Abstract:
A multi-tap, digital-pulse-driven mixer advantageously avoids local oscillator ( 11 ) leakage by shifting the local oscillator frequency (F LO ) out of the received frequency band. Low noise figures are advantageously realized by the use of digital pulses ( 51, 52 ) as mixer drive signals ( 16 ).

Description:
[0001]    This application claims the priority under 35 U.S.C. 119(e)(1) of copending U.S. provisional application No. 60/195,926 filed on Apr. 10, 2000. 
     
    
     
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    The invention relates generally to frequency channel communications and, more particularly, to mixers for downconverting the frequency of a received communication signal.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    Among conventional RF-to-IF (radio frequency-to-intermediate frequency) mixers, zero-IF implementations have the inherent problem of LO (local oscillator) leakage through the mixer to the RF input, which then gets downconverted inside the mixer. One solution currently in discussion to solve this problem is to use a sub-harmonic pumped mixer for the down conversion. Such a mixer either requires very high LO drive currents or suffers from undesirably high noise figures. The sub-harmonic pumped mixer also generates the needed RF frequency internally, so there is still a LO leakage problem with this architecture. For low IF implementations, the realization of 90 degree phase splitters is one of the biggest challenges.  
           [0004]    It is therefore desirable to provide a mixer that avoids the aforementioned disadvantages of conventional approaches.  
           [0005]    The present invention provides a multi-tap, digital-pulse-driven mixer which advantageously avoids LO leakage by shifting the LO frequency out of the receive frequency band, and which advantageously realizes low noise figures by the use of digital pulses as mixer drive signals.  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0006]    [0006]FIG. 1 diagrammatically illustrates an exemplary mixer embodiment according to the invention.  
         [0007]    [0007]FIG. 2 diagrammatically illustrates exemplary embodiments of the switches and anti-aliasing filters of FIG. 1.  
         [0008]    [0008]FIG. 3 graphically illustrates an exemplary timing relationship between the RF signal of FIG. 1 and the sampling pulse signal of FIG. 1.  
         [0009]    [0009]FIG. 4 diagrammatically illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the delay element section of FIG. 1.  
         [0010]    [0010]FIG. 5 graphically illustrates examples of various signals from FIG. 4, their mutual timing relationships, and their respective timing relationships relative to the RF signal of FIG. 1.  
         [0011]    [0011]FIG. 6 illustrates in tabular format exemplary operations of the router of FIG. 1.  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 7 illustrates exemplary operations which can be performed by the embodiments of FIGS.  1 - 6 .  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 8 illustrates exemplary operations which can be performed by the embodiments of FIGS.  1 - 6 .  
         [0014]    [0014]FIGS. 9 and 10 graphically illustrate exemplary signals of FIG. 1.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0015]    If a mixer, such as an RF-to-IF mixer, is driven using a digital pulse with rise and fall times that are small compared to the pulse width, the needed voltage swing can be reduced. For a resistive mixer, which is equivalent to a sampling switch, the needed voltage swing above V th  is determined by the g m  saturation at low V ds , because the maximum signal swing at that point in, for example a wireless system, is limited to 50 mV. Therefore 150 to 200 mV will be sufficient. The voltage swing needed below V th  is determined by the off current needed and will be around 300-400 mV. Therefore a total voltage swing of 500-600 mV will be sufficient. This voltage swing can be realized, for example, by local power regulation of the driving inverter. When comparing that situation to, for example, an analog mixer drive circuit with a sinusoidal drive waveform and wherein the needed overdrive voltage is small, one can obtain an equivalent analog voltage amplitude by calculating waveforms with equal voltage derivatives at zero crossing points: 
           dV   ana   /dt=dV   dg   /dt   Equation 1 
           d ( V   pp /2*sin(ω t ))= V   S   /t   tr   Equation 2 
           V   pp   =V   S *1/π*( T   RF   /t   tr )  Equation 3 
         [0016]    where V S  is the digital voltage swing and t tr  is the digital transition (rise/fall) time.  
