Abstract:
A method in effectuating the redirection of light which is propagated within a waveguide, and which eliminates the necessity for a bending of the waveguide, or the drawbacks encountered in directional changes in propagated light involving the need for sharp curves of essentially small-sized radii, which would resultingly lead to excessive losses in light. In this connection, the method relates to the fabricating and the provision of a wire-grid polarization beam splitter within an optical waveguide, which utilizes a diblock copolymer template to formulate the wire-grid.

Description:
This application is a divisional application of U.S. Ser. No. 11/415,923; filed May 1, 2006, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,298,935 B1, on Nov. 20, 2007. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to waveguide polarization beam splitters, and particularly, pertains to a wire-grid polarization beam splitter including a planar or ridged waveguide, which is adapted to either transmit or reflect light within the waveguide in dependence upon incident polarization. 
     Furthermore, the present invention also relates to a novel method of fabricating a waveguide polarization beam splitter, and particularly a wire-grid polarization beam splitter with a planar or a ridge waveguide, which is adapted to be utilized in order to either transmit or reflect light within the waveguide in dependence upon incident polarization. 
     In essence, a waveguide polarization beam splitter comprises a key element in a photonic integrated circuit, whereby beam splitters of that type can be advantageously employed as directional couplers, as well as being useful as directional modulators and switches when utilized in conjunction with a polarization rotational waveguide element. 
     Nevertheless, it is conceivable that problems may be encountered in connection with the redirecting of light within a waveguide, for instance, such as at an angle of 90 degrees relative to the direction of initial propagation of the light upon use thereof with a polarization-rotating element, as may be currently known in the technology. 
     In view of the above-mentioned problem, which is prevalent in the present-state of the technology, various investigations have been conducted and attempts made in addressing the issue of redirecting light in different directions, the latter of which are at sharp angles relative to the original direction of propagation of the light within a waveguide. Ordinarily, this redirecting of the propagated light has been implemented through the utilization of cylindrical waveguides, for example, such as in the form of optical fibers, or through the intermediary of ridged waveguides, which, however, are subject to being burdened with large losses of light, thereby resulting in poor and consequently unsatisfactory degrees of efficiencies when the radii of curvature in redirecting the lights are reduced so as to be extremely small in size. Consequently, these light losses are generally ascribed as being due to so called a micro-bending phenomenon. 
     2. Discussion of the Prior Art 
     Heretofore, this particular aspect in the problems of encountered light losses has not been fully addressed in the technology, and any practical attempt in solving this problem in the redirection of the propagated light has ordinarily be in the employment of a directional coupler. However, directional couplers are primarily passive devices and enable only a fraction of the incident light to be redirected, whereby the redirected light is again bounded by relatively large radii of curvatures, which are necessitated due to the limitations resulting from micro-bending losses. Although attempts have been made at switching all of the light successfully into one arm of a directional coupler, such as by means of LiNbO 3  and other kinds of electro-optical waveguide elements, the deviation of the light from the original direction thereof is, however, again limited in scope. Furthermore, although various types of wire-grid polarization beam splitters have been developed in the technology, none are designed to be operative within a waveguide and, consequently, are of essentially limited value within the context of the subject matter of the present invention. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In order to obviate or ameliorate the drawbacks which are encountered in the technology, the present invention is directed to the provision of a novel method in effectuating the redirection of light which is propagated within a waveguide, and which eliminates the necessity for a bending of the waveguide, or the drawbacks encountered in directional changes in propagated light involving the need for sharp curves of essentially small-sized radii, which would resultingly lead to excessive losses in light. In this connection, the present invention is directed to a method of fabricating and in the provision of a wire-grid polarization beam splitter within an optical waveguide, which utilizes a diblock copolymer template. 
