Abstract:
In one embodiment, a method for automatic inference of meeting attendance is provided. The method comprises sending a calendar request to a plurality of users that are invited to a meeting. The method further comprises receiving from each user of the plurality, a unique string identifying the user. The method further comprises generating a lookup table identifying the users of the plurality and their respective unique strings. The method further comprises receiving a first string broadcasted by a first user during the meeting. The method further comprises, responsive to determining that the broadcasted first string does not match one of the unique strings in the lookup table, performing an action to prevent the first user from receiving meeting content determined to be confidential.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    The present invention relates generally to the field of event scheduling, and more particularly to automatic inference of meeting attendance. 
         [0002]    Event scheduling is the activity of finding a suitable time for an event such as a meeting, a conference, a trip, a wedding, etc. It is an important part of event planning that is usually carried out at its beginning stage. When planning an event, such as a project meeting, the meeting organizer will typically know who is expected to attend the meeting. The meeting organizer will usually try to synchronize the time and location of the event with planned schedules of all participants. 
         [0003]    Calendaring software is software, or sets of applications, that minimally provides users with an electronic version of a calendar. Some examples of additional features that calendaring software can include are an address book to store contact information of other users, attachments to share files and/or images with other participants on the invite list, an appointment calendar that manages a list of upcoming events or meetings, appointment reminders to automatically remind users of upcoming events or meetings, availability sharing to allow users to share their current availability status with other users, capacity checking to check the availability of other employee and resource calendars in a group, calendar publishing to allow a user to publish select calendar information on a public link, calendar exporting to export calendars to various file formats, and collaborative scheduling to check schedules and propose meeting times to all of the participants. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0004]    Embodiments of the present invention disclose a method, computer program product, and system for automatic inference of meeting attendance. The method comprises sending a calendar request to a plurality of users that are invited to a meeting. The method further comprises receiving from each user of the plurality, a unique string identifying the user. The method further comprises generating a lookup table identifying the users of the plurality and their respective unique strings. The method further comprises receiving a first string broadcasted by a first user during the meeting. The method further comprises, responsive to determining that the broadcasted first string does not match one of the unique strings in the lookup table, performing an action to prevent the first user from receiving meeting content determined to be confidential. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0005]      FIG. 1  is a functional block diagram illustrating a distributed data processing environment, in an embodiment in accordance with the present invention. 
           [0006]      FIG. 2  is a flowchart depicting operational steps of an attendance software, on a computer within the data processing environment of  FIG. 1 , for receiving new or updated calendar entries, in an embodiment in accordance with the present invention. 
           [0007]      FIG. 3  is a flowchart depicting operational steps of an attendance software, on a computer within the data processing environment of  FIG. 1 , for attending a scheduled meeting, in an embodiment in accordance with the present invention. 
           [0008]      FIG. 4  is a flowchart depicting operational steps of an attendance software, on a computer within the data processing environment of  FIG. 1 , for checking the attendance of attendees for a scheduled meeting, in an embodiment in accordance with the present invention. 
           [0009]      FIG. 5  depicts a block diagram of components of computer executing the attendance software, in an embodiment in accordance with the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0010]    Embodiments in accordance with the present invention recognize that there are many situations where, despite a user having a meeting scheduled in a calendar, the user does not attend the scheduled meeting. There are also times where an action should be performed at the start of a meeting, perhaps automatic obfuscation of sensitive data, if unwanted guests, or clients, are present. Embodiments of the present invention provide a method to securely identify, and create actions, based on whether an invitee is actually in a meeting, or with certain people, including certain people that should not view sensitive materials. Embodiments of the present invention incorporate metadata stored in a calendar entry, together with a public ID string of each user broadcast over a wireless transport protocol, to assert whether a listed attendee is present. 
         [0011]    Embodiments in accordance with the present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the Figures.  FIG. 1  is a functional block diagram, generally designated  100 , illustrating a distributed data processing environment, in an embodiment in accordance with the present invention. 
