Abstract:
The present invention relates to improvements in the field of drug delivery. More particularly, the invention relates to a non-invasive and flexible method and carrier for transporting a compound or drug across the blood-brain barrier of an individual. In particular the present invention relates to a carrier for transporting an agent attached thereto across a blood-brain barrier, wherein the carrier is able to cross the blood-brain barrier after attachment to the agent and thereby transport the agent across the blood-brain barrier. The present invention relates to improvements in the field of drug delivery. More particularly, the invention relates to a non-invasive and flexible method and carrier for transporting a compound or drug across the blood-brain barrier of an individual. In particular the present invention relates to a carrier for transporting an agent attached thereto across a blood-brain barrier, wherein the carrier is able to cross the blood-brain barrier after attachment to the agent and thereby transport the agent across the blood-brain barrier.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD  
       [0001]     The present invention relates to improvements in the field of drug delivery. More particularly, the invention relates to a non-invasive and flexible method and carrier for transporting a compound or drug across the blood-brain barrier of an individual.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     In the development of a new therapy for brain pathologies, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is considered as a major obstacle for the potential use of drugs for treating disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). The global market for CNS drugs was $33 billion in 1998, which was roughly half that of global market for cardiovascular drugs, even though in the United States, nearly twice as many people suffer from CNS disorders as from cardiovascular diseases. The reason for this lopsidedness is that more than 98% of all potential CNS drugs do not cross the blood-brain barrier. In addition, more than 99% of worldwide CNS drug development is devoted solely to CNS drug discovery, and less than 1% is directed to CNS drug delivery. This ratio could justify why no efficient treatment is currently available for the major neurological diseases such as brain tumors, Alzheimer&#39;s and stroke.  
         [0003]     The brain is shielded against potentially toxic substances by the presence of two barrier systems: the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). The BBB is considered to be the major route for the uptake of serum ligands since its surface area is approximately 5000-fold greater than that of BCSFB. The brain endothelium, which constitutes the BBB, represents the major obstacle for the use of potential drugs against many disorders of the CNS. As a general rule, only lipophilic molecules smaller than about 500 Daltons can pass across the BBB, i.e., from blood to brain. However, the size of many drugs that show promising results in animal studies for treating CNS disorders is considerably bigger. Thus, peptide and protein therapeutics are generally excluded from transport from blood to brain, owing to the negligible permeability of the brain capillary endothelial wall to these drugs. Brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) are closely sealed by tight junctions, possess few fenestrae and few endocytic vesicles as compared to capillaries of other organs. BCECs are surrounded by extracellular matrix, astrocytes, pericytes and microglial cells. The close association of endothelial cells with the astrocyte foot processes and the basement membrane of capillaries are important for the development and maintenance of the BBB properties that permit tight control of blood-brain exchange.  
         [0004]     To date, there is no efficient drug delivery approach available for the brain. The methods under investigation for peptide and protein drug delivery to the brain may be divided in three principal strategies. Firstly, invasive procedures include the direct intraventricular administration of drugs by means of surgery, and the temporary disruption of the BBB via intracarotid infusion of hyperosmolar solutions. Secondly, the pharmacologically-based strategy consists in facilitating the passage through the BBB by increasing the lipid solubility of peptides or proteins. Thirdly, physiologic-based strategies exploit the various carrier mechanisms at the BBB, which have been characterized in the recent years. In this approach, drugs are attached to a protein vector that performs like receptors-targeted delivery vehicle on the BBB. This approach is highly specific and presents high efficacy with an extreme flexibility for clinical indications with unlimited targets. In the present invention, the latter approach has been investigated.  
         [0005]     It would be highly desirable to be provided with an improvement in the field of drug delivery.  
         [0006]     It would also be highly desirable to be provided with a non-invasive and flexible method and a carrier for transporting a compound or drug across the BBB of an individual.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0007]     One aim of the present invention is to provide an improvement in the field of drug delivery.  
         [0008]     Another aim of the present invention is to provide a non-invasive and flexible method and carrier for transporting a compound or drug across the blood-brain barrier of an individual.  
         [0009]     According to one embodiment of the invention, there is provided a method for transporting an agent across the blood-brain barrier of a patient, which comprises the step of administering to the patient a compound comprising the agent attached to aprotinin, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of aprotinin, a fragment of aprotinin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a fragment of aprotinin.  
         [0010]     According to a further embodiment of the invention, there is provided a use of aprotinin, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of aprotinin, a fragment of aprotinin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a fragment of aprotinin for transporting a compound attached thereto across the blood-brain barrier of a patient.  
         [0011]     According to another embodiment of the invention, there is provided a use of aprotinin, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of aprotinin, a fragment of aprotinin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a fragment of aprotinin in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a neurological disease across the blood-brain barrier of a patient.  
         [0012]     According to yet another embodiment of the invention, there is provided a use of aprotinin, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of aprotinin, a fragment of aprotinin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a fragment of aprotinin in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a central nervous system disorder across the blood-brain barrier of a patient.  
         [0013]     According to another embodiment of the invention, there is provided compounds of formula R-L-M or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein R is aprotinin or a fragment thereof, L is a linker or a bond and M is an agent or a drug selected from the group consisting of a small molecule drug, a protein, a peptide and an enzyme.  
         [0014]     According to another embodiment of the invention, there is provided a method for treating a neurological disease of a patient comprising administering to the patient a medicament comprising aprotinin, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of aprotinin, a fragment of aprotinin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a fragment of aprotinin, and a compound adapted to treat the disease, the compound being attached to the aprotinin.  
         [0015]     According to a further embodiment of the invention, there is provided a method for treating a central nervous system disorder of a patient comprising administering to the patient a medicament comprising aprotinin, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of aprotinin, a fragment of aprotinin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a fragment of aprotinin, and a compound adapted to treat the disease, the compound being attached to the aprotinin.  
         [0016]     In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a carrier for transporting an agent attached thereto across a blood-brain barrier, wherein the carrier is able to cross the blood-brain barrier after attachment to the agent and thereby transport the agent across the blood-brain barrier.  
         [0017]     In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the transporting does not affect blood-brain barrier integrity.  
         [0018]     In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the carrier is selected from the group consisting of aprotinin, a functional derivative of aprotinin, Angio-pep1 and a functional derivative of Angio-pep1.  
