Abstract:
An endoscope apparatus having an insertion part which includes an object optical system in order to conduct measurements or stereoscopic-vision observations, using the object optical system with a moderate parallax, a moderate size of an image can be provided without making an endoscope thick in diameter.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    This invention relates to an endoscope apparatus with an insertion part having a small outer diameter which includes an object optical system to conduct measurements or stereoscopic-vision observations.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    Conventionally, an endoscope which includes a long and thin insertion part which is inserted into a cavity or the intra-corporeal of a human being for observation, etc., has been widely used in both the industrial field and the medical field. Furthermore in recent years, there have been a great need to measure the size and the depth of flaws and cracks in the industrial field, and to perform surgery using an endoscope in the medical field. Moreover in the medical field, using stereo images to recognize depth information is well known.  
           [0003]    A conventional endoscope in which stereo observation are possible is described in Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 8-29701. As shown in FIG. 6, two objective-lens systems are arranged in parallel and at the end of an endoscope insertion part. The endoscope conducts parallax stereoscopic vision by receiving an image from two image-pick-up devices (henceforth, CCD) and shifting the image due to the positional differences of the two CCDs.  
           [0004]    In the optical system with two CCDs, since the number of pixels can be increased as compared to one CCD, it is effective in improving the image quality of stereo images and the precision of measurements. However, by arranging two CCDs in parallel, it then becomes difficult to reduce the size of an endoscope which makes it difficult to observe a narrow site or perform minimum invasive surgery.  
           [0005]    A conventional endoscope having an optical system in which an image with a parallax is formed on one CCD is described in Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 7-35989. As shown in FIG. 7, this optical system has one CCD on the extension line of the respective optical axis of the two object optical systems arranged in parallel to form two images. The distance between the two optical axes is hereinafter referred to as “the optic-axial distance”.  
           [0006]    On the one hand, in recent years the trend has been toward smaller-sized CCDs. However, if the optimum optic-axial distance is determined such that a part of the object optical system nearest to the object has a moderate parallax, and an image is formed on the CCD with that optic-axial distance, as shown in FIG. 8, the center of an image will be positioned at the end of the CCD, if the CCD is small. That is, the area of the images at the right and left sides of the CCD, marked with diagonal lines in FIG. 8, decreases and causes interference with the stereoscopic vision and measurements.  
           [0007]    Conversely, if the size of the CCD to be used is determined in accordance with the size of an endoscope, and the distance between the centers of the optimum images on the CCD is also determined, as shown in FIG. 9, there is a possibility that a parallax required for a measurement or for stereoscopic vision cannot be obtained if the optic-axial distance is equal to the distance between the centers of the images on the CCD for the nearest object to the object optical system.  
           [0008]    Therefore, in order to obtain a moderate parallax required for a measurement or a stereoscopic vision as well as an acceptable image on the CCD, the optic-axial distance of an object optical system, and the distance between the centers of the images on CCD need to be varied.  
           [0009]    However, the optic-axial distance of an object optical system influences a parallax which is important at the time of a stereoscopic-vision observation and the precision at the time of measurement. If the optic-axial distance of the object optical system nearest to the object is narrow, a parallax will decrease so that depth information becomes hard to obtain when carrying out a stereoscopic vision and a measurement error becomes large when carrying out a measurement operation.  
           [0010]    Conversely, if the optic-axial distance of the object optical system nearest to the object is wide, a parallax will become large. Although the precision of a measurement improves, the problem will arise that the end of an endoscope becomes large. And since a parallax is too large when carrying out a stereoscopic-vision observation, it is hard to observe on the contrary.  
           [0011]    A parallax depends not only on the optic-axial distance of the object optical system nearest to the object but also on the distance to the object to be observed. In other words, the closer the object is, the larger the parallax becomes, and the farther it is, the smaller the parallax becomes.  
           [0012]    Based on the above, in order to obtain a moderate parallax required for measurement and for a stereoscopic-vision observation depending on the observation distance, and in order not to make the size of an endoscope large, the optic-axial distance of the object optical system at a part thereof nearest to the object should be determined.  
           [0013]    A conventional example in which the optic-axial distance of an object optical system is different from the distance between the centers of the images on the CCD is described in the Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 62-215221.  
