Abstract:
A digital radiographic detector having a radiation sensing element with a particulate material dispersed within a binder composition, wherein the binder composition includes a pressure-sensitive adhesive, wherein the particulate material, upon receiving radiation of a first energy level, is excitable to emit radiation of a second energy level, either spontaneously or in response to a stimulating energy of a third energy level. There is an array of photosensors, each photosensor in the array energizable to provide an output signal indicative of the level of emitted radiation of the second energy level that is received. The radiation sensing element bonds directly to, and in optical contact with, either the array of photosensors or an array of optical fibers that guide light to the array of photosensors.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. Ser. No. 12/632,023 filed on Dec. 7, 2009 titled “DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHIC DETECTOR WITH BONDED PHOSPHOR LAYER” by Hansen et al., incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates generally to the field of digital radiography and more particularly relates to an improved digital radiographic detector with a scintillator layer having a radiation sensing element coupled to a photosensor array. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Systems for acquiring radiographic images are widely used in medical and dental care. Due to recent advances in component miniaturization, data transmission and processing speed, and with improved image processing and display capabilities, apparatus and methods for obtaining radiographic images directly in digital format are increasingly being used. With digital radiography, the radiation image exposures captured on radiation-sensitive phosphor layers are converted, pixel by pixel, to electronic image data which is then stored in memory circuitry for subsequent read-out and display on suitable electronic image display devices. 
     In typical digital radiography of the indirect type, a radiation sensing material, more generally termed a phosphor layer or scintillator, converts incident x-rays to visible light, which is then detected by a photosensor array that converts light intensity information to a corresponding electronic image signal. An intermediary fiber optic element may be used to channel the light from the phosphor layer to the photosensor array. 
     The perspective view of  FIG. 1  shows a partial cutaway view of a small edge portion of a digital radiography (DR) detector  10  of the indirect type. A phosphor layer  12 , formed from radiation sensing materials, responds to incident x-ray radiation at a higher energy level by generating visible light at a lower energy level that is, in turn, detected by a detector array  20 . An optional fiber optic array can be provided for directing light from phosphor layer  12  toward detector array  20 . Detector array  20  has a two-dimensional array having many thousands of radiation sensitive pixels  24  that are arranged in a matrix of rows and columns and are connected to a readout element  25 . As shown at enlarged section E, each pixel  24  has one or more photosensors  22  and includes an associated switch element  26  of some type. To read out image information from the panel, each row of pixels  24  is selected sequentially and the corresponding pixel in each column is connected in its turn to a charge amplifier (not shown). The outputs of the charge amplifiers from each column are then applied to other circuitry that generates digitized image data that can then be stored and suitably processed as needed for subsequent storage and display. 
     In conventional DR detectors  10 , phosphor layer  12  is a scintillating material, excitable to spontaneously emit light upon receiving x-ray radiation. Detectors using a storage phosphor material are also envisioned. When a storage phosphor material is used as the radiation sensing element in phosphor layer  12 , the material is excitable to emit light energy in response to a stimulating energy, such as energy from an optical, thermal, or electrical energy source. Suitable photostimulable storage phosphors include BaFX:Eu 2+  types, such as BaFBr 2 :Eu 2+ , BaFCl:Eu 2+ , for example. 
     Indirect DR imaging, using components arranged as in  FIG. 1 , shows promise for providing improved diagnostic imaging performance with high levels of image quality. However, some drawbacks remain. Because scintillating phosphor layer materials respond to incident x-ray radiation by emitting light over a broad range of angles, there is some inherent amount of scattering in the indirect detection process. Image sharpness is degraded when the visible light emitted from the phosphor is allowed to spread from its point of origin. The farther the emitted light spreads before detection by the photosensor, the greater the loss of light and sharpness. Any type of gap between the phosphor layer and its corresponding photodetector array can allow light to spread and cause consequent loss of image quality. For this reason, it can be particularly important to place the phosphor layer  12  ( FIG. 1 ) as close to the photodetector (detector array  20 ) as possible. 
     In addition to losses from spreading and scattering, some further loss of light can occur due to reflection, such as where the light traverses an interface to a material with lower refractive index. Reflected light returning toward the phosphor layer may be reflected again by the phosphor and can travel to the photosensor in a position that is even farther from its point of origin, thus further degrading the sharpness of the image. This type of effect reduces the overall optical efficiency of image formation due to loss of light, signal crosstalk, and related effects, and tends to degrade image quality. 
