Abstract:
A composite membrane of wood floor diaphragm for construction of new buildings and strengthening of existing buildings to provide improved load transfer capacity and enhanced resistance to gravity and lateral loads, such as earthquake and/or wind for buildings with wood floor framing. The composite membrane extends beneath the wall framing to utilize the composite membrane diaphragm as a load and shear bearing element.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/294,081, filed Nov. 10, 2011 incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     FIELD OF INVENTION 
       [0002]    In general, this invention relates to the field of building construction. More particularly, the present invention relates to a composite membrane wood floor diaphragm for new buildings and strengthening of the existing buildings to provide improved load transfer capacity and resistance of membrane of wood floor diaphragm to gravity and lateral loads, such as earthquake and/or wind for buildings with wood floor framing. 
       BACKGROUND 
     Wood Structures—Horizontal Diaphragm 
       [0003]    According to the American Wood and Forest Association&#39;s “Details for Conventional Wood Frame Construction”, wood frame construction continues to be the predominant method of constructing homes and apartments. This is due to the inherent strength and durability of wood frame buildings. Increasingly, wood framing is also being utilized in the construction of commercial and industrial mid-rise buildings. Wood frame buildings are economical to build and to heat and cool down, providing comfort for the occupants. Moreover, wood construction is readily adaptable to a wide variety of architectural building styles. 
         [0004]    There are two (2) predominant styles of wood frame construction in the building industry: balloon and platform (see, e.g.,  FIGS. 1 ,  2 ,  3  and  4 ). In general, balloon framing is a technique that suspends the floors from the walls. Vertical wood studs extend the full height of the walls of a balloon frame building, and floor joists are fastened to the studs with nails. Balloon construction is a system of framing a wooden building, whereby all vertical structural elements of the exterior bearing walls and partitions consist of single studs that extend the full height of the frame, from the top of the sill plate to the roof plate, and all floor joists fasten by nails to the studs. 
         [0005]    The balloon-frame house with wood cladding, invented in Chicago in the 1840s, aided the rapid settlement of the western U.S. The introduction and ensuing popularity of balloon frame construction coincided with the intensification of the settlement of Wisconsin and the opening of Wisconsin&#39;s forests to the lumber industry. By 1892, the vast amount of milled lumber available made balloon frame construction an inexpensive and expedient choice for Wisconsin builders, and wood frame buildings of all descriptions became ubiquitous on the landscape. This method of construction was common until the late 1940s. 
         [0006]    The balloon style of construction has mostly been discontinued due to a number of factors, including, but not limited to the overall low fire resistance and the high cost of lengthy studs, which together inhibits the use of the balloon method of construction in multi-story buildings. This led the industry to the platform style of construction, in which each floor of the building is built as a separate unit from floors above and below it. In North America, with its abundant softwood forests, the framed building received an extensive revival after World War II in the form of platform framing. Since that time, platform framing has become the predominant form of wood frame construction. 
         [0007]    In a contemporary multi-story building, a general platform construction sequence can be briefly described as follows. Reference is made to  FIGS. 1 ,  2 ,  3  and  4 .  FIG. 1  shows a typical section view cut through the exterior bearing wall, where the floor framing is perpendicular to the exterior wall. This typical section ( FIG. 1 ) pertains to a platform construction and illustrates a typical floor joist bearing over the bearing one-sided shear wall below with an upper story bearing shear wall above, conceptually showing typical/standard gravity and lateral load transfer connections, structural floor diaphragm and other major non-structural elements, such as exterior stucco, drywall and flooring, etc. 
         [0008]      FIG. 2  shows a typical section view cut through the interior bearing wall where the regular wood joist floor framing on the left side is parallel to the subject wall below and above and the wood framing on the right hand side is perpendicular to the interior wall above and below. This typical section pertains to platform construction and it illustrates a typical floor joist bearing over the bearing one-sided shear wall below with an upper story bearing shear wall above, conceptually showing typical/standard gravity and lateral load transfer connections, structural floor diaphragm and other major non-structural elements (such as exterior stucco, drywall and flooring, etc.). 
         [0009]    Upon completion of the earthwork (i.e., excavation for the foundation), a foundation is typically laid and installed. Thereafter, first floor walls are erected, ending with a double top plate  4  on top of the studs  1 . Then, the floor framing elements, such as floor joists  3  and blocking  7 , or floor joists  26  and blocking  28  and  29  if an engineered wood framing system is utilized, are added. The subfloor plywood  11  is then constructed. Subfloor  11  is generally defined in the construction industry as “rough” floor, typically plywood, over which flooring material  18  is laid. Subfloor membrane  11  is attached to the floor framing system below with fasteners  24  in accordance with the floor diaphragm fastening schedule, forming a structural floor diaphragm that is defined and discussed in a greater detail below. After the second floor base plate  8  is installed over the subfloor, the wall studs  2  go up to the third-floor level to a top plate again. Over that top plate, the process is repeated for the next floor up and so forth. The ceiling structure at the roof level and the rood structure itself are installed over the very last double top plate. Once rough framing of the structure is complete (i.e., the structure skeleton is erected), including but not limited to the installation of shear transfer hardware  6  and  9 , then other non-structural elements of the building, such as but not limited to exterior stucco  12 , exterior building paper and wire mesh  13 , interior drywall sheathing  14 , wall thermal insulation  15 , floor thermal insulation  16 , and interior drywall ceiling sheathing  23  are scheduled for installation, traditionally postponing the installation of flooring material  18  towards the very end of the structure construction sequence. 
