Abstract:
An espresso machine that includes a group control head for controlling the brewing and dispensing of espresso drinks. The group control head is in communication with a controller and memory. The combination is arranged to selectively record into the memory the brewing parameters during the dosing of espresso. A subsequent operation of the group control head then enables the controller to recall the recorded parameters such that the previous brewing conditions are replicated. Associated methods for recording the parameters under control of the group control head are also described.

Description:
[0001]    The invention pertains to machines for brewing and dispensing espresso drinks. In particular, the invention is an apparatus and associated method for controlling, automating, and duplicating the brewing conditions for multiple doses of espresso. 
         [0002]    Machines for preparing espresso drinks in a commercial retail environment are well known. In general, these espresso machines include a heating source for generating steam and hot water in a reservoir, a basket for holding ground espresso, and a dispensing spout. There are several increasingly sophisticated means of controlling the flow of the steam and hot water through the espresso, out the spout, and into the cup. Perhaps the simplest means is a manually-controlled valve which is opened to permit a pressurized flow of hot water through the grounds and out the spout into a cup below. More modern machines, such as the Hydra TM espresso machine manufactured by Synesso Incorporated of Seattle Washington, incorporate computer control of the valve. The operator of such machines either presses a button or operates a toggle switch, sensed by the computer to control the valve. Some espresso machines fully automate the brewing sequence, such that a single operation of the button provides a precise dose of water through the grounds, with attendant precise control of the water temperature and driving pressure. Commercial machines may include several dispensing heads. 
         [0003]    A commercial establishment for preparing and selling espresso drinks faces several inter-related problems, each of which is influenced by the particular espresso machine that the establishment has chosen to adopt. The first problem is one of simplicity of use. Because it is often a primary source of business revenue, the espresso machine must be capable of dispensing drinks at a high rate. The procedures for setting up the machine for each dose must be as short and simple as possible. Many existing espresso machines are automated for this reason. An attendant advantage to this automation is that that brewing sequence for each successive dose of espresso is highly consistent. 
         [0004]    Automation presents a competing problem, however. The operating mechanism in existing automated espresso machines is largely limited to an on/off switch or button. The competing problem to simplifying the operation for employees also serves to limit the ability of them to vary the espresso making process to account for changes in the coffee. The taste of the final espresso product can vary significantly with the type of coffee, the grind, and the age of the coffee, for example. Current machines have very limited capability for the experienced user to adjust the brew on the fly to account for these changes. 
         [0005]    The inventors have recognized these problems in the prior art, and have arrived at a novel and ingenious solution. An improved espresso machine is described here which incorporates a control scheme for detecting the operating input from the user during the brewing process. The espresso machine senses the operating inputs from the user and saves those inputs to a computer memory as an adjusted set of brewing parameters. The adjusted brewing parameters may then be employed during subsequent use of the machine. Thus, an experienced user can vary the brewing process on the fly, and without the need for time-consuming programming or process set-up. The invention simultaneously provides for a better coffee brew and increased product throughput. 
         [0006]    In accordance with the principles of the present invention, an improved espresso brewing apparatus is described which combines an espresso dosing unit, pump, and a group control head disposed adjacent the dosing unit with a controller and computer temporary brew memory. An actuation of the group control head handle actuates at least one of the controller, the pump and a control valve in the dosing unit to provide a controlled dose of hot water through a filter. The controller also saves parameters related to two or more signal inputs from the group control head into the temporary brew memory. The controller is also operable to retrieve the parameters for use during a programmed brew sequence used in a subsequent operation of the espresso machine. 
         [0007]    Also in accordance with the principles of the present invention, an improved method for providing a controlled dose of hot water the improved espresso machine is described. The method comprises the steps of sensing a momentary actuation of the group control head handle to an angular brew position. Steps of opening a control valve to begin the dose and initiating a saving of subsequent actuating step into the temporary brew memory responsively follow. The method also comprises a step of sensing a subsequent actuation of the handle which starts a pump and saves the parameter to the temporary memory. The method also comprises a step of sensing a third actuation of the handle which stops the pump to end the dose and saves this parameter to the temporary memory. The saved parameters become a set of brew parameters in the memory. If the first momentary actuation is not followed by any further actuations, then the parameters stored in the temporary memory become identical to the set of parameters already used by the programmed brew sequence. 
         [0008]    As used herein for purposes of the present disclosure, the term “processor” or “controller” is used generally to describe various apparatus relating to the operation of the inventive apparatus, system, or method. A processor can be implemented in numerous ways (e.g. such as with dedicated hardware) to perform various functions discussed herein. A processor is also one example of a controller which employs one or more microprocessors that may be programmed using software (e.g. microcode) to perform various functions discussed herein. A controller may be implemented with or without employing a processor, and may also be implemented as a combination of dedicated hardware to perform some functions and a processor (e.g., one or more programmed microprocessors and associated circuitry) to perform other functions. Examples of controller components that may be employed in various embodiments of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, conventional microprocessors, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). 
         [0009]    It is understood that the term “memory” refers to computer storage memory of types generally known in the art. Memory may be volatile or non-volatile computer memory such as RAM, PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM, floppy disks, compact disks, optical disks, magnetic tape, etc. In some implementations the computer memory media may be encoded with one or more programs that, when executed on the one or more processors and controllers, perform at least some of the functions discussed herein. Various storage media may be fixed within a processor or controller or may be transportable, such that the one or more programs stored thereon can be loaded into a processor or controller so as to implement various aspects of the present invention. The terms “program” or “computer program” are used herein in a generic sense to refer to any type of computer code (e.g. software or microcode) that can be employed to program one or more processors or controllers. 
         [0010]    In various implementations, there terms “outputs”, “inputs”, “signals”, and the like may be understood to be electrical or optical energy impulses which represent a particular detection or processing result. 
     
    
     
