Abstract:
The invention relates to a field device for automation systems, comprising a unit for internal data organisation, means for recording process parameters and/or means for outputting regulation parameters, means for processing signals according to the recorded regulation parameters or the regulation parameters to be output, and at least one communication interface. The means and the communication interface thus communicate with a unit for internal data organisation in order to exchange data between each other. A transaction manager unit, which is provided to control blockings, transactions and/or users, is used to control the access via the means and via the at least one communication interface to the data of the unit for internal data organisation between the means, the at least one communication interface and the unit for internal data communication.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   The invention relates to a field device for automation systems of the type of the main claim. 
   In automation systems, field devices are used which serve for example to record process parameters and/or to influence regulation parameters and which are connected via one or more interfaces to other field devices or to higher planes of the automation system. Generally the field device comprises a unit for internal data organisation, one or more communication interfaces (1-n), one or more process interfaces (1-n), (0-n) man-machine interfaces, elements for signal processing and (0-n) persistent memories, the interfaces, the elements for signal processing and the persistent memory having access to data in the unit for internal data organisation. The expressions in brackets give the number of the respective elements, but obviously a field device can contain other constituent parts, such as power supply, mechanical elements and the like. 
   The unit for internal data organisation as well as the persistent memory contain the process image with process variables, configuration parameters for communication, the program or programs to be used, stored fixed values of the parameters used in the process image or the like. The process interfaces record the measured variables or respectively give the regulation parameters for the automation process; the elements for signal processing, which are configured for example as functional components, process the measured variables and/or regulation parameters, and the communication interfaces, which can be configured for bus systems, serve to communicate with other devices. The man-machine interfaces are realised for example by a local control display or a local input unit or by switches. The unit for internal data organisation and the persistent memory are formed by a microprocessor system. All the data-processing components of the field device, i.e. all the interfaces, and the signal processing work on the internal data organisation, i.e. they read and write the data stock there. 
   Field devices are used in all the fields of automation, e.g. process industries, such as the chemical industry, power stations or in manufacturing industries, such as vehicle construction. These devices are for example sensors (pressure, temperature, filling level, . . . ), actuators (valves, converters, motors, . . . ) and more. 
   As an example of a simple field device can be quoted a sensor for measuring concentrations which comprises a vibrating quartz crystal, an oscillator, a microprocessor system having memories and timing circuits and the like, as well as a serial interface and a power supply for all the elements. Here the vibrating quartz crystal represents the process interface; it detects additions of mass by the alteration of an oscillation frequency and converts it into an electrical signal. The signal processing is carried out via the oscillator and the microprocessor system, the latter also representing the internal data organisation and the persistent memory as well as, together with the serial interface, the communication interface. In the described example there is no man-machine interface. The vibrating quartz crystal detects the addition of mass and the concentration is determined, the concentration value being capable of being transmitted via the serial interface to other components of the automation system, or regulation parameters can be calculated in the concentration sensor itself and these parameters can be transmitted to actuators via the interface. 
   In principle, the data and functions of field devices in automation systems are used by other field devices or other automation components; these are e.g. installation tools, tools for service/maintenance, control systems, stored program controls, other field devices, ERP systems, MES systems and more (ERP—Enterprise Resource Planning; MES—Manufacturing Execution System). 
   When field devices are used there are a number of problems which are described below, the problems arising both through external users, i.e. through other components of the automation system, and through internal users. A user has access via the constituent parts of the field device to its internal data organisation. Internal users are the described constituent parts of the field device. External users are automation components or their constituent parts or other field devices or their constituent parts or constituent parts of the process in an automation system which are connected to the field device via the communication, process or man-machine interfaces. User access can be triggered by the automation system itself, by people using it or by the process to be automated. 
   Inconsistencies due to simultaneous reading/writing of a datum of the internal data organisation by a plurality of users, e.g.
         more than one communication (e.g. Ethernet and any field bus),   cyclic and acyclic communication (e.g. in the PROFIBUS cyclic via C1 connection and acyclic via C2 connection)   local control display and communication via the communication interface,   any other combinations of the above-described data-processing components.       

   Inconsistency due to reading/writing of logically associated data of the internal data organisation by one user in a plurality of steps (e.g. measured value plus status or lower and upper limit values or measured value and unit or set of parameters), e.g.
         acyclic in a plurality of telegrams (e.g. Ethernet, PROFIBUS),   partially cyclic, partially acyclic (e.g. PROFIBUS).       

   Lack of the possibility of producing a defined original state in carrying out a plurality of writing/reading operations in sequence, when the user requires this, e.g.:
         reconfiguration,   downloads (e.g. from functional components or of all the parameters of the field device   uploads (e.g. of all the parameters of one or more field devices)   downloads into a plurality of field devices.       

   Lack of consistency of the internal data organisation of a field device with
         data organisations of other field devices   data organisations of automation components.       

