Abstract:
A method and integrated apparatus for disposing of an organic halogen compound comprising phosphorus and at least one element selected from the group consisting of sulfur and a metal, in addition to carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, in atomic bond, comprises the steps of ionizing the compound to obtain ionization products, splitting up the ionization products by electrodialysis to obtain ionic end products and residual organic substances, and disposing of the ionic end products and residual organic substances.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a method for disposing of organic compounds which in addition to the elements of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen comprise halogen, phosphorus, sulfur and/or metal elements in atomic bond, and to an apparatus to carry out the method. 
     Substances comprising halogen, phosphorus, sulphur as well as metal atoms such as mercury, arsenic and the like are used in a large variety of applications. They can be used as cooling agents, aerosol propellants, pesticides, medicaments, transformer oils and the like. A particularly critical field in this connection are chemical warfare agents. In all such cases there exists, among others, the problem of disposal of these frequently highly hazardous toxic compounds. In this respect it is necessary to destroy production waste, stocked goods, products which may be prohibited by statutory regulations after their production, consumer waste and the like. 
     A frequent approach in this respect is disposal by incineration. Organic compounds which only contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen can be incinerated without any problems into carbon dioxide and water in the event of sufficient supply of oxygen. Particularly where halogen compounds are involved, however, it was noted that the formation of dangerous dioxines occurring during the incineration constituted a hindrance for this kind of neutralization. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of this invention to provide a low-risk method for destroying, neutralizing and disposing of such substances. 
     The present invention is based on the knowledge that electrically charged ions or molecule parts can be separated from one another by electrodialysis. In organic compounds with atomic (i.e. non-polar) bond of the interfering elements such a separation is only possible if this bond is polarized and is brought into a condition where it can be split up by electric energy. 
     Thus the invention purpose to subject the organic compounds to be disposed to an ionization, whereupon the arising charge-carrying ionization products are split up by electrodialysis and the ionic end products as well as the remaining organic substances are used or disposed in landfills or by incineration. 
     The ionization can be carried out under the influence of ionizing radiation. 
     In this process the atomic bonds are polarized, the substances to be disposed of are broken up into ionic products and the separation of the differently charged particles can be carried out under the influence of electric energy. As soon as the elements which originally are bound to each other by atomic bonds are present in ionic form they can be handled easier and be disposed of easily or be used for other purposes. In this way there is a neutralization of the hazardous compounds without having to take any risks which arose formerly in thermal destruction. 
     In this way pest control agents such as pesticides, herbicides, fungicides as well as halogenated hydrocarbons, chlorinated transformer oils, medicaments or chemical war agents are disposed of in an advantageous manner. 
     The method has proved to be particularly advantageous for organic halogen compounds, in particular such where the halogen is bonded to an aromatic ring, preferably a phenyl ring. 
     For example, this includes benzene derivatives substituted by chlorine, bromine and/or iodine which preferably are substituted by one or several hydroxyl, cyanide, alkyl or optionally esterified carboxyl or carboxyalkene groups. 
     Practical examples are dibromo- or diiodo-hydroxybenzoic nitrile and chlorotolyl-2-oxopropanoic acid. A combination of these substances is used in agriculture as herbicide with the name ANITEN®. 
     The method in accordance with the invention can also be used for halogenated polyphenyls, preferably polyhalogenated biphenyl (PCB), which is used as transformer oil. 
     Disposal problems are also encountered in aliphatic halogenated hydrocarbons (CFCs), which are used as cooling agents and aerosol propellants. Their disposal is also an object of the present invention. 
     The ionization of the compounds to be disposed of can be carried out by X-rays, optionally in combination with beta and/or gamma rays. 
     In the simplest form a common X-ray apparatus is used for this purpose, in which the aluminium plates inserted for the undesirable beta and gamma radiation are removed. 
     The substance to be disposed of is preferably present in liquid condition, in particular in the form of a solution, preferably as an aqueous solution. 
     Preferably, the ionization and the dialysis device are closely spaced, because the life of the arising ionized products, particularly where ionization with radiation is concerned, is often relatively short. 
     The ionization should produce a minimum conductivity of the solution of 500 μS (micromho) in order to achieve the desired effect. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     The subject of the present invention is also an apparatus for carrying out the method. 
     The apparatus is illustrated in the accompanying reference to the enclosed drawing, wherein 
     FIG. 1 shows the preferred ionization dialysis device for carrying out the method; 
     FIG. 2 shows the general arrangement of such a device within the entire installation used for this purpose and 
     FIG. 3 shows a specific installation with a multi-chamber system for the electrodialysis. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     FIG. 1 shows a preferred multi-chamber installation which comprises the following components: 
     A central chamber 1 in which the raw solution is introduced through a supply line 2; ionization takes place in chamber 1. The ionization preferably occurs under the influence of ionizing radiation. Direct current is applied via anode 3 and cathode 4 and as a result of its influence the separation of the ionized components occurs. Central chamber 1 is adjacent to anolyte chamber 7 and catholyte chamber 8 which are separated from the central chamber by membranes 5 and 6, respectively. The drag-out is drawn off as concentrate from chambers 7 and 8 via discharge lines 9 and 10. 