           [0014]    In this example, as shown in FIG. 10, by sandwiching a parallel flat dioptric element with a pair of optical systems, the optic-axial distance of an object optical system is narrowed towards the center of the image on the CCD. In such an optical system, if the CCD is small, the parallel flat dioptric element must be small. However, it is difficult to design and manufacture a small parallel flat dioptric element, and still more difficult to sandwich it with a pair of optical system.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0015]    It is an object of the present invention to provide an object optical system with a moderate parallax and a moderate image size, without making the insertion part of the endoscope thick in diameter.  
           [0016]    In an endoscope apparatus, according to the present invention, equipped with an object optical system to conduct a measurement or a stereoscopic-vision observation, as shown in FIG. 1, the object optical system comprises a pair of negative lenses; a first pair of positive-lenses; a brightness diaphragm; a second pair of positive-lenses; and an image-pick-up device for forming an object image. These elements are arranged in order from an object side. A pair of optical axes are defined by the pair of negative lenses, the first pair of positive-lenses and the brightness diaphragm. Centers of the second pair of positive-lenses are arranged eccentrically with respect to the pair of optical axes in a direction towards each other&#39;s center.  
           [0017]    The lenses means can be defined as a single-lens, plural single-lenses, or cemented lens or combination thereof.  
           [0018]    The eccentric lenses may be provided on only one side of the second pair of positive-lenses, or on a part of the second pair of positive-lenses. It is noted that the centers, of the positive-lenses of the second pair, is the center of the circle if the lens shape is a circle, and it is the center of gravity of a polygon if the lens shape is a polygon.  
           [0019]    The endoscope apparatus according to this invention, wherein the following conditional expression is satisfied:  
           0.2≦x/d≦0.9  (1)  
           [0020]    wherein x represents an optic-axial distance of said pair of optical axes on the image side, and d represents the optic-axial distance of said pair of optical axes on the object side.  
           [0021]    The centers of the positive-lens of the second pair are arranged eccentrically with respect to a pair of optical axes in a direction in which the centers come closer to each other symmetrically and by the same amount. According to this invention, the second pair of positive-lenses on the image-pick-up device side from a brightness diaphragm is arranged to be inwardly eccentric, with respect to each optical axis on the object side from a brightness diaphragm, towards the horizontal direction of the screen.  
           [0022]    The amount of the eccentricity of the second pair of positive-lenses does not necessarily need to be symmetrical. In a stereoscopic-vision endoscope, however, it is important to minimize the aberrational shift of the left and right images. It is preferable that the left and right images are balanced by making the eccentricity symmetric.  
           [0023]    Moreover, each of the positive-lenses of the second pair has a cutout portion at the peripheral thereof where the two lenses abut so that the centers of the positive-lenses come closer to each other. Specifically, the distance between the centers of circumferences of the positive-lenses is less than the sum of radii of thereof. It is preferable that the shape of the cutout portion be a straight line which is easy to process.  
           [0024]    The centers of the positive-lenses of the second pair are arranged to tilt eccentrically with respect to a pair of optical axes in a direction in which the centers come closer to each other symmetrically and by the same amount.  
           [0025]    The amount of the eccentricity of the second pair of positive-lenses does not necessarily need to be symmetrical. In a stereoscopic-vision endoscope, however, it is important to minimize the aberrational shift of the left and right images. It is preferable that the left and right images are balanced by making the eccentricity symmetric.  
           [0026]    Moreover, each of the positive-lenses of the second pair has a cutout portion at the peripheral thereof where the two lenses abut so that the centers of the positive-lenses come closer to each other. Specifically, the distance between the centers of circumferences of the positive-lenses is less than the sum of radii of thereof. It is preferable that the shape of the cutout portion be a straight line which is easy to process.  
           [0027]    According to this invention, it is constituted so that the following conditional-expression (2) may be satisfied:  
           0.03L&lt;d&lt;2L  (2)  
           [0028]    wherein d represents the optic-axial distance of said pair of optical axes at the object side, and L represents the best observation distance of said object optical system.  
           [0029]    The minimum of this equation is necessary a condition in order to obtain a parallax and furthermore to obtain precision required at the time of measurement. As illustrated in FIG. 1, when setting the best observation distance at L, it is considered that 1 degree or more is required for an introvert angle (θ). The best observation distance herein implies a distance to the object which is most suitable for the observation. In the case of an endoscope, it is usually about 5- 100 mm. If the introvert angle (θ) is 1 degree or less, a parallax will decrease and it becomes hard to obtain information on the depth direction when carrying out the stereoscopic vision. Moreover, in that case, a measurement error becomes large when measuring an objective shape.  