         [0012]    Distributed data environment  100  includes computer  102 , server  116 , and other computing devices (not shown), all interconnected over a data connection on network  114 . Computer  102  includes random access memory (RAM)  104 , central processing unit (CPU)  106 , and persistent storage  108 . Computer  102  may be a Web server, or any other electronic device or computing system, capable of processing program instructions and receiving and sending data. In some embodiments, computer  102  may be a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a netbook computer, a personal computer (PC), a desktop computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smart phone, or any programmable electronic device capable of communicating over a data connection to network  114 . In other embodiments, computer  102  may represent server computing systems utilizing multiple computers as a server system, such as in a distributed computing environment. In general, computer  102  is representative of any electronic device or combinations of electronic devices capable of executing machine-readable program instructions and communicating with server  116  via network  114  and with various components and devices (not shown) within distributed data environment  100 . 
         [0013]    Computer  102  includes persistent storage  108 . Persistent storage  108  may, for example, be a hard disk drive. Alternatively, or in addition to a magnetic hard disk drive, persistent storage  108  may include a solid state hard drive, a semiconductor storage device, read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), flash memory, or any other computer-readable storage medium that is capable of storing program instructions or digital information. Calendar software  110 , containing attendance software  112 , is stored in persistent storage  108 , which also includes operating system software (not shown), as well as software that enables computer  102  to receive and schedule calendar events, such as meetings, and communicate with server  116  and other computing devices (not shown) of distributed data environment  100  over a data connection on network  114 . In another example embodiment, calendar software  110  and attendance software  112  may be components of an operating system software. In other example embodiments, attendance software  112  may be a component of server  116  or other computing device within distributed data environment  100 . 
         [0014]    Calendar software  110  is a computer program, or sets of computer programs, that are stored in persistent storage  108 . Calendar software  110  is software that, at the least, can provide a user with an electronic version of a calendar. Calendar software  110  can also provide additional features, such as an appointment book, an address book, and/or a contact list. In one example embodiment, calendar software  110  can be contained in persistent storage  108 , on computer  102 , as a local software application designed for individual use by a user or other applications (e.g. third party software through the use of application program interfaces (APIs)). In other example embodiments, calendar software  110  can be contained in a networked computer (e.g., server  116 ), as a software application that allows for the sharing of information between one or more users. 
         [0015]    Calendar software  110  includes attendance software  112  that enables a user to: (i) securely identify whether particular user(s) are actually attending a meeting, and (ii) create actions based on the user(s), or certain classes of users. For example, attendance software  112  can allow a user to schedule a meeting with one or more users. Upon the start of the scheduled meeting, attendance software  112  can determine when the invited users join the meeting or are in close proximity to the meeting location. Additionally, attendance software  112  can determine if unwanted attendees are attending the meeting and warn, or prevent, the host from displaying confidential materials. For example, attendance software  112  may block certain applications from running to prevent the confidential material from being presented, or shared. 
         [0016]    Computer  102  may include internal and external hardware components, as depicted and described in further detail with respect to  FIG. 5 . 
         [0017]    In  FIG. 1 , network  114  is shown as the interconnecting fabric between computer  102 , server  116 , and with various components and devices (not shown) within distributed data environment  100 . In practice, the connection may be any viable data transport network, such as, for example, a LAN or WAN. Network  114  can be for example, a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN) such as the Internet, or a combination of the two, and include wired, wireless, or fiber optic connections. In general, network  114  can be any combination of connections and protocols that will support communications between computer  102 , server  116 , and with various components and devices (not shown) within distributed data environment  100 . 
         [0018]    Server  116  is included in distributed data environment  100 . Server  116  includes random access memory (RAM)  118 , central processing unit (CPU)  120 , and persistent storage  122 . Server  116  may be a Web server, or any other electronic device or computing system, capable of processing program instructions and receiving and sending data. In some embodiments, server  116  may be a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a netbook computer, a personal computer (PC), a desktop computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smart phone, or any programmable electronic device capable of communicating over a data connection to network  114 . In other embodiments, server  116  may represent server computing systems utilizing multiple computers as a server system, such as in a distributed computing environment. In general, server  116  is representative of any electronic devices or combinations of electronic devices capable of executing machine-readable program instructions and communicating with computer  102  via network  114  and with various components and devices (not shown) within distributed data environment  100 . 