         [0010]    The advent of contemporary construction technologies brought engineered wood to the construction industry market as an alternative material choice to the traditional wood. Engineered wood products, see  FIGS. 3 and 4 , are typically used in a host of structural applications, ranging from home construction to agricultural buildings to large commercial structures. 
         [0011]      FIG. 3  shows a typical section view cut through the exterior bearing wall where an engineered wood I-beam floor framing is perpendicular to the exterior wall. This typical section pertains to platform construction and it illustrates a typical engineered wood I-beam floor joist bearing over the bearing one-sided shear wall below with an upper story bearing shear wall above, conceptually showing typical gravity and lateral load transfer connections, structural floor diaphragm and other major non-structural elements, such as exterior stucco, drywall and flooring, etc. 
         [0012]      FIG. 4  shows a typical section view cut through the interior bearing wall where an engineered wood I-beam floor joist framing on the left side is parallel to the subject wall below and above and an engineered wood I-beam floor framing on the right hand side is perpendicular to the interior wall(s) above and below. This typical section pertains to platform construction and it illustrates a typical engineered wood I-beam bearing over the bearing one-sided shear wall below with an upper story bearing shear wall above, conceptually showing typical gravity and lateral load transfer connections, a structural floor diaphragm membrane, and other major non-structural elements such as exterior stucco, drywall and flooring, etc. 
         [0013]    In both residential and commercial construction, engineered wood products are typically used in longer span floors with reduced or limited deflection criteria, walls, and roofs. Use of engineered wood applications have not introduced any principal changes to the normal platform construction sequence briefly described above. 
         [0014]    Blocking noise from floor-to-floor is the most common, yet challenging request in soundproofing. While a lack of a desired level of floor sound suppression persists in the construction industry, the current industry interpretation of the term “sound barrier” refers to a system that decreases propagation of sound traveling through the floor system. Regretfully, sound suppression continues to play role of a sound or noise propagation control rather than a sound barrier system. 
         [0015]    Rick Berg&#39;s article “Using a Sound Barrier With Wood Flooring” in the June/July 2002 edition of Hardwood Floors Magazine recognizes significant ongoing customer demand for a “ . . . better job of controlling sound transmission between living quarters,” noting that building codes typically specify two types of sound-control ratings: IIC (Impact Insulation Class) and STC (Sound Transmission Class). A rating of 50 decibels for each class is generally is a standard requirement. The IIC class relates to sound transmitted as a result of impact on a surface, such as footsteps on a floor for example. The STC class relates to airborne sounds, such as voices and music. Sound control underlayments often carry an STC rating, as well as an IIC rating. However, flooring products really have a substantial effect only on impact sounds. 
         [0016]    The aforementioned article reveals that “in some cases, we&#39;ve seen developers asking for a IIC in the 60s. . . . Sometimes you can achieve that in a concrete structure with suspended ceilings, but you can&#39;t expect to be in the 60s with a wood-frame structure. The structure itself limits that.” In reality, a rating in the range of 50 decibels or even 60 decibels for wood frame structures is well below the desired range of high 80 decibels or even 90 decibels. Current art pertinent to the acoustic materials in the industry include materials for sound insulation in wood frame construction that typically rely on employing of one (1) or more types of noise propagation reduction systems from the following general list: 
         [0017]    1. Use of actual flooring materials as soundproof material. Obviously, and as said in the aforementioned article, different flooring materials have very different sound transfer qualities. Carpet flooring, for an example, is a material with one of the highest soundproof ratings. However, it is highly problematic due to a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the major known issues of indoor air quality, and serviceability issues associated with particle residue retained between the carpet pad and carpet itself. Such residue is known to cause allergies, breathing problems, respiratory infections and asthma. Furthermore, accumulation of moisture and, as a consequence, most likely growing bacteria such as mold that is not removable by means of regular cleaning, creates a major problem for the consumers, not to mention the overall high maintenance factor. 
         [0018]    2. Use of sound control underlayment, such as cork or even an engineered noise control insulation mat that is intended to limit only a certain percentage of impact noise between the floors. If sound control underlayment is employed, it is normally installed between the flooring  18  and plywood sheathing  11  (refer to  FIGS. 1 to 4 ). Sound control underlayment is not called out in  FIGS. 1 to 4  since it does not embody the industry standard or mandatory requirement in all the typical cases. 
         [0019]    3. Interior drywall sheathing  23  per  FIGS. 1 to 4  or, in older construction, use of so called acoustic ceiling, also known in the industry as “popcorn ceiling” instead of drywall sheathing  23 . The “popcorn ceiling” can be found in some of the older structures since it was popular from the late 1950&#39;s through the early 1980&#39;s. Even if difficulty in cleaning and the issue of architectural appearance are negated and not considered as main factors against use of acoustic ceilings, the main prohibiting factor against this type of ceiling today is the presence of asbestos. 
         [0020]    Interior drywall sheathing  23  itself is not very effective as a primary sound reduction system. Some local building and safety jurisdictions suggest addition of ⅝ inch gypsum board to the existing ceiling construction, while other jurisdictions, depending on building occupancy and other factors beyond the scope of this discussion, simply require doubling drywall sheathing  23  to achieve a satisfactory reduction in noise propagation. In either case, even a 0.5 inch thickness increase in ceiling board system essentially means an increase on the overall dead load of the floor system by 2.5 pounds per square foot. Obviously, such an approach offers a less than desirable solution from both the design gravity load standpoint and the design lateral load increase standpoint. Meanwhile, all of the systems described above offer a noise transmission reduction remedial solution that operate in the 50 decibel range or at the very best 60 decibel range. 
