Abstract:
A web page behavior enhancement (WPBE) control element is provided on a rendered web page enabling a user to perform actions on at least a portion of the web page content such as customizing, editing, analyzing, forwarding, and/or annotating the content. The processed content may be presented on the original web page, on a locally stored version of the web page, or archived for subsequent use, where any changes to the original web page content may be tracked and the user notified about the changes. The WPBE control element(s) may be embedded into the web page at the source web application or at the local browser based on factors like web application capabilities, browser capabilities, user preferences, usage pattern, and comparable ones.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    Software distribution in modern networked systems is far different from earlier methods, where software such as operating systems, applications, and comparable ones were installed on individual computing devices typically using removable storage media such as floppy disks or CD-ROMs. In some modern networks, different software is made available to users for downloading. In case of managed computing devices, administrators may reimage computing devices with new versions of software as those become available. 
         [0002]    Deployment of software even using reimaging may take considerable time, however. In enterprise systems with complex distributed networks such as data centers, test labs, and/or build labs, where a significant number of machines may need new versions of software relatively frequently, the time consumed in deploying the software may have a negative effect on overall efficiency and performance. Furthermore, some systems may include physical and virtual machines, where the image deployment to both types may not be supported or require significant customization. Multiple facilities spread over different geographic regions may present complexities in deploying and controlling image deployment process. Moreover, the entire deployment may not be uniform in some cases; that is some users may need customized versions of software packages. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0003]    This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This summary is not intended to exclusively identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter. 
         [0004]    Embodiments are directed to a globally-scalable imaging/reimaging approach that enables deployment, activation, and preparation of virtual and physical machine images rapidly reducing utilization costs of hardware such as test computing devices as well as costs of specific physical hardware by providing a centrally hosted virtualization environment. According to some embodiments, an extensible managed development platform is provided for scaling virtualization solution and for providing programmability (e.g. virtualization Application Programming Interfaces “API”s) for developing custom scenarios, scripts, and tools. 
         [0005]    These and other features and advantages will be apparent from a reading of the following detailed description and a review of the associated drawings. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are explanatory and do not restrict aspects as claimed. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0006]      FIG. 1  illustrates an example software deployment system with physical and virtual machines, where embodiments may be implemented; 
           [0007]      FIG. 2  illustrates how different layers of virtualization APIs may be employed in imaging physical and virtual computing devices in a system according to embodiments; 
           [0008]      FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating operation of a finite state machine manager (FSM) system that may be employed in imaging virtual and physical computing devices according to some embodiments; 
           [0009]      FIG. 4  illustrates an example cache tree for creating virtual machines; 
           [0010]      FIG. 5  illustrates process steps in execution of a workflow for activities associated with virtual and physical computing device imaging by a workflow host; 
           [0011]      FIG. 6  illustrates the three-layered structure of virtualization APIs that may be implemented in an imaging system according to embodiments; 
           [0012]      FIG. 7  is a networked environment, where a system according to embodiments may be implemented; 
           [0013]      FIG. 8  is a block diagram of an example computing operating environment, where embodiments may be implemented; and 
           [0014]      FIG. 9  illustrates a logic flow diagram for a process of virtual and physical enterprise system imaging according to embodiments. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0015]    As briefly described above, a globally-scalable imaging/reimaging system may enable deployment, activation, and preparation of virtual and physical machine images rapidly reducing utilization costs of hardware such as test computing devices as well as costs of specific physical hardware by providing a centrally hosted virtualization environment. In the following detailed description, references are made to the accompanying drawings that form a part hereof, and in which are shown by way of illustrations specific embodiments or examples. These aspects may be combined, other aspects may be utilized, and structural changes may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the present disclosure. The following detailed description is therefore not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents. 
         [0016]    While the embodiments will be described in the general context of program modules that execute in conjunction with an application program that runs on an operating system on a personal computer, those skilled in the art will recognize that aspects may also be implemented in combination with other program modules. 
         [0017]    Generally, program modules include routines, programs, components, data structures, and other types of structures that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that embodiments may be practiced with other computer system configurations, including hand-held devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and comparable computing devices. Embodiments may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices. 
