Abstract:
A method of efficiently using Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) with Acknowledgments (ACKs) comprising Selective Acknowledgement (SACK) options in asymmetrical networks by reducing the number of ACKs with SACK options to be transferred back to a sender. New ACKs with SACK options are compared to previous ACKs with SACK options as to their content, and in dependence of the comparison, i.e. if the previous ACK with a SACK option comprises redundant or invalid information and no additional information in relation to the new ACK with a SACK option, then the previous ACK with the SACK option is removed and not sent back to a sender.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD  
         [0001]    The present invention generally relates to a method of handling asymmetrical transmissions, specifically information transported by means of transmission control protocol (TCP) via asymmetrical error prone channels.  
         BACKGROUND  
         [0002]    A demand for mobile high capacity data transfers have put high capacity, but unfortunately asymmetrical, wireless broadcasting transmission channels in focus. The majority of all information transfers today are made with the help of Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). Unfortunately this protocol is not designed for neither asymmetrical transmission or wireless error prone transmissions, such as Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB), Digital Video Broadcasting Terrestial (DVB-T), and Wavelan. Due to this there has come about many different suggestions such as replacing TCP with other modern protocols and modifying TCP to different varying degrees. For information/data transfer via wireless transfer channels special measures have to be taken to be able to manage a low as possible transmitting power. The measures can, for example, be the use of error correcting codes or special retransmission protocols.  
           [0003]    To be able to handle bit errors with TCP, a Selective Acknowledgement (SACK) option to Acknowledgements (ACKS) have been developed. By means of the SACK option the TCP transmitter can get to know which packets/segments after the first lost segment that have reached their destination. A SACK option can normally give information of up to three contiguous blocks of segments that are correctly received and also three contiguous blocks of missing or erroneous segments in the information transmission. The use of SACK options presupposes that there is no significant asymmetry in the network so that as many SACIs as information segments transmitted downlink, can be transmitted uplink.  
           [0004]    One way of dealing with asymmetry in an extremely asymmetrical network is called ACK-filtering and works on the principles that many of the ACKs that are transmitted back to the transmitter are redundant and do not have to be transmitted. If there is a limitation in the return channel there will emerge a queue and it is in this queue that the ACK-filtering operates.  
           [0005]    A combination of these two methods will create problems. SACK options are based on the assumption that there is no limitation in the return channel, and they are thus designed accordingly, and if an ACK-filtering is operated on a SACK queue, i.e. a queue of ACKs with SACK options, then some SACK blocks will be completely removed and then the transmitter will not find out that these blocks have been received. This will lead to the transmitter erroneously retransmitting the segments in these blocks that have already been received. This will result in the downlink transmission channel suffering when bandwidth is used for unnecessary retransmissions.  
           [0006]    The problems associated with asymmetrical networks in conjunction with TCP needs to be solved satisfactorily. TCP can handle an asymmetry factor of 50 times the downlink to the uplink in most common implementations. Future networks can have an asymmetry factor of around a 1000 times. There seems to be room for improvement.  
         SUMMARY  
         [0007]    An object of the invention is to define a method for efficiently transferring information fn an asymmetrical network.  
           [0008]    Another object of the invention is to define a method of efficiently using TCP with ACKs comprising SACK options in an asymmetrical network.  
           [0009]    The aforementioned objects are achieved according to the invention by a method of reducing the number of ACKs with SACK options to be transferred back to a sender. New ACKs with SACK options are compared to previous ACKs with SACK options as to their content, and in dependence of the comparison, i.e. if the previous ACK with a SACK option comprises redundant or invalid information and no additional information in relation to the new ACK with a SACK option, then the previous ACK with the SACK option is removed and not sent back to a sender.  
           [0010]    The aforementioned objects are also achieved by a method of, when receiving information in a network that transports information according to the general principles of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), reducing the number of selective acknowledgements (SACKs) to be transferred back to a sender. Selective Acknowledgements, SACKs, will generally be used for referring to Acknowledgements (ACKS) with Selective Acknowledgement options. The method comprises a plurality of steps when a new selective acknowledgement has been triggered/generated. In a first step determining if there is a previous selective acknowledgement in a queue to be transferred to the sender, and if there is a previous selective acknowledgment in the queue then further performing the following additional steps. In a first additional step comparing the content of the new selective acknowledgement with the content of the previous selective acknowledgement. Finally in a second additional step removing the previous selective acknowledgement from the queue in dependence on the result of the comparison.  
           [0011]    Advantageously in the second additional step of removing the previous selective acknowledgement from the queue, the previous selective acknowledgement is removed from the queue if the previous selective acknowledgement has a different number of blocks than the new selective acknowledgement. Further in the second additional step of removing the previous selective acknowledgement from the queue, the previous selective acknowledgement can and/or also advantageously be removed from the queue if the previous selective acknowledgement has the same number of blocks as the new selective acknowledgement and if only the right edge of the first block is different between the previous selective acknowledgement and the new selective acknowledgement.  
