Abstract:
The present invention relates to switching modes of an input device based on events. The invention detects events that suggest that the user does not want to continue with a present mode of the input device and switches to another operation mode. The detection and response to user inputs simplifies the user&#39;s interactions with the system. In some embodiments, the user may be asked prior to switching modes for confirmation. The present invention may be used with limited input devices including styluses.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    The present application is related to application Ser. No. (Atty docket 3797.00066), entitled “Method and Apparatus For Improving the Appearance of Digitally Represented Handwriting”, filed Nov. 10, 2000; to application Ser. No. (Attorney No. 03797.00067), entitled “Highlevel Active Pen Matrix” filed Nov. 10, 2000; to application Ser. No. (Atty docket 3797.00069), entitled “Selection Handles in Editing Electronic Documents”, and filed Nov. 10, 2000; to application Ser. No. (Atty docket 3797.00070), entitled “Insertion Point Bungee Space Tool”, and filed Nov. 10, 2000; to application Ser. No. (Atty docket 3797.00072), entitled “Simulating Gestures of a Mouse Using a Stylus and Providing Feedback Thereto”, and filed Nov. 10, 2000; to application Ser. No. (Atty docket 3797.00074), entitled “System and Method For Accepting Disparate Types Of User Input”, and filed Nov. 10, 2000; to application Ser. No. (Atty docket 3797.00075), entitled “In Air Gestures”, and filed Nov. 10, 2000; to application Ser. No. (Atty docket 3797.00076), entitled “Mouse Input Panel Windows Class List”, and filed Nov. 10, 2000; to application Ser. No. (Atty docket 3797.00077), entitled “Mouse Input Panel and User Interface”, and filed Nov. 10, 2000; to application Ser. No. (Atty docket 3797.00079), entitled “System and Method For Inserting Implicit Page Breaks”, and filed Nov. 10, 2000; each of which is incorporated by reference herein. 
     
    
     
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    Aspects of the present invention are directed generally to apparatus and methods for controlling a graphical user interface (GUI). More particularly, the present invention relates to receiving entering a user input, determining based on the user input what the user wants to do, and performing a function related to the desired input.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    Typical computer systems, especially computer systems using graphical user interface (GUI) systems such as Microsoft WINDOWS, are optimized for accepting user input from one or more discrete input devices such as a keyboard and for entering text, and a pointing device such as a mouse with one or more buttons for driving the user interface. Virtually all software applications designed to run on Microsoft WINDOWS are optimized to accept user input in the same manner. For instance, many applications make extensive use of the right mouse button (a “right click”) to display context-sensitive command menus. The user may generate other gestures using the mouse such as by clicking the left button of the mouse (a “left click”), or by clicking the left or right button of the mouse and moving the mouse while the button is depressed (either a “left click drag” or a “right click drag”).  
           [0004]    In some environments, a mouse is not usable or desirable. For example, in a digitizer tablet environment, the primary input device may be a stylus. While a stylus attempts to provide pad and paper-like feel to a computing environment, current systems are limited. For example, the use of a stylus in a graphical user interface is limited to tapping on various items for selection. See, for example, the Palm-series of products using the Palm OS 3.x operating systems. Further, in stylus-based input environments, a user is continually forced to select tools or operations from a remote tool bar, generally on a top or bottom of a screen. While a user can type in letters or have the digitizer recognize handwriting, these operations require selecting a keyboard input mode and writing in a predefined portion of the digitizer, respectively. In short, requiring a user to tell the computer, for every new input, what a user wants to do makes stylus-based computing difficult for the average user.  
           [0005]    Some operations create new text (for example, writing, typing, pasting text and the like). Other operations modify the text (highlighting, inking, erasing, cutting and moving existing text). A problem with performing the latter modifying operations is that these latter operations are not generally the primary mode of operating for most users. In other words, while a user may modify text, this operation will be secondary to more primary operations of creating new text. Accordingly, the user will eventually need to transition from the modifying text (or other content) operation to the creating text environment. Conventional transitions include toggling a button on a tool bar. Buttons may include an erase button, a highlight button and the like. Toggle buttons, while making it clear for a user on how to select the operating mode and the state of the mode (by being depressed or not), can be cumbersome to use when alternating between various modes in that the user is continuously moving from generally a central portion of a display screen to a remote tool bar (housing the toggle button) juxtaposed to an end of the screen then back again. This repetitive motion and the attention one needs to employ to switch from the auxiliary mode or modes back to the primary mode of operation distracts the user&#39;s attention from actively reading or writing to the mundane task of switching between modes.  
