Abstract:
A method of constructing a probe which includes providing a substrate and creating a first substantially asymmetrical recess within the substrate. A conductive material is located within the recess and a conductive trace is electrically connected with the conductive material. A membrane supports the conductive trace, wherein the conductive material is located between the membrane and the substrate. The substrate is removed from the conductive material.

Description:
This is continuation of application Ser. No. 09/115,571, filed Jul. 14, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,256,882. 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention relates to probe assemblies of the type commonly used for testing integrated circuits (IC) and, in particular, the present invention relates to a membrane probing assembly having contacts which scrub, in a locally controlled manner, across the respective input/output conductors of each device so as to reliably wipe clear the surface oxides that are normally found on those conductors thereby ensuring good electrical connection between the probing assembly and each device. 
   The trend in electronic production has been toward increasingly smaller geometries particularly in integrated circuit technology wherein a very large number of discrete circuit elements are fabricated on a single substrate or “wafer.” After fabrication, this wafer is divided into a number of rectangular-shaped chips or “dice” where each die presents a rectangular or other regular arrangement of metallized contact pads through which input/output connections are made. Although each die is eventually packaged separately, for efficiency sake, testing of the circuit formed on each die is preferably performed while the dies are still joined together on the wafer. One typical procedure is to support the wafer on a flat stage or “chuck” and to move the wafer in X, Y and Z directions relative to the head of the probing assembly so that the contacts on the probing assembly move from die to die for consecutive engagement with each die. Respective signal, power and ground lines are run to the probing assembly from the test instrumentation thus enabling each circuit to be sequentially connected to the test instrumentation. 
   One conventional type of probing assembly used for testing integrated circuits provides contacts that are configured as needle-like tips. These tips are mounted about a central opening formed in a probe card so as to radially converge inwardly and downwardly through the opening. When the wafer is raised beyond that point where the pads on the wafer first come into contact with these tips, the tips flex upwardly so as to skate forwardly across their respective pads thereby removing oxide buildup on the pads. 
   The problem with this type of probing assembly is that the needle-like tips, due to their narrow geometry, exhibit high inductance so that signal distortion is large in high frequency measurements made through these tips. Also, these tips can act in the manner of a planing tool as they wipe across their respective pads, thereby leading to excessive pad damage. This problem is magnified to the extent that the probe tips bend out of shape during use or otherwise fail to terminate in a common plane which causes the more forward ones of the tips to bear down too heavily on their respective pads. Also, it is impractical to mount these tips at less than 100 micron center-to-center spacing or in a multi-row grid-like pattern so as to accommodate the pad arrangement of more modern, higher density dies. Also, this type of probing assembly has a scrub length of the needle tips of 25 microns or more, which increases the difficulty of staying within the allowed probing area. 
   In order to reduce inductive losses, decrease pad wear and accommodate smaller device geometries, a second type of probing assembly has been developed that uses a flexible membrane structure for supporting the probing contacts. In this assembly, lead lines of well-defined geometry are formed on one or more plies of flexible insulative film, such as polyimide or MYLAR™. If separate plies are used, these plies are bonded together to form, for example, a multilayered transmission line structure. In the central portion of this flexible structure or membrane, each conductive line is terminated by a respective probing contact which is formed on, and projects outwardly from, an outer face of the membrane. These probing contacts are arranged in a predetermined pattern that matches the pattern of the device pads and typically are formed as upraised bumps for probing the flat surfaces conventionally defined by the pads. The inner face of the membrane is supported on a supporting structure. This structure can take the form, for example, of a truncated pyramid, in which case the inner face of the center portion of the membrane is supported on the truncated end of the support while the marginal portions of the membrane are drawn away from the center portion at an angle thereto so as to clear any upright components that may surround the pads on the device. 
   With respect to the membrane probing assembly just described, excessive line inductance is eliminated by carefully selecting the geometry of the lead lines, and a photolithographic process is preferably used to enable some control over the size, spacing, and arrangement, of the probing contacts so as to accommodate higher density configurations. However, although several different forms of this probing assembly have been proposed, difficulties have been encountered in connection with this type of assembly in reducing pad wear and in achieving reliable clearing of the oxide layer from each of the device pads so as to ensure adequate electrical connection between the assembly and the device-under-test. 
   One conventional form of membrane probing assembly, for example, is exemplified by the device shown in Rath European Patent Pub. No. 259,163A2. This device has the central portion of the sheet-like membrane mounted directly against a rigid support. This rigid support, in turn, is connected by a resilient member comprising an elastomeric or rubber block to the main body of the assembly so that the membrane can tilt to match the tilt of the device. Huff U.S. Pat. No. 4,918,383 shows a closely related device wherein radially extending leaf springs permit vertical axis movement of the rigid support while preventing it from tilting so that there is no slippage or “misalignment” of the contact bumps on the pads and further so that the entire membrane will shift slightly in the horizontal plane to allow the contacts to “scrub” across their respective pads in order to clear surface oxides from these pads. 
   In respect to both of these devices, however, because of manufacturing tolerances, certain of the contact bumps are likely to be in a recessed position relative to their neighbors and these recessed bumps will not have a satisfactory opportunity to engage their pads since they will be drawn away from their pads by the action of their neighbors on the rigid support. Furthermore, even when “scrub” movement is provided in the manner of Huff, the contacts will tend to frictionally cling to the device as they perform the scrubbing movement, that is, there will be a tendency for the pads of the device to move in unison with the contacts so as to negate the effect of the contact movement. Whether any scrubbing action actually occurs depends on how far the pads can move, which depends, in turn, on the degree of lateral play that exists as a result of normal tolerance between the respective bearing surfaces of the probe head and chuck. Hence this form of membrane probing assembly does not ensure reliable electrical connection between each contact and pad. 
