Abstract:
The present invention is founded upon the fundamental discovery that anhydrous silicate materials can be formed into solid bodies which are hydrated or wherein the silicate structure is depolymerized by protonic reagents other than water. Such bodies can be produced by compression molding the anhydrous silicate material with water or other protonic reagent at elevated temperatures and high pressures.

Description:
Background of the Invention 
     U.S. Pat. No. 3,498,802 describes the hydration of alkali metal silicate glass powders to produce thermoplastic materials and hydraulic cements. The glass powders consisted essentially, expressed in mole percent on the oxide basis, of about 80-94% SiO 2  and 6-20% Na 2  O and/or K 2  O, the sum of those components constituting at least 90 mole percent of the total composition. Numerous compatible metal oxides such as PbO, BaO, MgO, B 2  O 3 , Al 2  O 3 , and ZnO were noted as being operable optional ingredients, but CaO and Li 2  O were stated to be desirably absent. 
     The process parameters of the hydration practice comprised contacting the glass powders with a gaseous environment containing at least 50% by weight of water at a pressure of at least one atmosphere and at a temperature customarily within the range of about 100°-200° C. The hydration process was continued for a period of time sufficient to yield at least a surface layer on the powders containing up to 30% by weight of H 2  O. The hydrated powders were observed to become adhesive and cohesive at temperatures between about 80°-120° C. which permitted shaping into bulk bodies via such conventional forming means as pressing, rolling, extrusion and injection molding. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 3,912,481 discloses a method for making hydrated alkali metal silicate materials which can demonstrate forming characteristics and physical behaviors approaching those exhibited by high polymer organic plastics. The method involves a two-step process -- first, the materials are hydrated and, second, the materials are partially dehydrated. 
     The operable glass compositions consist essentially, expressed in mole percent on the oxide basis, of about 3-25% Na 2  O and/or K 2  O and 50-95% SiO 2 , the total of those ingredients comprising at least 55 mole percent of the complete composition. A number of compatible metal oxides such as Al 2  O 3 , BaO, B 2  O 3 , CaO, MgO, PbO, CdO, and ZnO can advantageously be added to improve melting and forming of the glass and/or to modify the chemical and physical properties of the hydrated glass. PbO, CaO, ZnO, and B 2  O 3  are operable in amounts up to 25%, MgO is useful in quantities up to 35%, BaO and Al 2  O 3  can be included at values up to 20%, and additions of other optional oxides are preferably held below 10%. Since Li 2  O inhibited hydration, no more than about 5% could be tolerated. 
     The method of hydration disclosed in that patent involved two steps. First, the glass was contacted at temperatures above 100° C. with a gaseous H 2  O-containing environment at a sufficiently high H 2  O pressure to achieve a saturated or near saturated atmosphere. The contact is continued until at least a surface portion of the glass is saturated with H 2  O. The amount of H 2  O diffused within the glass is a function of the glass composition, and can vary from less than 5% by weight up to about 35% by weight. Second, the water content of the saturated glass is reduced by contacting at elevated temperatures with a gaseous environment of lower relative humidity. Although the glass can be dehydrated to an essentially anhydrous state, the water content is commonly reduced to between about 1-12% by weight, depending upon glass composition, such that the glass will contain sufficient water to demonstrate thermoplastic properties. The method permits good control of the water content in the final glass. 
     U.S. Application Ser. No. 445,454, filed Feb. 24, 1974 in the names of J. E. Pierson and W. H. Tarcza, abandoned in favor of continuation-in-part Ser. No. 822,877, filed Aug. 7, 1977, describes a single-step hydration procedure applied to small-dimensioned glass bodies having the same compositions as those operable in U.S. Pat. No. 3,912,481 supra. The method contemplates exposing the fine-dimensioned glass bodies to gaseous environments having relative humidities ranging between 5-50% at temperatures in excess of 225° C. The water absorbed, normally about 1-25% by weight, depending upon the glass composition, imparts thermoplastic properties to the glass. 
     Nevertheless, whereas the above three disclosures described methods for hydrating alkali metal silicate materials to thereby yield bodies exhibiting thermoplastic characteristics, each method required a substantial period of time to achieve the desired hydration. With certain compositions, the rate of hydration became, in essence, impractically slow. 
