Abstract:
The invention disclosed herein relates to cooperative computing environments and information retrieval and management methods and systems. More particularly, the present invention relates to methods and systems for capturing and generating useful information about a user&#39;s access and use of data on a computer system, such as in the form of documents stored on remote servers, and making such useful information available to others. Documents on the computer system are accessible through a plurality of different methods, such as by specifying an identifier or locator for the document, activating a hyperlink in another document which points to the document, or navigating to the document through navigational commands in an application program such as a browser. The method involves capturing information regarding each of the accessed documents in the set, the information including the method used to access the document, dividing the set of documents into subsets of documents based at least in part on the methods used to access the documents, labeling each subset of documents with a topic, and making the labels and documents accessed available to other users who wish to browse the same documents.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    This application is related to and claims the benefit of provisional application Ser. No. 60/098,568, titled THE EXPERTISE BROWSER: HOW TO LEVERAGE DISTRIBUTED ORGANIZATIONAL KNOWLEDGE, filed Aug. 31, 1998, attorney docket no. L09-98-027P, which is hereby incorporated by reference into this application.  
         [0002]    This application is related to commonly owned application Ser. No. 09/143,075, titled METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR INFORMING USERS OF SUBJECTS OF DISCUSSION IN ON-LINE CHATS, filed Aug. 28, 1998, attorney docket no. 3330/33, which is hereby incorporated by reference into this application.  
         [0003]    This application is related to commonly owned application Ser. No. titled METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR CONVEYING EXPERTISE BASED ON DOCUMENT USAGE, filed Nov. 13, 1998, attorney docket no. 3330/38, which is hereby incorporated by reference into this application. 
     
    
     
       COPYRIGHT NOTICE  
         [0004]    A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent files or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0005]    The invention disclosed herein relates to cooperative computing environments and information retrieval and management methods and systems. More particularly, the present invention relates to methods and systems for capturing and generating useful information about a user&#39;s access and use of data on a computer system, such as in the form of documents stored on remote servers, and making such useful information available to others.  
           [0006]    Computer systems such as organizational networks, database systems and the Internet, provide a wealth of information to users. However, users must know how to find the information they want. Indeed, searching for specific information on a desired subject of interest is often a difficult and tedious process that is usually aided by the user&#39;s existing knowledge of or expertise in the subject. This is particularly true in the relatively unstructured environment of the Internet.  
           [0007]    Using the world wide web, for example, a user might begin a search for desired information by entering a keyword query through a search engine, and then follow hyperlinks contained in the web documents to move from one document to another until the desired information is found. Since keyword searches are typically unreliable and do not immediately produce directly relevant results, users are often required to browse through a number of documents until some directly relevant information is found. Expertise in a subject usually helps users formulate better keyword searches and recognize the relevance of the various results found.  
           [0008]    Moreover, particular documents usually provide only part of the specific information desired, and thus users must often access a number of such documents until a complete set of useful information is compiled from the various documents. During this process, users also make frequent use of navigational commands offered by the user&#39;s web browser program, such as the BACK and FORWARD commands and the history or GO list to view documents previously accessed, and the HOME command to navigate to a home page in relation to a particular page found.  
           [0009]    If the desired information is not found after a while, the user frequently restarts the search process by jumping to a new, unrelated resource such as the original or another search engine, an index file, or a known document which may have helped the user in the past in related searches. This jump is usually performed by manual entry of the address of the new resource, such as the uniform resource locator (URL) in the case of the web. Alternatively, if the user previously visited the resource and stored its URL as a bookmark on the browser, the user can jump to the new resource by selecting the bookmark. Of course, the user may get distracted during the search process by a hyperlink to another document which is completely unrelated to the search, or the user may select an active advertisement to pursue other information before returning to the thread of the search.  
           [0010]    Thus, by the time a user finds a number of documents which contain the desired information, the search process has likely led the user through a path of numerous documents accessed in many different ways depending upon the user&#39;s judgment as to which way would bring the user closer to the desired end result.  
           [0011]    Having now expended time and effort to compile this useful set of documents, the user is apt to want to capture this set both for the user&#39;s own later use as well as for use by others. Several software programs allow users to store a path of a series of documents as the user browses the documents. However, this path will likely include a number of documents which are unrelated to the search process or are otherwise unhelpful, as explained above. Those programs that allow users to edit their paths still require substantial manual effort and judgment on the part of the user. Moreover, other users have no way of finding paths or sequences of documents which relate to specific topics or which were created by specific users or user with specific expertise. Later users thus can not take advantage of the time and expertise of the first user in performing the search and browsing through numerous documents to find those that are truly relevant and helpful.  
