Abstract:
The present invention relates to battery power peripheral devices such as MP3 players which are also periodically connected to another power source such as a mains wall socket or USB cable power bus. In particular, but not exclusively, the present invention relates to regulation of these voltage sources. In general terms the present invention provides a dual supply rail for the load regulators of a power supply circuit for a battery powered device. One supply rail is coupled to the battery, and the other is coupled to a non-battery source such as an external mains regulated source and/or a bus power wire from a USB cable or similar. The regulators have dual inputs, each for taking their input voltage from one of these supply rails.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     The present invention relates to battery powered peripheral devices such as MP3 players or cell-phones which are also periodically connected to another power source such as a mains wall socket or USB cable power bus. In particular, but not exclusively, the present invention relates to regulation of these voltage sources.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]      FIG. 1   a  shows a power supply system for a typical battery-powered peripheral device. The system comprises connections  11  and  13  to external power supplies, as well as to a re-chargeable battery  10 . The external supplies are typically regulated ( 12 ) and/or switched to a common external supply node (Vsup) which supplies charging current to the battery through a charging circuit or controller  14 . The battery  10  is coupled to an internal power bus which supplies one or more load regulators  15  which provide regulated voltage outputs to one or more parts of the peripheral device. For example one load regulator  15   a  may supply the disk drive of an MP 3  player, whilst another regulator  15   b  supplies its signal processing and amplifier circuitry.  
         [0003]     The battery  10  can be recharged from the power wires  11  in a bus cable, such as a USB or IEEE 1394 connection. Supply current taken from the bus power wires  11  will generally first pass through a supply bus regulation block  12 . In the case of USB, this is required to guarantee that the current taken from the bus be limited to 100 mA or 500 mA. For the case of 1394 the supply regulator  12  is required to attenuate a possible 48V to the 5V or so maximum that the power supply system circuitry can tolerate. Techniques for such regulators, generally involving sensing the output voltage and current and feeding these signals into one or more feedback loops are well known to those versed in the art.  
         [0004]     In an alternate mode of operation, some or all of the required supply current can be sourced externally ( 13 ) via a transformer (not shown) attached to the mains, or perhaps from a 12V nominal source from a car battery. This supply voltage is again generally pre-regulated to 5V or so, for example by a linear or switching regulator (not shown). There may also be a means for selection between the bus ( 11 ) and the external ( 13 ) supplies, for example either diodes in series with one or more of these supplies or more intelligent control with comparators and controlled switches. For simplicity these are not shown in  FIG. 1 . These non-battery supplies ( 11 ,  13 ) are coupled to a common node or voltage rail Vsup, which is then supplied by one of these external supply sources ( 11  or  13 ).  
         [0005]     Current supplied to the battery  10  must be regulated in current to limit the current when charging, and in voltage to prevent over-charging of the battery. This function is achieved using a charging control block or circuit  14 . For example a Li-ion battery will typically be charged at constant current (typically 0.5 to 1.0 C amperes, where C is the battery capacity in ampere-hours, say 800 mAh) until its terminal voltage reaches 4.2V, then it will be charged at constant voltage of 4.2V until the current taken drops to near zero. Techniques for such charger regulators  14 , generally involving sensing the output voltage and current and feeding these signals into one or more feedback loops, are well known to those versed in the art.  
         [0006]     Depending on the state of charge of the battery  10 , its output voltage Vbat can vary from say 4.2V when fully charged to as low as about 2.7V before the battery becomes so discharged as to cause irreversible degradation in its capacity. As high-current loads (e.g. motors) are switched on and off, this battery terminal voltage may also vary due to the output impedance of the battery (say 100 mΩ). Some circuitry may be able to accept this unregulated voltage direct from the battery. This may be attractive in terms of system cost. However most circuitry will require a cleaner, better regulated, supply, perhaps regulated at 1.8V or 3.3V for logic circuitry, and higher voltages for other applications, such as 7.2V for driving banks of white LEDs for example. There will thus generally be one or more voltage regulators  15   a  and  15   b  driven from the battery line Vbat.  