         [0018]    Embodiments may be implemented as a computer-implemented process (method), a computing system, or as an article of manufacture, such as a computer program product or computer readable media. The computer program product may be a computer storage medium readable by a computer system and encoding a computer program that comprises instructions for causing a computer or computing system to perform example process(es). The computer-readable storage medium can for example be implemented via one or more of a volatile computer memory, a non-volatile memory, a hard drive, a flash drive, a floppy disk, or a compact disk, and comparable storage media. 
         [0019]    Throughout this specification, the term “platform” may be a combination of software and hardware components for distribution of software through imaging. Examples of platforms include, but are not limited to, a hosted service executed over a plurality of servers, an application executed on a single server, and comparable systems. The term “server” generally refers to a computing device executing one or more software programs typically in a networked environment. However, a server may also be implemented as a virtual server (software programs) executed on one or more computing devices viewed as a server on the network. The terms “client” and “machine” refer to computing devices, which receive new images from a system according to embodiments. Such devices may include desktop computers, laptop computers, mobile computers, handheld computers, specialized computers, and similar devices. More detail on these technologies and example operations is provided below. 
         [0020]      FIG. 1  illustrates an example software deployment system with physical and virtual machines, where embodiments may be implemented. Embodiments enable fast deployment of computing device images in complex distributed networks such as data centers, test labs, software build labs, and user desktops in a scalable form efficient manner. Conventional, non-object oriented language based systems present high code maintenance costs and debugging costs, while lacking reliable stability, type safety, and extensibility. With a built-in managed code interface-level compatibility and automatic code-generation of APIs, a reimaging system according to embodiments enables rapid regeneration of code for new versions of software. 
         [0021]    Furthermore, a system according to embodiments supports mixed physical and virtual image deployments employing a cache tree approach. Through a layered design as well as multi-machine design of a workflow host, the system enables arbitrary scalability. Furthermore, image deployments may be centrally managed at facility and on user&#39;s desk machines enabling developers, testers, and operators to custom-deploy their virtual images rapidly. Moreover, automatic domain joining and role-based security are also supported by a system according to some embodiments. Other embodiments, may support large scale design (e.g. thousands of virtual machines and controllers) through the use of cache tree approach for image restoration reducing deployment time from minutes or hours to seconds, integration with storage area network “SAN” cloning, de-duplication, and object-oriented extensibility. 
         [0022]    Diagram  100  illustrates an example system, where server  102  manages distribution of software to a variety of physical and virtual machines. Examples of such machines include, but are not limited to, desktop computer  104 , laptop computer,  106 , handheld computer  108 , virtual computers  110  and  112 . The machines may be part of a test environment, a software build environment, or similar grouping of computing devices, where software builds of various configurations are distributed in a centrally managed fashion. 
         [0023]      FIG. 2  illustrates how different layers of virtualization APIs may be employed in imaging physical and virtual computing devices in a system according to embodiments. Virtualization API structure, as shown in diagram  200 , includes layer 1 of managed API wrappers ( 260 ), layer 2 of interfaces and implementation of standard classes ( 254 ) along with custom implementation of layer 2 interfaces ( 258 ), and layer 3 of stacked services (e.g. job steps, tasks, etc.) for each pool of machines virtual or physical ( 252 ) along with pluggable job steps  256 . 
         [0024]    A consumer  220  may submit a request through a cloud layer  222 , which is routed to servers  226  implementing layer 3 ( 224 ). Server  226  may create the workflow and interact with servers  230  and  238  implementing layer 3 ( 228  and  236  respectively), which interact with respective machine pools (computers  232  and  234  for server  230 ; computers  242 ,  246 , and  250  for server  236 ). Computers  242 ,  246 , and  250  are shown as implementing layers 1 and 2 ( 240 ,  244 , and  248  respectively). 
         [0025]    A system according to embodiments may include a machine management service, which provides a central repository (storage) of standard and custom job steps. Machine management service may initialize host operating system and deploying related components required to create and run virtual machines. Host may be set up during pre-initialization stage. Network initialization may also be provided in conjunction with host initialization. 
