Abstract:
A capacitance measurement system precharges first terminals ( 21 - 0 . . . 21 - k . . .    21 - n ) of a plurality of capacitors ( 25 - 0 . . . 25 - k . . .    25 ), respectively, of a CDAC (capacitor digital-to-analog converter) ( 23 ) included in a SAR (successive approximation register) converter ( 17 ) to a first voltage (V DD ) and pre-charges a first terminal ( 3 - j ) of a capacitor (C SENj ) to a second voltage (GND). The first terminals are coupled to the first terminal of the capacitor to redistribute charges therebetween so as to generate a first voltage on the first terminals and the first terminal of the capacitor, the first voltage being representative of a capacitance of the first capacitor (C SENj ). A SAR converter converts the first voltage to a digital representation (DATA) of the capacitor. The capacitance can be a touch screen capacitance.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to circuits and techniques for measurement of capacitance, and more particularly to such circuits and techniques adapted for use in touch-screen applications, touch-pad applications, and the like. 
     Touch screen controller circuits for use in touch screen, touch pad, and touch button applications have generally included digital controller circuitry and analog circuitry for detecting the presence of capacitance if a user touches a point on a touch screen (or a touch pad or touch button). The presence or movement of a user&#39;s finger in the vicinity of the electric field associated with the capacitance of the touch screen, touch button, etc., disturbs or impedes the electric field and therefore modifies the capacitance. The capacitance measurement circuit therefore indicates the presence of the finger as a change in the modified touchscreen or touch button capacitance. The prior art typically utilizes current sourcing/sinking circuitry, RC networks, and counters to provide a digital indication of the measured capacitance, which, in a touch screen controller, can be used to precisely identify/indicate the screen location being touched. 
       FIG. 1A  illustrates part of a touch screen panel  1 - 1  which includes a suitable number of horizontal transparent conductors  2  disposed on one surface of a thin, transparent insulative layer (not shown). A suitable number of vertical transparent conductors  3  are disposed on the other surface of the insulative layer. The left end of each of the horizontal conductors  2  can be connected to suitable current sourcing or drive circuitry. The bottom end of each of the vertical conductors  3  can be connected to suitable current sinking or receiving circuitry. A cross-coupling capacitance C SENj  occurs at an “intersection” of each horizontal conductor such as  2 -I and each vertical conductor such as  3 - j , the intersection being located directly beneath a “touch point”  13 . Note that the touching by a user&#39;s finger does not necessarily have to occur directly over a touch point. If multiple touch points  13  are sufficiently close together, then a single touching may disrupt the electric fields of a number of different cross-coupling capacitances C SENj . However, the largest change in the value of a particular cross-coupling capacitance C SENj  occurs when the touching occurred directly over that particular cross-coupling capacitance. 
       FIG. 1B  illustrates any particular horizontal conductor  2 -I and any particular vertical (as in  FIG. 1A ) conductor  3 - j  and the associated cross-coupling capacitance C SENj  between them, I and j being row and column index numbers of the horizontal conductors  2  and the vertical conductors  3 , respectively. (By way of definition, the structure including the overlapping conductors  2 -I and  3 - j  which result in the cross-coupling capacitance C SENj  is referred to as “capacitor C SENj ”. That is, the term “C SENj ” is used to refer both to the capacitor and its capacitance.) 
     The drive circuitry for horizontal conductor  2 -I can include a drive buffer  12  which receives appropriate pulse signals on its input  4 . The output of drive buffer  12  is connected to the right end of conductor  2 -I, which is modeled as a series of distributed resistances RA and distributed capacitances CA each connected between ground and a node between two adjacent distributed resistances RA. The receive circuitry for conductor  3 - j  is illustrated as being connected to the right end of vertical conductor  3 - j . A switch S 1   j  is connected between conductor  3 - j  and V SS . A sampling capacitor C SAMPLE  has one terminal connected to conductor  3 - j  and another terminal connected by conductor  5  to an input of a comparator  6 , one terminal of a switch S 2   j , and one terminal of a resistor R SLOPE . The other terminal of switch S 2   j  is connected to V SS . The other terminal of resistor R SLOPE  is connected to the output of a slope drive amplifier  9 , the input of which receives a signal SLOPE DRIVE. The other input of comparator  6  is connected to V SS . The output of comparator  6  is connected to an input of a “timer capture register”  7 , which can be a counter that, together with resistor R SLOPE  and capacitor C SAMPLE , perform the function of generating a digital output signal on bus  14  representing the value of C SENj . 
     A problem of the above described prior art is that the time required for the capacitance measurement is time-varying in the sense that a lower value of the capacitance C SENj  requires less counting time by timer capture register  7 , whereas a higher value of the capacitance C SENj  requires more counting time by timer capture register  7 . The widely variable capacitance measurement times may be inconvenient for a user. Also, the system is quite susceptible to noise because comparator  6  in Prior Art  FIG. 1B  is connected via C SAMPLE  during the entire capacitance measurement process. 
     Thus, there is an unmet need for a capacitance measurement system that is capable of making accurate measurements of a broader range of capacitances than the prior art. 
     There also is an unmet need for an improved digital circuit and method for making touch screen capacitance measurements in a touchscreen controller circuit or a touch button circuit. 
     There also is an unmet need for a digital capacitance measurement system and method having greater capacitance measurement sensitivity than the prior art. 
     There also is an unmet need for a digital capacitance measurement system and method having greater capacitance per LSB measurement sensitivity than the prior art. 
     There also is an unmet need for a digital capacitance measurement system and method having greater touch screen capacitance per LSB measurement sensitivity than the prior art. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the invention to provide a capacitance measurement system that is capable of making accurate measurements of a broader range of capacitances than the prior art. 
     It is another object of the invention to provide an improved digital circuit and method for making touch screen capacitance measurements in a touchscreen controller circuit or a touch button circuit. 
     It is another object of the invention to provide a digital capacitance measurement system and method having capacitance measurement sensitivity greater than that of the prior art. 