           [0012]    There is therefore a need for powerful tools and methods that capture a user&#39;s browsing history and automatically generate a set of useful documents and resources from this history for the user&#39;s later use as well as use by others.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0013]    It is an object of the present invention to solve the problems described above with existing browsing logging systems.  
           [0014]    It is another object of the present invention to allow a broad range of users to obtain the benefit of the expertise of experts as expressed through the experts&#39; access and use of documents.  
           [0015]    It is another object of the present invention to automatically parse document browser trails or paths into sequences of documents which are related by a common topic.  
           [0016]    It is another object of the present invention to facilitate the use of the distributed expertise within an organization by making available traces of experts&#39; browsing and searching behavior.  
           [0017]    It is another object of the present invention to helps users find documents that someone with expertise in a particular field has already read.  
           [0018]    It is another object of the present invention to account for a user&#39;s method of accessing documents in determining how to group together sets of related documents.  
           [0019]    The above and other objects are achieved by a method for producing a summary of topics for a set of documents accessed by a user on a computer system. Documents on the computer system are accessible through a plurality of different methods, such as by specifying an identifier or locator for the document, activating a hyperlink in another document which points to the document, or navigating to the document through navigational commands in an application program such as a browser. The method involves capturing information regarding each of the accessed documents in the set, the information including the method used to access the document, dividing the set of documents into subsets of documents based at least in part on the methods used to access the documents, and labeling each subset of documents with a topic.  
           [0020]    The method of one embodiment involves four basic steps: logging, applying heuristic rules for probable break points, content-based clustering, and topic labeling.  
           [0021]    One approach to capturing usage trails is to create operating system-dependent programs that spy on low-level system events, such as DDE or system hooks on the Windows platform. It is possible to use this method to augment a web browser, a Lotus Notes client, or other database front end to augment standard logging data such as recording every page a user visits, how long the user visited a page, how long the viewer window was exposed to include the use logs of user actions on the browser such as how the user arrived at a page, whether by typing in a URL, following a link, selecting a bookmark, or hitting the BACK, or Forward, selecting a link from a document outside the current application and other obvious user actions. These actions are used as an adjunct to content analysis tools such as automatic clustering or on-line topic detection software to identify distinct topic areas.  
           [0022]    Some sample heuristics may be used for partitioning a set of web pages. For example, a user entering a web page by typing in it&#39;s URL or selecting a page from a bookmark list often denotes a change of topic is usually initiating a new topic. Three possibilities are as follows:  
           [0023]    1. Heuristics derived from user actions while searching and browsing are used to partition the browse history into topically related pages by themselves. In this case, the content analysis tool is null, and the first level clustering is based solely on the heuristics.  
           [0024]    2. Heuristics derived from user actions while searching and browsing are used to encode this information as additional features added to the documents, which are then clustered using a standard clustering algorithm.  
           [0025]    3. Heuristics derived from user actions while searching and browsing are used to assign a priori probabilities to partitions on the data, which are then used by a bayesian clustering process. The distances between vectors gives the relatedness between the underlying documents. The bayesian process uses probabilities to determine whether the documents overlap in content.  
           [0026]    Heuristics derived from user actions while searching and browsing to cluster and label are envisioned:  
           [0027]    1. Clustering and labeling within one browse session;  
           [0028]    2. Clustering and labeling the documents from many different browse sessions; and  
           [0029]    3. Clustering and labeling many different browse paths. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0030]    The invention is illustrated in the figures of the accompanying drawings which are meant to be exemplary and not limiting, in which like references refer to like or corresponding parts, and in which:  
         [0031]    [0031]FIG. 1 is a diagram of a system for capturing and conveying expertise in document usage in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 2 is flow chart showing a process of capturing and conveying expertise in document usage using the system of FIG. 1 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 3 is a flow chart showing a process of capturing and parsing an expert&#39;s use of documents on the world wide web in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 4 is a flow chart showing a process of allowing users to search and access an expert&#39;s document sequences by specifying a topic and/or expert in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 5 is a flow chart showing a process of parsing a document usage trail in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0036]    [0036]FIG. 6 is a flow chart showing the parsing process of FIG. 5 applying a first set of heuristics in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention; and  
         [0037]    FIGS.  7 A- 7 B contain a flow chart showing the parsing process of FIG. 5 applying a second set of heuristics in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0038]    The preferred embodiments of a system, method, and article of manufacture containing software programs in accordance with the present invention is described with reference to the drawings in FIGS.  1 - 7 .  
