Abstract:
The aim of the present invention is to harvest the improvised impact of the hydrometeors into a practical mechanical energy with the use of mechanical capacitor. Consequently, the mechanical energy is converted into electricity via the principal of electromagnetic induction.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     Not Applicable. 
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
     Individual Efforts 
     BACKGROUND 
     The idea of converting the energy of hydrometeors into electricity perhaps goes back to the early work of Madden et al. (1998) 1  and Förster et al. ( 2004 ) 2 . It was for the purpose of measuring the kinetic energy of raindrops with the use of piezoelectric device. A more perspective work was performed by Salmi and Ikonen (2005) 6  with the use of “The Vaisala RAINCAP sensor”. The work was aimed on acoustic detection of individual raindrop impacts. However, Jean-Jacques Chaillout et al. (2008) 3  from France&#39;s Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) in Grenoble had claimed the first whom recognized the importance of converting the impact energy of raindrops into electricity. 
     Obviously, the work of Jean-Jacques Chaillout and his colleagues dealt with the conversion of the impact energy of “rain drops” with the use of piezoelectric materials under controlled conditions (indoor). 
     REFERENCES 
     
         
           1  Madden, L. V., L. L. Wilson, and N. Ntahimpera, 1998: Calibration and evaluation of an electronic sensor for rainfall kinetic energy. Phytopathology, 88, 950-959. 
           2  Förster, J. G. Gust, and S. Stolte, “A piezoelectrical rain gauge for application on buoys”. J. Atmos. Oceanic. Technol., 21, 179-193, 2004. 
           2  Salmi, A., and J. Ikonen, “New piezoelectric Vaisala RAINCAP precipitation sensor”, 19 th  Conf. of Hydrology, San Diego, Amer. Meteor. Soc., P2.6, 2005. 
           3  http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/32628, Jun. 29, 2008. 
       
    
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
       Figures included in this invention are briefly described as follows. 
         FIG. 1  An overview of the mechanical capacitor, the basic components is detailed in the following figures. 
         FIG. 2  Illustration of the geometry of the mechanical convertor. It shows the rip and cap. 
         FIG. 3  The detailed structure of the rip. 
         FIG. 4  The configuration of the rip under impact. 
         FIG. 5  The restoring configuration of the rip. 
         FIG. 6  The geometry of the cap and ditcher. 
         FIG. 7  The configuration of the mechanical capacitor during charging. 
         FIG. 8  The configuration of the mechanical capacitor during discharging. 
         FIG. 9  The size of the energy at the inlet and exit of the mechanical capacitor during charging. 
         FIG. 10  The force diagram of the rip. 
         FIG. 11  The trigonometric of the rip. 
         FIG. 12  The setup of converting the total energy of raindrops into electricity. 
     
    
    
