Abstract:
A phased array antenna ( 10 ) includes a plurality of subarray lattices ( 16 ) arranged in an aperiodic array lattice ( 14 ). Each subarray lattice ( 16 ) includes a plurality of antenna elements ( 20 ) arranged in an aperiodic configuration such as formed on a multilayer circuit board ( 24 ). Electronic circuitry ( 26 ) are supported by the circuit board and mounted between the antenna elements ( 20 ) and operatively connected thereto for amplifying, phase shifting and beam forming any transmitted or received signals.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to the field of phased array antennae, and more particularly, this invention relates to phased array antennae using an array lattice formed from a plurality of subarray lattices. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Low cost phased arrays are required on naval ships, land based radar stations and similar areas. Traditional phased arrays using periodic lattices and transmit/receive modules are prohibitive in cost. When the antenna are designed for use with short wavelengths, the transmit/receive modules are bulky and cannot be positioned between antenna elements. Also, advanced radar designs require low side lobe architecture. Also, many subarrays are desired. 
     One prior art approach uses a traditional periodic array orientation of subarrays. It has been found that this type of prior art phased array antenna produces grating lobes. This is found especially true at higher frequency applications, such as the X-band and KU-band. Even lower frequency applications than the UHF, L-band and S-band have been found to produce grating lobes. 
     It would also be advantageous if any phased array antenna at these higher applications that are formed from different array lattices of subarray lattices could use a low cost circuit board in lieu of individual modules with lower cost antenna elements. Antenna elements possibly could be printed radiating elements or surface mounted components. Not only could ship board phased arrays be used, but also space-based systems, ground-based SATCOM nodes, cell towers and wireless internet could be applicable and used with an improved phased array antenna. 
     Some prior art proposals have used different antenna designs, such as U.S. Pat. No. 4,052,723 that shows a randomly agglomerated subarray for phased array radars. This has not been found advantageous. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention advantageously provides a phased array antenna having a plurality of subarray lattices arranged in an aperiodic array lattice. Each subarray lattice comprises a plurality of antenna elements arranged in an aperiodic configuration such that any transmitted or received signals have reduced side lobes. In one aspect of the invention, each subarray lattice includes a circuit board and a plurality of antenna elements arranged in an aperiodic configuration on the circuit board. Electronic circuitry is supported by the circuit board and operatively connected to the antenna elements for amplifying, phase shifting and beam forming any transmitted or received signals with reduced side lobes. Because of the aperiodic configuration, the electronic circuitry can be mounted between antenna elements. An antenna support member can support each circuit board and the plurality of subarray lattices as an aperiodic array lattice. 
     In yet another aspect of the present invention, each antenna element is arranged in an aperiodic configuration and spaced from each other a distance greater than one-half wavelength of a transmitted or received signal. The plurality of subarray lattices that form the aperiodic array lattice are formed as concentric circles in an aperiodic configuration. The antenna elements of each subarray lattice are configured in a spiral. Each subarray lattice is substantially identical to each other. The number of subarray lattices arranged in the aperiodic array are the same as the number of antenna elements forming each subarray lattice. The antenna elements can comprise surface mounted antenna elements or printed antenna elements. 
     In yet another aspect of the present invention, the circuit board is formed as a multilayer circuit board with amplifiers, phase shifters, beam forming networks, and central networks distributed among the layers. The multilayer circuit board can be formed of green tape in yet another aspect of the present invention. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description of the invention which follows, when considered in light of the accompanying drawings in which: 
     FIG. 1 is a plan view of a phased array antenna formed as an aperiodic array panel of the present invention and showing a plurality of aperiodic subarray lattices positioned in aperiodic configuration to form the aperiodic array panel. 
     FIG. 2 is a plan view of an aperiodic subarray lattice of the present invention. 
     FIG. 3 is a graph showing normalized gain versus elevation for an elevation cut of the aperiodic array panel shown in FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 4 is a graph showing normalized gain versus azimuth for an azimuth cut of the aperiodic array panel shown in FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 4A is a chart showing variables of the aperiodic array lattice with comments explaining the variables. 
     FIG. 5 is an exploded isometric view of the aperiodic subarray lattice of the present invention and formed from a single multi-layer PWB and showing layers for supporting amplifier elements, beam former network, phase shifters and packaging components. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which preferred embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. 
     The present invention is advantageous and overcomes the prior art drawbacks using traditional periodic array lattices formed of various subarrays that produce grating lobes. The present invention advantageously uses a low-cost approach having an aperiodic array lattice of identical subarray lattices to form a phased array antenna structure. The traditional transmit/receive “module” approach is not used as being too costly. The present invention can be used at higher frequency applications, such as X-band and KU-band and lower frequency applications, including UHF, L-band and S-band applications. The present invention advantageously uses a low cost circuit board in lieu of transmit/receive modules and can use printed radiating elements and/or surface mount components. It can be formed as an array where the aperiodic array lattice is formed of aperiodic subarray lattices. 
     FIG. 1 illustrates a phased array antenna  10  of the present invention and showing in greater detail an array panel  12  having the aperiodic array lattice  14  that is formed from preferably identical aperiodic subarray lattices  16  of the present invention. The entire array panel  12  is also referred to as a super lattice because it is formed from the aperiodic subarray lattices  16  shown in FIG.  2 . The array panel  12  can be formed as a square panel box or other support structure and deployed on a structure for ship board and other use. The super lattice can be formed with subarray lattices  16  or another super lattice will also work as shown by the interior square box  18 , where a smaller number of subarray lattices  16  are illustrated. Although certain dimensions are shown relative to a specific illustrated example, the present invention is not limited to such dimensions, but are only representative of one phased array antenna structure as a non-limiting example. 
     This aperiodic configuration shown in FIG. 1 has a center aperiodic subarray  14   a , surrounded by a first ring  14   b  of closely spaced and circumferentially extending plurality of subarrays, showing seven subarrays contiguous to each other, and surrounded by three other concentric rings  14   c ,  14   d  and  14   e  in an aperiodic configuration. The second ring  14   c  includes 13 subarrays and the third concentric ring  14   d  includes 19 subarrays. The fourth outer ring  14   e  includes 24 subarrays, thus making a total of 64 subarrays to form the super lattice. It has been found that this aperiodic super lattice formed of the identical aperiodic subarray lattices reduces grating lobes to an acceptable level. 
     For the array lattice  14  shown in FIG. 1, various frequencies can be used. This illustrative example has been found to have a normalized gain in decibels as shown by an elevation cut for the exclusion zone only in FIG. 3 and a normalized gain in decibels as shown along an azimuth cut for the exclusion zone only in FIG.  4 . Representative numerical operating and performance figures and values for the array panel  12  shown in FIG. 1 having the aperiodic subarray lattices are as follows: 
     f=14.615 GHz D max =1.83 m N=64 NN=64 
     frequency (Ku=14.615, X=10.3), max diameter, # of elements/subarrays, &amp; # of subarrays (Ku=64, X=40) 
     FIG. 4A illustrates a chart of the various phased array antenna values with an explanation that can be used with the present invention. For example, as a non-limiting example, line  1  is an example of values for the panel tilt angle, beam steering angles and resulting bore site scan angle. Line  2  are values as non-limiting examples of the cosine array taper. Line  3  are representative values of the number of phase shifter bits and random magnitude (dB) and phase errors for weights. Line  4  are examples of a main beam gain (dBiC) and beam widths (null-to-null). 
     The subarray lattice  16  is shown in FIG.  2  and illustrates an aperiodic array of 64 antenna elements  20  arranged in a spiral configuration. The antenna elements  20  can be selected from known types of antenna elements as known to those skilled in the art, and arranged on a structure as described below. They can be printed or surface mounted. The subarray lattice  16  as illustrated has various operating characteristics, and in the illustrated example, the operating characteristics are as follows: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 G subarray  = 24.6 
                 maximum possible subarray gain (dBiC) 
               