     Phosphor layers used to convert x-rays to visible light in radiography are typically prepared by one of two methods. One method is to mix particles of phosphor with a binder and form this mixture into a sheet, usually by coating the mixture onto a carrier film. Another method is to evaporate phosphor onto a sheet substrate, forming needle-like structures. In both methods, the phosphor layer is covered with a protective coating to prevent physical and chemical damage. 
     The cross-sectional side view of  FIG. 2  shows the layered arrangement of conventional digital detector  10  and shows where adhesive is commonly used. Phosphor layer  12  typically is provided on a substrate  14  and is optionally affixed to a fiber optic array  52 , which is, in turn, affixed and optically coupled to detector array  20 . An adhesive layer  28  is provided between detector array  20  and fiber optic array  52  and between fiber optic array  52  and phosphor layer  12 . In conventional practice, substrate  14  may also support additional components as shown subsequently, including a carbon-pigmented black layer for absorbing leakage light and a pigmented white layer for reflecting some portion of the scattered light back through phosphor layer  12 . 
     Among methods employed for improving optical coupling between the scintillator screen and the detector are the following, represented schematically in  FIGS. 3A through 3F : 
     (i) Applying continuous pressure between the phosphor layer and the detector array, thereby maintaining physical contact between these assemblies. This type of solution, shown by arrows in  FIG. 3A , can be difficult to maintain across the full surface of the detector. Moreover, it is difficult to make a digital radiography sensor as thin as necessary if mechanical clamping or hold-down devices are employed in order to maintain optical contact between the phosphor layer and photosensor array. Uniformity of optical contact is a must. Where an air gap occurs, the light transmission and the spatial resolution (MTF) would be significantly degraded. 
     (ii) Depositing the phosphor material directly onto the photodiode array of detector array  20 .  FIG. 3B  shows a deposition apparatus  50  for forming scintillator layer  12 . This method assures physical contact, hence good optical contact. However, this type of processing can be complex, may risk damage to the photodiode array and can be very expensive. Detector array  20  is an expensive device, making it impractical to use as a “substrate” for deposition or coating of materials. Uniformity of deposition also presents an obstacle that makes this type of solution less than desirable. 
     (iii) Use of a fiber-optic array  52 , also termed a fiber optic plate or tile, between detector array  20  and phosphor layer  12 , as shown in  FIG. 3C . Array  52  is an optical device consisting of several thousands of glass optical fibers  54 , each a few micrometers in diameter, bonded in parallel to one other. Each optical fiber acts as a light guide. Light from the radiation image is transmitted from phosphor layer  12  to the photodiode array of detector array  20  through each fiber  54 . A typical fiber optic array is about 3 mm thick. Phosphor layer  12  is disposed on one surface of fiber optic array  52 , then the other surface of fiber optic array  52  is pressed against detector array  20 . The fiber optic array provides high-resolution imaging and, with some types of Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) and Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) photosensor devices, can be useful for providing a measure of protection of the photosensors from high radiation levels. However, this is at the cost of considerable light loss (about 37%). Fiber optic array transmittance is about 63% for Lambertian light at the wavelength of 0.55 um. In addition, air gaps  44  can still occur on either surface of fiber optic array  52 . This solution, therefore, also encounters the problems described in (i) and shown in  FIG. 3A . 
     (iv) Depositing a phosphor layer directly onto the fiber-optic faceplate.  FIG. 3D  shows this hybrid solution. This solution reduces or eliminates air gaps  44  between phosphor layer  12  and fiber optic array  52 ; however, there can still be an air gap problem at the other surface of fiber optic array  52 . This solution also suffers from lowered transmittance as at (iii). 
     (v) As in  FIG. 3E , depositing a phosphor layer directly onto the fiber-optic faceplate as in (iv) and applying an optical adhesive  56  between the coated fiber optic array  52  and detector array  20 . As with methods (iii) and (iv) just given, this method suffers from the inherently lower transmittance caused by the fiber-optic faceplate, fiber optic array  52 . 
