Abstract:
A method and apparatus for de-interleaving interleaved data in a deinterleaver memory in an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting Terrestrial (ISDB-T) receiver. In different embodiments, the apparatus comprises of a OFDM symbol counter along with a divider or a buffer pointer RAM with circular pointer logic, a first lookup table to obtain delay buffer size and interleaving lengths for a given OFDM transmission layer, and a second lookup table to obtain buffer base address and interleaving lengths for a given OFDM transmission layer.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    1. Technical Field 
         [0002]    The embodiments herein generally relate to communication systems, and more particularly to the field of de-interleaving interleaved data in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication systems, such as integrated services digital broadcasting terrestrial (ISDB-T) systems. 
         [0003]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0004]    In various communication systems, data gets distorted by channel impairments like fading, multipath prorogations, interference, Doppler Effect, etc. In case of small errors the altered bits can be corrected easily by using error correction codes, but in case of burst errors, higher numbers of data bits are altered and the transmitted data typically cannot be recovered completely. Time interleaving is performed by spreading coded symbols in time before transmission to protect data from burst errors. 
         [0005]    OFDM based communication systems, such as ISDB-T use time interleaving to randomize modulated symbol data in the time domain in order to ensure robustness against fading interference and channel impairments. ISDB-T is used to provide many services such as data broadcasting, high definition television (HDTV), interactive TV, mobile applications, etc. ISDB-T was designed keeping in mind a mobile reception. De-interleaving requires a large memory due to the deinterleaver delay buffer and therefore, in general, the deinterleaver designs are random access memory (RAM) based. In RAM based designs, implementation of large number of memory pointers may lead to large number of counters. Such counters are generally implemented as flip-flops leading to a larger deinterleaver area and thereby resulting in greater power consumption. Hence, it would be desirable to reduce the deinterleaver area and reduce the complexity of deinterleaver design. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0006]    In view of the foregoing, an embodiment herein provides an apparatus for de-interleaving interleaved data in an OFDM based ISDB-T receiver comprising of a deinterleaver memory; a OFDM symbol counter incrementing once for each OFDM symbol, wherein a practical bit width of the OFDM symbol counter is in the range of 25 bits (less conservative) to 30 bits (more conservative); a divider for calculating intra buffer offset in the deinterleaver memory for every increment of the OFDM symbol counter; a first lookup table in the deinterleaver memory for obtaining delay buffer sizes for various carriers and interleaving lengths for a given OFDM transmission layer; and a second lookup table in the deinterleaver memory for obtaining buffer base addresses for various carriers and interleaving lengths for a given OFDM transmission layer, where the bit width of the OFDM symbol counter is selected based on uninterrupted television viewing time on a particular channel. 
         [0007]    The divider may be embodied as a combinational divider or a sequential divider. The first and second lookup tables are preferably stored in a read-only memory (ROM). Also, the first and second lookup tables may be implemented using dynamic arithmetic calculations. Preferably, the delay buffer sizes and the buffer base addresses are obtained from the first and second lookup tables for corresponding carriers and interleaving lengths for a given OFDM transmission layer. 
         [0008]    Another embodiment, as disclosed herein, provides an apparatus for de-interleaving interleaved data in an OFDM based ISDB-T receiver comprising of a deinterleaver memory; a buffer pointer RAM adapted to store buffer pointer values, with the buffer pointer RAM using circular pointer increment logic; a first lookup table in the deinterleaver memory for obtaining delay buffer sizes for various carriers and interleaving lengths for a given OFDM transmission layer; and a second lookup table in the deinterleaver memory for obtaining buffer base addresses for various carriers and interleaving lengths for a given OFDM transmission layer, where the buffer pointer RAM size is chosen based on practical uninterrupted television viewing time on a particular channel. The buffer pointer RAM may comprise a 95×11 RAM. Moreover, the first and second lookup tables are implemented as a ROM. Preferably, the first and second lookup tables are implemented using dynamic arithmetic calculations. 
         [0009]    Furthermore, an embodiment herein provides a method of de-interleaving interleaved data on a deinterleaver memory component in an OFDM based ISDB-T receiver using a buffer pointer random access memory (RAM) and circular pointer logic, a first lookup table to obtain delay buffer sizes for various carriers and interleaving lengths for a given OFDM transmission layer, and a second lookup table to obtain buffer base address and interleaving lengths for a given OFDM transmission layer, the method having the steps of reading a pointer value for a corresponding carrier from the buffer pointer RAM; incrementing the above read pointer value; retrieving a buffer size value for said corresponding carrier from the first lookup table; calculating intra buffer offset for a carrier by comparing said buffer size with the incremented pointer value; retrieving a buffer base address value for corresponding carrier from the second lookup table; adding calculated intra buffer offset to the buffer base address to calculate a memory address to store carrier data bits of the corresponding carrier; and storing the carrier data bits at the calculated memory address. 
         [0010]    The RAM buffer pointer may comprise 96 stored pointer values. Also, the divider may be any of a combinational divider and a sequential divider. Moreover, the first and second lookup tables may be implemented as a ROM. Furthermore, the first and second lookup tables may be implemented using dynamic arithmetic calculations. Preferably, the delay buffer sizes and buffer base addresses are obtained for various carriers and interleaving lengths for a given OFDM transmission layer from the first and second lookup table respectively. 