         [0019]    Server  116  includes persistent storage  122 . Persistent storage  122  may, for example, be a hard disk drive. Alternatively, or in addition to a magnetic hard disk drive, persistent storage  122  may include a solid state hard drive, a semiconductor storage device, read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), flash memory, or any other computer-readable storage medium that is capable of storing program instructions or digital information. Calendar software  124  is stored in persistent storage  122 , in addition to operating system software (not shown), as well as software that enables server  116  to detect and establish a connection to computer  102 , and communicate with other computing devices (not shown) of distributed data environment  100  over a data connection on network  114 . 
         [0020]      FIG. 2  is a flowchart, generally designated  200 , depicting operational steps of an attendance software, on a computer within the data processing environment of  FIG. 1 , for receiving new or updated calendar entries, in an embodiment in accordance with the present invention. In an example embodiment, attendance software  112  receives a meeting request, also referred to as a meeting notice, via calendar software  110  on computer  102 , as depicted in step  202 . For example, computer  102  receives a meeting notice from a host (e.g., server  116 ) on a data connection to network  114 . In one example embodiment, computer  102  receives the meeting notice using a Wi-Fi connection to network  114 . In other example embodiments, computer  102  can receive the meeting notice using a Bluetooth connection or using an ad-hoc network connection between server  116  and other computing devices within distributed data environment  100 . 
         [0021]    In step  204 , attendance software  112  stores the calendar entry creation time, the list of attendees, and one or more additional metadata. For example, attendance software  112  determines the meeting notice was created at 11:15 AM. Attendance software  112  then stores the meeting notice creation time in persistent storage  108  to be used at a later time when the meeting time approaches. In addition to the meeting notice creation time, attendance software  112  also stores the list of attendees that are included, or invited, in the meeting notice. Attendance software  112  then stores the list of attendees that are included in the meeting notice in persistent storage  108  to be used at a later time when the meeting time approaches. Additionally, attendance software  112  can also store metadata with the calendar entry creation time and list of attendees. For example, attendance software  112  can use an initialization vector such as the “/dev/random” file found in Unix-like operating systems that serves as a blocking pseudorandom number generator (Note: the term “UNIX” may be subject to trademark rights in various jurisdictions throughout the world and is used here only in reference to the products or services properly denominated by the marks to the extent that such trademark rights may exist). In another example embodiment, attendance software  112  can receive an initialization vector (IV) in the meeting notice. An IV is an arbitrary number, also referred to as a nonce, that can be used along with a secret key for data encryption. Attendance software  112  can then store the IV with the calendar entry creation time and list of attendees in persistent storage  108  to be used at a later time when the meeting time approaches. 
         [0022]      FIG. 3  is a flowchart, generally designated  300 , depicting operational steps of an attendance software, on a computer within the data processing environment of  FIG. 1 , for attending a scheduled meeting, in an embodiment in accordance with the present invention. Continuing the example embodiment of  FIG. 2 , attendance software  112  determines the scheduled meeting is about to begin. Attendance software  112  checks calendar software  110  to determine if the meeting is beginning, or if computer  102  is near the meeting location as depicted in step  302 . For example, attendance software  112  receives an indication from a software timer, or any other programmable counter known in the art, indicating the start of the meeting. In other example embodiments, calendar software  110  can determine when the meeting is about to begin. 
         [0023]    In decision step  304 , attendance software  112  determines if the meeting time is approaching or if computer  102  is near the meeting location. For example, attendance software  112  may use coordinates from a system, such as Global Positioning System coordinates (GPS), to determine when computer  102  is within a certain distance of the designated meeting area. In another example embodiment, attendance software  112  can determine the location of computer  102  using by triangulating a position of computer  102  based on wireless access points in the area. Other example embodiments may include the host creating an ad-hoc network at the designated meeting area. Once entering the meeting area, or coming in range of the ad-hoc network, attendance software  112  can determine that the meeting is starting. 
         [0024]    If attendance software  112  determines that the meeting time is not approaching or if computer  102  is not near the meeting location (“No” branch, decision  304 ), attendance software  112  repeats step  302  as depicted in  FIG. 3 . For example, attendance software determines the meeting does not start for another 10 minutes or computer  102  is not located in the same building due to the attendee forgetting to go to the meeting. If attendance software  112  determines that the meeting time is approaching or if computer  102  is near the meeting location (“Yes” branch, decision  304 ), attendance software  112  obfuscates the calendar user identifier (ID) of the attendee, the stored calendar entry creation time, and additional metadata (e.g., the IV or “/dev/random” data), using a hash function to create a unique string as depicted in step  306 . For example, attendance software  112  can hash the calendar entry creation time, the user ID of the attendee from calendar software  110 , or from the stored list of attendees, and additional metadata, using a cryptographic hash function such as SHA-256. 