         [0021]    Although the acoustic engineering society has made attempts in the past to work on finding a solution in form of an improvement in the current state of the art, the building community has created an opposition that has thus far blocked these attempts due to the increase in the cost of construction. However, a lack of a proper noise blocking barrier can lead to medical problems associated with exposure to noise. Complications, related to the exposure to certain levels of noise in different environments, may result in an undesirable outcome. For an example, exposure to noise in the hospital or at school is a nuisance that inflicts various negative impacts on patient&#39;s and student&#39;s nervous system. 
         [0022]    Currently, the industry has not yet offered to the consumer a floor-to-floor noise blocking barrier that can operate in the high 80s decibel range or even 90 decibel range, despite the tendency toward higher population densities in urban areas. Privacy at home has become of greater importance, not to mention the rapidly developing trend of multi-level housing that brings the neighbor noise issue to the forefront, highlighting a need for exceptional, non-remedial solutions in form of an adequate noise blocking barrier. 
         [0023]    In structural engineering, a diaphragm is generally defined as structural system used to transfer lateral loads to shear walls or frames primarily through in-plane shear stress. These lateral loads are usually the result of wind and earthquake loads, but other lateral loads such as lateral earth pressure or hydrostatic pressure can also be resisted by diaphragm action. Diaphragms are usually constructed of plywood or oriented strand board in timber construction, metal deck or composite metal deck in steel construction, or a concrete slab in concrete construction. 
         [0024]    The Second Edition of Dictionary of Architecture &amp; Construction by Cyril Harris defines a diaphragm as “A floor slab, metal wall panel, roof panel, or the like, having a sufficiently large in-plane shear stiffness and sufficient strength to transmit horizontal forces to resisting systems.” 
         [0025]    The diaphragm of a structure often does double duty as the floor system and roof system of a building, or the deck of a bridge, which simultaneously supports gravity loads. The common floor diaphragm serves a dual purpose by supporting vertical forces (from loads such as furniture, people, snow, uplift, and its own dead load) and by transmitting horizontal forces (from wind pressure or earthquake accelerations) to the vertical load resisting elements of the structure, such as the shears walls. In the wood frame structure, shear walls play the role of lateral support during the lateral load transfer action. In a common form of sheathed construction, the diaphragm membrane is usually a planar system of sheathing connected to the frame members, intended to act together to withstand considerable in-plane forces. Diaphragm stiffness is an important parameter in the design of wood framed structures to calculate the predicted deflection, and thereby determine if a diaphragm may be classified as rigid or flexible. The two primary types of diaphragms are identified in the industry as flexible and rigid. This classification controls the method by which load is transferred from the diaphragm to the supporting structure below. Flexible diaphragms resist lateral forces depending on the tributary area, irrespective of the flexibility of the members to which they are transferring force. On the other hand, rigid diaphragms transfer load to frames or shear walls depending on their flexibility and their location in the structure. 
         [0026]    Parts of a diaphragm include: the membrane, used as a shear panel to carry in-plane shear; the drag strut member, used to transfer the load to the shear walls or frames; and the chord, used to resist the tension and compression forces that develop in the diaphragm, since the membrane is usually incapable of handling these loads alone. 
         [0027]    According to the “HISTORY OF YARD LUMBER SIZE STANDARDS” by L. W. SMITH, Wood Technologist and L. W. WOOD, Engineer (Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture), early standards called for green rough lumber to be of full nominal dimension when dry, but the requirements have changed over time. For example, in 1910, a typical finished 1-inch (25 mm) board was 13/16 inch (21 mm). In 1928, that dimension was reduced by 4%, and yet again by 4% in 1956. In 1961, at a meeting in Scottsdale, Arizona, the Committee on Grade Simplification and Standardization agreed to what is now the current U.S. standard: in part, the dressed size of a 1 inch (nominal) board is fixed at ¾ inch; while the dressed size of a 2 inch (nominal) lumber was reduced from 1⅝ inch to the today&#39;s standard of 1½ inch. Therefore, currently, typical 2× joist 3 is actually 1.5 inches thick. 
         [0028]    More often use of the open space or open floor design concept in contemporary architectural designs require wood floor diaphragms to span farther and farther horizontally without a support (walls, column, etc.). In many cases, architectural design parameters create situations where walls above a floor are not aligned with or not located directly beneath the walls on that floor, thereby requiring certain parts of the floor diaphragm to be responsible for the lateral load transfer from walls above down to the walls below through the floor diaphragm. This situation automatically leads to development of higher stresses within the horizontal diaphragm. The same and/or similar challenges are described in the SEAOSC&#39;s article “Thinking Outside the Box: New approaches to very large flexible diaphragms” by John W. Lawson, SE of Kramer &amp; Lawson, Inc. (Tustin, Calif.). However, the aforementioned article notes that “wood roof diaphragms are being required to span farther horizontally with higher shear stresses.” 
         [0029]    It is certainly understood that especially high span, flexible wood diaphragm behavior is somewhat similar to the behavior of a beam subjected to bending (flexure). A horizontal wood diaphragm span between vertical supports, for example shear walls in the out-of-plane direction, as schematically shown on  FIG. 6 . Because of the beam-like behavior in the out-of-plane direction as schematically demonstrated in  FIG. 6 , lateral force  20  application throughout the diaphragm system causes a different type of stresses to occur within the different components of the diaphragm. 
