Abstract:
A computer and a method of operating a computer is disclosed which allow manipulation of data values in the context of the execution of so-called &#34;packed instructions&#34;. Packed instructions are carried out on packed operands. A packed operand comprises a data string consisting of a plurality of sub-strings, each defining a particular data value or object. The invention relates to a restructuring instruction which allows objects to be reorganised within a data string thereby minimising loading and storing operations to memory.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to manipulation of data. 
     The invention is concerned particularly but not exclusively with a computer and a method of operating a computer to allow manipulation of data values in the context of the execution of so-called &#34;packed instructions&#34;. 
     BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION 
     Packed instructions are carried out on packed operands. A packed operand comprises a data string consisting of a plurality of sub-strings, each defining a particular data value and referred to herein as &#34;objects&#34;. Thus, an operand comprises a plurality of objects. Each operand is stored in a register store which has a predetermined bit capacity addressable by a single address and in which individual bit locations cannot be individually addressed. Thus, it is not possible to address and handle individual objects within each operand. 
     &#34;Packed instructions&#34; allow a common operation to be carried out on all of the objects within an operand without individually identifying them. A simple common operation is to load the operand into and out of memory. 
     Another &#34;packed instruction&#34; is an arithmetic instruction which performs the same arithmetic operation on pairs of objects from respective operands in parallel to provide a packed result operand comprising a plurality of result objects. For the execution of packed arithmetic instructions, a computer provides a packed arithmetic unit which operates on two source operands, at least one of which is packed, to generate a packed result. 
     It is clearly advantageous to deal with a set of objects in a single operand together, because it reduces loading and storing operations to memory and maximises the use of available register capacity by filling each register. 
     However, it has the disadvantage that the sequence of objects within an operand is predetermined by the order in which they are stored in memory. This sequence can only be altered by retrieving objects from memory, temporarily storing them in separate registers and writing them back to memory in a different location. This is a particular requirement for matrix manipulations. Operations of this nature require repeated accesses to memory and a long sequence of instructions. The instruction sequence takes up space in memory. It is desirable to reduce where possible the length of instruction sequences. It is also desirable to minimise memory accesses, because these are slow operations. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to one aspect of the invention there is provided a computer having a processor and data storage circuitry for processing data strings each comprising a plurality of sub-strings of discrete data, said sub-strings comprising a first sub-string, a last sub-string and at least four intermediate sub-strings, each sub-string having the same bit length, said computer having an instruction set including at least one data string restructuring instruction, each restructuring instruction being operable to generate a restructured data string comprising an even number of sub-strings formed by a first sequence of bits forming a first half of said restructured data string and a second sequence of bits forming a second half of said restructured data string, said restructuring instruction being operable to generate the first sequence by placing a first and subsequent alternate sub-strings of the original data string adjacent one another and to generate the second sequence by placing a second and subsequent alternate sub-strings of the original data string adjacent one another. 
     Thus it is possible to reorganise the locations of objects in an operand by execution of a single restructuring instruction. 
     The main category of instructions described herein having this quality are &#34;unzip&#34; instructions. 
     As will be apparent from the following description, the restructuring instruction can be executed on the contents of a single register store or on the contents of two register stores, where the contents of the two register stores define the data string. 
     The invention also provides a method of operating a computer which method comprises holding in data storage a plurality of bit sequences each sequence representing discrete data and forming one of a plurality of sub-strings of a data string, the sub-strings including a first sub-string, a last sub-string and at least four intermediate sub-strings, each sub-string having the same bit length, said method further comprising executing an instruction sequence including at least one data string restructuring instruction, each restructuring instruction operating to generate a restructured data string comprising an even number of sub-strings formed by a first sequence of bits forming a first half of said restructured data string and a second sequence of bits forming a second half of said restructured data string, said restructuring instruction operating to generate the first sequence by placing a first and subsequent alternate sub-strings of the original data string adjacent one another and to generate the second sequence by placing a second and subsequent alternate sub-strings of the original data string adjacent one another. 
     This method is particularly useful where a data string to be restructured includes information defining a plurality of pixels, each pixel being defined by a set of sub-strings representing respective pixel identifiers. The &#34;unzip&#34; instruction can be used to reorganise the data string in two different manners. In one situation, in the data string the pixel identifiers are located in groups with identifiers of a common type being arranged adjacent one another, wherein in the restructured data string pixel identifiers defining a common pixel are arranged adjacent one another. 
     In another situation, in the data string to be restructured pixel identifiers defining a common pixel are arranged adjacent one another and in the restructured data string pixel identifiers are located in groups of a common type. 
     Thus, the restructuring instruction described herein is useful in a graphics environment to convert pixel information from a so-called &#34;packed&#34; format to a so-called &#34;planar&#34; format and from a &#34;planar&#34; format to a so-called &#34;packed&#34; format. This is particularly useful for fast manipulation of graphics data. 
     The restructuring instruction of the present invention is also useful for effecting matrix manipulations. 
     For a better understanding of the present invention, and to show how the same may be carried into effect reference will now be made by way of example to the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a processor and memory of a computer; 
     FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a packed arithmetic unit; 
     FIG. 3 shows the meaning of symbols used in the figures; 
     FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an obvious packed arithmetic unit operating on two packed source operands; 
     FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an obvious packed arithmetic unit which operates on a packed source operand and an unpacked source operand; 
     FIG. 6 shows a byte replicate unit; 
     FIG. 7 shows zip and unzip restructuring operations; 
     FIG. 8 shows flip restructuring operations; 
     FIG. 9 shows part of the twist and zip unit for performing 64 bit zips and unzips; 
     FIG. 10 shows part of the twist and zip unit for performing Double length 8 bit zips and unzips; 
     FIG. 11 shows part of the twist and zip unit for performing Double length 16 bit and 32 bit zips and unzips; 
     FIG. 12 shows the part of the twist and zip unit for performing 8 bit flips; 
     FIG. 13 shows the part of the twist and zip unit for performing 16 bit and 32 bit flips; 
     FIG. 14 shows a matrix transposition operation using flip instructions; 
     FIG. 15 shows a matrix transposition operation using zip instructions; 
     FIG. 16 shows a matrix transposition operation using unzip instructions; and 
     FIG. 17 shows how replication can be achieved using zip instructions. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     FIG. 1 shows a processor in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The processor has three execution units including a conventional arithmetic unit 2 and a memory access unit 4. In addition there is a packed arithmetic unit 6. The processor also includes an instruction fetcher 8, an instruction register 10, a register file 12 and an instruction pointer 14 all of which operate under the control of a control unit 16 of the processor. The register file comprises a set of registers each having a predetermined bit capacity and each being addressable with a single address. It is not possible to address individual locations within a register. When a register is accessed, the entire contents of the register are concerned. The processor further includes a constant unit 18 and a select unit 20. The constant unit 18 and select unit 20 are also operated under the control of the control unit 16. The processor operates in conjunction with a memory 22 which holds instructions and data values for effecting operations of the processor. Data values and instructions are supplied to and from the memory 22 via a data bus 24. The data bus 24 supplies data values to and from the memory 22 via a memory data input 26. The data bus 24 also supplies data to the instruction fetcher 8 via a fetcher data input 28 and to the memory access unit 4 via a memory access read input 30. The memory is addressed via the select unit 20 on address input 32. The select unit 20 is controlled via a fetch signal 34 from the control unit 16 to select an address 36 from the fetcher 8 or an address 38 from the memory access unit 4. Read and write control lines 40,42 from the control unit 16 control read and write operations to and from the memory 22. The instruction fetcher 8 fetches instructions from the memory 22 under the control of the control unit 16 as follows. An address 36 from which instructions are to be read is provided to the memory 22 via the select unit 20. These instructions are provided via the data bus 24 to the fetcher data input 28. When the instruction fetcher has fetched its next instruction, or in any event has a next instruction ready, it issues a Ready signal on line 44 to the control unit 16. The instruction which is to be executed is supplied to the instruction register 10 along instruction line Inst 46 and held there during its execution. The instruction pointer 14 holds the address of the instruction being executed supplied to it from the fetcher 8 via instruction pointer line 48. A Get signal 47 responsive to a New Inst signal 53 from the control unit 16 causes the instruction register 10 to store the next instruction on Inst line 46 and causes the fetcher 8 to prepare the next instruction. The New Inst signal 53 also causes the instruction pointer 14 to store the address of the next instruction. A branch line 50 from the control unit 16 allows the instruction fetcher 8 to execute branches. 
     The instruction register 10 provides Source 1 and Source 2 register addresses to the register file 12 as Reg1 and Reg2. A result register address is provided as Dest. Opcode is provided to the control unit 16 along line 51. In addition, some instructions will provide a constant operand instead of encoding one or both source registers. The constant is provided by the constant unit 18. The instruction&#39;s source values are provided on Source 1 and Source 2 busses 52,54 by the appropriate settings of the S1 Reg and S2 Reg signals at inputs E1,E2. The correct execution unit is enabled by providing the appropriate values for Pack Ops, Mem Ops and ALU Ops signals from the control unit 16 in accordance with the Opcode on line 51. The enabled unit will normally provide a result Res on a result bus 56. This is normally stored in the selected result register Dest in the register file 12. There are some exceptions to this. 
     Some instructions provide a double length result. These store the first part of the result in the normal way. In a subsequent additional stage, the second part of the result is stored in the next register in the register file 12 by asserting a Double signal 58. 
     Branches 50 need to read and adjust the instruction pointer 14. These cause the S1 Reg signal not to be asserted, and so the instruction pointer 14 provides the Source 1 value on line 60. The Source 2 value is provided in the normal way (either from a register in the register file 12, or the constant unit 18). The arithmetic unit 2 executes the branch calculations and its result is stored into the fetcher 8 on the New IP input 64, rather than the register file 12, signalled by the Branch line 50 from the control unit 16. This starts the fetcher from a new address. 
     Conditional branches must execute in two stages depending on the state of condition line 62. The first stage uses the Dest register as another source, by asserting a Read Dest signal 45. If the condition is satisfied, then the normal branch source operands are read and a branch is executed. 
     Calls must save a return address. This is done by storing the instruction pointer value in a destination register prior to calculating the branch target. 
     The computer described herein has several important qualities. 
     Source operands are always the natural word length. There can be one, two or three source operands. 
     The result is always the natural word length, or twice the natural word length. There is a performance penalty when it is twice the natural word length as it takes an extra stage to store and occupies two, rather than one, registers. For this computer, assume a natural word length of 64 bits. That is, each register in the register file has a predetermined capacity of 64 bits. 
     The execution units 2,4,6 do not hold any state between instruction execution. Thus subsequent instructions are independent. 
     Non-Packed Instructions 
     The arithmetic unit 2 and memory access unit 4, along with the control unit 16 can execute the following instructions of a conventional instruction set. In the following definitions, a register is used to denote the contents of a register as well as a register itself as a storage location, in a manner familiar to a person skilled in the art. 
     