     (vi) As in  FIG. 3F , insertion of a conventional optically transparent polymer layer  58  between phosphor layer  12  and detector array  20 . The optical polymer materials used for this purpose may be in the form of fluid, gel, thermoplastic material, or glue. Each of these optical polymers has accompanying problems. Optical fluids are the most convenient to apply. However, as true fluids, they require containment or will otherwise tend to flow out from the optical interface if unsealed. Optical gels are non-migrating and do not require containment seals. However, they are too soft to provide dimensional rigidity, and may swell with prolonged exposure or at elevated temperatures. Optical thermoplastics (such as elastomers and resins) include soft plastics that, when cured, provide some dimensional rigidity. However, an additional thermal or radiation process for curing is generally required; such processing can be risky for electronic components of detector array  20 . Optical glues exhibit similar problems as optical gels. It is also difficult to apply a uniform thickness of glue between the phosphor layer and the detector array. One solution for this problem, proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,506,409 to Yoshida et al. entitled “Radiation Detecting Device and the Manufacture Thereof”, is the use of spherical spacers to ensure the proper adhesive thickness. However, this requires a number of added steps for proper adhesion, with some complexity and risk of irregular spacer distribution. 
     Another method of constructing a digital radiography detector is to affix the phosphor layer directly to the fiber optic element or photosensor. In this case, there is an intervening layer of adhesive between the phosphor layer and the fiber optic array or photosensor. The phosphor may thus be optically coupled to the fiber optic element or to the photosensor, therefore reducing the amount of light that is reflected and refracted at the screen surface. This method is proposed, for example, in commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/104,780 entitled DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY PANEL WITH PRESSURE-SENSITIVE ADHESIVE FOR OPTICAL COUPLING BETWEEN SCINTILLATOR SCREEN AND DETECTOR AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURE by Yip, published as U.S. Patent Application Number 2009/0261259. To reduce the likelihood of losses due to reflection, the Yip disclosure proposes using an intermediary pressure-sensitive adhesive material between the phosphor layer and the photosensors and matching the refractive index of the pressure-sensitive material with that of the phosphor layer and that of the photosensor array. This method may provide a measure of improvement for rigid flat panel detectors that have relatively large imaging areas and can be advantageous where no fiber optic array is used. However, this method is not suited to the requirements of an image detector for dental imaging, where a low profile detector is most advantaged and where high image sharpness is a requirement. Use of intermediary materials in the light path can also be a disadvantage for applications in which more flexible detector materials are more desirable. Moreover, even where the index of refraction is closely matched to materials at the interface, any intervening adhesive layer increases the phosphor layer-to-detector distance over which the light tends to spread. Thus, sharpness degradation can still occur with this solution. 
     Thus, it is seen that there is a need for a digital radiographic detector that is suited for intra-oral imaging and that provides optical coupling between the photosensor array and the phosphor layer. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the present invention to advance the art of digital radiography. With this object in mind, the present invention provides a digital radiographic detector comprising: a radiation sensing element comprising a particulate material dispersed within a binder composition, wherein the binder composition comprises a pressure-sensitive adhesive, wherein the particulate material, upon receiving radiation of a first energy level, is excitable to emit radiation of a second energy level, either spontaneously or in response to a stimulating energy of a third energy level; and an array of photosensors wherein each photosensor in the array is energizable to provide an output signal indicative of the level of emitted radiation of the second energy level that is received; wherein the radiation sensing element bonds directly to, and in optical contact with, either the array of photosensors or an array of optical fibers that guide light to the array of photosensors. 
     It is a feature of the present invention that it employs a particulate radiation sensing material that is embedded or suspended within a layer of pressure sensitive adhesive, and is thus able to provide optical contact between the light-emitting element of the digital radiography detector and its fiber optic array or, where the fiber optic array is not used, its photosensor. 
     An advantage of the present invention is that it provides improved optical coupling between light emissive and light-sensing components and eliminates the need for a separately applied adhesive layer. 
     These objects are given only by way of illustrative example, and such objects may be exemplary of one or more embodiments of the invention. Other desirable objectives and advantages inherently achieved by the disclosed invention may occur or become apparent to those skilled in the art. The invention is defined by the appended claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of the embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The elements of the drawings are not necessarily to scale relative to each other. 
