Abstract:
An image sensor includes a pixel having a protection circuit connected to a charge multiplying photoconversion layer. The protection circuit prevents the pixel circuit from breaking down when the voltage in the pixel circuit reaches the operating voltage applied to the charge multiplying photoconversion layer in response to the image sensor being exposed to a strong light. The protection circuit causes additional voltage entering the pixel circuit from the charge multiplying photoconversion layer over a predetermined threshold voltage level to be dissipated from the storage node and any downstream components.

Description:
[0001]    This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 10/226,190, filed on Aug. 23, 2002, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to image sensors which use a stacked avalanche multiplication layer to amplify the intensity of light captured by a pixel circuit. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Amid the rising popularity for digital image devices such as digital cameras is a demand for increasingly higher picture resolution and for increasingly compact designs of such devices. Due to the interior space constraints in the housings of the compact designs, it is necessary to reduce the sizes of the electronic circuits in the device, including the image sensor. However, upon shrinking the size of the image sensor, a tradeoff must be made between resolution and the signal levels outputted from the image sensor. If the resolution is kept the same upon reducing the size of the image sensor, the size of each pixel must be proportionately reduced. Smaller pixels reduce the amount of charge that can be collected by each pixel during image exposure, which in turn reduces the sensitivity of the image sensor. Although the reduced sensitivity effect can be offset by increasing the integration (exposure) time, this is an undesirable “solution” because increasing integration time also increases the potential for obtaining a blurred image if there is any movement by the image subject or the device during exposure. On the other hand, in order to maintain the same sensitivity without having to increase integration time, the pixels must be made larger, which limits the resolution. 
         [0004]    One solution towards achieving both a more compact size and high image quality is disclosed in “CMOS Image Sensor Overlaid with a HARP Photoconversion Layer,” by T. Watabe, et al., published in the Program of the 1999 IEEE Workshop on Charge-Coupled Devices and Advanced Image Sensors, pp. 211-214. In this image sensor, which is shown in  FIGS. 1A and 1B , the pixel circuit  902  is overlaid with a stacked charge multiplying photoconversion layer, such as a high-gain avalanche rushing amorphous photoconductor (“HARP”) photo-conversion layer  904  for amplifying the light signal produced by each pixel. 
         [0005]    When a photon  906  hits the upper surface  908  of the HARP layer  904 , a charge  910  in the form of holes is generated and amplified to many times its original level while being propelled through the HARP layer  904  to the bottom side  912 . The pixel circuit  902  is electrically connected to the bottom side  912  of the HARP layer  904  such that the amplified light signal  910 , upon reaching the bottom side  912  of HARP layer  904 , is conducted into the pixel circuit  902  as electrical charge. The charge accumulates at a storage node  914  in the pixel circuit until the pixel data is read out by activating the gate of a row select switch  916 . The amount of charge accumulated at the node  914 , which is proportional to the intensity of light  906  detected, is read out. In this manner, the image sensor of  FIGS. 1A and 1B  allows each pixel to capture image data with an intensity and sensitivity equivalent to that attainable by significantly larger pixels which do not have the avalanche multiplication capability. As a result, use of a HARP layer enables the image quality to be improved without having to increase the size of the image sensor array. 
         [0006]    In order to obtain avalanche multiplication in the HARP layer, an electric field of about 10 6  V/cm is required, which is achieved by applying an operating voltage of between 50-100 V to the HARP layer. In a typical HARP image sensor, voltages of less than about 8 V are used in the pixel circuit connected beneath the HARP layer, with the pixel circuit generally having a breakdown voltage of around 20 V. When the intensity of the incident light on the image sensor is at the upper end of the detection range for the charge multiplying photoconversion layer, the voltage level accumulating at the storage diode beneath the HARP layer approaches the level of the operating voltage applied to the HARP layer. Thus, voltages of 50-100 V may be applied to the storage diode when the image sensor is exposed to a strong light, resulting in a breakdown of the readout components of the pixel circuit. 