           [0012]    In some versions of the invention the method can further advantageously comprise the additional step of sorting the selective acknowledgements in the queue as to which blocks are redundant. Preferably the step of sorting comprises the following four block sorting steps. A first block sorting step of disassembling into blocks the selective acknowledgements that have not been transferred to a sender. A second block sorting step of removing redundant blocks. A third block sorting step of assembling the remaining blocks into block sorted selective acknowledgements. A fourth block sorting step of placing the block sorted selective acknowledgements into the queue. The new selective acknowledgement is preferably not disassembled, but the knowledge of which blocks are comprised in the new selective acknowledgement is used in the second block sorting step for removing redundant blocks. In some versions there are status indicators to keep track of one or both of if and when a queue has been sorted with regard to selective acknowledgements.  
           [0013]    The step of sorting can in some version of the method alternatively comprise the following two selective acknowledgement steps. A first selective acknowledgement step of comparing the selective acknowledgements that have not been transferred to a sender. A second selective acknowledgement step of removing the redundant selective acknowledgements, i.e. removing selective acknowledgements only comprising redundant blocks that are included in other selective acknowledgements.  
           [0014]    In some versions of the method the step of sorting is performed only if the previous selective acknowledgement has not been removed from the queue.  
           [0015]    Preferably the method is performed on the output queue in any suitable layer from the TCP layer to the link layer, specifically the method is performed most advantageously on the internet protocol layer output queue.  
           [0016]    By providing a method for removing Selective Acknowledgements (SACKS) from an output queue a plurality of advantages over prior art systems are obtained. A primary purpose of the invention is to, in a simple manner, enable the use of highly asymmetrical networks. According to the invention this is achieved primarily by making simple, and thus quickly executable, comparisons between the contents of new SACKs and previous SACKs and removing a previous SACK if the content is redundant and/or invalid. There is thus no loss of SACK information which could lead to unnecessary retransmissions. By reducing the number of SACKs that have to be sent back, a network with a higher asymmetry factor can be used. Other advantages of this invention will become apparent from the description. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0017]    The invention will now be described in more detail for explanatory, and in no sense limiting, purposes, with reference to the following figures, in which  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 1 shows an asymmetrical transmission system,  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 2 shows a flow chart of a method according to the invention,  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 3 shows the layered architecture of an information consumer according to the invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0021]    In order to clarify the method and device according to the invention, some examples of its use will now be described in connection with FIGS.  1  to  3 .  
         [0022]    The invention concerns information transfers in networks, especially asymmetrical networks. FIG. 1 shows an asymmetrical transmission network on which the invention is intended to operate. An information consumer  150  communicates with a first uplink gate  160  which transfers download data requests via a low capacity back channel  170  to a second uplink gate  180  which transfers requests to a connection network  120  such as internet, onto which a desired information provider  110  is connected. The low capacity back/uplink channel  170  might be a telephone network or a mobile cellular mobile telephone network in which case the first uplink gate  160  and the second uplink gate  180  can be modems. After having received the request and information on how to transfer the requested information to the information consumer  150 , the information provider  110  will transfer the desired information, if it is available, to the information consumer  150  via the connection network  120 , a downlink gate  130  and a high capacity downlink channel  140 . The high capacity downlink channel can, for example, be a high capacity broadcasting system such as a Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) system, a Digital Video Broadcasting Terrestial (DVB-T) system, or a cable TV network.  
         [0023]    As mentioned previously, it is advantageous to use ACKs with SACK options, which will simply be referred to as SACKs. With SACKs an information consumer  150  can inform the sender about all segments that have arrived successfully, so the sender need retransmit only the segments that have actually been lost. A SACK can normally comprise information of up to three contiguous blocks of segments that are correctly received and also up to three contiguous blocks of missing or erroneous segments in the information transmission. The first block of a SACK always relate to the segment that triggered it. Each block represents received bytes of data that are contiguous and isolated, i.e. the bytes below the block (Left Edge of Block minus 1), and just above the block (Right Edge of Block), have not been received. The Left Edge of a Block is the first sequence number of this block and the Right Edge of the Block is the sequence number immediately following the last sequence number of this block.  
         [0024]    Following is a short example of how an ACK with a SACK option works. It is assumed that the left window edge is 5000 and that the data transmitter sends a burst of 8 segments, each containing 500 data bytes.  