         FIG. 1  is a perspective, partial cutaway view showing a small portion of a digital radiography detector device. 
         FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of a conventional detector device, showing the arrangement of adhesively affixed layers. 
         FIGS. 3A ,  3 B,  3 C,  3 D,  3 E, and  3 F are schematic cross-sectional views that illustrate various methods that have been attempted for improving optical coupling between the phosphor layer and the photosensor array in a digital radiography sensor. 
         FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view of a digital detector device with bonded phosphor layer according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view of a digital detector device with its phosphor layer bonded to a fiber optic array according to an alternate embodiment. 
         FIG. 6  is a table comparing formulations of conventional detectors to a detector formed according to the present invention. 
         FIG. 7  is a perspective exploded view showing an intra-oral detector using the digital radiography detector of the present invention. 
         FIG. 8  is a perspective view showing an assembled intra-oral detector using the digital radiography detector of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The following is a detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention, reference being made to the drawings in which the same reference numerals identify the same elements of structure in each of the several figures. 
     In the context of the present invention, the term “optical contact” has its conventional meaning as understood by those skilled in the optical arts. Optical contact between two surfaces along a light path is considered to be “airtight” physical and optical contact between the two surfaces. In conventional, glueless optical contact, two surfaces are in intimate physical contact without an intervening cement or adhesive. 
     In the context of the present invention, the terms “radiation sensing material”, “scintillator”, “scintillator layer”, “scintillator element”, and “phosphor layer” are interchangeable, each referring to the component of a digital radiography detector that acts as a radiation sensing element that, upon irradiation at a given level of radiation, is excitable to emit a corresponding radiation of lower energy, the intensity of which is proportional to the intensity of the incident radiation. The emitted radiation may be emitted spontaneously or upon stimulation, such as upon stimulation with optical, thermal, or electrical energy. 
     In the context of the present disclosure, the term “digital radiography detector” is considered to encompass both digital radiography (DR) detectors of the indirect type and computed radiography (CR) detectors that include an array of photosensors bonded to the radiation sensing layer that, upon receipt of an external excitation or stimulation energy, emits light energy corresponding to the amount of received x-ray radiation energy. 
     The apparatus and method of the present invention provide an improved digital radiography detector by eliminating the intervening adhesive layer that bonds the phosphor layer either to a fiber optic array or directly to the detector array. Using the method of the present invention, the phosphor layer bonds to its adjacent surface directly to provide optical contact and reduce scattering or spreading of light and thus reduce consequent cross-talk between pixels. 
     For use in dental imaging and related applications, relatively high resolution imaging is needed. To achieve this, relatively thin layers of phosphor material are used and good optical coupling with each detector is necessary. A fiber optic array element is generally used, since this device is beneficial for reducing the likelihood of radiation damage to photosensor circuitry. 
     In order to serve as a scintillator or radiation sensing element, embodiments of the present invention use a phosphor layer including a particulate material that is formulated to adhere directly to the photosensor array or, optionally, to the fiber optic array, without the need for an intervening adhesive layer, as was described earlier with reference to  FIG. 2 . Referring to  FIG. 4 , a digital radiography detector  100  has a phosphor layer or scintillator element, radiation sensing element  30 , that bonds directly to detector array  20  and is in optical contact with the photosensors in detector array  20 . 
       FIG. 4  also shows exemplary support layers that can be considered as part of substrate  14  in various embodiments of the present invention. A base plate  32  provides a supporting surface for a carbon-pigmented black layer  34  for absorbing light leakage and reducing scattering effects. Black layer  34  is overlaid onto a pigmented white layer  36 . White layer  36  reflects some portion of the scattered light back through, radiation sensing element  30 . In the alternate embodiment of  FIG. 5 , radiation sensing element  30  bonds directly to fiber optic array  52  and is in optical contact with the surface of the fiber optic array  52 . 
     Radiation sensing element  30  comprises a particulate phosphor or other suitable inorganic radiation sensing material dispersed in an adhesive. The phosphor itself is gadolinium oxide phosphor GOS:Tb in one embodiment. In general, the phosphor that is used can be any particulate substance that converts x-rays of the energy appropriate to the imaging task to visible light of an energy appropriate for sensing by the photosensors of detector array  20  and, optionally, for transmission to detector array  20  by the fiber optic elements. The transformation of higher energy x-ray light to lower energy (visible or other) light can be spontaneous or in response to stimulating energy from an external source, which may apply a third energy level of optical, thermal, electrical, or other type. Radiation sensing element  30  can have a supporting substrate  14  that serves as an optional carrier or backing layer, as shown in  FIGS. 4 and 5 . 