         [0025]    Attendance software  112  then broadcasts the created unique string to one or more devices of other attending users as depicted in step  308 . For example, attendance software  112  can broadcast the created unique string using a Bluetooth connection to all attending devices at the designated meeting area. In other example embodiments, attendance software  112  can broadcast the created unique string over any available network when computer  102  is in a remote location. For example, a user of computer  102  can be at a remote location and connect to the meeting through a web application utilizing a plugin for attendance software  112 . Upon detecting the start, or execution, of the plugin for attendance software  112 , attendance software  112  can determine if the meeting has started, then broadcast the created unique string over the available network to the host. 
         [0026]      FIG. 4  is a flowchart, generally designated  400 , depicting operational steps of an attendance software, on a computer within the data processing environment of  FIG. 1 , for checking the attendance of attendees for a scheduled meeting, in an embodiment in accordance with the present invention. Continuing the example embodiment of  FIG. 2  and  FIG. 3 , attendance software  112  checks calendar software  110  to determine if the meeting is beginning, or if computer  102  is near the meeting location as depicted in step  402 . 
         [0027]    In decision step  404 , attendance software  112  determines if the meeting time is approaching or if computer  102  is near the meeting location. For example, attendance software  112  can compare the meeting start time in the meeting notice with the current time of day on computer  102 . If attendance software  112  determines the meeting has started, or is within a predefined amount of time (e.g., 2 minutes), attendance software  112  can determine if computer  102  is at, or approaching, the designated meeting location. For example, the designated meeting area can use a Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) tag. RFID is the use of radio waves to read and capture information stored on a tag attached to an object. Upon entering the designated meeting area, attendance software  112  can detect the RFID and determine computer  102  is at the designated meeting location. 
         [0028]    If attendance software  112  determines that the meeting time is not approaching or if computer  102  is not near the meeting location (“No” branch, decision  404 ), attendance software  112  repeats step  402  as depicted in  FIG. 4 . For example, attendance software determines the meeting does not start for another 10 minutes or computer  102  is not located on the same floor of the building due to the attendee forgetting about the meeting. If attendance software  112  determines that the meeting time is approaching or if computer  102  is near the meeting location (“Yes” branch, decision  404 ), attendance software  112  generates a lookup table containing obfuscated data of all the attendees on the invite list as depicted in step  406 . For example, attendance software  112  obfuscates, for each attendee on the invite list, the calendar user ID, the stored calendar entry creation time, and additional metadata (e.g., the IV or “/dev/random” data), using a hash function to create a string as explained in  FIG. 3 . Each generated string is stored in the lookup table to determine the attendees at the designated meeting location. 
         [0029]    Attendance software  112  then listens for broadcasts from devices of attending users as depicted in step  408 . For example, as an attendee enters the designated meeting area with a device executing an instance of attendance software  112 , the device broadcasts a generated string for the entering attendee. Attendance software  112 , on computer  102  then receives the broadcasted string. In other example embodiments, attendance software  112 , executing as the host of the meeting, may periodically poll for the attendees on the invite list to broadcast their generated strings to determine if all the attendees on the invite list are at the meeting, or to determine if all the attendees on the invite list are still at the meeting. 
         [0030]    In step  410 , upon receiving a broadcasted string, attendance software looks up the received broadcasted string in the generated lookup table of attending users. For example attendance software  112  receives a broadcasted string for “User A”. 
         [0031]    In decision step  412 , attendance software  112  determines if the received broadcasted string is found in the lookup table. For example, attendance software  112  determines if “User A” is in the lookup table for all the invitees in the invite list by comparing the received broadcasted string for “User A” to all the generated strings of the invitees in the lookup table. 
         [0032]    If attendance software  112  determines that the received broadcasted string is found in the lookup table (“Yes” branch, decision  412 ″), attendance software  112  indicates the found user ID producing the string as attending as depicted in step  414 . For example, the generated lookup table can be visible to the host of the meeting. During a certain topic of discussion, the host can call on a certain attendee to elaborate on a discussion point. The host can quickly look at the generated attendee list and determine if the certain attendee is present and keep the discussion going without delay. 
