Abstract:
The present invention relates to a magnetic refrigerator comprising separated hot and cold heat exchange units wherein a heat transfer fluid that exchanges a heat with a magnetic heat exchange unit having the magnetocaloric material pieces arranged to have a gap therebetween separately circulates through a solenoid valve.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/KR2006/004713, filed on Nov. 10, 2006, entitled “Magnetic Refrigerator,” which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 to Application No. KR 10-2005-0126984 filed on Dec. 21, 2005, entitled “Magnetic Refrigerator,” the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to a magnetic refrigerator comprising separated hot and cold heat exchange units wherein a heat transfer fluid that exchanges a heat with a magnetic heat exchange unit having the magnetocaloric material pieces arranged to have a gap therebetween separately circulates through a solenoid valve. 
         [0003]    A conventional magnetic refrigerator is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,668,560. As shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , in accordance with the conventional magnetic refrigerator, while a heat transfer fluid  17  entering into a cold side inlet port  22  through a cold side inlet port pipe  21  flows to a hot side outlet port  34 , the heat transfer fluid  17  absorbs a heat generated by a magnetocaloric effect of a magnetocaloric material  12  having a magnetic field applied thereto and exits to a hot side outlet port pipe  33  through a hot side outlet port ports  34  to cool the magnetocaloric material  12 . A hot side sequentially passes the hot side outlet port pipe  33 , a valve  71 , a pump  60 , and a hot heat exchanger  62  and flows into a magnetic heat exchange compartment  13 . In a hot side inlet port pipe  31 , the hot side is divided into the hot side inlet port pipe  31  and a cold side outlet port  23 , and meets a cold side at a cold side outlet port pipe  24  and proceed to a valve  74 . When the hot side moves from a hot side inlet port  32  to the cold side outlet port pipe  24 , the hot side is cooled by passing the magnetocaloric material  12  already cooled by the hot side. The cold side that has passed through the valve  74  passes a cold heat exchanger  63  and flows to pipes  83  and  21  to repeat a cycle (a detailed description is omitted. See U.S. Pat. No. 6,668,560 for omitted reference numerals). 
         [0004]    As described above, since the conventional magnetic refrigerator comprises twelve magnetic heat exchange compartments, four valves  71 ,  72 ,  73  and  74  and more than 24 pipes, it is difficult to manufacture the conventional magnetic refrigerator. 
         [0005]    Moreover, since a single heat transfer fluid is circulated to serve as the hot side and the cold side simultaneously, that is, since the hot side enters at the hot side inlet port  32  to pass the cold magnetocaloric material (See  FIG. 2 ) and cooled into the cold side to exit through the cold side outlet pipe  24 , a efficiency of a heat exchange is degraded. It is known from this fact that when the heat transfer fluid having a temperature lower than that of the hot side entering the hot side inlet port  32  enters the hot side inlet port  32  and passes the cooled caloric material, the heat transfer fluid having a temperature lower at the cold side outlet pipe  24  may be flown out to improve the efficiency of the heat exchange. 
         [0006]    In addition, since amount of the heat transfer fluid passing through the hot side cannot be controlled, a heat of the magnetocaloric material cannot be cooled promptly, thereby degrading the efficiency of the heat exchange. 
         [0007]    On the other hand, since a fine mesh is used at the outlet port in order to prevent a problem that the magnetocaloric material of a power type is lost by the heat transfer fluid (coolant), the coolant cannot be circulated smoothly. 
         [0008]    Moreover, since the coolant continues to pass the magnetocaloric material at the same spot, a smooth heat exchange is difficult. 
         [0009]    In addition, a gadolinium having a microscopic size may be lost when the coolant enters or exits the magnetic heat exchange unit. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0010]    It is an object of the present invention to provide a magnetic refrigerator wherein a hot side and a cold side are divided to simplify a structure, to achieve a high heat efficiency, and to be capable of controlling an amount of a heat transfer fluid. 