                                                                                     SACK option blocks                        First   First   Second   Second   Third   Third           Received/       Left   Right   Left   Right   Left   Right       Sent   Trigger   ACK   Edge   Edge   Edge   Edge   Edge   Edge               5000   5000   5500                               5500       6000   6000   5500   6000   6500       6500       7000   7000   5500   7000   7500   6000   6500       7500       8000   8000   5500   8000   8500   7000   7500   6000   6500                  
 
         [0025]    The first segment, 5000, is received and triggers an ACK 5500 indicating that segment 5500 is not received. The second segment, 5500, is lost, nothing further happens. The third segment, 6000, is recieved and triggers an ACK 5500 [6000 6500; --; --], i.e. an ACK with a SACK option. This indicates to the transmitter that the second segment is lost and by means of the SACK option that segment 6000 (bytes 6000 to 6499) has been received and not segment 6500 and further. The fourth segment, 6500, is lost, no reaction. The fifth segment, 7000, is received and triggers an ACK 5500 [7000 7500; 6000 6500; --]. The sixth segment, 7500, is lost, no action. The seventh segment, 8000, is received and triggers an ACK 5500 [8000 8500; 7000 7500; 6000 6500].  
         [0026]    SACKs presupposes that the network used for information transfer is fairly symmetrical, i.e. that there is no practical limitations id in the uplink channel  170  for transferring SACKs back to the sender. In an asymmetrical network according to FIG. 1 an output queue  155  full of SACKs will form at or around the information consumer  150  or the first uplink gate  160  due to limitations in the uplink channel  170 . This will cause delays in the transfer of SACKs to the downlink gate  130  and/or the information provider  110 . This in turn will also put restrictions on the transfer of information on the downlink channel  140 , because there are restrictions on how much information is sent without any confirmation of it being received or not. There is thus a need to eliminate any unnecessary delays returning SACKs. According to the invention, SACKS are compared as to their content to determine if they can be discarded or not. This is preferably performed on the SACKs in the output queue  155 .  
         [0027]    When the SACKs are compared as to their content three different cases arise. A first case is when the new SACK has more blocks than the previous SACK. A second case is when the new SACK has fewer blocks than the previous SACK. Finally a third case is when the new SACK has the same number of blocks as the previous SACK.  
         [0028]    The first case when the new SACK has more blocks than the previous SACK, then the previous SACK is redundant and can be removed. SACKs use a stack principle with push and pop where it always tries to report the latest blocks. This means that the new SACK will comprise all of the blocks of the previous SACK and one or more new blocks. The previous SACK is thus redundant in that it does not contain any information that is not in the new SACK. For example a previous SACK has been triggered, ACK  10  [ 18   19 ;  11   17 ; --], segments  20  to  24  arrives triggering a new SACK, ACK  10  [ 20   25 ;  18   19 ;  11   17 ], making the previous SACK redundant.  
         [0029]    The second case when the new SACK has fewer blocks than the previous SACK, then the previous SACK contains old invalid information and can be removed. Because SACKs always comprise the maximum number of blocks that is possible (in most implementations it is three blocks) this means that if the new SACK comprises fewer blocks, then new data has arrived to the receiver and filled one of the holes of data. The previous SACK thus comprises old invalid information and can be removed. For example a previous SACK is ACK  10  [ 20   25 ;  18   19 ;  11   17 ], the receiver then receives segment  19  triggering a new SACK, ACK  10  [ 18   25 ;  11   17 ; --], making the previous SACK redundant.  
         [0030]    Finally a third case is when the new SACK has the same number of blocks as the previous SACK. This case needs to be divided into two different events. A first event is when new data is added to the first block. The only thing that is different between the two SACKs is that the first block is different. This means that the previous SACK comprises old invalid information and can be removed. For example a previous SACK is ACK  10  [ 20   25 ;  18   19 ;  11   17 ], the receiver receives segment  25  triggering a new SACK, ACK  10  [ 20   26 ;  18   19 ;  11   17 ], making the previous SACK redundant. A second event is when new data give rise to a new block. The new block will be put first in the SACK and push out the last block, i.e. the last block will be shifted out and the previous SACK can thus not be removed. For example a previous SACK is ACK  10  [ 20   25 ;  18   19 ;  11   17 ], the receiver receives segment  28  triggering a new SACK, ACK  10  [ 28   29 ;  20   25 ;  18   19 ], i.e. the previous SACK comprises information about segments  11  to  17  that is not comprised in the new SACK, the previous SACK can thus not be removed.  
