Abstract:
The invention relates to a device for reversing the blood flow for an extracorporeal blood treatment device, comprising an extracorporeal blood circuit (I), which includes an arterial blood line ( 108 A) leading from a patient to a blood treatment unit ( 204 ) and a venous blood line ( 106 A) leading from the blood treatment unit to the patient. Furthermore, the invention relates to an extracorporeal blood treatment device with a device for reversing the blood flow, and to a method for determining the reversal of the blood flow during an extracorporeal blood treatment. The device for reversing the blood flow for an extracorporeal blood treatment device according to the invention comprises two valve bodies ( 102, 104 ) which are rotated relative to one another for reversing the blood flow. The device for reversing the blood flow according to the invention is characterized by a communication device ( 210 ) for receiving an electromagnetic high-frequency field from a read unit ( 270 ) of the extracorporeal blood treatment device and for generating at least one identifier characterizing the position of the valve bodies which can be read by the read device.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to a device for reversing blood flow, for an extra-corporeal blood treating apparatus which comprises an extra-corporeal blood circuit which has an arterial blood line outgoing from a patient which runs to a blood treating unit and a venous blood line outgoing from the blood treating unit which runs to the patient. As well as this, the present invention also relates to an extra-corporeal blood treating apparatus having a device for reversing blood flow and to a method of detecting the reversal of blood flow in extra-corporeal blood treatment. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    In an extra-corporeal blood treating apparatus, such as a hemodialysis apparatus for example, the blood to be treated flows, in an extra-corporeal blood circuit, through the blood chamber of a dialyzer which is divided by a semi-permeable membrane into the blood chamber and a dialysis-fluid chamber, while in a dialysis-fluid system dialysis fluid flows through the dialysis-fluid chamber of the dialyzer. The extra-corporeal blood circuit has an arterial flexible line which runs to the blood chamber and a venous flexible line outgoing from the blood chamber. The flexible lines of the extra-corporeal blood treating apparatus are generally provided in the form of disposable items intended for once-only use. The known pieces of blood treating apparatus have a blood pump, which is usually arranged upstream of the blood chamber of the dialyzer, to ensure that there is an adequate flow of blood in the extra-corporeal blood circuit. 
         [0003]    For highly efficient hemodialysis treatments, it is necessary for the blood to be cleansed from the patient to be fed to the extra-corporeal blood circuit at sufficiently high pumping rates. What is used for his purpose is preferably an operatively produced connection between artery and vein. Because of the bypassing of the peripheral vascular system, which presents a high resistance to flow, relatively high blow flows are obtained in the fistula or shunt, and these will be referred to in what follows as access flows. The extra-corporeal blood circuit is preferably connected up by means of two needles, with blood being withdrawn through the needle directed into the artery and being returned again through the needle directed into the vein after passing through the extra-corporeal blood circuit. 
         [0004]    For different reasons, stenoses which result in a fall in the access flow may, in the course of time, form in the fistula or shunt. If the access flow is lower than the flow in the extra-corporeal blood circuit, this causes a drop in the cleansing performance because (venous) blood which is now already cleansed mixes with uncleansed (arterial) blood. This process is referred to as access recirculation. As well as by the fall in the access flow, the process may also be encouraged to occur by unfavorable positioning of the arterial and venous needles relative to one another. 
         [0005]    By regular measurement of the access flow, it is intended that stenoses which are formed will be detected at an early stage, to enable steps to be taken to restore the access flow at an early point in time if the flow drops below a critical level. 
         [0006]    Measurement of the access flow is possible by, for example, duplex sonography. This, however, calls for a trained physician and a cost-intensive diagnostic unit. Also, this method cannot be used with very adipose patients. What has become established as a standard method of determining access flow is the Krivitski method (Kidney Int (July) 48: 244-250 1995). In this, with the venous and arterial needles changed over, a bolus of saline solution is injected into the extra-corporeal blood tubing system and detected in the arterial and venous blood tubing lines by means of ultrasonic sensors. This method calls for an additional cost-intensive piece of equipment and for the manual administration of saline. 
         [0007]    From European Patent Publication EP 0 928 614 B1 is known a method of determining access flow which does not call for any other measuring devices apart from the dialysis device and which manages without the manual injection of an indicator solution. In this case, clearance is determined, with constant blood and dialysis flows, with the needles in their normal arrangement and in a reversed arrangement in succession, and the access flow is determined from the two values for clearance. 
         [0008]    For reversing the blood flow in the extra-corporeal blood circuit, there is known from PCT Publication No. WO 2006/042016 A2 a device which prevents a loss of blood which is possible when the needles are changed over, which reduces the risk of infection and simplifies operation. Also known is operator prompting implemented on the dialysis unit to allow an access flow measurement to be made by using the known device for flow reversal. 
