are very likely to be analogues of the eukaryotic docking protein (or SRP receptor) as is the case with products derived from the  E. coli  tax gene. Lack of sufficient amounts of this chaperone-like protein will definitely have a great influence on the capability of host micro-organisms to secrete any proteins, let alone heterologous proteins. At present we believe that heterologous protein may be predominantly secreted using the SRP-like route, i.e. by binding to Ffh, the 7s RNA and the FtsY, whereas homologous proteins use the general secretion pathway. It is also clear that if a heterologous protein to be secreted is provided with a signal homologous or very closely related to a signal present in Bacillus secretory proteins that the presence of a sufficient amount of the secretion factor which normally has the function of recognizing such a signal will lead to enhanced secretion. 
     The preferred method of providing a Gram-positive bacteria, in particular a Bacillus species with the possibility of expressing sufficient amounts of the chaperone-like proteins (and for instance scRNA) according to the invention is of course by providing said micro-organism with the genetic information to overexpress said chaperone-like protein. The invention therefor also provides a recombinant DNA molecule comprising at least a part of an ftsY gene encoding a chaperone-like protein of Gram-positive bacteria, said part encoding at least a functional part of said chaperone-like protein, whereby a representative of said gene has the sequence of seq. ID no. 7. 
     As is true for the proteinaceous substances of the invention the given sequence is given for the reason of enabling the skilled person to find homologous sequences encoding similar secretion factors. Variants may exist within Bacillus species and other Gram-positive bacteria. It will also enable the person skilled in the art to construe silent mutations, to construe beneficial mutations or mutations having no effect on the activity of the chaperone resulting from expression. For different species codon preference may de different, degeneracy may be accounted for. All these modifications should be considered to be within the scope of the present invention. To define which genes still belong to the invention can really only be done by their functionality. If they encode a substance which has the same activity (in kind, not in amount) as the presently invented chaperone-like proteins then the gene (or the recombinant DNA molecule) should be considered to belong to the present invention, if the molecule is derived from a Gram-positive bacteria , in particular a Bacillus species. Usually this will coincide with a rather high degree of homology for instance of 70-95% overall. 
     A further preferred embodiment of the present invention is of course a gene or a recombinant DNA molecule comprising at least a part of the ftsY gene of a Bacillus species. The main reason for this preference is of course that Bacillus species are well known production organisms in which for reasons already mentioned it would be helpful to provide an autologous (sometimes also called homologous) chaperone-like protein. The most preferred chaperone-like protein at the present time is the one encoded by a recombinant DNA molecule comprising at least a part of the ftsY gene of  Bacillus subtilis.    
     For easy transfer of the genetic information of the secretion factors according to the invention it is preferred to provide the recombinant DNA molecule as a vector. The invention thus also provides a recombinant vector comprising a recombinant DNA molecule as disclosed above and suitable regulatory elements for replication and/or expression. The nature and kind of such a vector is not important, as long as it is capable of transferring the wanted genetic information into the desired micro-organism and preferably being capable of replicating or being replicated in such micro-organism. They may comprise many additional advantageous features such as marker genes, restriction sites, etc. Chromosomal integration of (part of) the gene according to the secretion factor is also comprised within this invention. It would of course be advantageous to only have to transfer a micro-organism with one vector. Preferably the invention provides a recombinant vector as described above further comprising a gene encoding a protein of interest to be secreted. 
     The invention further provides micro-organisms which have been provided with the genetic information to encode a chaperone-like according to the invention by whatever method. The invention thus includes a cell derived from a Gram-positive host cell comprising a recombinant DNA molecule or a vector as defined herein before. Preferably the cell is derived from a Bacillus species. In a further preferred embodiment the cell has also been provided with the ability to overexpress either or both 7S scRNA and Ffh in a similar manner as it has been provided with the (over)expression of FtsY. 