     It is another object of the invention to provide a digital capacitance measurement system and method having capacitance per LSB measurement sensitivity greater than that of the prior art. 
     It is another object of the invention to provide a digital capacitance measurement system and method having touch screen or touch button capacitance per LSB measurement sensitivity greater than that of the prior art. 
     It is another object of the invention to provide a capacitance measurement system and method that are integral with and include a SAR converter. 
     It is another object of the invention to provide a constant-data-rate stream of touch screen panel touch point coordinate measurements or corresponding touch point capacitance measurements that do not vary with capacitance value. 
     Briefly described, and in accordance with one embodiment, the present invention provides a capacitance measurement system which precharges first terminals ( 21 - 0  . . .  21 - k  . . .  21 - n ) of a plurality of capacitors ( 25 - 0  . . .  25 - k  . . .  25 ), respectively, of a CDAC (capacitor digital-to-analog converter) ( 23 ) included in a SAR (successive approximation register) converter ( 17 ) to a first voltage (V DD ) and also precharges a first terminal ( 3 - j ) of a capacitor (C SENj  or C SEN ) to a second voltage (GND). The first terminals of the CDAC capacitors are coupled to the first terminal of the capacitor to redistribute charges therebetween so as to generate a first voltage on the first terminals of the CDAC capacitors and the first terminal of the capacitor, the first voltage being representative of a capacitance of the first capacitor (C SENj ). A SAR converter converts the first voltage to a digital representation (DATA) of the capacitor. The capacitance can be a touch screen capacitance or a touch button capacitance. 
     In one embodiment, the invention provides a passive capacitance measurement system including a successive approximation register analog-to-digital conversion circuit (SAR ADC) ( 17 ) which includes a comparator ( 26 ). An output of the comparator ( 26 ) is coupled to an input of SAR logic and switch circuitry ( 28 , 30 ) which produces a digital output (DATA) on a digital bus ( 32 ). A passive network ( 16 ) for coupling a capacitor (C SENj  in  FIG. 2A  or C SEN  in  FIG. 2F ) to be measured to the SAR ADC ( 17 ) includes a measurement conductor ( 20 ) coupled to a first terminal ( 3 - j ) of the capacitor (C SENj ), a first switching circuit (S 0 , . . . Sk, . . . Sn) which is also included in the SAR ADC ( 17 ) for coupling the measurement conductor ( 20 ) to a plurality of conductors ( 21 - 0 , . . .  21 - k , . . .  21 - n ) included in both the passive network ( 16 ) and the SAR ADC ( 17 ), and a divider/CDAC (capacitor digital-to-converter) ( 23 ) which is included in both the passive network ( 16 ) and the SAR ADC ( 17 ). The divider/CDAC includes a plurality of weighted capacitors ( 25 - 0 , . . .  25 - k , . . .  25 - n ) each having a first terminal coupled to a corresponding one of the plurality of conductors ( 21 - 0 , . . .  21 - k , . . .  21 - n ), respectively, each of the weighted capacitors having a second terminal coupled by a first conductor ( 24 ) to a first input (+) of the comparator ( 26 ). The passive network ( 16 ) also includes a first switch (S 6 ) having a first terminal coupled to the first input (−) of the comparator ( 26 ). The SAR logic and switch circuitry ( 28 , 30 ) is coupled to control the plurality of conductors ( 21 - 0 , . . .  21 - k , . . .  21 ) during a SAR conversion. 
     In a described embodiment, a second switch (S 1   j ) selectively couples the first terminal ( 3 - j ) of the capacitor (C SENj ) to be measured to a first reference voltage (GND), and a third switch (S 2   j ) selectively couples the first terminal ( 3 - j ) of the capacitor (C SENj ) to be measured to the measurement conductor ( 20 ). In one embodiment, the capacitor (C SENj ) to be measured is a cross-coupling capacitor ( 13  in  FIG. 1A ) formed by an intersection of first ( 2 -I) and second ( 3 - j ) conductors of a touch screen panel ( 13 A). In another embodiment, the capacitor (C SEN ) to be measured is a touch button capacitor ( 13 B), the capacitor (C SEN ) to be measured having a second terminal coupled to a fixed reference voltage (GND). 
     In a described embodiment, the first switching circuit (S 0  . . . Sk . . . Sn) includes a first group of switches (S 0  . . . Sk . . . Sn) which are opened during a precharge phase to allow a second group of switches (S 7   k ) in the SAR logic and switch circuitry ( 28 , 30 ) to precharge the plurality of capacitors ( 25 - 0  . . .  25 - k  . . .  25 - n ) to a predetermined precharge voltage (V DD ). The switches (S 0  . . . Sk . . . Sn) of the first group are closed during a measurement phase after the precharge phase to allow redistribution of charges of the capacitor (C SENj ) to be measured to produce a measurement voltage on the measurement conductor  20  and the plurality of conductors ( 21 - 0  . . .  21 - k  . . .  21 - n ). The first group of switches (S 0  . . . Sk . . . Sn) are opened during a conversion phase after the measurement phase to allow the SAR ADC ( 17 ) to successively generate bits of the digital output (DATA). In a described embodiment, the plurality of CDAC capacitors ( 25 - 0  . . .  25 - k  . . .  25 - n ) are binarily weighted. 
     In one embodiment, the passive capacitance measurement system includes a pump capacitor (C P ) coupled between the measurement conductor ( 20 ) and a predetermined low reference voltage (GND) during the precharge phase and a predetermined high reference voltage (V DD ) during the measurement phase. 
     In one embodiment, the passive capacitance measurement system includes auto-zeroing circuitry having an auto-zeroing switch (S 3 ) coupled between the first input (+) of the comparator ( 26 ) and a comparator reference voltage (V AZ ) coupled to a second input (−) of the comparator ( 26 ). 