       IN THE DRAWINGS 
         [0011]      FIG. 1  illustrates an embodiment of an espresso machine according to the present invention. 
           [0012]      FIG. 2  illustrates the plumbing system of the  FIG. 1  espresso machine. 
           [0013]      FIG. 3  illustrates an exploded diagram of one embodiment of the inventive group control head. 
           [0014]      FIGS. 4( a ), 4( b ) and 4( c )  illustrate the operation of the  FIG. 3  group control head. 
           [0015]      FIG. 5  is a system block diagram of one embodiment of the electrical sensing and control circuit. 
           [0016]      FIG. 6( a )  and  FIG. 6( b )  illustrate two embodiments of a visual display for the espresso machine of the present invention. 
           [0017]      FIG. 7  illustrates a brewing sequence for the espresso machine. 
           [0018]      FIG. 8  illustrates an embodiment of an inventive method for operating the espresso machine of the present invention. 
           [0019]      FIG. 9  illustrates a flow chart method for saving and retrieving a set of brew parameters in the espresso machine. 
           [0020]      FIG. 10  is a state machine diagram for a simplified method of saving a set of brew parameters to the espresso machine. 
           [0021]      FIGS. 11( a ), 11( b ), 11( c ), and 11( d )  illustrate a set of state machine diagrams for a various operating modes of the espresso machine. 
           [0022]      FIG. 12  illustrates a visual display for saving a set of brew parameters from one dosing unit to other dosing units in the espresso machine. 
           [0023]      FIG. 13  illustrates a more detailed view of an external programming controller for the espresso machine. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0024]    Espresso Machine Including Improved Non-contact Group Control Head 
         [0025]    Now turning to the illustrations,  FIG. 1  shows an espresso machine_of the present invention. Espresso machine  100  includes an espresso dosing unit  102  having at least one group control head  110  which controls the operation of the machine to provide an espresso dose. Espresso machine  100  includes an internal source of water and steam pressure. Each dose of espresso is dispensed from a brew tank  150  at the outlet of the water source. Brew tank  150  is sized to contain hot water under pressure with enough volume, for example about 1.9 liters, for one or more doses of espresso. Typically, brew tank  150  includes a heating element to maintain the water temperature at an optimal temperature for brewing. 
         [0026]    At the outlet of brew tank  150  is a filter  160  for holding ground coffee. Filter  160  is sized to hold enough tamped-in grounds for one dose of espresso. Filter  160  is of course removable so that coffee grounds can be replaced after each use. At the outlet of filter  160  is an outlet spout  170  for guiding the dispensed dose of espresso into a cup, not shown, held or placed below the spout. For the purposes of this description, an espresso dosing unit  102  is generally understood to include at minimum the brew tank  150 , filter  160  and outlet spout  170 . 
         [0027]    Many commercial espresso machines include a visual display  180  disposed on the group control head  110 , or on the machine  100  adjacent the dosing unit or group control head. Visual display  180  can display basic shot parameters such as time to completion, dose size, and the like. Because of the need for quick and efficient dosing of espresso shots in commercial settings, it is important that the information provided on visual display  180  is kept as simple, clear and as uncluttered with unneeded data as possible. 
         [0028]    It may be noted that the type of grounds placed in the filter  160  may vary. The harvested source and variety of coffee, the texture of the grind, and the age of the coffee grounds affect the taste of the final product in several ways. The coffee variation may affect the tamp of the grounds in the filter  160  and the resulting pressure differential between the brew tank and the spout. The coffee variation also affects the interaction between the grounds and the hot water flowing through them. Each of these factors changes the taste of the dosed espresso. An experienced user desiring to optimize taste needs the ability to vary properties of the brew to account for these variations. 
         [0029]    The espresso machine of  FIG. 1  also illustrates additional dosing units which include additional group control heads such as second group control head  110 ′ and third group control head  110 ″. The additional dosing units allow for increased throughput of espresso drinks. Each of the additional dosing units may also include dedicated visual displays such as shown in  FIG. 1  at second visual display  180 ′ and third visual display  180 ″. The number of dosing units is not important to the invention. 
         [0030]    Any of the optional dosing units may be pre-programmed using an optional external programming controller  190 . Default brew parameters such dispensing temperature, dose size, and applied pressure profile may be entered via programming controller  190 . With reference to  FIG. 13 , programming controller  190  includes a programmer display  192 , which may display text related to a current state of the selected dosing unit or may display text related to a programmed brewing sequence parameter. User selection of the text to be viewed on the controller  190  may be selected via one or more programmer selection buttons  194  disposed next to the corresponding text line, or may be selected via a set of up-and-down programmer scrolling arrows  196 . Adjustment of parameters may be entered via the scrolling arrows  196 . Other user interfaces such as keyboards, touch pad screens, and the like may be used as well for these functions. 
         [0031]    It should be noted that efficient use of controller  190  may entail a more advanced operating skill, and may distract from the ongoing dosing unit operation. Thus, use of programming controller  190  may be generally more desirable during business idle time or downtime. 
         [0032]    Now referring to  FIG. 2 , a plumbing arrangement  200  that may be incorporated within the  FIG. 1  espresso machine is shown. A single steam tank  202  is generally located within the main housing of the espresso machine, heated to provide a constant temperature and pressure steam source that is commonly used for foaming milk and the like. An external water source  210 , such as from building plumbing, and associated valve arrangement provides fill water for the steam tank  202 . The water source  210  is also used by a pump  204  as a source of water to brew tank  250  and optional brew tanks  250 ′ and  250 ″. Pump  204  may also operate under computer control to control or vary the pressure in brew tank  250  and consequently the pressure profile across the coffee grounds in the filter  260  as the shot is flowing. An optional bypass control valve  208  and associated plumbing from the pump  204  discharge, i.e. between brew tank  250  and pump, back to the pump  204  suction is also shown. Computer control may operate the optional bypass control valve  208  during the pump operation to establish a time-pressure profile across the filter by diverting the high pressure pump water away from the operating brew group. 
         [0033]    As can be seen in  FIG. 2 , flow of pressurized water from pump  204  to brew tank  250  may pass through the steam tank  202 . This feature permits feed water to be pre-heated before entering the brew tank  250 , which makes temperature control at the brew group more precise. 
         [0034]    Brew tank  250  holds pressurized hot water that is ready for dispensing through the filter  260 . Brew tank  250  typically includes a heating element for continued precise temperature control, as well as a temperature sensor and an optional pressure sensor. Brew tank  250  or the dedicated plumbing leading to it may also include a flowmeter. 
         [0035]    Control valve  206  starts and stops the pressurized hot water flow from brew tank  250  through filter  260  through the outlet spout  170 . In a preferred embodiment, control valve  206  is operated under control of an automated controller, which in turn operates responsive to an actuation signal input from the group control head. Control valve  206  under such control thus provides a controlled volume output of the shot. 
         [0036]    If control valve  206  is opened without the pump  204  operating, a reduced flow through the brew tank still occurs. This state is useful at the beginning of a brew to pre-infuse dry coffee grounds with hot water before pumped flow begins. This state may also be useful at the end of the brew to avoid excessive “blonding” of the flow as the grounds are expended. The time between the stopping of the pump and final closing of the control valve establishes a low pressure finish. The value of the low pressure finish may be a percentage of the pumped flow volume to the total flow volume of the brew shot. 
         [0037]      FIG. 3  illustrates an exploded diagram of a preferred embodiment of a group control head  300  assembly according to the present invention. The assembly is mounted to the espresso machine  100  via a base  302 . Base  302  may be generally cylindrically shaped with a center axis disposed in the vertical plane. Base  302  may optionally be part of brew tank  250 , and may include a shroud surrounding the lower vertical portion. 
         [0038]    A top plate  324  is disposed on base  302 . Top plate  324  comprises a pivot pin  325  centered on the center axis. Pivot pin  325  is arranged to provide a rotational axis for an actuator  340 . In addition, a centering post  350  is disposed at a radial idle position on the top plate  324 , the post arranged orthogonally from the vertical center axis. Preferably, centering post  350  is disposed near an edge of top plate  324 . Centering post  350  is preferably constructed of a ferrous material that is magnetically attractive to a magnet. 