         [0009]    To determine access flow, measurements of clearance are made respectively before and after the reversal of blood flow in the extra-corporeal blood circuit. The operator prompting which is implemented on the dialysis unit tell the user when the reversal of flow is to be carried out. It is a disadvantage, however, that it is not automatically detected whether the reversal of flow has in fact taken place. If, incorrectly, there has not been a reversal of flow, the measurement may give too high a value for the access flow. This may result in problems at the vascular access not being realized, especially as the user will assume that he has made a correct measurement. 
         [0010]    There is also the risk of the blood flow not being reversed back to its original direction after a measurement has been made with the blood flow reversed. Because of the increased access circulation which occurs when flow is reversed, this will then lead to a reduced dialysis dose. 
         [0011]    For the automatic determination of the dialysis dose by the dialyzing unit, it is necessary for the current clearance to be known at all times during the treatment. For this purpose measurements arc made at different points in time. If there is a change in the parameters which affect clearance, and in particular in the blood and dialysate flows, between the measurements, interpolation is possible on the basis of the measurements which have been made and the known treatment parameters (German Patent Publication No. DE 19928407). Because the reversal of flow affects clearance, an exact knowledge of the length of time for which flow is reversed and of the duration of the treatment with the normal direction of flow is needed for determining the dialysis dose. 
         [0012]    There is a technique which is known by the name radio frequency identification (RFID) which is in general use for the identification and location of articles. The articles are identified with the help of electromagnetic waves. An RFID system comprises a transponder which is situated on the article and a reader for reading the identity code of the transponder. The reader generates a short-range, high-frequency electromagnetic field by which, generally, not only can data be transmitted but the transponder can also be supplied with energy. 
         [0013]    RFID transponders are known in different forms. All RFID transponders have an aerial which is connected to a transceiver. As well as the aerial and transceiver, what are also provided are a non-erasable memory and other circuits. 
         [0014]    Known from Japanese Patent Application Publications JP 2233079 A2, JP 24232671 A2 and JP 2002333079 A2 are valves which have an RFID transponder to enable it to be detected whether the valve is open or closed. US Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0277824 A1 describes an apparatus intended for diagnostic purposes in which correct positioning of an insert is monitored by means of an RFID transponder. 
         [0015]    The object underlying the present invention is to provide a device for reversing blood flow for an extra-corporeal blood treating apparatus, which device, with a high degree of safety and reliability, allows the safety of the extra-corporeal blood treatment to be increased and the measurement of parameters of the blood treatment to be simplified. 
         [0016]    As well as this, the object underlying the present invention is also to specify a method of detecting the reversal of blood flow in extra-corporeal blood treatment which is easy to operate and can be safely and reliably applied. 
         [0017]    A further object of the present invention is to provide a blood treating apparatus which, easily and with great safety and reliability, enables a reversal of flow to be made to enable parameters of the blood treatment to be measured. 
         [0018]    These objects are achieved in accordance with the present invention by virtue of the features of the present invention set forth herein. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0019]    The device according to the present invention for reversing blood flow for an extra-corporeal blood treating apparatus has two valve-action bodies which are rotatable relative to one another. One valve-action body has a first patient-side connection for a first patient-side portion, formed by flexible tubing, of the blood line and a second patient-side connection for a second patient-side portion, formed by flexible tubing, of the blood line, while the second valve-action body has a first apparatus-side connection for a first apparatus-side portion, formed by flexible tubing, of the blood line and a second apparatus-side connection for a second apparatus-side portion, formed by flexible tubing, of the blood line. 
         [0020]    The two valve-action bodies can be rotated relative to one another, on a common axis, between a first position which corresponds to normal blood flow and a second position which corresponds to reversed blood flow in the extra-corporeal blood circuit. In the first position, a connection for liquid is made between the first patient-side connection and the first apparatus-side connection on the one hand, and between the second patient-side connection and the second apparatus-side connection on the other hand, whereas in the second position, a connection for liquid is made between the first patient-side connection and the second apparatus-side connection on the one hand, and between the second patient-side connection and the first apparatus-side connection on the other hand. 
         [0021]    The device according to the present invention is intended for once-only use, the flexible-tubing lines, which are likewise intended for once-only use, being able to be connected to the apparatus-side and patient-side connections. 
         [0022]    The device according to the present invention for reversing blood flow is distinguished by having a communications arrangement for receiving a high-frequency electromagnetic field from a reading arrangement belonging to the extra-corporeal blood treating apparatus and for generating at least one code which is characteristic of the positions of the valve-action bodies and which can be read by the reading arrangement. 