     In one embodiment, the passive capacitance measurement system includes a secondary passive network ( 16 A,C REF  in  FIG. 5 ) having an output ( 24 A) coupled to a second input (−) of the comparator ( 26 ), the secondary passive network ( 16 A) being substantially similar to the passive network ( 16 ) together with the capacitor (C SENj ) to be measured. 
     In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for measuring a capacitance (C SENj  in  FIG. 2A , C SEN  in  FIG. 2F ) of a first capacitor (C SENj  in  FIG. 2A , C SEN  in  FIG. 2F ), including precharging at least one of a plurality of first terminals ( 21 - 0  . . .  21 - k  . . .  21 - n ) of a plurality of weighted CDAC capacitors ( 25 - 0  . . .  25 - k  . . .  25 ), respectively, of a CDAC (capacitor digital-to-analog converter) ( 23 ) included in a SAR (successive approximation register) converter ( 17 ) to a first reference voltage (V DD ) during a precharge phase, coupling the first terminals ( 21 - 0  . . .  21 - k  . . .  21 - n ) of the CDAC capacitors ( 25 - 0  . . .  25 - k  . . .  25 - n ) to a first terminal ( 3 - j ) of the first capacitor (C SENj ) to redistribute charges among the first capacitor (C SENj  in  FIG. 2A , C SEN  in  FIG. 2F ) and at least one of the plurality of CDAC capacitors ( 25 - 0  . . .  25 - k  . . .  25 ) so as to generate a first voltage on the first terminals ( 21 - 0  . . .  21 - k  . . .  21 - n ) of the CDAC capacitors ( 25 - 0  . . .  25 - k  . . .  25 - n ) and the first terminal ( 3 - j ) of the first capacitor (C SENj ) during a measurement phase, the first voltage being representative of the capacitance (C SENj ) of the first capacitor (C SENj ), and performing a successive approximation conversion operation on the first voltage to generate a digital representation (DATA) of the first capacitance (C SENj ). In a described embodiment, the method includes precharging the first terminal ( 3 - j ) of the first capacitor (C SENj ) to a second reference voltage (GND) during the precharging. The method includes opening a first group of switches (S 0  . . . Sk . . . Sn) during the precharge phase and closing at least some of the switches of a second group of switches (S 7   k ) to precharge at least some of the plurality of the CDAC capacitors ( 25 - 0  . . .  25 - k  . . .  25 - n ) to a predetermined precharge voltage (e.g., V DD ) during the precharge phase. The method includes closing the first group of switches (S 0  . . . Sk . . . Sn) during the measurement phase after the precharge phase to allow redistribution of charges on the first capacitor (C SENj ) to produce a measurement voltage on the first terminals ( 21 - 0  . . .  21 - k  . . .  21 - n ) of the CDAC capacitors ( 25 - 0  . . .  25 - k  . . .  25 - n ). The method includes opening the first group of switches (S 0  . . . Sk . . . Sn) during a conversion phase after the measurement phase and operating the SAR ADC ( 17 ) to successively generate bits of the digital representation (DATA) of the first capacitance (C SENj ). 
     In one embodiment, the method includes coupling a pump capacitor (C P ) between the first terminals ( 21 - 0  . . .  21 - k  . . .  21 - n ) of the CDAC capacitors ( 25 - 0  . . .  25 - k  . . .  25 - n ) and a predetermined low reference voltage (GND) during the precharge phase and coupling the pump capacitor (C P ) between the first terminals ( 21 - 0  . . .  21 - k  . . .  21 - n ) of the CDAC capacitors ( 25 - 0  . . .  25 - k  . . .  25 - n ) and a predetermined high reference voltage (V DD ) during the measurement phase to boost the voltage of the first terminals ( 21 - 0  . . .  21 - k  . . .  21 - n ) of the CDAC capacitors ( 25 - 0  . . .  25 - k  . . .  25 - n ) to improve the sensitivity of the measuring with respect to relatively high values of the capacitance (C SENj ) of the first capacitor (C SENj ). 
     In one embodiment, the invention provides a passive capacitance measurement system including means ( 30 ) for precharging at least one of a plurality of first terminals ( 21 - 0  . . .  21 - k  . . .  21 - n ) of a plurality of weighted CDAC capacitors ( 25 - 0  . . .  25 - k  . . .  25 ), respectively, of a CDAC (capacitor digital-to-analog converter) ( 23 ) included in a SAR (successive approximation register) converter ( 17 ) to a first reference voltage (V DD ) and means (S 1   j ) for precharging a first terminal ( 3 - j ) of a first capacitor (C SENj ) to a second reference voltage (GND), means (S 2   j ,S 0  . . . Sk . . . Sn) for coupling the first terminals ( 21 - 0  . . .  21 - k  . . .  21 - n ) of the CDAC capacitors ( 25 - 0  . . .  25 - k  . . .  25 - n ) to the first terminal ( 3 - j ) of the first capacitor (C SENj ) to redistribute charges among the first capacitor (C SENj  in  FIG. 2A , C SEN  in  FIG. 2F ) and at least one of the plurality of CDAC capacitors ( 25 - 0  . . .  25 - k  . . .  25 ) so as to generate a first voltage on the first terminals ( 21 - 0  . . .  21 - k  . . .  21 - n ) of the CDAC capacitors ( 25 - 0  . . .  25 - k  . . .  25 - n ) and the first terminal ( 3 - j ) of the first capacitor (C SENj ), the first voltage being representative of a capacitance (C SENj ) of the first capacitor (C SENj ), and means ( 17 ) for performing a successive approximation conversion operation on the first voltage to generate a digital representation (DATA) of the capacitance (C SENj ) of the first capacitor (C SENj ). 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1A  illustrates a plan view diagram of upper and lower orthogonal transparent, conductive strips of a touch screen panel. 
         FIG. 1B  is a schematic diagram representing circuitry associated with an “intersection” of a horizontal conductive, transparent strip and a vertical conductive, transparent strip of a touch screen panel, cross coupling capacitance, and circuitry for sensing the presence of a person&#39;s finger close to the intersection. 
