Abstract:
An automated in situ heat induced antigen recovery and staining method and apparatus for treating a plurality of microscope slides. The process of heat induced antigen recovery and the process of staining the biological sample on the microscope slide are conducted in the same apparatus, wherein the microscope slides do not need to be physically removed from one apparatus to another. Each treatment step occurs within the same reaction compartment. The reaction conditions of each reaction compartment for treating a slide can preferably be controlled independently, including the individualized application of reagents to each slide and the individualized treatment of each slide. The reagents are preferably held in a reagent dispensing strip similar to a “blister pack”.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     The present application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 10/388,710, filed Mar. 14, 2003, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 09/612,605, filed Jul. 7, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,534,008, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/142,789, filed Jul. 8, 1999, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT  
       [0002]     Not Applicable  
       BACKGROUND  
       [0003]     The present invention is related to the field of treating samples on microscope slides and more specifically to the field of heat induced antigen recovery and staining.  
         [0004]     Antigen recovery, also known as antigen unmasking, antigen epitope unmasking, antigen retrieval or heat induced epitope recovery (HIER) is a process in which biological samples (e.g., cells, tissues, blood, fluids) are treated under heat with a series of aqueous or non-aqueous reagents and buffers (e.g., citrate, EDTA, and urea) for the purpose of exposing the presence of specific types of antigens or biochemical features in the biological samples. HIER is regarded as a pre-treatment procedure to be performed prior to the beginning of a specific staining protocol to identify cellular components.  
         [0005]     Biological samples must be preserved after removal from the body. This preservation process, known as fixation, kills and localizes the biological material. One of the most common fixatives used widely in the preservation of biological materials is formalin, a 10% aqueous solution of formaldehyde. This fixative, along with other widely utilized fixatives, produces a cross-linking network around specific sites in the biological material. These sites are known as antigens, and during the fixation process become “masked,” by the fixative and thus “invisible” to detection by certain stains. HIER is used as a pre-treatment process to “unmask,” “retrieve” or “recover.” This process is usually conducted on formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections or cellular preparations mounted on microscope slides.  
         [0006]     U.S. Pat. No. 5,244,787 teaches a process of antigen retrieval wherein one or more slides are placed in an aqueous solution within a microwave oven and heated to boiling or near-boiling temperatures. These slides are all treated together in a rack that has been placed in a bath of the solution. The slides are near boiling temperatures for 5-30 minutes, generally around 10 minutes. Due to excessive evaporation from the bath, the patent teaches that the solution should not drop below the biological sample on the slide because drying out of the sample is deleterious. This process further teaches that after boiling or near-boiling for several minutes, usually 5 minutes, one may have to add more solution to the container to prevent the solution from excessive evaporation and subsequent exposure of the samples on the slides. After the addition of more liquid, the process is continued until the desired time is completed. The disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 5,244,787 is limited to the use of a microwave oven as the source of heating. More recent advances, which have been published, include the use of different types of heating devices such as electric pressure cookers, electric steamers, electric conduction heating surfaces utilizing pressure cookers, steamers, and also steam driving autoclaves ( J. of Pathology,  179:347-352, 1996;  Biotechnic  &amp;  Histochemistry,  71(5):263-270, 1996;  Biotechnic  &amp;  Histochemistry,  71(4): 190-195, 1996;  J. of Histochemistry  &amp;  Cytochemistry,  45(3): 327-342, 1997).  
         [0007]     Although these published methodologies treat the biological sample with different types of solutions and with varying types of chemicals and at different pH&#39;s, all teach that all slides are treated together in a bath of the heated solution. After the slides have cooled for a period of time, they are removed from the heating device and they are transferred to another apparatus where they are manually or automatically stained using various reagents. This pre-treatment process of heating and removing the slides from the heating device for staining in a separated apparatus is highly cumbersome and inefficient. The only automated HIER or antigen retrieval instrument available is the BIOGENEX i1000. This instrument, however, still employs the use of the known technology of treating the slides as a group in a container filled with heated solutions. A technician must still remove the slides from the antigen retrieval (heating) instrument and place them in an automated stainer instrument to complete the required staining protocol.  