         [0019]     In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the agent is selected from the group consisting of a drug, a medicine, a protein, a peptide, an enzyme, an antibiotic, an anti-cancer agent, a molecule active at the level of the central nervous system, a radioimaging agent, an antibody, a cellular toxin, a detectable label and an anti-angiogenic compound.  
         [0020]     In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the anti-cancer agent is Paclitaxel.  
         [0021]     In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the detectable label is selected from the group consisting of a radioactive label, a green fluorescent protein, a histag protein and β-galactosidase.  
         [0022]     In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the agent has a maximum molecular weight of 160,000 Daltons.  
         [0023]     In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the transporting is effected by receptor-mediated transcytosis or adsorptive-mediated transcytosis.  
         [0024]     In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the agent is for treatment of a neurological disease.  
         [0025]     In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the neurological disease is selected from the group consisting of a brain tumor, a brain metastasis, schizophrenia, epilepsy, Alzheimer&#39;s disease, Parkinson&#39;s disease, Huntington&#39;s disease, stroke and blood-brain barrier related malfunctions.  
         [0026]     In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the blood-brain barrier related malfunction disease is obesity.  
         [0027]     In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the transporting results in delivery of the agent to the central nervous system (CNS) of an individual.  
         [0028]     In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the agent is releasable from the carrier after transport across the blood-brain barrier.  
         [0029]     In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the agent is released from the carrier after transport across the blood-brain barrier.  
         [0030]     In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition for transporting an agent across a blood-brain barrier, the composition comprising a carrier according to an embodiment of the present invention in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.  
         [0031]     In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition for treating a neurological disease comprising a carrier according to an embodiment of the present invention in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.  
         [0032]     In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition for delivery of an agent to the CNS of an individual, the composition comprising a carrier according to an embodiment of the present invention in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.  
         [0033]     In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a conjugate for transporting an agent across a blood-brain barrier, the conjugate comprising: (a) a carrier; and (b) an agent attached to the carrier, wherein the conjugate is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and thereby transport the agent across the blood-brain barrier.  
         [0034]     In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition for transporting an agent across a blood-brain barrier, the composition comprising a conjugate according to an embodiment of the present invention in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.  
         [0035]     In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition for treating a neurological disease, the composition comprising a conjugate according to an embodiment of the present invention in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.  
         [0036]     In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition for delivery of an agent to the CNS of an individual, the composition comprising a conjugate according to an embodiment of the present invention in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.  
         [0037]     In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a use of a carrier for transporting an agent attached thereto across a blood-brain barrier in the manufacture of a medicament for transporting the agent across the blood-brain barrier.  
         [0038]     In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition for transporting an agent across a blood-brain barrier, the composition comprising a medicament manufactured as defined in an embodiment of the present invention in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.  
         [0039]     In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a use of a carrier for transporting an agent attached thereto across a blood-brain barrier in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a neurological disease in an individual.  
         [0040]     In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition for treating a neurological disease comprising a medicament manufactured as defined in an embodiment of the present invention in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.  
         [0041]     In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a use of a carrier for transporting an agent attached thereto across a blood-brain barrier in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a central nervous system disorder in an individual.  
         [0042]     In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition for treating a central nervous system disorder, the composition comprising a medicament manufactured as defined in an embodiment of the present invention in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.  
         [0043]     In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention there is provided a conjugate of formula R-L-M or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R is a carrier able to cross the blood-brain barrier after attachment to L-M and thereby transport M across the blood-brain barrier, L is a linker or a chemical bond and M is an agent selected from the group consisting of a drug, a medicine, a protein, a peptide, an enzyme, an antibiotic, an anti-cancer agent, a molecule active at the level of the central nervous system, a radioimaging agent, an antibody, a cellular toxin, a detectable label and an anti-angiogenic compound.  
         [0044]     In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a use of a conjugate according to an embodiment of the present invention for transporting an agent attached thereto across a blood-brain barrier.  
         [0045]     In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a use of a conjugate according to an embodiment of the present invention for treating a neurological disease in an individual.  
         [0046]     In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a use of a conjugate according to an embodiment of the present invention for treating a central nervous system disorder in an individual.  
         [0047]     In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method for transporting an agent across a blood-brain barrier, which comprises the step of administering to an individual a pharmaceutical composition according to an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0048]     In a preferred method of the present invention the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual intra-arterially, intra-nasally, intra-peritoneally, intravenously, intramuscularly, sub-cutaneously, transdermally or per os.  
         [0049]     In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method for treating a neurological disease in an individual comprising administering to the individual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition according to an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0050]     In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method for treating a central nervous system disorder in an individual comprising administering to the individual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition according to an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0051]     For the purpose of the present invention the following terms are defined below.  
         [0052]     The term “carrier” or “vector” is intended to mean a compound or molecule that is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and be attached to or conjugated to another compound or agent and thereby be able to transport the other compound or agent across the blood-brain barrier. For example, the carrier may bind to receptors present on brain endothelial cells and thereby be transported across the blood-brain barrier by transcytosis. Preferably the carrier is a protein or molecule for which very high levels of transendothelial transport are obtained without any effects on the blood-brain barrier integrity. The carrier may be, but is not limited to, a protein, a peptide, or a peptidomimetic and can be naturally occurring or produced by chemical synthesis or recombinant genetic technology (genetic engineering).  
         [0053]     The term “carrier-agent conjugate” is intended to mean a conjugate of a carrier and another compound or agent. The conjugation can be chemical in nature, such as with a linker, or genetic in nature for example by recombinant genetic technology, such as in a fusion protein with for example green fluorescent protein, β-galactosidase or Histag protein.  
         [0054]     The expression “small molecule drug” is intended to mean a drug having a molecular weight of 1000 g/mol or less.  