               
                   
                 D = 8.695 in 
                 subarray aperture size with panel edge 
               
               
                   
                 N•NN = 4096 
                 total # of antennas 
               
               
                   
                 G array  = 42.7 
                 maximum possible array gain (dBiC) 
               
               
                   
                 DD = 2.274 m 
                 array panel aperture size 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Although the spiral configuration as illustrated is only one type of aperiodic configuration, it has been found adequate such that when a plurality of subarray lattices  16  are configured in the aperiodic configuration for the array panel  12  of the array super lattice  14  as shown in FIG. 1, the grating or side lobes are reduced adequately, such that the side lobes are significantly reduced to levels acceptable for SATCOM certification. The spacing of antenna elements  20  also is such that there is room for amplifiers and phase shifters between antenna elements. This is advantageous and the aperiodic spacing is required when spacing is greater than one-half wavelength. Any shorter spacing would create a situation where there is no room to place the LNA&#39;s (Low Noise Amplifiers), phase shifters, beam forming network circuit, and other circuit elements, as known to those skilled in the art. This type of configuration forms an adequate aperture for efficiency in operation. 
     Referring now to FIG. 5, there is shown a representative subarray lattice  16  in a low-cost phased array architecture. When used with the array panel configuration shown in FIG. 1, production cost is reduced. The multi-layer printed circuit board  24  can include surface mount components, as is known to those skilled in the art. This architecture is scalable to higher and lower frequency bands. 
     A subarray lattice  16  structure is shown in FIG. 5, and includes a radome  30  and the radiating elements  20  positioned on one multilayer board  24 . A top layer  32  of the board can include, for instance, amplifier elements  34 , including low noise amplifiers (LNA) or other components and a bottom layer  36  portion of the board can include, for instance, phase shifters, post amplification circuit elements with combiners and beam steering elements  38  or other components. A middle layer  40  portion (such as two layers) can include a beam former network  42  with power combing and signal distribution. Other layers can include beam control components filtering or other components, which can exist combined on some layers or separate. The layers can be formed by techniques known to those skilled in the art, including green tape layers. Mechanical packaging components  44  include basic power supplies, cooling circuits and packaging. Such a structure can then be placed in another support structure and form part of the lattice as a microstrip patch element. 
     Many modifications and other embodiments of the invention will come to the mind of one skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed, and that the modifications and embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the dependent claims.