         [0008]     As noted herein, no currently available automated or semi-automated staining instruments specifically teach the ability to heat an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid for the unmasking of antigens. The instruments that do automated or semi-automated staining limit their scope to that task alone, and don&#39;t address the task of HIER or antigen retrieval pre-treatments. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,073,504 and 4,847,208 teach use of a chamber for enclosing and staining a microscope slide but neither teaches use of a heating device to boil a liquid and the user must add the primary antibody manually through a hinged door on top of the chamber. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,777,020; 4,798,706; and 4,801,431 teach use of a vertical staining “capillary gap” methodology wherein two special slides placed front to front causing an air gap through which liquids are drawn by capillary movement. This gap can only hold a small volume (approx. 300 microliters) of liquid. If heated to near boiling conditions the liquid would evaporate through all four open sides, immediately causing the biological sample to dry. This end result is true also for another capillary gap instrument, shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,804,141. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,595,707; 5,654,200; 5,654,199, 5,595,707; and 5,650,327 teach reducing evaporative loss by utilizing an oil layer on top of the aqueous layer. This is somewhat effective in reducing the amount of evaporative loss at 37° C. but the volume of the aqueous layer (approx. 300 microliters) is again minimal, and if heated to boiling, would cause the aqueous layer to dry out leaving only the oil layer present thus damaging the biological sample unless more aqueous reagent was applied during the treatment process. U.S. Pat. No. 5,425,918 also teaches use of small amounts of liquids that are sprayed on the slide and can only heat the slide to 37° C. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,645,144 and 5,947,167 teach use of an open top chamber present around the slide and use a rotating cover above the slides to reduce evaporation. There is no teaching of high temperature heating of a liquid for a substantial amount of time. Further, even if one would increase the temperature of the slide, the loosely rotating top of the chamber would allow so much evaporative loss that the solution would never reach boiling or near boiling temperatures, nor would it maintain the boiling conditions for 10 minutes or longer. U.S. Pat. No. 5,645,114 teaches use of small volumes of liquids (up to 500 microliters) and has no ability to stop evaporative loss if the slide temperature reaches boiling conditions.  
         [0009]     As a result, none of these systems could hold sufficient liquid on top of a slide (e.g., 4 ml) and are enclosed in a chamber which is properly vented to minimize the energy loss from evaporation to cause sufficient heating to boil the liquid on the slide for the length of time generally required to cause antigen unmasking (e.g., 10-30 minutes).  
         [0010]     There remains a need for an apparatus which can perform the task of HIER with subsequent staining treatment without the need of switching the slides from one apparatus to another and wherein the treatment of all microscope slides can occur simultaneously thereby increasing efficiency. Of the automated stainers available today, there is not one instrument that has the ability to overcome the inherent problems of heating an aqueous or non-aqueous solution at a sufficient volume without the undesirable effect of evaporative heat loss and subsequent volume decrease of the solution. The negative effects of evaporation are significant. The ability of a liquid to reach boiling or near boiling temperature on a microscope slide is dependent on the containment and control of the steam or vapor generated during the heating process. It is the object of the invention contemplated herein to provide a completely automated HIER apparatus which can recover antigens with multiple types of recovery buffers simultaneously, each specific to its respective microscope slide and which can also be used to stain the microscope slides as well.  
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0011]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view of an apparatus of the invention (shown without a pressing element for crushing a reagent capsule).  
         [0012]      FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of the apparatus of  FIG. 1  (shown with a pressing element for crushing a reagent capsule).  
         [0013]      FIG. 3A  is a cross-sectional view of the apparatus of  FIG. 1  (shown with a reaction compartment having a raised slide support surface) taken through line  3 A- 3 A.  
         [0014]      FIG. 3B  is a cross-sectional view of the apparatus of  FIG. 1  (shown with a reaction compartment having a lowered slide support surface) taken through line  3 B- 3 B.  
         [0015]      FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view of an alternative embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention having an alternate type of slide support surface.  