         [0023]    The communications arrangement according to the present invention of the blood treating apparatus allows the direction of flow to be identified without a connection having to be made between the blood treating apparatus and the device for reversing blood flow. The device for reversing blood flow can be operated easily because it merely needs to be introduced into the extra-corporeal blood circuit, without however having to be connected to the blood treating apparatus electrically. 
         [0024]    In a first preferred embodiment of the present invention, provision is made for the communications arrangement to have a first RFID transponder and a second RFID transponder. The first RFID transponder transmits a first code which is characteristic of the first position of the valve-action bodies in this case, and the second RFID transponder transmits a code which is characteristic of the second position. It is thus possible for use to be made of the known RFID transponders which are also called RFID tags. These are notable for being small in size and low in cost. The existing code of the given RFID transponder allows the direction of the blood flow to be clearly identified. 
         [0025]    A first variant of the first embodiment of the present invention relies on only one of the two RFID transponders being active. This is achieved by screening off the other RFID transponder electrically. In this embodiment, the first RFID transponder is arranged at a point characteristic of the first position, preferably on the inside face of the first or second valve-action body, while the second RFID transponder is arranged at a point characteristic of the second position, preferably on the inside face of the first or second valve-action body. The first and/or second valve-action body is screened off electrically in such a way that it is only the first RFID transponder for transmitting the code characteristic of the first position which can be read by the reading arrangement in the first position, whereas in the second position it is only the second RFID transponder for transmitting the code characteristic of the second position which can be read by the reading arrangement. It is immaterial in this case whether the transponders are then arranged on one or the other of the valve-action bodies. What is crucial is that, as a result of the valve-action bodies being turned to the two positions, one transponder is screened off electrically and the other transponder is not screened off electrically. 
         [0026]    The electrical screening off of the transponders can be accomplished by means of suitable metallizing on the inside or outside face of the given valve. It is however also possible for the valve-action body to be made of a material which is not permeable to the high-frequency electromagnetic field. 
         [0027]    In a particularly preferred embodiment, the first and second RFID transponders are situated opposite one another on the inside face of the first valve-action body on an axis which lies perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the valve-action bodies, the inside face of the second valve-action body being metallized to screen off the RFID transponders except for a cut-out portion which is situated opposite the first RFID transponder in the first position and opposite the second RFID transponder in the second position. Consequently, only the first RFID transponder is active in the first position while only the second RFID transponder is active in the second position. Simple but reliable identification of the direction of flow is achieved in this way. 
         [0028]    In the particularly preferred embodiment, it is not absolutely essential for that valve-action body which is situated opposite the valve-action body which is metallized except for a cut-out portion also to be metallized to screen it off electrically. However, this valve-action body also may be metallized for better screening-off. 
         [0029]    A second variant of the first embodiment does not make provision for the given RFID transponder to be screened off electrically but for the aerial of the given transponder to be disconnected from its transceiver. In the first position, it is only the transceiver of the first RFID transponder which is connected to an aerial whereas in the second position it is only the transceiver of the second RFID transponder which is connected to an aerial. What is achieved in this way is that the code of only one of the two RFID transponders can be read by the reading arrangement to identify the direction of flow. 
         [0030]    The two RFID transponders may each have an aerial or may also have one common aerial. The two RFID transponders preferably have only one common aerial which can be connected to the transceiver of the given transponder or disconnected from the transceiver as a function of the position of the valve-action bodies. 
         [0031]    The common aerial, and the transceiver of the given transponder, are connected by means of electrical connections which are formed in the valve-action body. A permanent, first electrical connection is preferably made between the aerial and the transceiver, with the second electrical connection to one of the two transceivers being made via contacts on the valve-action bodies as a function of the position of the valve-action bodies. 
         [0032]    The RFID transponders are preferably passive transponders which obtain their energy from the high-frequency electromagnetic signal from the reading arrangement. A power supply unit is therefore not required for the device for reversing flow which is intended for once-only use. Basically, use could however also be made of active RFID transponders. 
         [0033]    An alternative embodiment of the device according to the present invention is distinguished by the fact only a single RFID transponder is used to identify the direction of flow, which once again is preferably a passive transponder. 
         [0034]    In this embodiment, an arrangement which detects the first and second positions of the valve-action bodies is provided which co-operates with the RFID transponder is such a way that two different codes can be read by the reading arrangement, one of which is characteristic of the first position of the valve-action bodies and of which the other code is characteristic of their other position. 
         [0035]    The blood treating apparatus according to the present invention is distinguished by having a reading arrangement which is so designed that the code of the communications arrangement which is characteristic of the first or second position can be read. 