         [0011]    Also another embodiment, as disclosed herein, provides a method of de-interleaving interleaved data in a deinterleaver memory in an OFDM based ISDB-T receiver comprising of a OFDM symbol counter, a divider, a first lookup table to obtain delay buffer size and interleaving lengths for a given OFDM transmission layer, and a second lookup table to obtain buffer base address and interleaving lengths for a given OFDM transmission layer, the method performing the steps of counting received symbols by incrementing the OFDM symbol counter, where the OFDM symbol counter comprises a bit width in the range of 25 to 30 bits; retrieving a delay buffer size value for a corresponding carrier from the first lookup table; calculating intra buffer offset by dividing the OFDM symbol counter with the delay buffer size of corresponding carrier; retrieving a buffer base address for corresponding carrier from the second lookup table; combining the intra buffer offset and the buffer base address to calculate a memory address to store corresponding carrier data bits; and storing the carrier data bits at the calculated memory address. The method may further comprise implementing the first and second lookup tables as a ROM. Moreover, the method may further comprise implementing the first and second lookup tables as dynamic arithmetic calculations. 
         [0012]    These and other aspects of the embodiments herein will be better appreciated and understood when considered in conjunction with the following description and the accompanying drawings. It should be understood, however, that the following descriptions, while indicating preferred embodiments and numerous specific details thereof, are given by way of illustration and not of limitation. Many changes and modifications may be made within the scope of the embodiments herein without departing from the spirit thereof, and the embodiments herein include all such modifications. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0013]    The embodiments herein will be better understood from the following detailed description with reference to the drawings, in which: 
           [0014]      FIG. 1  illustrates a time deinterleaver buffer structure; 
           [0015]      FIG. 2  illustrates a schematic diagram of a modulo based pointer architecture in a time deinterleaver ISDB-T receiver according to an embodiment herein; 
           [0016]      FIG. 3  illustrates a schematic diagram of a memory based pointer architecture in a time deinterleaver ISDB-T receiver according to an embodiment herein; 
           [0017]      FIG. 4  is a flow diagram illustrating a method according to a first embodiment herein; 
           [0018]      FIG. 5  is a flow diagram illustrating a method according to a second embodiment herein; and 
           [0019]      FIG. 6  illustrates test data input and output timing for various embodiments herein. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0020]    The embodiments herein and the various features and advantageous details thereof are explained more fully with reference to the non-limiting embodiments that are illustrated in the accompanying drawings and detailed in the following description. Descriptions of well-known components and processing techniques are omitted so as to not unnecessarily obscure the embodiments herein. The examples used herein are intended merely to facilitate an understanding of ways in which the embodiments herein may be practiced and to further enable those of skill in the art to practice the embodiments herein. Accordingly, the examples should not be construed as limiting the scope of the embodiments herein. 
         [0021]    As mentioned, there remains a need for reducing the complexity of interleaver design and at the same time, reduce the interleaver area. The embodiments herein achieve this by providing systems and methods for dividing the current symbol count by the buffer size corresponding to the current input carrier index, where the resulting modulo-output representing the exact intra-buffer offset. It should be also noted that Mode 1 is used as an example, and the same idea described in the disclosure can be applicable to Mode 2 and Mode 3 for both the architectures described below. Referring now to the drawings, and more particularly to  FIGS. 1 through 5 , where similar reference characters denote corresponding features consistently throughout the figures, there are shown preferred embodiments. 
         [0022]    An ISDB-T transmitter employs time interleaving to randomize modulated OFDM symbol data in time domain in order to ensure robustness against fading interference. A convolutional interleaving scheme is used, in which every data carrier in an OFDM symbol is fed into a delay buffer of depth: 
         [0000]        b   i   =I× (( i× 5)mod 96)  Eq. (1) 
         [0000]    where i is the buffer index ranging from 0 to n c −1, where n c  is the number of data carriers per OFDM symbol (96, 192 or 384, depending on the system mode—respectively Mode 1, Mode 2, or Mode 3), and I is the interleaving length associated with a given OFDM transmission layer, which takes one of the following values: 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 or 16. 
         [0023]    The operation of the convolution time deinterleaver in the ISDB-T receiver is the opposite in the sense that delay buffer depths are given by: 
         [0000]        b*   i   =I× 95 I ×(( i× 5)mod 96)  Eq. (2) 
         [0024]    There are a total of 95 distinct non-zero delay buffers sizes in the deinterleaver, regardless of the system mode, since the buffer depth pattern given by Eq. (2) will repeat every 96 buffers, and also b* 19 =b* 115 =b* 211 =b* 307 =0, so the 19 th , 115 th , 211 th  and 307 th  data carriers in every OFDM symbol are transferred without delay. 
         [0025]    A time deinterleaver buffer structure is illustrated in  FIG. 1 , showing the first 50 buffers, with the buffer depth ranging from b* 0 =95 to b* 49 =42. As can be seen from  FIG. 1 , the 19 th  data carrier of the OFDM symbol is transferred without delay. 
         [0026]    Table 1 illustrates buffer allocation in a RAM for one segment in Mode 1. It should be also noted that Mode 1 is used as an example, and the same idea described herein can be applicable to Mode 2 and Mode 3. The table shows buffer sizes and buffer base addresses in the ascending order of buffer indices. There are a total of 95 distinct buffer sizes ranging from 1 to 95, 190, 380, 760 or 1520 for I=1, 2, 4, 8 or 16, respectively. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Buffer size and Address Lookup Table 
               
             
          
           
               
                 BUFFER 
                 BUFFER SIZE 
                 BUFFER ADDRESS 
               
               
                 INDEX 
                 for interleaving length I = 
                 for interleaving length I = 
               
             
          
           
               
                 i 
                 1 
                 2 
                 4 
                 8 
                 16 
                 1 
                 2 
                 4 
                 8 
                 16 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0 
                 95 
                 190 
                 380 
                 760 
                 1520 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 1 
                 90 
                 180 
                 360 
                 720 
                 1440 
                 95 
                 190 
                 380 
                 760 
                 1520 
               
               
                 2 
                 85 
                 170 
                 340 
                 680 
                 1360 
                 185 
                 370 
                 740 
                 1480 
                 2960 
               
               
                 3 
                 80 
                 160 
                 320 
                 640 
                 1280 
                 270 
                 540 
                 1080 
                 2160 
                 4320 
               
               
                 4 
                 75 
                 150 
                 300 
                 600 
                 1200 
                 350 
                 700 
                 1400 
                 2800 
                 5600 
               
               
                 5 
                 70 
                 140 
                 280 
                 560 
                 1120 
                 425 
                 850 
                 1700 
                 3400 
                 6800 
               
               
                 6 
                 65 
                 130 
                 260 
                 520 
                 1040 
                 495 
                 990 
                 1980 
                 3960 
                 7920 
               
               
                 7 
                 60 
                 120 
                 240 
                 480 
                 960 
                 560 
                 1120 
                 2240 
                 4480 
                 8960 
               
               
                 8 
                 55 
                 110 
                 220 
                 440 
                 880 
                 620 
                 1240 
                 2480 
                 4960 
                 9920 
               
               
                 9 
                 50 
                 100 
                 200 
                 400 
                 800 
                 675 
                 1350 
                 2700 
                 5400 
                 10800 
               
               
                 10 
                 45 
                 90 
                 180 
                 360 
                 720 
                 725 
                 1450 
                 2900 
                 5800 
                 11600 
               
               
                 11 
                 40 
                 80 
                 160 
                 320 
                 640 
                 770 
                 1540 
                 3080 
                 6160 
                 12320 
               
               
                 12 
                 35 
                 70 
                 140 
                 280 
                 560 
                 810 
                 1620 
                 3240 
                 6480 
                 12960 
               
               
                 13 
                 30 
                 60 
                 120 
                 240 
                 480 
                 845 
                 1690 
                 3380 
                 6760 
                 13520 
               
               
                 14 
                 25 
                 50 
                 100 
                 200 
                 400 
                 875 
                 1750 
                 3500 
                 7000 
                 14000 
               
               
                 15 
                 20 
                 40 
                 80 
                 160 
                 320 
                 900 
                 1800 
                 3600 
                 7200 
                 14400 
               
               
                 16 
                 15 
                 30 
                 60 
                 120 
                 240 
                 920 
                 1840 
                 3680 
                 7360 
                 14720 
               
               
                 17 
                 10 
                 20 
                 40 
                 80 
                 160 
                 935 
                 1870 
                 3740 
                 7480 
                 14960 
               
               
                 18 
                 5 
                 10 
                 20 
                 40 
                 80 
                 945 
                 1890 
                 3780 
                 7560 
                 15120 
               
               
                 19 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 950 
                 1900 
                 3800 
                 7600 
                 15200 
               
               
                 20 
                 91 
                 182 
                 364 
                 728 
                 1456 
                 950 
                 1900 
                 3800 
                 7600 
                 15200 
               
               
                 21 
                 86 
                 172 
                 344 
                 688 
                 1376 
                 1041 
                 2082 
                 4164 
                 8328 
                 16656 
               
               
                 22 
                 81 
                 162 
                 324 
                 648 
                 1296 
                 1127 
                 2254 
                 4508 
                 9016 
                 18032 
               
               
                 23 
                 76 
                 152 
                 304 
                 608 
                 1216 
                 1208 
                 2416 
                 4832 
                 9664 
                 19328 
               
               
                 24 
                 71 
                 142 
                 284 
                 568 
                 1136 
                 1284 
                 2568 
                 5136 
                 10272 
                 20544 
               
               
                 25 
                 66 
                 132 
                 264 
                 528 
                 1056 
                 1355 
                 2710 
                 5420 
                 10840 
                 21680 
               
               
                 26 
                 61 
                 122 
                 244 
                 488 
                 976 
                 1421 
                 2842 
                 5684 
                 11368 
                 22736 
               
               
                 27 
                 56 
                 112 
                 224 
                 448 
                 896 
                 1482 
                 2964 
                 5928 
                 11856 
                 23712 
               
               
                 28 
                 51 
                 102 
                 204 
                 408 
                 816 
                 1538 
                 3076 
                 6152 
                 12304 
                 24608 
               
               
                 29 
                 46 
                 92 
                 184 
                 368 
                 736 
                 1589 
                 3178 
                 6356 
                 12712 
                 25424 
               
               
                 30 
                 41 
                 82 
                 164 
                 328 
                 656 
                 1635 
                 3270 
                 6540 
                 13080 
                 26160 
               
               
                 31 
                 36 
                 72 
                 144 
                 288 
                 576 
                 1676 
                 3352 
                 6704 
                 13408 
                 26816 
               
               
                 32 
                 31 
                 62 
                 124 
                 248 
                 496 
                 1712 
                 3424 
                 6848 
                 13696 
                 27392 
               
               
                 33 
                 26 
                 52 
                 104 
                 208 
                 416 
                 1743 
                 3486 
                 6972 
                 13944 
                 27888 
               
               
                 34 
                 21 
                 42 
                 84 
                 168 
                 336 
                 1769 
                 3538 
                 7076 
                 14152 
                 28304 
               
               
                 35 
                 16 
                 32 
                 64 
                 128 
                 256 
                 1790 
                 3580 
                 7160 
                 14320 
                 28640 
               
               
                 36 
                 11 
                 22 
                 44 
                 88 
                 176 
                 1806 
                 3612 
                 7224 
                 14448 
                 28896 
               
               
                 37 
                 6 
                 12 
                 24 
                 48 
                 96 
                 1817 
                 3634 
                 7268 
                 14536 
                 29072 
               
               
                 38 
                 1 
                 2 
                 4 
                 8 
                 16 
                 1823 
                 3646 
                 7292 
                 14584 
                 29168 
               
               
                 39 
                 92 
                 184 
                 368 
                 736 
                 1472 
                 1824 
                 3648 
                 7296 
                 14592 
                 29184 
               
               
                 40 
                 87 
                 174 
                 348 
                 696 
                 1392 
                 1916 
                 3832 
                 7664 
                 15328 
                 30656 
               
               
                 41 
                 82 
                 164 
                 328 
                 656 
                 1312 
                 2003 
                 4006 
                 8012 
                 16024 
                 32048 
               
               
                 42 
                 77 
                 154 
                 308 
                 616 
                 1232 
                 2085 
                 4170 
                 8340 
                 16680 
                 33360 
               
               
                 43 
                 72 
                 144 
                 288 
                 576 
                 1152 
                 2162 
                 4324 
                 8648 
                 17296 
                 34592 
               
               
                 44 
                 67 
                 134 
                 268 
                 536 
                 1072 
                 2234 
                 4468 
                 8936 
                 17872 
                 35744 
               
               
                 45 
                 62 
                 124 
                 248 
                 496 
                 992 
                 2301 
                 4602 
                 9204 
                 18408 
                 36816 
               
               
                 46 
                 57 
                 114 
                 228 
                 456 
                 912 
                 2363 
                 4726 
                 9452 
                 18904 
                 37808 
               
               
                 47 
                 52 
                 104 
                 208 
                 416 
                 832 
                 2420 
                 4840 
                 9680 
                 19360 
                 38720 
               
               
                 48 
                 47 
                 94 
                 188 
                 376 
                 752 
                 2472 
                 4944 
                 9888 
                 19776 
                 39552 
               
               
                 49 
                 42 
                 84 
                 168 
                 336 
                 672 
                 2519 
                 5038 
                 10076 
                 20152 
                 40304 
               
               
                 50 
                 37 
                 74 
                 148 
                 296 
                 592 
                 2561 
                 5122 
                 10244 
                 20488 
                 40976 
               
               
                 51 
                 32 
                 64 
                 128 
                 256 
                 512 
                 2598 
                 5196 
                 10392 
                 20784 
                 41568 
               
               
                 52 
                 27 
                 54 
                 108 
                 216 
                 432 
                 2630 
                 5260 
                 10520 
                 21040 
                 42080 
               
               
                 53 
                 22 
                 44 
                 88 
                 176 
                 352 
                 2657 
                 5314 
                 10628 
                 21256 
                 42512 
               
               
                 54 
                 17 
                 34 
                 68 
                 136 
                 272 
                 2679 
                 5358 
                 10716 
                 21432 
                 42864 
               
               
                 55 
                 12 
                 24 
                 48 
                 96 
                 192 
                 2696 
                 5392 
                 10784 
                 21568 
                 43136 
               
               
                 56 
                 7 
                 14 
                 28 
                 56 
                 112 
                 2708 
                 5416 
                 10832 
                 21664 
                 43328 
               
               
                 57 
                 2 
                 4 
                 8 
                 16 
                 32 
                 2715 
                 5430 
                 10860 
                 21720 
                 43440 
               
               
                 58 
                 93 
                 186 
                 372 
                 744 
                 1488 
                 2717 
                 5434 
                 10868 
                 21736 
                 43472 
               
               
                 59 
                 88 
                 176 
                 352 
                 704 
                 1408 
                 2810 
                 5620 
                 11240 
                 22480 
                 44960 
               
               
                 60 
                 83 
                 166 
                 332 
                 664 
                 1328 
                 2898 
                 5796 
                 11592 
                 23184 
                 46368 
               
               
                 61 
                 78 
                 156 
                 312 
                 624 
                 1248 
                 2981 
                 5962 
                 11924 
                 23848 
                 47696 
               
               
                 62 
                 73 
                 146 
                 292 
                 584 
                 1168 
                 3059 
                 6118 
                 12236 
                 24472 
                 48944 
               
               
                 63 
                 68 
                 136 
                 272 
                 544 
                 1088 
                 3132 
                 6264 
                 12528 
                 25056 
                 50112 
               
               
                 64 
                 63 
                 126 
                 252 
                 504 
                 1008 
                 3200 
                 6400 
                 12800 
                 25600 
                 51200 
               
               
                 65 
                 58 
                 116 
                 232 
                 464 
                 928 
                 3263 
                 6526 
                 13052 
                 26104 
                 52208 
               
               
                 66 
                 53 
                 106 
                 212 
                 424 
                 848 
                 3321 
                 6642 
                 13284 
                 26568 
                 53136 
               
               
                 67 
                 48 
                 96 
                 192 
                 384 
                 768 
                 3374 
                 6748 
                 13496 
                 26992 
                 53984 
               
               
                 68 
                 43 
                 86 
                 172 
                 344 
                 688 
                 3422 
                 6844 
                 13688 
                 27376 
                 54752 
               
               
                 69 
                 38 
                 76 
                 152 
                 304 
                 608 
                 3465 
                 6930 
                 13860 
                 27720 
                 55440 
               
               
                 70 
                 33 
                 66 
                 132 
                 264 
                 528 
                 3503 
                 7006 
                 14012 
                 28024 
                 56048 
               
               
                 71 
                 28 
                 56 
                 112 
                 224 
                 448 
                 3536 
                 7072 
                 14144 
                 28288 
                 56576 
               
               
                 72 
                 23 
                 46 
                 92 
                 184 
                 368 
                 3564 
                 7128 
                 14256 
                 28512 
                 57024 
               
               
                 73 
                 18 
                 36 
                 72 
                 144 
                 288 
                 3587 
                 7174 
                 14348 
                 28696 
                 57392 
               
               
                 74 
                 13 
                 26 
                 52 
                 104 
                 208 
                 3605 
                 7210 
                 14420 
                 28840 
                 57680 
               
               
                 75 
                 8 
                 16 
                 32 
                 64 
                 128 
                 3618 
                 7236 
                 14472 
                 28944 
                 57888 
               
               
                 76 
                 3 
                 6 
                 12 
                 24 
                 48 
                 3626 
                 7252 
                 14504 
                 29008 
                 58016 
               
               
                 77 
                 94 
                 188 
                 376 
                 752 
                 1504 
                 3629 
                 7258 
                 14516 
                 29032 
                 58064 
               
               
                 78 
                 89 
                 178 
                 356 
                 712 
                 1424 
                 3723 
                 7446 
                 14892 
                 29784 
                 59568 
               
               
                 79 
                 84 
                 168 
                 336 
                 672 
                 1344 
                 3812 
                 7624 
                 15248 
                 30496 
                 60992 
               
               
                 80 
                 79 
                 158 
                 316 
                 632 
                 1264 
                 3896 
                 7792 
                 15584 
                 31168 
                 62336 
               
               
                 81 
                 74 
                 148 
                 296 
                 592 
                 1184 
                 3975 
                 7950 
                 15900 
                 31800 
                 63600 
               
               
                 82 
                 69 
                 138 
                 276 
                 552 
                 1104 
                 4049 
                 8098 
                 16196 
                 32392 
                 64784 
               
               
                 83 
                 64 
                 128 
                 256 
                 512 
                 1024 
                 4118 
                 8236 
                 16472 
                 32944 
                 65888 
               
               
                 84 
                 59 
                 118 
                 236 
                 472 
                 944 
                 4182 
                 8364 
                 16728 
                 33456 
                 66912 
               
               
                 85 
                 54 
                 108 
                 216 
                 432 
                 864 
                 4241 
                 8482 
                 16964 
                 33928 
                 67856 
               
               
                 86 
                 49 
                 98 
                 196 
                 392 
                 784 
                 4295 
                 8590 
                 17180 
                 34360 
                 68720 
               
               
                 87 
                 44 
                 88 
                 176 
                 352 
                 704 
                 4344 
                 8688 
                 17376 
                 34752 
                 69504 
               
               
                 88 
                 39 
                 78 
                 156 
                 312 
                 624 
                 4388 
                 8776 
                 17552 
                 35104 
                 70208 
               
               
                 89 
                 34 
                 68 
                 136 
                 272 
                 544 
                 4427 
                 8854 
                 17708 
                 35416 
                 70832 
               
               
                 90 
                 29 
                 58 
                 116 
                 232 
                 464 
                 4461 
                 8922 
                 17844 
                 35688 
                 71376 
               
               
                 91 
                 24 
                 48 
                 96 
                 192 
                 384 
                 4490 
                 8980 
                 17960 
                 35920 
                 71840 
               
               
                 92 
                 19 
                 38 
                 76 
                 152 
                 304 
                 4514 
                 9028 
                 18056 
                 36112 
                 72224 
               
               
                 93 
                 14 
                 28 
                 56 
                 112 
                 224 
                 4533 
                 9066 
                 18132 
                 36264 
                 72528 
               
               
                 94 
                 9 
                 18 
                 36 
                 72 
                 144 
                 4547 
                 9094 
                 18188 
                 36376 
                 72752 
               