         [0055]     The terms “treatment”, “treating” and the like are intended to mean obtaining a desired pharmacologic and/or physiologic effect, e.g., inhibition of cancer cell growth, death of a cancer cell or amelioration of a neurological disease or condition. The effect may be prophylactic in terms of completely or partially preventing a disease or symptom thereof and/or may be therapeutic in terms of a partial or complete cure for a disease and/or adverse effect attributable to the disease. “Treatment” as used herein covers any treatment of a disease in a mammal, particularly a human, and includes: (a) preventing a disease or condition (e.g., preventing cancer) from occurring in an individual who may be predisposed to the disease but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; (b) inhibiting a disease, (e.g., arresting its development); or (c) relieving a disease (e.g., reducing symptoms associated with a disease). “Treatment” as used herein covers any administration of a pharmaceutical agent or compound to an individual to treat, cure, alleviate, improve, diminish or inhibit a condition in the individual, including, without limitation, administering a carrier-agent conjugate to an individual.  
         [0056]     The term “cancer” is intended to mean any cellular malignancy whose unique trait is the loss of normal controls which results in unregulated growth, lack of differentiation and ability to invade local tissues and metastasize. Cancer can develop in any tissue of any organ. More specifically, cancer is intended to include, without limitation, cancer of the brain.  
         [0057]     The term “administering” and “administration” is intended to mean a mode of delivery including, without limitation, intra-arterially, intra-nasally, intra-peritoneally, intravenously, intramuscularly, sub-cutaneously, transdermally or per os. The preferred one being per os. A daily dosage can be divided into one, two or more doses in a suitable form to be administered at one, two or more times throughout a time period.  
         [0058]     The term “therapeutically effective” is intended to mean an amount of a compound sufficient to substantially improve some symptom associated with a disease or a medical condition. For example, in the treatment of cancer or a mental condition or neurological or CNS disease, an agent or compound which decreases, prevents, delays, suppresses, or arrests any symptom of the disease or condition would be therapeutically effective. A therapeutically effective amount of an agent or compound is not required to cure a disease or condition but will provide a treatment for a disease or condition such that the onset of the disease or condition is delayed, hindered, or prevented, or the disease or condition symptoms are ameliorated, or the term of the disease or condition is changed or, for example, is less severe or recovery is accelerated in an individual.  
         [0059]     The carrier and carrier-agent conjugates of the present invention may be used in combination with either conventional methods of treatment and/or therapy or may be used separately from conventional methods of treatment and/or therapy.  
         [0060]     When the carrier-agent conjugates of this invention are administered in combination therapies with other agents, they may be administered sequentially or concurrently to an individual. Alternatively, pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention may be comprised of a combination of a carrier-agent conjugate of the present invention in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, as described herein, and another therapeutic or prophylactic agent known in the art.  
         [0061]     It will be understood that a specific “effective amount” for any particular individual will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific agent employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, and/or diet of the individual, time of administration, route of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination and the severity of the particular disease undergoing prevention or therapy.  
         [0062]     Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts may be prepared by methods known and used in the art.  
         [0063]     As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes any and all solvents (such as phosphate buffered saline buffers, water, saline), dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the like. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active ingredient, its use in therapeutic compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active ingredients can also be incorporated into the compositions.  
         [0064]     The term “functional derivative” is intended to mean a “chemical derivative”, “fragment”, or “variant” biologically active sequence or portion of a carrier or agent or carrier-agent conjugate or a salt thereof of the present invention. A carrier functional derivative is able to be attached to or conjugated to another compound or agent and cross the blood-brain barrier and thereby be able to transport the other compound or agent across the blood-brain barrier.  
         [0065]     The term “chemical derivative” is intended to mean a carrier, an agent, or a carrier-agent conjugate of the present invention, which contains additional chemical moieties not a part of the carrier, agent or carrier-agent conjugate. Covalent modifications are included within the scope of this invention. A chemical derivative may be conveniently prepared by direct chemical synthesis, using methods well known in the art. Such modifications may be, for example, introduced into a protein or peptide carrier, agent or carrier-agent conjugate by reacting targeted amino acid residues with an organic derivatizing agent that is capable of reacting with selected side chains or terminal residues. A carrier chemical derivative is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and be attached to or conjugated to another compound or agent and thereby be able to transport the other compound or agent across the blood-brain barrier. In a preferred embodiment, very high levels of transendothelial transport across the blood-brain barrier are obtained without any effects on the blood-brain barrier integrity.  
         [0066]     The term “fragment” is intended to mean any piece or portion of a carrier, agent or carrier-agent conjugate. A fragment of a protein or peptide, for example, may be a subset of amino acids which makes up the sequence of the whole protein or peptide. A carrier fragment is able to be attached to or conjugated to another compound or agent and cross the blood-brain barrier and thereby be able to transport the other compound or agent across the blood-brain barrier.  
         [0067]     The term “variant” is intended to mean to a carrier, agent or carrier-agent conjugate which is substantially similar to either the structure of a carrier, agent or carrier-agent conjugate, or any fragment thereof, of the present invention. A carrier variant is able to be attached to or conjugated to another compound or agent and cross the blood-brain barrier and thereby be able to transport the other compound or agent across the blood-brain barrier. Variant proteins, peptides, peptidomimetics and chemical structures of carriers of the present invention are contemplated.  
         [0068]     The term “aprotinin fragment” is intended to mean a portion of aprotinin that can still transport a compound across the BBB. Such a fragment can comprise at least 12 amino acids, preferably at least 25 amino acids and more preferably at least 35 amino acids. Studies to determine the minimal sequence of aprotinin effective to interact with megalin have been performed by Hussain, M., Strickland, D. K., Bakillah, A., in The mammalian low-density lipoprotein receptor family.  Anno. Rev. Nutr.  1999, 19, 141-172. For example, the minimal sequence for interaction of Aprotinin with Megalin receptor was determined to be CRAKRNNFKSA (SEQ ID NO:1). Accordingly, fragments comprising this minimal sequence are meant to be included by this term.  
         [0069]     The term “agent” is intended to mean without distinction a drug or a compound such as a therapeutic agent or compound, a marker, a tracer or an imaging compound.  
         [0070]     The term “therapeutic agent” or “agent” is intended to mean an agent and/or medicine and/or drug used to treat the symptoms of a disease, physical or mental condition, injury or infection and includes, but is not limited to, antibiotics, anti-cancer agents, anti-angiogenic agents and molecules active at the level of the central nervous system Paclitaxel, for example, can be administered intravenously to treat brain cancer.  
         [0071]     The term “patient” or “individual treated” is intended to mean any one who receives a certain medical treatment, and includes being subjected to the administration of a carrier-agent or compound conjugate for detecting, tracing, marking or imaging a condition, such as a tumor. Preferably, the patient or individual treated is a mammal and more preferably a human.  