     In a further preferred embodiment the cell also has been provided with the ability to overexpress a homologous protein or to express a heterologous protein. A suitable way to arrive at such a cell is providing it with the genetic information for said protein of interest, leading to a cell comprising a vector having the genetic information encoding a chaperone-like protein according to the invention, further comprising a vector comprising a gene encoding a protein of interest to be secreted. All methods leading to the products of the invention are of course also part of this invention. In particular important are the methods leading to the enhanced production of proteins secreted in the culture medium. The invention thus also includes a method for enhancing the secretion of a protein of interest from a Gram-positive micro-organism, comprising the steps of providing said micro-organism with the possibility to over express the protein of interest, providing the micro-organism with the possibility of overexpressing a proteinaceous substance according to the invention, and culturing said micro-organism under suitable conditions. 
     Preferably the possibility to overexpress the protein of interest is provided by a vector as disclosed herein before and the possibility to overexpress a proteinaceous substance according to the invention is also provided by a vector as disclosed hereinabove. 
     The invention will now be further illustrated in the following detailed description and the examples. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIGS. 1A-1B. FIG. 1A shows the plasmids pHB201 and pHBNde described in Example 1. FIG. 1B shows the plasmid pHBChap. 
     FIGS. 2A (SEQ ID NOS:9-13) and  2 B (SEQ ID NOS:14-19) illustrate sequence homology among various ORFs as described in Example 2. 
     FIG. 3 shows molecule features the DNA sequence of the Pst I fragment described in Example 3 (SEQ ID NO:20) 
     FIG. 4 illustrates the GTP binding boxes of SRα like proteins as described in Example 3. 
     FIG. 5 shows the chromosomal organization of the genes in the Pst I fragment described in Example 3. 
     FIG. 6 shows the integration construct pNS′ as described in Example 4. 
     FIG. 7 illustrates the double cross-over event as described in Example 5. 
     FIG. 8 illustrates the chromosomal organization of an isolated integrant strain as described in Example 5. 
     FIG. 9 shows an SDS PAGE of h-IL-3 as described in Example 7. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     There is now growing evidence that poor expression and/or secretion is caused by incorrect folding of the heterologous protein in the host cell. The cause of this effect may be the incompatibility of the host cell&#39;s chaperone-like proteins of the regular secretory pathway and the heterologous protein. As a result the newly synthesized heterologous proteins will be recognized very inefficiently and in this way become a rate-limiting step in the translocation process. This will be even more pronounced if the heterologous protein is overexpressed. One possibility to overcome this problem is to express heterologous chaperone-like proteins which are homologous to the heterologous protein which is to be secreted. Expression of  E. coli  SecB in  B. subtilis  has shown to facilitate secretion of the SecB-dependent maltose-binding protein of  E. coli  (Collier, 1994). This option is probable not applicable when the heterologous protein and secretion factor are from a more phylogenetic distant organism. In this way the host cell&#39;s regular secretion machinery could become incompatible with the heterologous chaperone-like protein itself, leaving the same effect: extreme low secretion efficiency. Another possibility, part of this invention, is to overexpress one or more of thee host cell&#39;s chaperone-like proteins, preferably the SRP-like chaperone-like proteins and so increase the availability of these chaperone-like proteins for the heterologous protein. 
     Because homologues of SecA (Sadaie et al. 1991), SecE (Jeong et al. 1993), SecY (Su et al. 1990), and Lep (Van Dijl et al. 1992) have been identified in  B. subtilis,  it is suggested that signal peptide-dependent protein secretion in  B. subtilis  utilizes a Sec-pathway that is similar to that of  E. coli.  So far SecB, which is considered to be the major chaperone in  E. coli , seems to be the only chaperone which has a direct binding affinity for SecA and so contributes to the accurate targeting of the preprotein-SecB complex to the membrane bound translocase. The SecB protein is needed for only a subset of the envelope proteins so SecB independent proteins will enter the Sec-pathway with the aid of helper proteins like GroEL/GroES, DnaK/DnaJ or other proteins like SRP. In eukaryotic organism SRP mainly is responsible for the translocation across the ER membrane. Recently more evidence has become available of the existence of an SRP mediated secretion route in bacteria. Because the eukaryotic pathway has probably evolved from the bacteria it is thinkable that said proteins are also dependent on this pathway when said proteins are expressed in bacteria like Bacillus. Thus optimisation of this particularly pathway in Bacillus will be more profitable for heterologous (eukaryotic) proteins secretion than the optimisation of the well known sec-pathway. This invention relates to the cloning of the Bacillus ftsY gene and its effect after (over)-expression, alone or in combination with other members of the bacterial SRP, upon heterologous proteins. 