               
                 95 
                 4 
                 8 
                 16 
                 32 
                 64 
                 4556 
                 9112 
                 18224 
                 36448 
                 72896 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0027]    Table 2 shows the RAM size needed for one segment in Mode 1. Each buffer entry requires the number of bits equal to the data carrier soft decision width, therefore the total amount of memory required for the time deinterleaver is the combined depth of all the buffers multiplied by the data carrier bit width. This yields a very large memory size since the total combined buffer depth for one segment in Mode 1 is 72,960 entries for I=16 (see Tables 1 and 2). If the carrier bit width is assumed to be 12 bits long, the RAM memory needed will be over 10 M bits. Many times deinterleaver architectures use 95 distinct intra-buffer offset pointers (counters) implemented as flip-flops. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Total RAM Size 
               
               
                 TOTAL RAM SIZE FOR 1 SEGMENT IN MODE 1 
               
               
                 for interleaving length I = 
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 2 
                 4 
                 8 
                 16 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 4,560 
                 9,120 
                 18,240 
                 36,480 
                 72,960 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0028]    For the simplest case of interleaving length I=1 there are 95 distinct buffer sizes ranging between 1 and 95, so for the time de-interleaving operation to be continuous (uninterrupted) the OFDM symbol counter should count up to the maximum value=LCM (least common multiple) of all natural numbers between 1 and 95, and then be reset to 0 and continue. If the larger values of the interleaving length parameter are considered, the OFDM symbol counter bit width will have to be greater than 130 bits to support the value of the above LCM, which is obviously impractical for hardware implementation. 
         [0029]    If the worst case scenario is considered, where the shortest possible OFDM symbol length is 250 microseconds (Mode 1), the OFDM symbol counter gets incremented every 250 microseconds. If we consider realistic TV watching time, after which the user will switch to another channel or turn off the receiver, a practical value of bit width for the OFDM symbol counter can be used. 
         [0030]    Table 3 shows the performance of 1 to 33-bit OFDM symbol counter in a receiver in terms of the maximum run time before the counter overflow occurs. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Maximum runtimes of OFDM symbol counter 
               
             
          
           
               
                 OFDM 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Symbol 
                 Mode 1 
                 Mode 2 
                 Mode 3 
               
               
                 Counter 
                 0.00025 
                 0.0005 
                 0.001 
               
               
                 Bits 
                 s/symbol 
                 s/symbol 
                 s/symbol 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 0.001 
                 0.001 
                 0.002 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 2 
                 0.001 
                 0.002 
                 0.004 
               
               
                 3 
                 0.002 
                 0.004 
                 0.008 
               
               
                 4 
                 0.004 
                 0.008 
                 0.016 
               
               
                 5 
                 0.008 
                 0.016 
                 0.032 
               
               
                 6 
                 0.016 
                 0.032 
                 0.064 
               
               
                 7 
                 0.032 
                 0.064 
                 0.128 
               
               
                 8 
                 0.064 
                 0.128 
                 0.256 
               
               
                 9 
                 0.128 
                 0.256 
                 0.512 
               
               
                 10 
                 0.256 
                 0.512 
                 1.024 
               
               
                 11 
                 0.512 
                 1.024 
                 2.048 
               
               
                 12 
                 1.024 
                 2.048 
                 4.096 
               
               
                 13 
                 2.048 
                 4.096 
                 8.192 
               
               
                 14 
                 4.096 
                 8.192 
                 16.384 
               
               
                 15 
                 8.192 
                 16.384 
                 32.768 
               
               
                 16 
                 16.384 
                 32.768 
                 65.536 
               
               
                 17 
                 32.768 
                 65.536 
                 131.072 
               
               
                 18 
                 65.536 
                 131.072 
                 262.144 
               
               
                 19 
                 131.072 
                 262.144 
                 524.288 
               
               
                 20 
                 262.144 
                 524.288 
                 1,048.576 
               
               
                 21 
                 524.288 
                 1,048.576 
                 2,097.15 
               
               
                 22 
                 1,048.576 
                 2,097.152 
                 4,194.304 
               
               
                 23 
                 2,097.152 
                 4,194.304 
                 8,388.608 
                   
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.1 
               
               
                 24 
                 4,194.304 
                 8,388.608 
                 16,777.216 
                   
                 0 
                 0.1 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 25 
                 8,388.608 
                 16,777.216 
                 33,554.432 
                   
                 0.1 
                 0.2 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 26 
                 16,777.216 
                 33,554.432 
                 67,108.864 
                   
                 0.2 
                 0.4 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 27 
                 33,554.432 
                 67,108.864 
                 134,217.728 
                   
                 0.4 
                 0.8 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 28 
                 67,108.864 
                 134,217.728 
                 268,435.456 
                   
                 0.8 
                 1.6 
                 3.1 
               
               
                 29 
                 134,217.72 
                 268,435.456 
                 536,870.912 
                   
                 1.6 
                 3.1 
                 6.2 
               
               
                 30 
                 268,435.46 
                 536,870.912 
                 1,073,741.824 
                   
                 3.1 
                 6.2 
                 12.4 
               
               
                 31 
                 536,870.912 
                 1,073,741.824 
                 2,147,483.648 
                   