         [0072]     The term “condition” is intended to mean any situation causing pain, discomfort, sickness, disease or disability (mental or physical) to or in an individual, including neurological disease, injury, infection, or chronic or acute pain. Neurological diseases which can be treated with the present invention include, but are not limited to, brain tumors, brain metastases, schizophrenia, epilepsy, Alzheimer&#39;s disease, Parkinson&#39;s disease, Huntington&#39;s disease and stroke.  
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0073]      FIG. 1  is a plot showing the results of transcytosis experiments of aprotinin (●), p97 (♦), and ceruloplasmin (▪) across bovine brain capillary endothelial cells (BBCECs);  
         [0074]      FIG. 2  is a plot showing the results of transcytosis experiments of aprotinin (●) and transferrin (∘) across bovine brain capillary endothelial cells (BBCECs);  
         [0075]      FIG. 3  is a bar graph illustrating that aprotinin has a higher transcytosis capacity than transferrin in a blood-brain barrier model;  
         [0076]      FIG. 4  is an SDS-PAGE analysis illustrating that aprotinin integrity is not affected by its transcytosis across BBCEC monolayers;  
         [0077]      FIG. 5  is a plot of the clearance of [ 14 C]-sucrose expressed as a function of time. The clearance of sucrose was measured in the presence and the absence of 250 nM aprotinin;  
         [0078]      FIG. 6  is a graph showing the results of a sucrose permeability test of bovine brain capillary endothelial cells (BBCECs)  
         [0079]      FIG. 7  is a plot of the clearance of [ 14 C]-sucrose expressed as a function of time illustrating that aprotinin does not affect blood-brain barrier integrity. The clearance of sucrose was measured in the presence and the absence of 5 μM aprotinin;  
         [0080]      FIG. 8  is a bar graph illustrating the accumulation of [ 125 I]-aprotinin in human and rat capillaries;  
         [0081]      FIG. 9  is a plot illustrating a time-course of aprotinin uptake in human and rat capillaries  
         [0082]      FIG. 10  is a bar graph illustrating that aprotinin-biotin conjugate and aprotinin have the same transcytosis capacity;  
         [0083]      FIG. 11  is a bar graph illustrating that aprotinin and aprotinin-biotin conjugate transcytosis is temperature-dependent and conformational-dependent;  
         [0084]      FIGS. 12A and 12B  are sets of plots illustrating the effect of temperature and heating on (A) aprotinin and (B) aprotinin-biotin conjugate transcytosis in BBCEC cells;  
         [0085]      FIG. 13  is a bar graph illustrating the increase in streptavidin transcytosis in the presence of aprotinin-biotin conjugate;  
         [0086]      FIG. 14  is a bar graph illustrating the inhibition of aprotinin transcytosis by the LRP antagonist, receptor-associated protein (RAP);  
         [0087]      FIG. 15  is a bar graph illustrating aprotinin uptake in an in situ brain perfusion experiment;  
         [0088]      FIG. 16  illustrates a synthetic-aprotinin sequence;  
         [0089]      FIG. 17  illustrates a sequence alignment between aprotinin and three human proteins with a similar domain;  
         [0090]      FIG. 18  is a bar graph illustrating in situ brain perfusion of transferrin, aprotinin and Angio-pep1;  
         [0091]      FIG. 19  is a plot illustrating transcytosis of Angio-pep1 compared to that of aprotinin; and  
         [0092]      FIG. 20  is a plot illustrating transcytosis of Angio-pep1 across the in vitro blood-brain barrier model.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0093]     The present invention relates to a new vector or carrier to transport an agent, medicine or other molecule to the brain and/or central nervous system (CNS). This carrier permits the passage of the agent, medicine or other molecule which is attached or coupled (conjugated) to the carrier and which are unable by themselves to cross the blood-brain barrier, to be transported across the blood-brain barrier. The carrier-conjugate can be a carrier-therapeutic agent conjugate. Such conjugates can be in the form of a composition, such as a pharmaceutical composition, for treatment of a condition or disease. This invention is based on the discovery that aprotinin binds to and crosses the brain capillary endothelial wall in a very effective manner. Aprotinin is known in the art to be a basic polypeptide that effectively inhibits a variety of serine proteases, including trypsin, chymotrypsin, kallikrein and pepsin. The transendothelial transport of aprotinin is approximately 10-50 times higher than that of other proteins including transferrin or ceruloplasmin. This high rate of passage is not caused by the disruption of the integrity of the blood-brain barrier since the permeability coefficient for sucrose is not affected by aprotinin.  
         [0094]     This approach is very versatile since it permits conjugation of small as well as large molecules having very diverse therapeutic targets.  
         [0095]     In accordance with the present invention a method for transporting an agent across the blood-brain barrier comprises administering to an individual an agent that comprises an active ingredient or a pharmaceutical agent attached to a carrier, such as aprotinin, or a functional derivative thereof.  
         [0096]     In accordance with the present invention, the compound can be administered intra-arterially, intra-nasally, intra-peritoneally, intravenously, intramuscularly, sub-cutaneously, transdermally or per os to the patient. The agent is preferably an anti-angiogenic compound. The agent can have a maximum weight of 160,000 Daltons. Preferably, the agent is a marker or a drug such as a small molecule drug, a protein, a peptide or an enzyme. The drug preferably is adapted to treat a neurological disease or a central nervous system disorder of a patient. The drug can be a cytotoxic drug and the marker can be a detectable label such as a radioactive label, a green fluorescent protein, a histag protein or β-galactosidase. The agent is preferably delivered into the central nervous system of a patient.  
         [0097]     According to still another preferred embodiment of the invention, the uses, methods, compounds, agents, drugs or medicaments of the invention do not alter the integrity of the blood-brain barrier of the patient.  
         [0098]     According to a further preferred embodiment of the invention, aprotinin can be attached to an agent or a compound for transporting the agent or compound across the blood-brain barrier of a patient, the agent or compound being adapted to treat a neurological disease or to treat a central nervous system disorder.  