         [0011]    In order to achieve the above-described object, there is provided a magnetic refrigerator, comprising: a magnetic heat exchange unit including a magnetocaloric material for passing a flow of a heat transfer fluid; a hot heat exchange circulating member; a cold heat exchange circulating member; a first solenoid valve connected to a junction of an inlet port of the magnetic heat exchange unit, an outlet port of the hot heat exchange circulating member and an outlet port of the cold heat exchange circulating member; and a second solenoid valve connected to a junction of an outlet port of the magnetic heat exchange unit, an inlet port of the hot heat exchange circulating member and an inlet port of the cold heat exchange circulating member. 
         [0012]    In accordance with the refrigerator, a hot side and a cold side are divided to simplify a structure, to achieve a high heat efficiency, and to be capable of controlling an amount of a heat transfer fluid. 
         [0013]    In accordance with the refrigerator, when a pump is installed at the hot heat exchange circulating member or the cold heat exchange circulating member, a heat exchange time may be reduced and a heat exchange efficiency is improved since a pressure of the pump through a closed cycle is sufficiently transferred to the heat transfer fluid. 
         [0014]    On the other hand, when the magnet member comprises a permanent magnet and a push-pull unit for pushing the permanent magnet the toward and pulling the permanent magnet away from the magnetic heat exchange unit, a single magnetic heat exchange unit may be used. 
         [0015]    It is preferable that the push-pull unit comprises a yoke having the permanent magnet disposed at both sides thereof, and a reciprocation transfer member for carrying out a reciprocation of the yoke, wherein the reciprocation transfer member comprises a rack attached to the yoke, a pinion engaged with the rack, and a motor for transferring a rotational power to the pinion. 
         [0016]    On the other hand, the magnet member may be an electromagnet. 
         [0017]    It is preferable that the magnetic heat exchange unit comprises a case including the magnetocaloric material, the inlet port disposed at a top surface of the case and the outlet port disposed on a bottom surface of the case. 
         [0018]    When the magnetocaloric material comprises a plurality of magnetocaloric material pieces arranged in the case to have a gap therebetween, a mesh is not require, thereby allowing a smooth flow of the heat transfer fluid. 
         [0019]    It is preferable that each of the plurality of magnetocaloric material pieces comprises a gadolinium plate or a gadolinium rod having a constant circular cross-section in a lengthwise direction. 
         [0020]    When the gadolinium rod comprises a groove in the lengthwise direction, a contact area being in contact with the heat transfer fluid is increased, thereby improving the heat exchange efficiency. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0021]      FIG. 1  is a plan view illustrating a heat transfer fluid in a conventional rotational magnet magnetic refrigerator. 
           [0022]      FIG. 2  is a plan view exemplifying a magnetic heat exchange unit including a magnetocaloric material of a powder type of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0023]      FIG. 3  is a configuration diagram illustrating a magnetic refrigerator in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0024]      FIG. 4  is a diagram illustrating a push-pull member. 
           [0025]      FIG. 5  is a perspective view illustrating a magnetic heat exchange unit in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0026]      FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional view taken along a line B-B of  FIG. 5 . 
           [0027]      FIGS. 7 through 9  are cross-sectional views taken along a line B-B of  FIG. 5  in accordance with another preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0028]      FIG. 10  is a perspective view illustrating a magnetocaloric material piece having a shape of a rod. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0029]    The above-described objects and other objects and characteristics and advantages of the present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanied drawings. 
         [0030]      FIG. 3  is a configuration diagram illustrating a magnetic refrigerator in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention,  FIG. 4  is a diagram illustrating a push-pull member, and  FIG. 5  is a perspective view illustrating a first magnetic heat exchange unit in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
         [0031]    As shown in  FIGS. 3 through 5 , the magnetic refrigerator in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention comprises a magnetic heat exchange unit  113  including a magnetocaloric material for passing heat transfer fluids  17   a  and  17   b , a magnet member  140  for applying or erasing a magnetic field, a hot heat exchange circulating member, a cold heat exchange circulating member, a first solenoid valve  120   a  and a second solenoid valve  120   b.    
         [0032]    The heat transfer fluids  17   a  and  17   b  are divided into a first heat transfer fluid  17   a  circulating in the hot heat exchange circulating member, and a second heat transfer fluid  17   b  circulating in the cold heat exchange circulating member to form a cycle. 