                 6.2 
                 12.4 
                 24.9 
               
               
                 32 
                 1,073,741.824 
                 2,147,483.648 
                 4,294,967.296 
                   
                 12.4 
                 24.9 
                 49.7 
               
               
                 33 
                 2,147,483.648 
                 4,294,967.296 
                 8,589,934.592 
                 seconds 
                 24.9 
                 49.7 
                 99.4 
                 days 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0031]    For mode 1, the counter width of 29 bits corresponds to more than one day of TV viewing and 33 bits corresponds to about a month of TV viewing time. The OFDM symbol counter is reset to zero upon reaching the end of the current TV viewing period. 
         [0032]      FIG. 2  shows a modulo based pointer architecture in a time deinterleaver ISDB-T receiver. The architecture is described for Mode 1 where there are 96 data carriers per OFDM symbol. However, one skilled in the art would easily realize that Mode 1 is used only as an example and is not a restriction of the various embodiments as disclosed herein. It should be also noted that Mode 1 is used as an example, and the same idea described in the disclosure can be applicable to Mode 2 and Mode 3. 
         [0033]    There are 95 de-interleaving delay buffers and one zero delay buffer in the receiver. The architecture comprises a time deinterleaver random access memory  201  where the deinterleaver buffers are stored, a OFDM symbol counter  202 , a divider  207 , a first lookup table (LUT)  205  for obtaining delay buffer sizes of 95 delay buffers, a second lookup table (LUT)  206  for obtaining buffer base addresses of 95 delay buffers. In different embodiments, the lookup tables  205 ,  206  can be implemented as a read-only memory (ROM) or using dynamic arithmetic calculations. The OFDM symbol counter  202  increments for each OFDM symbol, with bit width of OFDM symbol counter varying from 23-33 bits, while in practical applications the bit width of said OFDM symbol counter varies from 25-30 bits. The modulo divider  207  calculates the intra buffer offset for each carrier by dividing the OFDM symbol counter  202  value with the delay buffer size of the corresponding carrier obtained from the first LUT  205 . The size of the dividend is 23 to 33 bits and the divisor size is up to 11 bits. The divider may be embodied as a combinational divider or a sequential divider. The adder  208  combines the intra buffers offset and buffer base address from the second LUT  206  to calculate the memory address where the input data gets stored in the time deinterleaver RAM  201 . 
         [0034]      FIG. 3  illustrates memory based pointer architecture in a time deinterleaver ISDB-T receiver. The architecture is described for Mode 1 where there are 96 data carriers per OFDM symbol. However, one skilled in the art would easily realize that Mode 1 is used only as an example and is not a restriction of the various embodiments as disclosed herein. It should be also noted that Mode 1 is used as an example, and the same idea described in the disclosure can be applicable to Mode 2 and Mode 3. There are 95 de-interleaving delay buffers and one zero delay buffer in the receiver. The architecture comprises a time deinterleaver RAM  201 , a buffer pointer RAM  302 , a first LUT  205  for obtaining delay buffer sizes of 95 delay buffers, a second LUT  206  for obtaining for obtaining buffer base addresses of 95 delay buffers. The buffer pointer RAM  302  stores the 95 delay buffer pointer values. The buffer pointer works with a circular pointer logic. For each data carrier the corresponding pointer value is read from the buffer pointer RAM  302 , circularly incremented using an adder  303  and written back to the buffer pointer RAM  302 . Adder  307  combines the intra buffers offset and buffer base address from the second LUT  206  to calculate the memory address where the input data gets stored in the time deinterleaver RAM  201 . In different embodiments, the lookup tables  205 ,  206  can be implemented as a ROM or using dynamic arithmetic calculations. 
         [0035]      FIG. 4 , with reference to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , illustrates a method for de-interleaving interleaved data using memory based pointer architecture in accordance with the first embodiment herein. The method begins at step  410 , where for each data carrier the corresponding pointer value is read from the buffer pointer RAM  302  and incremented using adder  303 . The incremented value is stored back in the buffer pointer RAM  302 . At step  420  the delay buffer size value of the corresponding carrier is retrieved from the first LUT  205 . The incremented pointer value is compared with the retrieved buffer size value using circular increment logic to calculate the intra buffer offset at step  430 . Circular increment logic involves adding ‘1’ to the incremented pointer value and comparing the new pointer value with the retrieved buffer size value. If the new value exceeds the buffer size, the new pointer value is zeroed out. At step  440 , the buffer base address value of the corresponding carrier is retrieved from the second LUT  206 . The memory address where the input data needs to be stored is calculated by adding the intra buffer offset to the retrieved buffer base address at step  450 . Finally, at step  460 , the data bits get stored in the deinterleaver RAM  201 . 
         [0036]      FIG. 5 , with reference to  FIGS. 1 and 3 , illustrates a method for de-interleaving interleaved data using modulo based pointer architecture in accordance with the second embodiment herein. The method begins at step  510 , where OFDM symbol counter  202  counts each received symbol. At step  520  the delay buffer size value of the corresponding carrier is retrieved from the first LUT  205 . The intra buffer offset is calculated by dividing the OFDM symbol counter with retrieved delay buffer size value at step  530  using modulo divider  207 . At step  540 , the buffer base address value of the corresponding carrier is retrieved from the second LUT  206 . The memory address where the input data needs to be stored is calculated by adding the intra buffer offset to the retrieved buffer base address at step  550 . The data bits get stored in the deinterleaver RAM  201  at step  560 . 
