Abstract:
A system and method of routing communication signals is provided. A first technique uses a packet switched device that operates using Internet Protocol, the packet switched device determines one or more commands based on a routing request to establish, maintain, restore or breakdown one or more communication paths and a circuit switched device that provides physical switching between a plurality of ports based on the one or more commands from the packet switched device. A second technique for expediting error condition information is also provided. As various error conditions are recognized, information relating to the error conditions is provided directly to the packet switched device to enable the packet switched device to restore communications with minimal delay.

Description:
This nonprovisional application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/159,038, filed Oct. 12, 1999. 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of Invention 
   This invention relates to routing information. 
   2. Description of Related Art 
   Current Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) and Internet Protocol (IP) technologies provide capabilities that may be exploited for improved network operations. Existing circuit switched networks utilize semi-manual or centralized circuit allocation and standardized fail safe scenarios (exemplified by Synchronized Optical Network or SONET) to set up circuits for communications. Other networks use IP to forward packets, trusting that the messages will eventually reach their destination. Unfortunately, existing IP communications systems suffer from a number of inefficiencies such as providing relatively long delays and slow throughput after a communication is interrupted. New technology is needed to provide faster communication services. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The invention provides a method and apparatus for routing information. The smart router-simple optics (SRSO) approach concentrates intelligence for resource management in an Internet Protocol (IP) device; physical cross connections are then handled by a circuit switched device. 
   Thus, an exemplary SRSO router is constructed of multiple ports that are joined by optical cross connects and an IP router that provides IP functionality. The cross connection devices are only responsible for providing transmission services: signal regeneration, media access control (MAC) level framing, dynamic local optical connectivity, and physical transmission. The IP layer provides all complex functions: network optimization including traffic engineering and Quality of Service (QoS), management of optical resources (wavelength management), and restoration. 
   One exemplary embodiment overcomes the limitations of the known devices by having the IP device handle addressing, routing and the management of topology and network resources. The cross connection device then is concentrated on handling the capacity and reconfigurable optical cross connects. The IP layer can then control the cross connection layer for example, through the abstraction of IP tunneling. 
   Thus, the SRSO approach can be used to distribute the control of a circuit based network. Alternatively, the SRSO approach can be used to improve the efficiency of a packet based network by providing high bandwidth connections between communications nodes. The high bandwidth connections are reconfigured to provide bandwidth as required to efficiently manage packet service data. 
   Another exemplary embodiment corrects communications errors by attempting to correct the error within the communications node, attempting to correct the error by communicating with other communications nodes and communicating with the entire network. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The invention will be described with reference to the following figures, wherein like numerals designate like elements and wherein: 
       FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a network system; 
       FIG. 2  is a block diagram of an exemplary portion of a network with a normal communication path established; 
       FIG. 3  is another block diagram of an exemplary portion of a network with a normal communication path established; 
       FIG. 4  is a block diagram of an exemplary portion of a network with a restoration communication path established; 
       FIG. 5  is a block diagram of an exemplary router using an overlay system; and 
       FIG. 6  is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method of routing communication signals. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     FIG. 1  is a block diagram of an exemplary communication system  100 . The communication system  100  includes a first data terminal  110  connected to a network  130  through a first data link  112 , and a second data terminal  120  connected to the network  130  through a second data link  122 . The network  130  can accommodate communication between the first data terminal  110  and the second data terminal  120  by providing an internal communication path capable of transmitting and receiving communication signals between links  112  and  122 . Furthermore, the network  130  can self repair upon sensing a failure of the normal communication path within the network  130  by establishing a restoration communication path. 
   The data terminals  110  and  120  transmit/receive communication signals to/from the network  130  over their respective links  112  and  122 . The data terminals  110  and  120  can be any one of a number of different types of data terminals, such as computers, routers, SONET terminals, ATM switches, cellular phones, satellites, storage devices, or any combination of software and hardware capable of generating, relaying and recalling from storage any information capable of being transmitted to the network  130 . Furthermore, the data terminals  110  and  120  can be any number of different types of data receivers capable of receiving digital information such as digital computers, routers such as backbone routers, distribution routers and access routers, SONET terminals, ATM switches, cellular phones, satellites, storage mediums, transceivers, or any other known or later developed combination of hardware and software capable of receiving, relaying, storing, sensing or perceiving information transmitted from the network  130 . 