         [0036]    The blood treating apparatus according to the present invention, which has an arrangement for determining a parameter of the blood treatment on the basis of a first and a second measurement of a characteristic variable made respectively before and after a reversal of blood flow, preferably has an alarm unit which co-operates with the arrangement for determining a parameter of the blood treatment in such a way that the alarm unit gives an audio and/or visual alarm if, after the first measurement and/or the second measurement, the reading arrangement has not received the codes which are respectively characteristic of the first and second positions. This ensures that the blood flow has in fact been reversed for the measurement to be made and/or that the normal blood flow has been established again after the measurement. It is immaterial in this case which are the parameters of the blood treatment which are to be determined. The only thing that is crucial is that the measurement calls for a reversal of blood flow. Clearance, for example, may be measured. 
         [0037]    In practice, the problem arises that a plurality of pieces of blood treating apparatus are operated in positions closely adjacent to one another at a treatment center, which means that it has to be ensured that there is a clear correlation between the reading arrangement of the piece of blood treating apparatus and the associated device for reversing flow. A preferred embodiment of the blood treating apparatus according to the present invention therefore has an arrangement for recognizing the communications arrangement of the associated device for reversing blood flow. The arrangement for recognizing the communications arrangement has means which are so designed that a change between the codes characteristics of the first and second positions within a preset interval of time can be detected. Thus, by turning the valve-action bodies of that device for reversing flow which is associated with the blood treating apparatus, the user is able to produce an identification signal which is recognized by the associated blood treating apparatus. 
         [0038]    The device according to the present invention may be used not only for reversing the flow of blood in an extra-corporeal blood circuit of an extra-corporeal blood treating apparatus but also for reversing flow in other systems handling liquids. One example of a use of the device according to the present invention other than in an extra-corporeal blood circuit is the reversal of flow to flush clean a filter in a system handling liquids. 
         [0039]    Various embodiments of the present invention will be explained in detail in what follows by reference to the drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0040]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view showing an embodiment of device according to the present invention for reversing blood flow in the extra-corporeal blood circuit. 
           [0041]      FIG. 2  is a section through the device shown in  FIG. 1  taken on line II-II. 
           [0042]      FIG. 3A  is a highly simplified schematic view of the extra-corporeal blood treating apparatus according to the present invention which has the device for reversing blood flow, with the blood flow not reversed. 
           [0043]      FIG. 3B  shows the extra-corporeal blood treating apparatus shown in  FIG. 3A , with the blood flow reversed. 
           [0044]      FIG. 4A  is a perspective view of the first valve-action body of a first embodiment of the device according to the present invention for reversing flow, 
           [0045]      FIG. 4B  is a perspective view of the second valve-action body of the first embodiment of the device according to the present invention for reversing flow, 
           [0046]      FIG. 5A  is a perspective view of the first valve-action body of a second embodiment of a device according to the present invention for reversing flow, 
           [0047]      FIG. 5B  is a perspective view of the second valve-action body of the second embodiment of the device according to the present invention for reversing flow, 
           [0048]      FIG. 6A  is a perspective view of the first valve-action body of a further embodiment of a device according to the present invention for reversing flow, 
           [0049]      FIG. 6B  is a perspective view of the second valve-action body of the further embodiment of a device according to the present invention for reversing flow. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0050]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view showing the device according to the present invention for reversing flow which is intended for once-only use. The device  100  for reversing flow comprises a first valve-action body  104  which is at the bottom in  FIG. 1  and a second valve-action body  102  which is at the top in  FIG. 1 .  FIG. 2  is a view in section of the device  100  for reversing flow. 
         [0051]    In itself, the device  100  for reversing flow is part of the prior art. The device according to the present invention for reversing flow differs from the known device in that the device according to the present invention has a communications arrangement which will be described in detail below.  FIGS. 1 and 2  show the known device for reversing flow, with the communications arrangement not being shown. 
         [0052]    The construction and operation of the known device for reversing flow ( FIGS. 1 and 2 ) are described in detail in PCT Publication No. WO 2006/042016 A2, the disclosure of which is hereby explicitly incorporated by reference in its entirety. Because the device for reversing flow has already been described in detail in PCT Publication No. WO 2006/042016 A2, it will only be the components which are material to the present invention which will be explained below. The device for reversing flow is connected into the extra-corporeal blood circuit I of the blood treating apparatus  200 .  FIGS. 3A and 3B  show the device  100  for reversing flow when connected into the extra-corporeal blood circuit I. 