         [0039]    Referring to FIG. 1, one embodiment of the system  10  of the present invention includes a plurality of computer workstations  12  connected to a network  14 , such as the Internet or other internet or intranet, and a monitoring server  16  connectable to the workstations  12  directly or over the Internet  14 . As shown in one exemplary case in FIG. 1, the workstations  12  have a client application program  18  executing thereon which is capable of accessing, retrieving and using documents available from servers on the Internet  14 , from the monitoring server  16 , or from other workstations  12 . In the case of the world wide web, the client application  18  is a web browser program such as NETSCAPE NAVIGATOR or INTERNET EXPLORER which communicates with the servers on the web via HTTP. Alternatively, the client application  18  may be a LOTUS NOTES client application which communicates and exchanges data with LOTUS NOTES databases operating on the servers. As one skilled in the art will recognize, many conventional client applications for network environments may be used without departing from the scope of the present invention.  
         [0040]    In particular embodiments, the workstations  12  also have a logger program  20  operating thereon which logs the documents accessed and used by the client application  18  and stores this logged or captured information in a log file. The logger program  20  may be built into the client application  18 , or may be a plug-in program or operating system-dependent program that spies on low level system events, such as a DDE, as known to those of skill in the art.  
         [0041]    Alternatively, the logger program  20  is a programmable intermediary which is programmed to monitor the use of the client application. An example of such an intermediary is web browser intelligence or WBI client as described in Barrett, R., Maglio, P. P., &amp; Kellem, D. C.  How to Personalize the Web , Proceedings of Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI &#39;97. (1997), New York: ACM Press, and Barrett, R. &amp; Maglio, P. P.,  Intermediaries: New places for producing and manipulating web content , Proceedings of Seventh International World Wide Web Conference. Brisbane, Australia, 1998, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference into this application, and are available for downloading on the web at http://www.alphaworks.ibm.com. These programmable intermediaries provide a convenient means for monitoring the sequence of URLs viewed by a user, as the system is platform-independent, thus allowing identical code to be used on any kind of computer.  
         [0042]    The logger program  20  monitors the usage of documents retrieved by the client application  18  and stores document identifiers which identify the documents used. In the case of the web, the document identifiers are the URLs for the document or pseudonyms thereof. In the case of documents retrieved from a LOTUS NOTES database, the document identifiers are LOTUS NOTES Universal Identifiers (UIDs) which name any document in any database by encoding an identifier for the NOTES database, including possible replica information, and an identifier for the document within the database. The document identifiers for consecutive documents accessed in a sequence during a browsing session are added to the log. A usage trail of all the documents accessed or used by the user during a browsing session is thus created and stored in the log file. In some embodiments, described in greater detail below, additional information is captured by the logger, including the method used to access the particular document and actions taken by the user in the document, e.g., search terms input by the user into a search engine.  
         [0043]    In the case with NOTES UIDs, the additional information comprises client action information, which identifies the method used to access particular documents and actions taken in LOTUS NOTES. Notes supports hyperlinks in the form of document links and database links which take the user to a particular database without picking a document. Users can change windows in Notes, open databases manually, which is the equivalent of typing in a URL, pick an icon, or bookmark, on the desktop, and perform other operations or actions. These actions are captured as additional information.  
         [0044]    At the end of a document browsing session, such as at the end of a day or when the user terminates the client application  18 , the usage trail is ended. Additional usage trails may be established in the log file if the user initiates another browsing session. Because trails are meant ultimately to be shared, they are stored in a central location to which all users or clients have access. Thus, at certain points, the log file is transmitted from the workstation  12  to the monitoring server. The monitoring server  16  contains conventional computer hardware elements including a processor  22  and memory devices  24  including a RAM, ROM, hard disk, and other magnetic or optical disk drives.  