         [0026]    Support of secure communications of credentials over to finite state machine management (FSM), hosts, and clients may be provided through security groups, which may be added to the group of machines enabling access control and job submission from clients. Users may be enabled to add themselves through a central site, and group owners may decide whether to give permissions for certain users to deploy images on the machines the group is added to. 
         [0027]      FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating operation of a finite state machine manager (FSM) system that may be employed in imaging virtual and physical computing devices according to some embodiments. The FSM system shown in diagram  300  provides functionality for machine state serialization/deserialization for job step execution, trace, logging, and status reporting on jobs that are currently running in the imaging system. 
         [0028]    FSM needs to handle workflow of job submission once a request comes from any client  376  through the web service  374 . Web service  374  is a single point of communication with the system for the clients to communicate with controllers  368 ,  370  or database  384 . Data access layers for machine management and job workflow components may be employed to enable the communication. FSM controllers  368 ,  370  may communicate with the database  384  through the web service  374  so that the database can be physically decoupled from another machine. The system may accommodate several FSM server controllers, as shown, provided for scalability. The system may also accommodate several loosely coupled FSM clients that can connect to the FSM Server. Some imaging system clients such as client  376  may connect to the server through a server connector plugin  372 . 
         [0029]    FSM may choose a workflow based on request submitted from a client by the user to the web service, obtain metadata on machines the job steps need to run on, and submit the workflow for execution to FSM client. FSM client ( 362 ,  364 ) creates a separate workflow. The system also provides functionality to distribute workflows between several clients for cases where too many requests for jobs have arrived to the server and transmitted to FSM clients. Each application domain  366  is used to run a single workflow. FSM may not communicate tasks to individual client machines with WMI. Instead, job steps themselves may run on FSM clients  362 ,  364  and remotely execute tasks on machines to be imaged  388 . A SAN storage device  378  may be used to store cached virtual images. 
         [0030]    Workflow execution may be stopped/paused/and resumed on request. Ongoing job steps may be serialized as they start, so the database  384  is also used to guarantee persistence. If at any point, one of the machines in the infrastructure goes down, is rebooted or replaced, the job may need to be able to stop and resume once failure is addressed. A system according to embodiments provides functionality for canceling jobs and killing job steps that have not been run yet. In the scenario where a user has mistakenly submitted an imaging job and selected a wrong application version or component, and realized that while job is running, the user needs to be able to cancel deployment. If the deployment targets a virtual machine and requires reimaging, the virtual machine can be deleted. If the target is a physical machine, operating system deployment may need to be completed and the machine brought back to the operational state again. If a job step requires image transfer, a relevant part of the image may be discovered and transferred if parts of that image are already downloaded to the machine before. A compression algorithm may be used to facilitate data transfers. According to other embodiments, the system may report the status of each job step ( 382 ) such as pass/fail and/or detailed information back to the client. 
         [0031]    The web service  374  is a high-level interface between clients, FSM controller and persistence. If database  384  needs to be changed, for example, to a text file, FSM controller, clients and a web service may not require any changes. A corresponding client library may be replaced and point to another data source. Job steps that require credentials for installers may receive credentials via a call from FSM server. The accounts and passwords for system accounts may be encrypted and stored on the server (or database  384 ). The cache tree structure is also stored on database  384 . 
         [0032]      FIG. 4  illustrates an example cache tree for creating virtual machines. For optimal image restore performance, disk space utilization, patch/version management, and scalability, a system according to some embodiments may implement image caching both for SAN and for desktop deployment. Images that have same operating system but different configuration (i.e. different installed applications, application configurations, automation components, etc.) may be created as a series of differencing disk files. When deployed, these may be appended one after the other according to the job steps. 
         [0033]    A Job contains one or more job steps. A cache tree like the one illustrated on diagram  400  may be used to share the state of these job steps across jobs decreasing the time needed to perform a job as some or all of the job steps may be pre-cached. The same approach may also be used to decrease the amount of disk space and I/O foot print used in a central SAN virtual farm deployment. 
         [0034]    If a job contains non-cacheable job steps followed by cacheable steps, the cacheable steps to be run after a non-cacheable job step may be treated as non-cacheable job steps. In other words, a job step may be cached if it is marked as cacheable and no non-cacheable steps have been performed prior to it. 