         [0053]    The first valve-action body  104  of the device for reversing flow has a first patient-side connection  110  and a second patient-side connection  112 , the first patient-side connection  110  having connected to it a first portion  110 A, which is formed by flexible tubing, of the blood line  110 A,  112 A, which first portion  110 A is connected to the patient, and the second patient-side connection  112  having connected to it a second portion  112 A, which is formed by flexible tubing, of the blood line  110 A,  112 A, which second portion  112 A is connected to the patient. The second valve-action body  102  has a first apparatus-side connection  106  and a second apparatus-side connection  108 , the first apparatus-side connection  106  having connected to it a first portion  106 A, formed by flexible tubing, of the blood line, which first portion  106 A is connected to the outlet  204 A of the blood treating unit  204 , and in particular of the dialyzer, of the extra-corporeal blood treating apparatus  200 , and the second apparatus-side connection  108  having connected to it a second portion  108 A, which is formed by flexible tubing, of the blood line, which second portion  108 A is connected to the inlet  204 B of the blood treating unit  204 . As well as the blood treating unit  204 , the blood treating apparatus  200  also has a pump  202  which is connected into that portion  108 A, formed by flexible tubing, of the blood line which runs to the inlet  204 B of the blood treating unit  204 .  FIG. 3A  shows the extra-corporeal blood circuit I of the blood treating apparatus  200  when the blood flow is not reversed, whereas  FIG. 3B  shows the blood treating apparatus having the device for reversing flow when the blood flow is reversed. 
         [0054]    The second valve-action body  102  is in the form of a cap-like body, whereas the first valve-action body  104  is in the form of an inserted part. The first valve-action body  104  is seated in the second valve-action body  102 , with the two valve-action bodies  102 ,  104  being able to be rotated relative to one another between a first position and a second position on a central axis  114 . Provided at the ends of the portions of the blood line which are formed by flexible tubing are matching connecting members  106 B,  108 B,  110 B,  112 B by which the portions of flexible tubing can easily be connected to the matched, corresponding connecting members  106 ,  108 ,  110 ,  112  on the device  100  for reversing flow, and detached again therefrom. 
         [0055]      FIG. 3A  shows the first position, in which a connection for liquid is made between the first apparatus-side connection  106  and the first patient-side connection  110 , and a connection for liquid is made between the second apparatus-side connection  108  and the second patient-side connection  112 . When the first valve-action body  104  is turned through 180° relative to the second valve-action body  102  ( FIG. 3B ), a connection for liquid is made between the first apparatus-side connection  106  and the second patient-side connection  112  and a connection for liquid is made between the second apparatus-side connection  108  and the first patient-side connection  110 , which means that the direction of flow in the extra-corporeal blood circuit I is reversed. 
         [0056]    For the user, it is thus possible to preset the direction of flow in the blood circuit by turning the two valve-action bodies  102 ,  104 . The device  100  for reversing flow preferably makes provision for the two valves bodies  102 ,  104  to be locked by latching in the first and second positions. 
         [0057]      FIGS. 4A and 4B  are exploded views showing a first embodiment of device  100  according to the present invention for reversing flow which has a communications arrangement  210  which communicates with the reading arrangement  270  of the blood treating apparatus  200 . The reading arrangement  270 , which is connected to the central control unit of the dialysis apparatus by a data line  215 , generates a high-frequency electromagnetic field in the region close to the blood treating apparatus  200  and the communications arrangement  210  of the device  100  for reversing flow receives this field. The communications arrangement  210  and the reading arrangement  270  together form an RFID system for identifying the direction of flow in the extra-corporeal blood circuit I. 
         [0058]    The communications arrangement  210  has a first RFID transponder  211  and a second RFID transponder  212 , which are only shown in schematic form in the drawings. The two transponders  211 ,  212  have an aerial (not shown) and a transceiver (not shown) and a non-erasable memory and other circuits. Because the construction and operation of an RFID transponder are known to the person skilled in the art, there is no need for any detailed description. 
         [0059]    The two RFID transponders  211 ,  212 , which are of a very small overall size, are arranged opposite one another on the inside face of the first valve-action body  104 . They lie on an axis which extends perpendicularly to the axis  114  on which the two valve-action bodies  102 ,  104  can be turned. The axis on which the transponders lie extends perpendicularly to the axis which extends through the two apparatus-side connections  106 ,  108 . The transponders  211 ,  212  are thus arranged in positions offset at 90° from these connections  106 ,  108 . 
