Abstract:
Precursor cations of A and B elements of an ABO 3  perovskite in aqueous solution are formed as an ionic complex gel with citric acid or other suitable polybasic carboxylic acid. The aqueous gel is coated onto a desired catalyst substrate and calcined to form, in-situ, particles of the crystalline perovskite as, for example, an oxidation catalyst on the substrate. In one embodiment, a perovskite catalyst such as LaCoO 3  is formed on catalyst supporting cell walls of an extruded ceramic monolith for oxidation of NO in the exhaust gas of a lean burn vehicle engine.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    This invention pertains to the formation and concomitant application of perovskite catalyst compositions onto a substrate suitable for use in a catalyzed reaction. More specifically, this invention pertains to a method for forming and coating such catalyst compositions on a catalyst support structure such as for oxidation of constituents of vehicle engine exhaust. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Diesel engines, some gasoline fueled engines, and many hydrocarbon fueled power plants are operated at higher than stoichiometric air to fuel mass ratios for improved fuel economy. Such lean-burning engines and other power sources, however, produce a hot exhaust with a relatively high content of oxygen and nitrogen oxides (collectively, NO x ). In the case of diesel engines, the temperature of the exhaust from a warmed up engine is typically in the range of 200 degrees to 400 degrees Celsius, and has a typical composition, by volume, of about 10% oxygen, 1.6% carbon dioxide, 0.1% carbon monoxide, 180 ppm hydrocarbons, 235 ppm NO x  and the balance nitrogen and water. The NO x  gases, typically comprising nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), are difficult to reduce to nitrogen (N 2 ) because of the high oxygen (O 2 ) content in the hot exhaust stream. 
         [0003]    Reduction of NO x  constituents in the exhaust of lean-operating engines remains a problem in the implementation of high fuel efficiency lean-burn engines. Two different approaches are promising: (a) NO x  storage from the exhaust stream and reduction to nitrogen and (b) ammonia addition to the exhaust enabling selective catalytic reduction. The efficiency of NOx removal in both practices is significantly enhanced by an increased proportion of NO 2  in the total NO x . Since engine-out NO x  typically includes less than 10% NO 2 , NO oxidation performance of the oxidation catalysts is important for the overall treatment of NOx emissions. Currently precious metal-based catalysts are most commonly used for NOx oxidation for diesel application. But these platinum-group catalysts suffer from high material cost and insufficient durability. 
         [0004]    Perovskites are a broad class of compounds of the general composition ABX 3 , where ‘A’ and ‘B’ are two complementary cations of very different sizes, and X is an anion that bonds to both. Some perovskite compositions such as LaCoO 3  are known for oxidation activity with respect to volatile organic compounds. It is an object of this invention to adapt suitable perovskite materials as oxidation catalysts, such as for the treatment of lean burn engine vehicle exhausts. 
         [0005]    Platinum-group metals, dispersed on high surface area alumina support particles, have been applied as coatings (called “washcoats”) on surfaces of cordierite or silicon carbide support bodies for catalytic treatment of automotive vehicle exhaust streams. Preferred current practice is to use a honeycomb-like, flow-through, extruded cordierite support with up to 400 parallel, open-ended gas channels per square inch and an open frontal area of about 71%. The extruded cordierite body may have a circular or oval cross-section with a suitable length for the intended reaction, and is inserted in the exhaust stream so that the hot gas flows through the channels and is affected as intended by the noble metal/alumina catalyst particle-bearing surfaces. 
         [0006]    It is a further object of this invention to provide a practice for forming and simultaneously applying effective particulate coatings of perovskite catalyst materials (e.g., oxidation catalyst) on support bodies for exhaust gas treatment. This object includes (but is not limited to) forming in-situ and applying particles of a perovskite catalyst material on the small longitudinal wall surfaces of the cells of an exhaust gas flow-through ceramic support body. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0007]    This invention provides a method of bringing together the constituent atoms (ions) of a desired perovskite compound with the precursor ions dispersed in a water-based gel of fluidity suitable for coating on a surface of catalyst support. The support body may, for example, be an extruded and fired cordierite honeycomb for exhaust gas treatment and with many open-ended thin-wall cells aligned with the extrusion axis. In this embodiment, the perovskite precursor gel contains enough water to flow into the hundreds of small cell openings and disperse the gel as a coating on each of the cell wall surfaces of the ceramic body. 