         [0017]    Equation 3 shows that a factor of 1/π*(T RF /t tr ) is gained with respect to voltage swing. For typical inverter delays of 20 psec for a conventional Texas Instruments deep-submicron CMOS process with L g =0.13 micrometers, the gain with a digital-pulse-driven mixer can be around a factor of 10 compared to an analog implementation.  
         [0018]    The current consumption needed by a digital drive circuit can also be calculated. The mean current consumption for one digital pulse with a repetition rate T rep , is given by: 
           I   mean =2 *V   S *( C   load   +C   par   +C   inv )/ T   rep   Equation 5 
         [0019]    where C load  is the capacitance of the sampling switch, C par  is the parasitic capacitance of the wiring and C inv  is the output capacitance of, for example, a driving inverter. It is important to notice that the current consumption is independent of t tr , while the noise figure of the circuit goes down with t tr . The size of C load  is determined by the needed on resistance R on  of the sampling switch, which should be a factor of 10 lower than the input impedance of the first IF amplifier. To meet typical noise floor requirements with an exemplary LNA gain of 20 dB, an input impedance around 500 Ohm or a sample switch g m  of around 50 Ohm is required. With a typical g m  of 3 mS/um, a 50 um wide transistor is needed, which has an input capacitance of 40 fF. The typical output capacitance of an inverter is very similar, and the interconnection parasitic can be kept below 5 fF with suitable attention to the layout. This gives total current consumption of 0.25 mA.  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 1 diagrammatically illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a mixer according to the present invention for downconverting a communication signal from RF (radio frequency) to IF (intermediate frequency). The exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1 is a digital-pulse-driven mixer which can, accordingly, realize one or more of the aforementioned advantageous characteristics associated with a digital-pulse-driven design. In FIG. 1, an RF communication signal input  22  is applied to a low noise amplifier (LNA)  18  whose output  23  is in turn applied to a plurality of sampling switches  19 . In response to a plurality of digital control signals  16 , the sampling switches at  19  sample the amplified RF signal  23 . The switches  19  output the sampled RF signal at  20  to anti-aliasing filters  21 , which produce the IF signal.  
         [0021]    A local oscillator  11  produces a synthesized frequency signal  12  having a frequency F LO . This local oscillator signal  12  is input to a digital pulse generator  13  which produces in response thereto a sampling pulse signal SPS which is in turn input to a section of delay elements  15 . A router  17  is coupled to receive signals  14  from the outputs of the respective delay elements at  15 , and the router  17  also receives the sampling pulse signal SPS. The router  17  suitably routes the signals  14  and the sampling pulse signal SPS to drive the various digital control signals  16  and thereby control the sampling switches  19  as desired. The router  17  and switches  19  thus provide a sampler for sampling the RF signal  23 .  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 2 diagrammatically illustrates exemplary embodiments of selected portions of the mixer of FIG. 1. In the example of FIG. 2, the switches  19  are provided as CMOS pass gates controlled by the digital signals  16  produced by the router  17 . The exemplary embodiment of FIG. 2 includes n switches S 1 -Sn, where n=M×4 and M is an integer. The switches  19  are partitioned into M groups of 4 switches, the switches S 1 -S 4  being exemplary of one such group. As shown in FIG. 2, switch S 1  samples the RF input signal  23  at a phase of 0°, switch S 2  samples at a phase of 90°, switch S 3  samples at 180°, and switch S 4  samples at 270°. Similarly, switches S 5 , S 9  . . . Sn- 3  sample at 0°, switches S 6 , S 10 , . . . Sn- 2  sample at 90°, switches S 7 , S 11 , . . . Sn- 1  sample at 180°, and switches S 8 , S 12 , . . . Sn sample at 270°. The sampled phases are input to appropriate anti-aliasing filters  21  which recombine the sampled phases. In the example of FIG. 2, the anti-aliasing filters  21  are conventional third-order low-pass filters, one of which includes an in-phase IF amplifier I that receives phases 0° and 180°, and the other of which includes a quadrature IF amplifier Q that receives phases 90° and 270°. The outputs of the filters  21  can be applied to, for example, a conventional ΣΔ multi-bit A/D converter (not shown).  