         [0039]    Actuator  340  is disposed on top plate  325  at pivot pin  325 . Actuator  340  includes a mounting arm, at the end of which a magnet  342  is disposed. The arrangement of actuator  340  on top plate  325  is such that magnet  342  rests adjacent to but not touching center post  350 . Actuator  340  is also free to rotate about pivot pin  325  but is held in an idle position  400 ,  FIG. 4 , by the magnetic force between magnet and post. This biasing force opposes any rotational force which rotates the actuator  340 , and causes the actuator to return to the radial idle position when the rotational force is removed. This holding feature thus serves as an automatic centering feature. 
         [0040]    Affixed to top plate  324  is at least one proximity sensor  375  which is operable to sense a position of the magnet  342  with respect to the sensor. Proximity sensor  375  is disposed at a fixed angle away from the radial idle position. When an actuating force rotates the actuator magnet  342  away from the idle position, magnet  342  is positioned near sensor  375 . An optional second proximity sensor  376  may be disposed at a second fixed angle from the radial idle position. The second fixed angle may be the opposite angle from the radial idle position. Similarly, when an actuating force rotates the actuator magnet  342  in the opposite direction away from the idle position, magnet  342  is positioned near and is detected by sensor  376 . 
         [0041]    Proximity sensors  375 ,  376  are preferably arranged on a proximity sensor board  374  which is held in fixed position above top plate  324  and actuator magnet  342 . Magnet  342  is thus free to rotate under the proximity sensor board. In addition, a preferred arrangement is of a single magnet  342  which serves as both an automatic centering magnet and a positioning source to be detected. The arrangement is simpler and requires fewer parts. Of course, the particular arrangement of magnet to sensor(s) may be modified within the scope of the invention. 
         [0042]    A preferred type of proximity sensor  375 ,  376  is a linear type Hall Effect sensor. Such a sensor is commonly understood to provide an analogue output which corresponds to the relative position of a magnet. One advantage of a Hall Effect sensor is that it is non-contact and so has no parts to wear out. The Hall Effect sensor requires minimal periodic adjustment or calibration, and optionally could be used with a comparator to provide a more precise positioning over a large number of cycles. 
         [0043]    Importantly, the Hall Effect sensor provides an analogue output that contains more than a simple binary actuation signal or pattern of binary signals. The sensor can provide a signal input to a device controller which is representative of the magnitude of the magnet movement, the velocity of relative movement, and the duration of a held magnet rotation. Thus, the Hall Effect sensor provides the user with a more precise and useful control of the group head. 
         [0044]    The user interface portion of the  FIG. 3  group control head is a rotational handle  314 , which is fixed by screws or other means to actuator  340 . The handle  314  may comprise a protective shell which fits over the top plate  324 , actuator  340  and the arrangement of sensors  375 ,  376 . A paddle  316  is preferably disposed on handle  314  extending away from the protective shell and in such a manner as to provide easy rotational actuation of the group control head. 
         [0045]    In operation, the user experiences a resistive force not unlike a spring force when she rotates the paddle. When the paddle is released, the entire group head control assembly returns to the idle position due to the attraction of magnet and post. 
         [0046]      FIGS. 4( a ), 4( b ) and 4( c )  illustrate the operation of the  FIG. 3  group control head  300 , wherein magnet  342  may be positioned over an arc in proximity to, but not in contact with, at least one proximity sensor. At rest, the group control head is automatically centered and held in the idle position  400  as shown in  FIG. 4( a ) . The magnetic attraction between magnet  342  and post  350  provides the holding force. The output of proximity sensor  375  and/or optional sensor  376  indicates that the magnet  342  is in the idle position  400 . 
         [0047]      FIG. 4( b ) shows the group control head  300  in a brew position  410 . Here, the user has rotated paddle  316  in the clockwise, or left, direction such that proximity sensor  375  senses the proximity of magnet  342 . The user also experiences a counterclockwise resistive force not unlike a spring force when she rotates the paddle  316 , due to the ongoing attraction between displaced magnet  342  and post  350 . The attraction repositions the actuator  342  to the idle position  400  when the paddle  316  is released. The effect of the paddle rotation of  FIG. 4( b )  is to send an input signal corresponding to the sensed magnet position to a controller. The controller in turn may begin a programmed sequence of outputs to the espresso machine to dispense a shot of coffee. 
         [0048]      FIG. 4( c )  illustrates an optional control position  420  of the group control head  300  corresponding to a counterclockwise, or right, rotation of paddle  316 . Second proximity sensor  376  senses the proximity of magnet  342 . The user also experiences a clockwise counter-force not unlike a spring force when she rotates the paddle  316 , due to the ongoing attraction between displaced magnet  342  and post  350 . The attraction repositions the actuator  342  to the idle position  400  when the paddle  316  is released. The effect of the paddle rotation of  FIG. 4( c )  is to send a second input signal corresponding to the sensed magnet position to a controller. The controller in turn may perform an auxiliary action, such as ending an ongoing shot. 
         [0049]    The user of course experiences the above described group control head  300  as having one actuator which has a clockwise, or left, paddle position and a counter-clockwise, or right, paddle position. As will be further described, actuations of short duration and longer duration may provide different responses in the machine control. A short duration actuation may be referred to as a “bump”, while longer duration actuations may be referred to as a “hold” or a “long hold.” A bump may be, for example, a paddle rotation and release lasting less than 250 milliseconds. An example hold may be from greater than 250 milliseconds up to greater than about 2.5 seconds. 
         [0050]      FIG. 5  illustrates a system block diagram of one embodiment of the electrical sensing and control circuit for an espresso machine electrical system  500 . The electrical system  500  can be arranged on a single central printed circuit board or may be distributed among several sub-units. For example,  FIG. 5  shows one hardware controller  510 , but system  500  could equivalently include a separate controller  510  disposed on each group control head in the apparatus. Either the single visual display  520  as shown or a display  520  dedicated to each separate group control head may be used to convey status information. A power supply  540  provides electrical power to the system  500 . 
         [0051]    The heart of system  500  is controller  510 , which can be any of a known CPU or other computer processing unit such as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), field programmable gate array (FPGA), or reduced instruction set computing (RISC) type. Controller  510  operates to control the espresso brewing process in response to various inputs. Controller  510  may also operate in accordance with a computer program stored in a computer memory  530 . Controller  510  and the computer program then provide a repeatable and coordinated sequence of outputs that generate a controlled dose of espresso. Controller  510  may also be arranged in a programming mode to accept programming instructions from external programming controller  190  and to store those instructions in memory  530  for later use. Similarly, controller  510  may provide a program control data set point or parameter from a user interface to memory  530 . Controller  510  may also provide output to a visual display  520  that is located near the respective group control head such that important operating status information can be seen at a glance. 
         [0052]    Also shown in  FIG. 5  is that memory  530  is preferably apportioned into several parts. A first part is the computer temporary brew memory  532 , which as will be described saves parameters related to the current brewing process. The temporary brew memory essentially contains a set of brewing parameters established at the last brew. For example, if the user shortens a pre-infusion period by actuating the group control head handle, that new pre-infusion duration is captured in the temporary brew memory. Each dosing unit has its own temporary brew memory. 
         [0053]    Another part of memory  530  comprises a computer storage memory  534  for storing previously saved complete sets of brewing parameters. The portions may be arranged in pages, with a left portion and a right portion for each page. In one embodiment, each dosing unit is provided with from one to three pages. More preferably, computer storage memory  534  comprises at least two storage locations, without any paging arrangement. Shown in  FIG. 5  is an exemplary embodiment of storage memory  534  having six storage locations  541  through  546 . Each portion or storage location is sized to contain one set of brewing parameters. Each dosing unit has its own computer storage memory  534 . 
         [0054]    Outputs from each group head are provided as inputs to controller  510 . Examples of inputs are a group head water flow meter  502  and a brew tank temperature sensor  504 . Controller  510  may use these inputs to start or stop the brew program or to otherwise control various heating and pumping components. Controller  510  preferably operates under the further control of an internal clock or timer to shift between various phases of the brew process. 
         [0055]    Controller  510  also accepts signal inputs from each respective group control head  300  via proximity sensor outputs  375 ,  376 . The accepted signal inputs control the program sequence that provides the espresso dose. An example is a received input from non-contact proximity sensor  375  that corresponds to a single actuation of the group control head handle. Controller  510  then issues a coordinated program sequence of output instructions to provide the dose. The outputs can be one or more of a pump control output  522 , a control valve control output  524 , and a bypass valve output  526 . 