         [0007]     Depending on the input and output voltage levels, the efficiency required, and the cleanliness required of the supply, these voltage regulators  15  may be capacitive charge pumps, or inductive buck or boost switching regulators, or linear regulators. These are shown in simplified from in  FIG. 1   a , and in more detail in  FIG. 2 .  FIG. 2   a  shows a low-drop-out linear regulator;  FIG. 2   b  shows a non-low-dropout linear regulator;  FIG. 2   c  shows a buck switching regulator;  FIG. 2   d  shows a buck-boost switching regulator;  FIG. 2   e  shows a boost switching regulator,  FIG. 2   f  shows a non-inverting boosting capacitor charge pump regulator, and  FIG. 2   g  shows an inverting capacitor charge pump regulator. Many other well-known variants of regulator exist, including those where diodes are replaced by appropriately switched pass transistors.  
         [0008]     Except for the simple boost regulator ( FIG. 2   e ), all these circuits contain a switch-type input pass device Mp connected directly to the input supply, and to a regulator internal or output node Vx. The charge pump of  FIG. 2   f  includes two such devices. The boost regulator of  FIG. 2   e  includes an input inductor rather than a switch-type device and which is connected to a similar internal node Vx.  
         [0009]     Note that the various pass devices are shown as MOSFETs but may be any suitable device including NMOS, PMOS, diodes, or bipolar transistors or even relays where suitable.  
         [0010]     Generally, if the alternate supply ( 13 ) is available, it will be used in preference to the bus supply ( 11 ) or the battery ( 10 ). If no alternate supply is available, the bus supply will be used if possible. Only if neither the bus supply nor the alternate supply is available will the battery supply ( 10 ) be used. This operation can be realised for example by sensing the voltage on the various supplies and controlling various switches depending on which of these supplies exceed respective thresholds. Such control techniques are well known to those skilled in the art.  
         [0011]     An example of a similar type of power supply is disclosed in Maxim Integrated Products&#39; data sheet reference MAX1874. As shown in FIG  1   b , this merges transistors or pass devices Ma and Mb and their controls  12  and  14  from  FIG. 1   a , and couples the alternate supply to the battery via a parallel transistor Mb 2  and control  14 ′. This chip does not include the downstream regulators, but they would typically be connected to the battery as shown, to allow the system to function powered from the battery in the absence of the supplies.  
         [0012]     One problem with this type of scheme relates to the time which the system takes to become active when powered from the bus ( 11 ) or alternate ( 13 ) supply with a discharged battery  10 . The load regulators  15  will have a minimum input voltage, perhaps 3.2V, (or maybe as high as 3.6V for a 3.3V linear low-dropout regulator— FIG. 2   a ), whereas the battery may initially be discharged below this voltage. Thus the system supplied by the load regulators  15  will not work properly until the battery  10  is charged up. Where the battery is heavily discharged, this might take several minutes or longer. If the battery is deeply discharged, below say 2.5V, the battery charging current is in fact typically reduced by a factor of ten in order to minimize battery capacity degradation effects and also as a safety mechanism due to the fact that in the absence of adequate power there may be no software control of the system. In this situation the wake-up time will clearly be even longer. This behaviour is undesirable to consumers who now desire “instant-on” behaviour.  
         [0013]     A further problem is that the charger current control  14  or  14 ′ limits the current to the node Vbat, to avoid too rapid charging of the battery  10 . However it cannot differentiate between current taken by the battery  10  and that taken by the other loads, for example the regulators  15 . Thus if the battery charging current is limited to 100 mA, then the total taken by the loads is also limited to 100 mA. Thus if they take 99 mA, only 1 mA is available to charge the battery, further increasing the time required for the system to operate properly. Even if the error is less gross than this, and say there is only a 25% reduction in charger current actually reaching the battery, this may well confuse the analog or digital control of the battery charging process, affecting the effective Icharge-Vbat trajectory, and causing a charging time that is still sub-optimum, even allowing for the 25% reduction in battery charging current.  
         [0014]     In this kind of scheme the system current is also limited to the maximum current allowed by the charger  14  or  14 ′, which means that whenever the overall system current (including regulator input current) requires a higher current than allowed by charger control, this current would be drained out of the battery  10 . This is not just extending charging time it is also decreasing the battery life time.  
         [0015]     The circuit could be improved by sensing current flowing only into the battery  10 , while controlling all current into Vbat, but this still does not guarantee adequate current into the other loads  15 , as the splitting of current will be defined by the respective V-I characteristics of all circuits connected to the Vbat node, including the battery, so a discharged battery would tend to steal current away from loads expecting a higher voltage. This means that this current would be taken by the battery  10  as a priority, rather than by the loads  15  as a priority.  