     For the cloning of  B. subtillis  ftsY degenerate primers were synthesized making use of the existing homology boxes between the SRα homologues of different organism (FIG. 2 a ). After an inversed PCR reaction using a 110 bp fragment, which was derived from a nested PCR reaction, as template a 4 kb fragment could be detected. Sequencing results (FIG. 2 b ) revealed an open reading frame of 329 amino acids. This protein shared 48.2% amino acid identity and 65% similarity with the ftsY gene of  E. coli.    
     As will be shown in the Examples, the hybridizing experiments originally lead to an unwanted result, i.e. a smear of indistinct bands. surprisingly, we were able by cutting out a region around the expected size of the amplified fragment and applying PCR to that region again in resolving this smear into a group of distinct bands. Unfortunately hardly any band was seen at the expected size of the fragment that should have been amplified. However, in a third round of amplification we were nevertheless able to obtain a fragment which could be used further. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Construction of a Promoter Vector for Secretion factor Overexpression 
     pHB201 is capable of autonomous replication in both  E. coli  (high-copy) and Bacillus (low-copy) strains. This plasmid confers resistance to the antibiotics chloramphenicol and erythromycin in  E. coli  and Bacillus. Further the plasmid carries a CAT86::lacZ fusion gene preceded by the strong  Lactococcus lactis  promoter 59 which also act as strong promoter in  B. subtilis  (Van der Vossen et al. 1987). 
     By replacing the SalI/EcoRI fragment of this plasmid by a synthetic DNA fragment (SEQ ID NO:1) the CAT86::lacZ was deleted and an unique NdeI restriction site introduced overlapping the translation initiation site generating pHBNde (FIG. 1 a ). This allows us to express the chaperone genes directly downstream the strong Lactococcal promoter 59 without creating fusion proteins as would be with the original pHB201 vector (FIG. 1 b ). 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Molecular Cloning of  Bacillus subtilis  DNA Fragments Homologous With the Human SRα Gene 
     A set of three Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR) were performed as follows. Chromosomal DNA of  B. subtilis  168 was used as template in a first PCR reaction with degenerate primers AB4229 (SEQ ID NO: 2) and AB4230 (SEQ ID NO: 3). After 30 cycles and an annealing temperature of 40° C. the amplified DNA was fractionised by electrophoresis on a 2% Metaphor (FMC BioProducts) agarose gel. The results showed a smear of ill resoluted bands. DNA fragments ranging in size from 220 bp to 300 bp were purified from the agarose gel with a QIAquick gel extraction column (QIAGEN). 
     1/50 of these isolated fragments were used in a second PCR with degenerate primers AB4229 and AB 4241 (SEQ ID NO: 4) using the same reaction conditions as in the first PCR. The result of this PCR showed a number of district bands, however, a band of the expected size (±120 bp) was hardly visible. Fragments of ±120 bp were isolated from the agarose gel as above and used in a third PCR with the same primers and conditions as were used for the second PCR. The resulting single fragment was isolated, purified and after treatment with T4 polynucleotide kinase ligated into dephosphorylated pUC18 linearized with SmaI. 
     After electroporation to  E. coli  JM109, selection on IPTG/X-gal plates, the DNA from six white colonies were used for automated sequencing. Within all six isolates an Open Reading Frame (ORF) could be detected. This ORF showed over 70% similarity with an alignment of homologs from several other organisms (FIG. 2 b ). 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Sequencing of Unknown DNA Sequences Adjacent to a Short Stretch of Known Sequence 
     By using a labelled internal ftsY fragment derived from example 2 we could detect a single 4 kb PstI band in a hybridisation experiment. None of the attempts to clone this fragment directly into pUC were successful, indicating that cloning of this fragment could be lethal in  E. coli.  An inversed PCR (IPCR) was used for determination of the sequence. 