         [0056]    A second input control example is a received signal input from the second non-contact proximity sensor  376  that corresponds to a different single actuation of the group control head handle. Controller  510  responsively issues an output to one or more of a pump control output  522 , a control valve control output  524 , and a bypass valve output  526  to, for example, immediately end the controlled dose. 
         [0057]      FIG. 6( a )  and  FIG. 6( b )  illustrate two embodiments of the information provided on the optional visual display  180  for the espresso machine of the present invention. The displayed information provides the user with the current status of the machine and group control head guidance instructions with simple indications. 
         [0058]      FIG. 6( a )  shows an operational display  600  provided during normal operation or during a programmed brewing sequence. The most prominent feature of this display is a shot timer  602 . Shot timer  602  will typically display the total duration of the shot, e.g. 32 seconds, during idle times between brews. During the brew sequence, shot timer  602  preferably displays the elapsed time from the start of the shot, although similar indications of shot progression such as count-down time or time from the start of a particular sequence phase are included within the scope of this invention. 
         [0059]    Mode icon  604  shows the espresso machine mode of operation, which may include a manual mode, a manual program or a volumetric program mode. Here shown on icon  604  is the volumetric program mode icon VP. An espresso machine operating in volumetric program mode is typically controlled on a flow basis as sensed by the flow meter. An espresso machine operating in manual program mode MP is typically controlled by the sequence timer with some control by the user. Manual mode M is typically a mode of operation under full control by the user. 
         [0060]    Phase icon  606  indicates a relative duration of each phase of the brewing sequence. The phases will be described in more detail with reference to  FIG. 7 . The embodiment shown uses simple bar graphs to display the relative length of each of three phases. 
         [0061]    Memory storage location icon  608  shows the memory portion of computer storage memory  534  that is currently selected for use. Here, icon  608  is a dot which points to a first memory storage location. Additional storage location icons, if available, may be arrayed below icon  608  or along the right border of display  600 . If the storage memory location is ready to receive data, a save icon  610  is shown. 
         [0062]      FIG. 6( b )  shows a save mode display  620  that is shown during the transfer of brew parameters between the temporary memory and/or storage memory locations. When in save mode, and when the storage memory location is ready to receive data, one display embodiment incorporates a save left icon  622  and a storage memory cycling icon  624  guides the user to save the current data via a left bump and to select the storage memory for saving by cycling through the locations with one or more right bumps of the group control head respectively. In this case, the “M” mode icon  604  indicates that the saving is being performed from a manual mode of operation. 
         [0063]      FIG. 7  illustrates a brewing sequence  700  for the espresso machine. From an idle state, the sequence is started at start step  702  by the user operating the group control head paddle or by pushing a button. The controller  510  initiates the programmed sequence at step  716  using the currently-selected set of brew parameters and also begins to save brewing data into the temporary memory  532 . 
         [0064]    The brewing phases then begin at a pre-infusion brew phase  717 . During this phase, controller  510  opens the dosing unit control valve  524 ,  206  to pre-infuse the dry coffee grounds with unpressurized water from the brew tank  250 . This phase typically begins in response to the same first input signal received from the user at the start step  702 . 
         [0065]    At the end of the pre-infusion phase, an optional pressure ramp up phase  720  begins. The transition from pre-infusion to pressure ramp up may be in response to a programmed sequence time or to a user input from the group control head paddle. Pressure ramp up phase  720  starts the pump  204  and optionally opens the bypass control valve  208  to gradually pressurize the brew tank  250  to drive water through the grounds. 
         [0066]    In response to a programmed sequence time or to a user input from the group control head paddle, a full pressure brew phase  720  begins. During this phase, the bypass control valve is closed and the pump is running to provide maximum shot flow through the grounds. 
         [0067]    Depending on the particular grounds in use, an undesirable “blonding” of the flow may occur as the grounds are used up during the full pressure brew phase  720 . To avoid the effects of blonding, the sequence may then transition to an optional pressure ramp down phase  724 . Like ramp up phase  720 , the pump is running and the bypass control valve is opened to gradually reduce pressure on the grounds. The beginning of this phase may occur in response to a programmed sequence time or to a user input from the group control head paddle. 
         [0068]    A stop shot phase  726  ends the brewing sequence. This phase typically functions to ensure that the precise shot volume is dispensed. Here, the pump is not running but the control valve is still open. The transition into the stop shot phase  726  may be in response to a programmed sequence time or to a user input from the group control head paddle. Similarly, the stop shot phase is ended by closing control valve  524 ,  206  when the full dose has been dispensed as sensed by elapsed time, flow meter volume, or by user input. The machine then re-enters an idle mode at end step  727 . 
         [0069]    Shown next to each phase of the sequence is an exemplary operational display  600  on visual display  180 . Shown is the total time of the sequence at the beginning and end as well as the elapsed time during the sequence. Also shown is the Manual Programming MP operating mode and the stored parameter set that is in use. Optionally, display  180  may show a volume dispensed instead of an elapsed time during the brewing phases. 
         [0070]    The above described sequence is driven by a set of parameters or settings which control each phase. For example, the set of parameters may include a pre-infusion time, a low pressure ramp up time, a full pump dispense time, a ramp down time, and a total dose water volume dispensed. Generally, a set can be defined with four parameters. End step  726 , for example, can be defined with the low pressure finish percent, which may be a percent of overall shot time or overall shot volume. 
         [0071]    Method and Apparatus for Optimizing a Set of Brew Parameters 
         [0072]      FIG. 8  illustrates a flow chart for an inventive method of operating the espresso machine of the present invention, and in particular a method  800  for optimizing and storing the conditions for a controlled dose of hot water dispensed from the machine. The method then saves the optimized set of brew parameters for a subsequent use of the espresso machine. Method  800  begins at start step  802 . The method then proceeds to a step  804  of providing the espresso machine apparatus as previously described, including the dosing unit, the group control head  110 ,  300 , the pump  204 , the temporary brew memory, and the controller. Providing step  804  may also include the steps of activating the apparatus, initiating the program stored in memory, preheating and pre-pressurizing the system, and/or preparing and installing the grounds filter. After completion of providing step  804 , the espresso machine is ready to dispense espresso, and begins to monitor at the group control head proximity sensor  375 ,  376  inputs. 
         [0073]    Step  806  is for monitoring and sensing a momentary actuation or bump of the group control head handle to a particular angular brew position. Step  806  pauses at monitoring sub-step  807  until controller  510  senses an actuation. When an actuation is sensed, another sub-step, mode decision step  808  determines the type of actuation and continues the method accordingly. For example, a sensed bump actuation may send the method into the brew mode  812 , and a long duration actuation may send the method into a programming or saving mode of operation  912 . The saving mode of operation, and its return to the monitoring step  806  will be described in more detail. 
         [0074]    An actuation direction decision step  810  immediately follows step  808 . The direction of actuation, clockwise/left (CW) or counter-clockwise/right (CCW), may cause the method  800  to respond differently depending on whether a shot is brewing at the time of actuation or not, i.e. in an idle state. If no shot is brewing at actuation, as sensed by the controller at shot brewing decision steps  814  and  820 , the direction may determine which of two sets of parameters is used for the subsequent shot, i.e. the set stored in the current computer temporary brew memory or a different set stored in the computer storage memory respective to the CW left or CCW right bump. In a preferred embodiment, a sensed CCW right bump with no shot brewing causes the controller to retrieve the set of brew parameters stored at the next sequential memory storage location  541 - 546  for that group head at cycling step  821 . That set is placed into the temporary brew memory at step  824 . If the CCW right bump is repeated, the brew parameters at the next sequential memory storage location  541 - 546  is retrieved into temporary memory at  821 , and so on. Thus, the operator experiences a cycling of stored recipes on that group head. 