         [0016]      FIG. 3  illustrates one solution to this problem of the “instant-on” requirement. The load regulators  15  are now supplied from the bus supply and external supply common node Vsup, rather than directly from the battery  10 . As the battery node Vbat can be isolated (switch Mc and charging control  14 ) from this common supply node Vsup, the system can wake up as soon as power is applied either from the bus ( 11 ) or the alternate ( 13 ) supply. Only when neither the alternate supply ( 13 ) nor the bus ( 11 ) can supply current, an additional battery switch Mc is turned on, and the load regulators  15  are then supplied from the battery  10 .  
         [0017]     Examples of similar arrangements are disclosed in Linear Technology Corporation&#39;s data sheet references LTC3455 and LTC4055.  
         [0018]     In these cases the battery charger supplies only the battery, so the charging current can be accurately monitored to allow intelligent control of the charging current-voltage trajectory.  
         [0019]     Also when driving the system from the bus or alternate supply, this arrangement avoids the power losses associated with passing current through the charger regulator prior to being input to following switching regulators. Efficiency per se may not be a major concern when driving from non-battery supplies, but reducing power dissipated may allow less heat-sinking and hence lower system cost.  
         [0020]     The main problem with this solution is the extra voltage drop between Vbat and Vsup when the load regulators  15  are driven from the battery  10  compared to the system of  FIG. 1 . The battery voltage is at best 4.2V, and should work down to as low as possible to extend operating time between battery recharging (albeit avoiding deep discharge, below about 2.6V). The load regulators  15  require a minimum input voltage (regulated output voltage plus dropout voltage) in order to maintain regulation of their output voltage, so the regulators will continue to function correctly until the battery discharges to this minimum input voltage. However the voltage drop across this additional switch device (Mc) effectively increases the minimum voltage required from the battery, and hence reduces the time the battery can provide this. The voltage drops across switch devices (Ma, Mb, Mc) increases with their on-resistance.  
         [0021]     Given the technologies available today, these switch devices will generally be implemented using MOS switches, rather than bipolar transistors or relays. Lower on-resistance discrete MOS switches are more expensive as they require larger silicon area or more complex and specialized wafer processing. More particularly, for systems where most of the circuitry of  FIG. 1  or  3  is implemented on a single chip, the total area required for these switches has not only an impact on chip area and hence cost, but also may require so much area that the silicon die may not fit in the desired plastic package. This is especially critical for portable equipment such as MP3 players or mobile phones, where the size of the whole system is an important specification and requires the smallest possible package size.  
         [0022]     To allow Vbat to reach 4.2V when fed from a 4.5V bus supply ( 11 ), Ma and Mb might be sized to drop 150 mV each at peak battery charging current. But the sizes of input transistors Mp in the switching or linear load regulators  15  will define a minimum input voltage to keep their respective outputs in regulation. So either a substantial reduction in operating battery life has to be tolerated, or the input switches Mp of the load regulators  15  have to be greatly enlarged and possibly even extra bond wires and package terminals added as the parasitic resistances involved in tracking the current from chip to the outside world are significant. For example if a minimum battery voltage of 3.6V has to supply a 3.3V output linear dropout regulator  15   b , then battery switch Mc and the regulator&#39;s pass device Mp have to be designed for a 150 mV drop-out voltage each at peak load current.  
         [0023]     There is also a possible issue of problems arising from modulation of the voltage on Vsup caused by load variations on the load regulators  15 . As downstream peripherals are plugged in, or as a disc drive internal to the battery-powered peripheral starts up, there can be a rapid surge in supply demanded from one regulator  15   a . This will appear as a current step on Vsup, giving a voltage step across the on-resistance of Mc, and this may be enough to transiently reduce Vsup below the minimum input voltage for another regulator  15   b  on Vsup, or at best give a transient on this regulator output due to its finite line regulation. Even when the line regulation is good at d.c., it falls off with frequency, so voltage steps on Vsup may still give transients on the regulator outputs.  