         [0099]     The carrier or functional derivative thereof of the present invention or mixtures thereof may be linked to or labelled with a detectable label such as a radioimaging agent, such as those emitting radiation, for detection of a disease or condition, for example by the use of a radioimaging agent-antibody-carrier conjugate, wherein the antibody binds to a disease or condition-specific antigen. Other binding molecules besides antibodies and which are known and used in the art are also contemplated by the present invention. Alternatively, the carrier or functional derivative thereof of the present invention or mixtures thereof may be linked to a therapeutic agent, to treat a disease or condition, or may be linked to or labelled with mixtures thereof. Treatment is effected by administering a carrier-agent conjugate of the present invention to an individual under conditions which allow transport of the agent across the blood-brain barrier.  
         [0100]     A therapeutic agent of the present invention can be a drug, a medicine, an agent emitting radiation, a cellular toxin (for example, a chemotherapeutic agent) and/or biologically active fragment thereof, and/or mixtures thereof to allow cell killing or it may be an agent to treat, cure, alleviate, improve, diminish or inhibit a disease or condition in an individual treated. A therapeutic agent can be a synthetic product or a product of fungal, bacterial or other microorganism, such as mycoplasma, viral etc., animal, such as reptile, or plant origin. A therapeutic agent and/or biologically active fragment thereof can be an enzymatically active agent and/or fragment thereof, or can act by inhibiting or blocking an important and/or essential cellular pathway or by competing with an important and/or essential naturally occurring cellular component.  
         [0101]     Radioimaging agents emitting radiation (detectable radio-labels) for use in the present invention are exemplified by indium-111, technitium-99, or low dose iodine-131.  
         [0102]     Detectable labels, or markers, for use in the present invention can be a radiolabel, a fluorescent label, a nuclear magnetic resonance active label, a luminescent label, a chromophore label, a positron emitting isotope for PET scanner, chemiluminescence label, or an enzymatic label. Fluorescent labels include, but are not limited to, green fluorescent protein (GFP), fluorescein, and rhodamine. Chemiluminescence labels include, but are not limited to, luciferase and β-galactosidase. Enzymatic labels include, but are not limited to peroxidase and phosphatase. A histag may also be a detectable label.  
         [0103]     It is contemplated that an agent may be releasable from the carrier after transport across the blood-brain barrier, for example by enzymatic cleavage or breakage of a chemical bond between the carrier and the agent. The release agent would then function in its intended capacity in the absence of the carrier.  
         [0104]     The present invention will be more readily understood by referring to the following examples which are given to illustrate the invention rather than to limit its scope.  
         [0000]     Experimental Section  
       Determination of a Suitable Carrier  
       [0105]     A reproducible blood-brain barrier in vitro model demonstrating in vivo characteristics has been used for screening assay and for mechanistic studies of drug transport to the brain. This efficient in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier was developed by the company CELLIAL™ Technologies was of prime importance to the reliable evaluation of the capacity of different carriers to reach the brain. The model consists of a co-culture of bovine brain capillary endothelial cells and rat glial cells. It presents ultrastructural features characteristic of brain endothelium including tight junctions, lack of fenestration, lack of transendothelial channels, low permeability for hydrophilic molecules and a high electrical resistance. Moreover, this model has shown a good correlation coefficient between in vitro and in vivo analysis of wide range of molecules tested. To date, all the data obtained show that this BBB model closely mimics the in vivo situation by reproducing some of the complexities of the cellular environment that exist in vivo, while retaining the experimental advantages associated with tissue culture. Thus, many studies have validated this cell co-culture as one of the most reproducible in vitro model of the BBB.  
         [0106]     The in vitro model of BBB was established by using a co-culture of BBCECs and astrocytes. Prior to cell culture, plate inserts (Millicell-PC 3.0 μM; 30-mm diameter) were coated on the upper side with rat tail collagen. They were then set in six-well microplates containing the astrocytes and BBCECs were plated on the upper side of the filters in 2 mL of co-culture medium. This BBCEC medium was changed three times a week. Under these conditions, differentiated BBCECs formed a confluent monolayer 7 days later. Experiments were performed between 5 and 7 days after confluence was reached. The permeability coefficient for sucrose was measured to verify the endothelial permeability.  
         [0107]     Primary cultures of mixed astrocytes were prepared from newborn rat cerebral cortex (Dehouck M. P., Meresse S., Delorme P., Fruchart J. C., Cecchelli, R. An Easier, Reproductible, and Mass-Production Method to Study the Blood-Brain Barrier In Vitro.  J. Neurochem,  54, 1798-1801, 1990). Briefly, after removing the meninges, the brain tissue was forced gently through a 82 μm nylon sieve. Astrocytes were plated on six-well microplates at a concentration of 1.2×10 5  cells/mL in 2 mL of optimal culture medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum. The medium was changed twice a week.  
         [0108]     Bovine brain capillary endothelial cells (BBCECs) were obtained from Cellial Technologies. The cells were cultured in the presence of DMEM medium supplemented with 10% (v/v) horse serum and 10% heat-inactivated calf serum, 2 mM of glutamine, 50 μg/mL of gentamycin, and 1 ng/mL of basic fibroblast growth factor, added every other day.  
         [0109]     In order to determine a suitable carrier for the present invention, tests have been performed using the in vitro model of the BBB. As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , transcytosis experiments of different proteins (aprotinin (●), p97 (♦) and ceruloplasmin (▪)) across bovine brain capillary endothelial cells (BBCECs) were performed.  FIGS. 2 and 3  show the results of transcytosis experiments performed with aprotinin (●) and transferrin (∘) and using the same method than the experiments of  FIG. 1 . One insert covered with BBCECs was set into a six-well microplate with 2 mL of Ringer-Hepes and was pre-incubated for 2 h at 37° C. [ 125 I]-aprotinin, [ 125 I]-p97, [ 125 I]-ceruloplasmin or [ 125 I]-transferrin (250 nM final concentration) was added to the upper side of the filter covered with cells. At various times, the insert was transferred to another well to avoid a possible reendocytosis of [ 125 I]-proteins by the abluminal side of the BBCECs. At the end of experiment, [ 125 I]-proteins were assessed in 500 μL of the lower chamber of well by TCA precipitation. The results indicate that aprotinin has a higher transcytosis capacity than transferrin, p97 or ceruloplasmin in a blood-brain barrier model.  