     OBJECTIVES OF THE INVENTION 
     The principal objective of the instant invention is to provide a method for transforming a mixture of anhydrous silicate materials and water with optional additives into solid hydrosilicate bodies via a single step process of short duration. 
     Another objective of the instant invention is to substitute for water in whole or in part other protonic reagents which can depolymerize silica such that solid bodies analogous to hydrosilicate bodies are produced. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     We have discovered that the above objectives can be achieved through combining the anhydrous silicate materials with water and/or other protonic reagent capable of depolymerizing silica and then forming a body therefrom at elevated temperatures and under high pressures. The high pressure molding, denominated hydromolding, will be conducted in a closed system at temperatures of at least 100° C. and at pressures of at least about 500 psi. The invention is useful with compositions such as are recited in U.S. Pat. No. 3,912,481 and application Ser. No. 445,454, supra. Thus, the hydromolding can be carried out on actual glasses or on the batch ingredients from which a glass can be derived. Customarily, however, a more homogeneous body will be produced where glass constitutes the charge for compression molding. Compositions operable in the invention consist essentially, in mole percent on the oxide basis, of about 3-25% Na 2  O and/or K 2  O and 50-95% SiO 2 , the sum of those components constituting at least 55 mole percent of the total composition. PbO, CaO, ZnO, and B 2  O 3  can be included in amounts up to 25%, BaO and Al 2  O 3  can be useful in quantities up to 20%, and MgO may advantageously be present in amounts up to 35%. In general, additions of other compatible metal oxides, e.g., CdO, TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , WO 3 , P 2  O 5 , and SnO 2  will be held below 10% in individual amounts. Li 2  O appears to impede hydration and hazard devitrification so, if present, will be maintained below 5%. 
     It is also possible to modify the glass composition by including inorganic additives during the hydromolding process. Hence, such additives can be blended homogeneously with the glass charge to the compression mold which will become an integral part of the pressed solid body. 
     Water or other protonic reagent content of at least 5% by weight has been found necessary to achieve homogeneous bodies. Amounts in excess of 50% by weight may be employed but such amounts generally afford weak bodies. 
     The preferred molding temperatures range between about 200°-350° C. At temperatures approaching 500° C., cracking temperatures tend to cause increased wear on the mold and sealing system required to prevent leaks. A molding pressure of at least about 500 psi has been found necessary. Pressures above about 25,000 psi can be employed but with no evident property advantage. 
     The process of the invention is also advantageous in permitting the ready shaping of glass bodies from difficultly-hydratable glasses, i.e., glasses containing less than about 10% Na 2  O and/or K 2  O. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Table I reports glass compositions, expressed in mole percent on the oxide basis, which were found to be operable in the present invention. The production of glass from such compositions comprises no part of the instant invention and is well within the capability of the man of ordinary skill in the glassmaking art. U.S. Pat. No. 3,912,481, supra, describes the manufacture of similar glasses on a laboratory scale and those production parameters would have equivalent utility here. 
     
                       TABLE I______________________________________ 1      2      3    4    5    6    7    8______________________________________SiO.sub.2 74.6   84.4   73.6 73.8 72.8 77.2 73.8 76.0Na.sub.2 O 25.4   15.6   13.2 10.3 11.8 10.7 19.0 10.9K.sub.2 O --     --     --   --   --   3.0  --   3.1ZnO   --     --     13.2 15.9 15.4 7.8  7.2  7.9Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 --     --     --   --   --   1.3  --   1.2P.sub.2 O.sub.5 --     --     --   --   --   --   --   0.9 9      10     11   12   13   14   15   16   17______________________________________SiO.sub.2 76.3   76.1   68.6 81.1 81.1 81.1 69.8 54.2 77.8Na.sub.2 O 10.9   10.9   15.0 13.5 13.5 13.5 4.6  5.0  4.5K.sub.2 O 3.1    3.1    --   --   --   --   5.6  3.8  6.6ZnO   7.9    7.9    --   --   --   --   --   --   --Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 1.2    1.2    --   --   --   --   1.8  2.0  1.5WO.sub.3 0.6    --     --   --   --    5.4 --   --   --SnO.sub.2 --     0.8    --   --   --   --   --   --   --MgO   --     --     16.4 --   --   --   --   --   --NiO   --     --     --    5.4 --   --   --   --   --CdO   --     --     --   --    5.4 --   --   --   --PbO   --     --     --   --   --   --   18.2 13.9 9.6BaO   --     --     --   --   --   --   --   13.1 --TiO.sub.2 --     --     --   --   --   --   --   3.8  --ZrO.sub.2 --     --     --   --   --   --   --   4.2  --______________________________________ 
    
     Stainless steel compression molds with TEFLON® or other sealing means were employed to insure a leak-free system. The glass was pulverized and the resulting particles placed in the mold cavity. A predetermined quantity of water was added thereto, the sealing means placed in position, the mold plunger introduced into the mold cavity, the mold heated to a temperature of at least 100° C., and a pressure of at least 500 psi applied to the mixture of water and glass particles to yield flat discs. 