   The links  112  and  122  can be any known or later developed device or system for connecting the data terminals  110  and  120  to the network  130 . Such devices include direct serial/parallel cable connections, satellite links, wireless links, optical links, connections over a wide area network or a local area network, connections over an intranet, connections over the Internet or connections over any other distributed processing network or system. Additionally, the links  112  and  122  can be software devices linking various software systems. In general, the links  112  and  122  can be any known or later developed connected systems, computer programs or structures usable to connect the data terminals  110  and  120  to the network  130 . 
   In operation, the data terminals  110  and  120  can provide various communication signals to each other. The various communication signals can contain various different types of information such as video information, audio information, web page information, digital files of various sizes and the like. To enable communication, the network  130  can form a communication path by receiving a request by one or both of the data terminals  110  and  120 , reserving appropriate internal network resources and enabling the reserved resources to form an operational communication path. 
   However, during operations, communication paths within the network  130  can occasionally fail. Upon such failures, the network  130  can quickly self-repair by establishing new internal communication paths. The restoration process starts as the network  130  detects a problem using various fault detection devices (not shown) within the network. Upon detection of a problem, the network  130  reroutes communication from the failed internal communication path to a new communication path within the network  130 , thereby restoring communication. 
     FIG. 2  is a block diagram of an exemplary circuit switched network  1130  having a set of communication nodes  1200 – 1218  interconnected through a series of transmission lines  1250 – 1272 . The communication nodes  1200 – 1218  all communicate with and are controlled by centralized controller  1220  via links  1274 – 1282 . The centralized controller  1220  sets up and reconfigures pathways within the network. 
   Thus, the network  1130  depends on route information being forwarded and handled by centralized controller  1220 . The network  1130  therefore is constrained by the speed at which network controller  1220  can set up communications paths. In addition, the network  1130  is limited by the number of communications nodes that centralized controller  1220  can administer. 
   The network  1130  uses a “layered” hierarchy of subsystems with the highest layers relating to various tasks such as connectivity management and the lowest layers relating to the hardware that provides the physical conduits that carry various communication signals. 
   Connectivity management generally addresses the high level organization and monitoring of network resources. Connectivity management can include quality of service tasks, provisioning, packet routing and bandwidth reservation. Quality of Service (QOS) can include monitoring the time that a communication signal, or message, takes to reach a destination, and the number of communication signals that are lost in transit. Provisioning can include reserving bandwidth for future communications and enabling the internal pathways, when desired. Bandwidth reservation can include reserving certain wavelengths of light or certain portions of a circuit to accommodate a particular message. 
   Within the context of Internet communications, connectivity management is based on a communication standard known as Internet Protocol (IP) which “resides” on a number of intermediate and low-level layers, including a hardware layer composed of various communication pipes such as fiber-optic cables and the like, interconnected by special devices called routers. 
   Unfortunately, networks with multiple autonomous layers are subject to problems such as duplication of work and scheduling conflicts due to ill-coordinated distributed processing between different technology layers. 
   For example, each individual layer of a conventional IP communication system typically only communicates with the layers directly above or below, i.e., the highest layers are detached from the lowest layers. One effect of this organization is that an IP layer of a conventional IP communication system cannot directly access information relating to the health of an individual communication signal. As a result, substantial delays can result in an IP layer recognizing that individual communication signals are lost or corrupted. 
   Compounding this, complex escalation processes must be introduced to ensure that multiple layers do not simultaneously react to the same fault information. For example, long timeout periods are introduced into IP in the event of a failure to allow for restoration to occur in lower layer technologies. 
   However, by using a smart router simple optics (SRSO) approach, which concentrates resource management decision making and intelligence in the IP router, resource management is simplified, conflicts are eliminated and the optical switch controller is reduced to a simple set of command interpreters, or drivers, called an application programming interface (API). 
   Another benefit to the SRSO approach is that information from the lowest network layers can be easily provided to the IP and other high-level layers to enable the high-level layers to quickly restore lost or corrupted communication signals. For example, in a conventional IP environment, the health of a signal sent to a receiving terminal must be verified by either the receiving terminal or by the lowest network layers. If the signal is lost or corrupted in transit, the IP layer must be notified by the receiving terminal or indirectly through five or more other network layers that relay the information one layer to the next. Either process can take excessive amounts of time. 
   However, the SRSO approach enables various routers along a network communication path to monitor the communication signal in transit and enable the lowest network layers to directly inform the IP or other high-level layer of a lost or corrupted signal. The IP is then allowed to immediately reroute or otherwise restore the communication signal, achieving restored connectivity in substantially less time. 
   Table 1 below is a breakout of the different functions processed by the controller  1220  and by other network technologies. The various entries of Table 1 relate to different functions within a network, ranked generally from highest to lowest, and include: 1) connectivity management; 2) addressing; 3) traffic engineering; 4) connection management; and 5) physical switching. 
   