         [0035]    If a new software build comes in, the new root image may be created and the tree branch rebuilt on demand during the first execution of a specific task. Old branch may be removed (“pruned”). Recently used images may be created automatically after pruning of the tree. The caching functionality may be implemented as a separate assembly containing common interfaces. The tree structure may be stored in the structured database. To ensure consistency between the database and the SAN content, restrictive permission configuration may be implemented so that only caching engine is allowed to add images to the cache. Additional tools may be employed to ensure consistency and rebuild the tree if data becomes corrupt. 
         [0036]    The example cache tree in diagram  400  is used to create 3 virtual machines. All three machines receive the same operating system  402  and operating system configuration such as language, version, etc. The machines also receive the same framework  404  (e.g. .NET framework by MICROSOFT CORP. of Redmond, Wash.). A framework provides a library of coded solutions to common programming issues and a virtual machine that manages the execution of programs written specifically for the framework. The framework&#39;s library may provide a range of features including user interface, data access, database connectivity, cryptography, web application development, numeric algorithms, and network communications. Thus, the imaging jobs for the three machines include the common job steps of installing the same operating system and framework, which are cached for all jobs using this tree. 
         [0037]    One of the virtual machines is to be imaged with version 1 of the graphical user interface component  412  and other applications  414 , while the other two virtual machines receive version 2 of the graphical user interface component  422  and other applications  424 . Thus, even though all three machines receive the same setup tools, that job step is split into two separate nodes on the job tree branches for the first machine and second/third machines ( 416 ,  426 ). Non-cached steps  418 ,  428 , and  430  such as changing the name of the machine, joining the domain, etc. are scheduled following the cached steps for each machine, respectively. Since virtual machines two and three share the same cached components and configurations, their branches split only before the non-cached step. 
         [0038]    In a system according to embodiments, the first machine to perform these steps takes the hit of performing the cacheable steps. The second machine finds the last applicable cached step and performs the final non-cacheable steps. 
         [0039]      FIG. 5  illustrates process steps in execution of a workflow for activities associated with virtual and physical computing device imaging by a workflow host. A workflow host provides functionality for machine state serialization/deserialization for job step execution, trace, logging, and status reporting on jobs that are currently running. 
         [0040]    Finite state machine manager (FSM) is used by the virtualization service to deploy, configure, and update virtual hosts. FSM provides customizable security, generic workflow management, and support for specific job steps. FSM may utilize a secure communication with its clients and enables full control on workflows. 
         [0041]    A workflow package may include a base FSM workflow library, any custom job steps to be implemented, any custom tools needed by the workflow, and a workflow definition file to describe the process. An FSM client is loosely coupled with the FSM host, so any developer may develop a custom client ( 532 ) and integrate it with the FSM host ( 534 ). An FSM client needs to use a secure remoting channel to communicate with the host and needs to be running under a user account that can be authenticated by the host ( 536 ) and/or have an IP that is known by the host, if using a “gate keeper”, which is an extra component in FSM host to authenticate and authorize the clients. If the gate keeper component is enabled, host may use the information from its configuration file to authenticate the client and the user credentials. Host may ensure that the workflow definition is valid ( 542 ) and the required types can be resolved to prevent further problems when executing the workflow ( 540 ). The workflow is started and event sent back to the client ( 538 ) as they occur until an exception is caught or the workflow is finished ( 544 ). Host may de-allocate the resources ( 544 ) used to execute the workflow. 
         [0042]      FIG. 6  illustrates the three-layered structure of virtualization APIs that may be implemented in an imaging system according to embodiments. A virtualization API used by an imaging system as described herein may include two layers  659  and  658 . The third layer  654  may be used to expose the virtualization API in the cloud layer for the fourth layer  652  (consumers) to consume. 