         [0060]    The RFID transponders  211 ,  212  which are arranged in the first valve-action body  104  are screened off electrically by the second valve-action body  102  provided the two valve-action bodies  102 ,  104  are not in one of their two positions. For the electrical screening-off, the second valve-action body  102  is metallized on the inside face facing towards the first valve-action body  104 . However, the metallizing for electrical screening-off does not extend over the whole of the inside face. Instead, a sector  213  in the form of a sector of a circle is left free of metallizing. This sector in the form of a sector of a circle is arranged in a position offset at 90° from the apparatus-side connections  106 ,  108  of the second valve-action body  102  and lies on the circular path along which the two transponders  211 ,  212  on the second valve-action body  104  move when the two valve-action bodies  102 ,  104  are turned relative to one another. 
         [0061]    The transponders  211 ,  212  and the region  213  free of metallizing are so arranged that the un-screened-off region  213  is situated opposite the first transponder  211  in the first position, which means the first transponder  211  is then active but the second transponder  212  is screened off electrically. In the second position on the other hand, the second transponder  212  is active whereas the first transponder  211  is screened off electrically. 
         [0062]    For screening-off, metallizing may also be provided on the outside face or on both faces. Rather than being metallized on its surface, the valve-action body may also itself be composed of a material which is not permeable to the high-frequency electromagnetic field from the reading arrangement. For better electrical screening-off, the second valve-action body also is preferably metallized on the inside face. This metallizing may however preferably extend over the whole of the inside face of the second valve-action body. 
         [0063]    The two transponders are preferably passive transponders which obtain their energy from the high-frequency electrical field from the reading arrangement  270 . When the two valve-action bodies are in the first position, the reading arrangement  270  reads from the first RFID transponder  211  a code characteristic of the first position, whereas the reading arrangement  270  reads a code characteristic of the second position from the second transponder  212  when the two valve-action bodies are in the second position. The first code is, for example, a code which is made up of a serial number belonging to the RFID transponder and an identifier “ 1 ”, whereas the second code is a code which is made up of the serial number of the second transponder and an identifier “ 2 ”. The two transponders preferably have a common serial number so that the transponders  211 ,  212  can be distinguished from transponders belonging to other devices for reversing flow which may likewise be situated in the near field of the reading arrangement. 
         [0064]    The reading of the code characteristic of the direction of flow in the extra-corporeal blood circuit can be performed continuously or at given intervals during the blood treatment by the reading arrangement. 
         [0065]      FIGS. 5A and 5B  show a second embodiment of a device according to the present invention for reversing flow which differs from the first embodiment in that the activation or de-activation, as the case may be, of the two RFID transponders is accomplished not by electrical screening-off but by connecting the transceiver of only one of the two transponders to a common aerial. Parts which correspond to one another have therefore been given the same reference numerals. The two RFID transponders  211 ,  212  do not have internal aerials which are part of the RFID tags as they do in the case of the first embodiment but have one common aerial  214  which at any given time is placed in connection with the transceiver (not shown) of one or other of the transponders  211 ,  212 . The external aerial  214  is a spiral printed-circuit-type conductor which is arranged on the inside face of the second valve-action body  102  which faces towards the first valve-action body  104 . In this embodiment, the valve-action bodies  102 ,  104  do not screen off the transponders  211 ,  212  electrically. 
         [0066]    The two RFID transponders  211 ,  212  have respective pairs of connections  211 A,  211 B and  212 A,  212 B for the aerial. The respective first connections  211 A,  212 A of the two transponders  211 ,  212  are connected via respective connecting lines  211 C,  212 C to a central hollow cylindrical boss  140  on the first valve-action body  104  which, when the two valve-action bodies  102 ,  104  are plugged together ( FIG. 2 ), surrounds a central projecting boss  150  on the second valve-action body  102 . The cylindrical boss  140  on the first valve-action body  104  and the projecting boss  150  on the second valve-action body  102  are each metallized so that an electrical connection is made between the two valve-action bodies. 
         [0067]    The respective second connections  211 B,  212 B of the two transponders  211 ,  212  are connected to respective electrical contacts  211 E,  212 E by respective electrical connecting lines  211 D,  212 D. The two electrical contacts  211 E and  212 E are arranged opposite one another on the inside face of the first valve-action body  104  which faces towards the second valve-action body  102 . They lie on an axis which extends perpendicularly to the axis of rotation  114 . The axis on which the two contact-making points lie extends at right angles to the axis on which the patient-side connections  110 ,  112  on the first valve-action body  104  lie, i.e. the contacts are arranged to be offset at 90° from these connections. 
         [0068]    The first connection of the common aerial  214  is electrically connected to the projecting boss  150  on the second valve-action body  102 , which means that there is a permanent electrical connection made to the two first connections  211 A,  212 A of the two transponders  211 ,  212 . The second connection of the aerial  214  is electrically connected to a sliding contact  214 A which is arranged on the inside face of the second valve-action body  102  which faces towards the first valve-action body  104 . 