     Table II reports a number of exemplary compression molding trials undertaken with various compositions from Table I. The mesh sizes recorded therein refer to United States Standard Sieves wherein: 
     20 mesh = 841 microns 
     40 mesh = 420 microns 
     80 mesh = 177 microns 
     100 mesh = 149 microns 
     120 mesh = 125 microns 
     200 mesh = 74 microns 
     400 mesh = 37 microns 
     The quantities of glass and water are expressed in parts by weight and the % H 2  O tabulated refers to that present before the pressing operation. The pressing time is expressed in minutes and the visual description reflects the appearance of the molded body after removal from the mold. As used in Table II, the term &#34;tough&#34; indicates that the discs were very difficult to break when flexed by hand. 
     
                                           TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________Example    Amount           Amount                    Molding                           Applied                                 Time atNo.  Mesh Size      Glass           H.sub.2 O                % H.sub.2 O                    Temperature                           Pressure                                 Temperature                                        Visual Description__________________________________________________________________________3    - 100 1.5  1.0  40  325° C.                           5000                               psi                                 15     Opaque, not completely                                        hydrated3    - 100 1.5  1.0  40  350° C.                           10,000                               psi                                 15     Glassy, two regions                                        gold and white3    - 80 + 100      1.5  0.8  35  400° C.                           10,000                               psi                                 20     Glassy, some cracking,                                        translucent, gold3    - 200 1.5  0.8  35  350° C.                           14,000                               psi                                 60     Opaque, glassy, cracked4    - 200 1.5  1.0  40  350° C.                           10,000                               psi                                 10     Glassy, two regions-                                        clear and white5    - 200 1.5  0.8  35  350° C.                           10,000                               psi                                 10     Opaque, white, surfaces                                        hydrated8    - 40 + 80      2.0  1.0  33  325° C.                           10,000                               psi                                 10     Clear glass with some                                        imperfections9    - 40 + 80      2.0  1.0  33  325° C.                           10,000                               psi                                 10     Clear glass, some cracking10   - 40 + 80      2.0  1.0  33  325° C.                           10,000                               psi                                 10     Clear gold mass12   - 20 + 40      1.0  1.0  50  325° C.                           5000                               psi                                 10     Glassy, opaque green12   - 40 + 80      1.0  1.0  50  325° C.                           10,000                               psi                                 10     Glassy, opaque green13   - 40 + 80      1.55 1.0  39  325° C.                           10,000                               psi                                  5     Translucent white glass14   - 40 + 80      1.5  0.8  35  325° C.                           10,000                               psi                                 10     Opaque, grainy15   - 100 1.94 1.0  34  350° C.                           10,000                               psi                                 30     Opaque, not completely                                        hydrated15   - 400 2.0  1.0.sup.a                33  325° C.                           10,000                               psi                                 20     Clear glass, some cracks16   - 200 3.0  1.0.sup.a                25  350° C.                           10,000                               psi                                 10     Opaque, white16   - 200 2.0  1.0.sup.b                33  350° C.                           10,000                               psi                                 15     Opaque, white, glassy16   - 200 3.0  1.0.sup.c                25  325° C.                           10,000                               psi                                 10     Opaque, white, tough16   - 40 + 80      2.0  1.0.sup.c                33  300° C.                           5,000                               psi                                 15     Clear glass with few                                        white particles__________________________________________________________________________ .sup.a aqueous solution containing 5% by weight NaOH and 2% by weight K.sub.2 S.sub.2 O.sub.8 .sup.b aqueous solution containing 2% by weight K.sub.2 S.sub.2 O.sub.8 .sup.c aqueous solution containing 1% by weight K.sub.2 S.sub.2 O.sub.8 
    