   A second conventional form of membrane probing assembly is exemplified by the device shown in Barsotti European Patent Pub. No. 304,868A2. This device provides a flexible backing for the central or contact-carrying portion of the flexible membrane. In Barsotti, the membrane is directly backed by an elastomeric member and this member, in turn, is backed by a rigid support so that minor height variations between the contacts or pads can be accommodated. It is also possible to use positive-pressure air, negative-pressure air, liquid or an unbacked elastomer to provide flexible backing for the membrane, as shown in Gangroth U.S. Pat. No. 4,649,339, Ardezzone U.S. Pat. No. 4,636,772, Reed, Jr. et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,596,228 and Okubo et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,134,365, respectively. These alternative devices, however, do not afford sufficient pressure between the probing contacts and the device pads to reliably penetrate the oxides that form on the pad surfaces. 
   In this second form of membrane probing assembly, as indicated in Okubo, the contacts may be limited to movement along the Z-axis in order to prevent slippage and resulting misalignment between the contacts and pads during engagement. Thus, in Barsotti, the rigid support underlying the elastomeric member is fixed in position although it is also possible to mount the support for Z-axis movement in the manner shown in Huff U.S. Pat. No. 4,980,637. Pad damage is likely to occur with this type of design, however, because a certain amount of tilt is typically present between the contacts and the device, and those contacts angled closest to the device will ordinarily develop much higher contact pressures than those which are angled away. The same problem arises with the related assembly shown in European Patent Pub. No. 230,348A2 to Garretson, even though in the Garretson device the characteristic of the elastomeric member is such as to urge the contacts into lateral movement when those contacts are placed into pressing engagement with their pads. Yet another related assembly is shown in Evans U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,638 which uses-a pivotably mounted support for backing the elastomeric member so as to accommodate tilt between the contacts and the device. However, the Evans device is subject to the friction clinging problem already described insofar as the pads of the device are likely to cling to the contacts as the support pivots and causes the contacts to shift laterally. 
   Yet other forms of conventional membrane probing assemblies are shown in Crumly U.S. Pat. No. 5,395,253, Barsotti et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,059,898 and Evans et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,638. In Crumly, the center portion of a stretchable membrane is resiliently biased to a fully stretched condition using a spring. When the contacts engage their respective pads, the stretched center portion retracts against the spring to a partially relaxed condition so as to draw the contacts in radial scrub directions toward the center of the membrane. In Barsotti, each row of contacts is supported by the end of a respective L-shaped arm so that when the contacts in a row engage their respective pads, the corresponding arm flexes upwardly and causes the row of contacts to laterally scrub simultaneously across their respective pads. In both Crumly and Barsotti, however, if any tilt is present between the contacts and the device at the time of engagement, this tilt will cause the contacts angled closest to the device to scrub further than those angled further away. Moreover, the shorter contacts will be forced to move in their scrub directions before they have had the opportunity to engage their respective pads due to the controlling scrub action of their neighboring contacts. A further disadvantage of the Crumly device, in particular, is that the contacts nearer to the center of the membrane will scrub less than those nearer to the periphery so that scrub effectiveness will vary with contact position. 
   In Evans et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,355,079 each contact constitutes a spring metal finger, and each finger is mounted so as to extend in a cantilevered manner away from the underlying membrane at a predetermined angle relative to the membrane. A similar configuration is shown in Higgins U.S. Pat. No. 5,521,518. It is difficult, however, to originally position these fingers so that they all terminate in a common plane, particularly if a high density pattern is required. Moreover, these fingers are easily bent out of position during use and cannot easily be rebent back to their original position. Hence, certain ones of the fingers are likely to touch down before other ones of the fingers, and scrub pressures and distances are likely to be different for different fingers. Nor, in Evans at least, is there an adequate mechanism for tolerating a minor degree of tilt between the fingers and pads. Although Evans suggests roughening the surface of each finger to improve the quality of electrical connection, this roughening can cause undue abrasion and damage to the pad surfaces. Yet a further disadvantage of the contact fingers shown in both Evans and Higgins is that such fingers are subject to fatigue and failure after a relatively low number of “touchdowns” or duty cycles due to repeated bending and stressing. 
   Referring to  FIG. 1 , Cascade Microtech, Inc. of Beaverton, Oregon has developed a probe head  40  for mounting a membrane probing assembly  42 . In order to measure the electrical performance of a particular die area  44  included on the silicon wafer  46 , the high-speed digital lines  48  and/or shielded transmission lines  50  of the probe head are connected to the input/output ports of the test instrumentation by a suitable cable assembly, and the chuck  51  which supports the wafer is moved in mutually perpendicular X,Y,Z directions in order to bring the pads of the die area into pressing engagement with the contacts included on the lower contacting portion of the membrane probing assembly. 
   The probe head  40  includes a probe card  52  on which the data/signal lines  48  and  50  are arranged. Referring to FIGS.  2 -- 3 , the membrane probing assembly  42  includes a support element  54  formed of incompressible material such as a hard polymer. This element is detachably connected to the upper side of the probe card by four Allen screws  56  and corresponding nuts  58  (each screw passes through a respective attachment arm  60  of the support element, and a separate backing element  62  evenly distributes the clamping pressure of the screws over the entire back side of the supporting element). In accordance with this detachable connection, different probing assemblies having different contact arrangements can be quickly substituted for each other as needed for probing different devices. 