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     One embodiment of the present invention is the mechanical convertor and capacitor. The whole unit is named: the mechanical capacitor. The mechanical capacitor comprises the following elements as indicated by their numbers in  FIG. 1 : the mechanical convertor is composed of a series of rips ( 1 ) which is made of two sheets of thin metals and filling e.g. silicone gel, a cap ( 4 ) seals each rip, a metal sheet ( 9 ) which groups the caps of all rips, an element of ditcher ( 3 ) with a substantially frictionless track ( 12 ), a rod ( 7 ) which is orthogonal to the element  9 , a rod ( 7 ) is for the purpose of transferring the horizontal force from the mechanical convertor to the mechanical capacitor, a mechanical capacitor ( 5 ) is a three-dimension trapezoid shaped filled with silicone gel with shorter sides at “a and b”, element  5  further comprises elements  13  and  14  which are made of flexible materials such as rubber, element  5  further comprises the remaining sides made of hard materials, an element  10  made of hard material which holds the mechanical capacitor onto stationary element  6  which is made of hard materials, and a rod ( 8 ) which transfers the horizontal force from the mechanical capacitor to the electromagnetic induction unit (as shown in  FIG. 12 ). 
     Second embodiment is the conversion of the total energy of hydrometeors (raindrops) into electricity with the application of the present mechanical capacitor and the principal of the electromagnetic induction. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     I) The Mechanical Capacitor 
     An artificial non-harmonic sinusoidal wave or sinusoidal-energy is generated, general speaking, from electric oscillators. Whereas a harmonic sinusoidal oscillation results from an applied force onto a specific geometry in ways the oscillation is sustained for a period of time after the relief of force. In this case, the force can be supplied once or through pulses with a time delay to ensure the non-destructive interference. 
     In order to harvest a useful energy from a swift action or force, e.g. rains, the force must be converted into practical mechanical energy by breaking it into primary and secondary actions. While the primary action is the direct conversion of the vertical impact energy of rain drops into horizontal impact energy, the secondary action is the control of the event. 
     The mechanical capacitor,  FIG. 1 , is composed of two units. The first unit is the mechanical convertor which is composed of a series of rips (denoted I at the diagram) that are designed to arc at the middle and smoothed at the edges as shown in  FIG. 2 . Each rip is composed of three layers as shown in  FIG. 3 . The thinnest layers are metals ( 1 ), the top and bottom layers confines a thicker layer which is a bladder filled with silicone gel, or silicone resin, or rubber. Silicone gel when it is manufactured or milled can be shaped into almost any imaginable configuration or style. A cap ( 4 ) seals each rip (with its three layers) at its end, made of frictionless material. When the rip suffers a vertical force or impact it extends from its edges as shown in  FIG. 4 . The depth of falling H′ and the total extension L′ depend on the design of the rip, the size of the impact and the filling materials, here silicone gel. When the force is ceased the rip restores its configuration: i.e. its normal height H and width L as shown in  FIG. 5 . A frequency of vibrations of the apparatus is greater than a frequency of the rain drops. The cap of the rip is allowed to move forward and backward inside a ditcher ( 3 ), which confines a frictionless track ( 12 ) allowing a smooth motion as shown in  FIG. 6 . 
     To increase the contact area with the rain drops, several rips are grouped with an element ( 9 ); a stiff and light material such as alumina. The whole unit, mechanical convertor, is allowed to move in two ditchers in each side of the diagram (four ditchers per unit). Hence, the purpose of the mechanical convertor is to transfer the vertical impact into horizontal motion. Due to the swift impact of the rain drops, the first unit will be unlikely restoring its normal configuration. 
     The second unit is the mechanical capacitor which is attached to the first unit by a rod (denoted  7  in  FIG. 1 ). The mechanical capacitor, denoted  5  in  FIG. 1 , is a three-dimension trapezoid. All sides ( 5 ) are made of stiff material except the inlet side ( 13 ) and the exit side ( 14 ); they are made of elastic material with equal elasticity. Moreover the surface area, Ai, of the inlet side ( 13 ) is greater than surface area, Ae, at the exit side ( 14 ). The whole unit is fixed to the stationary element  6  from sides “a and b” as indicated in  FIG. 1 . The mechanical capacitor composes a bladder filled with silicone gel similar to the first unit but it is thicker than the first unit. When the inlet side receives a horizontal force via the rod it contracts inward as shown in  FIG. 7 . Due to the flexibility of the filling, the exit side will extend outward. Both sides are contracting unequally.  FIG. 8  shows both sides at normal configuration. 
     Since the energy is conserved; the energy at the inlet side ( 13 ) Ei is equal to the energy at the exit side ( 14 ) Ee. So for equal energies at both sides of unequal areas;
 
 Fi×Δi=FeΔΔe,   (1)
 
Where Fi and Fe are the forces at the inlet and exit, Δi and Δe are the distance of bending at the inlet and exit respectively as shown in  FIG. 9 . Because of the conservation of the volume; Vi=Ve, the amount of contraction or the distance of bending at the exit side ( 14 ) must be greater than the distance of bending at the inlet ( 13 ). Hence, Δe is greater than Δi, and consequently Fe is less than Fi.
 
