Abstract:
A filter cartridge which is environmentally friendly in that it is made up of components which are all incinerateable. The ends of a filter element are sealed using potting compound and plastic endcaps. The upper endcap, which is closed, has a pressure relief aperture associated therewith to prevent bowing. In a plugged filter condition the high downward pressure introduced on the upper endcap is compensated by providing the cartridge with centering ribs which bottom on an associated ledge in the housing to provide a positive stop for the top endcap, preventing it from being driven down into and through the filter element. Rubber gaskets are associated with the respective endcaps, and are reliably secured to the endcaps by being snap fit into grooves molded into the plastic of the endcaps. The lower endcap utilizes a simple radial seal gasket which is both highly effective and also positioned to avoid structural crushing forces on the cartridge. A keying system prevents the installation of improper filters.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS 
     This patent application is a continuation of U.S. Patent Application No. 10/457,187, filed Jun. 9, 2003, now U.S Pat. No. 7,168,573 which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/386,980 and 60/387,235, both filed on Jun. 7, 2002, and all of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety herein. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention pertains to filters, and more particularly to an environmentally friendly filter cartridge. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Most conventional filters and filter cartridges present a disposal problem. Driven by ease of installation, many applications have gone to self-contained spin-on cartridges. These have a metal outer case, a metal base plate, and other metal components within the filter. Replaceable cartridges also have significant metal components, often in the form of centertubes or support grids for supporting the filter element, and metal endcaps. Thus, significant elements of a filter will not burn thus preventing the use of incineration for relatively complete disposal of the spent filters or filter cartridges. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In view of the foregoing, it is a general aim of the present invention to provide an environmentally friendly filter cartridge, capable of being incinerated, and which is economical to manufacture and provides for simple and reliable installation. The cartridge is environmentally friendly in that it contains no metallic parts. 
     In practicing the invention, the cartridge can be made from a limited class of materials, preferably all incinerateable. The materials include the media (normally cellulose or perhaps polyester with plastic backing), two plastic endcaps, two rubber gaskets, and potting compound (epoxy, plastisol, hot melt or urethane), all of which are incinerateable. The cartridge itself has no centertube; to the extent internal support is required, it is built into the housing, which is compatible with the cartridge. The fact that the cartridge will burn and it is lightweight (due to no metal parts) simplifies disposal. 
     It is a feature of the invention that pre-molded plastic endcaps are utilized in the filter along with structures which compensate for the reduction in strength of plastic endcaps over conventional metal endcaps. 
     In a particular embodiment, the invention provides an environmentally friendly filter cartridge containing no metal parts. The cartridge includes a cylindrical filter element having an internal bore, which has no integral supporting centertube. A pre-molded plastic endcap, having an open center corresponding to the internal bore of the filter, it is ealed to the filter element at a first end thereof. An annular groove formed near the outer periphery of the first endcap has a radial seal gasket fitted therein. The radial seal gasket has a peripheral mounting bead sized to be stretched and snap fit into the annular groove. The radial seal gasket has a depending skirt coaxial with the filter element and positioned at about the outer periphery of the filter element. A second pre-molded plastic endcap is provided having a closed end. The second end of the filter element is sealed to the second endcap. The second endcap also has an annular groove at the outer periphery thereof. In this case a disc-like axial seal is stretch fit into the groove to project from the outer periphery of the second endcap to provide an axial seal. A pressure equalizing aperture is formed in the second endcap for equalizing the pressure differential across the second endcap during filter operation. Support shoulders associated with the lower portion of the second endcap serve to resist crushing forces applied to the second endcap during filter operation. 
     Subsidiary features of the invention include a handle also formed in the second endcap for facilitating user manipulation of the filter cartridge. 
     The filter cartridge, according to the invention, is used in a housing, which receives the filter cartridge. The housing has a centertube fixed therein for supporting the inner bore of a cartridge when inserted in the housing. A cover is threaded onto the housing in such a way as to compress the axial seal gasket between the cover and the housing. The pressure equalization apertures serves to equalize the pressures between the upper endcap and the cover to prevent bowing of the plastic of the second endcap under operating pressure. 