         [0045]    The monitoring server  16  further contains a number of program modules for analyzing the user&#39;s log. These program modules include a pre-processor  26 , a parser  28 , and a labeler  30 . The pre-processor  26  prepares a usage trail for parsing, and the parser  28  breaks the trail into content areas in accordance with processes described herein. The labeler  30  assigns labels or topics to the content areas, which topics are then arranged in a table of contents  32  which associates the various topics with the users from whose usage trails they were derived. The list of documents associated with each topic is stored in the table of contents  32  or a separate relational table  34 , so that they can be retrieved for presentation to other users as described herein.  
         [0046]    In particular embodiments, this central repository is implemented as a WBI server connected to a simple database or file system. Thus, the client-side WBI monitors URLs viewed by a specific individual and sends that information via a simple HTTP request to a central WBI server which maintains a database of all users and their trails. As in the case of monitoring, WBI provides a convenient and platform-independent means for maintaining these data, but many other schemes are possible as will be recognized by those of skill in the art, such as a DB 2  or LOTUS NOTES database, though these would require different client-server protocols.  
         [0047]    Referring to FIG. 2, one process for sharing expertise using the system of FIG. 1 begins when an expert user is browsing through documents, step  50 . The documents accessed by the expert are monitored and stored, step  52 , to create a usage trail. The usage trail is analyzed to automatically determine one or more content areas of the documents, step  54 , and the usage trails and content areas are stored, step  56 . The process of determining the content areas effectively cuts the usage trail into content areas and associates the trails with people with expertise in that content area. Experts are persons with peer acknowledged familiarity with a particular content area or as defined by one of the many computer systems designed to track expertise in organizations. A variety of methods are possible for cutting or breaking the usage trail, including ones that take account of content or semantics of the documents on the trails, topology or connectivity of documents on the trails, or both, as described in the above reference 1998 article by Maglio &amp; Barrett. A alternative method for meaningfully breaking trails into content areas based on local connections of trail elements is described in Maglio, P. P. &amp; Barrett, R,  How to Build Modeling Agents to Support Web Searchers,  Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on User Modeling, New York, 1997, which is hereby incorporated by reference into this application. Alternative processes for determining the content areas are described below with reference to FIGS.  5 - 7 .  
         [0048]    Once the usage trail is broken and content areas identified, the portions of the usage areas are labeled with topics, step  58 . In a simple embodiment, labeling is performed by selecting the most frequent word or phrase to appear in the portion of the usage trail. Other embodiments of labeling are used with reference to clustering technology, as described below and otherwise known to those of skill in the art.  
         [0049]    A subsequent user may access the labels in alternative ways. The user may simply request a list of all available labels or topics displayed, step  60 , in response to which the list is retrieved from and displayed and the user allowed to select one of the labels, step  62 . The user may place a query request for a subject matter of interest to the user, step  64 , and the query is executed on the available labels in an attempt to find a reasonably close match, step  66 . Labels which are possible matches to the query are displayed and the user may make a selection therefrom, step  62 . Once the user selects a label, the portion or subsequence of the usage trail associated with the label is retrieved and the documents in the subsequence provided to the user, step  68 , possibly in the same order in which the documents were accessed by the expert in the original browsing session as recorded in the usage trail.  
         [0050]    Referring to FIGS.  3 - 4 , the process of capturing expertise information and making it available to others is now described in greater detail with respect to the world wide web embodiment described above involving the use of WBI intermediaries on the client workstations and monitoring server. As shown in FIG. 3, as the expert browses the web, step  80 , the WBI client checks when a new web page has been accessed, step  82 . In this context, a new web page includes any change in web page, even to a web page the expert has previously accessed. When a new page is accessed, the client WBI agent adds the URL of the web page and the method used by the expert to access the web page into the sage trial stored in the log file, step  84 . Alternatively, only new web pages not previously accessed can be added to the usage trail. The method of access used by the expert is stored in the log file for use in parsing the usage trail. The various methods of accessing web documents are well known, and include those set forth above such as input of a URL, selection of a bookmark, activation of a hyperlink from another document or another application, and browser navigation.  
         [0051]    The client side WBI agent also sends the document to the monitoring server, step  86 , for analysis of its content during parsing. Alternatively, the client side WBI agent can send the URL of each document to the monitoring server, which server then retrieves the document directly from its original server.  
