Abstract:
The present invention provides a method for making polycarbonates. One embodiment of the method comprises reacting diphenylcarbonate with a dihydric phenol. The diphenylcarbonate is made by reacting a reaction mixture comprising aryl alcohol together with a dialkyl carbonate in a reactor to produce aryl alkylcarbonate and diaryl carbonate.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/713,692, filed Nov. 15, 2000, which is incorporated herein in its entirety. 
     
    
     
       BACKGROUND OF INVENTION  
         [0002]    This application relates to the continuous production of aromatic carbonates by reaction of dialkyl carbonates and an aromatic alcohol in the presence of a catalyst.  
           [0003]    Aromatic carbonates, such as diphenyl carbonate, are an important reactant in the production of polycarbonate resins. Polycarbonate resins are being used in an ever increasing number of applications. Therefore, the efficient production of diaryl carbonates has become more significant. Early processes for the production of diary carbonates used phosgene as a reagent. However, the toxicity of phosgene prompted the development of a non-phosgene process. As shown in FIG. 1, this non-phosgene process has two-steps. First, a dialkyl carbonate, such as dimethyl carbonate (DMC), reacts with an aromatic alcohol, such as phenol, to produce an alkyl aryl carbonate (e.g., phenyl methyl carbonate, PMC) and an alkyl alcohol (e.g., methanol). Next, two molecules of the alkyl aryl carbonate undergo a transesterification reaction to produce one molecule of diaryl carbonate (e.g., diphenyl carbonate, DPC) and one molecule of dialkyl carbonate (e.g., DMC).  
           [0004]    Various methods and apparatus for making diaryl carbonates without using phosgene are known in the art. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,210,268, which is incorporated herein by reference, relates to a process for continuously producing aromatic carbonates. The process is carried out in a distillation column, wherein products are recovered from the bottom of the column, and low boiling by-products are removed from the top of the column. Other processes for production of diaryl carbonates using a series of distillation columns are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,344,954 and 5,705,673.  
           [0005]    U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,706,673; 5,344,954; 5,334,742; 4,182,726, and 5,380,908 describe processes for making diaryl carbonates using apparatus which comprises at least two distillation columns: the first to produce phenyl methyl carbonate, and the second to convert the phenyl methyl carbonate into diphenyl carbonate. No commercially viable apparatus has been disclosed which is capable of producing sufficient yields of diphenyl carbonate in the first column to eliminate the necessity of a second column. A single column design would make the production process more economical. Accordingly, it would be most desirable to find a process wherein the yield of PMC and DPC versus the initial phenol feed is 50% or more, and the amount of DPC produced is maximized versus the total yield of PMC and DPC. Excess production of undesirable by-products such as phenyl methyl ether (i.e., anisole) should also be avoided.  
           [0006]    It was discovered the above goals may all be accomplished by the present invention. Specifically, it is possible to obtain a 51% yield of PMC plus DPC with a selectivity to anisole byproduct of less than 0.2%, wherein the selectivity of DPC relative to the sum of PMC and DPC was 30 to 40%. The present invention therefore provides a method for continuous production of diphenyl carbonate which has a high production rate while at the same time providing an energy and raw material efficient process.  
         SUMMARY OF INVENTION  
         [0007]    The present invention provides a method for making aromatic carbonates. In this method, an aryl alcohol is reacted with a dialkyl carbonate in a reactor (e.g., a distillation column) to produce a arylalkyl carbonate and diaryl carbonate. The total yield of arylalkyl carbonate and dialkyl carbonate together is at least 40%. Also, the selectivity of diaryl carbonate versus diaryl carbonate and arylalkyl carbonate together is preferably at least 25%.  
           [0008]    In the method according to the present invention, the temperature measured at the bottom of the distillation column is preferably between 220 and 240° C., the DMC to phenol feed ratio is preferably between 4 and 7, the operating pressure measured at the top of the column is between 3 and 6 kg/cm 2  Gauge, and the amount of catalyst used is preferably from 0.5 to 1 molar percent.  