         [0075]    If a CW left bump is sensed while in the idle state, method  800  proceeds to begin the programmed sequence at step  816  according to the selected set of parameters stored from step  824  in the temporary computer brew memory. The programmed brew sequence then begins as described in  FIG. 7  with the pre-infusion step  717  of opening the control valve to begin the controlled dose of hot water. Step  816  also initiates a saving into the computer temporary memory of subsequent actuation steps. Then the method  800  returns to the sensing/monitoring step  806  to await the next sensed actuation of the group control head paddle. 
         [0076]    If no further actuations occur, the programmed sequence of  FIG. 7  automatically completes itself and delivers a controlled dose in accordance with the selected set of parameters. The set of parameters saved to the temporary brew memory would in this case be identical to the selected set. 
         [0077]    If the selected set of parameters is set to a null manual MAN setting or the mode of operation is in the Manual mode, the method  800  may continue in a completely manual sequence. The sequence still follows the  FIG. 7  sequence, but the transition between each phase occurs at an actuation sensing and never at an elapsed time. In an example manual mode operation, the first momentary action of the group control head handle begins the pre-infusion step whereby the control valve is opened and the parameter saving is initiated. The controller would respond to subsequent CW momentary actuations of the handle by repeatedly proceeding along the cycle of step  808 , step  810 , step  814 , a proceed to next shot phase  818 , and a return to step  806 . Thus, the full pressure phase, and/or the optional pressure ramp up or ramp down phase is controlled by the repeated sensed CW actuations at next shot phase  818 . These phases involve starting and running the pump to provide the controlled dose of hot water through the dosing unit. At each phase transition, a parameter related to the duration of each phase is saved into the computer temporary memory at saving step  824 . 
         [0078]    In one embodiment of the completely manual mode, the third actuation of the proceed to next shot phase  818  stops the pump to end the controlled dose of hot water. Optionally, a fourth actuation of the next shot phase  818  closes the control valve at the proper shot dose volume corresponding to end sequence step  726 . The duration of each of these phases is saved into the temporary memory at saving step  824 . The overall saving of these steps thus creates a complete set of brew parameters in memory. The saved set of brew parameters may be used in subsequent programmed brew sequences. 
         [0079]    As can be seen in  FIG. 8 , a CCW bump of the group control head handle sensed at step  810  while the shot is brewing as sensed at step  820  always causes the method to immediately proceed to stop shot step  822 . This step  822  stops the pump and closes the control valve to end any further flow through the dosing unit. A user may also perform this actuation if, for example, when the desired brew volume has already been reached but the flow is continuing under the ongoing programmed sequence. 
         [0080]      FIG. 8  also illustrates how the method  800  may be used to dynamically adjust, while operating in the automatic programmed brew sequence mode, a set of parameters that have already been saved in memory. In this situation, the espresso machine is prepared to dispense the next dose using a previously saved set of parameters. When the momentary actuation is repeated and sensed at step  806 , the control valve is re-opened and the controller newly initiates the saving of parameters into the temporary memory. The new programmed brew sequence begins again. If no further actuations are sensed during the brew, then the programmed brew sequence automatically controls the control valve and pump to replicate the previous controlled dose of hot water. 
         [0081]    But if the user desires to adjust, i.e. shorten, one or more of the sequence phases, then she merely again bumps the paddle CW to truncate that phase and immediately start the next phase at step  818 . This action may, for example be a repeat of the third momentary actuation step, which stops the pump and therefore stops the replication. The phase duration as defined by the actuation is saved into the temporary memory as part of a new, i.e. second, set of brew parameters. In one embodiment the saving at step  824  further comprises the step of overwriting the previous set of brew parameters with the second set of parameters in the temporary memory. This second set can then be used for subsequent brews. In a preferred embodiment, adjustment of every brew phase is enabled for Manual mode of operation, and a limited adjustment of only the low pressure finish phase, step  724  of  FIG. 7 , is enabled during Manual Program mode of operation. 
         [0082]    A summary of the  FIG. 8  operation is illustrated in state table  801 . There shown is the response in the espresso machine corresponding to each particular operation of the group head control handle during the normal, or brew mode of operation. 
         [0083]    The espresso machine apparatus that is previously described may be modified to use the method  800  for storing and adjusting the dosing conditions. In addition, the machine may optionally comprise visual display  180 , which displays the phase of the sequence as the sequence proceeds. After the sequence is complete, the visual display  180  may display an indication that the phases have been saved as a new set of parameters. 
       Example 
       [0084]    The barista prepares the espresso dosing unit and refreshes the grounds in the filter. She decides to manually brew a shot. The barista bumps the group control head paddle to the left to begin pre-infusion and watches for the first drips to pass the filter basket. Once the basket is saturated, she bumps the paddle left again to add pump pressure. The shot speed begins to increase and the color of the flow begins to lighten toward the end of the shot. She bumps the paddle left again to return to line pressure, then bumps it right to end the shot. 
         [0085]    Example parameters saved into temporary memory for this manual shot are 6.2 seconds pre-infusion and 60 milliliters water volume with a 97% low pressure finish. This set of parameters is now available to save for future replication. 
         [0086]    Of course, if the sequence is not progressing satisfactorily, a bump of the paddle to the right while the shot is in progress immediately ends the shot. 
         [0087]    Method and Apparatus for Saving an Optimized Set of Brew Parameters 
         [0088]      FIG. 9  continues the  FIG. 8  method flow, further describing a method  900  for storing brewing parameters in an espresso machine. The method starts when the first sensed actuation of the group control head handle at step  806  enters the machine into a program and save mode of operation  912 . This path is shown by the indicator AP. An example first actuation is a long hold, e.g. greater than 250 milliseconds, to enter this mode. 
         [0089]    Responsive to entering the program and save mode of operation  912 , the current set of brew or shot parameters is obtained from the computer temporary brew memory at step  902 . The visual display  180  corresponding to the dosing unit may begin to flash the save icon  610  at this time to indicate the saving/programming mode of operation. One object of this invention is that this current set of shot parameters can then be assigned to as many computer storage memory locations on as many different group control heads in the system as desired. In addition, the visual display  180  may also begin to indicate the current set of brew parameters. Of course, if the operator desires to store a set of brew parameters that is not currently in the computer temporary brew memory, she may transfer the desired set of parameters from a computer storage location to the temporary brew memory prior to the obtaining step above. Preferably, this is done by selecting the computer storage location with the desired parameters with one or more right bumps from idle, step  821 , and then running that shot with a left bump, step  816  shown in  FIG. 8 . 
         [0090]    Also responsive to entering the program and save mode of operation  912  at the first sensed actuation, the controller selects a default or initial computer storage memory location at initial storage memory step  903 . This default computer storage location may be pre- selected to appear each time the save mode is entered, or may simply be the last storage memory location used. If the espresso machine has multiple dosing units, the controller may select a default memory location at each group control head. Preferably, the visual display(s)  180  displays the active computer storage memory location at this step. The group control head of the first sensed actuation may optionally display brew parameters from the set in the temporary brew memory or the computer storage memory at the obtaining step. 
         [0091]    Method for Storing Brewing Parameters, Single Dosing Unit 
         [0092]    After entering the save mode of operation  912 , the method proceeds to the step of saving the set of parameters from the last shot brewed, i.e. the parameters in the computer temporary brew memory, into a computer storage memory location. In one simple embodiment, the operator merely bumps the group control head handle to the left, sensed as a second actuation by the controller. The method flow shows the bump sensed as a left actuation at direction step  906  and as a bump at duration step  910 . The left bump causes the controller to save the set of brew parameters into the default or initial storage memory from step  903 . 
         [0093]    The operator may wish to save the set of brew parameters into a different computer storage memory location than the default location. The operator selects a different location by scrolling through the available locations with one or more right bumps of the group control head handle. The controller senses the input at direction step  906  and duration step  911  to scroll to the next available storage memory at step  914 . Step  914  preferably includes the display of the computer storage memory location on visual display  180 , as exemplified in  FIG. 6( b )  . A subsequent left bump, steps  906 ,  910  saves the set of parameters to the selected location at step  908 . It is preferable that the bumps for scrolling and saving are in opposite directions of the handle, but the particular directions described above may be swapped within the scope of the invention. 