         [0008]    A practice of the invention may be illustrated in the preparation of a representative perovskite composition, LaCoO 3 , as a catalyst for the oxidation of NO to NO 2  in the exhaust of a lean-burn hydrocarbon-fueled engine. In this illustrative (but not limiting) example, an aqueous solution of substantially equal molar quantities of acid salts of lanthanum and cobalt is prepared. Suitably, the acid salts contain oxygen. Nitrate salts are convenient to use because of their availability, low cost and water solubility. For example, equi-molar amounts of the hydrated salts La(NO 3 ) 3 .6H 2 O and Co(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O may be used in preparing the aqueous solution. Obviously, the lanthanum and cobalt are to serve as the cations of the perovskite and oxygen as the anions in the crystal structure. 
         [0009]    A water soluble, multi-basic acid, such as citric acid is added to the solution of the precursors to form complex gatherings or clusters of the respective ions in the solution. For example, the tri-basic citric acid is seen as reacting with the metal ions in the solution and accommodating them in a complex of gathered ions for application of the complex on a desired supporting substrate for the ultimate catalyst. The aqueous solution is stirred and heated (for example to about 80° C.) to obtain complexation of the metal ions. At this point the aqueous solution/gel may require adjustment of its fluidity for suitable coating on an intended catalyst substrate. For example, the aqueous gel may be more fluid or of a thinner consistency than desired for coating onto an extruded monolithic catalyst support surface. In this embodiment, water may be evaporated to obtain a more effective coating medium for the target surface(s). In a preferred embodiment of this invention the precursor material is to be applied to the many cell walls of an extruded cordierite honey comb body (e.g., 400 channels per square inch of the open ends). In this embodiment, a suitable aqueous gel may comprise about a liter of volume for each half-gram mole of desired perovskite product (ABO 3 ). In other words, the water content of the aqueous ionic complex may be adjusted, if necessary, such that the concentrations of each of the A-group ions and B-group ions are in the range of about 0.45 to about 0.65 gram mole per liter of volume of the aqueous ionic complex (the gel). 
         [0010]    Ceramic monolith bodies may then be immersed, preferably vertically (with cell openings down), to wet and coat the cell walls with the gel of perovskite precursor material. After a brief immersion the monolith is removed from the solution. The many cells then contain a thin adherent coating of the gel material and overlying mobile excess material. An air stream may be used to blow the un-absorbed gel material from the cell walls. The wet substrate may be set horizontally in an oven and heated and air dried. The coated substrate is then calcined in flowing air to form fine crystals of the perovskite catalyst (LaCoO 3  in this illustration) on the cell walls of the cordierite substrate. Repeated coatings with the precursor material and repeated calcining may be practiced until a layer of perovskite catalyst of desired thickness or amount is formed on the cell walls. 
         [0011]    In the above illustration, lanthanum is the A cationic constituent and cobalt the B constituent of an ABO 3  perovskite composition selected as an oxidation catalyst for vehicle exhaust gas remediation. Obviously, one or more other relatively large cations may be used as the A constituent. And one or more other smaller cations may be used as the B constituent. In general, the total number of ions of the A constituent(s) should be substantially equal to the number of ions of the B constituent(s). And sufficient oxygen is provided to form the desired perovskite crystal structure. The relative sizes of the A and B constituents complement each other in forming the crystalline material that is formed, in accordance with this invention, directly on a catalyst support surface. 
         [0012]    Thus, in accordance with practices of this invention the intended perovskite catalyst material is formed in-situ on the intended catalyst support material. And, as will be demonstrated below, the catalyst material formed in accordance with practices of this invention is a very effective catalyst for the oxidation of nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide. 