     
       
             
             
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE 1 
             
             
                 
             
             
                 
                 
               Centralized 
                 
                 
                 
             
             
               Function 
               OXC 
               Controller 
               IP 
               ATM 
               POTS 
             
             
                 
             
           
           
             
               Connectivity Management 
                 
               X 
                 
                 
                 
             
             
               (Highest) 
             
             
               Quality of Service 
                 
               X 
               X 
               X 
             
             
               Packet Forwarding 
                 
                 
               X 
               X 
             
             
               Routing 
                 
               X 
                 
               X 
               X 
             
             
               Addressing 
                 
               X 
               X 
               X 
             
             
               Traffic Engineering 
                 
               X 
                 
               X 
               X 
             
             
               Path Utilization 
                 
               X 
                 
               X 
               X 
             
             
               Path Capacity 
                 
               X 
                 
               X 
               X 
             
             
               Topology &amp; Resource 
                 
               X 
               X 
               X 
               X 
             
             
               Discovery 
             
             
               Provisioning 
                 
               X 
                 
               X 
               X 
             
             
               Bandwidth reservation 
                 
               X 
                 
               X 
               X 
             
             
               Local Connection 
                 
               X 
             
             
               Management 
             
             
               Exception Handling 
                 
               X 
               X 
             
             
               Drop/Retransmitting 
                 
               X 
               X 
             
             
               Restoration 
                 
               X 
               X 
             
             
               Physical Switching 
               X 
             
             
               WDM/DWDM (Lowest) 
               X 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   As shown in Table 1, the nodes (OXC)  1200 – 1218  have sole proprietorship of the lowest level services such as physical switching and local connection management. Physical switching, the lowest layer of layers, generally relates to controlling and monitoring a lower hardware layer (not shown) in a network to accommodate the physical transference of information from a first imput port of a first MDM to a second output port of a second MDMs. 
   Also shown in Table 1, the controller  1220  and IP, ATM and Plain Old Telephone (POTS) controllers have concurrent control of several functions, including: addressing, traffic engineering and connection management. The first/lowest exemplary functions, can include both exception handling, retransmission of dropped or garbled of data and restoration of partially corrupted or lost information. The next set of intermediate functions, traffic engineering, generally relates to tracking the existence of a given path, path utilization, path capacity, topology and resource discovery. The third intermediate set of functions, addressing, relates to high level routing, i.e., determining, as opposed to implementing, an appropriate path for a particular optical signal or set of packets. 
   As discussed above, various drawbacks arise due to the distributed/overlapping processing shared between the controller  1220  and IP/ATM/POTS controllers, especially in light of the different policies and service objectives behind the various controllers. For example, because the controller  1220  and IP/ATM/POTS have concurrent control over addressing and traffic engineering, the controller  1200  and the nodes  1200 – 1218  can simultaneously determine two different restoration techniques to transfer a particular message. As a result, the controller  1220  must subsequently arbitrate as to which of the restoration techniques to use. Furthermore, having to independently determine connectivity (paths) at different layers can result in inefficient use of network resources. 
     FIG. 3  is a block diagram of an exemplary network  130  having a set of communication nodes  200 – 218  interconnected through a series of transmission lines  250 – 272 . While  FIG. 3  depicts a network with ten communication nodes  200 – 218 , it should be appreciated that the size of a network is not important and networks of any size can be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
   The communication nodes  200 – 218  of the exemplary network  130  are communications nodes having optical-cross-connect (OXC) devices and IP routers capable of passing communication traffic to/from other communication nodes  200 – 218  via transmission lines  250 – 272  and to locations external to the network  130 . However, communication nodes  200 – 218  alternatively can be any one of a number of different types of data nodes, such as computers, routers, including backbone, access and distribution routers, SONET terminals, ATM switches, cellular phones, satellites, storage devices, or any other known or later developed combination of software and hardware capable of generating, relaying, recalling from storage/storing any information capable of being transmitted over the network  130 . 