         [0033]    The hot heat exchange circulating member comprises a hot heat exchanger  162 , a first pipe  130  for moving a first heat transfer fluid  17   aa  at a cold side outlet of the hot heat exchanger  162  to a hot side of the magnetic heat exchange unit  113 , and a second pipe  131  for moving a first heat transfer fluid  17   ab  to a hot side inlet of the hot heat exchanger  162 , wherein the first heat transfer fluid  17   ab  absorbs a heat of a magnetocaloric material  112  by passing through the hot side of the magnetic heat exchange unit  113 . 
         [0034]    Similarly, the cold heat exchange circulating member comprises a cold heat exchanger  163 , a third pipe  132  for moving a second heat transfer fluid  17   bb  at a hot side outlet of the cold heat exchanger  163  to the cold side of the magnetic heat exchange unit  113 , and a fourth pipe  133  for moving a second heat transfer fluid  17   bc  to a cold side inlet of the cold heat exchanger  163 , wherein the second heat transfer fluid  17   bc  emits a heat to the magnetocaloric material  112  to be cooled by passing through the cold side of the magnetic heat exchange unit  113 . 
         [0035]    The first solenoid valve  120   a  is connected to a junction of an inlet port  115   a  of the magnetic heat exchange unit  113 , an outlet port  130   a  of the hot heat exchange circulating member and an outlet port  132   a  of the cold heat exchange circulating member. 
         [0036]    That is, the first solenoid valve  120   a  is a 3port-2way solenoid valve, wherein a first inlet port thereof is connected to the outlet port  130   a  of the first pipe  130 , and a second inlet port thereof is connected to the outlet port  132   a  of the third pipe  132 . An outlet port of the update scheduler  120  is connected to the magnetic heat exchange unit  113 , i.e. a fifth pipe  135   a  connected to the inlet port  115   a  of the magnetic heat exchange unit  113  to be more specific. 
         [0037]    Similar to the first solenoid valve  120   a , the second solenoid valve  120   b  is connected to an outlet port  115   b  of the magnetic heat exchange unit  113 , an inlet port  131   b  of the hot heat exchange circulating member and an inlet port  133   b  of the cold heat exchange circulating member. 
         [0038]    That is, a first outlet port of the second solenoid valve  120   b  is connected to the inlet port  131   b  of the second pipe  131  and a second outlet port thereof is connected to the inlet port  133   b  of the fourth pipe  133 . An inlet port of the second solenoid valve  120   b  is connected to the magnetic heat exchange unit  113 , i.e. a sixth pipe  135   b  connected to the outlet port  115   b  of the magnetic heat exchange unit  113  to be more specific. 
         [0039]    As described above, in accordance with a structure of the first solenoid valve  120   a  and the second solenoid valve  120   b , a heat exchange is possible with the single magnetic heat exchange unit  113 . 
         [0040]    In addition, the cycle is divided into a hot side cycle and a cold side cycle to control an amount of the heat transfer fluid, to flow more heat transfer fluid to the hot side to be specific, as well as to improve a heat efficiency and simplify a structure. 
         [0041]    Moreover, it is preferable that the refrigerator further comprises a pump at the hot heat exchange circulating member or the cold heat exchange circulating member. 
         [0042]    That is, as shown in  FIG. 3 , the hot heat exchange circulating member and the cold heat exchange circulating member embodies a close cycle similar to a closed circuit. Therefore, since an atmospheric pressure does not act on the heat transfer fluid directly, almost no resistance is applied to the pumps  160  and  161 , thereby reducing a time required for the heat exchange and improving the heat efficiency by a smooth circulation of the heat transfer fluid (a pressure adjustment range is increased according to a size and the heat efficiency of the magnetic heat exchange unit). 
         [0043]    The magnetic heat exchange unit  113  comprises the magnetocaloric material  112  which passes the flow of the heat transfer fluid. The magnetocaloric material  112  has a characteristic wherein the temperature thereof is changed when the magnetic field is applied. The magnetocaloric material  112  comprises a gadolinium (Gd) of a fine powder type. The gadolinium has pores having a high osmosis to the flow of the heat transfer fluid, and a superior absorption and emission of a heat. 
