Abstract:
The process of determining a criterion of activity of a sensor used to measure a parameter of enslavement in an active implantable medical device. The process is characterized by the following steps: 
     a) acquisition of successive samples of the representative value of the parameter from a signal collected by the sensor, 
     b) calculation over a first interval of time of a first average value (AVE --  SENSOR --  SHORT --  TERM) of the activity from the samples acquired by the sensor; 
     c) calculation over a second interval of time, greater than the first, of a second average value (AVE --  SENSOR --  24H) of the activity of the sensor from acquired samples, and 
     d) determination of a criterion of activity of the sensor, by comparison of the first average value and the second average value, notably by giving to the criterion of activity a first value (Rest) defining a state of rest of the patient if the first average value (AVE --  SENSOR --  SHORT --  TERM) is less than the second average value (AVE --  SENSOR --  24H), and a second value (Non-Rest) defining a state of non-rest of the patient in the opposite case.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention concerns &#34;active implantable medical devices&#34;, such those defined by the European Community Council Directive 90/385/CEE, of 20 Jun. 1990, and in particular to cardiac pacemakers or defibrillators, whose functioning is enslaved to a sensed parameter using a sensor to measure the parameter. To this end, although the following description mainly refers to the case of an enslaved cardiac pacemaker, the invention is easily applicable to a wide variety of electronic devices other than active implantable medical devices. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Enslaved devices are known to adapt their actions, for example, the stimulation frequency in the case of a cardiac pacemaker, to the measured value or a value calculated value from a representative parameter of metabolic needs of the wearer of the device. In this regard, the term &#34;enslaved&#34; should be generally understood to mean a device having a mode of operation that senses a parameter and operates according to a function that relates the sensed parameter to a desired operating condition. Most typically, one refers to a pacemaker that is enslaved to a physiological parameter, meaning that it has a sensor that senses a physiological parameter indicative of the patient&#39;s cardiac output requirements, and then implements a pacing rate that is determined as a function of that parameter. Such pacemakers are also referred to as rate responsive or rate modulated pacemakers, because the pacing rate varies (or is modulated) according to the sensed needs of the patient. 
     EP-A-0 089 014 describes the utilization of the measure of the respiratory frequency (breathing rate) to vary the instantaneous cardiac stimulation frequency. Several other parameters, such as the minute ventilation (also known as minute volume), the saturation of oxygen in the blood, the blood or body temperature and the acceleration (e.g., physical motion) have been used as enslavement (rate modulation or rate responsive) parameters. 
     In the case of cardiac pacemakers, all these systems operate to increase the frequency of stimulation pulses when one detects an increasing activity of the patient wearing the device (i.e., the patient in which the device is implanted or on which the device is carried), and to decrease this frequency to a base value in the case of a diminution of activity, particularly during phases of rest of the patient. 
     EP-A-0 493 222 describes a process of correlation between, on the one hand, the two extreme values Fc base  and Fc max  of the range of the stimulation frequency and, on the other hand, value X base  and X max , which are respectively the rest value and the value of maximal activity, calculated from information collected by the enslavement sensor. This process of correlation is known under the name of &#34;automatic calibration of the enslavement&#34;, and the document describes a process to determine the value of X base  in the case of the utilization of the minute--ventilation as the parameter of enslavement. The value of the minute--ventilation at rest is then called &#34;VE REPOS  &#34;. This last value is obtained by the calculation of an average value during an interval on the order of 24 hours, including, therefore, periods of activity as well as periods of sleep of the wearer of the device. 
     The inventors have nevertheless observed and recognized that, during phases of sleep, the values of VE REPOS  can be more than 50% below the values of this same parameter recorded during periods when the patient is awake (i.e., conscious) and active. 
     In the aforementioned document, such important variations are not and cannot be taken into consideration. Nevertheless, this value of VE REPOS  is used for the automatic calibration of the enslavement of the device during the adjustment of the operating point relative to the minimal stimulation frequency FC base . 
     THUS, as the inventors have realized, a false or incorrect estimation of the value VE REPOS  can result, therefore, in an adjustment of the stimulation frequency that is not properly related to real needs of the wearer of the device. 
     OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to propose, in an active implantable medical device, notably a cardiac pacemaker enslaved to a parameter by the intermediary of at least one sensor, a process to supervise continuously the level of activity of this sensor so as to establish an appropriate rest value that will allow an improved and more correct calibration of the enslavement function. 
     Another object of the present invention is to propose a process for distinguishing between different phases of rest of the wearer of the device, for example, rest during sleep periods and rest during awake periods, as well as other phases of activity, for example, activity during sleep and activity during awake periods and changing the operation of the device according to the detected phase. 