     Table II is illustrative of the operable process parameters of the invention. Thus, variations in temperatures, pressures, and water contents are explored therein. Inasmuch as the rate of hydration is a function of those three parameters, assuming the composition of the material and the bulk of the final product are held constant, the time required to achieve a solid glassy hydrated body is quite obviously dependent upon those parameters. At very high temperatures and pressures, and where the material has a composition which is readily hydratable, essentially no hold period as such will be necessary. This feature permits the high speed production of pressed articles. However, as will be readily appreciated, where the composition is difficultly hydratable, substantial periods of time, e.g., 10-20 minutes, may be demanded for complete hydration. Longer pressing times, i.e., in excess of one hour, may be successfully employed but do not appear to impart substantially different properties to the final product and are also uneconomical. Also, very extended pressing times can hazard the development of devitrification in the product. However, such attention to those parameters are well within the technology of one of ordinary skill in the art. 
     Although water contents below about 5% by weight can be successfully utilized with certain glass compositions, higher temperatures and pressures are required which result in increased wear on the molding equipment. With difficulty hydratable compositions, such low water contents are essentially impractical since the time required becomes quite excessive. With water contents much above about 50%, the the body can become quite weak. 
     As is self-evident, the size of the initial bodies to be hydrated affects the time necessary for complete hydration and consolidation into a solid glassy mass. Although it is obvious that larger diameter starting materials could be used, customarily, a thickness not exceeding about 15 mm will be employed with a maximum thickness not exceeding about 2 mm. being greatly preferred. 
     The legend terminology employed in Table II is also utilized in Table III. 
     
                                           TABLE III__________________________________________________________________________Example    Amount           Amount   Molding                           Applied                                 Time atNo.  Mesh Size      Glass           H.sub.2 O                % H.sub.2 O                    Temperature                           Pressure                                 Temperature                                        Visual Description__________________________________________________________________________6    - 40 + 80      2.0  0.9  31  325° C.                           21,000                               psi                                 --     Clear glass, some cracking6    - 40 + 80      3.0  0.2   6  375° C.                           14,000                               psi                                 --     Clear glass, some cracking6    - 80 + 100      2.0  0.5  20  325° C.                           3,000                               psi                                 10     Clear glass6    - 200 1.5  0.8  35  450° C.                           1,000                               psi                                 10     Opaque brown glass6    - 200 1.5  0.8  35  325° C.                           10,000                               psi                                 10     Clear gold glass6    - 40  1.5  0.8  35  325° C.                           10,000                               psi                                 10     Clear glass6    - 40 + 100      2.0  0.2   9  325° C.                           10,000                               psi                                 10     Clear glass, some                                        surface cracking6    - 40 + 100      3.0  1.0  25  500° C.                           10,000                               psi                                 10     Clear glass, some                                        delamination6    - 40 + 100      3.0  1.0  25  150° C.                           10,000                               psi                                 20     Only compacted6    - 40 + 80      3.0  1.0  25  200° C.                           5,000                               psi                                 10     Only compacted6    - 40 + 80      3.0  1.0  25  200° C.                           10,000                               psi                                 60     Opaque, one face glassy6    - 40 + 80      3.0  1.0  25  200° C.                           15,000                               psi                                 10     One-third of disc clear                                        glass6    - 40 + 100      3.0  1.0  25  250° C.                           10,000                               psi                                 10     Clear glass__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     The method of the invention also enables the synthesis of hydrated glass from glass batch components. Table IV records a number of examples illustrating this embodiment of the invention. In the examples, the silica component consisted of a low-iron sand and the other ingredients added to react with the sand were in the form of reagent grade powders except where a saturated aqueous solution provided both the water and the reacting component. The operational parameters outlined above for the hydromolding of glass particles into a hydrated glass mass are equally applicable here. Likewise, the legend terminology employed in Tables II and III is also utilized in Table IV. 
