Abstract:
A system and a method for a commercial nuclear repository that turns heat and gamma radiation from spent nuclear fuel into a valuable revenue stream. Gamma radiation from the spent nuclear fuel of the repository may be used to irradiate and sterilize food and other substances. Gamma radiation may also be used to improve the properties of target substances. Additionally, heat decay from the spent nuclear fuel of the repository may be harnessed to heat materials or fluids. The heated fluids may be used, for instance, to produce steam that may make electricity. The heating of working fluids for use in processes, such as heated fluid streams for fermentation or industrial heating, may be transported out of the repository and co-mingled with other heat input, or other fluids.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0002]    Example embodiments relate generally to a nuclear repository, and more particularly to a system and a method for turning heat and gamma radiation into value in a nuclear repository. 
         [0003]    2. Related Art 
         [0004]    Light water reactors (LWRs) produce electricity using enriched uranium. Spent nuclear fuel (SNF), which may include fission products,  235 U, and  239 P, is a radioactive by-product of a LWR. The conventional strategy for handling LWR SNF is to store spent material on-site at LWRs for 10-20 years (in spent nuclear fuel pools) and eventually move the SNF to off-site, long-term geologic repositories in order to protect the environment as well as the public. Generally, geologic repositories are designed to stock-pile radioactive waste in rock deep underground (for instance, in Yucca Mountain in Nevada). For instance, as shown in  FIG. 1 , spent nuclear fuel has conventionally been stored in reinforced underground tunnels  2 . The spent nuclear fuel may be moved into the tunnel  2  on a gantry crane rail  2 . The spent nuclear fuel may include pressurized water reactor waste packages  6 , co-disposal waste packages (with high-level waste canisters and/or Department of Energy spent nuclear fuel canisters)  8  and boiling water reactor waste packages  10 , for example. The spent nuclear fuel may be covered by a drip shield  12 , to isolate the fuel from water that may contact the waste fuel and re-enter the environment through local water tables. 
         [0005]    During the long-term storage of the spent waste fuel, gamma radiation and radioactive heat continue to be emitted for extended periods of time (lasting thousands of years). Therefore, by storing the spent nuclear fuel in long-term storage repositories, the economic value of gamma rays and decay heat is lost. 
       SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
       [0006]    Example embodiments are used to turn a waste liability (spent nuclear fuel) into a valuable revenue stream. Specifically, example embodiments provide a system and a method for a commercial nuclear repository using heat and radiation from the spent nuclear fuel as inputs for commercial processes. Gamma radiation from the spent nuclear fuel may be used to irradiate and sterilize food and other substances. Gamma radiation may also be used to improve the properties of other target substances (such as cross linking polymer compounds to make larger polymer chains). Heat decay from the spent nuclear fuel may be used to harness heat energy to heat materials or fluids. The heating of fluids may be used, for instance, to form steam that may produce electricity using an organic Rankine cycle. The heating of working fluids may also be used in other processes, such as fermentation (e.g. bio fuels) or industrial heating. Heated fluids from the long-term storage repository may also be co-mingled with other heat input, or with other fluids. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0007]    The above and other features and advantages of example embodiments will become more apparent by describing in detail, example embodiments with reference to the attached drawings. The accompanying drawings are intended to depict example embodiments and should not be interpreted to limit the intended scope of the claims. The accompanying drawings are not to be considered as drawn to scale unless explicitly noted. 
           [0008]      FIG. 1  is a conventional geological repository for spent nuclear fuel; 
           [0009]      FIG. 2  is a side-view of a commercial nuclear repository configuration, in accordance with an example embodiment; 
           [0010]      FIG. 3  is a rear-view of the commercial nuclear repository configuration of  FIG. 2 , in accordance with an example embodiment; 
           [0011]      FIG. 4  is another commercial nuclear repository configuration, in accordance with an example embodiment; and 
           [0012]      FIG. 5  is a diagram of a waste heat to electricity generator, in accordance with an example embodiment. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0013]    Detailed example embodiments are disclosed herein. However, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are merely representative for purposes of describing example embodiments. Example embodiments may, however, be embodied in many alternate forms and should not be construed as limited to only the embodiments set forth herein. 
         [0014]    Accordingly, while example embodiments are capable of various modifications and alternative forms, embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and will herein be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that there is no intent to limit example embodiments to the particular forms disclosed, but to the contrary, example embodiments are to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the scope of example embodiments. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout the description of the figures. 
         [0015]    It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and, similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of example embodiments. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. 
         [0016]    It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “connected” or “coupled” to another element, it may be directly connected or coupled to the other element or intervening elements may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly connected” or “directly coupled” to another element, there are no intervening elements present. Other words used to describe the relationship between elements should be interpreted in a like fashion (e.g., “between” versus “directly between”, “adjacent” versus “directly adjacent”, etc.). 