         [0030]    Besides the lateral forces (caused by earthquake, strong wind, etc.) that travel through the diaphragm and cause shear stresses, due to the beam-like behavior in the out-of-plane direction diaphragm, there are also forces or force components that occur in the membrane of the diaphragm and act in direction  49  as shown on  FIG. 7  (also  FIGS. 5A and 5C ), imposing forces onto the plywood panels  11 , perpendicular to the direction of the edge spacings  22  that run parallel to (or along) the direction of floor joist  3  or  26 . Subject forces  49  imposed in the direction as shown in  FIGS. 5B and 5D  pull the plywood away, imposing forces in the same direction onto the fasteners  24 . Force  49  is also perpendicular to the direction of lateral force  20  and, correspondingly, reaction (and shear transfer) force  41 . This action, development and corresponding imposition of a sufficient amount of force in the direction  49  will cause excessive stresses in: (1) the most vulnerable area from the structural point region  37  of wood panel  11  on  FIG. 5A  and, correspondingly, region  41  on  FIG. 5C ; (2) fastener  22  on  FIG. 5A  and  FIG. 5D ; and (3) joist  3  of  FIG. 5A  or joist  26  on  FIG. 5C , causing cracking or splitting  50  as schematically shown on  FIG. 5B  and  FIG. 5D . 
         [0031]    The issue (1) above can also occur if fasteners  24  are located too close to the edge of plywood panels. For a regular construction assembly where 2× framing such as 3 is used, based on the dimension  36  and  22 , the dimension  37  would be approximately within one quarter inch. That is in the best case scenario, neglecting normal intolerances associated with field installation that happens routinely. The dimension  40  of  FIG. 5C  per current standards varies from 1¾ inch for TJI 110 joists to 3½ inches for TJI 560 joists. The heavier the joist  26 , the longer the joist span and, correspondingly, the heavier the resulting diaphragm loads. This leads to the introduction of staggered fasteners, spaced closer when dimension  40  jumps to values higher than 1¾ inch. A staggered nailing pattern again leaves the same problem unresolved for at least 50% of the fasteners, located closest to the edge of panel  11 , not offering much higher number than  37  on  FIG. 5A , and fasteners  24  are still too close to the edge of plywood panels  11 . Therefore, it is evident that the problem of fasteners  24  being too close to the edge of plywood panel  11  exist in both cases. This issue of fasteners  24  located too close to the edge of plywood panels  11  in this type of construction leaves an automatic failure path for plywood to tear through the nails and pull away, as shown on  FIG. 5B and 5D . 
         [0032]    Issue (2) is likely to result in an overstressing in fastener  22  to the point of loss of structural integrity and corresponding flexure (bending), as schematically shown on  FIG. 5B  and  FIG. 5D . Issue (3) above shall be described as crack or split (separation) development  50  as schematically shown on  FIG. 5B  and  FIG. 5D  due to localized stress occurrence, caused by the force exerted by each fastener  24  in the row onto the joist  3  on  FIG. 5A  or joist  26  on  FIG. 5C , in the direction of force  49 , perpendicular to the wood grain as shown. 
         [0033]    As also discussed in the aforementioned SEAOSC&#39;s article, a proposed remedy for issue (1) would be the “multiple lines of nails, on 3× and 4× framing, with special inspection.” In addition, the following statement is made in the article: “As in all wood diaphragms, closely spaced nails that align with the wood grain could cause wood splitting that compromises the nail&#39;s gripping strength. The use of a staggered nailing pattern and wider framing members minimizes the risk of lumber splitting due to tight nail spacings.” The subject statement reflects one current solution for both roof and horizontal floor diaphragm construction. 
         [0034]    The industry standard 4 foot by 8 foot plywood panels  11  are to be typically installed in the wood diaphragm construction in the transverse direction (perpendicular) to the direction of floor joist. Panels  11  are typically staggered and edge spacing lines between plywood panels are thereby normally spaced every 4 feet apart. The aforementioned remedial solution suggests use of 3× or 4× framing at least every 4 feet where panel joints  22  occur. If framing joists are spaced at 16 inches on center, then every third member would be a 4× or 3× wood beam instead of the 2× joist. This offers an almost cost prohibitive, less than practical solution that also increases the dead load of the structure, inadvertently causing an increase in the design seismic load. Higher mass of the structure (dead load) simply means higher seismic load. The natural difference in stiffness between the typical 2× joist and a 4× or 3× wood beam used as a joist in case of uniform long floor diaphragm may also invite issues with uneven gravity load distribution and transfer within the floor system, posting unexpected potential issues with overall floor system long term performance. Obviously, use of 4× or 3× wood beams do not offer an acceptable solution for the issues (1), (2) and (3) above. 
         [0035]    As also mentioned earlier, flooring material is traditionally not a part of the structural system of typical wood frame building. Normally, flooring material is not accounted for by the building designers to structurally resist gravity or lateral loads. From a structural standpoint, flooring self-weight or dead load is simply an additional mass to be considered for the gravity and lateral load design of the floor system as part of the structure and, consequently, design of corresponding portions of the structure responsible for carrying and resisting extra loading exerted by this mass. 
         [0036]    The average life expectancy of a regular wood structure is in the neighborhood of one hundred years, depending on a number of factors. Throughout the life of the structure, it is usually expected that flooring will be changed periodically. Frequency of removal and replacement with new flooring normally depends on the type and overall serviceability and durability of the flooring material. Traditionally, flooring material in the industry is not used as part of the structural system of the building, often, carpet flooring is installed temporarily, solely to expedite the escrow closure process during the property acquisition and/or in efforts to obtain a formal certificate of occupancy in the new or remodeled building. 