     In certain applications, the upper endcap has a plurality of tapered ribs positioned near the periphery thereof and oriented to assist in centering the cartridge in the housing. Shoulders formed on the tapered ribs interfit with an annular ridge in the housing for supporting the shoulders to resist crushing pressures on the filters under operating conditions. 
     In certain instances, the filter also has a plurality of keys associated with the second endcap. The key positions are on the underside of the endcap facing toward the centertube. The housing centertube has a top surface having a plurality of keyed positions. A slot is formed in a selected one of the keyed positions to correspond with the position of the key on the inside of the second endcap. 
     Other aspects, objectives and advantages of the invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is an elevational view of a filter constructed in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is an elevational section taken through the filter of  FIG. 1  in a plane parallel to the paper surface; 
         FIG. 3  is a partial enlarged view showing the upper endcap with key; 
         FIG. 4  is a diagram illustrating a plurality of key positions; 
         FIG. 5  is a partial enlarged view illustrating the lower endcap and radial seal gasket; 
         FIG. 6  is a partial diagram illustrating the upper endcap, with filter removed, to better show the tapered centering guides and shoulders; and 
         FIG. 7  is an elevational cross-section showing a housing used with the filter of  FIG. 1 . 
     
    
    
     While the invention will be described in connection with certain preferred embodiments, there is no intent to limit it to those embodiments. On the contrary, the intent is to cover all alternatives, modifications and equivalents as included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Turning then to  FIG. 1 , there is shown, in elevation, a cartridge  20  constructed in accordance with the present invention. This disclosure of the cartridge  20  is intended to be general, since the cartridge  20  can be configured for different applications. More particularly the cartridge can have elements configured such that it will be used as a fuel filter, a full flow oil filter, a hydraulic filter, or a bypass oil filter. The cartridge features, which will be described in detail herein, will be common to any of the foregoing applications. The universal housing, which will also be described below, is readily reconfigureable for the foregoing applications, without the necessity for change of the characteristics of the filter cartridge. Referring back to  FIG. 1 , it will be seen that the filter cartridge  20  includes a filter element  21  having a lower endcap  22 , which carries a radial seal gasket  23 . An upper endcap  24 , also secured to the filter element  21 , provides a number of features, including a mechanism for supporting an axial seal gasket  26 , an integrally molded handle  27  on the top of the endcap  24 , and centering beveled projections  28 , which both serve to center the cartridge  20  as it is inserted into the housing and which also have lower shoulders  29   b  thereon which tend to support the plastic endcap  24  on the housing to resist crushing forces in filter operation. Also of note is a pressure equalization aperture  30  formed in the upper endcap  24 , which serves to equalize the differential pressure across the endcap  24  to prevent bowing and possible fracture of the endcap  24 . 
     The cross-sectional view of  FIG. 2  reveals additional constructional details of the filter of  FIG. 1 . There it will be seen that the lower endcap  22 , which is made of pre-molded plastic, provides an upstanding annular channel  31  into, which a first end of the filter element  21  is fit and potted. Potting can be accomplished with any conventional potting material used in this art, which includes epoxy, plastisol, hot melt or urethane. The particular potting material used may depend upon the nature of the application to which the filter is put. The potting tends to seal the lower portions of all of the pleats into a unitary endcap. The lower endcap  22  has a central opening  35  for passing fluid which is passed through the filter to the central bore thereof to a housing outlet (not shown in  FIG. 2 ). 
     The filter element  20  has an outer circumference and an open inner bore  21   a . Normally flow through the filter is from the outside in, making the internal bore  21   a  the area which receives and passes to an external conduit the filtered fluid. It is possible, of course, to operate the filter in the opposite direction in which the internal bore  21   a  would be the filter inlet, and clean filtered fluid would be obtained at the outside periphery of the filter. 
     The lower endcap  22  also has an annular groove  32  formed therein near the periphery of the filter. The radial seal gasket  23  has an enlarged in-turned annular bead  34  which is sized to be stretched and snap fit into the groove  32 . In that way the gasket  23  is positively and reliably locked in place on the endcap  22 . The gasket  23  has a depending skirt  23   a  which depends from the endcap  22  and has a radius very near the outside radius of the filter element  21 , so that the axial seal performs its sealing function near the outside of the filter cartridge  20  for reasons to be explained below. 
