Abstract:
A dimming control system includes a first circuit ( 100 ) and a second circuit ( 200 ). First circuit ( 100 ) is coupled in series with the AC line source ( 10 ) and receives brighten and dim commands from a user. The brighten and dim commands are communicated to second circuit ( 200 ) by momentarily altering the AC voltage waveforms observed by second circuit ( 200 ). Second circuit ( 200 ) provides an adjustable dimming control voltage that is coupled to existing dimming control circuitry within an electronic dimming ballast. The dimming control voltage is adjusted by the second circuit ( 200 ) in dependence on the observed AC voltage waveforms.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to the general subject of circuits for powering discharge lamps. More particularly, the present invention relates to a dimming control system for electronic ballasts. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Conventional dimming ballasts for gas discharge lamps include low voltage dimming circuitry that is intended to work in conjunction with an external dimming controller. The external dimming controller is connected to special inputs on the ballast via dedicated low voltage control wiring that, for safety reasons, cannot be routed in the same conduit as the AC power wiring. The external dimming controller is usually very expensive. Moreover, installation of low voltage control wiring is quite labor-intensive (and thus costly), especially in “retrofit” applications. Because of these disadvantages, considerable efforts have been directed to developing control circuits that can be inserted in series with the AC line, between the AC source and the ballast(s), thereby avoiding the need for additional dimming control wires. The resulting approaches are sometimes broadly referred to as “line control” dimming. 
     A number of line control dimming approaches exist in the prior art. One known type of line control dimming approach involves introducing a notch (i.e., dead-time) into the AC voltage waveform at or near its zero crossings. This approach requires a switching device, such as a triac, in order to create the notch. Inside of the ballast(s), a control circuit measures the time duration of the notch and generates a corresponding dimming control signal for varying the light level produced by the ballast. In practice, these approaches have a number of drawbacks in cost and performance. A significant amount of power is dissipated in the switching device, particularly when multiple ballasts are to be controlled. Further, the method itself distorts the line current, resulting in poor power factor and high harmonic distortion, and sometimes produces excessive electromagnetic interference. Additionally, the control circuitry tends to be quite complex and expensive. 
     What is needed, therefore, is a dimming control system that avoids any need for additional dimming control wires, but that does so without introducing undesirable levels of steady-state power dissipation, line current distortion, or electromagnetic interference. A need also exists for a dimming control system that is structurally efficient and cost-effective. A dimming control system with these features would represent a significant advance over the prior art. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 describes a dimming control system for use in conjunction with one or more electronic dimming ballasts, in accordance with a first preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 describes a dimming control system for use in conjunction with one or more electronic dimming ballasts, in accordance with a second preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     In a first preferred embodiment of the present invention, as described in FIG. 1, a dimming control system comprises a wall switch assembly  100  and a dimming signal detector  200 . Wall switch assembly  100  has a first end  102  and a second end  104 . Wall switch assembly  100  is intended for connection in series with a conventional alternating current (AC) source  10  (e.g., 120 volts at 60 hertz) having a hot lead  12  and a neutral lead  14 . First end  102  is coupled to the hot lead  12  of AC source  10 . Dimming signal detector  200  is coupled to second end  104  and the neutral lead  14  of AC source  10 , and includes first and second outputs  206 , 208  for connection to low-voltage dimming circuitry in an electronic dimming ballast (not shown). Preferably, dimming signal detector  200  is itself situated within an electronic dimming ballast, and each ballast has its own detector  200 . Wall switch assembly  100 , on the other hand, is intended to be situated external to the ballast, and preferably within an electrical switchbox. 
     Wall switch assembly  100  includes a first switch  120 , a second switch  130 , a first diode  140 , and a second diode  150 . Wall switch assembly  110  may also include a conventional on-off switch  110  for controlling application of AC power to at least one ballast connected downstream from wall switch assembly  100 . First diode  140  has an anode  142  and a cathode  144 ; anode  142  is coupled to first end  102  via on-off switch  110 . Second diode  150  has an anode  152  and a cathode  154 ; anode  152  is coupled to second end  104 , and cathode  154  is coupled to cathode  144  of diode  140 . Switch  120  is coupled in parallel with diode  140 , while switch  130  is coupled in parallel with diode  150 . 