         [0031]    Additionally the SACKs in an output queue can be sorted as to redundant SACKs and blocks, this is especially advantageous in the cases when a previous SACK cannot be removed. According to the invention this can be done in two different ways. In a first output queue redundancy sorting, all the blocks of the SACKs in the queue are put in a separate place/queue where all the redundant blocks are removed, whereafter new SACKs are put together with the remaining non-redundant blocks and put into the output queue. A newly triggered SACK is preferably not stripped of its blocks but only used for the determination of which blocks are redundant. In a second, and preferred, output queue redundancy sorting, the blocks of the SACKs in the output queue are compared to thus be able to remove SACKs that are completely redundant.  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 2 shows a flow chart of a method according to the invention. A first step  210  awaits the generation/triggering of a new SACK. When a new SACK has been generated to be transmitted back to a sender then the procedure determines in a second step  220  if there is any previous SACKS in an output queue which comprises SACKS to be transmitted back to the sender. If there are no SACKS in the output queue then the procedure continues with a third step  230  that simply adds the new SACK to the output queue, whereafter the procedure returns to the first step  210 . In the second step  220  if it is instead determined that there is a previous SACK in the output queue, then the procedure continues with a fourth step  240 . The fourth step  240  compares the contents of the new SACK with the contents of the previous SACK, more specifically the number of blocks in the two SACKs are compared. If the two SACKs have the same number of blocks then the procedure continues with a fifth step  250 , and if they have a different number of blocks then the procedure continues with a sixth step  260 . The fifth step  250  also compares the contents of the new SACK with the contents of the previous SACK, more specifically in this step the contents of the two SACKs are compared to determine if there has been a block shift. If there has been a block shift then the procedure continues with a seventh step  270 , otherwise, if there has not been a block shift, then the procedure continues with the sixth step  260 . The sixth step  260  removes the previous SACK from the output queue, adds the new SACK to the output queue and then the procedure continues with the first step  210 . The seventh step  270  adds the new SACK to the output queue and then attempts to remove redundant blocks from the SACKs in the output queue by sorting and removing either just redundant blocks or by removing redundant SACKS. Thereafter the procedure continues with the first step  210 .  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 3 shows the layered data communication architecture of an information consumer according to the invention. A layer refers to a process or a device inside a computer system, which is designed to perform a specific function. An application  310  is for our purposes the information consumer that requests downloads of data information, for example. These requests are forwarded to the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) layer  320 , then to the Internet Protocol (IP)  330 , down via interfaces such as modems with Point-to-Point Protocols (PPP)  340  or Ethernet  350  to output lines  360 . The requested information will, hopefully, after a while appear on the input lines  370  and transported through all the layers up to the application layer  310 . SACKs will then be sent back to the sender. The invention will work on any suitable output queue from the TCP layer  320  to after the link layer. Preferably the invention will sort away SACKs on the output queue  332  of the IP layer  330 . It is normally not favourable to have the invention filter the SACKs after the data communication link layer since the the packets need to be unpacked which can be an extremely resource consuming measure due to for example the compression in the link layer  340 ,  350 . The invention will then also be customized to one type of link layer  340 ,  350 , i.e. if a switch is made from ethernet  350  to a PPP with a modem  340  then the system according to the invention has to be reconfigured.  
         [0034]    The present invention can be put into apparatus-form either as pure hardware, as pure software or as a combination of hardware and software. If the method according to the invention is realised in the form of software, it can be completely independent or it can be one part of a larger program. The software can suitably be located in a general purpose computer, in a dedicated computer, or a distributed combination thereof.  
         [0035]    As a summary, the invention can basically be described as a method of improving the throughput in asymmetrical networks by removing/filtering in an efficient manner completely redundant SACKs only.  
         [0036]    The invention is not limited to the embodiments described above but may be varied within the scope of the appended patent claims.  
         [0037]    [0037]FIG. 1 
         [0038]    [0038] 110  information source/provider  
         [0039]    [0039] 120  arbitrary network such as internet  
         [0040]    [0040] 130  gateway  
         [0041]    [0041] 140  high speed downlink  
         [0042]    [0042] 150  information consumer  
         [0043]    [0043] 155  output queue  
         [0044]    [0044] 160  gateway  
         [0045]    [0045] 170  slow uplink  
         [0046]    [0046] 180  gateway  
         [0047]    [0047]FIG. 2 
         [0048]    [0048] 210  determine if there is a new SACK  
         [0049]    [0049] 220  determine if there is a previous SACK in the output queue  
         [0050]    [0050] 230  add new SACK to output queue  
         [0051]    [0051] 240  compare content as to the same number of blocks  
         [0052]    [0052] 250  compare content as to if there is a block shift  
         [0053]    [0053] 260  remove previous SACK from output queue  
         [0054]    [0054] 270  add new SACK to output queue and sort SACKs in output queue  
         [0055]    [0055]FIG. 3 
         [0056]    [0056] 310  application layer  
         [0057]    [0057] 320  TCP layer  
         [0058]    [0058] 330  IP layer  
         [0059]    [0059] 332  IP layer output queue with SACKs  
         [0060]    [0060] 340  PPP  
         [0061]    [0061] 350  Ethernet  
         [0062]    [0062] 360  output lines  
         [0063]    [0063] 370  input lines