         [0023]    Referring also to FIG. 1, n- 1  of the n digital control signals  16  are provided as delayed versions of a pulse (or pulses) of the sampling pulse signal SPS, and one of the control signals  16  is the pulse (or one of the pulses) from which the delayed versions are produced. For example, if switch Sl is controlled by a given SPS pulse, then switches S 2 -Sn can be driven by respective delayed versions of that SPS pulse. If each of the four phases is sampled during each cycle of the RF input signal  23 , then a new SPS pulse will be needed approximately every M (=n/4) cycles of the signal  23 .  
         [0024]    Advantageously according to the invention, the SPS pulses have a pulse width which is approximately equal to but slightly larger than the half period of the RF input signal, as illustrated generally in FIG. 3. The FIG. 3 relationship between the SPS pulse width and the half period of the RF input signal can advantageously reduce the noise figure of the mixer, because the switching point of at least some of the pulses which control the sampling operations of switches S 1 -Sn (see also FIG. 2) can be made exactly aligned with the zero crossings of the RF signal  23 , which allows implementation of coherent detection. As one example, the SPS pulse width can be [(n+1)/n]×(half period of RF input signal). In this example, the relationship of the frequency F LO  of the local oscillator output  12  (see also FIG. 1) to the frequency F RF  of the RF input signal should be: F LO =F RF ×[n/(n+1)]. The digital pulse generator  13  of FIG. 1 can then utilize well-known conventional techniques to produce the sampling pulse signal SPS having a pulse duration of [(n+1)/n]×(half period of RF input signal) and such that the SPS pulse is repeated every M cycles of the local oscillator output  12 .  
         [0025]    Due to the above-described exemplary relationship between F LO  and F RF , the length of each cycle of the local oscillator output  12  will be [1+(1/n)]×(period of the RF input signal). Recalling that the spacing between SPS pulses is M cycles of the local oscillator output  12 , and recalling that M=n/4, the timing relationship of the (j+1)th SPS pulse with respect to the RF input signal will be delayed by ¼ of a cycle of the RF input signal when compared to the timing relationship of the immediately preceding (jth) SPS pulse with respect to the RF input signal. This ¼ of a cycle delay is due to the fact that the local oscillator signal  12  “loses” (1/n)th of a cycle (relative to the RF signal  23 ) during each of the M=n/4 cycles between SPS pulses, and  
           1   n     ×     n   4       =       1   4     .                           
 
         [0026]    This delay between adjacent SPS pulses can be compensated for in the design of the delay elements  15  and the router  17  of FIG. 1, as described in detail below.  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 4 diagrammatically illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the delay element section  15  of FIG. 1. The embodiment of FIG. 4 includes a plurality of delay elements DE 1 -DEn- 1  and DEC connected in series to form a delay chain. In some embodiments, each of the illustrated delay elements provides a delay of ¼ cycle of the RF input signal  23 . Referring also to FIGS. 1 and 2, the router  17  can route SPS to control switch S 1 , and can also route the outputs of delay elements DE 1 -DEn- 1  to respectively control switches S 2 -Sn. Because each of the delay elements delays the input SPS pulse by ¼ of a cycle of the RF input signal, the SPS pulse and the respective ¼ cycle delayed versions thereof can control switches S 1 -Sn to sample at the appropriate phases of the RF input signal.  
         [0028]    For example, the SPS pulse can be used to control switch S 1  to sample at 0°, the output of delay element DE 1  can be used to control switch S 2  to sample at 90°, the output of delay element DE 2  can be used to control switch S 3  to sample at 180°, and the output of delay element DE 3  can be used to control switch S 4  to sample at 270°. The delay element DE 4  can be used to control the next switch S 5  (not illustrated in FIG. 2) to sample at 0° of the next cycle of the RF input signal  23 , and so on until delay element DEn- 1  controls switch Sn to sample at 270° of the Mth cycle of signal  23 . This exemplary operation is illustrated generally in FIG. 5.  