         [0007]    To address this problem, attempts have been made to build a pixel circuit having a higher breakdown tolerance. An example of such a high tolerance pixel circuit is disclosed in the article by T. Watabe et al. mentioned above, in which the pixel circuit is constructed as MOS transistor having a double drain structure. This structure is shown in  FIG. 2 , in which the n-doped drain formed in the p-doped silicon layer  922  includes a low-dose n− region  924  surrounding a conventional high-dose n+ region  926 . The double drain MOS transistor structure was shown to achieve an endurance voltage up to just under 60V. However, a special MOS fabrication process is required for forming the double drain MOS transistor, and the size of the MOS transistor makes it difficult to attain small pixel sizes for high resolution image sensors. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    The present invention mitigates problems of the high voltages which may be generated by a HARP layer under bright light conditions by incorporating a protection circuit into the pixel circuit connected to the HARP layer. The protection circuit prevents the pixel circuit from breaking down when the voltage in the pixel circuit reaches the operating voltage applied to the charge multiplying photoconversion layer in response to the image sensor being exposed to a strong light. In particular, the protection circuit of the present invention may be designed in any of several configurations in which additional voltage entering the pixel circuit from the charge multiplying photoconversion layer over a predetermined threshold voltage level is dissipated before reaching the storage node and other lower voltage components downstream therefrom. 
         [0009]    These and other features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the invention which is provided with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0010]      FIG. 1A  is a cross-sectional view of a pixel in an image sensor having a charge multiplying photoconversion layer as known in the art; 
           [0011]      FIG. 1B  is a circuit diagram of the pixel arrangement shown in  FIG. 1A ; 
           [0012]      FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of a double-drain MOS transistor as known in the art; 
           [0013]      FIG. 3  is a circuit diagram of a first preferred embodiment in accordance with the present invention; 
           [0014]      FIG. 4  is a circuit diagram of a second preferred embodiment in accordance with the present invention; 
           [0015]      FIG. 5  is a circuit diagram of a third preferred embodiment in accordance with the present invention; 
           [0016]      FIG. 6  is a circuit diagram of a fourth preferred embodiment in accordance with the present invention; 
           [0017]      FIG. 7  is a relevant portion of a circuit diagram in accordance with a fifth embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0018]      FIG. 8  is a relevant portion of a circuit diagram in accordance with a sixth embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0019]      FIG. 9  is a relevant portion of a circuit diagram in accordance with a seventh embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0020]      FIG. 10  is an example of an imaging apparatus incorporating the present invention; and 
           [0021]      FIG. 11  is an illustration of a processing system communicating with the imaging apparatus of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0022]    A first preferred embodiment of the present invention is shown in  FIG. 3 , and is similar to the pixel arrangement shown in  FIG. 1B  in that it includes a charge (hole) multiplying photoconversion layer  102  connected to a voltage V target  at its upper plate and connected to storage node  104  of a storage element  510  at its bottom plate. In this embodiment, storage element  510  is provided as a storage diode  106 . Although the charge multiplying photoconversion layer is preferably a high-gain avalanche rushing amorphous photoconductor (HARP) photoconversion layer, other structures for detecting and performing photoconversion of a light signal and subsequently or simultaneously amplifying the resulting electrical charge may be used. Storage node  104  is the cathode of storage diode  106  for accumulating charge corresponding to image data being collected during the image sensor integration time. An output circuit  500  is connected to and positioned downstream from node  104 , for reading out the charge accumulated at storage diode  106 . As shown in  FIG. 3 , output circuit  500  may be simply constructed as a row select transistor  108 . 
         [0023]    The anode of storage diode  106  is connected to ground so as to block current flow through diode  106  when the voltage at node  104  is a higher level than the ground connection, which will always be the case when an image signal is received from the charge multiplying photoconversion layer  102 , since the signal charges are holes. Thus, with respect to storage diode  106 , therefore, as long as the row select transistor  108  is open, charge flowing from charge multiplying photoconversion layer  102  as a result of the detection of light will accumulate at node  104 . 
         [0024]    Row select transistor  108  of output circuit  500  is connected to a column readout line  110  so that when the gate for the row select transistor  108  is closed, the charge at storage node  104  is transferred to the column readout line  110 . When the column line containing the relevant pixel is activated, the image data from the pixel is transferred out of the pixel circuit  100  into an image processor where that charge is translated into image data along with the data read out from the other pixels in the image sensor array, to thereby construct the output image. 