   When practical automation tasks are solved with the aid of field devices, the above-mentioned problems occur in any combinations. The solution for the described problems therefore becomes more urgent since field devices are no longer used only in isolation or connected for communication 1:1, but to an increasing extent permit communication with a plurality of users. The increasing integration into higher planes of automation technique (e.g. for asset management) contributes to this. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The object underlying the invention, therefore, is to create a field device for automation systems, with which device conflicts in simultaneous parallel access to the internal data organisation are avoided. 
   This object is accomplished according to the invention by the characterising features of the main claim in conjunction with the features of the preamble. 
   Because a transaction manager unit, which manages blockings, transactions and/or other users, is provided in the field device to control the access by the means for recording process parameters and/or for outputting regulation parameters and the means for signal processing and by the at least one communication interface to the data of the unit for internal data organisation, between the means as well as the at least one communication interface and the unit for internal data organisation, many problems in the access to the data can be prevented, in particular access can be made without any problem to data which is changed in parallel, which is not released, which is inconsistent. Furthermore losing the changes is avoided, and it is made possible to ensure consistent states, or respectively to return to same. 
   Through the measures quoted in the subordinate claims, advantageous development and improvements are possible. It is particularly advantageous that the transaction manager unit comprises a transaction/service entity, which uses and makes available at least one transaction protocol, through which the propagation of transactions with other transaction managers is rendered possible and thus distributed transactions are permitted. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     An embodiment of the invention is represented in the drawing and is explained in greater detail in the following description. The figures show: 
       FIG. 1  a diagrammatic view of the structure of a field device, 
       FIG. 2  the internal structure of the transaction manager unit, 
       FIG. 3  a sequence chart for the interaction of a user with the transaction manager unit using the management of blockings, 
       FIGS. 4A &amp; 4B  a sequence chart for the interaction of the user with the transaction manager unit, using the management of transactions and the management of blockings, and 
       FIG. 5  the structure of an automation system with a field device and automation components. 
   

   DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   The field device  1  represented in  FIG. 1  comprises, as has already been described in connection with the prior art, a unit for internal data organisation  2 , at least one communication interface  3 , at least one process interface  4 , at least one man-machine interface  5 , means for signal processing  6  and a persistent memory  7 . Between the individual constituent parts  3  to  7  and the unit for internal data organisation  2  is connected a transaction manager unit  8 , which controls the data access of constituent parts  3  to  7  to the internal data organisation  2 . 
   Both internal users, which can be the constituent parts  4  to  7  of the field device, and external users, which can communicate via the indicated double-headed arrows  9  of the communication interface  3 , of the man-machine interface  5  and of the process interface  4 , have recourse to the transaction manager unit  8 . 
   The transaction manager unit  8  has a plurality of management functions, which are deposited for example in table form or the like in a microprocessor system. These management functions include the management of users, the management of blockings and the management of transactions. The management of users includes the introduction and removal of users, the allocation of rights for the individual users and ensuring the rights are maintained. Naturally further user-specific management processes which are not listed are possible. 
   Under the management of blockings falls for example the requesting and release of blockings, the allocation of blockings to data or objects of the internal data organisation, the definition of the blockings e.g. exclusive blockings, for example for reading and writing, or divided blockings, for example for reading, as well as ensuring the maintenance of blockings. 
   The transactions managed by the transaction manager unit relate to transactions which are based on blockings, initiation, breaking-off, i.e. the rejection of the results, terminating, i.e. the confirmation of the results, the allocation of blockings, access to objects of the internal data organisation, ensuring at least two-phase transactions and other synchronisation mechanisms, e.g. its versioning of objects, time stamp. A transaction ensures the consistency of the internal data organisation via a non-interruptible sequence of access to its objects. 
     FIG. 2  shows the internal structure of the transaction manager unit which is realised as a microprocessor system. The individual constituent parts or units of the transaction manager are the management of users  10 , the management of blockings  11 , the management of transactions  12  and in addition a transaction service entity  13  is provided. The units management of blockings  11 , management of transactions  12 , transaction service entity  13 , are arranged in layers the one above the other and lie on the internal data organisation, whilst the user management  10  is arranged vertically and cooperates with units  11  to  13  according to the double-headed arrows  14  shown in broken lines. The individual internal users can have direct access to the above-listed functions of the individual units  10 ,  11 ,  12 , which is indicated by the double-headed arrows  15 . Internally, the management of transactions  12 , the management of blockings  11 , if desired and preset, fall back on the management of users  10  in order to call up the various functions of the management of users  10 . 
   The functions which are mapped on the communication protocols used in each case are made available by suitable services/protocols to external users which have access via the communication interface(s)  3 . 
   The transaction service entity  13  is provided to render possible the coordination with other transaction managers via a transaction protocol. This transaction protocol, which is for example the Transaction Internet Protocol (TIP), is stored in the transaction manager  8  or respectively in the microprocessor system, the transaction service entity transforming or mapping the data arriving and leaving, as indicated by the double-headed arrow  16 , according to the rules of the transaction protocol. The transaction protocol will be mapped for communication with other transaction managers onto the communication protocol or protocols used. Through the possible coordination, distributed transactions can be realised, and the propagation of transactions with other transaction managers is rendered possible. 
     FIG. 3  shows a first sequence chart, which shows for example the interaction of a user with the transaction manager unit  8 , unit  11  being used to manage blockings. The management of users  10  is not represented explicitly, the management of transactions  12  or the transaction service entity  13  is not used. 
   In this example according to  FIG. 3 , a blocking is requested on an object of the internal data organisation  2  with specific rights, by a user according to step  101 . Here the name of the object and the type of rights are supplied to the unit for managing blockings  11  by the user or respectively by the management of users. For example an external user has access via the man-machine interface  5 , the object being the unit for temperature (Celsius, Kelvin) and the blocking being the reading and writing. 
   Due to the request according to step  101 , a blocking is produced and its blocking ID is passed back to the user according to step  102 . In the management of blockings  11 , an attempt is made to block the object according to the requested rights and this process is repeated until it is successful. If it has been possible to block the object, which can take some time depending on blockings for other users, the user is informed about this according to step  103 , i.e. a confirmation “blocking”, issued in conjunction with the blocking ID, is supplied to the user. Thereafter access by the user to the object is possible by the user and the name of the object or respectively the data is supplied to the management of blockings  11  according to step  104 , which checks the rights and if they do not agree possibly rejects them. Then the object access according to step  105  is passed on to the internal data organisation  2 , which supplies the data via step  106  to the management of blockings  11 , which in turn passes the data on to the user with step  107 . The actual object access, which is indicated by box  108 , can be repeated several times. On conclusion of the access to the object, the user releases the blocking, according to step  109 . 
   A further example of a sequence chart is shown in  FIGS. 4A &amp; 4B , which show for example the interaction of a user with the transaction manager unit, the management of transactions being used. The management of users is not explicitly shown and the management of blockings only used internally, i.e. the path designated in  FIG. 2  by the double-headed arrow  17  between the unit for managing transactions  12  and the unit for managing blockings  11  is used. The transaction service entity  13  is not used. The object access requested by the user is in this example the writing of data. 
   In this example, a transaction is started by a user, which corresponds to step  111  between the user or respectively the user management and the management of transactions. Step  112  represents the response. The steps  115  to  121  represented in box  113  correspond substantially to steps  101  to  107  of  FIG. 3 , with the exception that the steps go from the unit for the management of transactions and not from the user or from the user management itself. Step  114  represents the request for object access between the user and the management of transactions. In summary it can be said that after the start of the transaction by a user, this object access is carried out, namely writing, as represented in  FIGS. 4A &amp; 4B , the reading being analogous. With each object access a check is made as to whether the request of blockings ( 115 ) is necessary and this is possibly done ( 117 ). In addition, a check is made as to whether the introduction of local data copies is necessary, e.g. if data could potentially be changed. In the embodiment according to  FIGS. 4A &amp; 4B , a local copy of the data ( 121 ) requested from the internal data organisation is deposited in the unit for managing transactions. Furthermore, the object access of the user, i.e. the writing or alteration of local data is carried out and the execution of this is notified to the user via step  122 . 
   In variant A, the user decides to break off the transaction. Thus the local data copies ( 123 ,  124 ) are removed and all the blockings are released. The user is informed about the outcome that its data access has been rejected ( 131 ). 
   According to variant B, the user decides to hand over the transactions (step  125 ). Thus the local data copies in the unit for managing transactions are stored in the internal data organisation device  2  via the unit for managing blockings, and removed locally ( 128 ) as well as, according to step  129 , all the blockings being released. Step  130  notifies the removal of the blockings back to the user. 
   In  FIG. 5  is represented an example of an automation system which comprises two automation components  20 ,  21  and three field devices  22 ,  23 ,  24 , one automation component being a device which uses the data and functions of field devices in order to meet the tasks allocated to it within the framework of an automation system. It is realised by hardware and software. 
   An automation component fulfils tasks such as serving, observing, regulation, control, archiving, asset management and many other tasks. A typical example is a PC or work station-based process control system in the control room. 
   An automation component is connected via communication systems to other automation components and field devices. 
   Automation components  21  and field devices  22 ,  24  here have a transaction manager  8 . 
   Automation component  20  uses the functions of the transaction manager  8  of the field device  22  (blockings, transactions, users). Automation component  21  uses the transaction protocol in order to synchronise its internal transaction manager  8  with that of the field device  22  (distributed transactions), the transaction protocol being mapped for this purpose onto the communication protocol. 
   Field device  23  uses the functions of the transaction manager of field device  22  (blockings, transactions, users). Field device  24  uses the transaction protocol in order to synchronise its internal transaction manager  8  with that of field device  22  (distributed transactions). 
   Automation components and field devices can be in an m:n relationship to one another. Different versions can occur together in one automation system. 
   Due to the introduction of the transaction manager and of the transaction protocol in field devices, the problems which were described initially can be solved. Inter alia, the following causes of faults are prevented:
         access to data which is changed in parallel   access to data which is released   access to data which is inconsistent   loss of changes.       

   Furthermore it is made possible:
         to ensure consistent states or respectively to return to same,   to generate consistency beyond the individual field device.