         [0024]     If Mc is controlled in a local regulation loop, rather than just being turned on, this may reduce transients, but this loop will again have finite gain and bandwidth, so there will still be transients at some level. This would also increase the complexity and hence cost of the circuit arrangement. Also if Mc is regulated for example to deliver a Vsup at a fixed voltage difference below Vbat, this voltage difference will then have to be set to a worst-case voltage drop, which will make battery voltage headroom under non-maximum load conditions even worse.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0025]     In general terms the present invention provides a dual supply rail for the load regulators of a power supply circuit for a battery powered device. One supply rail is coupled to the battery, and the other is coupled to a non-battery source such as an external mains regulated source and/or a bus power wire from a USB cable or similar. The regulators are supplied from either supply rail but through different pass or switch devices.  
         [0026]     Preferably the regulators have dual inputs each with an associated pass or switch device, and each for taking their input voltage directly from one of the supply rails.  
         [0027]     The regulators can be powered from either the battery or the non-battery sources, but these sources are provided to the regulators via different pass devices or transistors. This allows these two different pass devices to have different on-resistance by for example being of different sizes and/or types in order to optimise cost or performance. Preferably these pass devices are integral with the regulators themselves.  
         [0028]     The two supply rails are effectively isolated from each other when the battery is supplying the regulators.  
         [0029]     The pass device will typically be a switch type of device such as a transistor, diode, or even relay, however certain types of regulator require a different type of pass device, and the dual input version of this will therefore require two of these input pass devices. For example a simple boost regulator has an inductor as its input pass device, and a dual input version will therefore require two input inductors.  
         [0030]     In an embodiment the two supply rails are connected directly to respective inputs of the regulators. As there is no switch between the battery and the load regulators, there is no voltage drop across such a switch device when power is supplied from the battery. This reduced voltage drop from the battery can be used to improve effective battery life.  
         [0031]     The improvement in battery life can be traded off against reduction in size of the input transistors required by the battery inputs of the regulators and/or the cost and size of the battery. Also the devices required for the non-battery inputs of the dual-input regulator can typically be made smaller, since the minimum non-battery source supply voltages are usually greater than the minimum battery voltage, and efficiency is not so important in the case of non-battery supply. So despite the extra transistors required to implement the dual-input regulators, the total transistor area will typically be reduced.  
         [0032]     The reduction in total pass device (transistor) area not only reduces manufacturing cost, but the reduced transistor capacitance also reduces the power consumed by switching these devices in switching regulators. The reduced transistor capacitance also improves stability of linear regulators, and additionally reduces capacitive coupling of noise on these supplies to other circuitry on the same chip.  
         [0033]     At the same time, the “instant-on” feature is available when power is supplied from the non-battery (bus or external) source.  
         [0034]     In particular in one aspect the present invention provides a power supply circuit for a battery powered device, the circuit comprising: an input for receiving a first non-battery voltage supply and coupled to a first power bus; an input for receiving a second battery voltage supply and coupled to a second power bus; a common load regulator having two input devices, one said input device connected directly to the first power bus and the other said input device connected directly to the second power bus, the common regulator arranged to derive the regulated power supply from the first power bus or to derive the regulated power supply from the second power bus; and a charging circuit coupled between the first power bus and the second power bus.  
         [0035]     The common load regulator input devices can be optimised depending on which power bus they are connected to. For example the “non-battery” input devices can be made small because their on-resistance is not critical. Whereas the “battery” input devices can also be made smaller than known arrangements corresponding to  FIG. 3  because no additional battery switch is required. On the other hand, the power supply circuit provides “instant-on” power from the non-battery supply irrespective of the charge state of the battery, unlike known arrangements corresponding to  FIG. 1 .  
         [0036]     The load regulator input devices will typically be MOS based transistors such as MOSFETS, but could be other devices, such as diodes or bipolar transistors The power supply circuit may include many load regulators, all supplied by the above dual power bus arrangement.  
         [0037]     Preferably the or each common regulator comprises switches in order to switch between a sub-circuit for regulating the first power bus voltage and a sub-circuit for regulating the second power bus voltage supply.  
         [0038]     The common load regulators may include low and non-low dropout linear regulators, buck switching and buck-boost switching regulators, and capacitor charge pump regulators. The use of simple boost regulators is also possible, but generally would involve an input inductor between each supply rail and the common internal node. The regulators will usually be voltage regulators, but could be constant-current regulators, or may be switchable into constant-current modes, for example for “Hot-swap” applications.  