         [0025]    In order to prevent the charge accumulating at node  104  from reaching the breakdown point of storage diode  106  or row select transistor  108 , a protection circuit  520  comprising a protection diode  112 , the anode of which is connected to node  104  of storage diode  106 . The cathode of protection diode  112  is connected to a voltage V dd , so that when the voltage level at storage node  104  reaches the level of V dd , any additional voltage arriving from the charge multiplying photoconversion layer  102  is bled off away from node  104  toward the voltage source V dd . In this manner, protection diode  112  serves to limit the voltage at node  104  to V dd . 
         [0026]    Once voltage is bled off from node  104  through protection diode  112 , image data representing light intensities detected at the upper end of the capability range of charge multiplying photoconversion layer  102  will be lost. Thus, the voltage level at source V dd  should be set to strike a balance between minimizing the potential to lose image data acquired in the upper end of the detection range of layer  102 , and limiting the voltage at node  104  to a comfortable level to avoid the risk of breakdown of the storage diode  106  and the row select transistor  108 . 
         [0027]    A second preferred embodiment of the present invention is shown in  FIG. 4 , and is identical to the pixel circuit of the first embodiment except that the storage element  510  is embodied as a storage capacitor  202  instead of a storage diode. Preferably, storage capacitor  202  has a large capacitance value per unit area, even more preferably in the range of 2-5 fF/μ 2 . Such a capacitor provides a higher capacitance value while reducing the space required for the charge storage region, relative to the use of a storage diode. 
         [0028]    In this embodiment, charge from the charge multiplying photoconversion layer  204  is stored in the capacitor  202 , until the voltage at the capacitor  206  reaches V dd . Additional voltage flowing to node  206  from the charge multiplying photoconversion layer  204  is then directed through the protection diode  208  of protection circuit  520  so that the charge stored in the capacitor  202  maintains a voltage of around V dd . 
         [0029]    A third preferred embodiment of the present invention, as shown in  FIG. 5 , is identical to the pixel circuit of the first embodiment, except that the protection diode of the protection circuit  520  is replaced with an n-MOS transistor  302 . Both the drain and the gate of the transistor  302  are connected to the storage diode  308  of storage element  510 , and the source of the transistor  302  is connected to a voltage potential of V dd . 
         [0030]    As in the embodiments described previously, charge from the image signal accumulates at the storage node  304  until the voltage at node  304  reaches and surpasses V dd . Once this occurs the higher voltage at the transistor drain causes the excess voltage to flow through the transistor, so that the voltage at the storage node  304  remains around V dd . 
         [0031]    In a variant of this embodiment, the storage diode  308  of storage element  510  may be replaced with the high capacity capacitor as described above with reference to the embodiment of  FIG. 4 . 
         [0032]      FIG. 6  shows a fourth preferred embodiment of the present invention, which is identical to the embodiment of  FIG. 3  except that the protection circuit  520  further includes a resistor  402  positioned between the bottom plate  406  of the charge multiplying photoconversion layer  404  and the storage diode  408  of storage element  510 . The resistor preferably has a high resistance value which reduces the voltage passing through the pixel circuit  400  from the charge multiplying photoconversion layer  404  and the storage diode  408  at node  410 . 
         [0033]    The presence of protection circuit  520 , embodied here as protection diode  412 , provides additional protection for the pixel circuit  400 , so that in the event the signal voltage flowing from the charge multiplying photoconversion layer  404  is significantly larger than V dd  that the voltage at node  410  upon passing through resistor  402  is still too high, the excess voltage will be directed away from the storage diode  408  and the row select transistor  414  through the protection diode  412 . 
         [0034]    A first variation of the  FIG. 6  embodiment may be provided by replacing the storage diode  408  of storage element  510  with the capacitor discussed above in the embodiment of  FIG. 4 . Similarly, the present invention also encompasses a second variation of this embodiment in which the protection diode  412  is replaced with an n-MOS transistor as described above in the embodiment of  FIG. 5 . In a third variation of the  FIG. 6  embodiment, both the storage diode  408  of storage element  510  and the protection diode  412  are replaced with the capacitor of  FIG. 4  and the n-MOS transistor of  FIG. 5 , respectively. 
         [0035]    In an image sensor using a charge multiplying photoconversion layer, as the voltage level at the storage node rises, the effective voltage applied to the photoconversion layer decreases, which affects the charge amplification function of the photoconversion layer. For example, if the voltage V target  applied to the charge multiplying photoconversion layer is reduced, the amplification achieved by the photoconversion layer is also reduced. Thus, when the signal level is read out upon activating the row select switch, the signal level recorded by the imaging device will be less than the signal level actually detected. 