     Organic material which remains in chamber 1 after the ionization and cannot diffuse away through membranes 5, 6 is discharged from said chamber through discharge line 11 as diluate. 
     The anolyte chamber 7 and the catholyte chamber 8 are adjacent to anode chamber 14 and cathode chamber 15 which are separated by membranes 12 and 13, respectively, and are supplied through feed lines 16 and 18 with a caustic or saline solution for establishing a store of ions. 
     Anolyte chamber 7 and catholyte chamber 8 are also supplied with caustic or saline solutions, i.e. ions, via feed lines 17 and 19; preferably, the supply of approx. 1 weight percent NaOH occurs via both lines 17 and 19. 
     Membranes 5 and 13 constitute anion permeable membranes AM and membranes 6 and 12 constitute cation permeable membranes KM. 
     The use of bipolar membranes is within the knowledge of an average man skilled in the art of electrodialysis. 
     One of the preferred embodiments of the present invention is the method of rendering harmless the herbicide ANITEN®, which consists of a mixture of 2-(4-chloro-o-tolyloxy)propanoic acid, 3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxybenzoic nitrile and 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoic nitrile in a weight ratio of 5:1:1. The central chamber 1 is supplied with an aqueous solution of this substance mixture with a concentration of approx. 525 g/l. 
     Ionization is achieved in the simplest possible way with the help of a device which corresponds to an X-ray apparatus for originally medical purposes whose aluminium plates used for radiation shielding were removed. 
     It is understood that it is necessary to adhere to the required radiation protection measures pursuant to the state of the art and to the OVE regulations (Austrian Association of Electrical Engineering) in operating the installation. 
     The installation is preferably operated continuously, with the raw solution running through chamber 1 with a speed of 17 l per hour. 
     The solution in anolyte chamber 7 consisting of demineralized water containing 1% chemically pure NaOH and being absolutely free of chlorine at the beginning of the trial, already after 2 minutes duration of the trial shows a chlorine content of 24.5 mg/l, an iodine content of 0.15 mg/l and a bromine content of 0.25 mg/l. 
     Verification of the halogen content of this solution is preferably carried out by way of spectrophotometry. 
     In said continuous performance of the process, a 4 to 8% by weight solution of sodium hydroxide is supplied through lines 16 and 17. 
     Anolyte or catholyte solution is continually replaced by the supply of approx. 8 weight percent sodium hydroxide solution at a ratio of approx. NaOH:halogen=1:1. 
     As shown in FIG. 1 the dialysis device is preferably a multi-chamber device. In certain cases, however, a simple dialysis device with only one chamber may well be sufficient. 
     Preferably, the dialysis device comprises at least one bipolar membrane. 
     Dialysis was carried out in the apparatus shown in FIG. 1 with a voltage of 30 to 200 Volt. Electric energy of approx. 21 W per kg of liquid to be treated is generated. 
     In the practical performance of the method the ionization and the dialysis are preferably carried out under pressure. 
     instead of the supply of a sodium hydroxide solution it is also possible to supply a saline solution such as a sodium salt solution. 
     FIG. 2 shows the entire installation in which there are arranged an ionization and a dialysis apparatus, which in this case are arranged separately from one another. 
     In installation part I the supply of the raw material mixture occurs from a tank 20 via a line 21 in which the required pumps and valves are provided. 
     As a result of the influence of the ionization device 22 in the ionization part II, the substance to be disposed of is split up and separated in the dialysis device. 
     The dialysis part III shows that the discharge of the organic substance occurs in the diluate from the dialysis apparatus 23 via line 24, while the discharge of the anorganic reaction products/concentrate occurs via circulations 25 and 26. In order to be capable to discharge these at 27 and 28 it is necessary to supply lines 29 and 30 with a caustic or saline solution. 
     Incompletely processed solutions can be recycled within the process. 
     FIG. 3 shows a more sophisticated multi-chamber system in a schematic flow chart. It shows the principle of the ion flow which occurs within the installation. Recycled parts of the diluate, provided that the processing thereof was not yet complete, can be returned to the installation with the raw solution. 
     Membranes 3&#39; to 8&#39; are arranged between anode 1&#39; and cation permeable 2&#39;, with membranes 3&#39;, 5&#39; and 7&#39; being cathode membranes and membranes 4&#39;, 6&#39; and 8&#39; being anion permeable membranes. Anolyte 9&#39; and catholyte 10&#39; are sodium sulphate solutions in this embodiment. An aqueous saline solution (e.g. NaCl, Na 2  SO 4 ) or lye (e.g. NaOH) are supplied via line 11&#39; as receiving solution, with concentrate being drawn off through lines 13&#39;, 15&#39; and 17&#39;. 
     The raw solution of the CFC, insecticide or herbicide is supplied at 12&#39;. Diluate is drawn off through lines 14&#39;, 16&#39; or returned to 12&#39;. 
     Further details of performing the process are within the expertise of the ordinary man skilled in the art of electrodialysis and need not be explained herein in closer detail.