         [0094]    The operator exits the save mode of operation at step  940  and returns to the brew mode of operation. The controller may exit the save mode in several ways, e.g. by a time-out or immediately upon the saving step. Preferably, an affirmative actuation triggers the exit, such as a group head control handle “right hold” actuation, as shown by the path of direction step  906  and as a hold at duration step  911 . 
         [0095]    An additional function may be provided while in the save mode of operation. The controller may cycle to another of a group mode at cycle mode step  909 , e.g. Manual Mode or Manual Program Mode or Volumetric Program Mode, responsive to a sensed left hold from the group control head handle via direction step  906  and duration step  910 . When a set of parameters is subsequently saved, the set will correspond to that particular group mode. 
         [0096]    A summary of the  FIG. 9  operation is illustrated in state table  901 . There shown is the response in the espresso machine corresponding to each particular operation of the group head control handle during the program and save mode of operation. 
         [0097]    Transferring a Set of Brew Parameters between Espresso Dosing Units 
         [0098]    If the espresso machine is a multi-head device having a plurality of previously described espresso dosing units, the machine may be arranged to transfer a desired set of brewing parameters from one of the dosing units to another. In this embodiment, a controller  510  is in communication with all of the group control heads, temporary memories, and storage memories. A visual display is optionally associated with each dosing unit. 
         [0099]    The system is arranged such that when a program and save mode of operation is entered at any of the dosing units, for example by the method flow chart of  FIG. 9 , controller  510  activates all of the dosing units for saving. 
         [0100]      FIG. 12  illustrates one embodiment of the group display  1200 . After entering the save mode  900  and obtaining the desired set of brew parameters with one of the group control heads, all of the visual displays  180 ,  180 ′,  180 ″ will display a save screen  620 ,  620 ′,  620 ″ and a flashing save icon  610 . Any of the other group control heads can be scrolled as described above to select that dosing unit&#39;s desired storage location for saving. Then each group control head can separately save the desired set of brew parameters to the selected memory and exit the save mode as described above. Exiting from the save mode alternatively may be accomplished all at once by exiting the save mode, step  940 , at the source group control head. 
         [0101]    After either of the above described transferring steps, a programmed brew sequence may be initiated at any of the dosing units according to the transferred set of brew parameters. When a subsequent group control handle bump for another of the dosing units is sensed at its step  806 , then a new programmed brew sequence is initiated according to the transferred set of parameters. The espresso machine then automatically conducts the programmed sequence at step  812  to dispense the new dose of espresso. Thus the conditions for the desired dose are replicated across the dosing units. 
         [0102]      FIG. 10  illustrates example visual display graphics and state machine diagram  1000  that accompany the program and save mode of operation. Prior to entering the save mode, the espresso machine is in the brew mode of operation  1001 , and typically runs a shot to automatically save the last shot into the computer temporary brew memory at step  1002 . The operator then performs a right hold, e.g. for 2.5 seconds, at enter save mode step  1004 , whereupon the visual display  180  begins to flash the save icon. The operator then optionally bumps right one or more times at step  1006  to change the desired computer storage memory location for saving. When the desired location is selected, the operator bumps left at save step  1008  to save the shot parameters to the location. The operator then exits the save mode at step  1010  with a right hold, e.g. for 2.5 seconds. 
         [0103]    After the save mode of operation ends at exit step  940 , the espresso machine is then ready to enter the brew mode again with the newly saved and selected set of brew parameters. If a different set of brew parameters is desired, the operator simply bumps right one or more times to cycle through the recipes, and stops when the desired recipe is reached. When a subsequent group control handle bump is sensed at step  806 , then the new programmed brew sequence is initiated according to this new second set of parameters. The espresso machine then automatically conducts the programmed sequence at step  812  to dispense the new dose of espresso. 
         [0104]      FIGS. 11( a ) through 11( d )  illustrate an additional series of state machine diagrams for the operation of the espresso machine.  FIG. 11( a )  illustrates program mode adjustment state machine  1102 . When the controller senses a left hold, e.g. 2.5 seconds, on a group control head handle, the controller enters the cycle program mode. Subsequent left holds cause the controller to cycle its program mode through the available programs, here shown the modes Manual  1104 , Manual Program  1106 , Volumetric Program  1108 , and cycle back to Manual  1110 . Further detail about operating in these modes is shown in  FIG. 11( b )-( d ) . 
         [0105]      FIG. 11( b )  illustrates one exemplary operation of the Manual Mode  1120 , a mode that allows the operator complete control of the shot parameters. Starting from an idle state at steps  802 ,  804 , the operator bumps left to start the shot by pre-infusion at start step  1122 . The controller begins the pre-infusion operation, and awaits subsequent bumps left before advancing the shot to the next phases of pressure ramp-up step  1124 , full pressure brew step  1126 , and pressure ramp-down step  1128  respectively. The shot is stopped at step  1129  at a sensed bump right. The brew parameters are retained within the computer temporary brew memory. Visual display  180  may display the current phase and parameters during the shot. 
         [0106]      FIG. 11( c )  illustrates one exemplary operation of the Manual Program Mode  1130 , a mode that allows the operator limited control of the shot parameters. Starting from an idle state at steps  802 ,  804 , the operator bumps left to start the shot by pre-infusion at start step  1132 . The controller automatically advances the shot to the next phases of pressure ramp-up step  1134 , full pressure brew step  1136 , and pressure ramp-down step  1138 . The shot is stopped at step  1139  at a sensed bump right. The operator may adjust the “blonding” of the shot at step  1136  with a left bump to truncate the shot pressure, and then may end the shot at the desired volume (if necessary) with a right bump at stop step  1139 . Visual display  180  may display the current phase and parameters during the shot. 
         [0107]      FIG. 11( d )  illustrates one exemplary operation of the Volumetric Program Mode  1140 , a mode that allows the operator control of the start of the shot only. Starting from an idle state at steps  802 ,  804 , the operator bumps left to start the shot by pre-infusion at start step  1142 . The controller then automatically advances the shot to each next phase at pressure ramp-up step  1144 , full pressure brew step  1146 , and pressure ramp-down step  1148  according to the program brew parameters in use. The shot is automatically stopped at step  1149  upon reaching the pre-programmed volume as sensed by the flowmeter. In this program mode, the operator may truncate the shot at any time with a bump right. The visual display  180  may display the current phase and parameters during the shot. 
         [0108]    The functionality of the various program modes corresponds to the method flow steps as shown in  FIG. 8 . For example, a sensed CCW actuation at step  810  with a shot brewing at step  820  which immediately ends the shot at step  822 . This corresponds to the right bumps at  FIG. 11  steps  1129  and  1139 . 
         [0109]    When the paddle is released, the save mode of operation then exits at exit step  940 . The espresso machine is then ready to enter the brew mode again with the newly saved and selected set of brew parameters. When a subsequent group control handle bump is sensed at step  806 , then a new programmed brew sequence is initiated according to this new second set of parameters. The espresso machine then automatically conducts the programmed sequence starting at step  812  to dispense the new dose of espresso. 
         [0110]    Retrieving a Stored Set of Parameters for Use 
         [0111]      FIG. 8  at state machine table  801  also illustrates a method for obtaining from storage memory a set of parameters for use, where the set of parameters has been previously stored in one of the page portions instead of the temporary brew memory. This functionality is enabled simply by cycling through the memory storage locations by means of scrolling with the group control head handle. In the  FIG. 9  embodiment, the group control head handle is bumped right one or more times to cycle through the storage locations, up to six. When cycled, visual display  180  preferably highlights the particular location. A subsequent bump to the opposite left side then starts the shot using that selected recipe. The shot parameters are also transferred to the temporary brew memory during the shot, for subsequent saving and use. 
       Example 
       [0112]    Some example settings for a page in computer storage memory appear in Table 1 below: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Brew Group 2 (Volumetric Mode) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Program 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Pre-infuse 
                 4.0 
               