   Referring to  FIGS. 3-4 , the support element  54  includes a rearward base portion  64  to which the attachment arms  60  are integrally joined. Also included on the support element  54  is a forward support or plunger  66  that projects outwardly from the flat base portion. This forward support has angled sides  68  that converge toward a flat support surface  70  so as to give the forward support the shape of a truncated pyramid. Referring also to  FIG. 2 , a flexible membrane assembly  72  is attached to the support after being aligned by means of alignment pins  74  included on the base portion. This flexible membrane assembly is formed by one or more plies of insulative sheeting such as KAPTON™ sold by E.I. Du Pont de Nemours or other polyimide film, and flexible conductive layers or strips are provided between or on these plies to form the data/signal lines  76 . 
   When the support element  54  is mounted on the upper side of the probe card  52  as shown in  FIG. 3 , the forward support  66  protrudes through a central opening  78  in the probe card so as to present the contacts which are arranged on a central region  80  of the flexible membrane assembly in suitable position for pressing engagement with the pads of the device under test. Referring to  FIG. 2 , the membrane assembly includes radially extending arm segments  82  that are separated by inwardly curving edges  84  that give the assembly the shape of a formee cross, and these segments extend in an inclined manner along the angled sides  68  thereby clearing any upright components surrounding the pads. A series of contact pads  86  terminate the data/signal lines  76  so that when the support element is mounted, these pads electrically engage corresponding termination pads provided on the upper side of the probe card so that the data/signal lines  48  on the probe card are electrically connected to the contacts on the central region. 
   A feature of the probing assembly  42  is its capability for probing a somewhat dense arrangement of contact pads over a large number of contact cycles in a manner that provides generally reliable electrical connection between the contacts and pads in each cycle despite oxide buildup on the pads. This capability is a function of the construction of the support element  54 , the flexible membrane assembly  72  and their manner of interconnection. In particular, the membrane assembly is so constructed and connected to the support element that the contacts on the membrane assembly preferably wipe or scrub, in a locally controlled manner, laterally across the pads when brought into pressing engagement with these pads. The preferred mechanism for producing this scrubbing action is described in connection with the construction and interconnection of a preferred membrane assembly  72   a  as best depicted in  FIGS. 6 and 7   a - 7   b.    
     FIG. 6  shows an enlarged view of the central region  80   a  of the membrane assembly  72   a . In this embodiment, the contacts  88  are arranged in a square-like pattern suitable for engagement with a square-like arrangement of pads. Referring also to  FIG. 7   a , which represents a sectional view taken along lines  7   a - 7   a  in  FIG. 6 , each contact comprises a relatively thick rigid beam  90  at one end of which is formed a rigid contract bump  92 . The contact bump includes thereon a contacting portion  93  which comprises a nub of rhodium fused to the contact bump. Using electroplating, each beam is formed in an overlapping connection with the end of a flexible conductive trace  76   a  to form a joint therewith. This conductive trace in conjunction with a back-plane conductive layer  94  effectively provides a controlled impedance data/signal line to the contact because its dimensions are established using a photolithographic process. The backplane layer preferably includes openings therein to assist, for example, with gas venting during fabrication. 
   The membrane assembly is interconnected to the flat support surface  70  by an interposed elastomeric layer  98 , which layer is coextensive with the support surface and can be formed by a silicone rubber compound such as ELMER&#39;S STICK-ALL™ made by the Borden Company or Sylgard 182 by Dow Corning Corporation. This compound can be conveniently applied in a paste-like phase which hardens as it sets. The flat support surface, as previously mentioned, is made of incompressible material and is preferably a hard dielectric such as polysulfone or glass. 
   In accordance with the above-described construction, when one of the contacts  88  is brought into pressing engagement with a respective pad  100 , as indicated in  FIG. 7   b , the resulting off-center force on the rigid beam  90  and bump  92  structure causes the beam to pivot or tilt against the elastic recovery force provided by the elastomeric pad  98 . This tilting motion is localized in the sense that a forward portion  102  of the beam moves a greater distance toward the flat support surface  70  than a rearward portion  104  of the same beam. The effect is such as to drive the contact into lateral scrubbing movement across the pad as is indicated in  FIG. 7   b  with a dashed-line and solid-line representation showing the beginning and ending positions, respectively, of the contact on the pad. In this fashion, the insulative oxide buildup on each pad is removed so as to ensure adequate contact-to-pad electrical connections. 
     FIG. 8  shows, in dashed line view, the relative positions of the contact  88  and pad  100  at the moment of initial engagement or touchdown and, in solid-line view, these same elements after “overtravel” of the pad by a distance  106  in a vertical direction directly toward the flat support surface  70 . As indicated, the distance  108  of lateral scrubbing movement is directly dependent on the vertical deflection of the contact  88  or, equivalently, on the overtravel distance  106  moved by the pad  100 . Hence, since the overtravel distance for each contact on the central region  80   a  will be substantially the same (with differences arising from variations in contact height), the distance of lateral scrubbing movement by each contact on the central region will be substantially uniform and will not, in particular, be affected by the relative position of each contact on the central region. 
   Because the elastomeric layer  98  is backed by the incompressible support surface  70 , the elastomeric layer exerts a recovery force on each tilting beam  90  and thus each contact  93  to maintain contact-to-pad pressure during scrubbing. At the same time, the elastomeric layer accommodates some height variations between the respective contacts. Thus, referring to  FIG. 9   a , when a relatively shorter contact  88   a  is situated between an immediately adjacent pair of relatively taller contacts  88   b  and these taller contacts are brought into engagement with their respective pads, then, as indicated in  FIG. 9   b , deformation by the elastomeric layer allows the smaller contact to be brought into engagement with its pad after some further overtravel by the pads. It will be noted, in this example, that the tilting action of each contact is locally controlled, and the larger contacts are able, in particular, to tilt independently of the smaller contact so that the smaller contact is not urged into lateral movement until it has actually touched down on its pad. 