         [0052]    When the expert is done browsing, step  88 , as determined by, e.g., termination of the browser program, or otherwise at scheduled times or events, the log file generated by the client side WBI agent and representing the captured information of expert activity is transmitted to the server side WBI, step  90 . In alternative embodiments, the captured information is sent to the server as each new web page is accessed. The server side WBI agent parses the usage trail into subtrails or subsequences based on the captured information, step  92 , which may include a combination of document content and user actions in accessing the document. The server WBI agent also generates content areas for each the subsequences, step  94 , based upon the contents of the documents. Labels are generated for each content area, step  96 .  
         [0053]    If the expert does not belong to a group, step  98 , the labels generated for the user&#39;s content areas are stored in a database on the server. If the expert belongs to a group such as a department within an organization, step  98 , the group data is associated with the expert, step  102 , and the expert, group and label data is stored in the database, step  100 . The server may contain a table of groups and users for use in making this determination, of the expert&#39;s log file may contain data identifying which groups, if any, to which the expert belongs.  
         [0054]    Referring to FIG. 4, a subsequent user has several options for finding document content areas for topics of interest. If the user knows the identity of an expert, the user can specify the expert, step  110 , and the table of topics is queried for As explained above with reference to FIG. 2, the user can display the list of all topics for that expert and make a selection therefrom, step  114 , or may input a query for topics and be presented a list of matching topics. If the user knows the group but not a particular expert, the user can specify the group, step  116 , and the table of contents is queried for labels associated with the experts in that group, step  118 . If the user does not know of any particular expert or group in the subject matter of interest to the user, the user can display the list of topics or perform a query, step  120 , as described above.  
         [0055]    Ultimately, the user chooses a label or topic which represents a trail of documents in the associated content area, step  122 . In response, the server side WBI accesses the topic database to locate the trail of documents associated with the selected label, step  124 . In addition, the server side WBI queries the database to determine whether other experts accessed documents in the located trail and other trails taken by such experts from the document, step  126 . The server transmits the list of other experts, associated documents, and alternative trails to the client for sequential display. Alternatively, the server provides the list of URLs and other information to the client side WBI agent, which retrieves each of the documents in the trail in sequence, step  128 . As a further alternative, the monitoring server retrieves the documents from the original server and transmit them to the client in sequence. The user is allowed to interact with each document provided, step  130 , and to issue commands whether to proceed with the other documents in the trail or pursue another trail followed by one of the other identified experts.  
         [0056]    The following exemplary series of scenarios assist in the understanding of the operation of the user selection options described herein. The exemplary situation is a financial consulting scenario.  
         [0057]    Sara is a tax expert at a major financial consulting firm. She works in one of fifteen groups each consisting of ten tax consultants. Each group has a geographic specialty and each individual within each group has expertise in a particular area of tax law. Sara has a client who is a resident of Sweden, but who is a U.S. citizen. In addition, this client&#39;s family (husband and children) continues to live in San Francisco where they own residential and income property. Thus, she has to file personal income tax forms in both countries. However, Sara has joined the San Francisco group recently and she has not yet gained expertise in Swedish Tax law. She needs to leverage the expertise of her counterparts in the group who are specialists in Swedish and international tax law.  
         [0058]    Scenario 1: When the User Knows the Identity of the Expert. Sara wants to know how to account for US rental property income on the Swedish income tax forms and remembers meeting Sven Jorgensen at a company meeting. She would like to capitalize on his expertise in this area. Sara performs the following steps:  
         [0059]    Sara selects Sven, an the expert whose browsing paths she would like to query.  
         [0060]    Sara begins to browse through his paths by typing in tentative query terms, such as “U.S. rental income”. As she types in the query, relevant browse paths created by Sven appear on the screen.  
         [0061]    Sara selects one of the paths and reviews the browse histories and documents until she finds the document that helps solve her problem.  
         [0062]    Scenario 2: When the User Knows the Group. Sara wants to know how to account for U.S. rental property income on the Swedish income tax forms and vaguely remembers meeting a group of experts in US-Swedish tax law at a company meeting. Unfortunately, she does not remember any of their names. Sara needs to discover the experts in the area. She types in her query, which is performed on an indexed set of documents contained in the experts browse paths. What is returned is a set of experts and a sub-set of each expert&#39;s browse paths that match the query. She requests the list of content area experts.  
         [0063]    From this list, Sara thinks she remembers Sven Jorgensen and Ben Hogan as the experts she met, and selects their paths as ones she would like to browse.  
         [0064]    Sara begins to browse through these paths by typing in tentative queries such as “U.S. rental income”. As she types in the queries, paths created by the experts that are related her query appear on the screen.  