         [0110]     Aprotinin, p97 and bovine holo-transferrin were iodinated with standard procedures using iodo-beads from Sigma™. Bovine holo-transferrin was diluted in 0.1M phosphate buffer, pH 6.5 (PB). P97 obtained from Synapse Technologies in neutralized citrate at pH 7.0 was dialyzed against this PB. Two iodo-beads were used for each protein. These beads were washed twice with 3 mL of PB on a Whatman™ filter and resuspended in 60 μL of PB.  125 I (1 mCi) from Amersham-Pharmacia biotech was added to the bead suspension for 5 minutes at room temperature. The iodination for each protein was initiated by the addition of 100 μg (80-100 μL). After an incubation of 10 minutes at room temperature, the supernatants were applied on a desalting column prepacked with 5 mL of cross-linked dextran from Pierce and  125 I-proteins were eluted with 10 mL of PBS. Fractions of 0.5 mL were collected and the radioactivity in 5 μL of each fraction was measured. Fractions corresponding to  125 I-proteins were pooled and dialyzed against Ringer-Hepes, pH 7.4. The efficiency of radiolabeling was between 0.6-1×10 8  cpm/100 μg of protein.  
         [0111]     From  FIGS. 1-3 , it is clear that aprotinin has a transcytosis capacity which is quite higher than the other tested proteins. The data of  FIGS. 1-3  have been summarized in Table 1, wherein a comparison of the different proteins has been made.  
                                           TABLE 1                           Comparison of  125 I-proteins (250 nM)       transcytosis across BBCEC monolayers                Proteins compared   Ratios (x-fold)                            aprotinin/p97   8.2           aprotinin/ceruloplasmin   44.0           aprotinin/transferrin   11.6                      
 
         [0112]     Table 2 summarizes another experiment, wherein a comparison of additional different proteins has been made.  
                                                   TABLE 2                           Efficiency of aprotinin to cross the blood-brain barrier                    Transcytosis   Ratios           Proteins compared   (pmol/h/cm 2 )   Aprotinin/Protein                            Aprotinin   2.7   1           Melanotransferrin (p97)   0.28   10           Transferrin   0.14   19           Lactoferrin   0.05   50           Streptavidin   0.09   30                      
 
         [0113]     In view of Tables 1 and 2, it can be seen that for aprotinin, a superior transendothelial transport was obtained in comparison with the other tested proteins and that the high transcytosis of aprotinin is from about 10 to 50-fold higher than these other proteins.  
       Aprotinin Integrity is not Affected by its Transcytosis across BBCEC Monolayers  
       [0114]     [ 125 I-protein (0.5-1.5 μCi/assay) at a final concentration of 250 nM was added to the upper side of filters with or without BBCEC cells placed in 6-well plates. At each time point, filters were put in the next well of the 6-well plates. At the end of the experiment, aliquots were taken in each well and submitted to SDS-PAGE. Gels were then submitted to detection by autoradiography. The results, presented in  FIG. 4 , indicate that aprotinin integrity is not affected by its transcytosis across BBCEC monolayers.  
       Aprotinin does not affect the Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity  
       [0115]     A further test was performed to determine the effect of aprotinin at 250 nM on the BBB integrity by measuring [ 14 C] sucrose permeability in the BBB model on BBCEC monolayers grown on filters in the presence of astrocytes. To achieve this test, brain endothelial cell monolayers grown on inserts were transferred to 6-well plates containing 2 mL of Ringer-Hepes per well (basolateral compartment) for two hours at 37° C. Ringer-Hepes solution was composed of 150 mM NaCl, 5.2 mM KCl, 2.2 mM CaCl 2 , 0.2 mM MgCl 2 , 6 mM NaHC0 3 , 5 mM Hepes, 2.8 mM Hepes, pH 7.4. In each apical chamber, the culture medium was replaced by 1 mL Ringer-Hepes containing the labeled [ 14 C]-sucrose. At different times, inserts were placed into another well. [ 14 C] sucrose passage was measured at 37° C., on filters without cells (□) or with filters coated with BBCEC cells in the absence (Δ) or presence (∘) of 5 μM aprotinin ( FIG. 6 ). The results were plotted as the sucrose clearance (μl) as a function of time (min). The sucrose permeability coefficient was then determined. The permeability coefficient (Pe) was calculated as:  
         1   ⁢     )     ⁢           ⁢   Clearance   ⁢           ⁢     (     μ   ⁢           ⁢   l     )       =         [   C   ]     ⁢   A   ×   V   ⁢           ⁢   A         [   C   ]     ⁢   L           
         wherein   ⁢       :     ⁢     
     [   C   ]     ⁢   A     =     Abluminal   ⁢           ⁢   tracer   ⁢           ⁢   concentration         
         V   ⁢           ⁢   A     =       Volume   ⁢           ⁢   of   ⁢           ⁢   abluminal   ⁢           ⁢     chamber   ⁢     
     [   C   ]     ⁢   L     =     Luminal   ⁢           ⁢   tracer   ⁢           ⁢   concentration           
         2   ⁢     )     ⁢           ⁢     1   /   Pe       =         (       1   /   PSt     -     1   /   PSf       )     /   filter     ⁢           ⁢   area   ⁢           ⁢     (     4.2   ⁢           ⁢     cm   2       )           
 
         [0116]     At the end of the experiments, amounts of the radiotracers in the basolateral compartment were measured in a liquid scintillation counter. The permeability coefficient (Pe) for sucrose was calculated as previously described (Dehouck, M. P., Jolliet-Riant, P., Brée, F., Fruchart, J. C., Cecchelli, R., Tillement, J. P.,  J. Neurochem.  58:1790-1797, 1992) using filters coated or non-coated with EC. The results of two experiments were plotted separately in terms of the clearance of [ 14 C]-sucrose (μL) as a function of time (min) ( FIGS. 5 and 6 ). In  FIGS. 5 and 6 , PSt represents the permeability×surface area of a filter of the coculture and PSf represents the permeability of a filter coated with collagen and astrocytes plated on the bottom side of the filter B. The permeability coefficient (Pe) was calculated and it was demonstrated that the integrity of the BBB is not affected by aprotinin (see  FIG. 6  for Pe calculated from  FIG. 5 , and Table 3 for Pe calculated from  FIG. 7 ).  