         [0013]    Moreover, in addition to being a simpler perovskite preparing and coating process, this invention conveys other benefits. Specifically: a greater substrate loading is achieved with each application of the gel washcoat; a constant loading of catalyst occurs on every application of the gel washcoat; and the catalytic performance is significantly improved. 
         [0014]    Other objects and advantages of the invention will be understood from a further discussion of certain illustrative detailed embodiments of the practice of the invention. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0015]      FIG. 1  is a representation of the perovskite crystal structure. The cubic crystal structure shows eight “A” ions (e.g., La +3  ions) each shared by eight adjacent cells, a single body-centered “B” ion (e.g., a Co +3  ion) and six face centered oxygen ions (O −2 ). 
           [0016]      FIG. 2  shows a flow diagram summarizing the prior art method of preparing perovskite catalysts. 
           [0017]      FIG. 3  shows a flow diagram summarizing the preparation of perovskite catalysts by practice of this invention. 
           [0018]      FIG. 4  shows the increase in fractional loading resulting from multiple implementation of the (prior art) slurry washcoat process. 
           [0019]      FIG. 5  shows the increase in fractional loading resulting from repeated implementations of the invented process. 
           [0020]      FIG. 6  compares the rate of oxidation of NO as a function of temperature for perovskite catalysts LaCoO 3  and LaMnO 3  prepared using the (prior art) slurry washcoat process and the invented process. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0021]    The term perovskites refers to a class of compounds possessing a specific crystal structure, shown in  FIG. 1 , of general formula ABX 3 , where ‘A’ and ‘B’ are two cations of very different sizes, and ‘X’ is an anion that bonds to both. In many perovskites for use in practices of this invention, oxygen is the anion. A wide range of cations may be employed, with larger cations such as La, Sr, Y and Ca occupying a specific site with dodecahedral coordination, here designated the ‘A’ site, while smaller cations such as Cr, Ti, Mn, Ni, Co, Fe and Mg occupy alternate sites with 6-fold coordination, surrounded by an octahedron of anions, here designated the  T site. 
         [0022]    Perovskites may be fabricated in several ways, but one favored approach has been to form an aqueous of the nitrates of ‘A’ and  T cations (or hydrated nitrates) with the ratio of ‘A’:‘B’ being 1:1. For best results it is desired to regulate the concentration of the solution by adding a volume of water in proportion to the mass to the ‘A’ ion nitrate. A polybasic acid such as citric acid is then added at least in an amount equal to one equivalent of citric acid per equivalent of metal ions, or more preferably in 10% by weight excess. 
         [0023]    From the foregoing it should not be assumed that ‘A’ and  T atoms are uniquely associated with specific chemical species. It is well known that ionic substitution of ‘a’ ions for ‘A’ ions and of ‘b’ ions for  T ions may occur in the perovskite structure leading to supercell structures based on ‘fractional’ compositions A 1-x a x B 1-y b y O 3 , such as La x  Sr 1-x Cr y  Mn 1-y O 3 . Such ‘fractional’ compositions involving multiple chemical species, and not restricted to any specific number of chemical species, are comprehended by this invention. For convenience only, the details of the invention are described with reference to ‘A’ ions and ‘B’ ions. 
         [0024]    After the reaction has gone to completion, evaporation of the water will result in the formation of a gel. In accordance with prior art perovskite preparation and coating practices, the gel is further heated until it combusts in air at about 300° C. On further exposure to still elevated temperatures of about 700° C. for a period of at least several hours, crystalline perovskites will result. Although alternate processes based on oxalates or acetates may be employed, the citrate approach is attractive because it yields perovskites with larger surface areas than many other approaches. Hence the catalytic activity of citrate-based perovskites is generally superior to that of perovskites produced through other reaction paths. 
         [0025]    The prior art approach to applying perovskite to a catalyst substrate is illustrated in flowchart  200  in  FIG. 2 . At step  10  the reaction between the citric acid and the nitrates is initiated and brought to completion on heating to 80° C. for one hour at step  20 , leading to a reaction product at step  30 . The metal nitrates in aqueous solution at step  10  will comprise nitrates of both ‘A’ and ‘B’ ions in substantially 1:1 ratio. 