               
                   
                 Ramp Up 
                 1.8 
               
               
                   
                 % of Shot Brewed 
                 91% 
               
               
                   
                 Total Water Volume 
                 350 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0113]    A note from the morning barista says that they made a great shot earlier in the day and saved it in Brew Group 2 Program 1. We are currently using Program 2 on the second group, so the first step is to cycle to the Program 1 by bumping the group head control handle five times until Program 1 is highlighted on visual display  180 ′. Then we prepare a filter puck and bump left. The programmed sequence will run through 4 seconds of pre-infusion, ramp up for 1.8 seconds, and then run the pump until 91% of the total flow meter count of 350, corresponding to about 60 ml of water, has been dispensed. The pump will then shut off and the shot will finish at line pressure. 
         [0114]    An espresso machine apparatus as described in  FIGS. 1 through 6  comprises each of the elements that are necessary to perform the methods described above. An optional external programming controller  190 , described in  FIG. 13  may be used in concert with the group control heads, controller, memories, and programmed sequences for additional flexibility in programming. 
         [0115]      FIG. 13  shows an embodiment of the optional external programming controller  190  that may be used with the inventive espresso machine. Controller  190  is preferably handheld and communicatively connected to the controller  510  by wired or wireless means. Controller  190  includes three main features. Programmer display  192  displays information related to the stored programs. Programmer selection buttons  194  are arranged next to the display to enable the user to select particular items in display  192 . Programmer scrolling arrows  196  enable the user to adjust values of the displayed items. 
         [0116]    If no useful set of brewing parameters yet exists in computer storage memory, or if it is desired to enter the values without brewing, one or more of the parameter set values may be more easily entered via the controller  190 . For example, the user wishes to adjust the volume of the shot on number  2  brew group, i.e. dosing unit. She scrolls with the scrolling arrows  196  until Brew Group  2  is displayed. The desired set of brew parameters resides in the memory storage location  1 , so she presses the button  194  that is adjacent that label. Then she presses the scrolling arrows to adjust the volume to the desired amount. Another press of the button  194  deselects the line and updates the set of brew parameters at that memory location. As previously described, this new set of brew parameters can be saved to any of the other memory locations in any of the other brew groups, and can be used with the group control head controls during the next brew. The entry of data using programmer  190  may also be conducted in concert with selection and saving of that data via the group control head operations as described above. 
         [0117]    Modifications to the device, method, and displays as described above are encompassed within the scope of the invention. For example, various configurations of the plumbing and electrical systems which fulfill the objectives of the described invention fall within the scope of the claims. Also, the particular appearance and arrangement of the apparatus may differ. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Table of Elements 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Number 
                 Name 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  100 
                 Espresso machine 
               