     
                                           TABLE IV__________________________________________________________________________                              Molding   Time atExampleSand Amount       Amount            Amount                              Temper-                                   Applied                                        Temper-No.  Size   Sand      H.sub.2 O                         Reactant                              ature                                   Pressure                                        ature                                             Visual__________________________________________________________________________                                             Description20   - 80 + 120       3.0  0.2  KOH     1.0  400° C.                                   15,000 psi                                        60   Opaque, white, tough21   - 600  4.0  --   Saturated KOH                         0.5  400° C.                                    5,000 psi                                        60   Opaque, white, weak                 solution22   - 600  4.0  --   Saturated KOH                         1.0  400° C.                                   13,000 psi                                        10   Opaque, white, weak                 solution23   - 600  4.0  1.0  NaOH    1.0  300° C.                                   15,000 psi                                        15   Opaque, tough,                                             discolored24   - 80 + 120       3.0  1.0  NaOH    1.0  325° C.                                    4,000 psi                                        30   Opaque, white, tough,                                             glassy25   - 80 + 120       2.0  0.4  NaOH    0.96 350° C.                                   10,000 psi                                        10   Translucent, glassy26   - 600  2.0  1.0  NaOH    1.33 325°  C.                                   10,000 psi                                        15   Opaque, white, tough27   - 80 + 120       2.0  1.0  NaOH    1.33 350° C.                                   10,000 psi                                        20   Translucent, glassy28   - 600  2.43 1.0  NaOH    0.84 400° C.                                   15,000 psi                                        --   Compacted only                 Zn(OH).sub.2                         0.3229   - 80 + 120       2.5  1.0  NaOH    1.0  300° C.                                   15,000 psi                                         5   Opaque, white, tough                 ZnCl.sub.2                         0.530   - 80 + 120       2.5  1.0  NaOH    1.0  325° C.                                   10,000 psi                                        20   Opaque, white, tough                 Zn(OH).sub.2                         0.531   - 80 + 120       2.0  1.0  NaOH    1.0  400° C.                                   10,000 psi                                        10   Opaque, white, tough                 Mg(OH).sub.2                         0.532   - 80 + 120       2.0  1.0  NaOH    1.0  400° C.                                   10,000 psi                                        10   Opaque, glassy                 Zn(OH).sub.2                         0.5__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     Table V reports a group of examples wherein the glass compositions of Table I were modified with inorganic additives during hydromolding. The same basic operational parameters reported in conjunction with Tables II-IV are also applicable in this embodiment of the invention. Likewise, the legend terminology recited in those Tables is equally appropriate here. 
     The additives employed were in the form of reagent grade powders except for the boric acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, and ammonium hydroxide, which were present in concentrated aqueous solutions, and the ethanol, acetic acid, and methanol. 