                                       TABLE 3                           Permeability coefficients of aprotinin demonstrate that aprotinin       does not affect the integrity of the blood-brain barrier                Pe sucrose (10 −3  cm/min)                            −Aprotinin   0.46 ± 0.09           +Aprotinin   0.32 ± 0.04                      
 
       Accumulation of [ 125 I-Aprotinin in Human and Rat Capillaries  
       [0117]     Accumulation was measured at 37° C. for 1 hour. Incubation medium contained aprotinin at a final 100 nM concentration in Ringer/Hepes solution. Accumulation was stopped by addition of ice-cold stop-solution and filtration in vacuum through a 0.45 μM filter. Nonspecific binding of aprotinin to the capillaries surface was evaluated by the addition of the ice-cold solution before adding the incubation medium. This value was subtracted from accumulation value to obtain the real accumulation value. The results of this experiment are shown in  FIG. 8 .  
       Time-Course of Aprotinin Uptake in Human and Rat Capillaries  
       [0118]     Aprotinin uptake was measured at 37° C. for variable time. Incubation medium contained aprotinin at a final 100 nM concentration in Ringer/Hepes solution. At each time point, accumulation was stopped by addition of ice-cold stop-solution and filtration in vacuum through a 0.45 μM filter. At each time point, nonspecific binding of aprotinin to the capillaries surface was evaluated by the addition of the ice-cold solution before adding the incubation medium. The results of this experiment are shown in  FIG. 9 .  
       Aprotinin-Biotin Conjugate: Biotinylation Procedure  
       [0119]     Water soluble biotin analog Sulfo-NHS-LC-LC-Biotin (Pierce) was used for conjugation. This analog reacts with primary amines in the absence of organic solvent and at neutral pH. A 12-fold molar excess of biotin analog was added to a 10 mg/ml aprotinin solution. Biotin analog and aprotinin mix was incubated for 2 hours at 4° C. To remove unreacted biotin reagent, a dialysis was performed overnight in a slide-a-lyzer dialysis cassette (Pierce) with a 3500 Da cut-off. Determination of biotin incorporation was then performed with the dye HABA (2-(4′-hydroxyazobenzene)-benzoic acid) that binds to avidin yielding an absorption at 500 nm. This binding can be displaced with free biotin or with a biotinylated protein, allowing quantitation of biotin incorporation. The ratio obtained for this conjugation was three biotin for each aprotinin.  
       Aprotinin-Biotin Conjugate and Aprotinin have the same Transcytosis Capacity  
       [0120]     Transcytosis of [ 125 I]-aprotinin and [ 125 I]-aprotinin-biotin was evaluated at 37° C. [ 125 I]-protein (0.5-1.5 μCi/assay) at a final concentration of 250 nM was added to the upper side of the cell-covered filter for transcytosis measurement. At the end of the experiment, [ 125 I]-protein cellular transcytosis was determined directly by TCA precipitation. The results of this experiment are shown in  FIG. 10 .  
       Aprotinin and Aprotinin-Biotin Conjugate Transcytosis is Temperature-Dependent and Conformational-Dependent  
       [0121]     Accumulation of [ 125 I]-aprotinin and [ 125 I]-aprotinin-biotin was evaluated at 37° C. and 4° C., or at 37° C. after proteins had been boiled for 10 min at 100° C. [ 125 I]-protein (0.5-1.5 μCi/assay) at a final concentration of 250 nM was added to the upper side of the cell-covered filter for transcytosis measurement. At the end of the experiment, cell-covered filters were cut and [ 125 I]-protein cellular accumulation was determined directly by TCA precipitation. The results of this experiment are shown in  FIG. 11 .  
       Effect of Temperature and Heating on Aprotinin and Aprotinin-Biotin Conjugate Transcytosis in BBCEC Cells  
       [0122]     Transcytosis of [ 125 I]-aprotinin ( FIG. 12A ) and [ 125 I]-aprotinin-biotin ( FIG. 12B ) was evaluated at 37° C. and 4° C., or at 37° C. after proteins had been boiled for 10 min at 100° C. [ 125 I]-protein (0.5-1.5 μCi/assay) at a final concentration of 250 nM was added to the upper side of the cell-covered filter for transcytosis measurement. At each time point filter was moved to the next well of the 6-well plate. At the end of the experiment, [ 125 I]-protein was assessed in the lower compartment of each well by TCA precipitation.  
       Increase in Streptavidin Transcytosis in the Presence of Aprotinin-Biotin Conjugate  
       [0123]     Transcytosis of [ 125 I]-streptavidin was evaluated alone or in the presence of aprotinin-biotin conjugate. [ 125 I]-protein (0.5-1.5 μCi/assay) at a final concentration of 250 nM was added to the upper side of the cell-covered filter for transcytosis measurement. At each time point filter was moved to the next well of the 6-well plate. At the end of the experiment, [ 125 I]-protein was assessed in the lower compartment of each well by TCA precipitation. The results of this experiment are shown in  FIG. 13 .  
       Inhibition of Aprotinin Transcytosis by the LRP Antagonist, Receptor-Associated Protein (RAP)  
       [0124]     Protein transcytosis was evaluated at 37° C. [ 125 I]-aprotinin (0.5-1.5 μCi/assay) at a final concentration of 250 nM was added to the upper side of the cell-covered filter with or without rap. At the end of the experiment, [ 125 I]-aprotinin was assessed in the lower compartment of each well by TCA precipitation. The results of this experiment are shown in  FIG. 14 .  