         [0029]    As shown in FIG. 5, the SPS pulse  51  provides for sampling at 0° of cycle  1  of the RF signal  23  and the sampling continues at 90° phase increments through the sampling at 270° of cycle M by delay element DEn- 1 . As mentioned above, however, after M cycles of the local oscillator output  12 , the timing relationship of the next SPS pulse  52  with respect to the RF input signal  23  will be delayed by ¼ cycle (90° phase) as compared to the timing relationship of the SPS pulse  51  with respect to the RF input signal  23 . Thus, as illustrated in FIG. 5, the SPS pulse  52  will not be available to sample at 0° of cycle M+1 of the RF input signal, but rather will be available ¼ of a cycle later to sample at 90° of cycle M+1. Accordingly, the router  17  of FIG. 1 can route the SPS pulse  52  to switch S 2  of FIG. 2 for sampling at 90° of cycle M+1. The sampling at 0° of cycle M+1 is controlled by the pulse output from the compensating delay element DEC, which the router  17  routes to control the switch S 1  of FIG. 2. The output of DE 1  is routed to switch S 3  to sample at 180° of cycle M+1, the output of DE 2  is routed to switch S 4  to sample at 270° of cycle M+1, and so on as illustrated in FIG. 5.  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 6 illustrates in tabular format exemplary operations which can be performed by the router  17  of FIG. 1 to control the sampling switches at  19  in FIG. 2. The example of FIG. 6 is for n= 16  switches partitioned into M=4 groups of 4 switches each, each group of 4 switches operable for sampling the desired 4 phases of an associated cycle of the RF input signal. Also in the FIG. 6 example, F LO =F RF ×[n/(n+1)]=F RF ×(16/17). As shown in FIG. 6, for a given cycle K of the RF input signal, the SPS pulse (e.g.,  51  in FIG. 5) is used to control switch S 1  to sample at 0°, and the respective delay elements DE 1 -DE 15  are used to control the respective switches S 2 -S 16  to sample as shown in cycles K through K+3. In cycle K+4, the output of DEC is used to control switch S 1  to sample at 0°, the SPS pulse (e.g.,  52  in FIG. 5) is used to control switch S 2  to sample at 90°, and the respective outputs of DE 1 -DE 14  are used to control the respective sampling operations of the switches S 3 -S 16  in the remainder of cycle K+4 and in cycles K+5 through K+7.  
         [0031]    In cycle K+8, the output of DE 15  is used to control switch S 1  to sample at 0°, the output of DEC is used to control switch S 2  for sampling at 90°, and the SPS pulse is used to control switch S 3  for sampling at 180°. The output of DE 1  is used to control S 4  for sampling at 270°during cycle K+8, and the respective outputs of DE 2 -DE 13  are used to control the sampling operations of the respective switches S 5 -S 16  in cycles K+9 through K+1. In cycle K+12, the output of DE 14  drives switch Sl to sample at 0°, the output of DE 15  drives switch S 2  to sample at 90°, the output of DEC drives switch S 3  to sample at 180°, and the SPS pulse drives S 4  to sample at 270°. The respective outputs of DE 1 -DE 12  are used to control the respective sampling operations of switches S 5 -S 16  in cycles K+13 through K+15.  
         [0032]    In the next cycle of the RF input signal, namely cycle K+16, the SPS pulse will be back in proper position relative to the RF input signal for controlling switch S 1 , S 5 , S 9  or S 13  to sample at 0°. This is because, in this example, after 16 cycles (K through K+15) of the RF input signal, the SPS pulse now “lags” the RF input signal by 16×{fraction (1/16)}=1 cycle, and is thus back in its “original” phase (i.e., its cycle K phase) relative to the RF signal. Accordingly, after cycle K+15, the operations in FIG. 6 can, for example, return to cycle K and repeat (in which case the SPS pulse would control switch S 1  again).  