     A total PstI digest of  B. subtilis  168 chromosomal DNA was used as template in the IPCR with primers AB5356 (SEQ ID NO: 5) and AB5357 (SEQ ID NO: 6). The resulting fragment was used directly for automated sequencing making use of the same primers. The sequence of the rest of the PstI chromosomal DNA fragment located upstream of the primer AB5357 and downstream of primer AB5357 was determined by automated sequencing making use of newly developed primers while the sequence was unveiled. The total 4370 bp DNA sequence of the PstI fragment is shown in FIG.  3 . 
     Analysis of the sequence showed the presence of several Open Reading Frames (ORFs), including the one for FtsY. When comparing the overall structure of the SRα like proteins and SRP54-like proteins a common domain is evident which comprises GTP binding boxes (the G-domain, see FIG.  4 ). Also from this figure it is clear that the  B. subtilis  FtsY protein contains only a very short N-terminal domain, in contrast to the eukaryotic and  E. coli  homologues. Since the N-terminal domain in those organisms serves as a membrane anchor it is possible that in  B. subtilis  FtsY functions with a different mechanism, and is possibly more chaperone-like in its action, although it may still be membrane-bound. 
     Analysis of the sequence showed the presence of several more ORF&#39;s, including a truncated ORF showing homology to the Ffh protein, and a truncated ORF showing homology to several DNA segregation proteins like the Yeast protein SMC1. 
     The chromosomal organisation of the genes in the PstI fragment is shown in FIG.  5 . 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     Effect of FtsY Depletion Upon the Secretion of Heterologous Proteins 
     The effects of depletion of FtsY in Bacillus on the processing and/or secretion of heterologous proteins were studied by placing the chromosomal ftsY gene under control of the inducible SPAC promoter (Yansura et. al). For this the N-terminal part of the ftsY gene was cloned into the multiple cloning site of pDG148 directly downstream the SPAC promoter. The SPAC-ftsY-penP-lacI fragment from the resulting pDGFtsY′ plasmid was recloned into pPPNeo2 making the final integration construct pNSFtsY′ (FIG.  6 ). 
     pNSFtsY′ is capable of autonomous replication in  E. coli  but not in Bacillus. It confers resistance to the antibiotic ampicillin which can be used for selection in  E. coli  and neomycin for selection in Bacillus. Integration of pNSFtsY′ into the ftsY locus results in a truncated copy of ftsY (ftsY′) under control of the authentic promoter and an intact copy of ftsy under control of the SPAC promoter. 
     Neomycin resistant pNSFtsY′ integrants could be selected after a protoplast transformation of  B. subtilis  168. Integrants growing in a medium with 0.5 mM IPTG showed growth characteristics comparable to  B. subtilis  host lacking the integrated plasmid. The growth rate of integrants did not decrease after incubation in the absence of IPTG, nor did the cell morphology. 
     Effects of depletion of FtsY on protein translocation were examined by fermentation experiments using hosts expressing heterologous proteins. A pUB110 like vector containing regulatory sequences of the  B. licheniformis  or  B. amyloliquefaciens  α-amylase gene was used for the expression of heterologous proteins. Some of the heterologous proteins were produced to slightly higher levels in cells cultured in the presence of IPTG, however in the absence of IPTG the production of the heterologous proteins was not completely abolished. 
