Abstract:
A machine designed as a centrifugal compressor is applied as an organic rankine cycle turbine by operating the machine in reverse. In order to accommodate the higher pressures when operating as a turbine, a suitable refrigerant is chosen such that the pressures and temperatures are maintained within established limits. Such an adaptation of existing, relatively inexpensive equipment to an application that may be otherwise uneconomical, allows for the convenient and economical use of energy that would be otherwise lost by waste heat to the atmosphere.

Description:
The U.S. Government has a paid-up license in this invention and the right in limited circumstances to require the patent owner to license others on reasonable terms as provided for by the terms of Contract No. DE-FC26-00CH11060 awarded by the Department of Energy (DOE). 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   This invention relates generally to organic rankine cycle systems and, more particularly, to economical and practical methods and apparatus therefor. 
   The well known closed rankine cycle comprises a boiler or evaporator for the evaporation of a motive fluid, a turbine fed with vapor from the boiler to drive the generator or other load, a condenser for condensing the exhaust vapors from the turbine and a means, such as a pump, for recycling the condensed fluid to the boiler. Such a system as is shown and described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,393,515. 
   Such rankine cycle systems are commonly used for the purpose of generating electrical power that is provided to a power distribution system, or grid, for residential and commercial use across the country. The motive fluid used in such systems is often water, with the turbine then being driven by steam. The source of heat to the boiler can be of any form of fossil fuel, e.g. oil, coal, natural gas or nuclear power. The turbines in such systems are designed to operate at relatively high pressures and high temperatures and are relatively expensive in their manufacture and use. 
   With the advent of the energy crisis and, the need to conserve, and to more effectively use, our available energies, rankine cycle systems have been used to capture the so called “waste heat”, that was otherwise being lost to the atmosphere and, as such, was indirectly detrimental to the environment by requiring more fuel for power production than necessary. 
   One common source of waste heat can be found at landfills where methane gas is flared off to thereby contribute to global warming. In order to prevent the methane gas from entering the environment and thus contributing to global warming, one approach has been to burn the gas by way of so called “flares”. While the combustion products of methane (CO 2  and H 2 O) do less harm to the environment, it is a great waste of energy that might otherwise be used. 
   Another approach has been to effectively use the methane gas by burning it in diesel engines or in relatively small gas turbines or microturbines, which in turn drive generators, with electrical power then being applied directly to power-using equipment or returned to the grid. With the use of either diesel engines or microturbines, it is necessary to first clean the methane gas by filtering or the like, and with diesel engines, there is necessarily significant maintenance involved. Further, with either of these approaches there is still a great deal of energy that is passed to the atmosphere by way of the exhaust gases. 
   Other possible sources of waste heat that are presently being discharged to the environment are geothermal sources and heat from other types of engines such as gas turbine engines that give off significant heat in their exhaust gases and reciprocating engines that give off heat both in their exhaust gases and to cooling liquids such as water and lubricants. 
   It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a new and improved closed rankine cycle power plant that can more effectively use waste heat. 
   Another object of the present invention is the provision for a rankine cycle turbine that is economical and effective in manufacture and use. 
   Yet another object of the present invention is the provision for more effectively using the secondary sources of waste heat. 
   Yet another object of the present invention is the provision for a rankine cycle system which can operate at relatively low temperatures and pressures. 
   Still another object of the present invention is the provision for a rankine cycle system which is economical and practical in use. 
   These objects and other features and advantages become more readily apparent upon reference to the following descriptions when taken in conjunction with the appended drawings. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   Briefly, in accordance with one aspect of the invention, a centrifugal compressor which is designed for compression of refrigerant for purposes of air conditioning, is used in a reverse flow relationship so as to thereby operate as a turbine in a closed organic rankine cycle system. In this way, an existing hardware system which is relatively inexpensive, is used to effectively meet the requirements of an organic rankine cycle turbine for the effective use of waste heat. 
   By another aspect of the invention, a centrifugal compressor having a vaned diffuser is effectively used as a power generating turbine with flow directing nozzles when used in a reverse flow arrangement. 
   By yet another aspect of the invention, a centrifugal compressor with a pipe diffuser is used as a turbine when operated in a reverse flow relationship, with the individual pipe openings being used as nozzles. 