         [0039]     In particular in another aspect there is provided a power supply circuit for a battery powered device, the circuit comprising: an input for receiving a first non-battery voltage supply; an input for receiving a second battery voltage supply; a load regulator coupled to the first supply by a first switch device and coupled to the second supply by a different second switch device; and a charging circuit coupled between the first non-battery voltage supply and the second battery voltage supply.  
         [0040]     The first and second switch devices are coupled to different regulator inputs. Preferably the switch devices are input transistors integral with the regulator. Preferably the devices are MOS based transistors.  
         [0041]     Preferably the first and second switch devices have different on-resistances. This may be achieved with the use of different chip area.  
         [0042]     In general terms in another aspect there is provided a dual input regulator having two input MOS based transistors for receiving input voltage from two different sources; a battery source and a non-battery source. The regulator is internally switched in order to form an effective regulator circuit with one of the input transistors depending on which input voltage is used.  
         [0043]     This allows the respective input transistors to be sized according to their source, and can allow overall reductions in transistor chip area as discussed above.  
         [0044]     In particular in another aspect the present invention provides a dual input regulator for a power supply circuit, the regulator comprising: two input pass devices, one said pass device for connecting directly to a first power bus and the other said pass device connected directly to a second power bus, the regulator arranged to derive the regulated power supply from the first power bus or to derive the regulated power supply from the second power bus; wherein the two pass devices are MOS-based transistors.  
         [0045]     In one embodiment of the regulator, the two input transistors each have first connections connected respectively to the two voltage supply buses; the two input transistors each having second connections connected to a regulated output, the output being connected to an input of an error amplifier, the other input of the error amplifier being connected to a reference voltage; the two input transistors each having third connections switchably connected to the output of the error amplifier.  
         [0046]     In a further alternative, the two MOS based input or pass devices are replaced with two input inductors, for example in the case where the regulator is a simple boost type. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0047]     Embodiments are described with reference to the following drawings, by way of example only and without intending to be limiting, in which:  
         [0048]      FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b  show known power supply circuits for portable battery powered devices;  
         [0049]      FIGS. 2   a  to  2   g  show regulator circuits suitable for power supply circuits for portable battery powered devices;  
         [0050]      FIG. 3  shows another known power supply circuit for portable battery powered devices;  
         [0051]      FIG. 4  shows a power supply circuit for portable battery powered devices according to an embodiment;  
         [0052]      FIG. 5  shows a power supply circuit for portable battery powered devices according to another embodiment;  
         [0053]      FIG. 6  shows a power supply circuit for portable battery powered devices according to another embodiment; and  
         [0054]      FIG. 7  shows a dual input low dropout linear regulator according to an embodiment. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS  
       [0055]      FIG. 4  shows a power supply circuit according to a first embodiment and comprises two non-battery power supplies, a bus supply  11  such as the power wires in a USB cable, and an external supply  13  such as a pre-regulated mains source. A bus regulator  12  conditions the bus supply  11 , and this and the external supply  13  are connected at a common non-battery supply node Vsup which is coupled to a first power supply rail or bus PSR 1 . As with the systems of  FIGS. 1 and 3 , a battery charger circuit  14  is coupled between the non-battery common supply node Vsup and a re-chargeable battery  10 . Other components in common with  FIGS. 1 and 3  are referenced the same. The battery  10  of  FIG. 4  is connected to a second power supply rail or bus PSR 2  (also Vbat). Thus two power supply rails (PSR 1  and PSR 2 ) are provided for the load regulators  25 .  
         [0056]     The load regulators  25  each have two inputs, each with an associated pass device Mp 1  and Mp 2 . One such input (Mp 1 ) is connected directly to the first power supply rail PSR 1 , and the second load regulator input (Mp 2 ) is connected directly to the second power supply rail PSR 2 . The dual input load regulators  25  are described in more detail below, however as with the regulators of  FIGS. 1, 2 , and  3 , these can be linear or switch mode or capacitor charge-pump based.  
         [0057]     Because one input (Mp 2 ) of a regulator  25  is connected directly to the battery  10  via the second power supply rail PSR 2 , there is no voltage drop from the battery  10  to the regulator  25  as there was in the arrangement of  FIG. 3 . This increases battery life between charges as it can discharge to a lower level whilst still supplying a minimum input voltage to the regulator  25  in order for this to maintain its output regulation. It can also be seen that because the first power supply rail PSR 1  is independently provided to the regulators  25 , they can be instantly started when the non-battery sources ( 11  and/or  13 ) become available, even when the battery  10  is discharged. Thus the embodiment also overcomes the “instant-on” problem of the arrangement of  FIG. 1   a  and  1   b.    