         [0017]    The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises”, “comprising,”, “includes” and/or “including”, when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
         [0018]    It should also be noted that in some alternative implementations, the functions/acts noted may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two figures shown in succession may in fact be executed substantially concurrently or may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality/acts involved. 
         [0019]      FIG. 2  is a side-view of a commercial nuclear repository configuration  30 , in accordance with an example embodiment. The configuration may include spent nuclear fuel containers  14  that may be held by a support structure  16  on a rail car  18 . The support structure  16  may be made of a metallic material such as stainless steel that withstands heat and radiation emitted from the spent nuclear fuel  14 . The support structure  16  may include semi-circular saddles  16   a  that support cylindrically-shaped spent nuclear fuel containers  14 . The saddles  16   a  may also be formed into other shapes to individually support spent nuclear fuel containers  14  that may be non-cylindrical. 
         [0020]    Fins  22  mounted on supports  22   a  may be located on or near the rail car  18  to capture heat energy. Fins  22  may be made of metal (such as stainless steel) with a high heat of conductivity, to capture and magnify heat energy on and around the rail car  18 . The fins  22  may be formed into flat, square or rectangular shapes. The fins  22  may also be formed into cubes, or other three-dimensional shapes. The fins  22  may include ribs  22   b , or other protrusions  22   c  that extend from the fins  22 , to increase the overall external surface area of each fin  22  (and thereby maximize heat that may be radiated from the fins  22 ). 
         [0021]    In order to easily move the rail car  18  into position in a repository, such as an underground geological repository, the rail car  18  may have wheels  18   a  that allow the car  18  to be transported on rails  20 . Alternative to using rails  20  and a rail car  18 , a conveyor belt of other similar structure may be used in order to support and transport the spent nuclear fuel canisters  14  in and out of the tunnel  2 . 
         [0022]    The example embodiment shown in  FIG. 2 , as well as the other embodiments described herein, may make use of a constant decay heat input (and constant gamma radiation, as described in additional embodiments, below) for approximately 10 years without requiring new radioactive material to be added to the repository. Furthermore, the repositories may be continuously operated for about 30 years, with only about a 50% reduction in power output during that time. During the commercial operating life of a permanent repository, the spent nuclear fuel may be supplemented, or replaced, with new spent nuclear fuel (as needed) to optimize the repository output. 
         [0023]      FIG. 3  is a rear-view of the commercial nuclear repository configuration  30  of  FIG. 2 , in accordance with an example embodiment. The repository configuration  30  may be located in a reinforced tunnel  2  that may be made of rock  3 . The tunnel  2  may be, for instance, an underground tunnel  2 . Alternatively, the repository  30  may be located in treatment tanks, or in other infrastructure that may be in a remote location. 
         [0024]    The tunnel (known as a drift)  2  may include fluid piping  15 . The fluid pipe  15  may include a flowing fluid, such as a liquid (for instance, water) or a gas. The pipe  15  may pass through the tunnel  2  and near rail car  18  to capture low grade heat that is emitted by both the spent nuclear fuel canisters  14  themselves, as well as the fins  22 . The heated fluid piping  15  may be transported out of the repository  30  and used in commercial processes. For instance, the fluid piping  15  may be used as an input for processes requiring low grade heat, such as fermentation (e.g., to produce bio-fuels). The fluid piping  15  may also be used for industrial heating, such as a business that may wish to reduce their operating costs with an inexpensive form of heat. The fluid piping  15  may be co-mingled with other fluids, in order to heat those fluids. Alternatively, the fluid piping  15  may be used as an input to a heat exchanger that may heat other fluids. Furthermore, the fluid piping  15  may be used to produce electricity, as described herein in more detail. 
         [0025]    It should be understood that the heat extracted by the repository  30  (both as a volumetric rate, and as a temperature) is a function of the following: the coolant (fluid in piping  15 ) properties, coolant flow (temperature of the fluid is inversely proportional to flow), age of the spent nuclear fuel (the greater the age, the less heat output), the matrix (physical configuration) of the spent nuclear fuel and fluid piping  15  locations, and the density and composition of the spent nuclear fuel. Therefore, the heat extracted by the fluid piping  15  (as a function of a volumetric rate of heat removal, or as a function of temperature of the coolant in the piping  15 ) may be controlled by: changing the coolant used in piping  15 , changing a flow-rate of the coolant, tracking the age of the spent nuclear fuel, adjusting the locations of the spent nuclear fuel in proximity to the fluid piping  15 , adjusting the overall amount of spent nuclear fuel canisters  14  in the drift  2 , and tracking the composition (types of fission products) of the spent nuclear fuel included in the spent nuclear fuel canisters  14 . For a general understanding of the repository  30  capabilities, if the fluid in piping  15  were to be water, a well designed drift  2  may create fluid output temperatures in a range of 212 to 482° F. (100 to 250° C.). Drifts  2  may be placed in parallel or in series with other drifts  2 , to optimize volumetric flow or temperature ranges for the fluid piping  15 , as needed. A flow meter  15   a  and a temperature gauge  15   b  may be included within the fluid piping  15 , in order to control the volumetric heat removal and/or control the temperature of the coolant exiting the fluid piping  15  as it exits the drift  2 . A temperature gauge  15   b  may also be placed in the drift  2  and near the spent nuclear fuel canisters  14  in order to further control the heating of the fluid piping  15 . 