         FIG. 2A  is a block diagram illustrating an architecture of an embedded SAR based passive capacitance measurement system of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2B  is a timing diagram of clock signals used to operate the capacitance measurement system of  FIG. 2A . 
         FIG. 2C  is a block diagram useful in explaining operation of the capacitance measuring system of  FIG. 2A  during a precharge phase. 
         FIG. 2D  is a block diagram useful in explaining operation of the capacitance measuring system of  FIG. 2A  during a measurement phase. 
         FIG. 2E  is a block diagram useful in explaining operation of the capacitance measuring system of  FIG. 2A  during a SAR analog-to-digital conversion phase. 
         FIG. 2F  is a simplified schematic diagram of a touch button circuit which can be connected to measurement conductor  20  in  FIG. 2A  instead of touchscreen panel  13 A. 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram illustrating a charge pump enhanced embedded SAR based passive capacitance measurement system of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4A  is a graph which shows digital values of capacitance measured by the capacitance measurement systems of  FIGS. 2A and 3 . 
         FIG. 4B  is a graph which shows measurement sensitivity of the capacitance measurement systems of  FIGS. 2A and 3 . 
         FIG. 5  is a block diagram of a differential implementation of the capacitance measurement system of  FIG. 2A . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       FIG. 2A  shows a single-ended (i.e., not differential) embodiment of an embedded SAR based passive capacitance measurement system  15  of the present invention. Capacitance measurement system  15  includes a passive network  16  and a SAR (successive approximation register) type of ADC (analog-to-digital converter)  17 . Passive network  16  is coupled by conductor  3 - j  to a touch screen capacitance C SENj . C SENj  can be the same as a cross-coupling capacitance of an external touchscreen panel  13 A as shown in Prior Art  FIGS. 1A and 1B . (Alternatively, the capacitance C SENj  can be a capacitance C SEN  or C BUTTON  of a touch button with one terminal connected to ground as shown in subsequently described  FIG. 2F , rather than a touchscreen panel  13 A as shown in  FIG. 2A .) The capacitance C SENj  (or C SEN ) is decreased by the presence of a human finger or the like in the electric field associated with that capacitance. 
     In  FIG. 2A , the lower left corner shows an external touch screen panel  13 A. One cross-coupling capacitance C SENj  at an intersection between a conductor  3 - j  and a conductor  2 -I of external touch screen panel  13 A is illustrated, with conductor  2 -I of cross-coupling capacitance C SENj  being coupled by a switch  25  to V DD  during the subsequently described precharge phase (P) and coupled by switch  29  to ground during the subsequently described measurement phase (M in  FIG. 2B ). The top terminal of capacitance C SENj  can be coupled by conductor  3 - j  and an optional switch S 2   j  to measurement conductor  20 . (Note that optional switch S 2   j  can be replaced by connecting conductor  3 - j  directly to measurement conductor  20  in the more common case wherein passive network  16 A is multiplexed with a number of touch screen panels or a number of touch buttons.) As previously mentioned, the value of C SENj  is affected by the touch or proximity or movement of a user&#39;s finger, depending on how close the finger approaches the intersection of conductors  2 -I and  3 - j  (as in  FIGS. 1A and 1B ) of touchscreen panel  13 A or how close the finger approaches the C SEN  area of touch button  13 B in  FIG. 2F . Various parasitic capacitances, having a total capacitance value C PARASITIC  are in effect coupled between conductor  3 - j  and ground, as generally shown in  FIG. 2A . 
     Touch screen panel  13 A and switches  25  and  29  in  FIG. 2A  can be replaced by the illustrated touch button switch circuit shown in above mentioned  FIG. 2F . Referring to  FIG. 2F , the touch button switch circuit includes a touch button capacitor  13 B having a capacitance C SEN , also referred to as C BUTTON . The lower terminal of touch button capacitor  13 B is connected to a fixed reference voltage, such as ground. The upper terminal of touch button capacitor  13 B is coupled by switch S 1  to ground during precharge phase P and is coupled by switch S 2  to measurement conductor  20  during measurement phase M. 
     In  FIG. 2A , passive network  16  includes switch S 1   j  and optional switch S 2   j , each having a first terminal connected to conductor  3 - j . The second terminal of switch S 1   j  is connected to ground, and the second terminal of switch S 2   j  is connected to measurement conductor  20  of passive network  16 . Passive network  16  also includes switches S 0  . . . Sk . . . Sn, each having a first terminal connected to measurement conductor  20 . The second terminals of switches S 0  . . . Sk . . . Sn are connected to CDAC bottom plate conductors  21 - 0  . . .  21 - k  . . .  21 - n , respectively. Passive network  16  and SAR ADC circuit  17  are connected to and disconnected from each other by the array of interface switches S 0  . . . Sk . . . Sn switches in response to measurement phase clock signal M. A divider/CDAC (capacitor digital-to-analog converter)  23  is included in passive network  16 , and includes a “top plate” conductor  24  connected to one terminal of a switch S 6 , the other terminal of which is connected to an auto-zeroing voltage V AZ . Switch S 6  is controlled by the signal PM in  FIG. 2B . (A typical value of V AZ  would be V DD /2. However, V AZ  also could be ground or V DD , depending on how SAR comparator  26  is configured.) 
     Top plate conductor  24  is connected to a first terminal of each of binarily weighted capacitors  25 - 0  . . .  25 - k  . . .  25 - n . The second terminal of each of capacitors  25 - 0  . . .  25 - k  . . .  25  is connected to a corresponding one of bottom plate conductors  21 - 0 , 1  . . .  k . . . n , respectively. 