     These effects were unexpected since in  E. coli  depletion of FtsY has a profound effect on the cell morphology and growth rate. Therefore it is possible that there is FtsY formation despite the absence of IPTG, indicating transcriptional read through. It should be possible to correct this by insertion of a strong terminator signal upstream of the SPAC promoter in the integration construct. To confirm that the absence of FtsY is hazardous to the cell attempts were made to disrupt the ftsY gene. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     Construction of Bacillus Strains Without a Functional ftsY Gene 
     Since the experiments described in Example 4 were unexpected in the sense that strain containing the ftsY gene under the control of the SPAC promoter were still viable, and showed no clear phenotype in the absence of the inducer IPTG, we hypothesized that the construct we used was leaky so that even in the absence of IPTG a small amount of FtsY would be produced. To eliminate the production of FtsY we tried to disrupt the ftsY gene by insertion of a neomycin resistance marker. We constructed a plasmid pBHdsPtsYNeo which harbours the 5′ and the 3′ end of the ftsY gene separated by the Neomycin resistance gene in a vector unable to replicate in  B. subtilis.    
     Plasmid pBHdSFtsYNeo was linearized by cutting with Hpal and used to transform  B. subtills  168 to neomycin resistance. This should lead to strains having the original ftsY gene replaced by the fstY::Neo construct via a double cross-over event (see FIG.  7 ). However, we were unable to select for Neomycin resistant colonies using this linear DNA, suggesting the possibility that disruption of the ftsY gene is lethal to the cell. 
     We therefore repeated the transformation experiments with intact, uncut, plasmid DNA. In this case integration of the plasmid into the ftsY gene can take place via a single cross-over event (Campbell type integration), leading to neomycin resistant colonies which have both an intact and a disrupted copy of the ftsY gene present (see FIG.  8 ). We isolated integrant strains, one of which was shown to have the chromosomal organization represented in FIG.  8 . Since in this strain two copies of the 3′ end of the fstY gene are present recombination between them is possible, leading to excision of the plasmid sequences in between and formation of a strain containing only one copy of the ftsY gene, disrupted by the neomycin resistance marker. Despite several attempts we were unable to isolate such recombinant strains, suggesting again that such strains are unviable. 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     Effect of FtsY Overexpression on the Location of Precursors and Mature Heterologous Proteins 
     The effects of overexpression of FtsY in Bacillus on the processing and/or secretion of heterologous proteins were studied by placing the complete ftsY gene under control of the constitutive P59 promoter in pHBNde (see Example 1) resulting in the plasmid pHBFtsY. Effects of overexpression of FtsY on protein translocation were examined by pulse-chase experiments using hosts expressing heterologous proteins. 
       B. Licheniformis  T399 was transformed with plasmid pLAT-IL3 containing the human Interleukin-3 (h-IL-3) gene expressed from the  B. licheniformis  α-amylase promoter and provided with the  B. licheniformis  α-amylase signal sequence, or with the plasmid pLP10-AB containing the prochymosin gene under the same expression signals. The resulting strains T399IL and T399Chy were transformed with plasmid pHBNFtsY containing the ftsY gene. As a control also both strains T399IL and T399Chy were transformed with the vector pHBNde. 
     Single colonies of all strains were inocculated in 5 ml of medium starvation medium s7+ (including Methionine and Cysteine) and grown at 37° C. overnight. Aliquots of 200 μl were inocculated in 5 ml S7− (without Methionine and Cysteine) medium and grown for another 5 hours. 
     After growth to OD=0.3-0.7 a sample of 3.2 ml was centrifuged, washed with S7− medium and resuspended into 3.2 ml fresh S7− medium. The sample was incubated for 20 minutes at 37° C. and pulsed with 25μ (Ci L− [ 35 S]-Methionine (&gt;1000 Ci/mmol) per ml during 60 seconds at 37° C. Then a chase was performed by addition of 50 μl (2 mg/ml) L-Methionine per ml. The chase was stopped at different time points (0, 15, 30, and 60 seconds) by mixing of 600 μl of the reaction with 600 μl ice cold 20% TCA, and incubation on ice for at least 30 minutes. The samples were centrifugated, and the supernatant was used directly for immuno precipitation, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography using standard protocols. 