   In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a compressor/turbine uses an organic refrigerant as a motive fluid with the refrigerant being chosen such that its operating pressure is within the operating range of the compressor/turbine when operating as a compressor. 
   In the drawings as hereinafter described, a preferred embodiment is depicted; however various other modifications and alternate constructions can be made thereto without departing from the true spirt and scope of the invention. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic illustration of a vapor compression cycle in accordance with the prior art. 
       FIG. 2  is a schematic illustration of a rankine cycle system in accordance with the prior art. 
       FIG. 3  is a sectional view of a centrifugal compressor in accordance with the prior art. 
       FIG. 4  is a sectional view of a compressor/turbine in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention. 
       FIG. 5  is a perceptive view of a diffuser structure in accordance with the prior art. 
       FIG. 6  is a schematic illustration of the nozzle structure in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention. 
       FIGS. 7A and 7B  are schematic illustrations of R 2 /R 1  (outside/inside) radius ratios for turbine nozzle arrangements for the prior art and for the present invention, respectively. 
       FIG. 8  is a graphical illustration of the temperature and pressure relationships of two motive fluids as used in the compressor/turbine in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention. 
       FIG. 9  is a perceptive view of a rankine cycle system with its various components in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention. 
   

   DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
   Referring now to  FIG. 1 , a typical vapor compression cycle is shown as comprising, in serial flow relationship, a compressor  11 , a condenser  12 , a throttle valve  13 , and an evaporator/cooler  14 . Within this cycle a refrigerant, such as R-11, R-22, or R-134a is caused to flow through the system in a counterclockwise direction as indicated by the arrows. 
   The compressor  11  which is driven by a motor  16  receives refrigerant vapor from the evaporator/cooler  14  and compresses it to a higher temperature and pressure, with the relatively hot vapor then passing to the condenser  12  where it is cooled and condensed to a liquid state by a heat exchange relationship with a cooling medium such as air or water. The liquid refrigerant then passes from the condenser to a throttle valve wherein the refrigerant is expanded to a low temperature two-phase liquid/vapor state as it passes to the evaporator/cooler  14 . The evaporator liquid provides a cooling effect to air or water passing through the evaporator/cooler. The low pressure vapor then passes to the compressor  11  where the cycle is again commenced. 
   Depending on the size of the air conditioning system, the compressor may be a rotary, screw or reciprocating compressor for small systems, or a screw compressor or centrifugal compressor for larger systems. A typical centrifugal compressor includes an impeller for accelerating refrigerant vapor to a high velocity, a diffuser for decelerating the refrigerant to a low velocity while converting kinetic energy to pressure energy, and a discharge plenum in the form of a volute or collector to collect the discharge vapor for subsequent flow to a condenser. The drive motor  16  is typically an electric motor which is hermetically sealed in the other end of the compressor  11  and which, through a transmission  26 , operates to rotate a high speed shaft. 
   A typical rankine cycle system as shown in  FIG. 2  also includes an evaporator/cooler  17  and a condenser  18  which, respectively, receives and dispenses heat in the same manner as in the vapor compression cycle as described hereinabove. However, as will be seen, the direction of fluid flow within the system is reversed from that of the vapor compression cycle, and the compressor  11  is replaced with a turbine  19  which, rather then being driven by a motor  16  is driven by the motive fluid in the system and in turn drives a generator  21  that produces power. 
   In operation, the evaporator which is commonly a boiler having a significant heat input, vaporizes the motive fluid, which is commonly water but may also be a refrigerant, with the vapor then passing to the turbine for providing motive power thereto. Upon leaving the turbine, the low pressure vapor passes to the condenser  18  where it is condensed by way of heat exchange relationship with a cooling medium. The condensed liquid is then circulated to the evaporator by a pump  22  as shown to complete the cycle. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 3 , a typical centrifugal compressor is shown to include an electric drive motor  24  operatively connected to a transmission  26  for driving an impeller  27 . An oil pump  28  provides for circulation of oil through the transmission  26 . With the high speed rotation of the impeller  27 , refrigerant is caused to flow into the inlet  29  through the inlet guide vanes  31 , through the impeller  27 , through the diffuser  32  and to the collector  33  where the discharge vapor is collected to flow to the condenser as described hereinabove. 