         [0033]    If attendance software  112  determines that the received broadcasted string is not found in the lookup table (“No” branch, decision  412 ″), attendance software  112  can warn the host of the uninvited attendee as depicted in step  416 . For example, upon determining the received broadcasted string is not in the generated lookup table of invitees, attendance software  112  can warn the host to not display, share, or distribute confidential material due to the possible security risk if a user is not authorized to view certain materials. In one example embodiment, attendance software  112  can display a warning in to the host using calendar software  110  to prevent confidential subject matter (e.g., audio and/or visual information), from being heard. In another example embodiments, attendance software  112  can prevent the viewing, or distribution of the confidential material by blocking certain applications to prevent projection software or electronic file distribution. In other example embodiments, attendance software  112  can determine the security clearance levels of all the attendees and warn the attendees with appropriate security levels of the possible security risk by displaying a pop-up on each attending device, or sending a notice, such as an email, to the attendees with appropriate security levels of the possible security risk. 
         [0034]    In decision step  418 , attendance software determines if there is a next entry in the lookup table. If there are more unaccounted attendees in the lookup table (“Yes” branch, decision  418 ), attendance software  112  repeats steps  408  through  418  as depicted in  FIG. 4 . If there are no more unaccounted attendees in the lookup table (“No” branch, decision  418 ), attendance software  112  completes execution. 
         [0035]    In an example alternate embodiment, attendance software  112  can share photos and documents automatically with others at the same event. For example, this can be done for an event such as a wedding, where the event is in every attendee&#39;s calendar on a social media website. The event can be setup on the social media website, and each social media user can have one or more events that appear in the social media user&#39;s own personal calendar. Each user&#39;s device (e.g., a smartphone), has this data to prove the user is invited to the same event, and can then initiate sharing with others. The sharing can be either directly peer-to-peer, or later in a social media event or photo album that defaults to being shown to the attendees. 
         [0036]    When a calendar invitation is sent, a shared folder is created. In some embodiments, the shared folder can be hidden somewhere in the background. The shared folder can be password protected or the social media website can manage the sharing. At the start of the event, the user&#39;s smartphone broadcasts a unique string created by a hash algorithm and checks for other guests nearby to determine that the user is at the event. Upon taking a photo with the smartphone, the user is prompted by attendance software  112  if the photo should be shared in the shared folder with everyone else. In other example embodiments, the sharing of the photo can be automatic. Upon leaving the event location, attendance software  112  can detect that no other guests are nearby and disable the sharing to the social media shared folder. 
         [0037]      FIG. 5  depicts a block diagram, generally designated  500 , of components of computer executing attendance software  112 , in an embodiment in accordance with the present invention. It should be appreciated that  FIG. 5  provides only an illustration of one implementation and does not imply any limitations with regard to the environments in which different embodiments may be implemented. Many modifications to the depicted environment may be made. 
         [0038]    Computer  102  includes communications fabric  502 , which provides communications between computer processor(s)  504 , memory  506 , persistent storage  508 , communications unit  510 , and input/output (I/O) interface(s)  512 . Communications fabric  502  can be implemented with any architecture designed for passing data and/or control information between processors (such as microprocessors, communications and network processors, etc.), system memory, peripheral devices, and any other hardware components within a system. For example, communications fabric  502  can be implemented with one or more buses. 
         [0039]    Memory  506  and persistent storage  508  are computer readable storage media. In this embodiment, memory  506  includes random access memory (RAM)  514  and cache memory  516 . In general, memory  506  can include any suitable volatile or non-volatile computer readable storage media. 
         [0040]    Calendar software  110  and attendance software  112  are stored in persistent storage  508  for execution by one or more of the respective computer processors  504  via one or more memories of memory  506 . In this embodiment, persistent storage  508  includes a magnetic hard disk drive. Alternatively, or in addition to a magnetic hard disk drive, persistent storage  508  can include a solid state hard drive, a semiconductor storage device, read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), flash memory, or any other computer readable storage media that is capable of storing program instructions or digital information. 