         [0069]    When the two valve-action bodies  102 ,  104  are in the first position, the sliding contact  214 A on the second valve-action body  102  makes contact with the first contact  211 E on the first valve-action body  104 , whereas in the second position the sliding contact  214 A makes contact with the second contact  212 E on the second valve-action body  104 . Consequently, in the first position it is only the transceiver of the first transponder  211 , which transceiver is not in fact shown, which is connected electrically to the aerial  214 , whereas in the second position it is only the second transceiver of the second transponder  212 , which second transceiver is not explicitly shown, which is connected electrically to the aerial  214 . 
         [0070]    As in the first embodiment, the reading arrangement  270  is only able to read the code of the first transponder  211  in the first position and in the second position is only able to read the code of the second transponder  212 . It is possible in this way for the direction of flow to be clearly identified. 
         [0071]      FIGS. 6A and 6B  are simplified schematic views showing a further embodiment of a device according to the present invention for reversing flow which differs from the other two embodiments in that the communications arrangement has only a single RFID transponder. Parts which correspond to one another are once again given the same reference numerals. 
         [0072]    In the alternative embodiment shown in  FIGS. 6A and 6B , the communications arrangement  210  has an arrangement  216 , which is only shown schematically, which detects the first and second positions of the valve-action bodies  102 ,  104 . An arrangement of this kind for detecting the positions of the valve-action bodies  102 ,  104 , may for example be a position-dependent switch or resistive or capacitive angle sensors. The only crucial fact is that the arrangement  216  for detecting position for the single RFID transponder  211  generates a signal which is characteristic of the first or second position. In this embodiment, the single RFID transponder has two codes for the two positions of the valve-action bodies, which codes are read by the reading arrangement  270 . 
         [0073]    The extra-corporeal blood treating apparatus may be a conventional blood treating apparatus, such as a dialysis apparatus for example, which, as well as the known components, also has the reading arrangement  270  according to the present invention. The automatic identification of the direction of flow in the extra-corporeal blood circuit I is of advantage particularly when the blood treating apparatus has an arrangement  240  for determining a parameter of the blood treatment, such as clearance for example, in a way which calls for a measurement of a characteristic variable of the blood before and after reversal of the blood flow. Arrangements of this kind for determining parameters of the blood treatment are part of the prior art. 
         [0074]    The arrangement  240  for determining a parameter of the blood treatment is only schematically indicated in  FIGS. 3A and 3B . The arrangement  240  for determining the parameter of the blood treatment is connected to the central control unit  230  of the blood treating apparatus by a data line  241 . As well as controlling the individual sub-assemblies of the blood treating apparatus, the central control unit  230  is also responsible for controlling the reading arrangement  270  and the measuring arrangement  240 . 
         [0075]    As well as this, the blood treating apparatus  200  also has an alarm unit  250 , which is connected to the control unit  230  by a data line  251 , and a display unit  260 , which is likewise connected to the control unit, by a data line  261 . 
         [0076]    For the making of a measurement of a characteristic variable before and after the reversal of blood flow for the purpose of determining a parameter of the blood treatment, the operator prompting by the blood treating apparatus makes provision for the user to be requested to reverse the blood flow in the extra-corporeal blood circuit by turning the two valve-action bodies  102 ,  104  of the device  100  manually. This request is signalled to the user by the display unit  260 . 
         [0077]    The first measurement having been made with normal blood flow, the reading arrangement  270  checks to see whether the user who is requested to reverse the blood flow has reversed the blood flow by turning the valve-action bodies  102 ,  104 . If the user has not obeyed this request, the reading arrangement  270  finds this to be the case because it is not the code for the second position of the valve-action bodies which is read but the code for the first position. The reading arrangement  270  then generates a signal for an alarm, which the alarm unit  250  receives via the control unit  230 . The alarm unit  250  then gives an audio and/or visual alarm as a renewed request to the user to reverse the blood flow. 
         [0078]    The second measurement having been made with the blood flow reversed, the user is again requested, on the display unit  260 , to reverse the blood flow. The reading arrangement  270  then makes another check, to see whether the blood flow is taking place in the original direction. If it is not, an alarm is again given. The reading arrangement finds that the position is correct from the fact that it is not the code for the second position of the valve-action bodies  102 ,  104  which is read but the code for their first position. 