         [0065]    Sara selects one of the paths and reviews documents until she finds the document that helps solve her problem.  
         [0066]    Scenario 3: When the User Needs to Identify an Expert. Sara wants to know how to account for U.S. rental property income on Swedish income tax forms. Unfortunately, she has no idea who in her company might know relevant information in this area.  
         [0067]    Once again Sara needs to discover the experts in the area. She types in her query that is performed on an indexed set of documents contained in the experts&#39; browse paths. What is returned is a set of experts and a sub-set of each expert&#39;s browse paths that match the query.  
         [0068]    She requests the list of content area experts.  
         [0069]    Sara does not recognize any of the experts, so she selects all of the experts. She scans through the paths. At first, none seem especially related to her interests. However, after reviewing them carefully, one of the experts&#39; paths looks interesting.  
         [0070]    She selects that expert and requests all of that person&#39;s paths. Sara finds one of the paths and accompanying document that helps solve her problem.  
         [0071]    In the first two of the scenarios described above, Sara either knows an expert or a group of experts who can likely answer her questions. In these cases, she is able to leverage her tacit knowledge about people and their differential expertise in her organization. She can review traces of the documents people have read with a reasonable expectation of finding more useful documents than if she had browsed or searched alone. In the third scenario, Sara has no idea who in the organization might have the expertise to help her. In this case, the system of the present invention relies on explicit representations of expertise in the form of updated profiles and taxonomies of people and their respective expertise.  
         [0072]    As explained above, the parsing of the usage trail may be accomplished in a number of known ways, depending upon the results desired. Other methodologies which provide improved results over known methods are now described with reference to FIGS.  5 - 7 B. These parsing methodologies are applicable to the expertise sharing methodology described above. They are also generally applicable to parsing of a user&#39;s browsing history for the user&#39;s own use, for example, to create an index or table of contents of the user&#39;s own browsing activities so the user can retrace his steps. Thus, the parsing methodologies described below may be implemented in stand-alone programs residing and executing on the user&#39;s own computer rather than on a remotely located server.  
         [0073]    Referring to FIG. 5, the basic parsing method starts when the user browses through documents, step  150 , and a usage trail is logged by capturing the document identifiers such as URLs as well as user actions made in connection with the documents, step  152 . These user actions include the method employed to access the document as explained above, and may include other actions such as text input by the user while interacting with the document. The actions logged are used to help determine likely or definitive break points in the usage trail, step  154 . Different heuristics may be applied to partition the usage trail based on the user actions, and examples are described below with reference to FIGS. 6 and 7A- 7 B.  
         [0074]    Standard document clustering techniques are employed to determine content areas within the usage trail, step  156 . The clustering techniques may be any clustering algorithm including conventional ones such as the k-means clustering algorithm described in L. Bottou and Y. Bengio,  Convergence Properties of the K - Means Algorithm, in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems  7, pages 585-592 (MIT Press 1995), which is hereby incorporated by reference into this application. Several examples of additional document clustering algorithms are described in the following two documents, which are hereby incorporated by reference into this application: Douglas R. Cutting, David R. Karger, Jan O. Pedersen, John W. Tukey,  Scatter/Gather: A Cluster - based Approach to Browsing Large Document Collections.  In Proceedings of the 15th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference. Association for Computing Machinery. New York. June, 1992. Pages 318-329. Gerard Salton.  Introduction to Modern Information Retrieval,  (McGraw-Hill, New York 1983).  
         [0075]    After clustering is completed, the content areas are labeled using standard labeling techniques, step  158 . The labeling of document clusters is known to those of skill in the art, and is described for example in pages 314-323 of Peter G. Anick and Shivakumar Vaithyanathan,  Exploiting Clustering and Phrases for Context - based Information Retrieval,  in Proceedings of the 20th International ACM SIGIR Conference, Association for Computing Machinery, July 1997, which document is hereby incorporated by reference into this application.  
         [0076]    In the context of the world wide web, in hypertext documents, since there is more information than just the content of documents, documents can be clustered by content, or by analysis of their hyperlink structure, or both. Combining content and link information into a single clustering algorithm and purely content-based and purely link-based clustering is described in, for example “HyPursuit: A Hierarchical Network Search Engine that Exploits Content-Link Hypertext Clustering,” Ron Weiss, Bienvenido Velez, Mark A. Sheldon, Chanathip Nemprempre, Peter Szilagyi, Andrzej Duda, and David K. Gifford, Proceedings of the Seventh ACM Conference on Hypertext, Washington, D.C., March 1996, which document is hereby incorporated by reference into this application.  