     SAR ADC converter  17  shares the above mentioned switches S 0  . . . Sk . . . Sn, bottom plate conductors  21 - 0  . . .  21 - k  . . .  21 - n , divider/CDAC circuit  23 , and switch S 6  with passive network  16 . SAR ADC  17  further includes an SAR comparator  26  having a (+) input connected to top plate conductor  24  and a (−) input connected to receive auto-zeroing voltage V AZ . (Note, however, that ordinarily the input applied to the (−) input of SAR comparator  26  is the analog output of another CDAC which is either being used in a mirror or “dummy” circuit or is being used to sample ground.) Top plate conductor  24  of divider/CDAC  23 , rather than the bottom plate conductors  21 - 0  . . .  21 - k  . . .  21 - n  thereof, preferably is connected to the (+) input of SAR comparator  26  because top plate conductor  24  typically has less parasitic capacitance. (Auto-zeroing circuitry for a SAR comparator is conventional, and can be readily implemented by those skilled in the art.) The output of SAR comparator  26  is connected by conductor  27  to the input of conventional SAR logic circuitry  28 , the output bus of which is connected to the input of a conventional SAR DAC (digital-to-analog converter) switch bank circuit  30 . SAR logic circuit  28  and SAR DAC switch bank  30  are clocked by a clock signal CLK. 
     SAR-DAC switch bank  30  includes the bank of switches S 7   k  and S 8   k  that pulls any particular CDAC capacitor to either a high level or a low level. Completion of a SAR conversion results in the final value of DATA&lt;11:0&gt;. SAR logic  28  performs the function of controlling the switches in SAR DAC switch bank  30 . During the precharge phase, SAR-DAC switches  30  must drive the various bottom plate conductors  21 - 0  . . .  21 - k  . . .  21 - n  of any or all of CDAC capacitors  25 - 0  . . .  25 - k  . . .  25 - n , respectively, to either V DD  or to ground. This provides an “offset” of sorts that allows for different values of voltages that may appear on measurement conductor  20  by the end of measurement phase M. 
     It should be understood that there are a number of choices as to how the various CDAC capacitors and measurement capacitor C SENj  can be precharged during the precharge phase. For example, if all of the CDAC capacitors are precharged to V DD  and the C SENj  capacitor is precharged to ground, then, in the touch button case, the charge redistribution during the measurement phase occurs across CDAC  23 , producing a particular voltage on conductor  20 . Alternatively, it would be possible to precharge only half of the CDAC capacitors, or even just the MSB CDAC capacitor, to V DD  and precharge all of the other CDAC capacitors to ground. Or, all of the CDAC capacitors could be precharged to ground and the button capacitor to could be precharged to V DD . The results of such different precharging strategies would be that the charge redistribution during the measurement phase would advantageously result in different voltages on conductor  20 . 
     Each of bottom plate conductors  21 - 0  . . .  21 - k  . . .  21 - n  is connected to a conductor  21   k  of a corresponding switching circuit, respectively, in SAR ADC switch bank  30  which includes a pair of switches S 7   k  and S 8   k , where k is an index having a value between 0 and n. A first terminal of each of switches S 7   k  and S 8   k  of a “k”th pair has a first terminal connected to conductor  21   k . The second terminal of each switch S 7   k  is connected to a suitable first reference voltage (such as supply voltage V DD ), and the second terminal of each switch S 8   k  is connected to a corresponding suitable second reference voltage (such as ground or V SS ). The output of SAR DAC switch bank  30  is connected to data output bus  32 , on which digital data value DATA&lt;11:0&gt; (for a 12-bit SAR DAC) is produced. DATA&lt;11:0)&gt; represents the measured capacitance of C SENj . 
     Note, however, that the above mentioned “suitable” corresponding reference voltages could be set to a value higher than V DD  and a value lower than ground, respectively, or alternatively they could be set to a value less than V DD  and a value higher than ground, respectively, in order to “squeeze” or “expand” the usable input range of SAR ADC  17 . (Various implementations of SAR ADCs that execute the well known basic SAR algorithm are widely used, and can be readily implemented by those skilled in the art. For example, the assignee&#39;s TSC2007, TSC2005, TSC2003, TSC 2046, ADS7846 all include similar SAR ADC circuits which could be used.) 
     The portion of passive capacitance measuring system  15  in  FIG. 2A  exclusive of touchscreen panel  13 A preferably is implemented on a single integrated circuit chip. Switch S 1   j  and optional switch S 2   j , which are connected to measurement node  20 , are controlled by a precharge phase clock P and a measurement phase clock M, respectively. Note that divider/CDAC  23  functions in the charge redistribution operation of passive network  16 , and then functions in the SAR analog-to-digital conversion of the voltage on measurement conductor  20  into the digital output signal DATA&lt;11:0&gt;. 
     Above-mentioned  FIG. 2B  is a timing diagram including the digital signal P which represents the precharge phase of passive capacitance measurement system  15 , the digital signal M which represents the measurement phase, and a digital signal S which represents an SAR analog-to-digital conversion phase. Timing diagram  FIG. 2B  also shows a digital signal PS which is the inverse of the signal M and a digital signal PM which is the inverse of the signal S. Switch S 1   j  is controlled by precharge phase signal P. Switches S 2   j  and S 0  . . . Sk . . . Sn are controlled by measurement phase signal M. Switch S 6  is controlled by clock signal PM, switches S 7   k  are controlled by clock signal PS, and switches S 8   k  are controlled by SAR phase clock S, where k has all of the values between 0 and n. (However, note that all of the switches in  FIG. 2A  are illustrated in their “open” condition.) 
       FIG. 2C  shows the configuration of the various switches of passive capacitance measurement system  15  of  FIG. 2A  during the above mentioned precharge phase, when clock signal P is at a high level. During the precharge phase, switches S 1   j  and S 6  are closed and at least some of the n+1 switches S 7   k  also are closed. The remaining switches S 2   j , S 0  . . . Sk . . . Sn, and at least some of switches S 8   k  are open. In this configuration, the touchscreen capacitance C SENj  (or touch button capacitance C SEN ) being measured is discharged to ground through switch S 1   j . The clock signal PM also is at a high level during the precharge phase, so switch S 6  is also closed. Top plate conductor  24  of divider/CDAC  23  therefore is maintained at V AZ  before the charge redistribution between C SENj  and the capacitors of divider/CDAC  23  takes place. During a normal SAR conversion this operation (or a similar operation) would occur in conjunction with a conventional auto-zeroing of SAR comparator  26 , during which SAR comparator  26  is connected to auto-zeroing voltage V AZ . 