         [0026]    On complete removal of water, step  40 , a viscous gel forms and after further drying at 90° C. overnight, step  50 , it is calcined at 700° C. for 5 hours as indicated at step  60 , calcining being conducted under an air flow of 100 sccm. The perovskite is then ball milled in the presence of water for 24 hours, before being dispersed in an acidified aqueous solution to form a washcoat, steps  70  and  80 . 
         [0027]    This prior art practice has enabled confirmation of the actual formation of a desired perovskite composition and comminution of the solid material to a desired particle size for coating onto a substrate. 
         [0028]    Still referring to  FIG. 2 , the washcoat is then applied, step  90 , typically by repeated dipping the catalyst substrate in the slurry with intermediate drying, by holding at 200° C. for 30 minutes, step  100 . Finally when a suitable catalyst loading is achieved the catalyst substrate and its perovskite coating are calcined for 5 hours at 700° C., again under an air flow of 100 sccm as indicated at step  110 . 
         [0029]    However, in this prior art method, the catalytic activity of the perovskite on the catalyst support is decreased relative to the catalytic activity of the perovskite as first formed at step  60 . While such theory is not relied upon, it is speculated that some of the porosity inherent in the as-formed perovskite is rendered ineffective by the washcoating process with consequent reduction in catalytic activity. For example, the addition of HNO 3  at step  80  to promote adhesion of the washcoat may detrimentally affect catalytic performance. Thus it is desired to develop alternate, simpler approaches to applying the perovskite to the catalyst support which maintain its high, as-formed, catalytic activity. 
         [0030]    Practice of this invention, illustrated in the flow diagram of  FIG. 3  is an improved approach to wash coating catalyst substrates for fabrication of perovskite catalysts. This invention also exploits the beneficial attributes of the citrate process, and steps  10 ,  20  and  30  parallel those of the prior art with ‘A’ and B′ ion nitrates again present in substantially 1:1 ratio. At step  35  however the reaction product is concentrated but not reduced to a gel. The procedure for application of washcoat to the catalyst substrate, step  90  is generally similar and again the washcoat is dried, step  95 , though at a lower temperature and for a longer time than the prior art process. At step  105  however, the washcoated substrate is subjected to a short term calcining treatment under an air flow of 100 sccm before being cycled back to step  90  for additional washcoat application, following a determination that the desired catalyst loading has not been achieved at decision step  98 . The final step, applied after determining that the desired catalyst loading has been achieved at decision step  98 , is a 5 hour, 700° C. calcining treatment, step  110 , again conducted under an air flow of 100 sccm. 
         [0031]    Thus, in this invention, the washcoat is applied as a concentrated solution of the perovskite precursor and calcining is conducted in situ on the catalyst support. To apply the concentrated solution to the catalyst support, the support is immersed vertically, that is the direction in which it is introduced into the solution parallels the orientation of the channels, and held, fully immersed for 30 seconds, enabling the concentrated solution to be loaded on its walls. On removal excess solution is blown out of the channels using a flow of air. During drying the catalyst support is positioned horizontally and calcining is carried out in a flow of 100 sccm of air. 
         [0032]    This invention thus appreciably simplifies the prior art method of depositing perovskites as catalysts. Fewer steps are required, and the need for a ball mill is eliminated. 
         [0033]    This invention offers additional advantages over the prior art. Comparison of  FIGS. 4 and 5  shows that this invention enables application of a desired fractional loading of catalyst with fewer washcoat applications ( FIG. 5 ) than in the prior art ( FIG. 4 ). In the example shown practice of the invention enables a fractional loading of 0.20 in five steps versus the 12 required by the prior art. 
         [0034]    Further the loading per washcoat application achieved under the practice of this invention is consistent and predictable, with a fractional loading of approximately 0.04 per washcoat application. In the prior art process, the maximum fractional loading of about 0.025 per washcoat application is achieved only on the first washcoat application and decreases progressively with additional washcoat applications. 