     In essence, the use of diblock copolymers in connection with the forming of templates are known in the technology, having specific reference, for example, to C. T. Black and K. W. Guarini, “Structural Evolution of Cylindrical Phase Diblock Copolymer Thin Films”, J. Poly Sci. Part A 42, 1970 (2004); C. T. Black, K. W. Guarini, R. L. Sandstrom, S. Yeung and Y. Zhang, “Formation of Nanometer-Scale Dot Arrays from Diblock Copolymer Templates, Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 728, S491 (2002); and K. W. Guarini, C. T. Black, K. R. Milkove and R. L. Sandstrom, “Sub-Lithographic Patterning Using Self-Assembled Polymers for Semiconductor Applications”, J. Vac. Sci. Tech. B, 19 2784 (2001). 
     All of these structures, as disclosed in the above-mentioned literature, are directed to the provision of various templates utilizing diblock copolymer template pore formations in a nanometer scale, preferably, but not limited to such as 50 to 100 nm diameter thin-film template pore formations, and wherein the basic concept thereof is generally known in the technology. However, none of the disclosures, as set forth hereinabove, or in any other prior art publications, are directed to the utilization of such diblock copolymer thin films in conjunction with a method of fabricating a waveguide wire-grid polarization beam splitter. 
     In connection with the foregoing, diblock copolymers provide a highly desirable variety in the formation of possible nanostructures, such as in being able to implement their size tunability and in their manufacturing process compatibility. In particular, highly acceptable diblock copolymer thin-films employable for the inventive purposes are generally constituted of suitable materials, preferably such as polystyrene (PS) or polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), although numerous other copolymer materials would also be applicable thereto. The structures and concepts of forming such diblock copolymer thin films are readily and clearly discussed in the above-mentioned literature, which are publications of the International Business Machines Corporation, the assignee of the present application, and the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     In particular, as set forth hereinabove, pursuant to the invention, by means of the novel waveguide wire-grid polarization beam splitter, light can be conducted at an angle of 90 degrees relative to the original direction of propagation thereof to a grid (such as in a TM mode). Thus, when an electrical field vector is perpendicular to the grid (TE mode) the direction of propagation of the light through the waveguide is undisturbed and light continues traveling in its original direction. However, when utilized with a polarization-rotating element, this device would then enable the directional switching of the light as a function of polarization. 
     Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide a novel waveguide wire-grid polarization beam splitter for the transmission or reflection of light and redirection thereof within a waveguide. 
     Another object of the present invention resides in the provision of an optical waveguide wire-grid polarization beam splitter, wherein the optical waveguide utilizes a diblock copolymer template for the function of the wire-grid. 
     A further object of the invention resides in the provision of a method of forming a waveguide wire-grid polarization splitter in a waveguide, which utilizes a diblock copolymer template for the fabrication of the wire-grid. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Reference may now be made to the following detailed description of the invention, illustrative of various embodiments and aspects in connection with the fabrication of a wire-grid polarization beam splitter within an optical waveguide through the use of a diblock copolymer template; and wherein: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a diblock copolymer template pore formation structure possessing 50 to 100 nm sized pores; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a planar or slab type waveguide, which is built up to a guiding film layer, such as doped SiO 2 ; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a ridged waveguide structure with a wire-grid polarization beam splitter pursuant to the present invention; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a planar or slab waveguide with a wire-grid polarization beam splitter; 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a ridged waveguide structure with a spun-on diblock copolymer template; and 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a ridged waveguide structure with a masked off diblock copolymer film arrangement. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring in specific detail to the invention, it is noted that, in essence, the structure of the waveguide polarization beam splitter is predicated on the concept that a grid of parallel metallic wires reflect radiation of one polarization while transmitting the other polarization, providing that the wavelength of the light is approximately 10 times larger than the period of the grid, or in the present instance, the metal dot array wire or wires. Through an application of this principle, it is possible to construct such a wire-grid within a waveguide structure by the inventive techniques, as disclosed and elucidated hereinbelow. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 1  of the drawings, a template  10 , which is constituted of a diblock copolymer, possesses a pore formation  12  (in the nanometer scale), which pores are in a generally well-ordered or uniformly hexagonal template array. The template  10  is employable in a waveguide light polarization arrangement or structure, as described hereinbelow and incorporates a pore diameter size range of preferably from about 50-100 nm, and with a pore spacing of preferably from about 150-200 nm, although other pore diameter sizes and spacings are contemplateable within the context and scope of the invention. The diblock copolymer materials may comprise polystyrene (PS) or polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), although other copolymers and composites thereof may also be suitable in the forming of the waveguide template, as described in the above-mentioned literature. 