   In  FIG. 4 , the same apparatus shown in  FIG. 3  is applied to operate as a radial inflow turbine rather then a centrifugal compressor. As such, the motive fluid is introduced into an inlet plenum  34  which had been designed as a collector  33 . It then passes radially inwardly through the nozzles  36 , which is the same structure which functions as a diffuser in the centrifugal compressor. The motive fluid then strikes the impeller  27  to thereby impart rotational movement thereof. The impeller then acts through the transmission  26  to drive a generator  24 , which is the same structure which functioned as a motor in the case of the centrifugal compressor. After passing through the impeller  27  the low pressure gas passes through the inlet guide vanes  31  to an exit opening  37 . In this mode of operation, the inlet guide vanes  31  are preferably moved to the filly opened positioned or alternatively, entirely removed from the apparatus. 
   In the centrifugal compressor application as discussed hereinabove the diffuser  32  can be any of the various types, including vaned or vaneless diffusers. One known type of vaned diffuser is known as a pipe diffuser as shown and described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,145,317, assigned to the assignee of the present invention. Such a diffuser is shown at  38  in  FIG. 5  as circumferentially surrounding an impeller  27 . Here, a backswept impeller  27  rotates in the clockwise direction as shown with the high pressure refrigerant flowing radially outwardly through the diffuser  38  as shown by the arrow. The diffuser  38  has a plurality of circumferentially spaced tapered sections or wedges  39  with tapered channels  41  therebetween. The compressed refrigerant then passes radially outwardly through the tapered channels  41  as shown. 
   In the application wherein the centrifugal compressor is operated as a turbine as shown in  FIG. 6 , the impeller  27  rotates in a counterclockwise direction as shown, with the impeller  27  being driven by the motive fluid which flows radially inwardly through the tapered channels  41  as shown by the arrow. 
   Thus, the same structure which serves as a diffuser  38  in a centrifugal compressor is used as a nozzle, or collection of nozzles, in a turbine application. Further such a nozzle arrangement offers advantages over prior art nozzle arrangements. To consider the differences and advantages over the prior art nozzle arrangements, reference is made to  FIGS. 7A and 7B  hereof. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 7A , a prior art nozzle arrangement is shown with respect to a centrally disposed impeller  42  which receives motive fluid from a plurality of circumferentially disposed nozzle elements  43 . The radial extent of the nozzles  43  are defined by an inner radius R 1  and an outer radius R 2  as shown. It will be seen that the individual nozzle elements  43  are relatively short with quickly narrowing cross sectional areas from the outer radius R 2  to the inner radius R 1 . Further, the nozzle elements are substantially curved both on their pressure surface  44  and their suction surface  46 , thus causing a substantial turning of the gases flowing therethrough as shown by the arrow. 
   The advantage of the above described nozzle design is that the overall machine size is relatively small. Primarily for this reason, most, if not all, nozzle designs for turbine application are of this design. With this design, however, there are some disadvantages. For example, nozzle efficiency suffers from the nozzle turning losses and from exit flow non uniformities. These losses are recognized as being relatively small and generally well worth the gain that is obtained from the smaller size machine. Of course it will be recognized that this type of nozzle cannot be reversed so as to function as a diffuser with the reversal of the flow direction since the flow will separate as a result of the high turning rate and quick deceleration. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 7B , the nozzle arrangement of the present invention is shown wherein the impeller  42  is circumferentially surrounded by a plurality of nozzle elements  47 . It will be seen that the nozzle elements are generally long, narrow and straight. Both the pressure surface  48  and the suction surface  49  are linear to thereby provide relatively long and relatively slowly converging flow passage  51 . They include a cone-angle ∝ within the boundaries of the passage  51  at preferably less then 9 degrees, and, as will been seen, the center line of these cones as shown by the dashed line, is straight. Because of the relatively long nozzle elements  47 , the R 2 /R 1  ratio is greater then 1.25 and preferably in the range of 1.4. 