     
         __________________________________________________________________________Exam-                                  Molding   Time atple Glass Amount          Amount               %        Amount                             %    Tempera-                                       Applied                                            Temper-                                                 VisualNo. Size  Glass          H.sub.2 O               H.sub.2 O                  Reactant                        Reactant                             Reactant                                  ature                                       Pressure                                            ature                                                 Description__________________________________________________________________________1   -40   3.9  0.9  18 AlCl.sub.3                        0.1  2    325° C.                                       2,000 psi                                             5   Translucent                                                 glass1   - 40  2.0  0.8  27 B.sub.2 O.sub.3                        0.2  7    250° C.                                       5,000 psi                                            10   White phases                                                 in clear glass2   - 40  2.5  1.0  24 PbCl.sub.2                        0.55 13   325° C.                                       2,000 psi                                            15   Opaque, glassy,                  Al(OH).sub.3                        0.05 1                   black grains2   - 40  3.0  --   -- NH.sub.4 OH                        0.9  23   325° C.                                       4,000 psi                                            --   Translucent                                                 glass2   - 40  2.0  0.3  12 Aluminum                        0.2  8    250° C.                                       10,000 psi                                            20   Compacted only                  fluoride                  hydrate3   - 200 1.5  --      NH.sub.4 OH                        0.9  37   400° C.                                       5,000 psi                                            10   Translucent                                                 gold glass6   - 40 + 80     1.0  17   NaOH                  0.007 0.1  325+ C.                                  14,000 psi                                       --   Clear glass                  KH.sub.2 PO.sub.4                        0.007                             0.16   - 100 3.0  1.0  20 B.sub.2 O.sub.3                        1.0  20   325° C.                                       19,000 psi                                            --   Opaque, white,                                                 grainy6   - 100 3.0  0.5  12 H.sub.3 PO.sub.4                        0.5  12   325° C.                                       15,000 psi                                            --   Opaque, whit6   - 100 4.0  0.4   8 H.sub.3 BO.sub.3                        0.2  4    325° C.                                       4,000 psi                                            --   Opaque, pink                  Ethanol                        0.6  12                  glass6   - 100 8.0  1.8  18 NaH.sub.2 PO.sub. 4                        0.2  2    325° C.                                       11,000 psi                                            30   Opaque, pink6   - 40 + 80     3.0  0.9  22 Na.sub.3 PO.sub.4                        0.1  2    325° C.                                       8,000 psi                                            --   Opaque, white                                                 glassy6   - 100 4.5  1.0  17 NaIO.sub.4                        0.5  8    325° C.                                       12,000 psi                                            10   Opaque white                                                 glass, cracks6   - 100 4.75 0.5   9 NaBrO.sub.3                        0.25 5    325° C.                                       4,000 psi                                            --   Opaque white                                                 glass6   - 40 + 80     5.0  0.9  15 H.sub.3 PO.sub.4                        0.1  2    325° C.                                       14,000 psi                                            30   Translucent                                                 glass6   - 40 + 80     3.0  0.9  22 ZnCl.sub.2                        0.1  2    325° C.                                       4,000 psi                                            --   Translucent                                                 glass, cracks6   - 100 2.0  --   -- NH.sub.4 OH                        0.9  31   325° C.                                       4,000 psi                                            10   Transparent glass6   - 100 5.0  0.5   6 NH.sub.4 OH                        2.25 29   325° C.                                       8,000 psi                                            10   Clear pink glass,                                                 cracks6   - 100 2.0  --   -- Acetic acid                        1.0  33   325° C.                                       4,000 psi                                            30   Compacted with                                                 brown edges6   - 100 2.75 1.0  25 SnCl.sub.2                        0.25 6    325° C.                                       8,000 psi                                            10   Opaque, green                                                 and gray glass6   - 100 2.75 0.6  17 Lead phosphate                        0.25 7    325° C.                                       8,000 psi                                            10   Opaque, white                                                 glassy6   - 40 + 80     1.0   0.45               29 AlCl.sub.3                        0.1  6    325° C.                                       2,000 psi                                             5   Clear glass6   - 100 3.0  0.9  22 H.sub.2 SO.sub.4                        0.1  2    375° C.                                       10,000 psi                                             3   Opaque, white                                                 glassy8   - 80  2.0  --   -- NH.sub.4 OH                        0.45 16   325° C.                                       10,000 psi                                            10   Translucent                  Methanol                        0.4  14                  gray glass10  - 80 + 100     2.0  --   -- NH.sub.4 OH                        0.9  31   325° C.                                       10,000 psi                                            10   Pink glass                                                 laminated__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     It was found that the glasses of the invention could also be hydromolded employing water-compatible organic modifying components. Hence, whereas depolymerization of the silicate network by water to permit low temperature forming constitutes the basis of the instant invention, it was found that certain organic protonic reagents also possess that capability. Thus, uniform, shiny discs can be formed which appear to be tough when flexed by hand. 
     Table VI lists several examples wherein the glass compositions of Table I were modified with organic reactants either with or without added water. The organic reactants were incorporated as chemically pure liquids. 
     In general, the same basic operational parameters recited in the description of Tables II-V are also functional in this embodiment of the invention. Likewise, the legend terminology utilized in those Tables is equally applicable here. 