     Up until now, such a distinction in phases has been made in an arbitrary and approximate manner, based on an internal clock triggering at a fixed time some adjustments of the device. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,143,065. 
     Broadly, the present invention provides an improvement on the known techniques by allowing one to determine a criterion, hereinafter referred to as the &#34;activity criterion of the sensor&#34; (also called the &#34;activity criterion&#34;), which corresponds well to the different phases of rest and activity of the wearer of the device. 
     To this end, one aspect of the invention is directed to a process of determining a criterion of activity of a sensor by measuring a parameter which serves to control at least one function in an active implantable medical device. One such method is characterized by the following steps: 
     a) acquiring successive samples of a value representative of the parameter from a signal collected by the sensor; 
     b) calculating over a first interval of time a first average value of the activity of the sensor from the acquired samples; 
     c) calculating over a second interval of time a second average value of the activity of the sensor from the acquired samples, the second interval being greater than the first interval; and 
     d) determining the criterion of activity of the sensor based on a comparison of the first average value and the second average value. 
     The first and/or the second time intervals can be defined by either an internal clock of the device or a count of a preselected number of samples acquired by the sensor, notably a number of samples selected from between 1 and 1024, and preferably 128, samples. 
     The present invention also includes a certain number of advantageous subsidiary characteristics, as follows. The second time interval preferably has a duration on the order of 24 hours. Preferably, the end of a 24 hour period starts a new cycle such that second average value is recalculated every 24 hours. Alternatively, the second average value may be a sliding average corresponding to the samples acquired over the last 24 hours. 
     Preferably, the criterion of activity of the sensor is a binary criterion. Hence, at the method step d above, the criterion of activity is thus set to a first value, defining a state of rest of the patient, if the first average value is less than the second average value, and is otherwise set to a second value, defined as a non-rest state. 
     It also is anticipated that another determining step, based on the second average value calculated at step c), and two limits (a maximum limit and a minimum limit), may be implemented to determine a value of minimal activity of the sensor. This value is useful for controlling the function of the active implantable medical device. The value of minimal activity level of the sensor can be, in particular, a value that ranges between the maximum limit and the minimum limit. The minimum limit is preferably determined by the application of a predetermined coefficient to the second average value, preferably an integer multiple. The maximum limit is preferably determined by the application of another predetermined coefficient to the second average value, preferably in this case a coefficient of 1.5. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the aforementioned function controlled by the criterion of activity of the sensor is a function of enslavement of the active medical device. The determined value of the minimal activity level of the sensor can very advantageously be a value of adjustment from the low point of the calibration of the enslavement function of the active medical device. The calibration refers to the relation between the sensed parameter and the operating state of the device at that sensed parameter. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will become apparent in the description below of a preferred embodiment of the invention, which is made with reference to the drawings annexed, in which like reference numerals refer to like elements, and in which: 
     FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the initialization phase of a process in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, which may be in response to an initial operation (start-up) or a manual re-initialization as may be initiated by a therapist; 
     FIG. 2 is a flow chart of a normal functioning phase, during the course of which one continuously determines different variables according to the invention; 
     FIG. 3 is a flow chart of a process to update the variable THRESH --  VAL --  SENSOR of the process illustrated in FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a process to update the variable REST --  VAL --  SENSOR of the process illustrated in FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 5 is a flow chart of a process to increment the variable AVE --  SENSOR --  24H of the process illustrated in FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 6 is a flow chart of a process to update the variable AVE --  SENSOR --  24H of the process illustrated in FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 7 is a flow chart of a process to determine the variable STATE --  SENSOR in the case of the utilization of a physiological parameter (ventilation--minute, temperature, etc.); 
     FIG. 8 is a flow chart of a process to determine the variable STATE --  SENSOR in the case of the utilization of a non-physiological parameter such as acceleration; and 
     FIG. 9 is an illustration showing the evolution over time of the different variables of the process of the invention, recorded during an exemplary 24 hour time interval. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     For clarity of the description, the following discussion makes reference to a sensor of a physiological parameter that is the &#34;minute-ventilation&#34;. But the invention is equally applicable to the use of other physiological parameters, such as those parameters indicated in the introduction of the present description. The invention is also applicable to any physiological parameter that can be sensed or measured, and then used for functions such as an enslavement of active implantable device (and for functions other than enslavement), which can be substituted for the minute--ventilation, without departing from the scope and framework of the present invention. In addition, the principles of the present invention can be extended to the enslavement of an active implantable device by a non-physiological parameter such as the acceleration (patient exercise or motion) measured by a sensor, typically a sensor, such as an accelerometer, internal to the device case. Such devices are described, for example, in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,330,510. 