         [0058]     When power is available either from the bus  11 , or from the external source  13 , the load regulators  25  are driven directly from Vsup, rather than Vbat. But when these supplies are both absent, the load regulators  25  are supplied from Vbat, i.e. directly from the battery  10 . This removes the voltage drop caused by Mc in  FIG. 3 , at the expense of additional input transistors in each regulator. However this can significantly increase battery life which is in great demand by consumers of battery powered devices.  
         [0059]     Compared to the case ( FIG. 3 ) where Mc would have dropped 150 mV, this allows an extra 150 mV in battery voltage: if this means the battery can discharge from 4.2V to 3.45V instead of 4.2V to 3.6V, i.e. by 750 mV rather than 600 mV, this gives an extra 25% battery life.  
         [0060]     Alternatively, if cost is paramount, the “battery-side” input transistors Mp 2  of the load regulators  25  can be reduced in size to drop say 300 mV rather than 150 mV. Consider first the case of a system with only a single regulator  15 . In this case, rather than battery switch Mc (sized for 150 mV) and “external supply side” regulator pass device Mp (sized for 150 mV) in the circuit of  FIG. 3 , we now only need a single,“battery-side”, regulator pass device Mp 2  (sized for 300 mV) in the circuit of  FIG. 4 . The on-voltage at the rated current is defined by the on-resistance of the MOS, and this is approximately inversely proportional to area of the MOS. For a given on-resistances (R) for each of Mc and Mp to achieve a 150 mV voltage drop, and thus a total drop of 300 mV from the battery  10 , the on-resistance of Mp 2  can be double Mc or Mp (i.e.  2 R) and still achieve double the volt drop (300 mV). So instead of two transistors Mp and Mc, each of resistance R, and corresponding area A, we now need only one MOS (Mp 2 ) of resistance  2 R and corresponding area A/2, and hence only a quarter of the area in total. The same argument applies to the case of multiple regulators, assuming Mc is sized to drop 150 mV for the total current of all the regulators and the input device Mp or Mp 2  of each regulator is sized to drop 150 mV or 300 mV respectively at the peak current of each regulator.  
         [0061]     In addition, whilst we require the transistors Mp 1  connected to the first power supply rail PSR 1  (Vsup), these will only have to cope with a minimum Vsup of say 4.35V (4.5V bus supply  11 , less 150 mV for Ma). This means that these transistors can be designed for a 1.05V drop-out rather than 150 mV, so can be made much smaller, and so the overall chip area occupied by the transistors Mp 1  is not significant compared to the potential saving in area from removing Mc and shrinking Mp to serve as Mp 2 .  
         [0062]     The efficiency of linear regulators will be unaffected by this sizing, since power dissipated is the product of the load current and the input-output voltage differential. The efficiency of any switching regulators when driven from PSR 1  will however be degraded by increasing the respective Mp 1  switch resistances. Reduced efficiency per se is not a major concern when using external supplies, but the resulting on-chip power dissipation may be, to avoid extra heat-sinking, or having to restrict the charger current during times of heavy switching-regulator current load, so this will place a lower limit on the size of Mp 1 . Even so, a substantial overall saving in area is possible.  
         [0063]     The reduction in total pass device (transistor) area not only reduces manufacturing cost, but the reduced capacitance also reduces the power consumed by switching these devices in switching regulators, eases the stability of linear regulators, and also reduces capacitive coupling of noise on these supplies to other circuitry on the same chip.  
         [0064]     In practice the design will be a trade-off between the potential reduction in die size and cost from reducing the total MOS area, and reducing the minimum battery voltage to prolong active battery life without increasing battery size and cost.  
         [0065]     As a side benefit, as regards practical chip layout, it is easier to layout multiple smaller transistors rather than fewer big transistors, so the overall chip is much easier to layout in practice.  
         [0066]     Regulator supply cross-talk when battery-fed is also reduced. This is where a peripheral on one load regulator  25   a  starts or suddenly draws a lot of power, which causes a dip in the voltage (Vbat) supplied to the other regulators  25   b  and hence may affect their outputs to other peripherals. In the arrangement of  FIG. 4 , as there is now no common switch impedance (Mc) in the path (only a modest non-zero output impedance of the battery), the path impedance is significantly reduced therefore reducing the potential voltage dip under these transient conditions.  