     A waveguide structure  14  of an embodiment, which is of a planar or slab-like shape, as shown in  FIG. 2 , may be fabricated by standard or known methods of a supportive or base substrate  16 , which is constituted of a suitable dielectric material, for example, such as Si. A dielectric waveguide layer  18  possessing an index of refraction (ns) is superimposed on the base layer  16 , and could typically be constituted of SiO 2 . A light guiding film  20  possessing a higher index of refraction (nf) is then deposited on that dielectric layer  18 , and could be constituted of SiON. A cover layer or capping layer  22  having a lower index of refraction (nc) can then be deposited on the guiding film  20 , and can be constituted of SiO 2  or doped SiO 2 , although other dialectic materials can be employed with the invention. 
     In the case of a ridged waveguide  30 , as shown in  FIG. 3 , the structure comprises two intersecting sections  32 ,  34  of the waveguide  30 . At the location of the intersection  36  of these two waveguide sections  32 ,  34 , a mesh-like metal dot array wire  38 , each incorporating a pore diameter ranging from about 50 to 100 nm and with spacings therebetween of from about 150 to 200 nm, as shown in  FIG. 1 , is placed across a diagonal  40  of this intersection  36  to a vertical depth of 1-5 microns extending into the guiding film layer. Light propagating through the one waveguide section  32  will either be transmitted or reflected at an angle of 90 degrees at the locale of this intersection  36 , whereby the 90 degree reflection would then allow light to now propagate into the second waveguide section  34 , which is perpendicular or at a right angle to the first waveguide section  32 . Photons  44  whose electrical field vectors are parallel to these metal dot array wire elements would then be reflected 90 degrees, so as to then propagate or travel at 90 degrees relative to their original direction within the planar waveguide, i.e., the metal dot array wire spacings would totally reflect the incoming beam of light. Photons  46  with an electrical field vector perpendicular to these metal dot array wire elements would continue to propagate in their original direction, which was determined by their initial propagating condition (unaffected by the metal dot array wire). The advantage resides in the fact that the light is now capable of turning sharp comers (for example, 90 degrees) and the metal dot wire array or grid  38  can be incorporated into the monolithic waveguide structure  30 . At this time, this novel construction is not readily possible to implement in the technology with the use of conventional directional light couplers or other conventional light polarization beam splitters. 
     In the case of the planar or slab-like waveguide  14 , as represented in  FIG. 4 , the metal dot array wire or grid  38  would be placed at an angle of 45 degrees relative to the direction  44  of the propagated light, as in  FIG. 3 . The number of spacing widths between these metal dot array wires or elements is designed to be sufficient in order to be able to intercept the entire width of the launched or initially propagated light beam (˜1 mm) traveling through the waveguide. 
     Reverting to  FIG. 5  of the drawings, there is illustrated a ridged waveguide structure  50 , comprising a first waveguide  52  and a second waveguide  54  extending at 90 degrees relative thereto, so as to form a configuration similar to that of  FIG. 3 . However, in this instance, at the intersection  56  between the waveguides  52 ,  54 , the latter of which include a guiding film layer  58 ,  60 , such as, for example, of doped SiO 2 , although this can also be SiON, there is provided a spun-on diblock copolymer template  62 . The template may be of a diblock copolymer material, which possesses a pore size and pore spacing, as described in connection with that of  FIG. 1  of the drawings, i.e., such as polystyrene or polymethlmethacrylate, or the like. 