     Radiation sensing element  30  may be formed by preparing a dispersion of phosphor particles, adhesive and solvent, applying this dispersion in a layer of uniform thickness to the carrier layer of substrate  14  by any appropriate coating method, and drying the applied dispersion. A temporary protective film may be applied to the surface of the phosphor layer after it is formed onto substrate  14 , in order to keep it free from contamination. This temporary film is then removed before adhering radiation sensing element  30  to the photosensor array. 
     Comparative Examples 
     The table in  FIG. 6  shows formulation and results for a number of different DR detector embodiments, comparing conventional phosphor: binder compositions (examples A, B, C, and D) with the formulation used in an embodiment of the present invention (example E). 
     Phosphor layers for the examples were prepared as follows. Examples A through D were prepared by dispersing GOS:Tb phosphor particles in a typical polyurethane binder at conventional binder: particulate proportions, typically about 27:1. This mixture was coated by knife blade onto a carrier film at a coating weight of 3.2 g/dm2. Additionally, a protective layer of 13 um thickness (nominal) was coated over the phosphor layer for Examples B and D. For Examples A and B, pressure was applied to maintain contact between the phosphor layer and photodetector array; however, optical contact was not achieved. For Examples C and D, an adhesive was applied between the phosphor sheet and the fiber optic array for directing light to the photodetector array. Relatively good optical coupling was achieved by this method, but not optical contact, as has been defined earlier. 
     Example E was prepared according to the present invention, using a pressure-sensitive adhesive directly as the binder, in a binder: particulate proportion of 9:1 (nominal). The phosphor layer of Example E was bonded to a fiber optic element directly with no adhesive coating prior to bonding. No protective layer was used. 
     The right-most two columns of the table in  FIG. 6  show performance results for each formulation method that was used in these Examples. Limiting resolution, shown in line pairs (lp) per mm indicate that the inventive embodiment of Example E markedly out-performs the more conventional formulations. The inventive embodiment of Example E also shows improved performance with respect to relative detector response, normalized to the performance of the conventional detector of Example A. 
       FIGS. 7 and 8  are perspective views of an intra-oral detector  60 , in exploded and assembled forms, respectively, using digital radiography detector  100  of the present invention. Digital radiography detector  100  is supported between a lower cover  62  and upper cover  66  that provides connections for obtaining image data from a cable  64 . Alternately, a wireless interface (not shown) could be provided. In the wired version shown, cable  64  has a connector  68  and seal  70  for protecting the cabling connections. 
     Materials and Fabrication 
     Referring again to  FIG. 4 , substrate  14  and radiation sensing element  30  of digital radiography detector  100  can comprise multiple components. The base support material of base plate  32  may be any suitable material that will pass x-rays without diffraction and can be easily cleaned. Typical materials used for this purpose include PET (polyethylene terephthalate) or similar polyester support. A suitable material is a clear polyester of the thickness of about 10 mils or 1/100 of an inch (0.254 millimeters). 
     Carbon-pigmented black layer  34  is formed of any suitable material that will provide a uniform light-absorbing layer that blocks the passage of light. Generally, the layer is comprised of carbon black and a small amount of polymer for casting and layer forming. In one embodiment, this polymer is cellulose acetate; other suitable polymers can be used. White layer  36  is formed of any suitable material that reflects and enhances the light from the phosphor. Preferably, white layer  36  includes a titanium dioxide, TiO 2  pigment, east with a polymer such as cellulose acetate. Also suitable would be a film containing titanium dioxide, possibly with micropores, such as commercially available titanium dioxide-containing polypropylene film that has been stretched to form micropores around the titanium dioxide particles. 
     The phosphor layer used for the scintillator in embodiments of the present invention includes phosphor particles formed into a layer with a binder of adhesive material selected from the known phosphor materials that emit light in response to incident x-rays. Suitable phosphor materials include Lutetium oxysulfide and Gadolinium oxysulfide (Gd 2 O 2 S), for example. Preferred materials include terbium and gadolinium oxide phosphors, including Gd 2 S 2 O:Tb which is advantaged due to its ready availability and cost. 