         [0037]    Not utilizing flooring as part of the structural system of the building traditionally creates challenges in the industry, including, but not limited to, moot points during the design phase. The structure is designed to carry a certain weight. Whether the structure is designed to carry 1 pound per square foot or 15 pounds per square foot weight of the floor makes a major difference. Often times, not being able to define and, therefore, not knowing the weight of the flooring material while the architectural design decisions related to the flooring choice has not been made or is being changed numerous times during the design process inserts a definiteness issue between the offices of the architect and the engineer. It is the engineer who is simultaneously estimating the structural design of the building, often times not knowing and only assuming a certain weight of the flooring material. This negatively affects both cost of the design and cost of the project during the construction phase. Conservative design for an additional weight may not always represent the safest and most economical design. 
         [0038]    To summarize, putting aside the aforementioned challenges that transpire during the design phase due to lack of knowledge of the material weight while designing the actual structure, not utilizing flooring material as part of the structure creates a situation in the industry where flooring material is an afterthought that constitutes merely a burden to the structure of the building, an additional or added extra weight to be carried from the gravity load and lateral load transfer standpoints, without any participation in load resistance. 
         [0039]    Strengthening or seismic rehabilitation of the diaphragms in the existing structures as part of the overall seismic strengthening program for the existing buildings is an important development in the current building industry that presents additional challenges. Reference is made to the Chapter 22 of “Diaphragm Rehabilitation Technique” of FEMA 547, and “Techniques for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings”. Although the aforementioned document also states that “Diaphragm failures are less commonly observed in earthquakes,” the same document reveals a significant problem related to “the disruption caused by strengthening the diaphragm [that] can be quite significant, so diaphragm rehabilitation is less commonly employed than adding global strength and stiffness, or improving connection paths.” 
         [0040]    In general, FEMA 547 calls inadequate diaphragm strength and/or stiffness as a main deficiency to be addressed by FEMA&#39;s rehabilitation technique. FEMA 547 refers to the addition of new wood structural panel sheathing as the “traditional and common approach to diaphragm strengthening,” also stating that “adding fastening and blocking to existing wood structural panel sheathing can also be done.” Furthermore, FEMA 547 on page 22-1 specifically calls for and describes the following proposed techniques: 
         [0041]    I. Replacing existing sheathing with new wood structural panel sheathing. 
         [0042]    II. Wood structural panel sheathing overlays with new blocking. 
         [0043]    III. Wood structural panel sheathing overlays without new blocking. 
         [0044]    Although FEMA 547 addresses the existing wood structural panel diaphragm related issues, mentioning that “an issue that often arises is whether existing joists, which are typically thicker than the code assumed 1½″, can count as 3× blocking. Some engineers ratio values between 2× and 3× code capacities . . . .” The specific problem, associated with stresses caused by the force  49  (see  FIG. 5A ,  5 B and  6 ), that occur in the existing wood structural panel diaphragm as described above, is not mentioned. 
         [0045]    Another problem related to the use of the proposed remedies by FEMA such as the wood structural panel sheathing overlay technique(s) is the imposition of permanent weight (dead load) onto the existing structural system that may be incapable of carrying such additional dead load without strengthening and/or structural alterations. Although FEMA 547 states that “adding structural wood panel sheathing over existing sheathing adds weight to diaphragm . . . this rarely poses a problem,” it is said thereafter that “ the engineer should consider the issue.” Since plywood weight is equal to 3 pounds per square foot per inch of thickness, even the addition of a ⅝ inch thick plywood panel overlay will cause a permanent increase in the dead load by at least 2 pounds per square foot. Without analysis of the existing structure and possible strengthening of the gravity load resisting system of the existing structure, such an increase in dead load creates an additional burden in form of the overstress, excessive deflections, or in some rare cases even a so called near failure state situation within the existing gravity load resisting system that exists in the older buildings. 
         [0046]    Inasmuch as there has been worldwide attempts to develop conceptually new earthquake resisting systems for the buildings, such attempts are mainly focused on vertical earthquake resisting elements. The floor diaphragm as part of the structural earthquake resisting system attracts less attention than vertical earthquake resisting elements, such as shear walls, moment resisting frames, braced frames, etc. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0047]    Although the following detailed description contains many specifics for the purposes of illustration, anyone of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate that many variations and alterations to the following exemplary details are within the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the following preferred embodiment of the invention is set forth without any loss of generality to, and without imposing limitations upon, the claimed invention. 
         [0048]    One object of this invention is an introduction of a composite membrane of a structural wood floor diaphragm comprised of an end grain mosaic parquet floor directly attached to a plywood subfloor by means of a high strength adhesive. As a result of creating the aforementioned composite membrane of structural wood floor diaphragm, flooring material is being employed to positively contribute to the structural system of a new or existing wood diaphragm of a building by means of its participation in gravity and lateral load resistance action, as well as a lateral load transfer mechanism. Thereby, flooring material is being included into the actual structural system of the new or existing wood frame building. 
         [0049]    Another object of this invention is an introduction of four-way interlocking parquet designs denoted “Single Board Basket Weave” and “Double Board Basket Weave,” respectively. Both of these designs are made from sizes of long components such as, for example, 3 inches by 9 inches, 3 inches by 12 inches, or 2¼ inches by 9 inches, and small components about 3 inches by 3 inches or 2¼ inches by 2¼ inches. Design “Double Board Basket Weave” has a higher structural strength due to the fact that all long components are doubled and glued together. 