           [0006]    For example, FIG. 3 shows a conventional system for switching between modes. A primary mode  301  is where a user enters text, pastes text, and the like. An auxiliary mode is where a user erases text, highlights text, and selects text.  
           [0007]    Accordingly, a need exists for minimizing operations for switching between modes of operation in a computer environment.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0008]    As discussed in the various copending patent applications incorporated herein by reference, aspects of the present invention are directed to a tablet-like computer that allows users to directly write on a display surface using a stylus. The display surface may physically, optically, and or electro magnetically detect the stylus. The computer may allow the user to write and to edit, manipulate, and create objects through the use of the stylus. Many of the features discussed in these copending applications are more easily performed by use of the various aspects of the present invention discussed herein.  
           [0009]    An aspect of the present invention is directed to methods and apparatus for simulating gestures of a mouse by use of a stylus on a display surface. The present invention determines the operation a user wants to perform based on the user&#39;s input. This determination may include reference to other information including the location of the user&#39;s input on a digitizer (e.g, location on a screen) and the status of other objects or elements as displayed. By using this information, the system determines what the user wants to do and implements the action.  
           [0010]    The present invention permits a user to enter into auxiliary modes including an erase mode, a highlight mode and a selection mode. By moving a stylus in a way inconsistent with one of the modes, the system offers the user the option of switching out of the auxiliary mode. In as alternate embodiment, the system may directly switch the user from the auxiliary mode to the primary mode.  
           [0011]    These and other features of the invention will be apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description of preferred embodiments. Although the invention has beet defined using the appended claims, these claims are exemplary in that the invention is intended to include the elements and steps described herein in any combination or subcombination Accordingly, there are any number of alternative combinations for defining the invention, which incorporate one or more elements from the specification, including the description, claims, and drawings, in various combinations or subcombinations. It will be apparent to those skilled in the relevant technology, in light of the present specification, that alternate combinations of aspects of the invention, either alone or in combination with one or more elements or steps defined herein, may be utilized as modifications or alterations of the invention or as part of the invention. It is intended that the written description of the invention contained herein covers all such modifications and alterations. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0012]    The foregoing summary of the invention, as well as the following detailed description of preferred embodiments, is better understood when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which are included by way of example, and not by way of limitation with regard to the claimed invention. In the accompanying drawings, elements are labeled with three-digit reference numbers, wherein the first digit of a reference number indicates the drawing number in which the element is first illustrated. The same reference number in different drawings refers to the same element.  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a general-purpose digital computing environment that can be used to implement various aspects of the invention.  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 2 is a plan view of a tablet computer and stylus that may be used in accordance with various aspects of the present invention.  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 3 shows conventional mode switching through the activation of buttons.  
         [0016]    FIGS.  4 - 5  show mode switching including responding to events in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0017]    The present invention may be more readily described with reference to FIGS.  1 - 5 . FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of a conventional general-purpose digital computing environment that can be used to implement various aspects of the present invention. In FIG. 1, a computer  100  includes a processing unit  110 , a system memory  120 , and a system bus  130  that couples various system components including the system memory to the processing unit  110 . The system bus  130  may be any of several types of bus structures including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. The system memory  120  includes read only memory (ROM)  140  and random access memory (RAM)  150 .  
         [0018]    A basic input/output system  160  (BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within the computer  100 , such as during start-up, is stored in the ROM  140 . The computer  100  also includes a hard disk drive  170  for reading from and writing to a hard disk (not shown), a magnetic disk drive  180  for reading from or writing to a removable magnetic disk  190 , and an optical disk drive  191  for reading from or writing to a removable optical disk  192  such as a CD ROM or other optical media. The hard disk drive  170 , magnetic disk drive  180 , and optical disk drive  191  are connected to the system bus  130  by a hard disk drive interface  192 , a magnetic disk drive interface  193 , and an optical disk drive interface  194 , respectively. The drives and their associated computer-readable media provide nonvolatile storage of computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules and other data for the personal computer  100 . It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other types of computer readable media that can store data that is accessible by a computer, such as magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, digital video disks, Bernoulli cartridges, random access memories (RAMs), read only memories (ROMs), and the like, may also be used in the example operating environment.  