         [0016]      FIG. 5  is a perspective view of a reagent strip of the present invention.  
         [0017]      FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional view of the reagent strip of  FIG. 5  taken through the line  6 - 6 .  
         [0018]      FIG. 7  is an elevational view of a modular apparatus containing a plurality of the apparatus of  FIG. 1 .  
         [0019]      FIG. 8  is a flow chart showing a preferred sequence of steps in the method of the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0020]     The present invention is directed to an automated method and apparatus for treating biological samples on microscope slides for unmasking (“retrieving” or “recovering”) epitopes or antigens of the biological samples and then staining or otherwise treating the biological samples. The automated apparatus comprises an array of individual reaction compartments, each of which is used to treat a single microscope slide (also referred to herein as a “slide”), wherein each reaction compartment preferably can function and can be controlled independently of the other reaction compartments in the array. Each reaction compartment in the array comprises a support element comprising a surface upon which a microscope slide can be supported and positioned adjacent or inserted into the compartment for treatment with a reagent. The support element further comprises, in a preferred embodiment, a conduction type heating element for heating the microscope slide to a predetermined treatment temperature when desired. The support element with the microscope slide thereon can be raised into or adjacent the reaction compartment for treatment of the microscope slide, or lowered or removed from the reaction compartment for placement of a microscope slide onto or removed from the support surface or for removal of a reagent or rinsing solution from the microscope slide during the treatment process.  
         [0021]     Reagents, such as antibodies, enzymes, rinse buffers, antigen recovery buffers, or stains, are contained in an individualized reagent dispensing strip which is specific for each microscope slide to be treated. Since each microscope slide and reaction compartment is generally provided with its own reagent dispensing strip, each microscope slide can be treated independently with a different set of reagents (a particular treatment protocol) while being treated simultaneously with other microscope slides. Similarly, in an especially preferred embodiment of the invention, each microscope slide can be heated separately, as well as treated with a different treatment protocol.  
         [0022]     The apparatus of the present invention therefore comprises, in a preferred embodiment, a plurality of individualized reaction compartments in a chamber which can be substantially closed for minimizing evaporation during heating. A microscope slide can be supported in each reaction compartment, and each microscope slide can be heated separately therein. A reagent dispensing strip containing a plurality of individually contained reagents (reagent “bubbles”, “blisters” or “capsules”) is positioned upon an upper portion of each reaction compartment, and at an appropriate time, a reagent from each reagent dispensing strip is expelled from a reagent capsule under compression and is thereby applied to the biological sample on the microscope slide. Or, a reagent, such as an antigen recovery buffer can be introduced via a separate dispenser. The term “reagent” is defined herein to include any type of fluid material that may be applied to the biological material on the microscope slide, including antibodies, stains, enzymes, buffers, rinses, or washes, or any other material applied in the process of antigen recovery or treating the biological material on the microscope slide to be viewed under the microscope.  
         [0023]     During an antigen recovery step, the microscope slide, sample, and antigen recovery buffer thereon are heated to an appropriate temperature for a predetermined duration to cause the antigen recovery buffer to react with the sample on the microscope slide, after which the antigen recovery buffer is removed from the microscope slide, preferably by washing or flooding the microscope slide or chamber containing the microscope slide with a rinse buffer and allowing the rinse buffer to drain off by gravity or by blowing the solution off the microscope slide using pressurized air. Each microscope slide may be treated in the same manner, or may be treated with different reagents using a different treatment protocol, preferably simultaneously, yet independently.  
         [0024]     When a reagent is provided via a reagent dispensing strip, the apparatus is preferably equipped with a drive mechanism for causing the reagent dispensing strip to be advanced in a forward direction wherein each reagent capsule in succession is positioned above an aperture in the compartment through which the reagent in the capsule is delivered. The reagent dispensing strip may be advanced using rollers positioned along the upper end of the compartment or a pushing mechanism which pushes upon the rear end of the reagent dispensing strip. The reagent in the reagent capsule of the reagent dispensing strip is to be applied to the microscope slide by a pressing mechanism which, in a preferred version, compresses and thereby crushes the reagent capsule and causes the reagent to be expelled and deposited directly onto the microscope slide.  