       FIRST EMBODIMENT 
     The Magnetic Heat Exchange Unit  113   
       [0044]    As shown in  FIGS. 5 and 6 , the magnetic heat exchange unit  113  in accordance with a first embodiment comprises a case  115  extending vertically, and a plurality of magnetocaloric material pieces  112  disposed in the case  115  to form a gap  114 . 
         [0045]    The inlet port  115   a  is disposed on a top surface of the case  115  to be connected to the outlet port of the fifth pipe  135   a , and the outlet port  115   b  is disposed on a bottom surface of the case  115  to be connected to the outlet port of the sixth pipe  135   b.    
         [0046]    The magnetic heat exchange unit  113  may be manufactured by arranging and mounting the magnetocaloric material  112  while the case  115  is disassembled in two parts, and then assembling, bonding or welding the parts. 
         [0047]    The case  115  in accordance with the embodiment may be connected to the inlet port  115   a  and the outlet port  115   b  to be supported. The support improves the heat exchange efficiency by establishing an adiabatic state wherein the magnetocaloric material  112  of the magnetic heat exchange unit  113  is not exposed. 
         [0048]    The magnetocaloric material  112 , which have a shape of a plate manufactured from a gadolinium powder, are disposed in parallel in a manner that the gap  1114  prevents a contact with the case. The magnetocaloric material  112  of the gadolinium plate may be a thin foil or a thick sheet according to a flow velocity and the heat exchange rate of the heat transfer fluid. 
         [0049]    As described above, the magnetocaloric material  112  having the gap  114  prevents the loss of the material even when a mesh is not used, a contact with the entire the magnetocaloric material  112  as well as a smooth flow is obtained since the heat transfer fluid flows through the gap  114 , and a higher heat exchange rate compared to that of the conventional art is obtained since a contact area is larger in case of the gadolinium plate. 
       SECOND EMBODIMENT 
     The Magnetic Heat Exchange Unit  213   
       [0050]    As shown in  FIG. 7 , the magnetic heat exchange unit  213  in accordance with the second embodiment comprises a plurality of magnetocaloric material pieces  212  having a shape of a rod instead of the magnetocaloric material  112  having the shape of the plate. That is, each of the plurality of magnetocaloric material pieces  212  has the shape of the rod having a constant circular cross-section in the lengthwise direction. 
         [0051]    A gap  214  between the plurality of magnetocaloric material pieces  212  having the shape of the rod is formed when in contact or not in contact due to the circular cross-section even when the plurality of magnetocaloric material pieces  212  are randomly arranged such that an effect of the first embodiment is obtained when the heat transfer fluid flows through the gap  214 . 
         [0052]    It is preferable that the plurality of magnetocaloric material pieces  1212  having the shape of the rod are inserted in a batch arranged vertically. 
         [0053]    On the other hand, as shown in  FIG. 10 , it is preferable that the plurality of magnetocaloric material pieces  212  having the shape of the rod comprises a groove  212   a  in a lengthwise direction to increase the contact area with the heat transfer fluid, thereby improving the heat exchange efficiency. 
       THIRD EMBODIMENT 
     Magnetic Heat Exchange Unit  313   
       [0054]    As shown in  FIG. 8 , the magnetic heat exchange unit  313  in accordance with the third embodiment comprises a plurality of magnetocaloric material pieces  312  having the shape of the rod arranged to have a gap  314  therebetween similar to the plurality of magnetocaloric material pieces  112  having the shape of the plate of the first embodiment instead of a random arrangement of the plurality of magnetocaloric material pieces  212  having the shape of the rod of the second embodiment. 
         [0055]    It is preferable that the plurality of magnetocaloric material pieces  312  having the shape of the rod are inserted in a batch arranged vertically. 
         [0056]    As shown in  FIG. 10 , it is preferable that the plurality of magnetocaloric material pieces  312  having the shape of the rod comprises the groove  212   a  in the lengthwise direction. 
       FOURTH EMBODIMENT 
     Magnetic Heat Exchange Unit  413   
       [0057]    As shown in  FIG. 9 , the magnetic heat exchange unit  413  in accordance with the fourth embodiment comprises a magnetocaloric material  412   a  having the shape of the rod and a magnetocaloric material  412   b  having the shape of the plate having a gap  414  therebetween. 