           [0030]    The value of the upper limit of the above formula (2) not only restrains the size of an end portion of the endoscope from becoming large, but also prevents the observation from becoming difficult to observe because of a too large parallax.  
           [0031]    According to this invention, the endoscope apparatus is detachable from the image-pick-up device.  
           [0032]    As illustrated in FIG. 1, an end adapter system is detachable in the direction of an arrow at the chain-line position. The rear part is the endoscope side part containing a cover glass  7  and an image-pick-up device  8 . Accordingly, the angle of view of the endoscope, the viewing angle, and the introvert angle which influences a parallax are arbitrarily exchangeable by replacing the adapter part.  
           [0033]    According to this invention, a prism for converting the line of sight is arranged between an object and the pair of negative lenses. As viewed from the side in FIG. 3, at least one prism for converting the line of sight  10 , a pair of negative lenses  1 , a first pair of positive-lenses  2 , a brightness diaphragm  3 , the second pair of positive-lenses  4 , and an image-pick-up device  8  are provided in order from the object side. The second pair of positive-lenses are eccentric with respect to each of the optical axis on the object side from the brightness diaphragm. With this structure, the angle of view is determined by the pair of negative lenses and the first pair of positive-lenses on the object side from the brightness diaphragm. Simultaneously, aberrations, such as a spherical-aberration and curvature of field, are restrained as well. And, by shifting the optical axes of the second pair of positive-lenses after extracting a luminous flux through the brightness diaphragm, the aberrational influence by eccentricity is decreased. Free selection of the line of sight is effective in observing a narrow space.  
           [0034]    According to an embodiment of this invention, an effective image-pick-up range of the image-pick-up device is 2 to 2.5 mm or less.  
           [0035]    In the object optical system of the endoscope according to the present invention, as shown in FIG. 5, the object optical system comprises a brightness diaphragm  3 , a pair of positive-lenses  11 ,  12  and an image-pick-up device  8  for forming an object image. These elements are arranged in order from the object side. An optic-axially eccentric device  13  is arranged adjacent the brightness diaphragm  3 , and the optic-axial distance on the object side determined by the optic-axially eccentric device  13  is eccentric with respect to the optic-axial distance determined by a pair of positive-lenses  11 ,  12  on the image side from the brightness diaphragm.  
           [0036]    Moreover, according to this invention, the following conditional-expression (1) is satisfied:  
           0.2≦x/d≦0.9  (1)  
           [0037]    wherein x represents an optic-axial distance of a pair of optical axes on the side of the image-pick-up device from the brightness diaphragm, and d represents the optic-axial distance of the pair of optical axes on the side of an object from the brightness diaphragm.  
           [0038]    The optic-axially eccentric device is disposed within 0.5 mm from the brightness diaphragm. The reason why the optic-axially device is provided adjacent to the brightness diaphragm is that the size of the optic-axially device becomes small if the amount of eccentricity becomes comparatively small when using a small-sized image-pick-up device. Therefore, it is desirable to arrange it adjacent the to brightness diaphragm with a low light height.  
           [0039]    The term “adjacent the brightness diaphragm” herein implies not only that the optic-axially eccentric device is disposed within 0.5 mm from the brightness diaphragm, but also that the brightness diaphragm can be disposed within the optic-axially eccentric device. In this embodiment, it is preferable that the small image-pick-up device have an effective image-pick-up range of 2 to 2.5 mm or less.  
           [0040]    Moreover, the optic-axially eccentric device is provided on only one pair of the pair of positive-lenses. In this constitution, it is more desirable to provide only one optical element on one of the optical systems which makes it eccentric to the optical axis of the other optical system in a horizontal direction of the screen. This is because, in the endoscope of a narrow diameter, if two optical elements which make the optical axes eccentric, like a prior art example, each optical element should be made small and a manufacturing process becomes much more difficult.  
           [0041]    According to another embodiment, the optic-axially eccentric device has a prism with two reflecting surfaces, or two reflective mirrors.  
           [0042]    According to this invention, the following conditional expression is satisfied:  
           0.03L&lt;d&lt;2L  (2)  
           [0043]    wherein d represents the optic-axial distance of a pair of optical axes on the object side from said brightness diaphragm, and L represents the best observation distance of the object optical system.  
           [0044]    Preferably, the apparatus is detachable from the image-pick-up device. Preferably, the effective image-pick-up range of the image-pick-up device is 2 to 2.5 mm or less.  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS  
       [0045]    [0045]FIG. 1 illustrates an object optical system according to a first example of the present invention.  
         [0046]    [0046]FIG. 2 illustrates a sectional drawing including the frame of an adapter part shown in FIG. 1.  
         [0047]    [0047]FIG. 3( a ) illustrates an object optical system according to a second example of the present invention.  
         [0048]    [0048]FIG. 3( b ) illustrates a side view of the object optical system shown in FIG. 3( a ).  
         [0049]    [0049]FIG. 4 illustrates an object optical system according to a third example of the present invention.  
         [0050]    [0050]FIG. 5 illustrates an object optical system according to a fourth example of the present invention.  
         [0051]    [0051]FIG. 6 illustrates a conventional object optical system of an endoscope which enables stereoscopic vision.  
         [0052]    [0052]FIG. 7 illustrates a second conventional object optical system of an endoscope which enables stereoscopic vision.  
         [0053]    [0053]FIG. 8 illustrates that the center of an image will be positioned at the end of the CCD, if the CCD is small for the second conventional system shown in FIG. 7.  
         [0054]    [0054]FIG. 9 illustrates a possibility that a parallax required for a measurement or for stereoscopic vision cannot be obtained for the second conventional system shown in FIG. 7.  
         [0055]    [0055]FIG. 10 illustrates a third conventional system that sandwiches a parallel flat dioptric element with a pair of optical systems.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0056]    With reference to the accompanying drawings, examples of object optical systems illustrating the embodiments of the present invention, will be described hereinafter.  
         [0057]    In the following examples, same elements of the object optical systems are identified by the same reference numerals.  
         [0058]    [0058]FIG. 1 illustrates an object optical system according to a first example of the present invention. In this example, the object optical system includes a pair of negative lenses  1 , a first pair of positive-lenses  2 , a brightness diaphragm  3 , a second pair of positive-lenses  4 , infrared cut off filter  5 , cover glasses  6 ,  7 , an image-pick-up device  8 , in order from an object side.  
         [0059]    The second pair of positive-lenses  4  are eccentric to the respective optical axis from the object side to the brightness diaphragm  3 . In addition, a pair of negative lenses  1  are plane-concave lens with the concave surface oriented to the image-surface side. A first pair of positive-lenses  2 , behind the negative lens  1 , consists of a concave-convex doublet.  
         [0060]    The brightness diaphragm  3  consists of two apertures. Moreover, the second pair of positive-lenses  4  consist of respective plane-convex lens which are eccentric to each optical axis on the object side, from the brightness diaphragm  3 , in the screen horizontal direction, eccentric by in the same amount, respectively, and the convex surface are oriented to the object side. The center part shown by symbol A is cut out so that each lens does not interfere with the other.  
         [0061]    The infrared cut off filter  5  in common in the left and right optical systems, the cover glass  6 ,  7  and the image-pick-up device  8  are arranged behind the lens. This Example has the structure of an end adapter system detachable in the direction of an arrow at the chain-line position.  
         [0062]    The rear part of the endoscope includes a cover glass  7  and an image-pick-up device  8 . Accordingly, it is possible to change arbitrarily the angle of view of the viewing angle of an endoscope, and the introvert angle which influences a parallax by replacing an adapter part.  
         [0063]    The value corresponding to each above-mentioned conditional expression and lens data are as follows.  
                                               x = 0.986   d = 1.599               L = 13.69       0.2 ≦ x/d =   0.62 ≦ 0.9       0.03 L &lt; d =   0.12 L &lt; 2 L       Object distance   13.6896       r1 = infinity   d1 = 0.04381   n1 = 1.88300   ν1 = 40.78       r2 = 0.8436   d2 = 0.2409       r3 = infinity   d3 = 0.4275       r4 = 1.9713   d4 = 0.6727   n4 = 1.84666   ν4 = 23.78       r5 = 0.9857   d5 = 1.3142   n5 = 1.51633   ν5 = 64.14       r6 = −1.3015   d6 = 0.7051       r7 = infinity   d7 = 0.1095       (diaphragm)       r8 = 2.2431   d8 = 0.8785   n8 = 1.78800   ν8 = 47.37       r9 = infinity   d9 = 0.0329       r10 = infinity   d10 = 1.3142   n10 = 1.51400   ν10 = 75.00       r11 = infinity   d11 = 0.0329       r12 = infinity   d12 = 0.4381   n12 = 1.88300   ν12 = 40.76       r13 = infinity   d13 = 0.2190       r14 = infinity   d14 = 0.8761   n14 = 1.88300   ν14 = 40.76       r15 = infinity   d15 = 0.3286   n15 = 1.49700   ν15 = 81.61       r16 = infinity   d16 = 0.0329       r17 = infinity                          
 
         [0064]    [0064]FIG. 2 is a sectional drawing including the frame of an adapter part. The structure is watertight by incorporating a cover glass  9  at its end.  