     Note that there are n+1 of the switches S 7   k  in SAR DAC control circuit  30 , all controlled by the PS clock signal, which is at a high level during the precharge phase (and also during the SAR conversion phase). The n+1 switches S 7   k  therefore are closed during the precharge phase. Consequently, a first terminal of some or all (depending on the precharge strategy being used) of CDAC capacitors  25 - 0  . . .  25 - k  . . .  25 - n  in divider/CDAC circuit  23  is connected to V DD  through its corresponding switch S 7   k , while the interface switches S 0  . . . Sk . . . Sn remain open, in order to precharge the corresponding bottom plate conductors  21 - 0  . . .  21 - k  . . .  21 - n  of divider/CDAC circuit  23 . By the end of the precharge phase S, the capacitance C SENj  has been discharged and the bottom plates of capacitors  25 - 0  . . .  25 - k  . . .  25 - n  of divider/CDAC circuit  23  all have been precharged to a suitable reference voltage level, such as V DD  or even a voltage generated by a variable gain amplifier circuit or a charge pump circuit. There also are n+1 of switches S 8   k  in SAR ADC switch bank  30  which are controlled in accordance with the conventional SAR conversion algorithm executed by SAR logic  28  and SAR ADC control circuit  30 . 
       FIG. 2D  shows the configuration of the various switches of capacitance measurement system  15  of  FIG. 2A  during the measurement phase, while clock signal M is at its high level as indicated in  FIG. 2B . During the measurement phase, switches S 2   j , S 0  . . . Sk . . . Sn, and S 6  are closed, and the remaining switches S 1   j , S 7   k , and at least some of switches S 8   k  remain open (k being the above mentioned index variable having values between 0 and n). Conductor  3 - j  has been released from ground since the end of precharge phase P, and M-controlled switch S 2   j  is closed. Some or all of the bottom plate conductors  21 - 0  . . .  21 - k  . . .  21 - n  of divider/CDAC  23  (depending on the precharge strategy being used) have been precharged through switches S 7   k  to a suitable reference voltage, for example, V DD , and then disconnected therefrom. When the array of M-controlled switches S 0  . . . Sk . . . Sn connecting measurement conductor  20  to the precharged bottom plate conductors  21 - 0  . . .  21 - k  . . .  21 - n  of divider/CDAC  23  are closed, the charges produced during the precharge phase on C SENj  and at least some of CDAC capacitors  25 - 0  . . .  25 - k  . . .  25 - n  is redistributed among those capacitors. That results in a corresponding change in the voltage on measurement conductor  20  and CDAC conductors  21 - 0  . . .  21 - k  . . .  21 - n . (Note that although the auto-zeroing operation continues so that at this point the voltage on the (+) input of SAR comparator  26  has not changed, the auto-zeroing of SAR comparator  26  does not necessarily have to continue during the capacitance measurement phase. Auto-zeroing is not even essential to all embodiments of the present invention.) 
     It should be appreciated that depending on the expected value of C SENj , it might be desirable to not connect all of the CDAC capacitors into the foregoing capacitive divider configuration during the measurement phase. For example, only the MSB CDAC capacitor might be included in the divider configuration. Alternatively, the bottom plate conductors  21 - 0  . . .  21 - k  . . .  21 - n  being referred to could have been set to some other suitable reference voltage between V DD  and ground. For example, the CDAC bottom plate conductors  21 - 0  . . .  21 - k  . . .  21 - n  could have been precharged to zero and C SENj  could be precharged to V DD  for the measurement phase, again depending on the precharging strategy being used. This might even be necessary, depending on the ratio of the total CDAC capacitances and C SENj .) 
     In operation during measurement phase M, some or all of CDAC capacitors  25 - 0  . . .  25 - k  . . .  25 - n  are used in a capacitive divider configuration. Since C SENj  is connected in series with the CDAC capacitance C CDAC  of some or all of CDAC capacitors  25 - 0  . . .  25 - k  . . .  25 , the charge redistribution results in a “divided” voltage which appears on measurement conductor  20 , since during the measurement phase, the voltage of top plate conductor  24  is fixed at V DD /2 (because switch S 6  is closed). The divided-voltage output on conductor  20  is equal to V DD *CDAC/(C t ). So at the conclusion of the measurement phase, it is as if a voltage sampled onto conductor  20  is, in effect, sampled onto the CDAC capacitors. Then conductor  20  is disconnected by switches S 0  . . . Sk . . . Sn, and the SAR conversion operation can then begin. (During the SAR operation, with switch S 6  open, the voltage of conductor  20  increases and/or decreases as the successive approximation algorithm is executed.) 
     As an extreme or limiting example, if C SENj  is zero, then V DD  appears on CDAC capacitance C CDAC  and therefore appears as the voltage on conductor  20 , and hence also on bottom plate conductors  21 - 0  . . .  21 - k  . . .  21 - n  of CDAC  23 . The voltage across CDAC  23  would be V DD *C CDAC /C t −V DD /2. As another example, if C SENj  is equal to C CDAC , then there would be V DD /2−V DD /2=0 volts across CDAC  23 . (And the subsequent SAR conversion operation would generate a middle code 0111111111111.) 
     As another extreme or limiting example, if C SENj  is very large, then, as above, the voltage on top plate conductor  24  is fixed, and the voltage on C SENj  is sampled onto the bottom plate conductors  21 - 0  . . .  21 - k  . . .  21 - n  of the CDAC capacitors  25 - 0  . . .  25 - k  . . .  25 - n  through switches S 0  . . . Sk . . . Sn and conductor  20 , and hence the voltage sampled onto bottom plate conductors  21 - 0  . . .  21 - k  . . .  21 - n  would be zero, to subsequently be converted by SAR ADC  17 . Of course, the determination of the voltages on conductor  20  and hence on bottom plate conductors  25 - 0  . . .  25 - k  . . .  25 - n  becomes more complicated if parasitic capacitances are considered and also if subsequently described charge pump capacitor C P  in  FIG. 3  is included. 