   Accordingly, transmission lines  250 – 272  can be any known or later developed device or system for connecting the various communication nodes  200 – 218 . Such devices can include direct serial/parallel cable connections, satellite links, wireless links, optical links, connections over a wide area network or a local area network, connections over an intranet, connections over the Internet, connections over any other distributed processing network or system or any other known or later developed connected systems, computer programs or structures usable to connect the various nodes  200 – 218 . However, for the example below, the transmission lines  250 – 272  are a combination of optical links carrying wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) and dense wavelength division multiplexed (DWDM) optical signals. 
   Furthermore, while the exemplary network  130  depicts the transmission lines  250 – 272  as single communication paths, it should be appreciated that each transmission line  250 – 272  can be a single optical fiber independently transmitting a large number of optical communication signals in the same direction or in opposite directions using a WDM or DWDM scheme, or the transmission lines  250 – 272  can be any number of independent optical fibers capable of transmitting large numbers of independent optical communication signals. 
   As shown in  FIG. 3 , communication nodes  200  and  208  are connected to links  112  and  122 ; respectively, making communication nodes  200  and  208  end nodes for the purpose of this example. These end nodes  200  and  208  can optionally transform outgoing optical communication signals to electrical signals suitable for transmission over links  112  and  122 , and likewise can transform incoming electrical signals to optical signals suitable for transmission throughout the network  130 . 
   In normal operation, network  130  can pass various communication signals across the network  130 . The communication signals can be either unidirectional (one way) or bi-directional (two way) and be of various bandwidths. For example, a video feed could require a sustained single-direction high-speed internal path, a telephony link can require a sustained low-rate, bi-directional path and a series of web-page transfers can require a number of short-lived one-way paths. 
   Thus, the present invention provides a distributed approach for managing communication pathways. Each communications node has the ability to cooperate through IP protocols with other communications nodes to control the network. Each communications node cooperates with other communications nodes so the network effectively handles the communications traffic. The first communications node to receive a pathway setup request then selects a route through the network and sends requests to each node concerned. These nodes provide the desired connectivity where possible. Thus, the network can grow to any size necessary. 
   Communication paths are formed in the network  130  as a cooperative effort among the various nodes  200 – 218  in accordance with the Internet Protocol (IP) communication standard. As discussed above, the exemplary network has two functional areas. The first functional area of the exemplary network  130  consists of various hardware components including the communication nodes  200 – 218  and transmission lines  250 – 272 . The second functional area includes an IP software/firmware device operating in the various communication nodes  200 – 218  to actively manage the topology of the network  130 . 
   Thus, the IP software/firmware device has knowledge of the physical resources, and how they are being used. The IP software/firmware thus can allocate those resources in more advantageous ways and allow for faster error recovery. 
   Creating a communication path can start with the IP device receiving a transfer/routing request for a particular communication signal or receiving any other information relating to a routing request. Accordingly, the various communication nodes  200 – 218  will cooperate to transfer the communication signal by determining an appropriate communication path, scheduling and reserving the resources necessary to accommodate transfer of the communication signal and enabling the reserved resources. 
   The various communication nodes  200 – 218  can cooperate by each node sending out network topology and resource discovery signals. Topology and resource discovery is implemented using Internet Protocols (IP), Open Shortest Path first (OSPF), Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) or Intermediate Systems-Intermediate Systems signals (IS-IS) as are well known in the art. The network topology discovered can then be used in conjunction with other information about the physical status of the network to determine a route. The physical status of the network can include bandwidth currently in use or any other information known in the art. 
   For example, in order to pass information between links  112  and  122 , one of the end nodes  200  or  208  can receive a routing request from one of the links  112  and  122 . The receiving end node  200  or  208  can then determine an appropriate path through the networks and forward the routing request to the nodes. The various nodes  200 – 218  can then coordinate to determine a suitable path, reserve portions of their internal resources to enable the determined communication path and finally enable the reserved path to pass the requested information. The routing request can be forwarded using any known signaling scheme, such as signaling via IP packets, Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) and Constraint Based Routing-Label Distribution Protocol (CR-LDP). 