       FIG. 2  also shows the upper endcap  24  which, like the endcap  22 , is a pre-molded plastic element. In the case of the upper endcap  24 , the endcap has a closed end. An internal annular channel  36  is provided for receiving the second end of the filter element  21 . Like the first end, the second end is also potted into the associated channel in the endcap. 
     The upper endcap  24  has an annular groove  38  preferably located at the outer periphery thereof. A disc-like rubber annular gasket  26 , which serves as an axial seal gasket, is sized so that it can be stretched and snap fit into the groove  38 . In this way, the gasket is reliably and securely positioned for automatic installation with the cartridge  20 . 
       FIG. 2  also illustrates the centering ribs  28  (see also  FIG. 6  for an enlarged view). It will be seen that the ribs  28  each have an angled face  29  which, as suggested in  FIG. 7 , causes the filter cartridge to self center as it is slid into the housing. The housing has a circular ridge  29   a  (see also  FIG. 7 ) over which the angled projections  29  ride to ultimately seat the lower shoulders  29   b  on a ledge  29   c  formed in the housing. The dimensions are such that the upper endcap  24  firmly seats the shoulders  29   b  on the ledge  29   c  so that additional downward force on the endcap  24  created by pressures during operation of the filter will not drive the endcap  24  into the housing and crush the filter. These ribs  28 , in conjunction with the pressure relief port  30  in the upper endcap  24 , are significant features in allowing the use of a plastic endcap in an application which heretofore had required the structural stability of a metal endcap. 
     Also of note in  FIG. 2  is the integrally molded handle  27  formed on the upper surface of the upper endcap  24 . Also, as a subsidiary feature, the inside surface of the upper endcap  24  is provided with a key feature generally indicated at  62 , which will be described in greater detail below. 
       FIG. 7  shows an exemplary housing into which the filter of  FIG. 1  can be fit. In the illustrated housing, inlet fluid is provided through an inlet port  42 . The housing also has an outlet port  44 , which is connected by an internal passage  44   a  in the housing to the center lower portion of the filter, in fluid communication with the bore  21   a . The housing has a removable cap  45  which is threaded onto the housing to compress the axial seal gasket  26  set in the annular groove  38  on the periphery of the upper endcap  24 . Also of note is the bottom  49  of the housing, which may be removably secured in place by fasteners such as bolts. This allows the installation of different housing bottoms for different applications, such as a bottom including a sump for a fuel filter application, or a concave bottom for high pressure lubrication applications. 
     The lower portion of the housing has an annular flange  46  which provides a sealing surface acted upon by the skirt  23   a  of the radial seal gasket  23  which, it is recalled, is carried in the groove  32  of the lower endcap  22 . The seating of the radial seal gasket  23  into the groove  32  is better illustrated in the enlarged partial view of  FIG. 5 , while the interaction between the radial seal  23  and the housing flange  46  is best shown in  FIG. 7 . Use of a radial seal in this position is significant in that the gasket is positioned near the outer periphery of the filter so that the pressure differential serves to enhance the sealing action. The gasket  23  seals radially between itself, the endcap  22  that supports it, and the housing flange  46 . This seal separates the filtered and unfiltered fluid. Use of a radial seal for this component utilizes the pressure differential across the filter to assist the sealing function by forcing the radial seal gasket  23  against both the endcap  22 , which supports it and the housing flange  46  of the filter housing. In addition, placing the seal at the external periphery tends to put a pressure differential across the lower endcap which is positive at the outside of the filter (and therefore the inside of the endcap) and negative at the bottom of the endcap. This pressure differential tends to put the pleated paper filter in tension, which the media is capable of resisting. Moving the skirt  23   a  of the gasket inboard would tend to put at least part of the media in compression, which is not so readily resisted by pleated paper media. Keeping the media in tension is particularly important in resisting what would otherwise be crushing forces encountered in a plugged filter condition. 
     Returning to the upper endcap  24 , it will be seen that at least one pressure relief port  30  is formed in the upper endcap  24 . The purpose of this port is to equalize the pressure across the upper endcap  24  to prevent bowing or possible fracture of the endcap  24 . This is accomplished by, in effect, allowing a small portion of the unfiltered fluid on the outside of the cartridge to move through the pressure relief aperture  30  to the top of the endcap  24 . The purpose is to allow the pressure to equalize across the gasket at the top and to avoid putting undue stresses on the endcap  24  or the axial seal gasket  26 . 