         [0025]     In a preferred method of the present invention, a plurality of microscope slides, each having thereon a sample to be treated, is provided. Each microscope slide is positioned upon a support element which is then moved into an application position. A plurality of reagent dispensing strips is provided, one for each microscope slide to be treated. Each microscope slide is subjected to an antigen recovery step then is treated by applying a reagent from its corresponding reagent dispensing strip. Each microscope slide can be handled differently, if desired, during the treatment cycle. After a predetermined duration, the microscope slide and support element is moved to a removal position wherein the reagent is removed, preferably in between reagent applications, by treatment with a rinsing solution to remove the reagent prior to further treatment. Each microscope slide can be treated according to the treatment protocol specific to that sample or that particular microscope slide. All microscope slides may be treated using the same protocol, or one or more, or all, of the microscope slides may be treated using a different protocol.  
         [0026]     An example of a treatment protocol comprises: 
        1) antigen recovery, 10 minutes at 98° C.,     2) cool, 20 minutes,     3) rinse buffer,     4) primary antibody, 30 minutes,     5) rinse,     6) biotinylated linking antibody, 10 minutes,     7) rinse buffer,     8) peroxidase labeled streptavidin label,     9) rinse buffer,     10) 3,3′-diaminobenzidine chromogen,     11) rinse buffer,     12) chromogen enhancer,     13) rinse buffer, and     14) counter stain.        
 
         [0041]     A variety of other treatment protocols are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art and further discussion of them herein is not deemed necessary. Each microscope slide, if necessary, may be heated prior to application of the reagent, if necessary, then may be cooled as the reagent is removed, then reheated, if necessary, prior to or after addition of the next reagent. The entire process is run automatically once the microscope slide is disposed onto the support element, and the reagent dispensing strip is positioned upon the upper side of the reaction compartment.  
         [0042]     Turning now to the drawings, a specific embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention is shown in  FIGS. 1-6 . Although  FIGS. 1-6  show a preferred version of the invention, it will be understood that the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 1-6  is but one of many possible versions of the apparatus enabled herein which will come to the mind of a person of ordinary skill in the art.  
         [0043]     Shown in  FIG. 1 , and designated therein by the general reference numeral  10  is an antigen recovery and staining apparatus constructed in accordance with the present invention. The antigen recovery and staining apparatus  10  comprises a treatment chamber  12  which further comprises a plurality of reaction compartments  14  (see  FIGS. 2-4 ). Preferably the treatment chamber  12  generally comprises from 10 to 20 reaction compartments  14  but may contain more or fewer. Each reaction compartment  14 , when enclosed, minimizes evaporation of a reagent solution when a microscope slide is exposed to high temperature pretreatment conditions. Each reaction compartment  14  has an upper side  16  having an opening  18  therein, a lower side  20 , and a pair of sidewalls  22  which extend from the rear end  23   a  of the treatment chamber  12  to the front end  23   b  of the treatment chamber  12 . Positioned above each reaction compartment  14  is a reagent dispensing strip holder  24  for holding and guiding a reagent dispensing strip  26  (see  FIGS. 5 and 6 ). Each reagent dispensing strip  26  has a front end  28  and a rear end  30  and a plurality of capsules  32  made of a crushable plastic material such as polyethylene or another suitable material (e.g., polypropylene or polystyrene) and which may include one or more multiple capsules  32   a . The size of each capsule  32  or multiple capsule  32   a  may be adjusted to accommodate the amount of reagent which is desired to be applied to a microscope slide  44 . Each capsule  32  or multiple capsule  32   a  contains a reagent or treatment solution which is intended to be applied to a biological material on the microscope slide  44 . Multiple capsule  32   a  is useful in a method wherein two or more reagents must be contained separately before being applied to the microscope slide  44 . When the multiple capsule  32   a  is crushed by the pressing mechanism  36 , two or more reagents contained within the capsule  32   a  are combined and simultaneously applied to the microscope slide  44 .  