     The cell pellet was washed with 1 ml aceton, and dried. The cells were resuspended in 50/l lysis buffer 10 mM Tris pH8, 25 mM MgCl, 200 mM NaCl, 5 mg/ml lysozyme) and incubated for 3 minutes at 37° C. After addition of 50 μl TES (20 mM Tris, 2 mM EDTA, 2% SDS, pH8) the samples were boiled for 5 minutes. To the samples was added 900 μl of STDT (10 mM Tris, 0.9% NaCl, 1% Triton, 0.5% Sodium deoxycholate, pHS.2), the mixture was incubated for 15-60 minutes on ice, and the debris was precipitated. The supernatant was used for immuno precipitation with antiserum raised against h-IL-3 or Chymosin and subsequent SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography using standard protocols. 
     Overexpression of FtsY increased the secretion of the mature form of interleukin-3 and the processing of the precursor of prochymosin. 
     EXAMPLE 7 
     Effect of Overexpression of Ffh on the Secretion of Human Interleukin-3 
     The ffh gene encoding the  B. subtilis  homologue of the eukaryotic SRP54 protein was cloned as a PCR fragment obtained using primers based on the published DNA sequence (Honda et al, 1993). The gene was cloned into the vector pHBNde (see Example 1) under the control of the strong Lactococcal P59 promoter to form plasmid pHBNFfh. 
     Pulse-chase experiments were performed as described in Example 6 with  B. licheniformis  strains containing both plasmid pHBNffh and plasmid pLAT-IL3 harbouring the human Interleukin-3 (h-IL-3) gene under the expression and secretion signals of the  B. licheniformis  α-amylase gene. 
     As is shown in FIG. 9, the processing of h-IL-3 is very fast, as no precursor can be detected. The amount of mature h-IL-3 in the supernatant fraction is in all cases is higher in the samples obtained from the strain overproducing Ffh compared to the strain containing only the vector plasmid. 
     EXAMPLE 8 
     Effects of Overexpression of scRNA on the Secretion of Human Interleukin-3 
     The scr gene encoding the scRNA from  B. subtilis  was cloned as a PCR fragment using primers based on the published DNA sequence (Struck et al, 1989) and following the approach (including the same 5′ primer) described by Nakamura (Nakamura et al, 1992) introducing a HindIII site just upstream of the scr DNA and a SphI site downstream of the terminator sequence. 
     The P59 promoter was deleted from the vector pHB210 by replacement of the AlwNI-Smal fragment containing the origin of replication (ori) together with the P59 promoter by the AlwNI-PvuII fragment from vector pBR322 containing only the same ori. This new vector pBHk was used to exchange the EcoRI-PvuII fragment for the EcoRI-BamRI (blunted by T4 polymerase) containing the SPAC-penP-lacI cassette from pDG148 to contract the vector pBHSpac. 
     The PCR fragment containing the scr gene was digested with HindIII and SphI and ligated into pBHSpac digested with the same restriction enzymes to construct plasmid pBHSscr. This way the sir gene was placed under the control of the SPAC promoter. 
     Pulse-chase experiments were performed as described in Example 6 with  B. licheniformis  is strains containing both plasmid pBHSscr and plasmid pLAT-IL3 harbouring the human Interleukin-3 (h-IL-3) gene under the expression and secretion signals of the  B. licheniformis  α-amylase gene. 
     Also in this case the processing of h-IL-3 was very fast, as no precursor could be detected. However, the amount of mature h-IL-3 in the supernatant fraction was in all cases higher in the samples obtained from the strain overproducing scRNA compared to the strain containing only the vector plasmid, or with plasmid pBHSscr in the absence of the inducer IPTG. 
     EXAMPLE 9 
     Effects of Simultaneously Overexpressed Signal Recognition Particle components on the Secretion of Heterologous Proteins 
     The effects described in Examples 6, 7 and 8 were even more pronounced when more than one of the components of the bacterial signal recognition particle were simultaneously expressed. For this purpose the ftsY gene was expressed from the IPTG inducible promoter located in the chromosome as described in Example 4 by addition of 3 mM IPTG, while the components Ffh or scRNA were expressed from their pHE210 derived vectors described in Examples 7 and 8 above. 
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