     The term “binder”, as utilized herein, means the material in phosphor layer of radiation sensing element  30  that is not phosphor itself. The proper amount of binder is needed. Too much of this adhesive material causes blocking of the coated layers when wound or stacked, while too little reduces the pressure sensitive adhesive sealing properties which can result in the phosphor layer peeling away from the surface to which it is affixed. The binder encapsulates the phosphor particles and provides a suitable bond to detector array  20  ( FIG. 4 ) or, optionally, to fiber optic array  52  ( FIG. 5 ). The binder must meet these requirements: 
     (i) Pressure-sensitive, capable of sealing with applied heat and pressure, but not tacky to the touch at room temperature and not blocking when wound or stacked; 
     (ii) Optically clear and colorless; 
     (iii) Not sensitizing to the phosphor particles. 
     (iv) At least moderately viscous for coating application; and 
     (v) Low glass transition temperature, near about −38° F. 
     The binder for the phosphor layer may be a polyester or polyether. The binder composition preferably contains solids of about 38 to 46 parts of acrylic adhesive latex, based upon 100 total parts, in solvents well-known for use with adhesives and latexes. 
     A preferred binder for the invention includes a non-crosslinked acrylic polymer adhesive that, upon evaporation of its solvent, forms a matrix material around and between the phosphor particles. One exemplary acrylic adhesive with suitable properties is Morstik, available from Rohm&amp;Haas/Dow Chemical, Inc. This layer of phosphor particles and the non-crossed linked adhesive is then activated to form a permanent bond under moderate heat and sealing pressure. 
     Radiation sensing element  30  is cast from a mixture of binder provided with a solvent material to enable casting. Solvents for casting the phosphor layer may include ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, acetone, and isopropyl alcohol. The solvent is evaporated to form the layer. Generally, to provide a nominal 9:1 particulate to binder ratio, radiation sensing element  30  contains between 85 and 95% by weight of phosphor. Binder, including any filler, is between 5 and 15% by weight, after drying. A preferred amount is between about 8 and 12% by weight of the binder, as this gives good binding properties to the layer as well as a high amount of phosphor for improved imaging. 
     The formulation and assembly of a fiber optic faceplate for fiber optic array  52  is known to those skilled in the optical component fabrication arts. Preferably the fiber optic faceplate has a thickness of about an eighth of an inch (approximately 2 millimeters). Fiber diameter is generally about 6 um. 
     The composition of the photosensor array that is in contact with the fiber optic element is known. The types of optical sensors that are energizable to provide an output signal in response to received light are composed of a plurality of sensor sites or photosites, arranged in a matrix. The sensors themselves can be Charged-Coupled Devices (CCD) or Complimentary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) detectors, or some other type of photosensing device, for example. Some type of protective covering for this underlying circuitry is typically provided. 
     In one embodiment, digital radiography detector  100  is fabricated by bonding radiation sensing element  30  directly to fiber optic array  52  or to detector array  20 , using heat and pressure for glueless optical contact. To minimize air pockets or voids, this process is preferably carried out under vacuum. 
     The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to a presently preferred embodiment, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention, The presently disclosed embodiments are therefore considered in all respects to be illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is indicated by the appended claims, and all changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalents thereof are intended to be embraced therein. 
     PARTS LIST 
     
         
           10 . DR detector 
           12 . Phosphor layer 
           14 . Substrate 
           20 . Detector array 
           22 . Photosensor 
           24 . Pixel 
           25 . Readout elements 
           26 . Switch element 
           28 . Adhesive layer 
           30 . Radiation sensing element 
           32 . Base plate 
           34 . Black layer 
           36 . White layer 
           44 . Air gap 
           50 . Deposition apparatus 
           52 . Fiber-optic array 
           54 . Optical fiber 
           56 . Optical adhesive 
           58 . Polymer layer 
           60 . Intra-oral detector 
           62 . Lower cover 
           64 . Cable 
           66 . Upper cover 
           68 . Connector 
           70 . Seal 
           100 . Digital radiography detector 
         E. Enlarged section