         [0044]     Other embodiments of the reagent dispensing strip  26  and the reagent capsule  32  and multiple capsule  32   a  will readily be apparent to one of ordinarily skill in the art. For example, each reagent dispensing strip  26  may comprise a one or more “blank” spaces for insertion of individualized capsules  32  by a user. Below each capsule  32  or multiple capsule  32   a  is an aperture or weak area  34  in the reagent dispensing strip  26  through which the reagent in the capsule  32  or multiple capsules  32  can be forced by a pressing mechanism  36 . The “blank” space or space left by the puncturing of a capsule  32  or  32   a , or vents in the reagent dispensing strip  26  may function to release pressure, steam or vapors produced during the treatment process. The reagent dispensing strip  26  is advanced in a direction  37  toward the front end  23   b  of the treatment chamber  12  by a reagent strip drive mechanism  38  driven, for example, by an electric motor which in  FIGS. 1, 3A  and  3 B is shown as a pushing mechanism comprising a threaded shaft, but which may instead by a mechanism (not shown) comprising rollers which drive, draw or “pull” the reagent strip holder  24  in a forward direction  37 .  
         [0045]     Each reaction compartment  14  further comprises at its lower side  20  a slide support element  40  having a slide tray  42  upon which the microscope slide  44  can be positioned and held for treatment. The slide support elements  40  together comprise a slide support assembly  39 . With the microscope slide  44  disposed on the slide support element  40 , the slide support element  40  and the microscope slide  44  are positioned in an application position to fit adjacent the lower side  20  of the reaction compartment  14 , thereby constituting an openable bottom of the reaction compartment  14 . The slide support element  40  further has a heating element  46  incorporated therein for heating the microscope slide  44  as discussed elsewhere herein. In one embodiment, the slide support element  40  has a hinge  48  for enabling the slide support element  40  to be moved (raised) into an application position ( FIG. 3A ) and therefrom lowered (e.g., tilted) into an opened position (see  FIG. 3B ). Alternatively, the slide support element  40  may be raised and lowered into position by another mechanism, such as a stepper motor  58  and screw drive  59  mechanism ( FIG. 4 ). Each reaction compartment  14  further comprises a manifold  50  which comprises, in a preferred embodiment, a plurality of reagent dispensing ports or elements including, for example but not limited to, an antigen recovery buffer dispenser  51  connected via an antigen recovery buffer supply line  51   a  to an antigen recovery buffer supply (not shown), a rinse buffer dispenser  52  connected via a rinse buffer supply line  52   a  to a rinse buffer supply (not shown) and an air pressure nozzle (pressurized air nozzle)  54  connected via an air line  54   a  to an air supply (not shown). The antigen recovery buffer dispenser  51  applies an antigen recovery buffer to the microscope slide  44  for the antigen recovery treatment step prior to staining or other preparation of the biological material on the microscope slide  44 . The rinse buffer dispenser  52  applies a rinse buffer  56  to the microscope slide  44  to rinse a reagent from the microscope slide  44 . The air pressure nozzle (pressurized air nozzle)  54  functions to clear away a rinse buffer  56  from the microscope slide  44 . Dispensers  51  and  52  may be used to dispense other reagents, and may constitute more than, or fewer than, the dispensers shown in  FIGS. 2, 3A ,  3 B, and  4 . The microscope slide  44  is generally disposed in a removal position for facilitating removal of the rinse buffer  56  as shown in  FIGS. 1 and 3 B. Each slide support element  40 , in a preferred embodiment, can be heated or moved independently of any other slide support element  40 , although one of ordinary skill in the art can envision that the slide support elements  40  may be designed to operate in concert, i.e., simultaneously. Each reaction compartment  14  preferably can contain a volume of up to 15 ml.  