     The pressure downstream of the media is always less than the upstream pressure (when the filter is flowing fluid). This differential pressure can be quite high in cases where the filter is plugged, the velocity is high, or the fluid is cold and viscous. When a pressure relief aperture  30  is provided, this pressure is carried to the top of the upper endcap  24  and causes an unbalanced force to be placed on the upper endcap  24 , tending to force it into the housing. In practicing this aspect of the invention, this force is counterbalanced in the housing. The unbalanced force is due mainly to the center of the endcap  24  which has the upstream pressure on one side, and downstream pressure on the bottom side. The unbalanced force is in the downward direction and tries to push the cartridge into the housing and crush the element. The cartridge has the aforementioned shoulders  29   b  on the bottoms of the ribs  29 , and these seat against a stop  29   c  to provide a positive stop for the top endcap and thus seat the overall filter in the housing. 
       FIGS. 3 and 4  illustrates a keying feature which can be used in the practice of the present invention. The inside  24   a  of the upper endcap  24  is provided with a plurality of key positions, best illustrated in  FIG. 4 . It will be seen that at a given radius from the center of the endcap  24 , a plurality of key positions  60  are provided. The illustrated embodiment includes eight key positions in a single ring. More or fewer key positions per ring, as well as additional rings can also be provided, but it is believed that the eight key positions, which can provide the sixteen possibilities illustrated in  FIG. 4 , is adequate for most applications. 
     Referring primarily to  FIG. 3 , it will be seen that a single key  62  is provided on the underside of the illustrated endcap in a given position. While only a single key is shown, as contrasted with the three keys of  FIG. 4  it is believed that the single key will adequately illustrate the invention without overcomplicating the drawings. The key is in a fixed angular position with respect to the key circle  63  (the circle in which the keys are located). The key  62  projects into the internal bore  21   a  of the filter element  21 .  FIG. 3  shows a portion of the housing centertube  64  having a top surface  65  which is substantially solid except for a key opening  66 . The upper surface  65  of the centertube has a plurality of key positions in a key circle  67  in the same pattern as illustrated in  FIG. 4 . However, instead of projections  62 , the keys in the upper surface  65  are apertures to receive the projections.  FIG. 3  shows a single aperture  66  positioned in the key circle  67  to engage the single projection  62  positioned in the key circle  63 . Thus, when the filter is installed in the housing, the keys will align and allow the filter to reach the seated position, allowing the cover to be placed on the housing and operation to continue. If the wrong filter inserted, the filter will not seat, and the user will be incapable of completing assembly. 
     This feature is particularly significant when using a universal housing as illustrated in this application. For example, two housings might be used side-by-side to provide a primary and a secondary fuel filter system. Both housings would be of the same diameter and height, but would require different filter cartridges. The keys will prevent the cartridges for one of the housings from being installed incorrectly in the other housing. It would be a simple matter to have several different key configurations to suit various applications and indeed various customers. 
     The assembly of the filter will now be briefly described, primarily with reference to  FIG. 2 . Basically the endcaps  22 ,  24  are potted onto the filter element  21  in whichever sequence the manufacture desires. Using conventional techniques, an end of the filter element is placed, for example, in the channel  31  of the lower endcap, and potting material (epoxy, plastisol, hot melt or urethane) is introduced into the channel  31  to seal the ends of all the pleats and join them to the endcap  22 . A similar operation is performed on the other end in connection with endcap  24 . The gaskets  26 ,  23  can be preinstalled before potting, or are preferably installed after potting by simply stretching the gaskets and snapping them into place. The filter is then ready for packaging and ready for use by the ultimate consumer. The fact that the gaskets are so reliably joined to the filter makes changing a cartridge filter constructed in accordance with this invention about as simple as changing a spin-on filter. The result, however, is that the spent filter can be disposed of by incineration, rather than contributing to landfill waste. 
     All references, including publications, patent applications, and patents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entirety herein. 
     The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention. 
     Preferred embodiments of this invention are described herein, including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention. Variations of those preferred embodiments may become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The inventors expect skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate, and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. Accordingly, this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.