         [0026]      FIG. 4  is another commercial nuclear repository configuration  32 , in accordance with an example embodiment. The configuration may also be located in an underground tunnel  2  of rock  3  (or in another remote, protected location). The configuration  32  may include a rail car  18  with wheels  18   a  on a track  20  that support a target material  24 . This allows the target material  24  to be easily moved in and out of the tunnel  2  with a minimal amount of radiation exposure to repository personnel. Alternative to using rails  20  and a rail car  18 , a conveyor belt of other similar structure may be used in order to support and transport the target material  24  in and out of the tunnel  2 . 
         [0027]    Spent nuclear fuel canisters  14  may also be located in the tunnel  2 . The spent nuclear fuel canisters  14  may emit gamma radiation that may be used to sterilize, or otherwise affect a physical property of the target material  24 . Such sterilization may be used, for instance, to kill bacteria or assist in the preservation of food products, medical instruments, or other such sterilization needs. Gamma radiation from the spent nuclear fuel canisters  14  may also be used to change the chemical structure of the target material  24 . For instance, gamma radiation may be used to cross link polymers in order to make larger polymers to produce consumer products. 
         [0028]    A radiation monitor  26  may be placed near the target  24 , providing operating personnel with a means of remotely monitoring the amount of radiation exposure the target  24  is receiving. The radiation monitor  26  may be attached to the target, itself, in order to accurately measure the entire amount of radiation the target  24  receives while in the tunnel  2 . 
         [0029]    It should be understood that the maximum gamma field of the tunnel (drift)  2  may be determined by the mass of fission products in the spent nuclear fuel  14 , and the amount of shielding in the tunnel  2 . Generally, over 700 fission products are present in typical spent nuclear fuel  14  derived from a LWR. Each of the fission products has different decay constants, concentrations, and gamma energies. To leverage the fission products to create an effective gamma irradiation drift  2 , it is best to locate the spent nuclear fuel  14  around a periphery of the drift  2 , such that a target material  24  may be surrounded by the spent nuclear fuel  14 . Using such a configuration, the target  24  may also be easily moved in and out of the drift  2 . 
         [0030]    It should be understood that the example embodiment of  FIG. 4  (similar to the embodiment of  FIG. 2 ) may provide a permanent and/or long-term storage of spent nuclear fuel, while effectively irradiating target materials for decades. The repository may have a commercial operating life of about 60 years (or longer), and during that period the spent nuclear fuel may be supplemented, or replaced, with new spent nuclear fuel (as needed) to optimize the repository output. It should also be understood that the gamma radiation produced by the repository  32  is a function of the following: the age of the spent nuclear fuel (the greater the age, the less heat output), the type (and consistency of fission products) of spent nuclear fuel, the matrix (physical configuration) of the spent nuclear fuel in relation to the position of the target, the amount of shielding in the drift, and the density of the spent nuclear fuel. Therefore, the gamma radiation exposure absorbed by a target material  24  may be controlled by: tracking the age of the spent nuclear fuel in the spent nuclear fuel canisters  14 , tracking the composition (types of fission products) of the spent nuclear fuel in the spent nuclear fuel canisters  14 , adjusting the locations of the spent nuclear fuel canisters  14  in relation to the target material  24 , adjusting the shielding within the drift, and adjusting the overall mass of the spent nuclear fuel canisters  14  located in the drift  2 . 
         [0031]      FIG. 5  is a diagram of a waste heat to electricity generator configuration  34 , in accordance with an example embodiment. The configuration  34  may include a heat exchanger  40  that exchanges heat between heated piping  15  (of  FIG. 3 ) and a high pressure liquid  58 . The heat exchanger  40  may produce heated and pressurized vapor  42  that may be sent to an integrated power module  44  to produce electrical energy  46 . Low pressure vapor  48  from the power module  44  may be sent to an evaporative condenser  50  with a recirculation pump  52  (and recirculation line  52   a ), to condense the vapor  48 . Condensed liquid  54  may be pressurized with pump  56  to provide a complete electricity generator configuration  34 . Other known configurations making use of heated piping  15  as an input to a Rankine cycle to produce electricity may also be used. 
         [0032]    Example embodiments having thus been described, it will be obvious that the same may be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the intended spirit and scope of example embodiments, and all such modifications as would be obvious to one skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims.