Abstract:
Described are flameless tracer munitions that are expelled from land mines or in hand thrown devices, which are used to mark an enemy person, vehicle body, or tires on the vehicle, with materials that emit infrared (IR) light, or heat emitting materials, or with a visible ink or a dye. The subjects are then identified and pursued because of the ink or seen with infrared reading or heat seeking devices. The devices are both long duration (several hours) and also have high light intensity tracing and marking. These munitions are non-impact and non-lethal; are non-toxic, and biodegradable.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This application claims benefit under 35 USC 119(e) of provisional application 60/522,070 filed Aug. 10, 2004 the entire file wrapper contents of which are incorporated by reference herein as though fully set forth. This application is a continuation in part of application Ser. No. 10/605,702 filed Oct. 21, 2003 claiming benefit of provisional application 60/481,041 filed Jun. 30, 2003; and of Ser. No. 10/605,380 filed Sep. 26, 2003 claiming benefit of provisional 60/320,042 filed Mar. 24, 2003; also of application Ser. No. 10/707,272 filed Dec. 2, 2003 claiming benefit of provisional application 60/481,529 filed Oct. 21, 2003; and also of application Ser. No. 10/708,162 filed Feb. 12, 2004, the entire file wrapper contents of all which applications are incorporated by reference herein as though fully set forth. 

   FEDERAL RESEARCH STATEMENT 
   The invention described herein may be made, used, or licensed by or for the United States Government for U.S. Government purposes. 

   BACKGROUND AND FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   This invention relates generally to the field of flameless tracer munitions and in particular it pertains to application by land mines or by hand thrown devices of non-lethal, flameless tracer/marker materials capable of tracing or marking subjects in a non-lethal manner. 
   Currently there are strategic areas that need to be protected from ingress and egress of enemy or non authorized personnel and/or vehicles. These strategic areas are protected by both lethal and non-lethal mines. These strategic areas can be land or ground that separates countries, or land that surrounds soldiers, land that should not be accessed by enemy or non-authorized personnel or vehicles. The strategic areas and limited access sites can also be buildings, rooms or corridors within a building or areas surrounding a strategic building. Some examples could be nuclear power plants, headquarters for the military, commercial rooms or buildings with company secret documents, for instance. Currently lethal mines are used by the military to protect assets and military lives. Non-lethal mines or devices are used by private or commercial industry, and the military to guard assets and personnel without harm to the intruder or a vehicle. The non-lethal mines function by shooting out rubber or plastic balls, ink or dye, which deter and may mark the person or vehicle that entered a location. The ink marks the person or vehicle therefore allowing the military or law enforcement to recognize the person or vehicle and apprehend same. A problem is that the person can see the ink and remove the clothing, or clean the vehicle in order not to be apprehended. In addition, ink can not be easily spotted at a distance or at night. 
   Presently, the military has need for devices to illuminate an area such as a cave or hole with a non-flammable light source that is biodegradable, hand held and non-lethal and that can also mark personnel and vehicles with a light source that lasts for several minutes to several hours. Soldiers presently throw chemlucent light sticks into a cave or hole but they only light up the area that they were thrown into and do not mark the people. If a light stick is broken and the liquid poured out, it only lasts for a few minutes before the light goes out. 
   There exists a need for commercial and military mines to expell a chemlucent powder or liquid that can mark the person or a vehicle with a visible or IR light, that is non-flammable, non-toxic and bio-degradable, and also glow for minutes or up to several hours. 
   There is also the need for a non-lethal hand held device that can be thrown into a cave or hole and dispense or expell a chemlucent powder or liquid that can light up and mark a person or vehicle with a visible or IR light that is non-flammable, non-toxic and biodegradable, and will glow for minutes or up to several hours. 
   In both cases, the objective is to mark persons and their clothes, or a vehicle, entering an area. In addition, the chemlucent that gets onto the ground will get onto the tires of a vehicle or onto the shoes of a person. Since the chemlucents can be made to emit visible or infrared (IR) light, the object marked will glow for hours in either visible or IR light. The IR light can only be seen by people using Night Vision Devices (NVD) or similar devices. The person or vehicle marked in visible light can be apprehended quickly and easily picked out of a crowd. The person marked in IR will not know it and can be followed if needed or quickly apprehended. The chemlucent will adhere to a person, clothing or vehicle and is non toxic, non-flammable, biodegradable and gives off very little heat. It would be excellent for marking as delivered from a mine set to mark unwanted or unauthorized people or vehicles when they come into an area. The person or vehicle marked will glow and can be seen from great distances in low light conditions. Therefore, they can be easily followed by foot or by helicopter. 
   U.S. Pat. No. 6,497,181 entitled “Flameless Tracer Ammunition” which is incorporated herein by reference as though fully set forth, discloses a flameless tracer and marker for small munitions and canon caliber projectiles that include non-toxic, environmentally friendly chemiluminescent materials which are maintained in separate compartments within the munition(s). When fired, the chemiluminescent materials mix, thereby glowing intensely for several minutes and may be therefore be used to trace the path of the fired munition(s), or mark a target area upon impact. 
   The materials were obtained by mixing an oxalate ester in powdered form with a liquid peroxide to form a light emitting slurry. The materials so obtained exhibit both long duration and high light intensity tracing and marking characteristics not available earlier. Of particular advantage, the oxalate component employed was in powdered form which when mixed with liquid peroxide, produced a non-toxic slurry that was found to be both non-flammable and biodegradable. Such tracer ammunition might in certain cases be intolerant of the high impact and/or lethality characteristics of high-speed projectiles. Accordingly, non-lethal, non-impact flameless tracer munitions of this invention, and those that may be deployed by-hand, represent a significant advance in the art. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   We have developed flameless tracer/marking munitions that can be delivered by land mines or also thrown by hand. These also provide long duration and high light intensity tracing and marking, do not require high impact for operation, and additionally are not lethal, non-toxic and biodegradable. 
   Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent in light of the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment thereof. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Various features and advantages of the present invention and the manner of attaining them will be described in greater detail with reference to the following description, claims and drawings in which: 
       FIG. 1  illustrates in cross section a prior art M16A2 personnel marker dispensing rubber or plastic balls; 
       FIG. 2  illustrates in cross section, a prior art chemical light stick; 
       FIG. 3  illustrates in cross section, a modified M16A2 personnel marker dispensing chemiluminescent materials according to the present invention; 
       FIG. 4  illustrates in cross section, an alternative embodiment of a modified M16A2 personnel marker dispensing chemiluminescent materials according to the present invention; and 
       FIG. 5  illustrates in cross section, an additional alternative embodiment of a hand-held personnel marker dispensing chemiluminescent materials according to the present invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     FIG. 1  is a cross sectional view of the M16A2 non-lethal mine  100 . When activated, a dispenser  110  is released from the mine housing  130 . The dispenser  110  is spun up and jumps out of the housing  130  releasing the inside cargo of the mine, such as plastic balls or rubber balls, ink or dye ( 120 ). The spinning action disperses rubber or plastic balls or permanent fluid such as ink or dye ( 120 ) in a 360 degree direction. Similarly other non-lethal mines release their cargo of rubber or plastic balls or permanent fluid such as ink or dye ( 120 ) by gas pressure (not shown). 
   The M16A2 land mine referenced is a steel bodied bounding mine that is generally cylindrical in shape and resembles a large tin can in appearance. A fuse, in response to tripwire pull or applied pressure, activates the mine. 
   When activated, dispenser  110  bounds up and out of mine housing  130  as much as 1.5 meters into the air, while spinning on its axis at an extremely high rate of revolutions per second. Mine cargo  120  is subsequently dispersed throughout a nearly 360-degree area through the action of spinning dispenser  110  and/or a delayed explosive charge. 
     FIG. 2  is a cross sectional view of a chemlucent light stick  200  common to industry. The light stick  200  contains a polypropylene or polyethylene plastic transparent container  210 . A glass vial  230  is inside the transparent container  210 . A chemlucent liquid  220  is outside the glass vial  230  and a chemlucent liquid  240  is inside the glass vial  230 . The light stick  200  is activated by bending the light stick  200  and breaking the glass vial  230 . The chemlucent chemicals  220  and  240  mix together and give off visible or IR light. 
   Chemlucents (reference is again made to U.S. Pat. No. 6,497,181) are currently used to provide a non-flammable, non-toxic, biodegradable trace/mark for a single projectile. In order to accomplish this, the chemlucents are contained within the projectile and cause the projectile to glow after setback (therefore proving trace) and mark the target by scattering on the target after the projectile breaks upon impact with the target and leaving the glowing chemlucent chemicals on the target. The chemlucent chemicals are also used as trace/mark for non-lethal projectiles and work similar to the concept above, except the projectile is made of non-lethal soft materials. As taught in U.S. Pat. No. 6,497,181 the chemlucents can be made in a liquid form and will produce visible and IR light for a few minutes and can be made in a powdered form and produce light in the visible and IR regions for from several minutes to several hours. These chemlucent chemicals can be used in a non-lethal mine as described herein. 
   The chemical reaction in a light stick such as  200  contains several chemiluminescent chemicals including a hydrogen peroxide solution, a solution containing a phenyl oxalate ester and a fluorescent dye. When the phenyl oxalate ester contacts the hydrogen peroxide, it is oxidized into a phenol and a peroxyacid ester. The peroxyacid ester decomposes, producing an intermediate which further decomposes and transfers energy to the fluorescent dye. This energy transfer results in the dye releasing energy in the form of light. As one can readily appreciate, a light stick such as  200  is just a container for mixing the solutions involved in the reaction. 
   Typically, the phenyl oxalate ester and dye solution fills the volume of the body  210  and the hydrogen peroxide solution, called an activator, is contained in the sealed vial  230 —also located in the volume of the body  210 . Bending the stick body  210  breaks the sealed vial  230  and the solutions flow together. The particular fluorescent dye used gives the light a distinctive color. 
   Depending upon which materials are used in the solutions, the chemical reaction may continue for a few minutes or a few hours. In addition, the overall duration of the reaction is temperature dependent. For example, if the reaction is at an elevated temperature, the extra energy will accelerate the reaction and the stick will glow brighter, but for a shorter amount of time. Similarly, if the reaction is performed at a lower temperature, the reaction will slow down and the light will dim. 
     FIG. 3  shows a cross sectional view of a mine ( 300 ) loaded with chemlucent chemicals ready to be employed. The standard M16 mine was chosen to show the utility of the chemlucents, however any non-lethal mine that disperses items can be used. The base of the mine (made of metal, plastic or composite) is shown at  310 . An inner core dispenser  320  (made of metal, plastic or composite) has been modified to contain mixing blades  325  made of polyproplene or polyethylene. Powdered chemlucent chemical  1  (see  330 ) is placed inside dispenser  320 . Liquid chemlucent chemical  2  can be placed inside of glass vials  340  and held by a plastic (polypropylene or polyethylene) spider (not shown) and placed inside the dispenser ( 320 ). Alternately, liquid or powder chemlucent chemical  1  can be placed inside of glass vials and put inside the dispenser  320 . In another embodiment, chemlucent chemical  1  and chemlucent chemical  2  can be placed inside separate plastic bags  350  and placed inside the dispenser. 
   When the mine is activated, the dispenser spins breaking the vials and/or bags and mixes the chemicals. They will then begin to glow in visible or IR light depending on the chemicals used. 
     FIG. 4  is a cross sectional view of the mine as it dispenses the glowing chemlucent chemicals. The mine  400  has been activated and the dispenser  430  spins and jumps up from base  410  in the normal manner that the M16 mine components do. As the dispenser  430  spins and jumps out of the base  410  the chemlucent chemicals  420  are mixed and glowing and dispersed in a 360 degree manner away from the mine as shown. The chemicals  420  adhere to the person or vehicle to be marked and adhere to the shoes or tires of a vehicle. The chemlucent chemicals will adhere even in rain. The person or vehicle will now be marked in either visible or IR light for several hours. The marking is non-toxic, non-flammable and biodegradable. The person or vehicle can be easily apprehended or followed by helicopter. 
   A handheld device (not shown) similar to the mine can be made by shrinking the mine device down to a size that is handheld. A CO2 cylinder is placed below the dispenser and connected to a switch on the outside of base. The switch is connected to the CO2 cylinder by a rod. When the switch is pressed the rod breaks the top of the cylinder releasing CO2 gas. The gas spins the dispenser and it leaves the base. Chemlucent chemicals are therefore dispersed. This device can be used by hand and thrown into caves, holes, or where ever needed. 
   It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the mine  400 , or other similar device may be triggered by a variety of devices such as trip wires, pressure switches, magnetic switches and/or proximity sensors. 
   Still further, and with reference now to  FIG. 5 , there is shown in cross section a handheld device  500  that provides the non-lethal marking taught by the present invention. In particular a handheld device comprises a body  501 , which is sized such that it may be carried and/or thrown by hand. Carrier  540  holds chemiluminescent chemical  520 , which may be held in separate portions of the carrier  540 . When the device  500  is made active by, for example, pulling pin  505 , compressed gas (e.g., CO2) contained within dispersion gas cylinders  530  is released causing dispenser  540  to spin up thereby dispersing the chemiluminescent chemicals  520  throughout a local area. 
   Advantageously, the dispersion gas need not be contained within a cylinder such as  530 ; rather it may be generated by, for example chemical reactions. In such an embodiment, when the pin  505  is withdrawn, gas generators  550  may generate gas explosively and thereby cause dispenser  540  to spin up and disperse the chemiluminescent chemicals  520 . As can be appreciated, gas generators  550  may contain reaction chamber for mixing sodium azide with potassium nitrate to produce nitrogen gas somewhat explosively. This system, coupled with small accelerometers (not specifically shown) would produce a device, which required a pre-determined acceleration/deceleration to cause the sodium azide/potassium nitrate chemical to mix. Consequently, a device that discharged after being thrown would be possible. 
   Of course, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing is merely illustrative of the principles of this invention, and that various modifications can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. In particular, different shapes, sizes and chemiluminescent materials are envisioned. Additionally, alternative dispersion systems, i.e., gases, explosive charges etc., in addition to those already known and well understood, will likely be employed. Accordingly, our invention is to be limited only by the scope of the claims attached hereto.