         [0019]    A number of program modules can be stored on the hard disk drive  170 , magnetic disk  190 , optical disk  192 , ROM  140  or RAM  150 , including an operating system  195 , one or more application programs  196 , other program modules  197 , and program data  198 . A user can enter commands and information into the computer  100  through input devices such as a keyboard  101  and pointing device  102 . Other input devices (not shown) may include a microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner or the like. These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit  110  through a serial port interface  106  that is coupled to the system bus, but may be connected by other interfaces, such as a parallel port, game port or a universal serial bus (USB). Further still, these devices may be coupled directly to the system bus  130  via an appropriate interface (not shown). A monitor  107  or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus  130  via an interface, such as a video adapter  108 . In addition to the monitor, personal computers typically include other peripheral output devices (not shown), such as speakers and printers. In a preferred embodiment, a pen digitizer  165  and accompanying pen or stylus  166  are provided in order to digitally capture freehand input. Although a direct connection between the pen digitizer  165  and the processing unit  110  is shown, in practice, the pen digitizer  165  may be coupled to the processing unit  110  via a serial port, parallel port or other interface and the system bus  130  as known in the art. Furthermore, although the digitizer  165  is shown apart from the monitor  107 , it is preferred that the usable input area of the digitizer  165  be co-extensive with the display area of the monitor  107 . Further still, the digitizer  165  may be integrated in the monitor  107 , or may exist as a separate device overlaying or otherwise appended to the monitor  107 .  
         [0020]    The computer  100  can operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer  109 . The remote computer  109  can be a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to the computer  100 , although only a memory storage device  111  has been illustrated in FIG. 1. The logical connections depicted in FIG. 1 include a local area network (LAN)  112  and a wide area network (WAN)  113 . Such networking environments are commonplace in offices, enterprise-wide computer networks, intranets and the Internet.  
         [0021]    When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer  100  is connected to the local network  112  through a network interface or adapter  114 . When used in a WAN networking environment, the personal computer  100  typically includes a modem  115  or other means for establishing a communications over the wide area network  113 , such as the Internet. The modem  115 , which may be internal or external, is connected to the system bus  130  via the serial port interface  106 . In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the personal computer  100 , or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device.  
         [0022]    It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and other techniques for establishing a communications link between the computers can be used. The existence of any of various well-known protocols such as TCP/IP, Ethernet, FTP, HTTP and the like is presumed, and the system can be operated in a client-server configuration to permit a user to retrieve web pages from a web-based server. Any of various conventional web browsers can be used to display and manipulate data on web pages.  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 2 illustrates a tablet PC  201  that can be used in accordance with various aspects of the present invention. Any or all of the features, subsystems, and functions in the system of FIG. 1 can be included in the computer of FIG. 2. Tablet PC  201  includes a large display surface  202 , e.g., a digitizing flat panel display, preferably, a liquid crystal display (LCD) screen, on which a plurality of windows  203  is displayed. Using stylus  204 , a user can select, highlight, and write on the digitizing display area. Examples of suitable digitizing display panels include electromagnetic pen digitizers, such as the Mutoh or Wacom pen digitizers. Other types of pen digitizers, e.g., optical digitizers, may also be used. Tablet PC  201  interprets marks made using stylus  204  in order to manipulate data, enter text, and execute conventional computer application tasks such as spreadsheets, word processing programs, and the like.  
         [0024]    A stylus could be equipped with buttons or other features to augment its selection capabilities. In one embodiment, a stylus could be implemented as a “pencil” or “pen”, in which one end constitutes a writing portion and the other end constitutes an “eraser” end, and which, when moved across the display, indicates portions of the display are to be erased. Other types of input devices, such as a mouse, trackball, or the like could be used. Additionally, a user&#39;s own finger could be used for selecting or indicating portions of the displayed image on a touch-sensitive or proximity-sensitive display. Consequently, the term “user input device”, as used herein, is intended to have a broad definition and encompasses many variations on well-known input devices.  
         [0025]    Region  205  shows a feed back region or contact region permitting the user to determine where the stylus as contacted the digitizer. In another embodiment, the region  205  provides visual feedback when the hold status of the present invention has been reached.  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 4 shows the primary mode  301  and the auxiliary mode  302 . To access the auxiliary mode  302 , a user taps a toggle button  303  or other button as is known in the art. A “mode” as used herein is expansive in nature. It is intended to relate to operation of the primary input device or stylus. Switching between operations of the stylus or other input device is referenced as switching modes as apparent to the user. The underlying system implementing the invention is not constrained to operate in predefined modes. Rather, the system implementing the present invention may operate in states or may respond to actions including toggling of buttons or events that system interprets as suggesting a change in operation mode of a primary input device or stylus.  
         [0027]    The auxiliary mode includes erasing (for example, erasing input ink or handwriting), highlighting (for example, adding a translucent ink to existing ink or text), or selecting objects. The selection mode permits a user to draw selection ink around objects or through objects and have the objects selected. For example, the user may use a stroke or a hold and drag gesture to start the selection ink mode (as described in greater detail in U.S. Ser. No. 60/ ______ (Attorney No. 03797.00067), entitled “Highlevel Active Pen Matrix” filed Nov. 10, 2000, incorporated herein by reference for essential subject matter).  