     Switches  120 , 130  are preferably implemented as single-pole single-throw (SPST) switches that are normally closed and that will remain open for only as long as they are depressed by a user. Moreover, it is desirable that switches  120 , 130  be mechanically “ganged” so as to preclude the possibility of both switches being open at the same time. Preferably, switches  120 , 130  share a single three-position control lever with an up-down action wherein an up motion would open switch  120 , a down motion would open switch  130 , and both switches  120 , 130  would be closed at rest. For example, switches  120 , 130  may be realized via an “up arrow/down arrow” rocker type arrangement, where switch  120  is opened while the “up arrow” is depressed, switch  130  is opened while the “down arrow” is depressed, and both switches  120 , 130  are closed in the absence of any depression by a user. 
     During operation, when on-off switch  110  is in the on position, wall switch assembly  100  behaves as follows. 
     When both switches  120 , 130  are closed, diodes  140 , 150  are each bypassed by their respective switch, so first end  102  is simply shorted to second end  104 . Thus, both the positive and the negative half cycles of the voltage from AC source  10  are allowed to pass through, and the voltage between second end  104  and neutral lead  14 , which is the voltage monitored by dimming signal detector  200  and supplied as AC power to the ballast circuitry, is a normal sinusoidal AC voltage. 
     When switch  120  is open and switch  130  is closed, positive-going current is allowed to proceed (from left to right) into first end  102 , through diode  140 , through switch  130  (bypassing diode  150 , which blocks positive-going current), and out of second end  104 . Conversely, negative-going current is blocked by diode  140 . Thus, only the positive half-cycles of the AC voltage are allowed to pass through, and the voltage between second end  104  and neutral lead  14  is a half-wave rectified AC voltage that includes only the positive-going portions of the sinusoidal AC voltage from AC source  10 . 
     When switch  120  is closed and switch  130  is open, negative-going current is allowed to proceed (from right to left) into second end  104 , through diode  150 , through switch  120  (thus bypassing diode  140 , which blocks negative-going current), and out of first end  102 . Conversely, positive-going current is blocked by diode  150 . Thus, only the negative half-cycles of the AC voltage are allowed to pass through, and the voltage between second end  104  and neutral lead  14  is a half-wave rectified AC voltage that includes only the negative-going portions of the sinusoidal voltage from AC source  10 . 
     As will be explained in further detail below, dimming signal detector  200  treats a momentary depression of switch  130  (i.e., only positive half-cycles allowed to pass) as a “brighten” command and responds by increasing the level of its output voltage (i.e., the voltage between output  206  and output  208 ) during the time that switch  130  remains depressed. Conversely, a momentary depression of switch  120  (i.e., only negative half-cycles allowed to pass) is treated as a “dim” command, to which dimming signal detector  200  responds by decreasing the level of its output voltage. 
     In contrast with prior art “line control” dimming approaches, such as those that employ a triac in series with the AC source, wall switch assembly  100  introduces no line-conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) or distortion in the AC line current during normal operation (i.e., when switches  120 , 130  are closed). Moreover, wall switch assembly  100  dissipates no power during normal operation because the AC current drawn by any ballast(s) connected downstream flows through switches  120 , 130  rather than diodes  140 , 150 . On the other hand, when one of the switches  120 , 130  is opened in order to send a dimming signal, a small amount of power will be dissipated in one of the diodes  140 , 150 , but only for as long as the switch remains depressed. The required power rating of the diodes is a function of the power that will be drawn by the ballast(s) connected downstream. 
     Referring again to FIG. 1, in a first preferred embodiment of the present invention, dimming signal detector  200  includes first and second output terminals  206 , 208 , a first resistor  210 , a first capacitor  214 , a neon lamp  216 , a second resistor  218 , a second capacitor  222 , a zener diode  224 , a transistor  230 , and a third resistor  238 . As alluded to previously, output terminals  206 , 208  are intended for connection to low voltage dimming circuitry in an electronic dimming ballast, such as that which is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,457,360, the pertinent disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Preferably, dimming signal detector  200  provides a low voltage DC signal between output terminals  206 , 208  that can be varied between approximately zero and approximately 10 volts, wherein zero volts corresponds to minimum light output and 10 volts corresponds to maximum light output. It should be understood that output terminals  206 , 208  are parenthetically labeled “VIOLET” and “GRAY”, respectively, merely in order to clarify their intended internal connection to ballasts that employ that color coding scheme for the low voltage control wires from dedicated dimming controllers; as mentioned above, it is fully contemplated that dimming signal detector  200  be physically situated within the ballast itself (i.e., no external wires are needed for connecting outputs  206 , 208  to the existing dimming circuitry within the ballast). 