   Referring to  FIGS. 10 and 11 , the electroplating process to construct such a beam structure, as schematically shown in  FIG. 8 , includes the incompressible material  68  defining the support surface  70  and the substrate material attached thereon, such as the elastomeric layer  98 . Using a flex circuit construction technique, the flexible conductive trace  76   a  is then patterned on a sacrificial substrate. Next, a polyimide layer  77  is patterned to cover the entire surface of the sacrificial substrate and of the traces  76   a , except for the desired location of the beams  90  on a portion of the traces  76   a . The beams  90  are then electroplated within the openings in the polyimide layer  77 . Thereafter, a layer of photoresist  79  is patterned on both the surface of the polyimide  77  and beams  90  to leave openings for the desired location of the contact bumps  92 . The contact bumps  92  are then electroplated within the openings in the photoresist layer  79 . The photoresist layer  79  is removed and a thicker photoresist layer  81  is patterned to cover the exposed surfaces, except for the desired locations for the contacting portions  93 . The contacting portions  93  are then electroplated within the openings in the photoresist layer  81 . The photoresist layer  81  is then removed. The sacrificial substrate layer is removed and the remaining layers are attached to the elastomeric layer  98 . The resulting beams  90 , contact bumps  92 , and contacting portions  93 , as more accurately illustrated in  FIG. 12 , provides the independent tilting and scrubbing functions of the device. 
   Unfortunately, the aforementioned construction technique results in a structure with many undesirable characteristics. 
   First, several beams  90 , contact bumps  92 , and contacting portions  93  (each of which may be referred to as a device) proximate one another results in different localized current densities within the electroplating bath, which in turn results in differences in the heights of many of the beams  90 , contact bumps  92 , and contacting portions  93 . Also, different densities of the ions within the electroplating bath and “random” variations in the electroplating bath also results in differences in heights of many of the beams  90 , contact bumps  92 , and contacting portions  93 . The different heights of many of the beams  90 , contact bumps  92 , and contacting portions  93  is compounded three fold in the overall height of many of the devices. Accordingly, many devices will have a significantly different height than other devices. Using membrane probes having variable device height requires more pressure to ensure that all the contacting portions  93  make adequate contact with the test device than would be required if all the devices had equal overall height. For high density membrane probes, such as 2000 or more devices in a small area, the cumulate effect of the additional pressure required for each device may exceed the total force permitted for the probe head and probe station. The excess pressure may also result in bending and breaking of the probe station, the probe head, and/or the membrane probing assembly. In addition, the devices with the greatest height may damage the pads on the test device because of the increased pressure required to make suitable contact for the devices with the lowest height. 
   Second, the ability to decrease the pitch (spacing) between the devices is limited by the “mushrooming” effect of the electroplating process over the edges of the polyimide  77  and photoresist layers  79  and  81 . The “mushrooming” effect is difficult to control and results in a variable width of the beams  90 , contact bumps  92 , and contacting portions  93 . If the height of the beams  90 , the contact bumps  92 , or the contacting portions  93  are increased then the “mushrooming” effect generally increases, thus increasing the width of the respective portion. The increased width of one part generally results in a wider overall device which in turn increases the minimum spacing between contacting portions  93 . Alternatively, decreasing the height of the beams  90 , the contact bumps  92 , or the contacting portions  93  generally decreases the width of the “mushrooming” effect which in turn decreases the minimum spacing between contacting portions  93 . However, if the height of the contacting portions  93  relative to the respective beam  90  is sufficiently reduced, then during use the rearward end of the beam  90  may sufficiently tilt and contact the test device in an acceptable location, i.e., off the contact pad. 
   Third, it is difficult to plate a second metal layer directly on top of a first metal layer, such as contacting portions  93  on the contact bumps  92 , especially when using nickel. To provide a bond between the contact bumps  92  and the contacting portions  93 , an interface seed layer such as copper or gold is used to make an improved interconnection. Unfortunately, the interface seed layer reduces the lateral strength of the device due to the lower sheer strength of the interface layer. 
   Fourth, applying a photoresist layer over a non-uniform surface tends to be semi-conformal in nature resulting in a non-uniform thicknesses of the photoresist material itself. Referring to  FIG. 13 , the photoresist layer  79  (and  81 ) over the raised portions of the beams  90  tends to be thicker than the photoresist layer  79  (and  81 ) over the lower portions of the polyimide  77 . In addition, the thickness of the photoresist  79  (and  81 ) tends to vary depending on the density of the beams  90 . Accordingly, regions of the membrane probe that have a denser spacing of devices, the photoresist layer  79  (and  81 ) will be thicker on average than regions of the membrane probe that have a less dense spacing of devices. During the exposing and etching processing of the photoresist layer  79  (and  81 ), the duration of the process depends on the thickness of the photoresist  79  (or  81 ). With variable photoresist thickness it is difficult to properly process the photoresist to provide uniform openings. Moreover, the thinner regions of photoresist layer  79  (or  81 ) will tend to be overexposed resulting in variably sized openings. Also, the greater the photoresist layer thickness  79  (or  81 ) the greater the variability in its thickness. Accordingly, the use of photoresist presents many processing problems. 
   Fifth, separate alignment processes are necessary to align the beams  90  on the traces  76   a , the contact bumps  92  on the beams  90 , and the contacting portions  93  on the contact bumps  92 . Each alignment process has inherent variations that must be accounted for in sizing each part. The minimum size of the contacting portions  93  is defined primarily by the lateral strength requirements and the maximum allowable current density therein. The minimum size of the contacting portions  93 , accounting for the tolerances in alignment, in turn defines the minimum size of the contact bumps  92  so that the contacting portions  93  are definitely constructed on the contact bumps  92 . The minimum size of the contact bumps  92 , in view of the contacting portions  93  and accounting for the tolerances in alignment, defines the minimum size of the beams  90  so that the contact bumps  92  are definitely constructed on the beams  90 . Accordingly, the summation of the tolerances of the contact bumps  92  and the contacting portions  93 , together with a minimum size of the contacting portions  93 , defines the minimum device size, and thus defines the minimum pitch between contact pads. 