         [0037]      FIG. 6  illustrates the test data input timing for both the modulo based pointer architecture of  FIG. 2  and the memory based pointer architecture of  FIG. 3 . The incoming data carriers (DIN) are two clock cycles apart. The interleaving length is equal to 8. However, one skilled in the art would easily realize that an interleaving length of 8 is used as an example and is not a restriction of the embodiments as disclosed herein. Data is written into the deinterleaver RAM  201  every two-clock cycles apart. DOUT represents the data as taken out of the deinterleaver RAM  201 . If the incoming data is spaced many cycles apart, the size of modulo based architecture can be reduced by making the divider a sequential divider. 
         [0038]    The architectures provided by the embodiments herein and illustrated in  FIGS. 2 and 3  results in chip area savings compared with the conventional architectures. Using an example of 0.13 um standard cell technology, one scan flip-flop is roughly 40 um 2 , so for conventional design the 95×11 flip-flops alone will occupy up to 40,000 um 2 . One example of sequential divider implementation with a 25-30 bit dividend is 7,000-10,000 um 2 , plus an OFDM symbol counter of 1000-1200 um2, so the equivalent design saves about 30,000 um 2 . For a memory-based design, a 95×11 RAM is on average 5,000-7,000 um 2 , plus additional adder logic plus memory built-in self-test (BIST) overhead, so the equivalent design is under 10,000 um 2 , which also saves around 30,000 um 2 . Hence assuming that the rest of the architecture (buffer size LUT, buffer address LUT and memory address calculation logic) is the same between existing art and the proposed architectures, chip area for the intra-buffer pointer storage and calculation requires reduction. 
         [0039]    The techniques provided by the embodiments herein may be implemented on an integrated circuit chip (not shown) and may be used in digital video broadcast systems for handheld devices, and implemented in the baseband chip sets. The chip design is created in a graphical computer programming language, and stored in a computer storage medium (such as a disk, tape, physical hard drive, or virtual hard drive such as in a storage access network). If the designer does not fabricate chips or the photolithographic masks used to fabricate chips, the designer transmits the resulting design by physical means (e.g., by providing a copy of the storage medium storing the design) or electronically (e.g., through the Internet) to such entities, directly or indirectly. The stored design is then converted into the appropriate format (e.g., GDSII) for the fabrication of photolithographic masks, which typically include multiple copies of the chip design in question that are to be formed on a wafer. The photolithographic masks are utilized to define areas of the wafer (and/or the layers thereon) to be etched or otherwise processed. 
         [0040]    The resulting integrated circuit chips can be distributed by the fabricator in raw wafer form (that is, as a single wafer that has multiple unpackaged chips), as a bare die, or in a packaged form. In the latter case the chip is mounted in a single chip package (such as a plastic carrier, with leads that are affixed to a motherboard or other higher level carrier) or in a multichip package (such as a ceramic carrier that has either or both surface interconnections or buried interconnections). In any case the chip is then integrated with other chips, discrete circuit elements, and/or other signal processing devices as part of either (a) an intermediate product, such as a motherboard, or (b) an end product. The end product can be any product that includes integrated circuit chips, ranging from toys and other low-end applications to advanced computer products having a display, a keyboard or other input device, and a central processor. 
         [0041]    The embodiments herein can take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment including both hardware and software elements. The embodiments that are implemented in software include but are not limited to, firmware, resident software, microcode, etc. 
         [0042]    Furthermore, the embodiments herein can take the form of a computer program product accessible from a computer-usable or computer-readable medium providing program code for use by or in connection with a computer or any instruction execution system. For the purposes of this description, a computer-usable or computer readable medium can be any apparatus that can comprise, store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. 
         [0043]    The medium can be an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system (or apparatus or device) or a propagation medium. Examples of a computer-readable medium include a semiconductor or solid-state memory, magnetic tape, a removable computer diskette, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a rigid magnetic disk and an optical disk. Current examples of optical disks include compact disk-read only memory (CD-ROM), compact disk-read/write (CD-R/W) and DVD. 
         [0044]    A data processing system suitable for storing and/or executing program code will include at least one processor coupled directly or indirectly to memory elements through a system bus. The memory elements can include local memory employed during actual execution of the program code, bulk storage, and cache memories which provide temporary storage of at least some program code in order to reduce the number of times code must be retrieved from bulk storage during execution. 
         [0045]    Input/output (I/O) devices (including but not limited to keyboards, displays, pointing devices, etc.) can be coupled to the system either directly or through intervening I/O controllers. Network adapters may also be coupled to the system to enable the data processing system to become coupled to other data processing systems or remote printers or storage devices through intervening private or public networks. Modems, cable modem and Ethernet cards are just a few of the currently available types of network adapters. 
         [0046]    The foregoing description of the specific embodiments will so fully reveal the general nature of the embodiments herein that others can, by applying current knowledge, readily modify and/or adapt for various applications such specific embodiments without departing from the generic concept, and, therefore, such adaptations and modifications should and are intended to be comprehended within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation. Therefore, while the embodiments herein have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that the embodiments herein can be practiced with modification within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.