         ______________________________________mov        Move a constant or a register into a registeradd        Add two registers together and store the      result in a third register (which could be the      same as either of the sources)sub        Subtract two registers and store the result in      a third registerload       Use one register as an address and read from      that location in memory, storing the result      into another registerstore      Use one register as an address and store the      contents of another register into memory at      the location specified by the addresscmpe       Compare two registers (or a register and a      constant) for equality. If they are equal,      store 1 into the destination register      otherwise store zerocmpge      Compare two registers (or a register and a      constant) for orderability. If the second is      not less than the first, store 1 into the      destination register otherwise store zerojump       Unconditional jump to a new locationjumpz      Jump to a new program location, if the      contents of a specified register is zerojumpnz     Jump to a new program location, if the      contents of a specified register is not zeroshr        Perform a bitwise right shift of a register by      a constant or another register and store the      result in a destination register. The shift      is signed because the sign bit is duplicated      when shifting.shl        Perform a bitwise left shift of a register by      a constant or another register and store the      result in a destination registeror/xor     Perform a bit-wise logical operation (or/xor)      on two registers and store result in      destination register.______________________________________ 
    
     Packet Unit 
     FIG. 2 shows in a block diagram the packed arithmetic unit 6. This is shown as a collection of separate units each responsible for some subset of packed arithmetic instructions. It is quite probable that another implementation could combine the functions in different ways. The units include a byte replicate unit 70, a twist and zip unit 74, an obvious packed arithmetic unit 80 and other packed arithmetic units 72,76,78 not described herein. These are operated responsive to a route opcode unit 82 which selectively controls the arithmetic units 70 to 80. Operands for the arithmetic units 70 to 80 are supplied along the Source 1 and Source 2 busses 52,54. Results from the arithmetic units are supplied to the result bus 56. The op input to the route opcode unit 82 receives the Pack Ops instruction from the control unit 16 (FIG. 1). It will be appreciated that the operands supplied on the Source 1 and Source 2 busses are loaded into respective input buffers of the arithmetic units and the results supplied from one or two output buffers t one or two destination registers in the register file 12. 
     Obvious Packed Arithmetic 
     The obvious packed arithmetic unit 80 performs operations taking the two source operands as containing several packed objects each and operating on respective pairs of objects in the two operands to produce a result also containing the same number of packed objects as each source. The operations supported can be addition, subtraction, comparison, multiplication, left shift, right shift etc. As explained above, by addressing a register using a single address an operand will be accessed. The operand comprises a plurality of objects which cannot be individually addressed. 
     FIG. 3 shows the symbols used in the diagrams illustrating the arithmetic units of the packed arithmetic unit 6. 
     FIG. 4 shows an obvious packed arithmetic unit which can perform addition, subtraction, comparison and multiplication of packed 16 bit numbers. As, in this case, the source and result bus widths are 64 bit, there are four packed objects, each 16 bits long, on each bus. 
     The obvious packed arithmetic unit 80 comprises four arithmetic logical units ALU0-ALU3, each of which are controlled by opcode on line 100 which is derived from the route opcode unit 82 in FIG. 3. The 64 bit word supplied from source register 1 SRC1 contains four packed objects S1 0!-S1 3!. The 64 bit word supplied from source register 2 SRC2 contains four packed objects S2 0!-S2 3!. These are stored in first and second input buffers 90,92. The first arithmetic logic unit ALU0 operates on the first packed object in each operand, S1 0! and S2 0! to generate a result R 0!. The second to fourth arithmetic logic units ALU1-ALU3 similarly take the second to fourth pairs of objects and provide respective results R 1! to R 3!. These are stored in a result buffer 102. The result word thus contains four packed objects. An enable unit 101 determines if any of the unit should be active and controls whether the output buffer asserts its output. 
     The instructions are named as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________add2p     Add each respective S1 i! to S2 i! as 2&#39;s     complement numbers producing R i!. Overflow     is ignored.sub2p     Subtract each respective S2 i! from S1 i! as     2&#39;s complement numbers producing R i!.     Overflow is ignored.cmpe2p    Compare each respective S1 i! with S2 i!. If     they are equal, set R i! to all ones; if they     are different, set R i! to zero.cmpge2ps  Compare each respective S1 i! with S2 i! as     signed 2&#39;s complement numbers. If S1 i! is     greater than or equal to S2 i! set R i! to all     ones; if S1 i! is less than S2 i! set R i! to     zero.mu12ps    Multiply each respective S1 i! by S2 i! as     signed 2&#39;s complement numbers setting R i! to     the least significant 16 bits of the full (32     bit) product.______________________________________ 
    
     Some obvious packed arithmetic instructions naturally take one packed source operand and one unpacked source operand. FIG. 5 shows such a unit. 
     The contents of the packed arithmetic unit of FIG. 5 are substantially the same as that of FIG. 4. The only different is that the input buffer 92&#39; for the second source operand receives the source operand in unpacked form. The input buffer 92&#39; receives the first source operand in packed form as before. One example of instructions using an unpacked source operand and a packed source operand are shift instructions, where the amount to shift by is not packed, so that the same shift can be applied to all the packed objects. Whilst it is not necessary for the shift amount to be unpacked, this is more useful. 
     
         ______________________________________sh12p      Shift each respective S1 i! left by S2 (which      is not packed), setting R i! to the result.shr2ps     Shift each respective S1 i! right by S2 (which      is not packed), setting R i! to the result.      The shift is signed, because the sign bit is      duplicated when shifting.______________________________________ 
    
     It is assumed that the same set of operations are provided for packed 8 bit and packed 32 bit objects. The instructions have similar names, but replacing the &#34;2&#34; with a &#34;1&#34; or a &#34;4&#34;. 
     Byte Replicate 
     FIG. 6 shows the byte replicate unit 70. The byte replicate unit comprises an input buffer 104 which receives a single operand which in FIG. 6 is illustrated as a 64 bit word comprising eight packed 8 bit objects S 0! to S 7!. A first multiplexor 106 receives as inputs the first object S 0! and the second object S 1!. A second multiplexor 108 receives as inputs the first object S 0! and the third object S 2!. A third multiplexor 110 receives as inputs the output of the first multiplexor 108 and the fourth object S 3!. The byte replicate unit also comprises an output buffer 112. The output buffer holds a 64 bit word packed as eight 8 bit objects R 0! to R 7!. The first and fifth 8 bit locations of the output buffer 112 are connected directly to the first 8 bits of the input buffer 104. The second and sixth 8 bit locations of the output buffer 112 are connected to receive the output of the first multiplexor 106. The third and seventh 8 bit locations of the output buffer 112 are connected to receive the output of the second multiplexor 108. The fourth and eighth 8 bit locations of the output buffer 112 are connected to receive the output of the third multiplexor 110. The 8 bit result objects in the output buffer are referred to as R 0! to R 7!. A type unit 114 receives opcode on line 118 derived from the route opcode unit 82 in FIG. 3. The type unit selects the size of the object to be replicated and provides one of three output signals D08,D016,D032. These output signals are supplied to an OR gate 120. The output of the OR gate enables the output buffer 112. The D016 and D032 signals are input to a second OR gate 122 the output of which controls the first multiplexor 106. The D032 signal itself controls the second and third multiplexors 108,110. The byte replicate unit thus takes the least significant object (8, 16 or 32 bits) of the source operand and replicates it 8, 4 or 2 times, to produce the packed 64 bit result held in output buffer 112. The operation is broken down into 8 bit pieces, each of S i! and R i! are 8 bits. Some logic is shared for the different replications. The type unit 114 determines whether to replicate 16 bit or 32 bit sequences. If neither signal Do16 or Do32 is asserted, 8 bit sequences will be replicated. 
     The three instructions supported by the byte replicate unit are: 
     
         ______________________________________rep1p     Replicate S 0! into each of R 0! to R 7!.rep2p     Replicate S 0! and S 1! into R 2i! and R 2i + 1!     for i from 0 to 3, thus replicating 16 bits;rep4p     Replicate S 0! to S 3! into R 4i! to R 4i + 3!     for i from 0 to 1, thus replicating 32 bits.______________________________________ 
    
     Twist and Zip 
     There are three kinds of restructuring operations executed by the twist and zip unit 74. These are: 
     
         ______________________________________Shuffle (zip)  This takes a source string consisting          of pairs of object strings and          interleaves the objects from the          object string pairs to produce a          single resultant string of the same          length as the source string. This is          a perfect shuffle.Sort (unzip)   This takes a source string containing          object pairs and deinterleaves the          pairs to produce a result string          consisting of the concatenation of          the deinterleaved pairs. This is a          perfect sort.Transpose (flip)          This takes a source string containing          object quadruples and produces a          result string by exchanging          appropriate source objects to affect          a set of matrix transposes.______________________________________ 
    
     Any one of these operations can alternatively be constructed from suitable combinations of the other two operations. 
     For all these transformations the source string consists of a number of vectors, each containing the same number of equally sized objects. To name these transformations requires three numbers. 
     
         ______________________________________number of vectors          This specifies the number of vectors          in the source and result strings.size of vector This specifies the number of objects          in each vector.size of object This specifies the number of bits in          each object.______________________________________ 
    
     The instruction names consist of a transform type (zip, unzip, flip), followed by the number of vectors suffixed by an &#34;n&#34;, the size of each vector suffixed by a &#34;v&#34; and the object size expressed as a number of 8 bit bytes suffixed by a &#34;p&#34;. Thus, in the instruction zip4n2v1p, zip denotes the instruction type, and 4n2v1p specifies the operand format. In this case a zip operation is to be executed on 4 vectors each of two one byte objects. To do this particular operation, as each zip requires two vectors, two separate zips are done. 
     When the source and result strings are 64 or 128 bits in total there are 9 unique zip and unzip transforms which are shown in FIG. 7. 
     This set of zips and unzips is complete for the 64 and 128 bit strings supported by this implementation. Zips and unzips of longer strings can be performed by sequences of these instructions, in conjunction with conventional move instructions. 
     The flips appropriate to 64 and 128 bit strings are shown in FIG. 8. Some of these are the same as some of the zip and unzips in FIG. 7. 
     As with the zips and unzips, this set of flips is complete for 64 and 128 bit strings. Flips of longer strings can be performed by sequences of flips and conventional move instructions. 
     FIG. 9 shows the part of the twist and zip unit 74 which deals with 64 bit zips and unzips. The zip and unzip part of the twist and zip unit shown in FIG. 9 comprises an input buffer 130 containing eight packed 8 bit source objects S 0! to S 7!. A result buffer 132 is provided to hold eight packed 8 bit result objects R 0! to R 7!. The result R 0! is connected directly to the first source object S 0!. The second source object S 1! is supplied as one input to a first multiplexor 134, a second multiplexor 136, and a third multiplexor 138. The first, second and third multiplexors 134,136,138 receive as their second input the fifth source object S 4!. A fourth multiplexor 140 receives as one input the third source object S 2! and as its other input the output of the first multiplexor 134. The output of the fourth multiplexor provides the second result object R 1!. The output of the second multiplexor 136 provides the third result object R 2!. A fifth multiplexor 142 receives as inputs the output of the third multiplexor 138 and the sixth source object S 5!. The output of the fifth multiplexor 142 supplies the fourth result object R 3!. A sixth multiplexor 144 receives as one input the fourth source object S 3! and as the other input the seventh source object S 6!. The output of the sixth multiplexor is supplied as one input to a seventh multiplexor 146, the other input of which is the third source object S 2!. The output of the seventh multiplexor 146 supplies the fourth result object R 4!. An eighth multiplexor 150 receives as one input the fourth source object S 3! and as another input the seventh source object S 6! and supplies as its output the sixth result object R 5!. A ninth multiplexor 152 receives as one input the fourth source object S 3! and as another input the seventh source object S 6!. The output of the ninth multiplexor 152 is supplied to a tenth multiplexor 154 which receives as a second input the sixth source object S 5!. The output of the tenth multiplexor 154 provides the seventh result object R 6!. The eighth source object S7 is connected directly to provide the eighth result object R7. A type unit 162 receives opcode on line 160 derived from the route opcode unit 82 in FIG. 2. The type unit 162 defines the instruction to be executed by the zip and unzip part of the twist and zip unit 74. For this purpose it supplies one of four output signals zip2n2v2p, unzip2n4v1p, zip2n4v1p and zip4n2v1p. The zip2n4v1p and zip4n2v1p outputs are supplied to a first OR gate 164 the output of which controls the eighth multiplexor 150. The output signal zip4n2v1p is also supplied to a second OR gate 166 which receives the output unzip2n4v1p. The output of the second OR gate controls the fourth, fifth, seventh and tenth multiplexors. The signal unzip2n4v1p controls the third and sixth multiplexors. The output zip2n2v2p controls the first and ninth multiplexors. All four outputs of the type unit 162 are supplied to a third OR gate 168 which determines whether or not the output buffer 132 is enabled. Some of the logic paths are shared in FIG. 9, thus requiring only ten 8 bit multiplexors. The source and result are shown as packed 8 bit objects. However, one of the instructions this implements is defined in terms of packed 16 bit objects and this is achieved by taking pairs of source and result 8 bit objects. 
     The 64 bit zips and unzips are: 
     
         ______________________________________zip4n2v1p      Zips (interleaves) vectors of two 8          bit objects. This is the same as          unzipping (deinterleaving) the same          vectors.zip2n4v1p      Zips (interleaves) vectors of four 8          bit objects.unzip1n4v1p    Unzips (deinterleaves) vectors of          four 8 bit objects.zip2n2v2p      Zips (interleaves) vectors of two 16          bit objects. This is the same as          unzipping (deinterleaving) the same          objects.______________________________________ 
    
     FIG. 10 shows the part of the twist and zip unit which performs the double length 8 bit zip and unzip instructions. This part of the twist and zip unit comprises first and second input buffers 170,172 each of which hold a 64 bit word. The 64 bit words held in the input buffers 170,172 can be viewed as a continuous data string which has sixteen objects labelled from S1 0! to S2 7!. There are first and second output buffers 174,176 which each hold a 64 bit word. The result is output on line 178. There are six changeover switches 180 to 190 each of which have two inputs and two outputs. The inputs of the changeover switches 180 to 190 are connected to locations in the first and second input buffers 170,172 as illustrated in FIG. 10. The outputs of the changeover switches 180 to 190 are connected to locations in the first and second output buffers 174,176 as illustrated in FIG. 10. The connections are such that either the zip2n8v1p operation or the unzip2n8v1p operation as illustrated in FIG. 7 can be implemented. It can be seen from FIG. 10 that the first location in the first input buffer S1 0! and the last location in the second input buffer S2 7! are connected respectively to the first location R1 0! in the output buffer and the last location R2 7! in the second output buffer. In this way, the locations in the data string of the first and last objects remains unchanged after restructuring of the data string according to the zip and unzip instruction. A type unit 192 receives opcode on line 160 derived from the route opcode unit 82 in FIG. 3. The type unit 192 outputs two signals dependent on whether the restructuring instruction is a zip or unzip instruction, zip2n8v1p or unzip2n8v1p. These output signals are supplied to an OR gate 196. The unzip2n8v1p signal controls the changeover switches 180 to 190. The output of the OR gate 196 is supplied to two AND gates 198,200. The AND gate 198 also receives the Double signal 58. The AND gate 200 receives the Double signal 58, inverted. The AND gate 200 controls the first output buffer 174 and the AND gate 198 controls the second output buffer 176. The two output buffers are controlled by the Double signal which causes the first output buffer 174 to supply its contents along line 178 to a first destination register and then changes state so that the second output buffer 176 supplies its contents along line 178 to a subsequent register in the register file 12. 
     The two instructions processed are: 
     
         ______________________________________zip2n8v1p     Zip (interleave) vectors of eight 8         bit objects.unzip2n8v1p   Unzip (deinterleave) vectors of eight         8 bit objects.______________________________________ 
    
     FIG. 11 shows the part of the twist and zip unit which performs the double length 16 bit and 32 bit zip and unzip instructions. This part has first and second input buffers 202,204 each of which holds a 64 bit word defining four 16 bit objects in packed form. Two objects can be dealt with together by use of the 32 bit zip instruction. First and second output buffers 206 and 208 each hold a 64 bit word defining four packed 16 bit objects R 0! to R 3!, R 4! to R 7!. The result is supplied on line 210. The Double signal 58 controls the sequence in which the output buffers assert their its output. As with the other parts of the twist and zip unit, locations in the first input buffer for the first object are connected directly to the first object location in the first output buffer. Likewise, the last source object location in the second input buffer 204 is connected directly to the last result object location R 7! in the second output buffer 208. 
     A first multiplexor 212 receives as one input the source object S1 1! and as a second input the source object S1 2!. A second multiplexor 212 receives as one input the second source object S1 1! and as a second input the third source object S1 2!. A third multiplexor 214 receives as one input the second source object S11 and as a second input the first source object S2 0! of the second input buffer. A fourth multiplexor 216 receives as one input the source object S1 3! and as a second input the source object S2 2!. A fifth multiplexor 218 receives as one input the source object S2 1! and as a second input the source object S2 2!. A sixth multiplexor 220 receives as one input the source object S2 1! and as a second input the source object S2 2!. The output of the first multiplexor 210 supplies the first result object R 4! of the second output buffer 208. The output of the second multiplexor 212 is supplied to a seventh multiplexor 222 which receives as its second input the source object S2 0!. The output of the second multiplexor 222 supplies the second result object R 1! in the first output buffer 206. The output of the third multiplexor 214 supplies the third result object R 2! in the first output buffer 206. The output of the fourth multiplexor 216 supplies the second result object R 5! in the second output buffer 208. The output of the fifth multiplexor 218 is supplied as one input to an eighth multiplexor 224 which receives as its second input the source object S1 3!. The output of the eighth multiplexor 224 supplies the third result object R 6! in the second output buffer 208. The output of the sixth multiplexor 220 supplies the fourth result object R 3! in the first output buffer 206. A type unit 226 receives opcode on line 160 from the route opcode unit 82 of FIG. 3. The type unit generates three output signals depending on the type of restructuring operation to be carried out by this part of the twist and zip unit. These signals are zip2n4v2p, unzip2n4v2p and zip2n2v4p. These signals are supplied to an OR gate 228 the output of which is supplied to two AND gates 230 and 232. The AND gate 230 also receives the double signal. The AND gate 232 receives an inverted version of the double signal. The outputs of the AND gates 230,232 control activation of the output buffers 206,208. 
     The zip2n4v2p signal controls the third and seventh multiplexors 214,222. The unzip2n4v2p signal controls the first, second, fourth and fifth multiplexors. 
     The three instructions processed by this part of the twist and zip unit are: 
     
         ______________________________________zip2n4v2p     Zip (interleave) vectors of four 16         bit objects.unzip2n4v2p   Unzip (deinterleave) vectors of four         16 bit objects.zip2n2v4p     Zip (interleave) vectors of two 32         bit objects. This is the same as         unzipping (deinterleaving) the same         vectors.______________________________________ 
    
     FIG. 12 shows the part of the twist and zip unit which can perform the 8 bit flips. This does both the single length and double length operations. In FIG. 12 there are two input buffers 234,236 each containing a 64 bit word packed as 8 bit objects. Adjacent pairs of objects in the first and second input buffers 234,236 are supplied to respective multiplexors 238-252. A second set of multiplexors 254-264 is arranged as follows. The first multiplexor 254 of the second set receives as one input the second source object in the first output buffer 234 and as a second input the output of the third multiplexor 242 of the first set. The second multiplexor 256 of the second set receives as one input the fifth source object of the first output buffer 234 and as a second input the output of the fifth multiplexor 246 of the first set. The third multiplexor 258 of the second set receives as one input the fourth source object of the first output buffer 234 and as a second input the output of the fourth multiplexor 244 of the first set. The fourth multiplexor 260 of the second set receives as one input the seventh source object of the first output buffer 234 and as a second input the output of the sixth multiplexor of the first set. The fifth multiplexor 262 of the first set receives as one input the sixth source object of the first output buffer and as a second input the output of the seventh multiplexor 250 of the first set. The sixth multiplexor 264 of the second set receives as one input the eighth source object of the first output buffer 234 and as a second input the output of the eighth multiplexor 252 of the first set. The 8 bit flip part of the twist and zip unit also includes an output buffer 266 for accommodating a 64 bit word as 8 bit packed objects. The first result object is supplied as the output of the first multiplexor 238 of the first set. The second source object is supplied as the output of the second multiplexor 256 of the second set. The third object of the result is supplied as the output of the second multiplexor 240 of the first set. The fourth object of the result is supplied as the output of the fourth multiplexor 260 of the second set. The fifth object of the result is supplied as the output of the first multiplexor 254 of the first set. The sixth object of the result is supplied as the output of the fifth multiplexor 262 of the second set. The seventh object of the result is supplied as the output of the third multiplexor 258 of the second set. The eighth object of the result is supplied as the output of the sixth multiplexor of the second set 164. A type unit 268 receives opcode on line 160 and produces two signals depending on the type of restructuring operation to be carried out. These signals are flip2n4v1p and flip2n8v1p. These signals are supplied to an OR gate 270 the output of which controls the output buffer 266. The Double signal 58 controls the multiplexors 238 to 252 of the first set. The Double signal will only be active for the upper part of double length instructions. The multiplexors in the second set 254 to 264 are controlled by the flip2n8v1p signal. 
     In FIG. 12, only a single 64 bit output buffer is illustrated. When the flip2n4v1p instruction is being executed, the buffer corresponds to the single output buffer shown in FIG. 9. When the 2n8v1p flip instruction is being executed, the output buffer first holds and supplies the RESULT LOW part of the result and then, when the Double signal 58 is asserted, holds and supplies the RESULT HIGH part of the result. 
     The two instructions processed by the unit are: 
     
         ______________________________________flip2n4v1p    Flip vectors of four 8 bit objects.flip2n8v1p    Flip vectors of eight 8 bit objects.______________________________________ 
    
     FIG. 13 shows the part of the twist and zip unit which performs the 16 bit and 32 bit flips. As with the 8 bit flip unit, it performs both single and double length flips. The 32 bit objects are dealt with as pairs of 16 bit objects. 
     The three instructions processed by the unit are: 
     
         ______________________________________flip2n2v2p    Flip vectors of two 16 bit objects.flip2n4v2p    Flip vectors of four 16 bit objects.flip2n2v4p    Flip vectors of two 32 bit objects.______________________________________ 
    
     Two of these three flips are the same as two of the zips. Therefore, if both sets of instructions are present, only one set of hardware needs implementing. 
     This part of the twist and zip unit comprises first and second input buffers 272,274 each of which accommodates a 64 bit word packed as four 16 bit objects S1 0! to S1 3! in the first input buffer and S2 0! to S2 3! in the second input buffer 274. A first set of multiplexors 276 to 290 receive inputs from the first and second input buffers 272,274 as follows. The first multiplexor 276 of the first set receives as one input the first source object S1 0! and as a second input the third source object S1 2!. The second multiplexor 278 of the first set receives as one input the first source object S1 0! and as a second input the second source object S1 1!. The third multiplexor 280 of the first set receives as one input the second source object S1 1! and as a second input the fourth source object S1 3!. The fourth multiplexor of the first set 282 receives as one input the third source object S1 2! and as a second input the fourth source object S1 3!. The fourth multiplexor 284 of the first set receives as one input the first source object S2 0! of the second buffer 274 and as a second input the third source object S2 2!. The sixth multiplexor 286 of the first set receives as one input the first source object S2 0! of the second buffer 274 and as a second input the second source object S2 1!. The seventh multiplexor 288 receives as one input the second source object S2 1! and as a second input the fourth source object S2 3!. The eighth multiplexor 290 receives as one input the third source object S2 2! of the second input buffer 274 and as a second input the fourth source object S2 3!. A second set of multiplexors 292 to 298 receive inputs as follows. The first multiplexor 292 of the second set receives as inputs the outputs of the first and second multiplexors 276,278 of the first set. The second multiplexor 294 of the second set receives as inputs the out from the third and sixth multiplexors 280,286 of the first set. The third multiplexor 296 of the second set receives as inputs the output of the fifth multiplexor 284 of the first set and the fourth multiplexor 282 of the first set. The fourth multiplexor of the third set receives as inputs the outputs of the seventh and eighth multiplexors 288,290 of the first set. A third set of multiplexors 300-304 receive inputs as follows. The first multiplexor 300 of the third set receives as inputs the third source object S1 2! of the first input buffer 272 and the output of the second multiplexor 294 of the third set. The second multiplexor 302 of the third set receives as inputs the second source object S1 1! of the first input buffer 272 and the output of the third multiplexor 296 of the second set. The third multiplexor 304 of the third set receives as inputs the fourth object S1 3! of the first input buffer 272 and the output of the fourth multiplexor 298 of the second set. 
     This part of the twist and zip unit also contains an output buffer 306 capable of accommodating a 64 bit word packed as four 16 bit objects. The first result object R 0! is derived from the first multiplexor 292 of the second set. The second to fourth result objects R 1! to R 3! are derived from the outputs of the multiplexors of the third set 300-304. 
     A type unit 306 receives opcode on line 160 from the route opcode unit 82 in FIG. 3. The type unit generates three signals depending on the type of restructuring instruction to be executed by this part of the unit. The signals are flip2n2v2p, flip2n4v2p and flip2n2v4p. These signals are supplied to an OR gate 308 the output of which controls the output buffer 306. The Double signal 58 controls the multiplexors of the first set 276 to 290. The flip2n2v4p signal controls the multiplexors of the second set. The flip2n2v2p signal controls the multiplexors of the third set. 
     When this part of the unit is used to execute the flip2n2v2p unit, the output buffer is the single output buffer shown, in FIG. 9 for that instruction. When this part of the unit is used to execute the flip2n4v2p or flip2n2v4p instructions, the output buffer behaves as described above with reference to FIG. 12. 
     Examples of the use of the byte replicate and byte twist and zip instructions will now be given. In the following examples, the assembly notation denotes register operands as Rn, where n is any number. Constant operands are simply n. Instructions which produce a double length result specify only the first of a pair of registers. The upper part of the result is then written to the next register. Labels are denoted by an alphanumeric string followed by a &#34;:&#34;. 
     One particularly useful operation is matrix transposition. 
     Matrix Transpose 
     The zips, unzips or flips can be used to transpose matrices. Matrices which cannot be transposed in a single instruction can be dealt with in a series of steps which operate on larger sub-units. 
     Matrices are drawn starting at the top left and proceeding along each row in turn down to the bottom right. This row ordering representation is the opposite way around to that used in the diagrams of the functional units. 
     Using Flips 
     For instance in the transpose of a 4 by 4 matrix of 16 bit objects, using flips, the four quadrants need individually transposing (each being a 2 by 2 of 16 bit objects), and the upper right and lower left quadrants of the 4 by 4 need swapping. This can be done by treating the matrix as two interleaved 2 by 2 matrices of 32 bit objects, and transposing them. FIG. 14 shows the operations to do this. 
     The assembly code to perform the transpose is shown in Annexe A, Sequence (i). 
     Using Zips 
     To transpose the same matrix using zips (perfect shuffles) requires a series of shuffles of the 16 bit objects, then on pairs of 16 bit objects and then on quadruples of 16 bit objects. FIG. 15 shows the operations to do this. 
     The assembly code to perform this is shown in Annexe A, Sequence (ii). 
     Using Unzips 
     To transpose the same matrix using unzips (perfect sorts) requires sorts of 16 bit objects. FIG. 16 shows the operations to do this. 
     The assembly code to perform this is shown in Annexe A, Sequence (iii). 
     Annexe A Sequence (iii) shows transposition of a 4×4 matrix of bytes using unzips. 
     Matrix Multiplication 
     Matrix multiplication consists of a set of multiply accumulates. The most common case is multiplication of a vector (1 dimensional) by a matrix (2 dimensional) to produce another vector. 
     
         ______________________________________               M.sub.0,0 . . . M.sub.0,M-1V.sub.0 . . . V.sub.N-1               M.sub.N-1,0 . . . M.sub.N-1,M-1______________________________________ 
    
     If  V! and  M! contain 16 bit data, the packed 16 bit multiplication can be used to perform the calculation. 
     One way of performing the multiplication is to replicate each element of the vector using the byte replicate instruction, perform packed multiples of each replicated element by the correct row of the matrix, and then perform a packed addition of the partial products. Note that there is no requirement to transpose the matrix. The code sequence for doing this is shown in Annexe A, Sequence (iv). 
     Another way of replicating the vector elements is by using zips. FIG. 17 shows how this is achieved. 
     The code sequence which does that for matrix multiplication is shown in Annexe A, Sequence (v). 
     Data Format Conversion 
     Conversion between different formats can be performed with zips and unzips. Signed conversions to a larger format require duplication of the sign bit, and this can be done with a signed right shift. Table 1 shows the instructions required for converting between various unsigned formats and Table 2 shows the signed conversions. 
     String Search 
     String searching is used when it is required to know if a string contains a certain character. By replicating the search character and performing a packed comparison several characters can be tested simultaneously. A code sequence for this search is shown in Annexe A, Sequence (vi). 
     Replicate 
     It is possible to use zips, unzips or flips to perform a replicate of 1, 2 or 4 byte objects. The respective sequences in Annexe B(i), (ii) and (iii) show how to replicate the rightmost byte. 
     Converting Between RGB and Planar Video Formats 
     For use in a graphics environment, RGB (or packed) format is where four consecutive bytes contain red, green, blue and alpha colour information for a single pixel. Thus each pixel occupies four consecutive bytes. Planar format is where all the red, green, blue and alpha colour information is stored in separate areas of memory. Thus all the same colour information is contiguous and each pixel corresponds to four non-contiguous bytes of memory. 
     Conversion between the RGB format and planar format in either direction can be done by zips or unzips. A conversion sequence from RGB to planar using zips is shown in Annexe B(iv), and using unzips is shown in Annexe B(v). 
     A conversion sequence from planar to RGB using zips is shown in Annexe B(vi) and using unzips in Annexe B(vii). 
     It is possible to do the conversion using flips, but the pixels then become interleaves, which is undesirable. 
     Rotation 
     Rotation of matrices can be performed by zips or unzips. Sequences for this are shown in Annexe B(viii) and (ix). Similar sequences can also be used to support the rotation of graphical objects. 
     
         ______________________________________Annexe A, Sequence (i);transpose of 4 by 4 16-bit object matrix using flips;matrix is initially in registers R1 to R4flip2n4v2pR6,R1,R2       ;transpose the top twoflip2n4v2pR8,R3,R4       ;transpose the bottom twoflip2n2v4pR1,R6,RB       ;transpose the first interleavedflip2n2v4pR3,R7,R9       ;transpose the second interleaved;the transposed matrx is now in registers R1,R3,R2,R4Annexe A, Sequence (ii);transpose of 4 by 4 matrix of 16-bit objects using zips; matrix is in register R1 to R4zip2n4v2p R6,R1,R2       ;zip the first two rowszip2n4v2p R8,R3,R4;       ;zip the last two rowszip2#v4p R1,R6,R8:       ;zip first interleaved rowszip2n2v4p R3,R7,R9       ;zip second interleaved rows;note because the zip result is in adjacent registers, these;last two instructions have done the zip of the 64 bit objects too;transposed matrix is in register R1 to R4Annexe A, Sequence (iii);transpose of a 4 by 4 matrix of 2-bytes using unzips,source matrix is in R0, R1, R2, R3, one row per registerunzip2n4v2pR4,R0,R1unzip2n4v2pR6,R2,R3unzip2n4v2pR8,R4,R6unzip2n4v2pR10,R5,R7;result is in R8,R10,R9 and R11Annexe A, Sequence (iiia);transpose of a 4 by 4 matrix of bytes using unzips;source matrix is in R0 and R1, R2, R3, two rows per registerunzip2n8v1pR2,R0,R1unzip2n8v1pR4,R2,R3;result is in R4 and R5Annexe A, Sequence (iv);multiply a vector by a matrix using multiply add;given  V! and  M! this calculates  V!  M!;V contains four 16 bit elements, and M is 4 bv 4 of 16 bit elements;V is contained in R1;M is contained in R2 to R5rep2p  R6,R1    ;duplicate first elementmu12ps R7,R6,R2 ;first set of partiai productssbr    R6,R1,16 ;shift down second element of vectorrep2p  R6,R6    ;duplicate the second elementmu12ps R8,R6,R3 ;second set of partial productsadd2p  R7,R7,R8 ;sum into R7shr    R6,R1,32 ;shift down third element of vectorrep2p  R6,R6    ;duplicate the third elementmu12ps R8,R6,R4 ,third set of partial productsadd2p  R7,R7,R8 ;sum into R7shr    R6,R1,48 ;shift down fourth element of vectorrep2p  R6,R6    ;duplicate the fourth elementmu12ps R8,R6,R4 ;fourth set of partial productsadd2p  R7,R7,RS ;sum into R7;the product is in R7Annexe A, Seouence (v);multiply a vector by a matrix using multiply add;given  V! and  M! this calculates  V!  M!;V contains four 16 bit elements, and M is 4 by 4 of 16 bit elements;V is contained in R1;M is contained in R2 to R5zip2n4v2p   R6,R1,R2  ;make pairs of vector elernent duplicateszip2n2v4p   R8,R6,R6  ;make quads of first two elementszip2n2v4p   R10,R7,R7 ;make quads of second two elementsmu12ps  R8,R8,R2  ;first set of partial productsmu12ps  R9,R9,R3  ;second set of partial productsmu12ps  R10,R10,R4             ;third set of partial productsmu12ps  R11,R11,R4             ;fourth set of partial productsadd2p   R6,R8,R9  ;add first and second set togetheradd2p   R7,R10,R11             ;add third and fourth set togecneradd2p   R6,R6,R7  ;add these;the product is in R6Annexe A, Sequence (vi);strchr;R1 points to the string;R2 is the character to search for;the string is terminated by a character of zerorep1p  R2,R2       ;replicate the search characterloop:load   R3,R1       ;get 8 bytes of the stringadd    R1,R1,8     ;point to the next 8cmpe1p R4,R3,0     ;test for end of stringcmpe1p R5,R3,R2    ;test for desired characteror     R6,R4,R5jumpz  R6,loop     ;repeat if not found;now need to determine if it was the end of the string, or the charsub    R6,R4,1xor    R6,R4,R6    ;mask before end of stringand    R6,R5,R6    ;mask of pemissable target charactersjumpz  R6,not.sub.-- found.;now determine which particular char was found;this bit is a loop as I haven&#39;t defined a count zero bits instructionrepeat:sub    R1,R1,1     ;rewind pointersh1    R6,R6,8     ;shift up 8 bitsjumpnz R6,repeat   ;reoeat if not cleared;now R1 points to the located characterAnnexe B, Sequence (i);replicate using zips;the source is in R0zip2n8v1p R1,R0,R0zip2n8v1p R1,R1,R1zip2n8v1p R2,R1,R1;the replicated value is in R2Annexe B, Sequence (ii);replicate using unzips,the source is in R0unzip2n8v1pR1,R0,R0unzip2n8v1pR1,R1,R1unzip2n8v1pR2,R1,R1;the replicated value is in R2Annexe B, Sequence (iii);replicate using flips;the source is in R0flip2n8v1p R1,R0,R0flip2n4v2p R1,R1,R1flip2n2v4p R2,R1,R1;the replicated value is in R2Annexe B, Sequence (iv);RGBα to Planar using zips;source is 8 RGBα pixels in R0, R1, R2 and R3 (two per register)zip2n8v1p R4,R0,R1zip2n8v1p R6,R2,R3zip2n4v1p R8,R4,R6zip2n4v2p R10,R5,R7zip2n2v4p R12,R8,R10zip2n2v4p R14,R9,R11;result is in registers R12,R13,R14,R15 as 8red, 8blue, 8green and 8redAnnexe B, Sequence (v);RGBα to Planar using unzips;source is 8 RGBα pixels in R0, R1, R2 and R3 (two per register)unzip2n8v1pR4,R0,R1unzip2n8v1pR6,R2,R3unzip2n8v1pR8,R4,R6unzip2n8v1pR10,R5,R7;result is in registers R8,R9,R10,R11 as 8red, 8green, 8blue and 8redAnnexe B, Sequence (vi);Planar to RGBα using zips;source is 8red, 8blue, 8green and 8red in R0, R1, R2 and R1zip2n8v1p R4,R0,R1zip2nBv1p R6,R2,R3zip2n4v2p R8,R4,R6zip2n4v2p R10,R5,R7;result is in registers R8,R9,R10,R11 as 2 pixels per registerAnnexe B, Sequence (vii);Planar to RGBα using unzips;source is 8α, 8blue, Bgreen and 8red in R0, R1, R2 and R3unzip2n8v1pR4,R0,R1unzip2n8v1pR6,R2,R3unzip2n4v2pR8,R4,R6unzip2n4v2pR10,R5,R7unzip2n8v1pR12,R8,R10unzip2n8v1pR14,R9,R11;result is in registers R12,R13,R14,R15 as 2 pixels per registerAnnexe B, Sequence (viii);rotation anticlockwise of a 4by4 matrix o: bytes using zips;source matrix is in R0 and R1, two rows per registerzip2n8v1p R2,R1,R0zip2n8v1p R4,R3,R2;result is in R4 and R5Annexe B, Sequence (ix);rotation clockwise of a 4by4 matrix of bytes using unzips;source matrix is in R0 and R1, two rows per registerunzip2n8v1pR2,R0, R1uzizip2n8v1pR4,R3,R2;result is in R5 and R4______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________Unsigned ConversionsFrom→To↓  8-bit     16-bit     32-bit   64-bit______________________________________8-bit            unzip2n8v1p            R, S1, S216-bit zip2n8v1p            unzip2n4v2p  R, S, 0              R, S1, S232-bit           zip2n4v2p           unzip2n2v4p            R, S, 0             R, S1, S264-bit                      zip2n2v4p                       R, S, 0______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 2______________________________________Signed ConversionsFrom→To↓  8-bit     16-bit     32-bit   64-bit______________________________________8-bit            unzip2n8v1p  R, S1, S2shrlps:          unzip2n4v2p16-bit tmp, S, 7            R, S1, S2zip2n8y1pR, S, tmp  shr2ps               unzip2n2v4p32-bit           tmp, S, 15          R, S1, S2            zip2n4v2p            R,S, tmp64-bit                      shr4ps                       tmp, S, 31                       zip2n2v4p______________________________________