   What is desired, therefore, is a membrane probe construction technique and structure that results in a more uniform device height, decreased spacing between devices, maximized lateral strength, desired geometries, and proper alignment. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention overcomes the aforementioned drawbacks of the prior art by providing a substrate, preferably constructed of a ductile material. A tool having the desired shape of the resulting device for contacting contact pads on a test device is brought into contact with the substrate. The tool is preferably constructed of a material that is harder than the substrate so that a depression can be readily made therein. A dielectric (insulative) layer, that is preferably patterned, is supported by the substrate. A conductive material is located within the depressions and then preferably planarized to remove excess from the top surface of the dielectric layer and to provide a flat overall surface. A trace is patterned on the dielectric layer and the conductive material. A polyimide layer is then preferably patterned over the entire surface. The substrate is then removed by any suitable process. 
   The foregoing and other objectives, features, and advantages of the invention will be more readily understood upon consideration of the following detailed description of the invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a perspective view of a membrane probing assembly bolted to a probe head and a wafer supported on a chuck in suitable position for probing by this assembly. 
       FIG. 2  is a bottom elevational view showing various parts of the probing assembly of  FIG. 1 , including a support element and flexible membrane assembly, and a fragmentary view of a probe card having data/signal lines connected with corresponding lines on the membrane assembly. 
       FIG. 3  is a side elevational view of the membrane probing assembly of  FIG. 1  where a portion of the membrane assembly has been cut away to expose hidden portions of the support element. 
       FIG. 4  is a top elevational view of an exemplary support element. 
       FIGS. 5   a - 5   b  are schematic side elevational views illustrating how the support element and membrane assembly are capable of tilting to match the orientation of the device under test. 
       FIG. 6  is an enlarged top elevational view of the central region of the construction of the membrane assembly of FIG.  2 . 
       FIGS. 7   a - 7   b  are sectional views taken along lines  7   a - 7   a  in  FIG. 6  first showing a contact before touchdown and then showing the same contact after touchdown and scrub movement across its respective pad. 
       FIG. 8  is a schematic side view showing, in dashed-line representation, the contact of  FIGS. 7   a - 7   b  at the moment of initial touchdown and, in solid-line representation, the same contact after further vertical overtravel by the pad. 
       FIGS. 9   a  and  9   b  illustrate the deformation of the elastomeric layer to bring the contacts into contact with its pad. 
       FIG. 10  is a longitudinal sectional view of the device of FIG.  8 . 
       FIG. 11  is a cross sectional view of the device of FIG.  8 . 
       FIG. 12  is a more accurate pictorial view of the device shown in  FIGS. 10 and 11 . 
       FIG. 13  is a detailed view of the device shown in  FIG. 11  illustrating the uneven layers that result during processing. 
       FIG. 14  is a pictorial view of a substrate. 
       FIG. 15  is a pictorial view of an exemplary embodiment of a tool, and in particular a dimpling tool, of the present invention. 
       FIG. 16  is a pictorial view illustrating the tool of  FIG. 15  coming into contact with the substrate of FIG.  14 . 
       FIG. 17  is a pictorial view of the substrate of  FIG. 14  after the tool of  FIG. 15  has come into contact therewith. 
       FIG. 18  is a sectional view of the substrate of  FIG. 14  with a polyimide layer supported thereon. 
       FIG. 19  is a pictorial view of the tool of  FIG. 16  together with a z-axis stop. 
       FIG. 20  is a sectional view of the substrate of  FIG. 14  with a trace, conductive material in the depression, and additional polyimide layer thereon. 
       FIG. 21  is a pictorial view of the device of  FIG. 20 , inverted, with the substrate removed. 
       FIG. 22  is a breakaway sectional view of the contacting portion of FIG.  21 . 
       FIG. 23  is a schematic view illustrating one arrangement of the devices of the present invention. 
       FIG. 24  is a schematic view illustrating the contact of a traditional contacting portion and the oxide layer of a solder bump. 
       FIG. 25  is a plan view of an alternative device with an elongate probing portion. 
       FIG. 26  is a side view of the device of  FIG. 25  with an elongate probing portion. 
       FIG. 27  is a pictorial view of a solder bump with a mark therein as a result of the device of  FIGS. 25 and 26 . 
       FIG. 28  is a pictorial view of another alternative probing device. 
       FIG. 29  is a pictorial view of a further alternative probing device suitable for solder bumps. 
       FIG. 30  is a side view of a true Kelvin connection using the devices of the present invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
   The currently employed construction techniques for membrane probes involves starting with the flat rigid substrate to support additional layers fabricated thereon. To decrease the pitch and provide devices with increased uniformity requires increasingly more complex and expensive processing techniques. In direct contrast to the current techniques of constructing layers from the “bottom up” upon a supporting substrate, the present inventors came to the realization that by using a suitable tool a substrate may be coined to create the desired beams, contact bumps, and contacting portions. The remaining layers are then constructed “top down” on the beam. The substrate itself is thereafter removed. 
   Referring to  FIG. 14 , a substrate  200  is preferably constructed from a ductile material such as aluminum, copper, lead, indium, brass, gold, silver, platinum, or tantalum, with a thickness preferably between 10 mills and ⅛ inch. The top surface  202  of the substrate  200  is preferably planar and polished for optical clarity to improve viewing, as described later. 