   In this example, links  112  and  122  are connected by a normal communication path (shown in bold) passing along communication nodes  200 – 202 - 204 – 206 – 208 . End node  200  receives communication signals from a data terminal over link  112  and routes the communication signals directly to node  202  and indirectly to nodes  204 ,  206  and  208  where it is then passed to link  122 . Likewise, end node  208  receives communication signals from a second data terminal over link  122  and routes the communication signals directly to node  206  and indirectly to nodes  204 ,  202  and  200  where it is then passed to link  112 . 
   It should be appreciated that other communication signals can be simultaneously scheduled and transported across the network  130 . For example, a remote telephone (not shown) associated with node  210  may need to communicate with a telephone network (not shown) associated with node  204 . Accordingly, the network  130  can form a dedicated bi-directional path between nodes  204  and  210  by coordinating, scheduling, reserving and enabling the necessary resources to pass various telephony signals. 
   In order to coordinate resources and provide communication paths, the various communication nodes  200 – 218  transmit, relay and receive status information and commands to each other and perform various diagnostics. For example, node  200  can transmit information directly to node  202  and indirectly to nodes  204 ,  206  and  208  over a pre-designated optical frequency to discover network topology and resource states, to establish a communication path or to inform the other nodes  202 – 218  that node  200  detected a failure in a received communication signal. 
   A second function of the network is to self-diagnose various error conditions, including low-level and high-level error conditions, and to dynamically adjust the workings of the network accordingly. 
   The first type of error detection, i.e., low-level error detection, is provided using error detection circuitry in the nodes  200 – 218  that can diagnose the various hardware, and otherwise detect errors in communication signals as they are routed throughout the network  130 . The types of error conditions that can be measured by the nodes  200 – 218  include detection of the presence of various laser carriers received from each transmission line  250 – 272  as well as errors incorporated within communication signals such as single bit errors, octet errors, cyclic redundancy check (CRC) errors, checksum errors, framing errors and loss of signal errors. However, as communication standards evolve and new standards develop, it should be appreciated that any error condition or failure capable of being measured can be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
   As every physical communication system can occasionally produce occasional errors, a determination can be made as to what kind of errors of any given class of errors is acceptable. For example, three or four single bit errors per second may be an acceptable error condition for some communication signals such as a video stream, yet a single bit-error may be unacceptable for other applications such as a web-file transfer. As different error conditions and failures can occur for various environments having different requirements, it should be appreciated that any measure of acceptable and unacceptable error conditions can be used as may be required by design. 
   As discussed above, as the various low-level error conditions are detected, the error conditions may be communicated to the IP layer. In various embodiments, low-level error conditions detected by the hardware of the various nodes  200 – 218  can directly provide information relating to the error conditions to the IP and other high-level layers without requiring handling by any intermediate layer. However, it should be appreciated that information relating to the various error conditions can alternatively be indirectly provided to the IP or other high-level layers indirectly through one or more intermediate layers as required by design. 
   In addition to low-level error detection, error conditions can be detected directly by the IP and/or other high-level layer. For example, each of the nodes  200 – 218  can determine whether the various transmission lines  250 – 272  and the other nodes are functional by periodically “pinging” the other nodes. A “ping” is any communication signal where a first device can detect the presence of a second device. Typically, “pings” are short communication signals containing little or no information, but still require a receiving device to send an acknowledgment signal to the “pinging” device. Alternatively, a “hello” that is not acknowledged by the receiving node can be used. Alternatively, messages can be sent independently from both ends. Patterns of lost or corrupted messages can be used to indicate a failure. Accordingly, a first device can verify the existence of a working second device as well as a functional bi-directional path by “pinging” the second device, or having the second device sending a periodic “hello”. 
   The nodes of the exemplary network  130  ping each other during times just before and during periods when an active path connects the nodes. For example, to assure connectivity for the normal path  200 – 202 – 204 – 206 – 208 , each of the normal path nodes  200 – 208  can ping their nearest neighbors along the normal path  200 – 202 – 204 – 206 – 208  just before the path is established and can further ping each other for the duration of the path&#39;s existence. 
   Alternative to the nearest neighbor approach, other connectivity approaches can be used including: (1) requiring each of the nodes  200 – 208  along the normal path  200 – 202 – 204 – 206 – 208  to ping all other normal path nodes  200 – 208 ; (2) requiring only each of the end nodes  200  and  208  to ping the other normal path nodes  202 – 208  or  200 – 206 ; or (3) requiring each of the end nodes  200  and  208  to ping only the other end node  200  or  208 . Pings can occur between any two given nodes during regular network operation or the nodes can ping each other only during designated times. 
   The exemplary network  130  uses a nearest neighbor approach where each node pings its neighbors at a rate of 2,000 pings per second to provide failure detection in about 1000th of a second. However, it should be appreciated that the ping rate will be a design choice as required by the particular requirements of a given network. 
   In the event one of the communication nodes  202 – 208  or transmission lines  250 – 256  along the normal communication path fails or are otherwise determined to have an unacceptable error condition, the network  130  can self-repair by establishing restoration communication paths. 
   An exemplary method for restoring the network is that the communication node first attempts to correct the error within the communication node. Thus, if a laser failed within a communications node, the node may activate a backup laser, or switch the communications to a functioning but not currently in use laser alternately the communications node IP layer can send packets out on another interface, without changing any optical connectivity. 
   Next the communications node may attempt to correct the error by alerting those nodes that transmit significant data. Those nodes may be able to reroute either the information that is now being interrupted, or may allow the transmission of the data by rerouting other data such that communications resources are freed up. 
   Next the communications node may attempt to correct the error by sending a general alert to the entire communications network such that the network may reroute traffic around a failed pathway or node. 
     FIG. 4  shows an example of the network  130  of  FIG. 2  after a complete failure occurred on transmission line  254  of the normal communication path. If the failure is unidirectional, only the downstream nodes  206 – 208  receiving the failed signal can sense the loss of signal and can inform the nodes  200 – 202  of the failure. However, if the failure is bi-directional, the failure can be sensed by the hardware of all nodes  200 – 208  along the transmission path  200 – 202 – 204 – 206 – 208 , and subsequently, any of the communication nodes  200 – 208  along the transmission path  200 – 202 – 204 – 206 – 208  can inform the other nodes of a failure. Furthermore, if the various nodes  200 – 218  along the normal path are pinging one another, the nodes can directly receive information relating to a high-level connectivity error condition. 
   Immediately upon directly or indirectly detecting a failure, an IP router in either node  204  or node  208  can perform restoration by redirecting traffic away from a failed element using either a pre-computed or post-computed alternate route. As shown in  FIG. 3 , a new communication path, or restoration path, between nodes  200  and  208  bypasses the failed link  254 . 
   As with determining an initial communication path, determining a restoration path requires the IP software/firmware layer operating in the various nodes  200 – 218  to actively manage the connectivity of the network  130 . Accordingly, during restoration, the various nodes  200 – 218  can coordinate to determine a suitable restoration path accounting for the failed transmission line  254  and any other error conditions, reserve portions of their internal resources to enable the determined restoration communication path and finally enable the reserved restoration path to reroute information. 
   As shown in  FIG. 4 , an exemplary restoration path can consist of nodes  200 – 202 – 204 – 218 – 208 . However, as is evident in  FIG. 4 , the exemplary network  130  can create a variety of restoration paths. Accordingly, it should be appreciated that the restoration path can be determined based on the same criteria as the original communication path accounting for variables such as other existing traffic, bandwidth capacity of individual nodes, various error conditions and the like. 
     FIG. 5  shows a block diagram of an exemplary communications node  400  using a smart router simple optics (SRSO) approach. The communications node  400  includes an IP router  464 , a first optical/electrical interface (OEC)  460 , a second optical/electrical interface (OEC)  470 , an application programming interface (API)  466 , an optical-cross-connect switch (OXC) and a first and second multiplexer/de-multiplexers (MDM)  420  and  440 . The first MDM  420  is connected to a first group of transmission lines  411 – 414  and the second MDM  440  is connected to a second group of transmission lines  451 – 454 . 
   In operation the first and second MDMs  420  and  440  receive various types of signals. Some signals are directed to a respective OEC  460  or  470  via links  421  or  441 . Other signals from the OECs  460  or  470  can provide the received signals to the various external transmission lines  411 – 414  or  451 – 454 . Other information not passed between one of the OECs  460  or  470  can be passed to/from the OXC  430  via links  422 – 424  and  442 – 444 . 
   The OXC can pass signals out to MDM  420  or  440  or the OECs  460  or  470 . Thus control information can be passed on a dedicated wavelength as segregated by the MDMs  420  and  440 , or control information can be passed on a service data wavelength for segregation by the OXC  430 . 
   In various exemplary embodiments, the MDMs  420  and  440  are a collection of optical components. However, it should appreciated that the MDMs  420  and  440  can be any known or later developed device or system that can receive signals, including WDM optical signals, from transmission lines  411 – 414  and  451 – 454  and direct the signals to the OXC  430  and/or the OECs  460  and  470 . 
   Accordingly, the exemplary transmission lines  411 – 414  and  451 – 454  can be single-mode optical fibers transmitting a number of WDM optical signals. However, it should be appreciated that the transmission lines  411 – 414  and  451 – 454  can be any known or later developed device or system that can transport signals to and from the various MDMs  420  and  440  such as a gigabit Ethernet device, an Asynchronous Transfer Mode device, a SONET Device and the like. 
   The OECs  460  and  470  can receive optical signals from the MDMs  420  and  440  or the OXC  430  via links  421  and  441 , convert the optical signals to an electrical form, and pass the converted signals to the IP router  464  using links  459 ,  471  and  473 . The OECs  460  and  470  can also receive electrical signals from the IP router  464  using links  459  and  471 , convert the electrical signals to an optical form, and pass the converted signals to the MDMs  420  and  440  via links  421  and  441 . 
   The exemplary links  421  and  441  are single-mode optical fibers transmitting a number of optical signals. However, it should also be appreciated that the links  421  and  441  can be any known or later developed device or system that can transfer signals, including WDM and DWDM optical signals, between the MDMs  420  and  440  and the OECs  460  and  470 . 
   The IP router  464  can receive various communication signals such as routing requests, data files and data streams from the OECs  460  and  470 . If a message/routing request relates to the IP protocol, the IP router  464  can determine appropriate paths to transfer information. 
   Upon reception of a signal, the IP router  464  can either transfer the files directly or determine an appropriate path in the OXC  430 . For example, if the IP router  464  receives a request to transfer a file such as a web page from a first WDM channel λ 1  on transmission line  411  to a second WDM optical channel λ 2  on transmission line  451 , the first MDM  420  can route the file data to the IP router  464  using the first OEC  460  and links  459  and  421 . The IP router  464  can subsequently direct the second MDM  440  to receive the file using the second OEC  470  and links  441  and  471  and transmit the file to optical channel λ 2  on transmission line  451 . 
   Alternatively, if the IP router  464  can direct the first MDM  420  to provide the first WDM channel λ 1  to the OXC  430 , reserve and enable a path in the OXC  430  to provide a connection between the two MDMs  420  and  440 , and direct the second WDM  440  to receive the appropriate signal from the OXC  430  and provide the signal to channel λ 2  to transmission line  451 . 
   If the IP router  464  uses the OXC  430  to complete a connection, the IP router  464  first commands the MDMs  420  and  440  to route the communication signals to/from the transmission lines  411 – 414  or  451 – 454  and the OXC  430 , and sends commands to the API  466  to configure the OXC  430  accordingly. 
   As discussed above, the API  466  is a basic set of drivers that can receive connection commands and configure the OXC accordingly. The API can exist either as part of the IP router  464  or as part of the OXC  430 . For the example above, in order to transfer a signal on first WDM channel λ 1  on transmission line  411  to the second WDM channel λ 2  on transmission line  451 , the API  466  can receive a command containing a number of arguments over links  463  or  465  relating to the source and destination channels, the required bandwidth, and various other arguments relating to safeguarding a reserved path and enabling interrupts. Once the API  466  receives the command, the API  466  can appropriately configure the OXC  430  using link  484  to receive a communication signal from one of the links  422 – 424  or  442 – 444  and provide the communication signal to one of the other links  422 – 424  or  442 – 444 . 
   Besides executing commands, the exemplary API controller  466  can monitor the OXC  430  and pass various information such as communication signal status and the error conditions to the IP router  464 . Status and error condition information can include information such as the presence or absence of a laser carrier signal on any given transmission line as well as status relating to communication signals received from the various transmission lines  411 – 414  or  451 – 454  such as single bit errors, octet errors, cyclic redundancy check (CRC) errors, checksum errors, framing errors and loss of signal errors. However, as discussed above, as communication standards evolve and new standards develop, it should be appreciated that any error condition or failure capable of being measured can be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
   The IP router  464  is microprocessor-based device having various peripheral devices. However, it should be appreciated that the IP router  464  can be any known or later developed combination of hardware and software that can receive and transmit communication signals from the OEC  460  and  470 , issue commands to the API  466  and receive status and error condition information from API  466  such as a digital signal processor, a micro-controller, a combination of various logic circuits and discrete hardware, and the like. 
   The exemplary API  466 , like the IP Router  464 , is a microprocessor-based device having various peripheral devices. However, it should be appreciated that the exemplary API  466  can be any known or later developed combination of hardware and software that can receive commands from an IP or other controller and configure and monitor an OXC such as a digital signal processor, a combination of various logic circuits and discrete hardware and the like. 
   Accordingly, in various exemplary embodiments, the OXC  430  is a collection of optical and electrical components. However, it should appreciated that the OXC  430  can be any known or later developed device or system that can receive optical signals from the MDMs  420  and  440 , redirect the optical signals under control of the API  466  and provide status and error condition information to the API  466 . 
   Table 2 below is a breakout of the different tasks processed by the IP router  464  and the API  466 . As with Table 1, Table 2 relate to the different layers within a network including: 1) connectivity management; 2) addressing; 3) traffic engineering; 4) connection management; and 5) physical switching. However, as shown in Table 2, the various layers are differently assigned between the various controllers  462 ,  464  and  466 . 
   
     
       
             
             
             
           
         
             
                 
               TABLE 2 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
               1) 
               Connectivity Management (Highest) 
             
             
                 
                 
               Quality of Service 
             
             
                 
                 
               Bandwidth reservation 
             
             
                 
               2) 
               Addressing 
             
             
                 
                 
               Routing 
             
             
                 
               3) 
               Traffic Engineering 
             
             
                 
                 
               Path Existence IP 
             
             
                 
                 
               Path Utilization 
             
             
                 
                 
               Path Capacity 
             
             
                 
                 
               Topology &amp; Resource Recovery 
             
             
                 
               4) 
               Connection Management 
             
             
                 
                 
               Exception Handling 
             
             
                 
                 
               Drop/Retransmitting 
             
             
                 
                 
               Restoration 
             
             
                 
               5) 
               Physical Switching OXC/API 
             
             
                 
                 
               WDM/DWDM (Lowest) 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   As shown in Table 2, the IP router  464  is responsible for all higher functions, including connection management, traffic engineering, addressing, and connectivity management. The IP router is responsible for all logical and physical resources. The API  466  and the OXC  430  are relegated to the physical switching tasks such as providing capacity, local dynamic connectivity and other transparent optical services for WDM and DWDM optical links. 
   One benefit of allocating tasks according to Table 2 is that the API  466  can be reduced to a simple set of command interpreters/drivers. Other benefits to concentrating decision making and intelligence in the IP router  464  include simplifying resource management, eliminating conflicts and enabling faster recognition of status and error condition information by an IP router. The benefits provided to users accordingly include faster connection and restoration speeds. 
   For example, during an initial connection, the IP router  464  can receive communication signals relating to a routing request for a particular communication signal and determine a viable communication path within the OXC  430  without the possibility of resolving conflicts that can arise when other decision-making devices make parallel decisions. Similarly, during a restoration operation, the IP router  464  is free to reroute communication signals without conflict. 
   Still another benefit is that, because more network layers are handled by a single controller, signals originating at the lower levels can be passed directly to the upper layers without requiring that the signals pass through intermediate levels. For example, status and error information provided by the physical switching layer can be directly accessed by the connectivity management layer, without requiring time-consuming handling by the addressing, traffic engineering and connection management layers. 
     FIG. 6  is a flowchart outlining an exemplary method for forming communication paths in a network using a router having a circuit switched device and a packet switched device. The operation starts in step  710  where the communications node receives a communication signal. In step  720  a determination is made whether the signal arrived on a channel that is terminated at the IP router (packet switched device). If the signal arrived on a data channel terminated at the router, control continues to step  730 . Otherwise control jumps to step  770 . 
   In step  770  the signal is forwarded to the pre-designated output port without further interpretation. Thus, the method allows for rapid forwarding of information that does not require interpretation by the packet switched (IP router) device. 
   Next, in step  730 , a determination is made as to whether the communication signal is a control signal to establish a communication path for a particular communication signal. If the message is not a control signal, control continues to step  740 ; otherwise, control jumps to step  780 . In step  780  control jumps to step  800 . 
   In step  740 , a determination is made whether the data is service data. If the data is service data, control jumps to step  790 . Otherwise control continues to step  750 . 
   In step  750 , a determination is made whether to continue. If the node is to continue, control jumps back to step  710  where the next communication signal is received; otherwise, control continues to step  760  where the operation stops. 
   In  FIG. 7 , control starts at step  800 . In step  800  the destination for the signal is analyzed. Control then continues to step  810 . 
   In step  810 , a determination is made whether the destination is local, or that the signal will not travel in the network. Therefore, since the signal will only be traveling within the communications node, no communications with other nodes is necessary. If the destination is local, control jumps to step  880 , otherwise control continues to step  820 . 
   In step  880 , the OXC is configured to carry signals along the path requested by the first signal. Control then continues to step  870 . 
   In step  820 , a communication path is determined to pass the communication signal, including a path in the node&#39;s OXC. As discussed above, the exemplary operation uses an IP router that handles several different layers within a network, including: 1) connectivity management; 2) addressing; 3) traffic engineering; and 4) connection management. Control continues to step  830 . 
   In step  850 , the bandwidth requests are sent to downstream nodes. Control then continues to step  840 . 
   In step  840 , a determination is made whether the bandwidth is available through the entire network based on responses from other communication nodes. If the bandwidth is available, control continues to step  850 , otherwise control jumps to step  890 . 
   In step  890  a determination is made whether alternate paths are available within the network. If other paths are available, control jumps back to step  820 , otherwise control continues to step  900 . In step  900 , request failure is sent. 
   In step  850 , the internal communication node OXC is configured. Control continues to step  860 . 
   In step  860 , routing configuration commands are sent to the other communications nodes that will be involved in the path. Control then continues to step  810 . In step  870  control jumps to B in  FIG. 6 . 
   As shown in  FIG. 5 , the systems and methods of this invention are preferably implemented on a digital signal processor (DSP) with various integrated electrical and optical circuits. However, the systems and methods can also be implemented using any combination of one or more general purpose computers, special purpose computers, programmed microprocessors or microcontrollers and peripheral integrated circuit elements, hardware electronic or logic circuits such as Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC), discrete element circuits, programmable logic devices such as a PLD, PLA, FPGA, or PAL, or the like. In general, any device on which exists a finite state machine and/or various optical interfaces capable of implementing the various elements of  FIG. 5  and the flowchart of  FIGS. 6 and 7  can be used to implement the communications node functions. 
   While this invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the preferred embodiments of the invention as set forth herein are intended to be illustrative, not limiting. Various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.