         [0050]    Another object of this invention is an installation of parquet designs “Single Board Basket Weave” and “Double Board Basket Weave” over a plywood subfloor diagonally while long components (9 inches to 12 inches in length) create a bridging over the edge spacing between plywood panels, holding those plywood panels together and providing reinforcement of this vulnerable region within a plywood subfloor. For the new building construction as well as for the purposes of strengthening (rehabilitation) of the plywood panel diaphragms of the existing buildings, a mosaic parquet floor system does not continue under the wall framing. This bridging action provides an improved resistance to forces in a direction perpendicular to the direction of in-plane lateral (seismic or wind) diaphragm force application, thus improving resistance to the initial tributary seismic or wind forces applied to the floor diaphragm. This installation noticeably improves the ability of the wooden diaphragm to withstand adverse lateral load conditions caused by earthquake and/or strong wind. 
         [0051]    Another object of this invention is to demonstrate a system for installing flooring material in a new wood framed building after completion of the plywood subfloor installation, extending the flooring material all the way underneath the succeeding wall framing, but prior to the construction of the subsequent floor wall framing. This installation system provides advanced improvement in a diaphragm&#39;s capacity to withstand lateral loads by increasing shear load resistance capacity in the direction parallel to the wall by installing shear transfer connectors all the way through the entire composite membrane of the wood diaphragm, rather than just plywood sheathing alone. 
         [0052]    Another objective of this invention is the introduction of a multi-purpose sound barrier system that will offer a floor-to-floor noise blocking barrier that can operate in the high 80 decibel or even 90 decibel range. This multi-purpose sound barrier system is installed in the free space between the floor joists. This system also serves the dual purpose of floor thermal insulation and fire protection. The multi-purpose sound barrier system may be used in new building construction and can further be utilized during the course of strengthening (rehabilitation) existing buildings wherever space access between the floor joists is feasible. 
         [0053]    There are essentially three kinds of glue joints of the wood: 
         [0054]    End to end , which has the lowest bonding; 
         [0055]    End to edge, which has a medium bonding strength; and 
         [0056]    Edge to edge, which has the highest bonding strength. 
         [0057]    In view of the foregoing, another object of the invention is a wooden membrane in the form of an end grain mosaic parquet construction, where all the joints of the components are edge to edge and made in sizes from 2 inches to 12 inches to provide a high number of glue joints, which will increase structural strength of such construction. 
         [0058]    A preferred embodiment of the foregoing parquet construction involves making this end grain mosaic parquet membrane from Douglas fir, because of its relatively high density, large sizes of the trees, and plentiful supply of such timber. 
         [0059]    Another object of this innovation is making an end grain parquet flooring 0.53 inches thick, which will become 0.50 inches thick after sanding. This thickness is a preferred parameter for being part of composite membrane of wood structural diaphragm due to its stiffness compatibility with plywood. 
         [0060]    Another object of this invention is reprocessing of Douglas fir lumber through its heat treating. During this process, due to high temperatures (e.g., over two hundred degrees Celsius), cells of the wood collapse and melt together. As a result, moisture cannot travel through the wood, making it highly moisture-resistant, and allows usage of such lumber in exterior conditions. During the heat treating process, all resin, as a part of Douglas fir, bakes out, making the wood porous and therefore, increases its gluing capacity. This process also removes the sugars and resins that provide a food source for mold, mildew, rot, and insects. The heat treatment also causes the wood to become more porous as the sugars and resins are removed, making the gluing process more effective. 
         [0061]    Another object of this invention is utilizing different regimes of heat treating process (variations of temperatures and duration of the process) which will provide numerous color variations of heat treated Douglas fir, allowing a production of many aesthetically pleasing products. 
         [0062]    Another object of this invention is utilizing an adhesive for an application between all components of parquet panels with a high structural strength after its curing. This adhesive should have a level of viscosity that can be placed by an application and remain inside those spaces. This adhesive should have an open time window between 45 to 90 minutes, and after its curing, gain rigidity while still having a sufficient degree of elasticity to be able to deform reversibly under stresses within glue joints to allow a certain degree of in-plane flexibility in order to permit minor deformations of the entire flexible composite wood membrane system due to its expected movement under lateral forces applied to the diaphragm. 
         [0063]    Another object of this invention is a method of preparation of mosaic parquet panels for its installation, while an adhesive is applied between each joint of all components of the panels. 
         [0064]    Another object of this invention is a method of an application of parquet panels and transverse and longitudinal boards over a plywood subfloor by placing them over an adhesive, beginning a distance about 1″ from its final position and sliding each component over the adhesive into its final position. This sliding movement provides an even distribution of adhesive underneath the panels and will force excess adhesive to be pushed through the edges to the surface, filling all spaces of the joints between panels, transverse and longitudinal boards, providing an ideal glue bond of the entire parquet membrane. 
         [0065]    Another object of this invention is the coloring of both adhesives (for panel application and parquet installation.) Color of those adhesives should be comparable with the color of growth rings of Douglas fir after its finishing. 
         [0066]    An object of this invention is a protection of installed parquet flooring by applying pressure sensitive covered plastic tape over unprotected areas of the flooring, which allows the flooring to be unfinished indefinitely during construction process, regardless of area of installation (inside/interior or in outside conditions before walls and roofs are installed). 
         [0067]    Another object of this invention is the application of an adhesive to all components of parquet panels to attain structural strength after its curing. This adhesive has a level of viscosity that can be placed by an application and remain inside those spaces. This adhesive has an open time window between 45 to 90 minutes, and after curing, gain rigidity while still having sufficient degree of elasticity. 
         [0068]    Another object of this invention is a method of preparation of mosaic parquet panels for its installation, while an adhesive is applied between each joint of all components of the panels. 
         [0069]    Another objective of this invention is the coloring of both adhesives (for panel application and parquet installation). Color of the adhesives should be comparable with the color of the wood after its finishing. 