   Referring to  FIG. 15 , a tool and in particular a “dimpling” tool  210  is constructed with a head  212  having the desired shape of the resulting device for contacting the contact pads on the test device. The dimpling tool  210  includes a projection  214  to connect to a dimpling machine (not shown). The tool  210  is supported by the dimpling machine with the head  212  oriented to come into contact with the top surface  202  of the substrate  200 . The tool  210  is preferably constructed of a material that is harder than the substrate  200  so that a dimple can be readily made therein. Suitable material for the tool  210  is, for example, tool steel, carbide, chromium, and diamond. The preferred dimpling machine is a probe station which has accurate x, y, and z control. It is to be understood that any other suitable dimpling machine may likewise be used. Referring to  FIG. 16 , the tool  210  is pressed into contact with the top surface  202  of the substrate  200  resulting in a depression  216  matching the shape of the tool  210  upon its removal from the substrate  200 , as shown in FIG.  17 . The tool  210  is used to create a plurality of depressions  216  in the substrate  200  matching the desired pattern, such as the pattern shown in FIG.  6 . Conversely, the tool  210  can be held stationary and the substrate  200  can be moved in the z-direction until the top surface  202  of the substrate is pressed into contact with the tool  210  resulting in the same depression  216  matching the shape of the tool  210  upon its removal from the substrate  200 , as shown in FIG.  17 . 
   Referring to  FIG. 18 , a polyimide layer  220  is patterned around the depressions  216 . It is to be understood that any other suitable insulative layer or dielectric layer may likewise be used. In the process of patterning the polyimide layer  220 , it is somewhat difficult to remove the polyimide from the depressions  216  during the exposing and etching process for the polyimide layer  220 . This is especially true when the depressions  216  are relatively deep with steeply inclined sides. Alternatively, the polyimide layer  220  may be patterned on the top surface  202  of the substrate  200  with openings located therein where the depressions  216  are desired. Thereafter, the tool  210  is used to create the depressions  216  in the substrate  200  through the openings provided in the polyimide layer  220 . This alternative technique eliminates the difficult process of adequately removing the polyimide layer  220  from the depressions  216 . 
   It is expensive to manufacture masks for exposing the polyimide layer  220  that have tolerances sufficient to precisely align the openings for the depressions  216 . The tool  210 , in combination with the dimpling machine, can be aligned to the actual location of one of the openings that results from exposing and etching the polyimide layer  220  with a relatively inexpensive, and somewhat inaccurate mask. The present inventors came to the realization that localized regions of the mask, and thus the openings resulting therefrom, tend to be relatively well aligned for purposes of dimpling. Likewise, regions of the mask distant from one another tend not to be relatively well aligned for purposes of dimpling. Accordingly, automatically dimpling the substrate  200  to match an anticipated pattern with many depressions  216  distant from one another, with an accurate dimpling machine, will result in the dimpling tool not accurately being aligned with the openings at regions distant from the initial alignment point. To improve the accuracy of the alignment process the present inventors came to the realization that the dimpling machine may be realigned to the actual openings in the polyimide layer  220  at different remote locations, so that each localized region is relatively accurately aligned, while the overall alignment may be somewhat off. In this manner a relatively inexpensive mask may be used. 
   Preferably the dimpling machine includes accurate z-axis movement so that the depth of each depression is identical, or substantially identical. Referring to  FIG. 19 , if sufficiently accurate z-axis movement is not available then an alternative dimpling tool  240  with a built in z-axis stop  242  may be used. The z-axis stop  242  is a projection extending outward from the head  244  that comes to rest on the top surface of the polyimide  220  or top surface  202  of the substrate  200 . The z-axis stop  242  is positioned with respect to the head  244  such that the proper depth is obtained, taking into account whether or not the polyimide layer  220  is previously patterned before using the dimpling tool  240 . 
   Referring to  FIG. 20 , a conductive material  250  is electroplated onto the polyimide  220  and substrate  200  thereby filling up the depressions  216  with the conductive material  250 , such as nickel and rhodium. It is to be understood that any other suitable technique may be used to locate conductive material within the depressions  216 . The conductive material  250  is then preferably lapped to remove excess from the top surface of the polyimide layer  220  and to provide a flat overall surface. The preferred lapping process is a chemical-mechanical planarization process. A trace  252  is patterned on the polyimide layer  220  and the conductive material  250 . The trace  252  is preferably a good conductor such as copper, aluminum, or gold. A polyimide layer  254  is then patterned over the entire surface. Further layers of metal and dielectric may be formed. The substrate  200  is then removed by any suitable process, such as etching with hydrochloric acid (HCL 15%) or sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ). Hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid are not reactive with the polyimide layer  220  nor the conductive material  250 , such as nickel or rhodium. It is to be understood that the polyimide layer  254  may alternatively be any suitable insulator or dielectric layer. 
   Referring to  FIG. 21 , the contacting portion  260  of the resulting device is preferably selected to have a low contact resistance so that a good electrical connection may be made with the test device. While nickel has a relatively low contact resistance, rhodium has an even lower contact resistance and is more resistant to wear than nickel. Accordingly, the depressions  216  are preferably coated with a layer of rhodium. Using normal processing techniques the thickness of rhodium is limited to approximately 5 microns. The resulting device includes an exterior layer of rhodium, and in particular the contacting portion  260 , which is then filled with the remaining conductive material, such as nickel or a nonconductive fill. The conductive material need not fill the entire depression. 
   The aforementioned “top-down” construction process provides numerous advantages over the traditional bottom-up” processing technique of constructing layers upon a supporting substrate. These advantages also permit the capability of constructing devices with improved characteristics. 
   First, there are no limitations to the height of the resulting devices which were previously imposed by limitations of photoresist processing. The ability to construct devices having any suitable height also relieves the limitations imposed by attempting to electroplate into a tall narrow openings in photoresist, which is difficult. 