           [0009]    In a more specific embodiment, the present invention provides a method for making aromatic carbonates in a distillation column having a lower reactive section and an upper rectification section. In this embodiment, a first reactive stream comprising an alcohol, and optionally a dialkyl carbonate and a catalyst, are fed into the top of the reactive section. A second stream containing a dialkyl carbonate, and optionally an aryl alcohol are fed into the bottom of the reactive section. The two streams are fed in sufficient quantities such that the weight ratio between the dialkyl carbonate and the aryl alcohol is from 4 to 6. The temperature measured at the bottom of the column is between 220° C. and 240° C., and the operating pressure measured at the top of the column is from 3 to 6 kg/cm 2  Gauge. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS  
       [0010]    [0010]FIG. 1 shows the two-step reaction of dimethyl carbonate and phenol to produce diphenyl carbonate.  
         [0011]    [0011]FIG. 2 shows schematic diagram of an apparatus in accordance with the invention.  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 3 shows a graph depicting the relationship between PMC and DPC yield versus reaction temperature and DMC to phenol feed flow ratio.  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 4 shows a graph depicting the relationship between anisole selectivity versus reaction temperature and DMC to phenol feed flow ratio.  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 5 shows a graph depicting the relationship between DPC selectivity relative to total yield of PMC and DPC versus reaction temperature and DMC to phenol feed flow ratio.  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 6 shows a graph depicting the relationship between PMC and DPC yield together with anisole selectivity as a function of reaction temperature and DMC to phenol feed flow ratio.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0016]    For purposes of the present application, the term “distillation column” shall refer to any sort of distillation column or reactive distillation column in which a process of distillation may be carried out.  
         [0017]    For purposes of the present invention, the term “reaction mixture” includes the materials fed into the distillation column, which typically includes the aromatic alcohol and the dialkyl carbonate, and optimally a catalyst, arylalkyl carbonate, and other optional substances such as, for example entraining agents and/or solvents.  
         [0018]    For purposes of the present application, the term “yield” or “total yield” shall refer to a weight percentage of the desired product(s) (e.g., aryl alkylcarbonates and diaryl carbonates) relative to the total weight of the mixture of products and reactant determined after obtaining a stable continuous operation.  
         [0019]    For purposes of the present application, the term “selectivity” in the context of DPC shall refer to the weight ratio of DPC over the sum of the products DPC and PMC.  
         [0020]    For purposes of the present application, the term “selectivity” in the context of anisole content shall refer to the weight ratio of anisole over the total weight of the mixture of products and reactants determined after obtaining a stable continuous operation.  
         [0021]    For the purposes of the present application, the term “top of the column” is a relative term indicating a location within the upper ⅓ of a distillation column, which would include, but not necessarily be limited to, a position above the uppermost plate in said column.  
         [0022]    For purposes of the present application, the term “bottom of the column” is a relative term indicating a location within the lower ⅓ of a distillation column, which would include, but not necessarily be limited to, a position below the lower most plate in said column.  
         [0023]    For the purposes of the present application, the term “lower rectification section” shall refer to a lower section of a distillation column below the feeding point of at least one of the reactants wherein the chemical reaction is thought to occur in said section.  
         [0024]    For purposes of the present application, the term “upper rectification section” shall refer to an upper section of a distillation column above the lower rectification section, wherein the chemical reaction is generally thought not to occur in said rectification section.  
         [0025]    For the purposes of the present application, the term “operating pressure” is meant to refer to an average pressure reading during stable operation of the reaction, which pressure may vary throughout the process and upon start up and shut down.  
         [0026]    For the purposes of the present application, technical terms not defined herein should be interpreted according to Grant &amp; Hackh&#39;s Chemical Dictionary, 5 th  Ed., Roger Grant and Clair Grant, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1987.  
         [0027]    Relevant sections of all U.S. Patents referred to herein are all hereby incorporated by reference.  
         [0028]    As shown in FIG. 1, the chemical reaction employed in the present invention is a reaction between an aromatic alcohol and a dialkyl carbonate. The aromatic alcohol and dialkyl carbonate should be selected such that they will undergo an exchange reaction with each other. FIG. 1 depicts a preferred reaction between phenol (an aromatic alcohol) and dimethyl carbonate (a dialkyl alcohol). FIG. 1 further depicts the disproportionation of one of the arylalkyl carbonate product, phenylmethylcarbonate, to form the diaryl carbonate product, diphenyl carbonate.  
         [0029]    Suitable aromatic alcohols which are useful in the present reaction include phenol and alkylphenol such as cresol, xylenol, trimethyl-phenol, tetramethylphenol, ethylphenol, propylphenol, butylphenol, diethylphenol, methylethylphenol, methylpropylphenol, dipropylphenol, methylbutylphenol, pentylphenol, hexylphenol, cyclohexylphenol, and alkoxyphenols such as methoxyphenol and ethyoxyplenol. Suitable dialkyl carbonates which are useful in the present reaction include dimethylcarbonate, diethylcarbonate, methylethylcarbonate, ethylpropylcarbonate, dipropylcarbonate, propylbutylcarbonate, dibutylcarbonate, butylpentylcarbonate, dipentylcarbonate, pentylhexylcarbonate, dihexylcarbonate, hexylheptylcarbonate, diheptylcarbonate, heptyloctylcarbonate, dioctylcarbonate, octylnonylcarbonate, dinonylcarbonate, nonyldecylcarbonate, didecylcarbonate. It is also possible to use combinations of two or more aromatic alcohols and/or dialkyl carbonates.  
         [0030]    The product diarylcarbonates are useful starting materials for preparing polycarbonates by reacting them with dihydric phenols (e.g., Bisphenol A) via the melt reaction. A very early description of the melt synthesis of polycarbonates is found in U.S. Pat. No. 3,153,008, but the patent literature is replete with further descriptions such as that found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,182,726.  
         [0031]    Preferred classes of catalysts for conducting the reaction shown in FIG. 1 include titanium compounds like titaniumtetraphenoxide (Ti(OPh) 4 ), and Titaniumtetrachloride, organotin compounds, lead compounds, compounds of the copper family metals, zinc complexes, compounds of the iron family metals, and zirconium complexes. The catalyst selected should preferably have an activity of greater than 10 moles PMC/mole catalyst, but less than 400 moles PMC/mole catalyst. Typically, about 0.5 to 1.0 molar percent of the catalyst is used, and more preferably about 0.6 to 0.8 molar percent based on the phenol fed into the reaction. The catalyst is typically fed into one or more components of the reaction mixture before introduction into the distillation column, but it may be introduced into the column separately, before or during addition of the reaction mixture. The column may be kept under an inert atmosphere and may be pre-dried if desired.  
         [0032]    As shown in the examples, the method according to the present invention is capable of producing very high yields. Under preferred conditions, the method may be used to produce a total yield of aryl alkyl carbonate plus diaryl carbonate of at least 40%, and optimally at least 50%. Also, the method is capable of producing total yields of diaryl carbonates versus total diaryl carbonates and arylakyl carbonates of greater than 25%, or more preferably 30%, or even 40%.  
         [0033]    In order to achieve such high yields in a single column, the conditions within the distillation column must be carefully controlled. Specifically, the conditions for reacting DMC and phenol to make DMC and DPC should satisfy requirements (1) and (2) below:  
         [0034]    (1) The catalyst should have a catalytic activity such that PMC is produced at a rate of 40 moles PMC per mole of catalyst wherein the reaction temperature is 210° C., the dialkyl carbonate is dimethyl carbonate, the aromatic hydroxy compound is phenol and the dimethyl carbonate/phenol ratio equals 3.2 (kg/kg) in the reaction system. In the case of Ti(OPh) 4 , the optimum molar percent of catalyst is 0.7 based on the amount of phenol used. For systems using different reactants, optimum factors can be determined by repeating the experiments described in the Examples below, and by analyzing the data as shown herein.  
         [0035]    (2) The reaction should be conducted under conditions satisfying the following relational expressions:  
                   a   )                   PMC     +     DPC                   yield        (   %   )           =                  -   197.5     -     40.9   *   c     +     4.07   *   r     +     19.4   *   P     -                                0.930   *   T     -     15.6   *     c   2       +     2.58   *   c   *   r     -                                0.294   *   c   *   T     -     0.085   *   P   *   T                                   
 
         [0036]    where c is the concentration of catalyst in molar percent based on hydroxy compound, r is the ratio of DMC flow rate (g/h) to phenol feed flow rate (g/h), P is the column pressure (in kg/cm 2  Gauge) and T is the reaction temperature (in ° C.). FIG. 3 shows this relation for different DMC to phenol flow ratios and reaction temperatures at constant catalyst amount (0.7 mol %) and constant pressure (4.6 kg/cm 2  Gauge). The target is a PMC+DPC yield greater or equal than 50%. As shown in FIG. 3, this target requires that reaction temperatures are higher than 220° C. and DMC to phenol feed flow ratios greater than 4 to 5.  
                 b   )                   Anisole                   selectivity        (   %   )         =                119.4   -     4.10   *   c     +     2.59   *   r     -     1.13   *   T     +                                0.003   *     T   2     *   0.143   *   c   *   r     +                                0.023   *   c   *   T     -     0.011   *   r   *   T                                   
 
         [0037]    [0037]FIG. 4 shows this relation for different DMC to phenol flow ratios and reaction temperatures and at constant catalyst amount (0.7 mol %). The target anisole selectivity is less than or equal to 0.50%. As can be seen in FIG. 4, this target requires that reaction temperatures be less than 230 to 235° C., and that DMC to phenol feed flow ratios are higher than 4 to 5 (especially at high temperatures).  
             c   )                   DPC                 selectivity                 versus                 PMC     +     DPC                 yield       =       -   237.5     -     84.9   *   c     +     1.32   *   r     +     19.5   *   P     +     1.18   *   T     -     12.98   *     c   2       +     3.37   *   c   *   r     +     0.403   *   c   *   T     -     0.098   *   P   *   T                             
 
         [0038]    [0038]FIG. 5 shows this relation for different DMC to phenol flow ratios and reaction temperatures at constant catalyst amount (0.7 mol %) and constant pressure (4.6 kg/cm 2  Gauge). The target is to maximize DPC yield versus PMC+DPC yield. It follows from FIG. 5 that maximum DPC yield versus PMC+DPC yield is obtained at high reaction temperatures and high DMC to phenol feed flow ratios.  
         [0039]    Analysis of the above relational expressions reveals the following optimal operation conditions for the reaction of DMC and Phenol to form DPC and PMC:  
         [0040]    The amount of catalyst (c): should be 0.5 to 1.0 molar percent, preferably 0.6 to 0.8 molar percent;  
         [0041]    The column pressure (P): 3 to 6 kg/cm 2  Gauge, preferably 4 to 5 kg/cm 2  Gauge;  
         [0042]    The reflux ratio should be between 0.2 and 3, preferably between 0.4 and 1.0;  
         [0043]    The reaction temperature and DMC to phenol feed flow ratio are chosen according to the shaded region in FIG. 6. This region denotes the compilation of reaction temperatures and DMC to phenol feed flow ratios that result in a total yield of PMC and DPC of 50% or higher and in selectivity&#39;s to anisole of 0.5% or less. The shaded region of FIG. 6 was obtained after determining the overlap of total yield of PMC and DPC of 50% or more from FIG. 3, with anisole selectivity&#39;s of 0.5% or less from FIG. 4. It follows that the marked region consists of reaction temperatures between 220 and 235° C. and DMC to phenol feed flow ratios between 4 and 6. Remarkably, the marked region is also the region in which DPC selectivity relative to the total yield of PMC and DPC is high: between 30 and 45%, as shown in FIG. 5. Therefore, this region is a truly optimum region that meets the targets of maximizing yield and minimizing by-product formation. Without wishing to limit the invention to any single theory of operation, the reason for the high DPC yield versus PMC+DPC yield is thought to be the combination of high temperature and low to medium pressure. These two conditions result in low concentrations of DMC in the reactor mixture (DMC is a low boiling component) and high concentrations of PMC, so the disproportionation reaction of PMC to DPC and DMC is shifted towards the DPC side.  
         [0044]    The present invention is further illustrated in a number of working examples, summarized in Table 1.  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                     TABLE 1                                       Feed streams   Reaction conditions       Performance (***)                DMC-       Catalyst       Temp.       Results bottom product (*)   PMC +   DPC yield/   Anisole                        to-   Catalyst   vs   Pressure   at   Re-   Bottom               DPC   PMC +   selec-           DMC   Phenol   Phenol   (**)   phenol   (kg/   bottom   flux   flowrate   PMC   DPC   Anisole   yield   DPC yield   tivity       Nr   (g/h)   (g/h)   (g/g)   (g/h)   (mole %)   cm 2  G)   (° C.)   ratio   (g/h)   (wt %)   (wt %)   (wt %)   (%)   (%)   (%)                    1   1741   548   3.18   42.7   0.70   4.6   210   0.64   972   24.35   3.47   0.035   29.3   9.1   0.19       2   1739   549   3.17   42.7   0.70   4.6   210   0.64   971   24.26   3.49   0.022   29.3   9.5   0.12       3   1753   558   3.14   57.3   0.93   4.6   210   0.46   963   27.13   4.55   0.042   32.2   10.0   0.20       4   1820   546   3.33   39.3   0.65   4.6   210   0.69   948   26.73   4.26   0.028   32.2   11.0   0.16       5   1973   420   4.70   29.9   0.64   4.6   237   0.55   594   39.30   21.25   0.075   57.9   40.5   0.84       6   1890   403   4.69   26.9   0.60   4.6   237   0.57   565   40.04   22.19   0.039   59.1   41.2   0.99       7   1474   780   1.89   128.0   1.48   4.6   210   0.60   1483   18.09   1.81   0.032   17.8   −19.2    0.35       8   1880   417   4.51   76.1   1.65   4.6   210   0.81   831   26.27   4.01   0.040   32.5   0.4   0.22       9   1880   417   4.51   76.1   1.65   4.6   240   0.32   682   40.11   22.62   0.152   66.1   38.6   0.41       10   1899   400   4.74   72.9   1.64   4.6   240   0.31   607   42.12   28.24   0.168   70.0   43.6   1.83       11   1478   777   1.90   128.0   1.49   4.6   240   1.07   1233   27.75   10.28   0.240   35.4   23.1   1.05       12   1485   787   1.89   11.1   0.13   4.6   210   1.24   1287   16.09   1.43   0.001   17.9   8.9   0.01       13   1516   784   1.93   10.8   0.12   4.6   232   0.44   1083   21.86   5.65   0.085   25.0   25.3   0.47       14   1940   390   4.97   5.7   0.13   4.6   210   0.33   692   22.73   2.84   0.041   29.0   14.0   0.26       15   1940   433   4.48   6.0   0.13   4.6   228   0.72   639   26.74   6.37   0.033   32.1   23.9   0.14       16   1955   438   4.46   6.1   0.13   4.6   210   0.33   733   23.72   3.01   0.051   28.4   13.5   0.27       17   1940   438   4.43   6.6   0.14   7.2   210   1.08   1043   19.08   1.25   0.043   30.1   6.7   0.36       18   1431   823   1.74   11.6   0.13   7.2   240   1.46   1282   22.84   3.85   0.232   26.8   17.8   1.39       19   1426   850   1.68   11.5   0.12   7.2   210   1.50   1885   12.25   0.50   0.001   17.3   2.7   0.01       20   1809   444   4.08   6.3   0.13   7.2   239   0.41   718   32.99   8.78   0.158   44.8   26.4   0.56       21   1808   420   4.31   76.1   1.64   7.2   210   0.49   1002   24.21   2.55   0.160   35.3   −1.3   1.25       22   1401   768   1.82   143.0   1.68   7.2   240   0.62   1384   26.82   6.62   0.498   34.9   14.3   3.11       23   1418   801   1.77   131.4   1.48   7.2   210   2.53   1780   16.73   1.16   0.042   19.9   −15.6   0.53       24   1830   402   4.55   76.2   1.71   7.2   240   0.95   774   37.57   12.91   0.314   60.8   26.3   0.97       25   1885   309   6.09   22.7   0.66   4.6   231   0.47   474   41.03   22.21   0.067   66.1   41.2   0.09       26   1720   401   4.29   28.8   0.65   4.6   231   0.51   564   37.59   18.12   0.100   52.4   37.6   0.21       27   1876   356   5.27   26.1   0.66   4.6   227   0.47   530   38.18   14.76   0.049   52.2   32.6   0.10       28   1879   395   4.75   30.8   0.70   4.6   220   0.49   649   33.81   9.57   0.039   45.6   24.7   0.11       29   1884   369   5.10   20.9   0.51   4.6   227   0.47   539   37.91   15.15   0.056   51.2   33.1   0.11       30   1877   307   6.12   23.5   0.69   4.6   220   0.47   484   37.20   11.66   0.039   50.0   27.3   0.09       31   1889   365   5.18   25.2   0.62   4.6   226   0.46   534   37.57   14.50   0.063   50.2   32.3   0.13       32   2303   451   5.10   33.6   0.67   4.6   220   0.50   717   34.22   10.62   0.045   46.0   26.9   0.12                                          
 