         [0070]    Another object of this invention is a protection of an installed parquet flooring by applying a pressure sensitive covered plastic tape over the unprotected areas of the flooring, which allows the flooring to be unfinished indefinitely during construction process. 
         [0071]    Another object of this invention is a multi-purpose sound barrier system that will offer a floor-to-floor noise blocking barrier that can operate in the high 80s decibel level or even 90s decibel range. This multi-purpose sound barrier system is to be installed in the free space between the structural elements; such as, for example the steel beams supporting the concrete slab. This system also serves a dual purpose of floor thermal insulation and fire protection. The aforementioned multi-purpose sound barrier system is intended for new building construction, and can be utilized to reinforce existing buildings wherever space between the structural elements and supporting concrete slab is accessible. 
         [0072]    Another object of this invention is a packaging of assembled mosaic parquet panels and its individual components, which are not a portion of the panels within one hour after its assembly. Packages are sealed by tape similar to the tape that is used in the parquet assembly. Such packaging is important to protect the end grain wood from absorbing moisture or otherwise be affected by humidity changes that can lead to expansion or shrinkage of the boards. 
         [0073]    Another object of the invention is the placing of end grain mosaic parquet panels or boards and individual components inside a wrap or sealed container and kept in such wrap or sealed container until approximately one hour before installation. Keeping the panels wrapped or sealed in a container prevents changes in the dimensions of the panels which can lead to difficulties during the installation process. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0074]    In order to better explain the characteristics of the invention, the following preferred embodiments are described as an example only without being limitative in any way, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0075]      FIG. 1  to  FIG. 6  show prior art constructions; 
           [0076]      FIG. 7  is a schematic of a single board basket weave configuration mosaic parquet pattern; 
           [0077]      FIG. 8A  is a cross sectional view, partially enlarged, illustrating an application of adhesive between components of a panel; 
           [0078]      FIG. 8B  is a cross sectional view of the panels of  FIG. 8A  after an application of the adhesive; 
           [0079]      FIG. 9A  is a schematic view of a single board basket weave configuration; 
           [0080]      FIG. 9B  is a cross-section view of a panel installed over plywood subfloor; 
           [0081]      FIG. 9C  and  FIG. 9D  illustrate installation of a single board basket weave configuration; 
           [0082]      FIG. 10  is a schematic view of an installation of transverse and longitudinal boards on the side of a first row of parquet panels in a single board basket weave configuration; 
           [0083]      FIG. 11  is a schematic view of an installation of a second row of panels in a single board basket weave configuration; 
           [0084]      FIG. 12  illustrates an application of a tape over unprotected areas of parquet flooring; 
           [0085]      FIG. 13  is a schematic view of a double board basket weave configuration; 
           [0086]      FIG. 14A  is a cross sectional view, partially enlarged, illustrating an application of adhesive between components of a panel; 
           [0087]      FIG. 14B  is a cross sectional view of the panels of  FIG. 8A  after an application of the adhesive; 
           [0088]      FIG. 15A  is a schematic view of a double board basket weave configuration; 
           [0089]      FIG. 15B  illustrates a cross-section view of a panel installed over plywood subfloor; 
           [0090]      FIG. 15C  and  FIG. 15D  illustrate an installation of a double board basket weave configuration; 
           [0091]      FIG. 16  is a schematic view of an installation of double board insert panels and double board locking panels on the side of a first row of parquet panels in a double board basket weave configuration; 
           [0092]      FIG. 17  is a schematic view of an installation of a second row of panels to the configuration of  FIG. 16 ; 
           [0093]      FIG. 18  illustrates an application of a tape over unprotected areas of parquet flooring; 
           [0094]      FIG. 19  is a cross-sectional view at floor level of a wood frame building through the exterior bearing shear wall; 
           [0095]      FIG. 20  is a cross-sectional view at floor level of a wood frame building through the interior bearing shear wall; 
           [0096]      FIG. 21  is a cross-sectional view, partially enlarged, cut through the wood floor ; 
           [0097]      FIGS. 22-28  are various cross-sectional views, partially enlarged, cut at floor level of an engineered wood frame building through the exterior bearing shear wall; and 
           [0098]      FIG. 29  and  FIG. 30  are enlarged portions of the cross-sectional view of a mosaic parquet floor system installed over the edge spacing of plywood panels located over the wood floor joist. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Glossary Of Symbols (Legend Of Numerical Symbols): 
       [0000]    
       
         # 1 : 2× wall wood studs (below /underneath floor joist) 
         # 2 : 2× wall wood studs (above floor joist) 
         # 3 : 2× floor wood joists 
         # 4 : 2× double top plate, nailed together 
         # 5 : Shear wall sheathing and nailing 
         # 6 : Shear transfer connector 
         # 7 : 2× or 3× blocking between the floor joists 
         # 8 : 2× or 3× base plate 
         # 9 : Shear wall diaphragm edge nailing 
         # 10 : Shear transfer metal connector 
         # 11 : Horizontal structural plywood sheathing or plywood subfloor 
         # 12 : Exterior stucco 
         # 13 : Exterior building paper and wire mesh 
         # 14 : Interior drywall sheathing 
         # 15 : Wall thermo insulation between the studs 
         # 16 : Floor thermo insulation between the joists 
         # 17 : Floor special multi-purpose fire and sound proof insulation between the floor joists; 
         # 18 : Flooring, not a part of structural system of the building 
         # 19 : Four-way interlocking end grain mosaic parquet floor system as part of the proposed composite membrane of horizontal diaphragm of a structure; 