         [0067]      FIG. 5  shows a modification to the circuit of  FIG. 4  in which a DC-DC converter  30  is coupled between the battery coupled power supply rail PSR 2  and the bus supply  11 . In some recent bus standards, such as USB On-The-Go, the battery-powered peripheral may be expected to supply power to devices attached to the (USB) bus  11 . Generally the voltage required (e.g. 5V nominal over USB downstream) is greater than the battery voltage (e.g. 3.0V to 4.2V), so a DC-DC converter  30  is required to up-step the battery voltage. In this mode, the path from the bus  11  to Vsup is turned off.  
         [0068]     If the peripheral (i.e. devices coupled to the output of the load regulators  25 ) is powered from the alternative supply  13 , it would be desirable to use this power, rather than discharge the battery  10 , to power the bus  11  e.g. for USB downstream. In the circuit of  FIG. 5 , this would involve passing current through the charger regulator, effectively re-charging the battery to make up for the current drain through the bus. This is obviously inefficient, as voltage will be dropped from the say 5V of the supply  13 , down to 4.2V or less of the battery, and then converted back up to 5V or so by the DC-DC converter. It would also increase the heat dissipated inside the package and therefore enlarge the possibility of thermal shutdown.  
         [0069]      FIG. 6  illustrates a preferable solution in which another path is added, involving another pass device Mr and associated control circuitry  35  to provide a more direct path from the supply  13  to the bus  11  as shown, avoiding the efficiency and thermal problems. This also avoids distortion of the battery charging current as monitored by charger control  14  by the current that would otherwise have been taken by DC-DC converter  30 , in the scenario where the supply  13  is supplying power to the system and the USB bus is requiring power.  
         [0070]     Referring now to  FIG. 7 , a dual input low dropout linear regulator  25   x  is shown. The regulator  25  comprises two pass devices such as MOSFETs Mp 1  and Mp 2 , an error op amp  26 , and two switches  27   a  and  27   b . The switches  27  are configured by control inputs (not shown) to arrange the regulator to accept either Vbat (from the second power supply rail PSR 2  of  FIG. 4 ) or Vsup (from the first power supply rail PSR 1  of  FIG. 4 ) as the regulator&#39;s input.  
         [0071]     For example it can be seen in the configuration illustrated that Mp 1  (coupled to PSR 1 ) is effectively switched into the regulator circuitry whereas Mp 2  (coupled to PSR 2 ) is switched out, there being no connection between it and the error amplifier output. The output voltage Vout is compared to the desired voltage Vref by the error amplifier  26 . If PSR 1  is to act as supply, the output of the amplifier  26  is steered to the gate of PMOS MP 1 . If PSR 2  is to act as supply, then the opposite connections are made.  
         [0072]     This dual input regulator corresponds to the linear regulator in  FIG. 2   a , and in which the common node Vx of the two pass devices is also the regulator output node. Other dual-input regulators may be designed in a similar fashion, with the pass device Mp (or L) shown in  FIGS. 2   b  to  2   g  replaced by a pair of devices Mp 1 , Mp 2 . each connected to a respective supply rail and the common node Vx. In the case of the boost capacitor charge pump of  FIG. 2   f , there are actually two pass devices Mp and Mp′, each to be replaced by a pair of devices Mp 1 , Mp 2  and Mp 1 ′, Mp 2 ′ to the respective common internal nodes Vx, Vx′. In the case of the boost switching regulator of  FIG. 2   e , the dual-input regulator would have a pair of input inductors L connected between respective supply rails and the common node Vx.  
         [0073]     Pass devices other than MOS based transistors (or inductors L) could alternatively be used, such as bipolar transistors or diodes. In some cases or modes of operation the feedback circuitry may be omitted (such as an “open-loop” capacitor charge pump voltage doubler based on  FIG. 2   f ) or disabled (perhaps to turn the pass device hard on under low-voltage conditions).  
         [0074]     The skilled person will appreciate that the various embodiments and specific features described with respect to them could be freely combined with the other embodiments or their specifically described features in general accordance with the above teaching. The skilled person will also recognise that various alterations and modifications can be made to specific examples described without departing from the scope of the appended claims.