     
                                           TABLE VI__________________________________________________________________________Exam-                                  Molding   Time atple Glass Amount          Amount               %        Amount    Temper-                                       Applied                                            Temper-                                                 VisualNo. Size  Glass          H.sub.2 O               H.sub.2 O                  Reactant                        Reactant                             Reactant                                  ature                                       Pressure                                            ature                                                 Description__________________________________________________________________________6   - 40 + 80     5.0  0.3  5.0                  Methanol                        0.7  12   325° C.                                       14,000 psi                                            --   Opaque, grainy,                                                 tough6   - 40 + 100     3.0  --   -- Ethylene                        1.0  25   325° C.                                       14,000 psi                                            60   Opaque, gray                  glycol6   - 40 + 80     5.0  0.6  9.7                  Ethylene                        0.6  10   325° C.                                       14,000 psi                                            --   Translucent,                  glycol                         glassy6   - 100 3.0  0.1  2.4                  Furfuryl                        1.0  24   325° C.                                       15,000 psi                                            25   Opaque, black,                  alcohol                        tough6   - 100 5.0  1.2  17 Pyrocate-                        1.0  14   325° C.                                       12,000 psi                                            10   Translucent                  chol                           brown, glassy6   - 100 4.5  0.6  11 Mannitol                        0.5   9   325° C.                                        4,000 psi                                             1   Opaque, brown,                                                 glassy6   - 40 + 80     3.0  0.6  16 Pyrogallol                        0.06  2   325° C.                                       11,000 psi                                            10   Translucent with                                                 black particles6   - 100 2.0  0.9  30 Glycerol                        0.1   3   300° C.                                       10,000 psi                                            20   Translucent                                                 glassy6   - 100 2.0  0.5  17 Glycerol                        0.5  17   300° C.                                       10,000 psi                                            20   Translucent,                                                 glassy, yellow                                                 tint6   - 100 2.0  --   -- Glycerol                        1.0  33   300° C.                                       10,000 psi                                            20   Compacted,                                                 light brown6   - 100 2.0  0.5  17 Allyl alco-                        0.5  17   300° C.                                       10,000 psi                                             5   Translucent                  hol                            glassy6   - 100 2.0  0.1  3  Allyl alco-                        1.0  33   325° C.                                       10,000 psi                                            15   Opaque, yellow                  hol6   - 40 + 100     1.75 0.5  20 Diphenylsil-                        0.25 10   325° C.                                       10,000 psi                                            15   Translucent,                  anediol                        bubbly6   - 40 + 100     1.5  0.4  17 Diphenylsil-                        0.5  21   325° C.                                       10,000 psi                                            10   Translucent,                  anediol                        bubbly6   - 40 + 100     1.8  --   -- Diphenylsil-                        0.2  10   350° C.                                        5,000 psi                                            --   Opaque, grainy                  anediol6   -100  5.0  0.1  2  Furfuryl                        0.8  14   325° C.                                       10,000 psi                                            15   Opaque, black,                  alcohol                        glassy, tough6   - 100 4.0  0.5  9  Furfuryl                        1.0  18   325° C.                                        8,000 psi                                            20   Opaque, black                  alcohol                        glassy, tough6   - 100 4.0  0.5  9  Furan resin                        1.0  18   325° C.                                        8,000 psi                                            20   Opaque, black,                                                 glassy, tough7   - 80  1.75 0.5  20 1,4-buty-                        0.25 10   300° C.                                       10,000 psi                                            10   Opaque, brown                  nediol                         glassy8   - 80  2.0  0.5* 17 Methanol                        0.5  17   325° C.                                       10,000 psi                                            10   Translucent                                                 glassy11  - 40 + 80     4.0  0.5  10 Ethylene                        0.5  10   325° C.                                       15,000 psi                                             1   Opaque, grainy,                  glycol                         tough11  - 40 + 80     3.0  0.2  6  Acetoni-                        0.4  11   325° C.                                       12,000 psi                                             1   Compacted only                  trile__________________________________________________________________________ *Concentrated aqueous solution of NH.sub.4 OH 
    
     As can be recognized from an examination of Tables V and VI, depolymerizers of the silicate network other than water are available. Particularly useful in this regard are ammonium hydroxide and alcohols, the latter having the potential of completely replacing the water.