         [0046]     The antigen recovery and staining apparatus  10  can be controlled automatically wherein predetermined sequences and operations are carried out using various electromechanical systems which are not shown but which are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, each of the steps of raising into a treatment position and lowering into a removal position each of the slide support elements  40 , applying an antigen recovery buffer, advancing each reagent dispensing strip  26 , compressing each capsule  32  or  32   a  of the reagent dispensing strip  26 , heating each microscope slide  44  on the slide support surface  40 , applying a rinse buffer  56  to the microscope slide  44 , removing the rinse buffer  56  or other reagent from the microscope slide  44 , and treating each microscope slide  44  independently can be automatically controlled and programed using programming methods and devices well known in the art. Because each reaction compartment  14  and slide support element  40  can be controlled independently, a microscope slide  44  can even be removed or inserted even while other reaction compartments  14  are in operation.  
         [0047]     Preferably, a microprocessor, not shown, controls the antigen recovery and staining apparatus  10 . That is, an operator programs the microprocessor with information such as which reaction compartments  14  are to be used and to what temperature each is to be heated and at which steps, then programs the particular treatment protocol to be performed on the sample on each microscope slide  44  on each slide support element  40 . Variables in these protocols can include the particular type of reagent dispensing strip  26  to be used, the time that each reagent or treatment solution on the reagent dispensing strip  26  will be allowed to react with the sample on the microscope slide  44 , whether the microscope slide  44  will be heated, and if so to what temperature and for how long, and the manner in which the microscope slide  44  will be rinsed, for example. Other variables not listed herein may also be programmed.  
         [0048]     The invention may further comprise a modular apparatus  60  comprising a plurality of antigen recovery and staining apparatuses  10  each serving as an individual module in the modular apparatus  60 . The individual modules can be “stacked” together for example, as shown in  FIG. 7 , or may be oriented in any other desirable manner.  
         [0049]     Shown in  FIG. 8  is a schematic drawing which describes the preferred method of the present invention. In the first step, a microscope slide  44  which has a sample disposed thereon is provided, and is disposed onto a slide support element  40  which is moved into an application or treatment position adjacent or against the reaction compartment  14 . If a plurality of microscope slides  44  are supplied, each microscope slide  44  is disposed on a separate microscope slide support element  40  and the microscope slides  44  are moved independently or simultaneously into an application position.  
         [0050]     Once in the application position, an antigen recovery buffer is initially applied to the sample on the microscope slide  44 . Microscope slide  44  is then heated to a desired, predetermined temperature, for example from about 140° C. to about 160° C. whereby the antigen recovery buffer is heated to a temperature of from about 90° C. to 100° C., for example. The microscope slide  44  is allowed to react with the reagent for a predetermined length of time, for example, 10 to 30 minutes, preferably at 95°-98° C. Venting of steam may occur through small holes (not shown) in the reagent strip  26  or elsewhere in the reaction compartment  14 . Venting may occur through a vapor pressure release device in the reaction compartment  14 . It is not necessary to add additional antigen recovery buffer during this step. After the reaction period is over, the slide support element  40  and the microscope slide  44  thereon are moved (lowered or dropped) to a removal position, if necessary, where the antigen recovery buffer is removed from the microscope slide  44 , for example, by applying a rinsing solution or buffer to the microscope slide  44  or by gravity or by pressurized air. A rinse solution or buffer may be applied and removed more than once for treatment or for removal of a particular reagent before or after lowering the microscope slide  44  to the removal position. It may be desirable to add rinse buffer to the microscope slide  44  to cool the microscope slide  44  prior to lowering the microscope slide  44  to the removal position, for example, by adding rinse buffer  56  to the antigen recovery buffer before the microscope slide  44  is moved to the removal position. After the microscope slide  44  has been treated for antigen recovery, another reagent can then be applied for treatment of the sample on the microscope slide  44 . In this step, the microscope slide  44  and slide support element  40  are then returned to the application position, a reagent is applied, and is then removed after the treatment period. The series of steps may be repeated. When the treatment of the sample is completed, the microscope slide  44  is removed from the slide support element  40  for further treatment or analysis apart from the antigen recovery and staining apparatus  10 .  
         [0051]     Changes may be made in the construction and the operation of the various components, elements and assemblies described herein or in the steps or the sequence of steps of the methods described herein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.