       FIG. 2E  shows the configuration of the various switches of capacitance measurement system  15  of  FIG. 2A  during the SAR analog-to-conversion phase, when clock signals S and PS are at a high level and clock signals P, M, and PM are at a low level as indicated in  FIG. 2B . During the SAR analog-to-digital conversion phase, switch S 1   j  is closed and switches S 2   j , S 0  . . . Sk . . . Sn, and S 6  remain open. Switches S 7   k  and S 8   k  are controlled by SAR logic  28  in accordance with the above mentioned well known SAR conversion algorithm so as to cause SAR comparator  26  to test, bit by bit, the voltages produced on top plate conductor  24  as the bottom plates of the CDAC capacitors  25 - 0  . . .  25 - k  . . .  25 - n , starting with the voltage on MSB CDAC capacitor  25 - 0 , are sequentially connected to V DD  by the corresponding switches S 7   k  (the index variable k having the values 0-n) as the bottom plates of the other CDAC capacitors are connected to ground through their corresponding switches S 8   k . (Since the M-controlled switches S 0  . . . Sk . . . Sn are open, measurement conductor  20  may be electrically floating during the SAR conversion phase, although as a practical matter it may be set to a fixed reference voltage.) 
     Once measurement phase clock M is “de-asserted” to its low level, the measurement phase operation is complete and the SAR conversion phase can begin. For the 12-bit case in which n=11, switches S 0  . . . Sk . . . S 11  and switch S 6  are opened, and the sampling of C SENj  by passive network  16  has been completed. SAR DAC switch bank  30  contains a total of 24 switches, in pairs. The bottom plate conductor of each CDAC capacitor, for example, the MSB CDAC capacitor  25 - 0 ) can be pulled to V DD  by a corresponding one of switches S 7   k , or can be pulled to ground by a corresponding one of switches S 8   k  of the same pair. (Of course, the two corresponding capacitors of a “k”th pair are never simultaneously asserted, i.e., one is never couples to V DD  while the other couples to ground.) For example, during the SAR conversion phase, the MSB capacitor  25 - 0  first is pulled to V DD  by switch S 7 - 0  (i.e., switch S 7   k  where k=0) and then top plate conductor  24  is compared to V AZ  and all of the other less significant CDAC capacitors are pulled to ground by the appropriate S 7   k  switches. If testing of the resulting voltage on top plate conductor  24  by SAR comparator  26  determines that the voltage on top plate conductor  24  is too high, then the corresponding MSB capacitor (not shown) is pulled to ground by switch S 8 - 0  (i.e., switch S 8   k  where k=0), and all of the other less significant CDAC capacitors are pulled to V DD  by the appropriate S 7   k  switches. Then the next-most-significant (MSB-1) capacitor  25 - 1  is pulled to V DD  and the voltage on top plate conductor  24  is tested. Essentially the same procedure is successively repeated for all of the less significant bits. 
     Execution of the SAR ADC algorithm results in the digital output DATA&lt;11:0&gt; for the case in which n=11. DATA&lt;11:0&gt; indicates the amount of charge redistributed due to a person&#39;s finger touching or being in the vicinity of touch point  13  (see  FIG. 1A ) of touchscreen panel  13 A. Once the SAR conversion is complete, the 12 bits of data (for this example) generated by SAR DAC control circuit  30  represent the value of the voltage on measurement conductor  20  immediately after the charge redistribution is complete. In a touchscreen controller, the digital output data DATA&lt;11:0&gt; can be readily used to determine the location of the particular touch point  13  on touchscreen panel  13 A that has been touched by the finger of a user. 
     At the end of the SAR testing process, an output voltage appears on top plate conductor  24  that is equal to V AZ , and the n+1 logical levels (i.e., 12 logic levels for the case where n=11) representing whether the various bottom plate conductors  21 - 0 , 1  . . .  11  were at “0” or “1” levels after the corresponding decisions by SAR comparator  26  provide the digital output value DATA&lt;11:0&gt; representing the final voltage of top plate conductor  24 . 
     A shortcoming of passive capacitance measurement system  15  as shown in  FIG. 2A  is that it has a somewhat limited range of useful values of C SENj . Another shortcoming of passive capacitance measurement system  15  is that it is subject to sensitivity degradations as C SENj  or the total capacitance on measurement conductor  20  becomes too large. The embodiment of the invention generally as shown in  FIG. 2A  can measure a value of C SENj  in the range from 0 pF (picofarads) to a value which is a function of desired system accuracy/performance, e.g., roughly 30 pF. However, it would be desirable for some applications, to provide improved a passive capacitance measurement system having greater sensitivity, i.e., greater measured capacitance per LSB of DATA&lt;11:0&gt; than can be achieved using the system shown in  FIG. 2A . 
       FIG. 3  shows a modified embedded SAR based passive capacitance measurement system  15 - 1  which includes the circuitry shown in  FIG. 2A  and further includes a charge pump network including a pump capacitor C P  having one terminal connected either directly or by a M-controlled switch (not shown) to measurement conductor  20  and another terminal connected by conductor  22  to one terminal of each of switches S 9   j  and S 10   j . A P-controlled switch S 13  is coupled between measurement conductor  20  and V DD . The other terminal of M-controlled switch S 9   j  is connected to V DD , and the other terminal of P-controlled switch S 10   j  is connected to ground. During the previously described precharge phase P, pump capacitor C P  is discharged through switch S 10   j  to ground. During the previously described measurement phase, pump capacitor C P  is coupled to V DD , thereby “pumping” the voltage on measurement conductor  20  to a significantly higher voltage than V DD  before the previously described charge redistribution occurs. 