         [0043]    First layer  658  is the virtualization managed API mitigating programmatic errors with a strongly typed wrapper and pushing the errors into compile-time. First layer  658  interacts with operating system interfaces  662  through interoperability system management layer  660 . Operating system interfaces may include Windows Management Instrumentation® (WMI) by Microsoft Corp. of Redmond, Wash., which is a set of extensions to the driver model that provides an operating system interface for instrumented components to provide information and notification. Another, more generic example of operating system interfaces includes Web-Based Enterprise Management (WBEM), which defines a set of environment-independent specifications allowing management information to be shared between management applications. The WMI model represents a managed environment through which management data from any source can be accessed in a common way in order to unify the management of distributed computing environments. 
         [0044]    Second layer  656  is a class structure layer that wraps the framework namespace into a more cohesive class structure, and implements extensibility classes. Second layer  656  may expose classes to developers in a logical way that allows a developer targeting virtualization automation more effectively and without prior knowledge of class relationships. 
         [0045]    The service provider-level layer (i.e. “cloud layer”) integrates clients and has interfaces for job steps. This third layer  654  defines transport classes (e.g. web services for “pull” layout, TCP for “push” layout, etc.). Consumers represented by the fourth layer  652  interact with the system through the cloud layer. 
         [0046]    To summarize, the virtualization APIs create a strong-typed managed API wrapper for WMI class implementation, provide a managed framework for developers to design against virtualization APIs, address issues with error codes handling, eliminate the need to reference WMI documentation, provide class structure for construction of virtualization deployment applications, and create an extendable framework for developers to use. 
         [0047]    The example systems, components, and interactions discussed in  FIG. 1  through  FIG. 6  are for illustration purposes only and do not constitute a limitation on embodiments. Virtual and physical enterprise system imaging may be implemented with other components, interactions, data processing/storage methods, and configurations using the principles described herein. 
         [0048]      FIG. 7  is an example networked environment, where embodiments may be implemented. A platform providing virtual and physical enterprise system imaging may be implemented via software executed over one or more servers  774  or a single server  776  such as a hosted service. The platform may communicate with client computing devices such as a handheld computer  773 , a laptop computer  772 , or desktop computer  771  (‘client devices’) through network(s)  770 . 
         [0049]    As discussed above, a globally imaging/reimaging platform for deployment, activation, and preparation of virtual and physical machine images rapidly according to embodiments provides a centrally hosted virtualization environment. The extensible managed development platform enables scaling virtualization solution and provides programmability through virtualization APIs for developing custom scenarios, scripts, and tools. The platform may store and retrieve imaging data at/from data stores  779  directly or through database server  778 . 
         [0050]    Network(s)  770  may comprise any topology of servers, clients, Internet service providers, and communication media. A system according to embodiments may have a static or dynamic topology. Network(s)  770  may include secure networks such as an enterprise network, an unsecure network such as a wireless open network, or the Internet. Network(s)  770  may also coordinate communication over other networks such as Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) or cellular networks. Furthermore, network(s)  770  may include short range wireless networks such as Bluetooth or similar ones. Network(s)  770  provide communication between the nodes described herein. By way of example, and not limitation, network(s)  770  may include wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. 
         [0051]    Many other configurations of computing devices, applications, data sources, and data distribution systems may be employed to implement virtual and physical enterprise imaging. Furthermore, the networked environments discussed in  FIG. 7  are for illustration purposes only. Embodiments are not limited to the example applications, modules, or processes. 
         [0052]      FIG. 8  and the associated discussion are intended to provide a brief, general description of a suitable computing environment in which embodiments may be implemented. With reference to  FIG. 8 , a block diagram of an example computing operating environment for an application according to embodiments is illustrated, such as computing device  800 . In a basic configuration, computing device  800  may be a server providing an imaging service and include at least one processing unit  802  and system memory  804 . Computing device  800  may also include a plurality of processing units that cooperate in executing programs. Depending on the exact configuration and type of computing device, the system memory  804  may be volatile (such as RAM), non-volatile (such as ROM, flash memory, etc.) or some combination of the two. System memory  804  typically includes an operating system  805  suitable for controlling the operation of the platform, such as the WINDOWS® operating systems from MICROSOFT CORPORATION of Redmond, Wash. The system memory  804  may also include one or more software applications such as program modules  806  and imaging service  822 . 