         [0028]    To return back to back to the primary mode  301 , a user may again toggle the toggle button in step  304 . This button may be referred to as a mode switching button. Alternatively, the user may select another button that reset or transitions the user back to the primary mode  301 . However, toggling a remote button is tedious. Accordingly, the present invention permits a way of returning to the primary mode without having to toggle a remote button. The system monitors the actions of the stylus to determine if it performs a gesture other than a single or double tap (for example, a triple tap or a stroke with certain characteristics) in a place other than on a remote, mode switching button. This gesture or gestures suggest that the user wants to return to the primary mode  301 .  
         [0029]    The system uses various aspects of the gesture or gesture to determine if the user has suggested that he wants to return to the primary mode. One aspect of the gesture is the proximity of nearby objects. For example, if no objects are near the starting point or anywhere along the path of the gesture (if it was a stroke, for example) or encircled by the gesture, the gesture may be interpreted as indicative of returning to the primary contact mode.  
         [0030]    The actions may be the same for all auxiliary modes (erasing, highlighting, or selecting). For example, the user may move the stylus in a small circle or other shape or small jiggling of the stylus tip.  
         [0031]    Alternatively, the system may recognize different actions for the various modes. For the erasing mode, the system may recognize events such as attempting to erase where there is no object or attempting to erase non-erasable objects. The system displays to the user an option of switching out of the auxiliary mode. If the user desires to stay in the erase mode, the user interacts with the display to stay in the erase mode. This may mean selecting a “Do Not Switch” option or interact with the display in a manner appropriate with the present mode. If the user desires to switch back to the primary mode  301 , the user interacts with the display to accept the choice of switching. If the user does not interact with the displayed options, the system may switch to the primary mode. This would be useful when the user was distracted for some time and the system resets to provide the user with a known starting point to interact with the displayed content.  
         [0032]    The display offered to the user may be made easier to operate by placing the selection choices under or near the stylus&#39; last contact with the screen. The resulting user interface will be easier to operate based on an analysis of the interface using Fitt&#39;s Law. Fitt&#39;s Law defines an index of difficulty for human responses as ID=(log 2 (2A/W)) where A is the amplitude or size of a movement and W is the width of a target. Fitt&#39;s Law indicates that movement time=a+b(ID) where a and b are constants. Here, the smaller the movement and the larger the target, the smaller the index of difficulty. More information regarding Fitt&#39;s Law may be found at http://psych.hanover.edu/classes/hfnotes2/sld041.html.  
         [0033]    For the highlighting mode, the events that may generate events  401  include movements too small for highlighting due to the thickness of the highlighting ink. For example, if the highlighting ink is 5 mm thick, movements of the stylus below 1 mm, for example (other ratios may be used and are considered part of the invention). Also moving the stylus within an already highlighted region is considered as an indication that the user is attempting to write rather than highlight. If the ink is 5 mm thick, repeated 1 mm or less movements of the highlighter indicate that a user is attempting to write or perform an action other than highlighting. Further, 2 mm oscillations or jiggling the stylus with 1 mm strokes can reliably be interpreted as attempting to write. This may be generalized as including actions that are less than half of the line width of the highlighting ink. Further, these relative movement sizes may be adjustable by the user to account for various work environments subject to mechanical disturbances or vibrations. For example, if a user is riding in the back of a bus and highlighting a document the user is reading, the user does not want the vibrations of the bus to lead to jiggling of the stylus relative to the digitizer surface to be greater than the threshold for switching back to the primary mode.  
         [0034]    For the selecting mode, selecting nothing (not encountering any objects or not surrounding any objects) generates event  401 .  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 5 shows an alternative embodiment similar to that of FIG. 4. This embodiment includes another event  501  that puts the system into the auxiliary mode  302  from primary mode  301 . Alternatively, event  501  changes the system from one auxiliary mode to another auxiliary mode. For example, performing a gesture more indicative of a selection mode may indicate that the user wants to switch from a primary mode or an erasing mode or a highlighting mode to the selection mode. These gestures may be defined for equal modes when there is no primary mode.  
         [0036]    While exemplary systems and methods embodying the present invention are shown by way of example, it will be understood, of course, that the invention is not limited to these embodiments. Modifications may be made by those skilled in the art, particularly in light of the foregoing teachings. For example, each of the elements of the aforementioned embodiments may be utilized alone or in combination with elements of the other embodiments.