       EXAMPLE 1  
       [0045]    A pilot distillation column (stainless steel) as shown in FIG. 2 was equipped with 40 perforated plates. The plate diameters were 50 mm for the bottom 20 trays and 40 mm for the top 20 trays. The total height of the column was 3.4 m, with a plate-to-plate distance of 50 mm for the bottom 20 trays and 40 mm for the top 20 trays. The holdup of the bottom 20 trays was 471 ml of liquid, the holdup of the bottom compartment of the column was 460 ml. Heat was supplied at the bottom of the column and to the bottom 20 trays of the column by means of electric heating mantles. The phenol feed (548 g/h) and catalyst feed (Titanium tetraphenolate (40.3 wt-%) dissolved in a mixture of DPC (36.5 wt-%) and heavies (23.2 wt-%), flow rate is 42.7 g/h) were mixed (resulting in a catalyst percentage of 0.70 mole-% versus phenol), preheated to 145° C. and then fed to tray 20 of the column. DMC (1741 g/h) was preheated to 145° C. and fed to the bottom compartment of the column below the first tray. The column was operated at a temperature of 210° C. at the bottom of the column, at a pressure of 4.6 kg/cm 2  Gauge measured at the top of the column, and with a reflux ratio of 0.64. The overhead was cooled to 90° C. in a condenser and part of the overhead was sent back as reflux to the top of the column. To compensate for heat losses to the environment, the bottom 20 trays were heated such that tray  7  (counting from the bottom tray) was kept at 5° C. below the bottom temperature and tray  12  (counting from the bottom tray) was kept at 10° C. below the bottom temperature. Table 1 shows the bottom flow rate and bottom flow composition under steady state conditions. Table 1 also includes the PMC+DPC yield, the DPC yield relative to the PMC+DPC yield and the selectivity for anisole. The top stream always consisted of DMC and methanol and is not included in the Table 1.  
       EXAMPLES 2 TO 32  
       [0046]    Using the same apparatus described in Example 1, experiments were carried out under the reaction conditions indicated in Table 1. Results are shown in Table 1. Examples 25 to 32 correspond to preferred conditions according to the present invention.  
       EXAMPLE 33  
       [0047]    The results shown in Table 1 were analyzed and fitted into a model using a “Custom Response Surface Design” from the software package Minitab® for Windows, Release 12.2. The commercially available software operates by using a response surface method to determine the relationship between one or more response variables (for instance Yield or Selectivity) and a set of quantitative experimental variables or factors (for instance Temperature, Pressure, reactant concentrations, etc.). The experimental data are fitted into a model. The type of model is chosen by the user. For instance, the user can choose a linear or a quadratic model. The fitting itself is done via a Least Squares method. The computational method is Givens transformations using Linpack routines. The method is described in: Linpack (1979), Linpack User&#39;s Guide by J. J. Dongarra, J. R. Bunch, C. B. Moler, and G. W. Stewart, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, Pa, which is incorporated by reference herein. Other known curve fitting methods could also be used.  
         [0048]    Although the present invention has been described in considerable detail with reference to certain preferred versions thereof, other versions are possible. For example, the reaction could be conducted in a type of reactor other than a distillation column. Alternatively, the reaction could be conducted in a reaction column connected to a distillation column. Also, the reaction could be conducted using a fixed catalyst bed rather than using a homogeneous catalysts. Also, many other variations are possible. Therefore, the spirit and scope of the appended claims should not be limited to the description of the preferred versions contained herein.