         [0058]    The magnet member  140  may be attached to the magnetic heat exchange unit. 
         [0059]    The magnet member  140  may comprise a permanent magnet  114  disposed at both sides of the case  115  and a push-pull unit for pushing the permanent magnet  114  the toward and pulling the permanent magnet away from the magnetic heat exchange unit  413 , or may comprise an electromagnet (not shown) at the both sides of the case  115 . 
         [0060]    As shown in  FIG. 4 , the push-pull unit comprises a yoke  143  having the permanent magnet  141  disposed at both sides thereof, and a reciprocation transfer member for carrying out a reciprocation of the yoke  143 . 
         [0061]    The yoke  143  serves to concentrate the magnetic field of the permanent magnet  141  in a direction of the magnetic heat exchange unit  113  so that the magnetic field having a higher intensity is applied to the magnetic heat exchange unit. 
         [0062]    The reciprocation transfer member may be embodied with a rack  145  attached to the yoke  143 , a pinion  147  engaged with the rack  145 , and a motor  149  a shaft of which transfers a rotational power to the pinion  147 . 
         [0063]    The rack  145  may be embodied by forming a tooth on a rod of a link of the yoke  143  or welding a separate rack to the rod. 
         [0064]    It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various reciprocation transfer members that convert a rotational motion to a linear motion may be used in accordance with the present invention. 
         [0065]    When the electromagnet is used, a current may be applied intermittently to embody applying or erasing the magnetic field. 
         [0066]    The cycle of the magnetic refrigerator employing the magnetic heat exchange unit  113  in accordance with the first embodiment of the present invention will now be described wherein the characteristic of the magnetocaloric material is subjected to an experiment by setting an atmospheric temperature which carries out an heat exchange with the hot heat exchanger  162 , and an atmospheric temperature which carries out an heat exchange with the cold heat exchanger  163  are set at 26° C. respectively, considering a characteristic of the magnetocaloric material wherein a temperature thereof rises by 3° C. when the magnetocaloric material is magnetized and drops by 3° C. when cooled by the heat transfer fluid. 
         [0067]    The entire system except the magnet member  140  is fixed and the magnet member  140  is subjected to the reciprocation motion between the magnetic heat exchange unit  113  to apply and erase the magnetic field. When the magnetic field is applied to the magnetocaloric material, the heat transfer fluid  17   aa  of the hot side is flown to the magnetic heat exchange unit  113  with a pressure using the solenoid valves  120   a  and  120   b  so as to subject the heat (29° C.) of the magnetocaloric material heated by the magnetic field to a first cooling (26° C.). When the first cooling is completed, the magnet member  140  retreats from the magnetic heat exchange unit  113  to erase the magnetic field. When the magnetic field is erased, the heat transfer fluid  17   bb  of the cold side (26° C.) is flown to the magnetic heat exchange unit  113  with the pressure simultaneously to restore the heat lost in the first cooling. When restoring the heat, the magnetocaloric material absorbs the heat around the material to cool a surrounding. When the surrounding is cooled, the magnetocaloric material is subjected to a second cooling to lower a temperature of the cold side (32° C.) such that the hot side emits the heat (29° C.) through the hot heat exchanger  162 , and the cold side emits a cooled temperature (23° C.) through the inlet mesh  16  and the magnetocaloric material pass through the magnetic heat exchange unit again. The above-described cycle is repeated. 
         [0068]    At a time that the first solenoid valve  120   a  and the second solenoid valve  120   b  switch from the hot heat exchange circulating member to the cold heat exchange circulating member, the temperature drops from 26° C. to 23° C. In addition, since the solenoid valves may easily be programmed digitally, the solenoid valves serve a function of opening a path of the first and the second heat transfer fluids. 
         [0069]    As described above, the circulation of the heat transfer fluid is divided into the hot heat exchanger and the cold heat exchanger for the heat exchange of two cycles, thereby simplifying the structure of a magnetic refrigerating cycle. 
         [0070]    In addition, in accordance with the system, since the heat transfer fluid at the atmospheric temperature is injected to the magnetocaloric material, the heat transfer fluid is heated and cooled more according to a state of the material to improve an efficiency of the heat exchanger. 