   Second, the elevation of the contacting portions  260  of the devices is extremely uniform because it is defined solely by the tooling process, which is mechanical in nature. Different localized current densities of the electroplating bath, different densities of the ions within the electroplating bath, and “random” variations in the electroplating bath are eliminated from impacting the overall shape and height of the resulting devices. With substantially uniform elevation of the devices, less force is required for the devices to make adequate contact with the test device which, in turn, decreases the likelihood of bending and breaking the probe station, the probe head, and/or the membrane probing assembly. Also, the substantially uniform elevation of the devices decreases the likelihood of damaging contact pads on the test device with excessive pressure. 
   Third, the contacting portion  260  of the devices are stronger because the device is constructed of a single homogenous material during one depositing process requiring no interfacial layers, as previously required for the multiple processing steps. This permits reducing the size of the contacting portions to the limitation of the maximum current density allowable therein during testing and not the minimum sheer force of the interfacial layers. 
   Fourth, the shape of the resulting devices are customizable to effectively probe different materials. The shape of the device may have steep sidewall angles, such as 85 degrees, while still providing mechanical strength, stability, and integrity. The steep sidewalls permit narrower devices to be constructed which allows for a greater density of devices for increasingly denser arrangements of contact pads on the test device. Moreover, the angle of the sidewalls are not dependent (e.g. independent) on the crystalline structure of the substrate. 
   Fifth, the shape of the contacting portion is known precisely, and is uniform between devices, which permits uniform contact with the contact pads of the test device. 
   Sixth, the alignment of the different portions of the resulting device are exactly uniform between devices because each device was constructed using the same tooling process. With exact alignment of the lower portions of each device (beam and contact bump) in relation to the contacting portion, there is no need to provide additional leeway to accommodate processing variations inherent in photoresist processes and in electroplating processes. Also, the “mushrooming” effect of the electroplating process is eliminated which also reduces the required size of the device. The alignment variability reduction, and virtual elimination, of different devices  300  allows a significantly decreased pitch to be obtained, suitable for contact pads on the test device that have increased density. 
   Seventh, the shape of the resulting devices may be tailor shaped to provide optimal mechanical performance. To provide the scrubbing function, as described in the background portion, the device should have a beam and bump structure that tilts upon contact. The device  300  may include an inclined surface  304  between its tail  302  and the contacting portion  260 . The inclined surface  304  provides for increased strength along portions of the length of the device  300  which permits the tail  302  to be thinner than its head  306 . The torque forces applied to the device  300  during the tilting process of the device  300  tend to decrease over the length of the device  300  which has a correspondingly thinner material defined by the inclined surface  304 . With a thinner tail  302  and material proximate the tail  302 , the tail  302  of the device  300  has less likelihood of impacting the test device if excess tiling occurs. The improved shape of the device  300  also decreases the amount of metal material required. 
   Eighth, “look-up” cameras are used to obtain an image of the lower portion of the membrane probe to determine the precise location of the devices  300  relative to the contact pads on the test device. Using “look-up” cameras permits automatic alignment of the membrane devices relative to the contact pads so that automatic testing may be performed. In order to obtain an image of the devices  300  on the membrane probe the “look-up” cameras normally utilize light to illuminate the devices  300 . Unfortunately, the traditional planar processing techniques result in relatively flat surfaces on the beams, contact bumps, and contacting portions, in a perpendicular orientation to the look up” cameras each of which reflects light back to the “look-up” camera. The light reflecting back to the “look up” camera from all the surfaces frequently results in some confusion regarding the exact location of the contacting portions  260 . The inclined surface  304  of the devices  300  tends to reflect incident light away from lowerly disposed “look-up” cameras, while the contacting portions  306  tend to reflect incident light back to lowerly disposed “look-up” cameras. Light returning to the “look-up” camera primarily from the contacting portions  306  results in less potential confusion regarding the exact location of the contacting portions. 
   Ninth, the initial polishing of the top surface  202  of the substrate  200  results in a matching smooth lower surface for the polyimide layer  220  patterned thereon. After etching away, or otherwise removing, the substrate  200  the lower surface of the polyimide layer  220  is smooth and the resulting polyimide layer  220  is generally optically clear. Accordingly, the spaces between the traces and the metallized devices  300  is relatively optically transmissive so that an operator positioning the device can readily see through the device between the traces and devices. This assists the operator in manually positioning the membrane probe on the devices which are otherwise obscured. In addition, the pyramidal shape of the devices  300  allows the operator to more easily determine the exact location of the contacting portions relative to the contact pads on the test device, which were previously obscured by the wide beam structures (relative to the contacting portions). 
   Tenth, referring to  FIG. 22 , the contacting portions  260  of the device are preferably constructed with an exterior surface of rhodium  340 , which typically can be effectively plated to only approximately a thickness of 5 microns. The plating process of rhodium is semi-conformal, so the resulting layer is approximately 5 microns thick in a perpendicular direction to the exterior sides  352  and  354 . The width of the top  350  of the contacting portion and the angle of the sides  352  and  354  of the tool  210  is selected so that the rhodium  340  plated on both sides  352  and  254  preferably join together forming a v-shape. The remainder of the device is preferably nickel. While the thickness of the rhodium  340  is only 5 microns in a perpendicular direction, the thickness of the rhodium  340  in a perpendicular direction from the top  350  of the device is greater than 5 microns. Accordingly, the contacting portion which wears during use in a generally perpendicular direction from the top  350  will last longer than if the top portion were merely plated to a thickness of 5 microns of rhodium. 
   Eleventh, the texture of the contacting portion  260  may be selected to provide the described scrubbing effect on the contact pads of the test device. In particular, the tool may include a roughened surface pattern on the corresponding contacting portion to provide a uniform texture for all devices. 