       FIG. 4A  illustrates capacitance measurement sensitivity, i.e., SAR code output versus C SENj  without the pump capacitor C P , as the lower curve. The upper curve in  FIG. 4A  indicates the higher capacitance measurement sensitivity for the embodiment of  FIG. 3 , using pump capacitor C P . Using pump capacitor C P  allows lower capacitance measurements to be made which result in voltage values on measurement conductor  20  that are above voltage measurement capability of the SAR converter  17 . That is, using pump capacitor C P  has the effect of boosting or pumping the voltage on measurement conductor  20  to levels greater than V DD . 
     For small values of C SENj , is not desirable to use charge pump capacitor C P  because the slope of the lower curve in  FIG. 4A  is adequate. As the value of C SENj  increases, it may be necessary to increase the slope, which is proportional to the “sensitivity” of the passive capacitance measurement system  15  of  FIG. 2A . To “broaden” the steep part of the slope for larger values of C SENj , charge pump capacitor C P  is used to cause saturation of SAR ADC  17  at small values of C SENj , and also increase the overall slope magnitude in order to “recover” a bit of the foregoing higher sensitivity for larger values of C SENj . 
       FIG. 4B  shows another way of representing essentially the same information as in  FIG. 4A , but in terms of femptofarads per LSB. This better illustrates how many femptofarads which C SENj  needs to change in order to cause a 1-LSB change in DATA&lt;11:0&gt;. The upper curve in  FIG. 4B  indicates capacitance measurement sensitivity of the system shown in  FIG. 2A . The lower curve in  FIG. 4B  indicates capacitance measurement sensitivity of the system shown in  FIG. 3 , including charge pump capacitor C P , and shows that the charge pump implementation of the invention improves its capacitance measurement sensitivity. If charge pump capacitor C P  is used, and if C SENj  is too small, then the voltage on measurement conductor  20  will go higher than V DD , causing the SAR-ADC converter  17  to become saturated to V DD . This causes the lower curve in  FIG. 4B  to have the vertical straight line, and also causes the upper curve in  FIG. 4A  to have the horizontal upper segment. (Note that it would also be possible to configure the circuitry shown in  FIG. 3  in such a way that the SAR converter would be saturated to ground rather than to V DD .) 
       FIG. 5  shows a capacitance measurement system  15 - 2  which includes all of the circuitry  15 - 1  shown in  FIG. 2A , and further includes a “negative side network”  16 A and a reference capacitor C REF . Negative side network  16 A together with reference capacitor C REF  constitute a network that is very similar to the network including passive network  16  and capacitance C SENj . The output  24 A of negative side network  16 A is connected to the (−) input of SAR comparator  26 . The capacitance of reference capacitor C REF  is essentially the same as C SENj , and negative side network  16 A is operated simultaneously with the network including passive network  16  and SAR ADC  17  such that corresponding parasitic-based switching offset voltages are canceled, and such that the charge injection in each of the two networks is common mode and therefore is canceled. 
     Although negative side network  16 A can be considered to be a “dummy” network to achieve the foregoing cancellations, it also can be used to compare C SENj  to C REF . For example, if one of C SENj  and C REF  is larger than the other, then the digital output DATA&lt;11:0&gt; is either larger or smaller than its midrange value. A single clock SAR operation can be performed to determine which is larger, and then the rest of the SAR ADC conversion process can be completed to determine the magnitude of the difference between C SENj  and C REF . 
     In the above described embodiments of the invention, the capacitor C SENj  is sampled, and then the decision by SAR comparator  26  is made while the touch screen panel capacitance C SENj  is decoupled from SAR ADC  17 . This results in substantially improved noise performance and more accurate capacitance measurement values, which it is believed will be an important issue to potential users of the invention. 
     The advantages of the described embodiments of the invention include much higher speed operation than the prior art, along with reduced power dissipation and improved immunity to printed circuit board noise. The described embodiments of the invention provide consistent times to generate DATA&lt;11:0)&gt; for a sample capacitance measurement, in contrast to the prior art in which the amount of time required for capacitance measurement is quite dependent on the amount of the capacitance to be measured. Less noise is introduced into the described embodiments of the invention because, for example, in a 12 bit SAR ADC implementation the touch screen panel is sampled only once, for 2 μs (microseconds), during each 15 μs cycle time and then is effectively disconnected by opening switches S 0  . . . Sk . . . Sn. Only about 15 clock cycles, i.e., 50 μs at 1 MHZ, is required for a capacitance measurement, which is many fewer clock cycles than for the prior art. Since C SENj  is only coupled to SAR ADC  17  for only a small fraction of the total cycle operation and then is disconnected, SAR ADC  17  is not affected as much by circuit noise as the prior art, in which the capacitance to be sampled is connected for the entire measurement cycle. The architecture is easily multiplexed for multiple channels, e.g. 8 channels per network. The described embodiments of the invention are easily reconfigurable to allow them to be used as a typical analog-to-digital converter. The capacitance measurement circuit of the present invention therefore can be utilized both as a touch-screen controller and as a fully functional analog-to-digital converter. 
     While the invention has been described with reference to several particular embodiments thereof, those skilled in the art will be able to make various modifications to the described embodiments of the invention without departing from its true spirit and scope. It is intended that all elements or steps which are insubstantially different from those recited in the claims but perform substantially the same functions, respectively, in substantially the same way to achieve the same result as what is claimed are within the scope of the invention. For example, the CDAC capacitors in divider/CDAC  23  do not have to be waited binarily. Furthermore, various known capacitive divider arrangements other than the one illustrated can be used, for example to provide cancellation of common mode errors due to mismatching of circuit elements and mismatching of parasitic elements. It should be appreciated that although the CDAC capacitors are binarily weighted in the described embodiments, they could be weighted in other ways, for example in accordance with a thermometer code. A “capacitively divided voltage” on measurement conductor  20  could also be achieved during the measurement phase by grounding the bottom plate conductors  21 - 0  . . .  21 - k  . . .  21 - n  and precharging top plate conductor  24  to an arbitrary voltage.