         [0071]    Moreover, since the magnetic refrigerator is divided into the hot heat exchanger and the cold heat exchanger  163 , amounts of the first heat transfer fluid and the second heat transfer fluid  17   bb  are controlled to be different. Therefore, a larger amount of the first heat transfer fluid may be flown to the hot side of the magnetic heat exchange unit to maximize the cooling of the magnetocaloric material. 
         [0072]    A single magnetic heat exchange unit may be used due to a use of the 3port-2way solenoid valve, thereby simplifying the structure, and the cycle is systemized, thereby being capable of controlling a heat exchanging time, a pressure and a velocity of the heat transfer fluid. 
         [0073]    While the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to the preferred embodiment thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be effected therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. 
         [0074]    As described above, the magnetic heat exchange unit in accordance with the present invention provides following advantages. 
         [0075]    Since the circulation of the heat transfer fluid is divided into the hot heat exchanger and the cold heat exchanger for the heat exchange of two cycles and the heat exchange is carried out by the single magnetic heat exchange unit using the solenoid valve, the structure of a magnetic refrigerating cycle is simplified. 
         [0076]    Moreover, since the magnetic refrigerator is divided into the hot heat exchanger and the cold heat exchanger, amounts of the first heat transfer fluid and the second heat transfer fluid are controlled to be different. Therefore, a larger amount of the first heat transfer fluid may be flown to the hot side of the magnetic heat exchange unit to maximize the cooling of the magnetocaloric material. 
         [0077]    In addition, the adiabatic state wherein the magnetocaloric material piece is not exposed may be achieved to improve the heat exchange efficiency. 
         [0078]    Moreover, the hot heat exchange circulating member and the cold heat exchange circulating member embodies the close cycle similar to the closed circuit. Therefore, since the atmospheric pressure does not act on the heat transfer fluid directly, almost no resistance is applied to the pump, thereby reducing the time required for the heat exchange and improving the heat efficiency. This allows a use of a single pump since the pressure adjustment range is increased according to a size and the heat efficiency of the magnetic heat exchange unit. 
         [0079]    The magnetic heat exchange unit is constructed to comprise the case and the plurality of magnetocaloric material pieces disposed in the case to form the gap so that the heat transfer fluid may be flown through the gap, thereby improving the heat exchange efficiency through a uniform contact between the plurality of magnetocaloric material pieces and the heat transfer fluid and eliminating a need for the mesh for the smooth flow of the heat transfer fluid. 
         [0080]    In addition, the heat exchange efficiency is improved by increasing the contact area with the heat transfer fluid when the groove is formed on the plurality of magnetocaloric material pieces having the shape of the rod in the lengthwise direction. 
         [0081]    Moreover, the magnetocaloric material piece is embodied to have the shape of the plate or the rod, the magnetocaloric material piece is not easily lost. 
         [0082]    In addition, since the magnet member comprises the yoke and the push-pull unit, the magnetic field may be applied or erased with the magnetic heat exchange unit fixed, and the yoke concentrates the magnetic field toward the direction of the magnetic heat exchange unit to apply the high intensity magnetic field to the magnetic heat exchange unit 
         [0083]    Moreover, the heat exchange efficiency is improved by increasing the contact area with the heat transfer fluid when the groove is formed on the plurality of magnetocaloric material pieces having the shape of the rod in the lengthwise direction. 
       LIST OF REFERENCE SIGNS 
       [0000]    
       
           60 ,  160 ,  161 : pump 
           62 ,  162 : hot heat exchanger 
           63 ,  163 : cold heat exchanger 
           13 : magnetic heat exchange unit 
           17   aa ,  17   ab : first heat transfer fluid 
           17   bb ,  17   bc : second heat transfer fluid 
           112 ,  212 ,  1312 ,  412   a ,  412   b : magnetocaloric material piece (Gd) 
           113 ,  213 ,  313 ,  413 : magnetic heat exchange unit 
           114 ,  214 ,  314 ,  414 : gap 
           115 : case 
           115   a ,  115   b : inlet port, outlet port 
           130 ,  131 ,  132 ,  133 : pipe 
           140 : magnet member 
           141 : permanent magnet 
           143 : yoke 
           145 : rack 
           147 : pinion 
           149 : motor shaft