     The measure of the minute-ventilation is in itself well known. It is described in, for example, the document &#34;Breath-by-Breath Minute Ventilation Measurement Can Provide A Fast Response&#34;, by J. L. Bonnet, L. Kramer, Mr. Limousin, EUR. J.C.P.E., 1994, Vol. 4, Abstract Number 329. It also is commercially realized in the device sold under the trade name and model CHORUS RM 7034, manufactured by the ELA Medical, Montrouge, France. 
     Furthermore, the process described herein is preferably implemented using a hardware architecture that includes a microprocessor executing programming instructions from a ROM memory, and having analog and digital logic circuits in themselves known. Such a microprocessor-based structure is, for example, employed in the CHORUS model series of cardiac pacemakers manufactured by ELA Medical. More particularly, the present invention has been implemented in a rate responsive pacemaker under the trade name CORUM 7234 available from ELA Medical, and uses such a microprocessor based architecture. Alternatively, the process may be implemented in an architecture having hardwired discrete and dedicated logic circuits. Although it does not have all of the advantages, including the flexibility, of a realization of the invention in a microprocessor based device, a hardwired structure is nevertheless perfectly foreseeable to be used for the invention, and is equally within the scope and framework of the present invention. 
     Set forth in the following discussion is a description of the various modes of a preferred embodiment of the process of the invention, which may be implemented in a suitable hardware architecture. 
     With reference to FIG. 1, the process of the phase of initialization is illustrated. The initialization phase process broadly concerns the calculation of several variables. It is noted that the calculation of certain variables (e.g., AVE --  SENSOR --  24H, THRESH --  VAL --  SENSOR and REST --  VAL --  SENSOR, that will be explained in more detail below), can be undertaken according to at least two different modes, depending on whether or not the device is in an initialization phase or in the regime of normal continuous functioning, which regime is referred to as &#34;normal functioning phase&#34;. 
     The phase of initialization is brought out, i.e., used, when the medical device is first placed into operation, for example, at the time of implantation, or on a specific external command (i.e., a reset function, as may be delivered telemetrically in a known manner). The initialization phase has as its purpose and objective to endow the device with an initial value that will then be automatically and subsequently redetermined over time in the normal functioning phase. 
     In the initialization phase, the device acquires and stores in memory a predetermined number of minute ventilation values, corresponding, typically, to 32 samples of the measure of the minute--ventilation (steps 110 to 140). Each sample corresponds to the determination of the minute--ventilation (MV) during a respiratory cycle. A counter referred to as COUNTER --  SAMPLE --  SENSOR is used to control the acquisition of the sample measures. The counter COUNTER --  SAMPLE --  SENSOR is reset to zero (step 100) at the start of the initialization phase, and increments (step 130) one count after each sample is successively acquired (step 120). 
     When the value of the counter COUNTER --  SAMPLE --  SENSOR reaches the predetermined number N1, e.g., N1=32, the counter is reset to zero (step 150) and the device then calculates an average of the 32 successively acquired values. This average is referred to as AVE --  SENSOR --  HORT --  TERM (step 160). 
     At step 170, the different variables used in the process of invention are then initialized. The counter COUNTER --  CYCLES --  24H and the variable AVE --  SENSOR --  24H are reset to 0, the variables THRESH --  VAL --  SENSOR and REST --  VAL --  SENSOR are set to the value AVE --SENSOR   --  SHORT --  TERM that was determined at step 160. The variable REST --  VAL --  MAX is set to a value that is related to the determined AVE --  SENSOR --  SHORT --  TERM by a first predetermined coefficient (1+THRESH --  MAX --  INIT%), typically increased by 50%, and the variable REST --  VAL --  MIN is set to a value that is related to the determined AVE --  SENSOR --  SHORT --  TERM by a second predetermined coefficient (1-THRESH --  MIN --  INIT%), typically decreased by 50%. 
     These initialized variables then serve as the initial values in the normal functioning phase, which is now described with reference to FIGS. 2 to 8. 
     The general progress of the normal functioning phase is illustrated in a general manner in FIG. 2. The implantable device executes the following steps: At step 200, the two counters COUNTER --  SAMPLE --  SENSOR and COUNTER --  4 are reset to zero, and in steps 210 to 250 a selected number N2 of successive samples as obtained by the sensor are collected and stored in a memory. 