         [0035]    Also when the prior art technique is practiced it appears, based on the asymptotic character of  FIG. 4  that there is an inherent maximum to the achievable maximum fractional loading. The linear behavior of  FIG. 5  suggests no such inherent maximum and that greater fractional loading may be readily achieved using the invention described. 
         [0036]    Significantly, perovskites deposited using the methods of the invention show greater catalytic activity those deposited using the method of the prior art.  FIG. 6  shows the catalytic behavior at multiple temperatures of two specific perovskite catalytic compositions, LaCoO 3  and LaMnO 3  deposited according to the methods of this invention and according to the methods of the prior art. The marked enhancement, a greater than a factor of two improvement, in catalytic activity observable when perovskite is deposited according to the methods of the present invention is clear. 
         [0037]    The procedure used to develop the perovskite catalyst on a cordierite catalyst summarized in  FIG. 3  is described in greater detail in the following paragraphs of this specification. These examples provide specifics of the processing of the LaCoO 3  and LaMnO 3  compositions whose catalytic performance is shown in  FIG. 6  and further illustrate an adaptation of the process suitable for partial substitution of A ions. 
         [0038]    La 1-x Sr x CoO 3  (x=0, 0.1) and La 1-x Sr x MnO 3  (x=0, 0.1) catalysts were prepared by first dissolving appropriate amounts (see Table 1) of La(NO 3 ) 3 .6H 2 O, Co(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O, Mn(NO 3 ) 2  and Sr(NO 3 ) 2  in distilled water with citric acid monohydrate. Citric acid was added in a 10 wt % excess to ensure complete complexation of the metal ions. The amount of water used ranged from 46.2 to 51.1 mL/g La(NO 3 ) 3 .6H 2 O. Complete details on the compositions and quantities of the reactants are provided in Table 1. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Examples of catalyst precursors and citric acid for perovskites synthesis 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 LaCoO 3   
                 La 0.9 Sr 0.1 CoO 3   
                 LaMnO 3   
                 La 0.9 Sr 0.1 MnO 3   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 La(NO 3 ) 3 •6H 2 O 
                 17.61 g 
                 35.62 g 
                 27.60 g 
                 36.22 g 
               
               
                 Sr(NO 3 ) 2   
                 — 
                  1.93 g 
                 — 
                  1.97 g 
               
               
                 Co(NO 3 ) 2 •6H 2 O 
                 11.84 g 
                 26.60 g 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Mn(NO 3 ) 2   
                 — 
                 — 
                 14.14 g 
                 20.62 g 
               
               
                 C 6 H 8 O 7 •H 2 O 
                 15.67 g 
                 34.51 g 
                 24.56 g 
                 35.09 g 
               
               
                 Deionized H 2 O 
                   825 mL 
                  1820 mL 
                  1275 mL 
                  1808 mL 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0039]    The reactants were heated to 80° C. while being stirred to promote a complexation reaction which produced a dilute washcoat solution. This dilute washcoat solution was then concentrated by evaporation of excess water while maintaining the temperature at 80° C. and continuing to stir the solution. On achieving the desired reaction product concentration of about 0.55 mol/L, the concentrated solution was cooled to room temperature, or about 25° C., under continued stirring. This concentrated solution was employed as the washcoat solution. 
         [0040]    The substrate, a one inch length of 0.75 inch diameter cordierite monolith with 400 channels per inch, was submerged vertically in the washcoat solution for 30 seconds. After removal of the monolith from the washcoat solution, any excess solution was removed by blowing air through the monolith. The wet monolith was then dried in a horizontal position at 120° C. for 1 hour in air, before being calcined at 700° C. for 2 hours under an air flow of 100 sccm (Standard Cubic Centimeters per Minute). This sequence of steps was repeated until the desired loading perovskite was achieved save that the final calcination was conducted for 5 hours, again at 700° C. and under an air flow of 100 sccm. 
         [0041]    These practices are found to be very effective in forming, in-situ, perovskite crystalline catalyst materials on catalyst support substrates. 
         [0042]    Practices of the invention have been illustrated through reference to certain preferred embodiments that are intended to be exemplary and not limiting. The full scope of the invention is to be defined and limited only by the following claims.