       Aprotinin Uptake: in situ Mouse Brain Perfusion  
       [0000]     Surgical Procedure  
         [0125]     The uptake of [ 125 I]-aprotinin to the luminal side of mouse brain capillaries was measured using the in situ brain perfusion method adapted in our laboratory for the study of drug uptake in the mouse brain (Dagenais et al., 2000, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 20(2):381-386). Briefly, the right common carotid of ketamine/xylazine (140/8 mg/kg i.p.) anesthetized mice was exposed and ligated at the level of the bifurcation of the common carotid, rostral to the occipital artery. The common carotid was then catheterized rostrally with polyethylene tubing (0.30 mm i.d.×0.70 mm o.d.) filled with heparin (25 U/ml) and mounted on a 26-gauge needle. The syringe containing the perfusion fluid (10 nM of [ 125 I]-aprotinin in Krebs/bicarbonate buffer at a pH7.4 gassed with 95% O 2  and 5% CO 2 ) was placed in an infusion pump (Harvard pump PHD 2000; Harvard Apparatus) and connected to the catheter. Immediately before the perfusion, the heart was stopped by severing the ventricles to eliminate contralateral blood flow contribution. The brain was perfused for 10 min at a flow rate of 2.5 ml/min. After 10 min of perfusion, the brain was further perfused for 30 s with Ringer/HEPES solution (150 mM NaCl, 5.2 mM KCl, 2.2 mM CaCl 2 , 0.2 mM MgCl 2 , 6 mM NaHCO 3 , 5 mM HEPES, 2.8 mM glucose, pH 7.4), to wash the excess of [ 125 I]-aprotinin. Mice were then decapitated to terminate perfusion and the right hemisphere was isolated on ice before being subjected to capillary depletion (Triguero et al., 1990, J Neurochem. 54(6):1882-8). Aliquots of homogenates, supernatants, pellets and perfusates were taken to measure their contents in [ 125 I]-aprotinin by TCA precipitation and to evaluate the apparent volume of distribution.  
         [0000]     Determination of BBB Transport Constants  
         [0126]     Briefly, calculations were carried out as previously described by Smith (1996, Pharm. Biotechnol. 8:285-307). Aprotinin uptake was expressed as the volume of distribution (V d ) from the following equation: 
 
 Vd=Q*   br   /C*   pf  
 
 where Q* br  is the calculated quantity of [ 125 I]-aprotinin per gram of right brain hemisphere and C* pf  is the labeled tracer concentration measured in the perfusate. 
 
         [0127]     The results of this experiment, shown in  FIG. 15 , indicate that there is higher brain uptake for aprotinin than transferrin and that conjugation with biotin does not modify brain uptake of aprotinin.  
         [0128]     In view of the results obtained for the above-mentioned tests, aprotinin is a promising carrier for transporting an agent or compound across the BBB since it has a higher transcytosis across BBCEC monolayers than that of other proteins and it does not alter the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. In addition, aprotinin is not degraded during transcytosis nor does conjugation of aprotinin to biotin affect its transcytosis. Moreover, aprotinin is a versatile and flexible carrier since many molecules such as small drug molecules, proteins, peptides and enzymes may be easily attached to aprotinin proteins for promoting their passage across the BBB. These molecules can conceivably be attached to aprotinin via a linker.  
         [0129]     It has also been determined that the brain distribution volume of aprotinin is higher than that of transferrin. It has further been determined that transcytosis is temperature sensible and conformation dependent, implying that a LDL-R family receptor, probably LRP is involved in aprotinin transcytosis.  
         [0130]     Thus, aprotinin is an effective and efficient carrier to deliver an agent into the brain through the blood-brain barrier.  
       Design of a Peptide as a Drug Vector for the Brain  
       [0131]     A sequence comparison was made on the N-terminal sequence of aprotinin (MRPDFCLEPPYTGPCVARIIR) ( FIG. 16 ) (SEQ ID NO:2) using the BLAST™ program on the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website. This sequence comparison resulted in four sequences being identified. None of these identified sequences corresponded to a human protein.  
         [0132]     The C-terminal sequence of aprotinin (GLCQTFVYGGCRAKRNNFKSAE) ( FIG. 16 ) (SEQ ID NO:3) was also compared on the NCBI website. This sequence comparison resulted in 27 sequences being identified with some corresponding to human proteins. The proteins with the highest score were then aligned with the sequence of aprotinin ( FIG. 17 ). From this alignment, the following Angio-pep1 peptide was generated: TFFYGGCRGKRNNFKTEEY (net charge+2) (SEQ ID NO:4).  
       In situ Brain Perfusion of Transferrin, Aprotinin and Angio-pep1  
       [0133]     The brain apparent volume of distribution was measured for [ 125 I]-transferrin, [ 125 I]-aprotinin and [ 125 I]-Angio-pep1. Mice brains were perfused for 10 min. Brain capillary depletion was performed to assess the apparent volume of distribution in the brain parenchyma. The results of this experiment are shown in  FIG. 18 .  
       Transcytosis of Angio-pep1 Compared to that of Aprotinin  
       [0134]     Transcytosis of Angio-pep1 was compared to that of aprotinin. Transport of [ 125 I]-Angio-pep1 and [ 125 I]-aprotinin from the apical-to-basolateral side of endothelial cells monolayers was measured as described above. The final concentration used for angiopep1 and aprotinin for this experiment was 2.5 μM. The results of this experiment are shown in  FIG. 19 .  
       Transcytosis of Angio-pep1 across the in vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model  
       [0135]     The transport of Angio-pep1 from the apical-to-basolateral side of inserts covered with or without endothelial cell monolayers was measured. The results are expressed as the clearance of Angio-pep1 as a function of time. The slopes correspond to the permeability of the peptide through the filter alone (Psf) and to the total permeability of the endothelial cell monolayers (Pst). The permeability coefficient (Pe) for Angio-pep1 was 1.2×10 −3  cm/min. The results of this experiment are shown in  FIG. 20 .  
         [0136]     The permeability coefficients for Angio-pep1, aprotinin, leptin and transferrin were determined using the in vitro blood-brain barrier model. The permeability coefficient (Pe) was calculated as described above. The comparison of the permeability coefficients is shown in Table 4.  
                                                   TABLE 4                           Permeability coefficients for Angio-pep1,       aprotinin, leptin and transferrin                    Permeability coefficient                   (Pe)           Proteins   (×10 −3  cm/min)   Ratios                            Angio-pep1   1.2   1           Aprotinin   0.16   7.5           Leptin   0.055   21           Transferrin   0.0057   210                      
 
         [0137]     The above experiments indicate that brain penetration for Angio-pep1 is higher than that of aprotinin and transferrin. The experiments also indicate that transcytosis of Angio-pep1 measured using the in vitro blood-brain barrier model is higher than that of other proteins including aprotinin, leptin and transferrin.  
         [0138]     While the invention has been described in connection with specific embodiments thereof, it will be understood that it is capable of further modifications and this application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention following, in general, the principles of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice within the art to which the invention pertains and as may be applied to the essential features hereinbefore set forth, and as follows in the scope of the appended claims.