         [0036]    The fifth through seventh embodiments of the present invention, described below with reference to  FIGS. 7-9 , address this concern. Each of the fifth through seventh embodiments is constructed by replacing the output circuit  500  in any of the embodiments shown in  FIGS. 3-6 , with the respective circuit shown in  FIGS. 7-9 . 
         [0037]    According to the fifth embodiment of the present invention, as shown in  FIG. 7 , a differential amplifier  502  is connected to a constant voltage supply V ref  at a positive input thereof, and the output is connected to a capacitor  504  in a feedback loop connecting to the negative input to the differential amplifier. A reset switch  506  is connected in parallel to the capacitor  504  between the negative input and the output of the differential amplifier  502  for shorting out the capacitor  504 . A row select switch  508 , which may be identical to the row select transistor  108  discussed above with reference to  FIG. 3 , is also connected to the output of the differential amplifier downstream of the connection to the capacitor  504 . 
         [0038]    During the integration time in this embodiment, hole current from the charge (hole) amplifying photoconversion layer is inputted to the negative input of the differential amplifier, through the differential amplifier and through the feedback loop. In this manner, the hole current from the photoconversion layer is integrated on the feedback capacitor  504 . The output voltage of the differential amplifier is inversely linearly proportional to the intensity of incident light on the photoconversion layer in that as the intensity of light detected by the photoconversion layer increases, the output voltage from the differential amplifier decreases. When the row select switch  508  is closed, the output voltage of the differential amplifier  502  is read out. 
         [0039]    The differential amplifier  502  together with the feedback loop solves the problem of the decreasing amplification in the charge multiplying photoconversion layer by fixing the negative input voltage to the differential amplifier  502  at V ref , which in turn maintains the effective operating voltage V target  of the charge multiplying photoconversion layer at a constant level. If no protection circuit  520  is provided as described above, when the intensity of light exceeds a normal operation level of the output circuit, the output voltage of the differential amplifier falls below its normal operation level, and the differential amplifier and the feedback loop lose the ability to function properly. In this case, the hole current begins to accumulate on a parasitic capacitor at the negative input to differential amplifier, and the voltage thereat begins rising towards the level of V target . 
         [0040]    The presence of the protection circuit  520  between the negative input to the differential amplifier  502  and the photoconversion layer in accordance with the present invention thus serves to prevent the output voltage of the differential amplifier falls below its normal operation level by diverting current from the photoconversion layer above the normal level and transferring the excess current through the protection circuit away from the differential amplifier. As described with respect to embodiments of  FIGS. 3-6  above, the protection circuit  520  may be constructed as a protection diode, an n-MOS transistor, a resistor and a protection diode, or a resistor and an n-MOS transistor. 
         [0041]    Since the intensity of light detected by the photoconversion layer is represented by the voltage of the output signal of the differential amplifier  502  and is integrated in the feedback loop during the integration time, the storage circuit  510  may be omitted in this embodiment, if desired. The presence or absence of the storage circuit  510  does not impact the operation of the pixel circuit, because the voltage at the negative input node of the differential amplifier  502  is fixed at V ref . In the event that the intensity of detected light exceeds the normal operation level of output circuit  500 , however, the presence of the storage circuit  510  serves as an accumulation point along the path between the photoconversion layer and the negative input of the differential amplifier from which the excess current can be bled off through the protection circuit  520 . 
         [0042]    The output circuit according to the sixth embodiment is shown in  FIG. 8 , and is identical to the output circuit of  FIG. 7 , except that the output circuit of  FIG. 8  converts the hole current from the charge amplifying photoconversion layer into a logarithmic signal, to account for the decreasing amplification level of the charge multiplying photoconversion layer due to the inverse relationship between the voltage level at the storage node and the effective V target . In this regard, instead of a capacitor connected between the negative input and the output of the differential amplifier as shown in  FIG. 7 , the output circuit of  FIG. 8  provides a feedback diode  604  having its anode connected to the negative input of the differential amplifier  602  and its cathode connected to the output of the differential amplifier  602 . As configured in this manner, the output circuit of this embodiment thus logarithmically compresses the readout signal representing the intensity of the detected light. 