         [0033]    The router  17  can be readily implemented, for example, utilizing a passive pass gate design including a matrix of CMOS pass gates controlled by bits in a plurality of n-bit registers. In the example of FIG. 6, a total of four n-bit registers can be used, each register corresponding to a respective one of the four routing schemes shown in  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 6. The registers can be sequentially enabled (one every 4 th  RF cycle) in the cyclic pattern illustrated in FIG. 6.  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 7 illustrates exemplary operations which can be performed by the embodiments illustrated in FIGS.  1 - 6 . At  71 , the local oscillator frequency F LO  is set to be less than the frequency F RF  of the RF input signal, and a sample switch index i is set to 1. At  72 , the sampling pulse signal SPS is produced from the local oscillator. At  73 , the jth SPS pulse is selected as the current sample pulse, and is applied to switch Si at  74 . For example, the jth SPS pulse can be applied to switch S 1  in order to sample at 0°. Thereafter, if it is determined at  75  that switch Sn has not yet been operated, then the next switch is selected at  70  by incrementing the switch index i. Thereafter at  76 , a new sample pulse is produced in response to the current sample pulse, for example by producing a delayed version of the SPS pulse that was selected at  73 . At  77 , the new sample pulse is selected as the current sample pulse, and the current sample pulse is applied to switch Si at  74 . The above-described operations at  70  and  74 - 77  are repeated until it is determined at  75  that all n switches have been operated.  
         [0036]    When it is determined at  75  that all n switches have been operated, at  79  the sampling switch index i is again set equal to 1, and the SPS pulse index j is incremented. It is thereafter determined at  78  whether the jth SPS pulse is in phase for the assigned sampling operation of switch Si. If not, then the operations described above and illustrated at  76 ,  77  and  74  are sequentially executed in that order. Thereafter, the sampling switch index i is incremented at  80 , after which it is determined at  78  whether the jth SPS pulse is in the appropriate phase for controlling the assigned sampling operation of switch Si. If not, then the aforementioned sequence of operations  76 ,  77 ,  74 ,  80  and  78  are repeated. However, if the jth SPS pulse is determined at  78  to be in the appropriate phase for controlling the assigned sampling operation of switch Si, then the jth SPS pulse is at  73  selected to be the current sample pulse. Thereafter, operations beginning at  74  are repeated again as described above.  
         [0037]    [0037]FIG. 8 illustrates exemplary operations which can be performed by the embodiments of FIGS.  1 - 6 . After generation of an SPS pulse at  81 , that pulse and delayed versions thereof are used at  82  to sample desired phases in adjacent cycles of the RF signal. The sampled phases are recombined at  83  to produce the desired downconverted signal.  
         [0038]    As will be evident to workers in the art, the embodiments of FIGS.  1 - 8  can be used to realize a zero-IF or near-zero-IF receiver architecture wherein the frequency of the local oscillator is advantageously shifted away from the frequency of the RF input signal by a factor such as n/(n+1). For example, in the case of a Bluetooth receiver with n=16, the oscillator frequency is 2.25 GHz for an RF input frequency of 2.4 GHz, and the oscillator frequency is 2.34 GHz for an RF input frequency of 2.5 GHz. Thus, the frequency of the local oscillator lies outside of the Bluetooth frequency band, which insures that any leakage from the local oscillator is suppressed by the Bluetooth antenna filter, and also insures that no other channel is folded into the downconverted signal. The local oscillator can therefore be advantageously integrated without the leakage problem of conventional arrangements. Also, the delay elements can be realized, for example, by a suitable inverter chain, which advantageously requires a much smaller silicon area than conventional polyphase networks. Furthermore, because all desired phases of each cycle of the RF input signal are sampled and recombined in the IF amplifier, there is no signal loss as compared to a conventional sub-sampling scheme. This is illustrated by FIG. 9, which shows the in-phase path.  
         [0039]    In some embodiments, the router  17  can control the switches  19  to generate an SC (switched capacitor) filter function during the phase sampling operations. In this manner, undesired interferers can be advantageously attenuated during the sampled-phase recombination operations of the IF amplifiers. An example of this is illustrated by FIG. 10, wherein the switch activation sequence is modified as shown (S 5  and S 7  are reversed with respect to the sequence of FIG. 9) to support a desired SC filter function.  
         [0040]    Although exemplary embodiments of the invention are described above in detail, this does not limit the scope of the invention, which can be practiced in a variety of embodiments.