     As illustrated in FIG. 1, first resistor  210  is coupled between the second end of wall switch assembly  100  and a first node  212 . First capacitor  214  is coupled between first node  212  and a circuit ground node  20 , the latter being coupled to the neutral lead  14  of AC source  10 . The series combination of neon lamp  216  and second resistor  218  is coupled between first node  212  and second node  220 . Second capacitor  222  is coupled between second node  220  and circuit ground  20 . Zener diode  224  has an anode  226  coupled to circuit ground  20 , and a cathode  228  coupled to second node  220 . Transistor  230  is preferably implemented as a field-effect transistor (FET) having a gate  232 , a drain  234 , and a source  235 . Gate  232  is coupled to second node  220 . Drain  234  is coupled to a DC biasing voltage (e.g., +10 volts). Source  236  is coupled to first output terminal  206 . Finally, third resistor  238  is coupled between first output terminal  206  and second output terminal  208 , the latter of which is coupled to circuit ground  20 . 
     In a prototype system configured substantially as shown in FIG. 1, dimming signal detector  200  was realized with the following component values: 
     Resistor  210 : 100 kilohms 
     Capacitor  214 : 0.1 microfarad 
     Resistor  218 : 47 kilohms 
     Capacitor  222 : 47 microfarads 
     Zener diode  224 : V Z =14 volts 
     Transistor  230 : 2N7000 
     Resistor  238 : 1 kilohm 
     The detailed operation of dimming signal detector  200  is now explained with reference to FIG. 1 as follows. 
     During normal operation, when both switches  120 , 130  are closed, the voltage at node  212  (with respect to the circuit ground  20 ) is a low value AC voltage having a peak value well below that which is necessary to fire neon lamp  216 ; prior to firing, neon lamp  216  effectively behaves as an open circuit. 
     If switch  120  is momentarily opened (corresponding to a “brighten” command wherein only positive half-cycles are passed to second end  104 ), the voltage across capacitor  214  begins to increase in a positive direction and at a rate governed by its capacitance and the resistance of resistor  210 . The voltage across capacitor  214  will rapidly reach the firing potential of neon lamp  216 , causing the lamp  216  to conduct. With neon lamp  216  now on, capacitor  222  begins to charge up at a rate governed by its capacitance and the resistance of resistor  218 . The voltage across capacitor  222  causes FET  230  to operate and a voltage develops between output terminals  206 , 208 . Because FET  230 , resistor  238 , and output terminals  206 , 208  are configured in a manner analogous to an “emitter follower” arrangement, the voltage that develops between output terminals  206 , 208  is a function of the voltage across capacitor  222 . 
     As switch  120  remains depressed, the voltage across capacitor  222  continues to rise, as does the voltage between output terminals  206 , 208 . If switch  120  remains depressed for a predetermined period of time (e.g., 2 seconds or more), the voltage across capacitor will continue to rise until it reaches the zener voltage of zener diode  224 , at which point zener diode  224  will become conductive and prevent any further increase in the voltage across capacitor  222 . At this point, the voltage between output terminals  206 , 208  is approximately 10 volts, which corresponds to a full light output setting. 
     When switch  120  is released and allowed to return to its normally closed position, the voltage at second end  104  returns to its normal sinusoidal state. Consequently, the voltage across capacitor  214  drops well below the value necessary to maintain conduction of neon lamp  216 , so lamp  216  turns off and charging current ceases to be supplied to capacitor  222 . The voltage across capacitor  222  does not fall very rapidly and will remain at or near its charged voltage (i.e., the voltage across it when switch  120  was first released) for a considerable period of time. This “memory” capability is highly desirable in dimming applications, and is attributable to the fact that, while capacitor  222  has a leakage current, FET  230  continues to draw only a very small current (due to the very low gate-to-source leakage of the FET, which is typically on the order a few nanoamperes). The leakage current of capacitor  222  may be greatly reduced (and the “memory” effect enhanced) by implementing capacitor  222  as an ultra-low leakage capacitor (e.g., a polycarbonate capacitor). For example, it is believed that dimming signal detector  200  may be implemented such that the voltage across capacitor  222  will decrease by only 10% of its initial value over a 10 hour period. Alternatively, even a more modest “memory” capability (e.g., where the voltage across capacitor  222  decreases by, say, 50% over a 10 hour period) may constitute an attractive operational benefit; inasmuch as it is commonplace for occupants to leave a room without turning off the lights, this type of “automatic dimming” behavior can provide a substantial savings in electrical energy without constituting a nuisance to users. 