         [0065]    FIGS.  3 ( a ) ( b ) illustrate an object optical system according to a second example of the present invention. FIG. 3( a ) is a top view of the object optical system. FIG. 3( b ) is a side view of the object optical system. In this example, the object optical system is different from the object optical system of the first example in that a cover glass  9  and a prism  10  are arranged at the object side for converting a line of sight.  
         [0066]    Namely, in order from an object side, the object optical systems consists of a prism  10  for converting the line of sight, a pair of negative lenses  1 , a pair of positive-lenses  2 , a brightness diaphragm  3  consists of two apertures, a pair of second positive-lenses  4 , an infrared cut off filter  5 , cover glasses  6 ,  7  and an image-pick-up device  8 .  
         [0067]    At the end of the prism for converting the line of sight  10 , the cover glass  9  is bilaterally arranged. The prism  10  for converting the line of sight also consists of a 90 degree side vision rectangular prism.  
         [0068]    This example also has the structure of an end adapter system, wherein the optical object system is detachable from the image-pick-up device  8 .  
         [0069]    Since the part at the side of the image-pick-up device  8  is common to the optical object system of the first example, direct vision and side vision can be obtained by replacing the adapter of the second example with that of the first example.  
         [0070]    The value corresponding to each above-mentioned conditional expression and lens data are as follows.  
                                               x = 0.856   d = 1.635               L = 10.167       0.2 ≦ x/d =   0.52 ≦ 0.9       0.03 L &lt; d =   0.16 L &lt; 2 L       Object distance   10.1672       r1 = infinity   d1 = 0.3804   n1 = 1.88300   ν1 = 40.76       r2 = infinity   d2 = 0.1902       r3 = infinity   d3 = 2.2580   n3 = 1.88300   ν3 = 40.76       r4 = infinity   d4 = 0.1303       r5 = infinity   d5 = 0.3804   n5 = 1.88300   ν5 = 40.78       r6 = 0.8526   d6 = 0.2092       r7 = infinity   d7 = 0.3215       r8 = 1.7120   d8 = 0.4990   n8 = 1.84666   ν8 = 23.78       r9 = 0.8560   d9 = 1.1413   n9 = 1.51633   ν9 = 64.14       r10 = −1.1315   d10 = 0.7160       r11 = infinity   d11 = 0.0951       (diaphragm)       r12 = 2.0201   d12 = 0.7630   n12 = 1.78800   ν12 = 47.37       r13 = infinity   d13 = 0.0285       r14 = infinity   d14 = 1.1413   n14 = 1.51400   ν14 = 75.00       r15 = infinity   d15 = 0.0285       r16 = infinity   d16 = 0.3804   n16 = 1.88300   ν16 = 40.76       r17 = infinity   d17 = 0.1902       r18 = infinity   d18 = 0.7609   n18 = 1.88300   ν18 = 40.76       r19 = infinity   d19 = 0.2853   n19 = 1.49700   ν19 = 81.61       r20 = infinity   d20 = 0.0285       r21 = infinity                          
 
         [0071]    [0071]FIG. 4 illustrates an object optical system according to a third example of the present invention. In this example, the object optical system is different from the object optical system of the first example in that the optic-axial distance of the optical axes is constant before and after the pair of positive-lenses  4 , and is narrowed by the convex surfaces, oriented toward the object side, of the pair of positive-lenses  4 .  
         [0072]    The object optical system consists of a pair of negative lenses  1 , a pair of positive-lenses  2 , a brightness diaphragm  3 , a second pair of positive-lenses  4 , an infrared cut off filter  5 , and cover glasses  6 ,  7 , an image-pick-up device  8  in order from an object side.  
         [0073]    The positive-lenses  4  include a pair of positive lenses which are eccentric to each optical axis from the object side to by the brightness diaphragm  3 , respectively.  
         [0074]    This example also has the structure of an end adapter system, wherein the optical object system is detachable from the image-pick-up device  8 .  
         [0075]    The value corresponding to each above-mentioned conditional expression and lens data are as follows.  
                                               x = 0.77   d = 1.44               L = 12.512       0.2 ≦ x/d =   0.53 ≦ 0.9       0.03 L &lt; d =   0.12 L &lt; 2 L       Object distance   12.512       r1 = infinity   d1 = 0.40004   n1 = 1.883   ν1 = 40.78       r2 = 1.1009   d2 = 0.2991       r3 = infinity   d3 = 0.4004   n2 = 1.883   ν2 = 40.78       r4 = 1.2396   d4 = 0.3815       r5 = 1.4434   d5 = 1.091   n5 = 1.84666   ν5 = 23.78       r6 = 0.7628   d6 = 0.9842   n6 = 1.51633   ν6 = 64.14       r7 = −1.1285   d7 = 0.05       r8 = infinity   d8 = 0.1001       (diaphragm)       r9 = 1.5541   d9 = 0.933   n9 = 1.788   ν9 = 47.37       r10 = 2.7305   d10 = 0.4665   n10 = 1.51633   ν10 = 64.14       n11 = 2.5486   d11 = 0.3003       n12 = intinity   d12 = 1.2012   n12 = 1.514   ν12 = 75.00       n13 = infinity   d13 = 0.03       n14 = infinity   d14 = 0.4004   n14 = 1.883   ν14 = 40.76       n15 = infinity   d15 = 0.2002       r16 = infinity   d16 = 0.8008   n16 = 1.883   ν16 = 40.76       r17 = infinity   d17 = 0.3003   n17 = 1.497   ν17 = 81.61       r18 = infinity   d18 = 0.03       r19 = infinity                          
 
         [0076]    [0076]FIG. 5 illustrates an object optical system according to a fourth example of the present invention. In this example, the brightness diaphragm  3  consists of two apertures.  
         [0077]    Further, the optical object system includes a pair of positive-lenses consisting of a pair of convex meniscus lenses  11  with the concave surface oriented toward the image side, a pair of positive lenses  12  with the convex surface oriented to the object side, an infrared cut off filter  6 , and cover glasses  6 ,  7 , in order from the brightness diaphragm  3 .  
         [0078]    Moreover, a parallelogram prism  13  which makes the optical axis behind the brightness diaphragm  3  eccentric is arranged in only one optical system on an object side from the brightness diaphragm  3 . Furthermore, in the other optical object system only the parallel plate  14  is arranged so that optical axis is not eccentric behind the brightness diaphragm  3 . This is in contrast to the conventional optical system, for example, as shown in FIG. 10, wherein a pair of prism are arranged.  
         [0079]    However, the parallelogram prism  13  which makes the optical axis eccentric has a comparatively small eccentricity so a precise prism process in not necessary.  
         [0080]    Moreover, although a prism element was used in this example, similar eccentricity may be obtained by arranging the two mirrors facing to each other.  
         [0081]    This example also has the structure of an end adapter system, wherein the optical object system is detachable from the image-pick-up device  8 .  
         [0082]    The value corresponding to each above-mentioned conditional expression and lens data are as follows.  
                                               x = 0.833   d = 1.351               L = 10.094       0.2 ≦ x/d =   0.62 ≦ 0.9       0.03 L &lt; d =   0.13 L &lt; 2 L       Object distance   10.0937       r1 = infinity   d1 = 1.0372   n1 = 1.88300   ν1 = 40.76       r2 = infinity   d2 = 0.0926       (diaphragm)       r3 = −0.6631   d3 = 0.9568   n3 = 1.88300   ν3 = 40.76       r4 = −0.8176   d4 = 0.0926       r5 = 1.6107   d5 = 0.9260   n5 = 1.51400   ν5 = 75.00       r6 = infinity   d6 = 0.3704   n6 = 1.88300   ν6 = 40.76       r7 = infinity   d7 = 0.1852       r8 = infinity   d8 = 0.7408   n8 = 1.88300   ν8 = 40.76       r9 = infinity   d9 = 0.4630       r10 = infinity   d10 = 0.0278   n10 = 1.49700   ν10 = 81.54       r11 = infinity   d11 = 0.0037       r12 = infinity                          
 
         [0083]    In addition, in each Example, x, d, L, and lens data are standardized based on the focal-length f=1. Moreover, r1, r2, . . . express the radius of curvature of each lens surface, cover-glass surface, or prism surface; d1, d2, . . . express the thickness or the air space of each lens, cover glass, or prism; n1, n2, . . . express the refractive indexes of each lens, cover glass, or prism; and v1, v2, . . . express the Abbe number of each lens, cover glass, or prism, respectively.