         [0043]    As shown in  FIG. 9 , the output circuit of the seventh embodiment essentially combines the output circuits of  FIGS. 7 and 8 , to thereby provide linear output signals in low light conditions and logarithmic output signals in brighter light conditions. Specifically, in this output circuit, a capacitor  704  is connected in parallel with a feedback diode  706  in a feedback loop connected between the output of the differential amplifier  702  and the negative input thereto. Capacitor  704  is similar to capacitor  504  discussed above with reference to  FIG. 7 , and feedback diode  706  is similar to the feedback diode  604  discussed above with reference to  FIG. 8 . 
         [0044]    Referring still to  FIG. 9 , an offset voltage V off  ( 708 ) is connected between the output of the differential amplifier  702  and the cathode of the feedback diode  706  to switch the pixel readout signals from a linear output to a logarithmic output, with the switching point defined by V off . Optionally, the switching point can be made adjustable by replacing the voltage V off  with a capacitor, wherein V off  is then selectively supplied to the capacitor  704  via a switch connected to a node between the feedback diode  706  and the capacitor  704 . 
         [0045]    More detailed descriptions of the output circuits shown in  FIGS. 7-9  are provided in related U.S. application Ser. No. 10/226,326 entitled “A CMOS APS WITH STACKED AVALANCHE MULTIPLICATION LAYER WHICH PROVIDES LINEAR AND LOGARITHMIC PHOTO-CONVERSION CHARACTERISTICS,” the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference, and which is commonly owned with and has the same inventorship as the present application. 
         [0046]    An example of an imaging device incorporating the present invention is shown in  FIG. 10 . Specifically, an imaging apparatus  800  includes an image sensor  802  having a pixel array arranged according to a Bayer color filter pattern. A charge multiplying photoconversion layer such as a HARP layer is provided over each of the pixels in the array under the filter pattern. Each pixel  804  contains the protection and readout circuits in accordance with any one of the various embodiments discussed herein above. 
         [0047]    The imaging apparatus  800  further includes a row decoder  806  including a plurality of row select activation lines  808  corresponding in number to the number of rows in the pixel array of the image sensor  802 , wherein each line is connected to each row select switch in all the pixels in a respective row of the array. Similarly, column decoder  810  includes a plurality of column lines  812 , the number of which corresponds to the number of columns in the pixel array of the image sensor  802 . Each column line  812  is connected to the output sides of the row select switches in all the pixels in a respective column. 
         [0048]    To read the image data obtained by the image sensor  802 , controller  824  controls the row decoder  806  to sequentially activate the row select lines, whereby the row select switches for each pixel in a selected row is activated to thereby dump the image data from each respective pixel to the respective column line. Since each pixel in a row is connected to a different column line, the image data for each pixel is then read out to the image processor by sequentially activating all column select lines  813  to connect column lines  812  to column decoder  810  (via column select transistors  811 ). Thus, after activation of each row select line, the column select lines are sequentially activated to collect the image data in an orderly manner across the array. 
         [0049]    Upon reading the image data out of the pixel array, the data is passed through a number of processing circuits which, in linear order, generally include a sample and hold circuit  814 , an amplifier  816 , an analog to digital converter  818 , an image processor  820 , and an output device  822 . 
         [0050]    Without being limiting, such the imaging apparatus  800  could be part of a computer system, camera system, scanner, machine vision system, vehicle navigation system, video telephone, surveillance system, auto focus system, star tracker system, motion detection system, image stabilization system and other systems requiring an imager. 
         [0051]    The imaging apparatus  800  may also be connected to a processor system  850 , as shown in  FIG. 11 , such as a computer system. A processor system  850  generally comprises a central processing unit (CPU)  852  that communicates with an input/output (I/O) device  854  over a bus  856 . The imaging apparatus  800  communicates with the system over bus  856  or a ported connection. The processor system  850  also includes random access memory (RAM)  858 , and, in the case of a computer system, may include peripheral devices such as a floppy disk drive  860  and a compact disc (CD) ROM drive  862  which also communicate with CPU  852  over the bus  856 . 
         [0052]    Although the present invention has been described in relation to particular embodiments thereof, many other variations and modifications and other uses will become apparent to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the present invention is to be limited not by the specific disclosure herein, but only by the appended claims.