   Thirteenth, using the construction technique of the present invention is relatively quick to construct the devices because of the decreased number of processing steps, resulting in a substantial cost savings. 
   The aforementioned construction technique also provides several advantages related to the shape of the devices which would be otherwise difficult, if not impossible, to construct. 
   First, the tool may provide any desired shape, such as a simple bump, if no scrubbing action is desired. 
   Second, the inclined supporting sides of the test device up to the contacting portion  260  provides superior mechanical support for the contacting portion  260 , as opposed to merely a portion of metal supported by a larger contact bump. With such support from the inclined sides, the contacting portion may be smaller without risk of it becoming detached from the device. The smaller contacting portion provides improved contact with the contact pad of the test device when the device tilts to penetrate the oxide buildup on the surface of the contact pad. In addition, the tail  302  of the device may be substantially thinner than the remainder of the device which decreases the likelihood of the tail  302  portion impacting the contact pad of the test device during testing when the device tilts. 
   Third, the pressure exerted by the contacting portions of the devices, given a predefined pressure exerted by the probe head, is variable by changing the center of rotation of the device. The center of rotation of the device can be selected by selecting the length of the device and the location/height of the contacting portion relative thereto. Accordingly, the pressures can be selected, as desired, to match characteristics of two different contact pads. 
   Fourth, referring to  FIG. 23 , a triangular shape of the footprint of the device allows for high lateral stability of the devices while permitting a decrease in the pitch between devices. The contacting portions  403  of the device are preferably aligned in a linear arrangement for many contact pads of test devices. The triangular portions of the device are aligned in alternatively opposing directions. 
   Fifth, the capability of constructing contacting portions that are raised high from the lower surface of the device, while still maintaining uniformity in the device height and structural strength, allows the device to provide scrubbing action while the lower surface of the device requires little movement. The small movement of the lower surface of the device to make good electrical contact during testing decreases the stress on the layers under the lower surface of the device. Accordingly, the likelihood of cracking the polyimide layers and the conductive traces is reduced. 
   When probing an oxide layer on solder bumps, or solder balls on wafers that are to be used with “flip-chip” packaging technology, such as the solder bumps on the printed circuit boards, the oxide layer developed thereon is difficult to effectively penetrate. Referring to  FIG. 24 , when contacting a traditional contacting portion of a membrane probe onto the solder bump, the oxide  285  tends to be pressed into the solder bump  287  together with the contacting portion  289  resulting in a poor interconnection. When using conventional needle probes on solder bumps, the needles tend to skate on the solder bumps, bend under within the solder bumps, collect debris on the needles, flake the debris onto the surface of the test device, and cleaning the needle probes is time consuming and tedious. Moreover, needle probes leave non-uniform probe marks on the solder bumps. When probing solder bumps used on flip-chips, the probe marks left in the upper portion of the solder bump tends to trap flux therein, which when heated tends to explode, which degrades, or otherwise destroys, the interconnection. Referring to  FIGS. 25 and 26 , an improved device construction suitable for probing solder bumps is shown. The upper portion of the device includes a pair of steeply inclined sides  291  and  293 , such as 15 degrees off vertical, with preferably polished sides. The inclined sides  291  and  293  preferably form a sharp ridge  295  at the top thereof. The angle of the sides  291  and  293  is selected with regard to the coefficient of friction between the sides and the oxide on the solder bump, so that the oxide coated surface tends to primarily slide along the surfaces of the sides  291  and  293 , or otherwise shear away, and not be significantly carried on the sides as the device penetrates a solder bump. Referring to  FIG. 27 , the substantially sharp ridge also provides for a mark (detent) after contact that extends across the entire solder bump. Subsequent heating of the solder bumps, together with flux, result in the flux exiting from the sides of the solder bump thereby avoiding the possibility of explosion. In addition, the resulting mark left on the solder bumps is uniform in nature which allows manufacturers of the solder bumps to account for the resulting marks in their design. Also, less force is required to be applied to the device because it tends to slice through the solder bump rather than make pressing contact with the solder bump. The flatter surface  405  prevents slicing too deeply into the solder ball (bump). 
   Referring to  FIG. 28 , to provide a larger contact area for testing solder bumps a waffle pattern may be used. 
   Referring to  FIG. 29 , an alternative device includes a pair of projections  311  and  313  that are preferably at the ends of an arch  315 . The spacing between the projections  311  and  313  is preferably less than the diameter of the solder bump  317  to be tested. With such an arrangement the projections  311  and  313  will strike the sides of the solder bump  317  thereby not leaving a mark on the upper portion of the solder bump  317 . With marks on the sides of the solder bump  317 , the subsequent flux used will be less likely to become trapped within the mark and explode. In addition, if the alignment of the device is not centered on the solder bump  317  then it is highly likely that one of the projections  311  and  313  will still strike the solder bump  317 . 
   Previous device construction techniques resulted in devices that included contacting portions that were rather large and difficult to assure alignment of. Referring to  FIG. 30 , with the improved construction technique the present inventors came to the realization that membrane probes may be used to make a “true” Kevlin connection to a contact pad on the test device. A pair of devices  351  and  353  are aligned with their contacting portions  355  and  357  adjacent one another. With this arrangement one of the devices may be the “force” while the other device is the “sense” part of the Kelvin testing arrangement. Both contacting portions  355  and  357  contact the same contact pad on the test device. A more detailed analysis of Kelvin connections is described in Fink, D. G., ed., Electronics Engineers&#39; Handbook, 1st ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1975, Sec. 17-61, pp. 17-25, 17-26, “The Kelvin Double Bridge”, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/864,287, both of which are incorporated by reference herein. 
   It is to be noted that none to all of the aforementioned advantages may be present in devices constructed accordingly to the present invention, depending on the technique used, desired use, and structure achieved.