         [0079]    The routine for performing the measurement is preferably interrupted if the reading arrangement  270  has not read the correct direction of flow. Not only does this prevent incorrect measurements, but it also ensures that the extra-corporeal blood treatment is not conducted with a reversed blood flow after the measurements. With the reading arrangement  270 , it is not only possible for the direction of flow to be detected but also for it to be found whether the valve-action bodies  102 ,  104  are in the correct latched position in which a connection for liquid is made between the connections. With the device for reversing flow which is known from PCT Publication No. WO 2006/042016 A2, there could, for example, be a risk that the valve-action bodies have not latched into one of the two positions but have been mis-rotated relative to this latched position. If this were the case, both the transponders  211 ,  212  would be inactive, which the reading arrangement  270  would detect because the appropriate code would not be read. This would also be the case when, although a connection for liquid had been made, the lumens of the connections situated opposite one another were not exactly in line with one another, which would mean that only a narrow gap was left for the blood to flow through. Because this might result in damage being caused to the blood by hemolysis, the blood treating apparatus  200  according to the present invention preferably makes provision for the blood flow to be interrupted if the reading arrangement  270  fails to detect a proper alignment of the valve-action bodies  102 ,  104  relative to one another in the two positions. The reliability and safety of the blood treatment and of the measurements are further increased by this mechanism. 
         [0080]    In practice, there also arises the problem that a plurality of pieces of blood treating apparatus are operated closely adjacent to one another. There is therefore a requirement for that the device for reversing blood flow which is associated with the given piece of blood treating apparatus to be identified. 
         [0081]    In the blood treating apparatus  200  according to the present invention, automatic identification is performed by a test of the operation of the device  100  for reversing blood flow. One or more devices for reversing blood flow having been detected, the user is requested by the blood treating apparatus  200 , on the display unit  260 , to turn, relative to one another, the valve-action bodies  102 ,  104  of that device  100  for reversing blow which is associated with the given piece of blood treating apparatus. By this means, the two RFID transponders  211 ,  212  are activated in succession within a preset interval of time which the user requires to turn the valve-action bodies  102 ,  104 . The reading arrangement  270  of the blood treating apparatus then detects the associated device for reversing flow by virtue of the fact that a change between the codes characteristic of the two positions takes place within a preset interval of time. The reading arrangement has appropriate means for this. The common serial numbers in the two codes for the direction of flow which are read by the reading arrangement then allow the associated device for reversing flow to be identified. 
         [0082]    The menu-based prompting by the dialysis apparatus may also make provision for the measurements for determining a parameter of the blood treatment to be performed automatically solely as a result of the associated device being detected without any further input by the user being required. 
         [0083]    Together with the device for reversing flow, the blood treating apparatus according to the present invention also has other advantages and these are explained below. 
         [0084]    As well as native fistulas and PTFE grafts, what are used precisely when vascular conditions are difficult are twin-lumen central venous catheters. In these, arterial and venous flexible blood tubes are connected to two different parts of the catheter. To prevent recirculation, the two ends of the catheter which are fixed in place in the vestibule are separated from one another in space (by about 2 cm). In a fully functional catheter, the withdrawal (arterial) of blood takes place through the shorter of the two ends and the return (venous) takes place through the longer end. It may occasionally happen that the desired blood flow is not obtained in this configuration, the reasons for this not having been fully clarified (see Depner, “Catheter Performance”, Seminars in Dialysis 14/6 (2001), pages 425-431). In such cases, the connections are typically changed over at the catheter by the nursing staff, as a result of which the desired flow is often obtained again. In the literature, there are indications that a treatment in which the direction of flow is changed over takes place in up to 30% of cases (N. Pannu et al., “Optimizing dialysis delivery in tunneled dialysis catheters”, ASAIO Journal 52/2 (2006), pages 57-162). The changeover results however in increased access recirculation, which causes a reduction in the efficiency of the dialysis. 
         [0085]    By the use of the device according to the present invention for reversing flow in the system of flexible blood tubing, it is now possible on the other hand for the changeover to be performed easily and with little risk of infection. On the other hand, automatic recording of the orientation of the flexible access tubes for blood in the dialysis unit is possible as a result of the automatic detection of position by means of the RFID reader in the dialysis unit. A record of treatments in which there are access problems can be kept automatically in this way. If, in addition, too low a clearance is detected when a measurement of clearance is made, the interchange of the connections of the catheter may, at the same time, be detected as a reason for the measurement of the excessively low clearance and can thus be distinguished from other possible reasons, e.g. clotting of the dialyzer. 
         [0086]    The embodiments of the present invention which are shown in the drawings are merely embodiments which are intended to show a particularly preferred use of the present invention in the mechanical changeover valve which is known from PCT Publication No. WO 2006/042016 A2. The mechanical changeover valve as such may however be of a design different from that described in PCT Publication No. WO 2006/042016 A2.