     If switch  130  is momentarily opened (corresponding to a “dim” command wherein only negative half-cycles are passed to second end  104 ), the voltage across capacitor  214  begins to increase in a negative direction and at a rate governed by its capacitance and the resistance of resistor  210 . The voltage across capacitor  214  will rapidly reach the firing potential of neon lamp  216 , causing the lamp  216  to conduct. With neon lamp  216  now on, the voltage across capacitor  222  (which was previously at a relatively high value of, say, 8 volts) begins to decrease. Correspondingly, the voltage between output terminals  206 , 208  decreases as well, thus effectuating the desired dimming in the ballast(s). 
     As switch  130  remains depressed, the voltage across capacitor  222  continues to fall, as does the voltage between output terminals  206 , 208 . If switch  120  remains depressed for a predetermined period of time (e.g., 2 seconds or more), the voltage across capacitor will continue to fall until it reaches about −0.6 volts, at which point zener diode  224  will become forward biased and prevent any further negative increase in the voltage across capacitor  222 . At this point, the voltage between output terminals  206 , 208  is approximately zero volts, which corresponds to a minimum light output setting. 
     When switch  130  is released and allowed to return to its normally closed position, the voltage at second end  104  returns to its normal sinusoidal state. Consequently, the voltage across capacitor  214  drops well below the value necessary to maintain conduction of neon lamp  216 , so lamp  216  turns off and charging current ceases to be supplied to capacitor  222 . The voltage between output terminals  206 , 208  will then remain at or near zero (correspondingly, the lamps will be operated as minimum light output) until such time as a “brighten” command is sent. In this way, wall switch assembly  100  and dimming signal detector  200  provide a variable dimming control voltage for one or more dimming ballasts. 
     Turning now to FIG. 2, in a second preferred embodiment of the present invention, a dimming control system comprises a wall switch assembly  100  and a dimming signal detector  300 . Wall switch assembly  100  is identical to that which was previously described with reference to FIG.  1 . However, dimming signal detector  300  is appreciably different from that which was described in the first preferred embodiment. 
     Preferably, dimming signal detector  300  is itself situated within an electronic dimming ballast. If multiple dimming ballasts are involved, each ballast will have its own dimming signal detector  300 ; on the other hand, only one wall switch assembly  100  is required even if a plurality of ballasts are involved. 
     As described in FIG. 2, dimming signal detector  300  comprises first and second input terminals  302 , 304 , first and second output terminals  310 , 312 , a full-wave bridge rectifier  316 , and an up-down counter  320 . First input terminal  302  is coupled to second end  104  of wall switch assembly  100 . Second input terminal  304  is coupled to the neutral lead  14  of AC source  10 . Output terminals  310 , 312  are adapted for internal connection to the low voltage dimming control inputs of an electronic dimming ballast. Second output terminal  312  is coupled to circuit ground  20 . 
     Although full-wave bridge rectifier  316  is already provided within each electronic dimming ballast, it is explicitly shown and described herein for the sake of clarity and to aid in understanding the detailed operation of dimming signal detector  300 . Full-wave bridge rectifier  316  is coupled to input terminals  302 , 304  and circuit ground  20 . Rectifier  316  includes output connections  306 , 308  that are intended for connection with, for example, a power factor correction stage (e.g., a boost converter) within the electronic dimming ballast; during normal operation, when both switches  120 , 130  are closed, the voltage between terminal  306  and terminal  308  is unfiltered, full-wave rectified AC. Output connection  308  is coupled to circuit ground  20 , and thus provides a ground reference (which is at a different potential than neutral lead  14  of AC source  10 ) that is important to the desired operation of dimming signal detector  300 . 
     Up-down counter  320  includes a first counter input  322 , a second counter input  324 , and a counter output  326 . First counter input  322  is coupled to full-wave rectifier  316  and input terminal  302 . Second counter input  324  is coupled to full-wave rectifier  316  and input terminal  304 . Counter output  326  is coupled first output terminal  310 . Up-down counter  320  receives operating power from a DC supply (+V CC ). In one realization, up-down counter  320  preferably includes a digital counter followed by a digital-to-analog (D/A) converter, as well as any associated peripheral circuitry (e.g., resistive voltage divider networks associated with each counter input in order to scale the voltages down to manageable levels for the digital counter). Alternatively, up/down counter may be implemented via a custom integrated circuit or a programmable microcontroller. 