         [0053]    Imaging service  822  may be an application or hosted service maintaining different configurations including customized versions of software packages for distribution to computing devices through imaging or reimaging. Imaging service  822  may utilize multi-layered virtualization and a cache tree for efficiently distributing software packages as discussed previously. This basic configuration is illustrated in  FIG. 8  by those components within dashed line  808 . 
         [0054]    Computing device  800  may have additional features or functionality. For example, the computing device  800  may also include additional data storage devices (removable and/or non-removable) such as, for example, magnetic disks, optical disks, or tape. Such additional storage is illustrated in  FIG. 8  by removable storage  809  and non-removable storage  810 . Computer readable storage media may include volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information, such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. System memory  804 , removable storage  809  and non-removable storage  810  are all examples of computer readable storage media. Computer readable storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by computing device  800 . Any such computer readable storage media may be part of computing device  800 . Computing device  800  may also have input device(s)  812  such as keyboard, mouse, pen, voice input device, touch input device, and comparable input devices. Output device(s)  814  such as a display, speakers, printer, and other types of output devices may also be included. These devices are well known in the art and need not be discussed at length here. 
         [0055]    Computing device  800  may also contain communication connections  816  that allow the device to communicate with other devices  818 , such as over a wireless network in a distributed computing environment, a satellite link, a cellular link, and comparable mechanisms. Other devices  818  may include computer device(s) that receive images of new/updated versions of software. Communication connection(s)  816  is one example of communication media. Communication media can include therein computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data in a modulated data signal, such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism, and includes any information delivery media. The term “modulated data signal” means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. 
         [0056]    Example embodiments also include methods. These methods can be implemented in any number of ways, including the structures described in this document. One such way is by machine operations, of devices of the type described in this document. 
         [0057]    Another optional way is for one or more of the individual operations of the methods to be performed in conjunction with one or more human operators performing some. These human operators need not be co-located with each other, but each can be only with a machine that performs a portion of the program. 
         [0058]      FIG. 9  illustrates a logic flow diagram for process  900  of providing virtual and physical enterprise system imaging according to embodiments. Process  900  may be implemented on a server managing software distribution for a plurality of networked computing devices. 
         [0059]    Process  900  begins with optional operation  910 , where a developer created customized deployment job is received and registered with the machine management database. Alternatively, the deployment job may be registered as an existing operating system deployment job provided with the system. At operation  920 , an imaging job for an allocated machine pool may be received from a user of the imaging system through the system user interface. The imaging job may be transferred to a machine management service (e.g. a web service) connected to the machine management database and one of corresponding workflow hosts at operation  930 . Next, the machine management service may request a job from the workflow host and provide relevant machine configuration data context to the workflow host at operation  940 . 
         [0060]    At operation  950 , the workflow host may create a workflow linked to the configuration context and execute each job step within that context on a specific target machine described in the context using remote calls. Once each job step is activated, a job step library may activate cache tree logic incorporated into the root job step class to retrieve an image related to that job step from the cache tree at operation  960 . Depending on the context, if SAN is set as a target, cloning caching may be used for image retrieval; if a desktop PC is used, a compression algorithm may be used for image retrieval. Once the image is deployed, a custom job step logic may be activated provided in the appropriate managed class. Upon completion of the custom logic tasks, the result may be added back to the cache tree as a new clone or added to a desktop cache as a differencing disk, and the cache tree extended to immediately support other machines with similar demand without the need to execute custom job step logic anymore at operation  970 . This enables bulk-imaging where a large number of machines are involved in having the same image deployed. Instead of having all machines dedicate time to create cache tree, machine time utilization is minimized down to a single master machine. 
         [0061]    At operation  980 , next job step in the cache tree is started upon completion of the current job step in an iterative fashion until the workflow finishes. When the workflow is completed, the result may be sent back to machine management, which is reflected in the database, and the job requesting client notified by a callback notification from the machine management service. 
         [0062]    The operations included in process  900  are for illustration purposes. Virtual and physical enterprise system imaging according to embodiments may be implemented by similar processes with fewer or additional steps, as well as in different order of operations using the principles described herein. 
         [0063]    The above specification, examples and data provide a complete description of the manufacture and use of the composition of the embodiments. Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims and embodiments.