     Because of the instability of configuration, the inlet side ( 13 ) will restore its normal configuration earlier than the exit side ( 14 ), and both forcing the first unit (mechanical convertor) to restore its normal configuration. In that sense, the secondary unit operates similar to the “capacitor” known in electricity since it enlarges or amplifies the distance of motion from the exit side which is a favorable as far as the unit of electromagnetic induction is concerned as will be shown later. 
     The force analysis of the rip is shown as following. When the rip is subject to force F it blows into two equal forces F 1  and F 2  as shown in  FIG. 10 . Both forces are acting tangent to the sides of the curved portion. From  FIG. 11 , according to the sine angle law, both forces can be found
 
 F /sin 2 α=F 1/sin((π/2)−α).  (2)
 
Where α is the inclination of the tangent to rip from the surface or the x-axis. With further simplification, F and F 1  are given by
 
 F /sin 2 α=F 1/cos α.  (3)
 
Then;
 
 F 1 =F /(2 sin α),  (4)
 
 F 2 =F /(2 sin α).  (5)
 
     The horizontal forces F 1   x  and F 2   x  are given by
 
 F 1 x =(cos α) F /(2 sin α),  (6)
 
 F 2 x =(cos α) F /(2 sin α).  (7)
 
It should be mentioned that, F 1   x  and F 2   x  given by equations 5 and 6 are the inlet forces (Fi) from both sides of the apparatus.
 
     II) The Potential Power from Hydrometeors 
     The potential power delivered by the raindrops, P, can be found from the following relation
 
 P=ρhgQ.   (8)
 
Where ρ is the density of water (=1000 kg/m 3 ), h is the height at which the rain falls (an average of 2000 m above the sea level), g is the acceleration constant (=9.81 m/s 2 ), and Q is the rain flow rate (the volume of the global precipitation, annually, is equal to 1.6×10 7  m 3 /s). The total available power P from the hydrometeors therefore equals 310,000×10 9  watt or 310,000 GW. About one-third of the total power can be converted into electric power, thus the total electric power from hydrometeors is approximately equal to 100,000 GWe.
 
     The impact energy of one raindrop is 20.85 J/kg. If we consider a raindrop of 5 mm diameter and we assume the drop has a spherical shape, then the impact energy is 1.4 mJ. The typical FWHM of the generated pulse from a raindrop is 1 msec, hence the impact power is 1.4 W and the power density is 1.27 W/cm 2 . The average repetition rate is 0.07 sec or about 14 rain drops are hitting the same spot per second. 
     The proper conversion of the impact energy of the rain drop includes a mechanism such as shown in  FIG. 12 . It includes the mechanical capacitor as explained before plus a unit of electromagnetic induction. The potential impact of the raindrop will be converted into linear vibration, back-and-forth, via the mechanical convertor, and controlled by the mechanical capacitor. By placing a permanent magnet ( 16 ), with its poles indicates to the axial direction, inside a cylindrical tube ( 18 ) with an electric coil ( 15 ) wired around it from the external perimeter. The larger is the coil, the greater is the electric power extracted from the unit. Knowing that, the distance of bending Δe gets larger at the exit of the mechanical capacitor, hence the coil can be designed to include larger volume. 
     When the raindrop falls onto the surface of the rips it enforce the rips to extend outward and pushing the rode ( 7 ) to push the elastic element ( 13 ) inward. Consequently, the filling materials will push the elastic element ( 14 ) outward with a larger distance of bending and pushing the rod ( 8 ) to a distance equal to Δe inside the tube ( 18 ). Once the elastic element ( 13 ) reaches to its maximum distance of bending it will restore its normal configuration, pulling the element  14  inward, and consequently forcing the rod ( 8 ) to move outward (still inside the tube). Such motion generates an alternating current AC at the terminal points ( 17 ). When the second unit restores its normal configuration, it will enforce the rips to restore its normal configuration as well.