     After 128 samples have been collected, that is to say after four repetitions of the collection of 32 samples, namely when COUNTER --  SAMPLE --  SENSOR=N2=32 and COUNTER --  4=4 at step 250, the device then updates the variables at step 260. The variable THRESH --  VAL --  SENSOR is updated, in accordance with the process illustrated in the flow chart of FIG. 3. The variable AVE --  SENSOR --  SHORT --  TERM is calculated as an average of the 128 previously measured samples (it being understood that the, numbers of 128; 32 samples and 4 cycles, are exemplary and not limiting, and each can be replaced by a different value, as appropriate for the memory of the device and its processing power). The REST --  VAL --  SENSOR is updated in accordance with the process illustrated in the flow chart of FIG. 4; and the variable AVE --  SENSOR --  24H is updated in accordance with the process illustrated in the flow chart of FIG. 5. 
     Referring to FIG. 3, the periodic update of the variable THRESH --  VAL --  SENSOR in a preferred embodiment is described. First, this variable serves to determine the level of activity of the sensor at the end of step 260, that is to say after 128 cycles of sample measurement. It is used in addition for the calculation of variables REST --  VAL --  SENSOR and AVE --  SENSOR --  24H. It is calculated of the following manner. If the value of AVE --  SENSOR --  SHORT --  TERM is comprised within the limits bounded by THRESH --  VAL --  SENSOR±THRESHOLD% (where the THRESHOLD% is a predetermined value, typically 6.25%), then THRESH --  VAL --  SENSOR is not modified (steps 310 and 330). If, however, the value of AVE --  SENSOR --  SHORT --  TERM has become less than THRESH --  VAL --  SENSOR --  THRESHOLD%, one considers that the acquired (sensed) activity level has decreased, and one decreases then the variable THRESH --  VAL --  SENSOR by a quantity THRESHOLD%, and resets to zero the counter COUNTER --  MONTEE (steps 310 and 320), and if the value of AVE --  SENSOR --  SHORT --  TEPM has become greater than THRESH --  VAL --  SENSOR+THRESHOLD%, then one increases the counter COUNTER --  MONTEE by one count (steps 310, 330 and 340). 
     If the counter COUNTER --  MONTEE reaches a predetermined count value, e.g., 4 (a number chosen in an arbitrary manner, but corresponding to a typical situation), one considers that the sensed activity level has increased, and one increases then THRESH --  VAL --  SENSOR by a quantity THRESHOLD%, and resets to zero COUNTER --  MONTEE (steps 350 and 360). 
     Referring to FIG. 4, the periodic update of the variable REST --  VAL --  SENSOR is described. The value REST --  VAL --  SENSOR has a default value which is the previously determined THRESH --  VAL --  SENSOR at step 410. 
     But REST --  VAL --  SENSOR is nevertheless limited to two limits depending on AVE --  SENSOR --  24H, such that: If REST --  VAL --  SENSOR is less than REST --  VAL --  MIN, then the value of REST --  VAL --  SENSOR is set equal to the value of REST --  VAL --  MIN (steps 420 and 430); If REST --  VAL --  SENSOR is greater than REST --  VAL --  MAX, then the value of REST --  VAL --  SENSOR is set equal to the value REST --  VAL --  MAX (steps 420, 440 and 450). The determination of the values REST --  VAL --  MIN and REST --  VAL --  MAX are explained hereafter, with reference to FIG. 6, especially in the case where these values do not correspond to those established during the initialization phase (step 170). 
     Referring to FIGS. 5 and 6, the determination of the variable AVE --  SENSOR --  24H is described. This variable is first incremented in manner specified on the flow chart of FIG. 5, which is implemented during the course of step 260 of the process shown in FIG. 2. Following the value of COUNTER --  2 (a counter that can have only two values, e.g., 1 or 2), one increases the variable AVE --  SENSOR --  24H by the value of AVE --  SENSOR --  SHORT --  TERM at step 520, and one increments a counter COUNTER --  CYCLES --  24H at step 540. 
     At the end of a period of 24 hours (step 280 of FIG. 2), which is calculated from either an internal clock signal of the device or from a number of iterations of preceding phases corresponding approximately to a duration of 24 hours, the device updates the variable AVE --  SENSOR --  24H (step 290 of FIG. 2). 
     The different operations resulting in this update of AVE --  SENSOR --  24H are clarified in step 610 of FIG. 6. More precisely, the variable AVE --  SENSOR --  24H takes the value of the average of the sum of AVE --  SENSOR --  24H established at step 520, an average that is calculated by dividing the total of the sum by the value COUNTER --  CYCLES --  24H determined at step 540, as described above (FIG. 5). 