     During operation, up/down counter  320  monitors the signals at input terminals  302 , 304  (both of which are taken with respect to circuit ground  20 , which is at a different potential than the neutral lead  14  of AC source  10 ) and increases or decreases the voltage between output terminals  310 , 312  in response to an “imbalance” between the signals at input terminals  302 , 304 . More specifically, up/down counter  320  counts up by one for each positive half-cycle that appears at first counter input  322 , and counts down by one for each positive half-cycle that appears at second counter input  324 . The count is internally converted by a D/A converter to a voltage that is provided at counter output  326 . 
     During normal operation, when both switches  120 , 130  are closed, an equal number of positive half-cycles occur at each of the counter inputs  322 , 324  over a fixed period of time, so the internal count (and, correspondingly, the voltage between output terminals  310 , 312 ) remains stable. Nevertheless, it should be appreciated that the count continuously moves up and down by one count (at the frequency of AC source  10 —e.g., 60 hertz) because, at any given instant in time, only one of the inputs  322 , 324  sees a positive half-cycle while the other does not. More specifically, during each positive half-cycle of the voltage from AC source  10 , counter input  322  is high while counter input  324  is low, causing the count to be incremented by one; conversely, during each negative half-cycles of the voltage from AC source  10 , counter input  322  is low while counter input  324  is high, causing the count to be decremented by one. Thus, during normal operation when both switches  120 , 130  are closed, the count “dithers” up and down by one; correspondingly, the voltage between output terminals  310 , 312  will also dither. In order to ensure that this low frequency dithering effect does not introduce excessive flicker in the lamps, it is necessary that the counter be configured to provide a suitably high counting range (e.g., 0 to 127, which is realizable with an 8-bit counter) such that a variation of one in the count, which is less than 1% of the maximum count, does not produce noticeable or annoying flicker in the lamps. 
     If switch  120  is momentarily opened, counter input  322  will be high during the next positive half-cycle of AC source  10 , and counter input  324  will be low. Counter  320  will increment the count by one for each AC line cycle that occurs while switch  120  is open, and will continue to do so (up to a predetermined maximum count) until switch  120  is allowed to close. The increased count is translated, via the D/A converter internal to counter  320 , into an increased voltage at counter output  326 , corresponding to an increased voltage between output terminals  310 , 312 . 
     As switch  120  remains depressed, counter  320  will continue to increment the count by one for each AC line cycle. If switch  120  remains depressed long enough (e.g., 2 seconds), the count will reach its predetermined maximum count (e.g.,  127 , if an 8-bit counter is employed), which corresponds to a maximum value (e.g., 10 volts) for the voltage between output terminals  310 , 312 . 
     When switch  120  is released and allowed to return to its normally closed position, the signals at counter inputs  322 , 324  return to their normal operating condition (i.e., each sees a high signal during its respective half-cycle of the AC line) and the count and output voltage are maintained at their maximum values (subject to the slight dithering previously discussed) until such time as a dim command is sent by depression of switch  130 . 
     If switch  130  is momentarily opened, counter input  322  will be low and counter input  324  will be high. Counter  320  will decrement the count by one for each AC line cycle that occurs while switch  130  is open, and will continue to do so (down to the minimum count of zero) until switch  130  is allowed to close. The decreased count is translated, via the D/A converter internal to counter  320 , into a decreased voltage at counter output  326 , which corresponds to a decreased voltage between output terminals  310 , 312 . 
     As switch  130  remains depressed, counter  320  will continue to decrement the count by one for each AC line cycle. If switch  130  remains depressed long enough (e.g., 2 seconds), the count will reach its predetermined minimum count of zero, which corresponds to a minimum value (e.g., zero volts) for the voltage between output terminals  310 , 312 . 
     When switch  130  is released and allowed to return to its normally closed position, the signals at counter inputs  322 , 324  return to their normal operating condition (i.e., each sees a high signal during its respective half-cycle of the AC line) and the count and output voltage are maintained at their minimum values (subject to the slight dithering previously discussed) until such time as a brighten command is sent by depression of switch  120 . 
     In this way, wall switch assembly  100  and dimming signal detector  300  provide a variable dimming control voltage for one or more electronic dimming ballasts. 
     Although the present invention has been described with reference to certain preferred embodiments, numerous modifications and variations can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the novel spirit and scope of this invention.