   Because of the greater R 2 /R 1  ratio, there is a modest increase in the overall machine size (i.e. in the range of 15%) over the conventional nozzle arrangement of  FIG. 7A . Further, since the passages  51  are relatively long. the friction losses are greater than those of the conventional nozzles of  FIG. 7A . However there are also some performance advantages with this design. For example, since there are no turning losses or exit flow non-uniformities, the nozzle efficiency is substantially increased over the conventional nozzle arrangement even when considering the above mentioned friction losses. This efficiency improvement is in the range of 2%. Further, since this design is based on a diffuser design, it can be used in a reversed flow direction for applications as a diffuser such that the same hardware can be used for the dual purpose of both turbine and compressor as described above and as will be more fully described hereinafter. 
   If the same apparatus is used for an organic rankine cycle turbine application as for a centrifugal compressor application, the applicants have recognized that a different refrigerant must be used. That is, if the known centrifugal compressor refrigerant R-134a is used in an organic rankine cycle turbine application, the pressure would become excessive. That is, in a centrifugal compressor using R-134a as a refrigerant, the pressure range will be between 50 and 180 psi, and if the same refrigerant is used in a turbine application as proposed in this invention, the pressure would rise to around 500 psi, which is above the maximum design pressure of the compressor. For this reason, it has been necessary for the applicants to find another refrigerant that can be used for purposes of turbine application. Applicants have therefore found that a refrigerant R-245fa, when applied to a turbine application, will operate in pressure ranges between 40–180 psi as shown in the graph of  FIG. 8 . This range is acceptable for use in hardware designed for centrifugal compressor applications. Further, the temperature range for such a turbine system using R-245fa is in the range of 100–200° F., which is acceptable for a hardware system designed for centrifugal compressor operation with temperatures in the range of 40–110° F. It will thus be seen in  FIG. 8  that air conditioning equipment designed for R-134a can be used in organic rankine cycle power generation applications when using R-245fa. Further, it has been found that the same equipment can be safely and effectively used in higher temperatures and pressure ranges (e.g. 270° and 300 psia are shown by the dashed lines in  FIG. 8 ), thanks to extra safety margins of the existing compressor. 
   Having discussed the turbine portion of the present invention, we will now consider the related system components that would be used with the turbine. Referring to  FIG. 9 , the turbine which has been discussed hereinabove is shown at  52  as an ORC turbine/generator, which is commercially available as a Carrier 19XR2 centrifugal compressor which is operated in reverse as discussed hereinabove. The boiler or evaporator portion of the system is shown at  53  for providing relatively high pressure high temperature R-245fa refrigerant vapor to a turbine/generator  52 . In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, the needs of such a boiler/evaporator may be provided by a commercially available vapor generator available from Carrier Limited Korea with the commercial name of 16JB. 
   The energy source for the boiler/evaporator  53  is shown at  54  and can be of any form of waste heat that may normally be lost to the atmosphere. For example, it may be a small gas turbine engine such as a Capstone C60, commonly known as a microturbine, with the heat being derived from the exhaust gases of the microturbine. It may also be a larger gas turbine engine such as a Pratt &amp; Whitney FT8 stationary gas turbine. Another practical source of waste heat is from internal combustion engines such as large reciprocating diesel engines that are used to drive large generators and in the process develop a great deal of heat that is given off by way of exhaust gases and coolant liquids that are circulated within a radiator and/or a lubrication system. Further, energy may be derived from the heat exchanger used in the turbo-charger intercooler wherein the incoming compressed combustion air is cooled to obtain better efficiency and larger capacity. 
   Finally, heat energy for the boiler may be derived from geothermal sources or from landfill flare exhausts. In these cases, the burning gases are applied directly to the boiler to produce refrigerant vapor or applied indirectly by first using those resource gases to drive an engine which, in turn, gives off heat which can be used as described hereinabove. 
   After the refrigerant vapor is passed through the turbine  52 , it passes to the condenser  56  for purposes of condensing the vapor back to a liquid which is then pumped by way of a pump  57  to the boiler/evaporator  53 . Condenser  56  may be of any of the well known types. One type that is found to be suitable for this application is the commercially available air cooled condenser available from Carrier Corporation as model number 09DK094. A suitable pump  57  has been found to be the commercially available as the Sundyne P2CZS. 
   While the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to preferred and alternate embodiments as illustrated in the drawings, it will be understood by one skilled in the art that various changes in detail may be effected therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the claims.