               
                  102 
                 Espresso dosing unit 
               
               
                  110 
                 Group control head 
               
               
                  110′ 
                 Second group control head 
               
               
                  110″ 
                 Third group control head 
               
               
                  150 
                 Brew tank 
               
               
                  160 
                 Filter 
               
               
                  170 
                 Outlet spout 
               
               
                  180 
                 Visual display 
               
               
                  180′ 
                 Second visual display 
               
               
                  180″ 
                 Third visual display 
               
               
                  190 
                 External programming controller 
               
               
                  192 
                 Programmer display 
               
               
                  194 
                 Programmer selection buttons 
               
               
                  196 
                 Programmer scrolling arrows 
               
               
                  200 
                 Espresso machine 
               
               
                  202 
                 Steam tank 
               
               
                  204 
                 Pump 
               
               
                  206 
                 Control valve 
               
               
                  208 
                 Bypass control valve 
               
               
                  210 
                 Water source 
               
               
                  250 
                 Brew tank 
               
               
                  250′ 
                 Second brew tank 
               
               
                  250″ 
                 Third brew tank 
               
               
                  260 
                 Filter 
               
               
                  300 
                 Group control head 
               
               
                  302 
                 Base 
               
               
                  314 
                 Handle 
               
               
                  316 
                 paddle 
               
               
                  324 
                 Top plate 
               
               
                  325 
                 Pivot pin 
               
               
                  340 
                 Actuator 
               
               
                  342 
                 Magnet 
               
               
                  350 
                 Centering post 
               
               
                  374 
                 Proximity sensor board 
               
               
                  375 
                 First proximity sensor 
               
               
                  376 
                 Second proximity sensor 
               
               
                  400 
                 Idle position 
               
               
                  410 
                 Brew position 
               
               
                  420 
                 Control position 
               
               
                  500 
                 Espresso machine electrical system 
               
               
                  502 
                 Group head flow meter 
               
               
                  504 
                 Brew tank temperature sensor 
               
               
                  510 
                 Controller 
               
               
                  520 
                 Visual display 
               
               
                  522 
                 Pump control output 
               
               
                  524 
                 Control valve control output 
               
               
                  526 
                 Bypass valve output 
               
               
                  530 
                 Computer memory 
               
               
                  532 
                 Computer temporary brew memory 
               
               
                  534 
                 Computer storage memory 
               
               
                   
                 Computer storage memory page 
               
               
                   
                 Page left portion 
               
               
                   
                 Page right portion 
               
               
                  540 
                 Power supply 
               
               
                  541-546 
                 Computer storage memory storage locations 
               
               
                  600 
                 Operational display of programmed sequence 
               
               
                  602 
                 Shot timer display 
               
               
                  604 
                 Mode icon 
               
               
                  606 
                 Brew sequence phase display 
               
               
                  608 
                 Memory storage location icon 
               
               
                  610 
                 Save icon 
               
               
                  620 
                 Save mode display of brew parameter set transfer 
               
               
                  620′ 
                 Second save mode display (not used) 
               
               
                  620″ 
                 Third save mode display (not used) 
               
               
                  622 
                 Save left icon 
               
               
                  624 
                 Storage memory cycling icon 
               
               
                  700 
                 Espresso machine brewing sequence 
               
               
                  702 
                 Brewing start step 
               
               
                  716 
                 Brewing initiation step 
               
               
                  717 
                 Pre-infusion brew phase 
               
               
                  720 
                 Pressure ramp up phase 
               
               
                  722 
                 Full pressure brew phase 
               
               
                  724 
                 Pressure ramp down phase 
               
               
                  726 
                 Stop shot phase 
               
               
                  727 
                 End step 
               
               
                  800 
                 Method for providing hot water dose 
               
               
                  802 
                 Method start step 
               
               
                  804 
                 Providing an espresso machine step 
               
               
                  806 
                 sensing step 
               
               
                  807 
                 Monitoring step 
               
               
                  808 
                 mode decision step 
               
               
                  810 
                 actuation direction decision step 
               
               
                  812 
                 brew mode 
               
               
                  814 
                 shot brewing decision step 
               
               
                  816 
                 begin programmed sequence step 
               
               
                  818 
                 Proceed to next phase in sequence step 
               
               
                  820 
                 shot brewing decision step 
               
               
                  821 
                 Cycle recipe step 
               
               
                  822 
                 stop shot step 
               
               
                  824 
                 save into temporary memory step 
               
               
                  900 
                 Method for storing brewing parameters in an espresso machine 
               
               
                  901 
                 Saving method state table 
               
               
                  902 
                 Obtain brew parameters step 
               
               
                  903 
                 initial computer storage memory location step 
               
               
                  906 
                 Sense actuator direction step 
               
               
                  908 
                 Save to selected storage memory step 
               
               
                  909 
                 Group mode cycling step 
               
               
                  910 
                 Duration step 
               
               
                  911 
                 Duration step 
               
               
                  912 
                 Enter program and save mode of operation 
               
               
                  914 
                 scroll to the next available storage memory at step 
               
               
                  940 
                 Exit from program and save mode of operation 
               
               
                 1000  
                 Visual display state machine diagram, save mode 
               
               
                 1001  
                 Initial brew mode of operation 
               
               
                 1002  
                 Save last shot into computer temporary brew memory step 
               
               
                 1004 
                 enter save mode step 
               
               
                 1006 
                 change computer storage memory location step 
               
               
                 1008  
                 save to active computer storage memory step 
               
               
                 1010  
                 Exit save mode step 
               
               
                 1102  
                 Program mode adjustment state machine 
               
               
                 1104 
                 Manual mode 
               
               
                 1106  
                 Manual program mode 
               
               
                 1108  
                 Volumetric program mode 
               
               
                 1110  
                 Manual mode cycle 
               
               
                 1120 
                 Manual (M) mode of operation 
               
               
                 1122  
                 M start and pre-infusion step 
               
               
                 1124  
                 M pressure ramp-up step 
               
               
                 1126 
                 M full pressure brew step 
               
               
                 1128 
                 M pressure ramp-down step 
               
               
                 1129 
                 M stop step 
               
               
                 1130 
                 Manual Program (MP) mode of operation 
               
               
                 1132 
                 MP start and pre-infusion step 
               
               
                 1134 
                 MP pressure ramp-up step 
               
               
                 1136 
                 MP full pressure brew step 
               
               
                 1138 
                 MP pressure ramp-down step 
               
               
                 1139  
                 MP stop step 
               
               
                 1140  
                 Volumetric Program (VP) mode of operation 
               
               
                 1142  
                 VP start and pre-infusion step 
               
               
                 1144  
                 VP pressure ramp-up step 
               
               
                 1146 
                 VP full pressure brew step 
               
               
                 1148 
                 VP pressure ramp-down step 
               
               
                 1149  
                 VP stop step 
               
               
                 1200 
                 Groups display