         [0041]    The media used by persistent storage  508  may also be removable. For example, a removable hard drive may be used for persistent storage  508 . Other examples include optical and magnetic disks, thumb drives, and smart cards that are inserted into a drive for transfer onto another computer readable storage medium that is also part of persistent storage  508 . 
         [0042]    Communications unit  510 , in these examples, provides for communications with other data processing systems or devices, including resources of network  114  and server  116 . In these examples, communications unit  510  includes one or more network interface cards. Communications unit  510  may provide communications through the use of either or both physical and wireless communications links. Calendar software  110  and attendance software  112  may be downloaded to persistent storage  508  through communications unit  510 . 
         [0043]    I/O interface(s)  512  allows for input and output of data with other devices that may be connected to computer  102 . For example, I/O interface  512  may provide a connection to external devices  518  such as a keyboard, keypad, a touch screen, and/or some other suitable input device. External devices  518  can also include portable computer readable storage media such as, for example, thumb drives, portable optical or magnetic disks, and memory cards. Software and data used to practice embodiments of the present invention, e.g., calendar software  110  and attendance software  112 , can be stored on such portable computer readable storage media and can be loaded onto persistent storage  508  via I/O interface(s)  512 . I/O interface(s)  512  also connect to a display  520 . 
         [0044]    Display  520  provides a mechanism to display data to a user and may be, for example, a computer monitor. 
         [0045]    The programs described herein are identified based upon the application for which they are implemented in a specific embodiment of the invention. However, it should be appreciated that any particular program nomenclature herein is used merely for convenience, and thus the invention should not be limited to use solely in any specific application identified and/or implied by such nomenclature. 
         [0046]    The present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a computer program product at any possible technical detail level of integration. The computer program product may include a computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention. 
         [0047]    The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium includes the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmitted through a wire. 
         [0048]    Computer readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing/processing device receives computer readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer readable program instructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium within the respective computing/processing device. 
         [0049]    Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations of the present invention may be assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data, configuration data for integrated circuitry, or either source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++, or the like, and procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The computer readable program instructions may execute entirely on the user&#39;s computer, partly on the user&#39;s computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user&#39;s computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user&#39;s computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readable program instructions by utilizing state information of the computer readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention. 
         [0050]    Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer readable program instructions. 
         [0051]    These computer readable program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
         [0052]    The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computer implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
         [0053]    The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the Figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions. 
       Definitions 
       [0054]    “Present invention” does not create an absolute indication and/or implication that the described subject matter is covered by the initial set of claims, as filed, by any as-amended set of claims drafted during prosecution, and/or by the final set of claims allowed through patent prosecution and included in the issued patent. The term “present invention” is used to assist in indicating a portion or multiple portions of the disclosure that might possibly include an advancement or multiple advancements over the state of the art. This understanding of the term “present invention” and the indications and/or implications thereof are tentative and provisional and are subject to change during the course of patent prosecution as relevant information is developed and as the claims may be amended. 
         [0055]    “Embodiment,” see the definition for “present invention.” 
         [0056]    “And/or” is the inclusive disjunction, also known as the logical disjunction and commonly known as the “inclusive or.” For example, the phrase “A, B, and/or C,” means that at least one of A or B or C is true; and “A, B, and/or C” is only false if each of A and B and C is false. 
         [0057]    A “set of” items means there exists one or more items; there must exist at least one item, but there can also be two, three, or more items. A “subset of” items means there exists one or more items within a grouping of items that contain a common characteristic. 
         [0058]    “Includes” and any variants (e.g., including, include, etc.) means, unless explicitly noted otherwise, “includes, but is not necessarily limited to.” 
         [0059]    A “user” includes, but is not necessarily limited to: (i) a single individual human; (ii) an artificial intelligence entity with sufficient intelligence to act in the place of a single individual human or more than one human; (iii) a business entity for which actions are being taken by a single individual human or more than one human; and/or (iv) a combination of any one or more related “users” or “subscribers” acting as a single “user” or “subscriber.” 
         [0060]    A “computer” is any device with significant data processing and/or machine readable instruction reading capabilities including, but not necessarily limited to: desktop computers; mainframe computers; laptop computers; field-programmable gate array (FPGA) based devices; smart phones; personal digital assistants (PDAs); body-mounted or inserted computers; embedded device style computers; and/or application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) based devices.