         [0077]    [0077]FIG. 6 shows one embodiment of the parsing using the first heuristic. Under this heuristic, certain user actions are deemed to end a prior document sequence or trail and begin a new one. These actions may vary, but in the particular embodiment in FIG. 6 they include inputting a URL, selecting a bookmark or choosing a URL from an external application. In theory, these action likely represent the user&#39;s intention to start a new thread or search, since the user is jumping to a seemingly unrelated document. Entering a new search term into a search engine for a new web-wide search may similarly be considered the start of a new trail. Conversely, other actions such as selecting hyperlinks or navigating using browser commands are deemed to likely represent a continuation of the ongoing thread of interest or search for information.  
         [0078]    Thus, referring to FIG. 6, given a usage trail log which includes the user actions obtained as described above, the parsing program employing this method loops through the usage trail to consider each document, step  170 , and reads the method of user access to each document as stored in the log, step  172 . For each document, the parsing program tests if the document was accessed by direct input of a URL, step  174 , selection of a bookmark, step  176 , or activation of a link in an external application, step  178 , and, if any of those apply, a new document sequence is established, step  180 . Otherwise, the current document is added to the current open subsequence, step  182 . If there are more documents in the usage trail, step  184 , the process continues, until all documents have been considered and the usage trail is divided into a set of subsequences. The program then performs clustering on each subsequence to generate clusters of related documents, step  186 . The clusters are labeled, step  188 , and the labels and associated documents are stored for later reference, step  190 .  
         [0079]    The methodology shown in FIG. 6 provides for a clean, relatively simple and quick way to divide up a usage trail for clustering. However, it may also fail to include documents together in a cluster which are otherwise quite closely related in substance because of the circumstances in which they are accessed, e.g., because the second one happened to have been accessed by one type of user action rather than another. This possibility is accounted for in the alternative methodology shown in FIGS.  7 A- 7 B by giving some weight to user actions in clustering, rather than simply dividing the trail at certain user actions.  
         [0080]    Beginning with FIG. 7A, given a usage trail log which includes the user actions obtained as described above, the parsing program employing this second method loops through the usage trail to consider each document, step  200 , and reads the method of user access to each document as stored in the log, step  202 . If the URL for the document is one of the user&#39;s bookmarks, the bookmark name is set as a token for clustering, step  206 . Otherwise, a token is created representing the method of access, step  208 . Creating the token comprises comparing the access method to a table of access methods which are set to suggest a topical break. If the table comparison suggest a topical break, then a new token is created which would not pass through the document parser, for example SuggestedClusterN, where N is the number of the current cluster. For every document encountered in the log until the next cluster break, the token, in this case SuggestedClusterN, is added to the cluster. The weight of the token is tuned to affect clustering as one skilled in the art would recognized.  
         [0081]    In accordance with standard clustering techniques, the document itself is parsed into tokens, step  210 , and weights are assigned to the tokens, step  212 . This process is performed for all documents in the trail, step  218 .  
         [0082]    As an alternative to the logic illustrated in FIG. 7A, a new document sequence can be started upon specified actions taken by the expert, as well as creating tokens as illustrated in FIG. 7A.  
         [0083]    Referring to FIG. 7B, for each document in the trail, step  220 , a vector is generated as a combination of all the tokens, including the user action tokens, step  222 . The vector is normalized in accordance with standard linear algebra techniques, step  224 . This process is performed on each document until vectors have been generated for all documents, step  226 . A vector space model is created from the vectors, step  228 , and the documents are clustered based on the vector space model, step  230 . Tokens from each cluster are selected to serve as the labels, step  232 , in accordance with standard labeling techniques, and a table of contents is generated from the labels, step  234 .  
         [0084]    As a result of this second method, documents which are very close in content will still be clustered together even when an abrupt user action occurred between them. Conversely, documents which are actually unrelated will not be clustered together just because one was accessed through activation of a hyperlink in the other.  
         [0085]    While the invention has been described and illustrated in connection with preferred embodiments, many variations and modifications as will be evident to those skilled in this art may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, and the invention is thus not to be limited to the precise details of methodology or construction set forth above as such variations and modification are intended to be included within the scope of the invention.