     In the embodiment of  FIG. 6 , the waveguide structure  70 , which has the first and second waveguide sections  72 ,  74  extending at 90 degrees relative to each other, is built up to the guiding film dielectric layer  76  with a mask  78  leaving a line of 50 to 100 nm pores from the diblock copolymer template  80 . This line  80  of template pores is directed at 45 degrees relative to incident light across from the intersection  82  between the waveguide sections  72 ,  74 . 
     In essence, a method setting forth a unique and advantageous technique for fabricating the waveguide grid (such as a metal dot array wire or wires) light polarization beam splitter entails the following method steps:
         1) Depositing the waveguide substrate consisting of a dielectric material having an appropriate thickness, for example, such as about 8 microns in the case of SiO 2  onto Si or other similar substrate;   2) Depositing the core or guiding film of an appropriate thickness, such as 2 microns for SiON or doped SiO 2 ;   3) Applying a spin-on random diblock copolymer, as described hereinabove, to prepare the surface for vertically-oriented cylindrical phase template pores, and curing in a vacuum oven, then rinsing in toluene for a monolayer formation of selective random copolymers;   4) Subsequently, applying (as in step 3) a spin-on polystyrene-polymethylmethacyrate (30% PS-70% PMMA) diblock copolymer and curing in a vacuum oven, then optionally exposing the substrate to ultraviolet (UV) light, then removing PMMA from the cylindrical pores in acetic acid and a deionized water rinse to create a porous polystyrene template;   5) Masking off all pores with the exception of a single row of template pores at 45 degrees relative to the direction of light propagation while permitting for a remainder of 75 to 100 nm of polymer on either side of this line of pores;   6) Deep etching trenches (2 microns for SiON core) through the core utilizing a 50 degree line of pores as a template down to a substrate layer, for example SiO 2 , by utilizing reactive ion etching (RIE);   7) Sputter depositing or atomic layer depositing (ALD) a metal wire, such as Au, Ag, Cu, or the like, into 50 to 100 nm diameter lines of holes;   8) Removing the mask from the line formed of template pores;   9) Removing the remaining diblock copolymer using either oxygen plasma, ozone or solvent (e.g.—1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP)), or combinations thereof, while permitting the metal wire to remain embedded in the core or guiding film of the waveguide;   10) Removing excess metal down to the surface guiding layer of the waveguide (for example, SiON) using chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), wet etching, or combinations thereof; and   11) Depositing a cover layer of SiO 2  or other suitable dielectric material onto the waveguide surface.       

     Alternatively, subsequent to the dielectric substrate having been deposited, a layer of diblock copolymer of a thickness corresponding to that of the guiding film dimension, for example, 2 microns in the case of SiON, can be deposited and developed into 2 micron deep pores. This process entails use of an electric field to vertically align the diblock copolymer cylindrical pores (see, e.g.—T. Thurn-Albrecht, J. Schotter, G. A. Kästle, N. Emley, M. T. Tuominen, T. P. Russell, T. Shibauchi, L. Krusin-Elbaum, K. Guarini, and C. T. Black, “Ultrahigh Density Nanowire Arrays Grown in Self-Assembled Diblock Copolymer Templates”, Science 290, 2126 (2000)). The excess pores can be masked off, as described hereinabove in step 5), and the pores at 50 degrees relative to the direction of propagation can be filled with a metal, in accordance with step 7). 
     The diblock copolymer is then removed in accordance with steps 8) and 9) and a deposition of the guiding layer of the waveguide (2 microns thickness of SiON, in this instance) is followed by the deposition thereon of the dielectric cover layer. 
     Other alternative methods in creating the wire-grid arrays may also utilize applying porous anodic alumna to create the template of 50-100 diameter pores. This technique may also incorporate deep trench etching in a manner similar to that described above used in combination with diblock copolymer templates, wherein the anodized aluminum provides a further novel aspect, which may be utilized in conjunction with the present invention. 
     While the present invention has been particularly shown and described with respect to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing and other changes in forms and details may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention. It is therefore intended that the present invention not be limited to the exact forms and details described and illustrated, but fall within the scope of the appended claims.