     At step 610 (FIG. 6), the device then sets the values REST --  VAL --  MAX and REST --  VAL --  MIN, calculated from preceding result by the value AVE --  SENSOR --  24H. The maximal value, REST --  VAL --  MAX, of the REST --  VALUE range, is set equal to AVE --  SENSOR --  24H×(1+THRESH --  MAX%), typically THRESH --  MAX is a predetermined value, e.g. 50%. The minimal value, REST --  VAL --  MIN, of the REST --  VALUE range is set equal to AVE --  SENSOR --  24H×(1-THRESH --  MIN%). Typically THRESH --  MIN% is a predetermined value and may be, e.g. 0. 
     At the end of the step 610, AVE --  SENSOR --  24H and COUNTER --  CYCLES --  24H are initialized to zero. 
     One will note that the determination of the variable REST --  VALUE, in combination with the two extreme variation boundary limits REST --  VAL --  MAX and REST --  VAL --  MIN (themselves dependent on the variable AVE --  SENSOR --  24H) allows to establish, in a manner perfectly appropriate, the low point of the automatic calibration curve of the enslavement function that is described in the aforementioned EP-A-0 493 222, which is incorporated herein by reference, where one will be able to make correspond to define a relationship between REST --  VALUE and the frequency of stimulation Fc base  programmed by the therapist. 
     The &#34;criterion of sensor activity&#34; defined above, corresponding in a variable STATE --  SENSOR, is determined in accordance with the flow chart illustrated in FIGS. 7 or 8, depending on the type of enslavement sensor used. 
     After a phase of initialization (step 710) and after a number of cycles corresponding to the value of COUNTER --  SAMPLE --  SENSOR, that is, typically after 32 cycles (steps 720 to 750), the device compares the variable AVE --  SENSOR --  24H and AVE --  SENSOR --  SHORT --  TERM (step 760). If AVE --  SENSOR --  SHORT --  TERM is less than AVE --  SENSOR --  24H, the device considers that the average level of activity for that period is below the average level of activity over a period 24 hours, and, therefore, the patient is reliably determined to be in a proven rest state (for example, a nocturnal sleep phase). The device then sets the value of STATE --  SENSOR to &#34;Rest&#34; (step 770). In the opposite case, it considers that there is no rest, that the patient is alert and active, and sets the value of STATE --  SENSOR to &#34;Non-Rest&#34; (step 780). 
     For a non-physiological sensor (for example, a sensor of acceleration), the flow chart of the FIG. 7 is slightly modified, as in the manner illustrated in FIG. 8. In this case, a counter CPT --  REST is employed; it is reset to zero at the initial step 710 and incremented (step 790) each time that the device determines that the patient is in a proven state of rest. If this situation repeats a predetermined number of times, designated THRESH --  CPT --  REST, typically on the order 12 repetitions during the 24 hour period (step 800), then the value of STATE --  SENSOR is set to &#34;Rest&#34; (step 770). In the opposite case, one re-initializes CPT --  REST to 0 (step 810) and sets STATE --  SENSOR to &#34;Non-Rest&#34; (step 780). One will note incidentally that the flow chart of FIG. 7 corresponds in fact to a simplified version of that of FIG. 8, with THRESH --  CPT --  REST=0. 
     In an alternative embodiment, one can replace the counter incrementation and the test of the number of occurrences of samples acquired, by a test conducted over a fixed period defined by the internal clock of the device, for example, a fixed period of 10 minutes can be used to acquire the data used to calculate the short term average. 
     FIG. 9 illustrates an example of the evolution of the different variables THRESH --  VAL --  SENSOR, AVE --  SENSOR --  SHORT --  TERM, REST --  VAL --  SENSOR and AVE --  SENSOR --  24H, over a 24 hour period as well as of the activity criterion STATE --  SENSOR determined accordingly to the process of the invention. One can note that, during the phase of sleep between 23:00 hours (11:00 pm) and 6:00 hours (6:00 am), the variable STATE --  SENSOR is preponderantly set to the state &#34;Rest&#34;, and includes Non-Rest states. 
     The information given by the variable STATE --  SENSOR thus will be able to be used by the device to trigger various functions necessitating or exploiting the knowledge of the Rest phases of the wearer of the device. It will be appreciated that by the use of additional thresholds, averages, and coefficients, multiple states of relative rest and activity may be defined for use by the device. 
     One skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention can be practiced by other than the described embodiments, which are presented for purposes of illustration and not of limitation.