         # 20 : w s —lateral (seismic or wind) diaphragm force acting horizontally 
         # 21 : Deflected shape (exaggerated) of the diaphragm membrane 
         # 22 : Edge spacing between plywood panels 
         # 23 : Interior drywall ceiling sheathing (single or double sheathing); 
         # 24 : Plywood sheathing fastener (connector) to floor joist below 
         # 25 : Section cut through the floor system—See  FIG. 21 ; 
         # 26 : Engineered wood I-beam floor joist framing; 
         # 27 : Composite flexible wood diaphragm membrane 
         # 28 : Web stiffener at each bearing 
         # 29 : 2× or 3× blocking (engineered wood) 
         # 30 : Section cut through the floor system—see  FIG. 24   
         # 31 : Centerline of plywood sheathing fastener 
         # 32 : Centerline of edge spacing between plywood panels 
         # 33 : Thickness of fastener 
         # 34 : Distance from the centerline of the wood fastener to the edge of the floor joist. 
         # 35 : Distance from the centerline of the wood fastener to the edge of the plywood. 
         # 36 : Width of the floor joist 
         # 37 : Distance from edge of fastener to the edge of plywood 
         # 38 : Distance from the centerline of the wood fastener to the edge of the engineered wood floor joist 
         # 39 : Distance from the centerline of the wood fastener to the edge of the plywood 
         # 40 : Width of flange of engineered floor joist 
         # 41 : Reaction force at double plate level 
         # 42 : Section cut through the floor system—see  FIG. 5A  or  5 C (Similar). 
         # 46 : Floor multi-purpose fire and sound proof insulation 
         # 49 : Force component acing in a direction perpendicular to the direction of lateral (seismic or wind) diaphragm force 
         # 50 : Crack or split development within the wood joist or the engineered wood joist 
         # 101 : Long board of parquet 
         # 102 : Small board of parquet 
         # 103 : Tape to assemble parquet panel 
         # 104 : Transverse board 
         # 105 : Insert board 
         # 106 : Single board basket weave panel 
         # 107 : Thickness of parquet component 
         # 108 : Adhesive, applied between components of parquet panel 
         # 109 : Two position table for application of adhesive between components of parquet panel 
         # 110 : Adhesive to install parquet over subfloor 
         # 111  Space between two panels of parquet in the beginning of the installation 
         # 112 : Tape to cover unprotected areas of installed parquet floor 
         # 113 : Double board basket weave panel 
         # 114 : Double board transverse subunit 
         # 115 : Double board longitudinal subunit 
         # 116 : Section cut through here—refer to  FIG. 9B  for section view 
         # 117 : Section cut through here—refer to  FIG. 15B  for section view 
       
     
         [0161]      FIGS. 7 to 12  show a parquet configuration for a hardwood floor that has boards arranged in a designated pattern to form an interlocking single unit. In a first preferred embodiment,  FIG. 7  illustrates a board pattern referred to herein as a “Single Board Basket Weave” which is used to overlay on top of a plywood subfloor. Single board basket weave comprises modules of four long rectangular shaped boards with a typical proportion of about 1:3 and measurements of, for example, about 3 inches by 9 inches and four small square boards of about 3 inches by 3 inches. A panel of single board basket weave can consist of two, three, four, or more modules, assembled in one panel. 
         [0162]    A preferred panel  106  of single board basket weave comprises at least two modules. In  FIG. 7 , each panel  106  of single board basket weave comprises four long boards  101  arranged in an end-to-end “T-shaped configuration, e.g., a series of boards arranged longitudinally, interrupted by transverse boards which are bisected by the longitudinal boards, where this pattern is repeated. There are also eight small boards  102  that are placed at the four corners of the intersection between the longitudinal and transverse boards. These twelve boards form the panel  106  as shown in  FIG. 7 . To interlock this panel with another panel, longitudinal boards  105  are placed at the small board, large board, small board interface, with transverse boards  104  placed in the boards between the small boards. Then a new panel is placed up against the transverse boards  104 , and the pattern is repeated. All components are preferably made from heat treated Douglas fir lumber with surfaces of all components of the design in end grain cut, and, therefore, all sides of those components are edge grained. All components have straight edges. Once assembled, the panel  106  may be preferably held together with transparent plastic tape  103  with a pressure sensitive adhesive applied on one side. The adhesive side of the tape is installed on the top of the panel, holding all components together. 
         [0163]      FIG. 8A  shows an application of adhesive between each component of a panel  106 . To form a panel of this type, a panel  106  is turned upside down and placed over a two position table top  109  having a linear position and an arced position. The surface of the table includes a sheet of adhesive tape  103 . The table top  109  is set in the arced position ( FIG. 8A ) so that all edges of the components of the panel are opened in a V-shaped position (see inset,  FIG. 8A ), where adhesive  108  is placed between the elements by an applicator (not shown). This adhesive  108  should have a medium level of viscosity and stay in such condition preferably between forty five to ninety minutes. After curing, the adhesive becomes rigid and, at the same time, still has a sufficient degree of elasticity within the glue joints. Adhesive  108  may be preferably colored to match the color of the selected wood after parquet flooring finishing. 
         [0164]      FIG. 8B  shows the panel  106  after the table top  109  has been moved to the flat position, such that when the top portions of the adjacent boards are brought into proximity with each other, the V-shaped gap is reduced and the adhesive  108  fills the entire space between the components of the panel. 
         [0165]      FIG. 9A  shows an installation of a first panel of a single board basket weave  106  over a plywood subfloor. In a preferred embodiment, the panel  106  is placed diagonal (at a 45° angle) to the joints  22  of plywood underneath. In this manner, the exposed joints or edges of the plywood is covered by multiple panels, creating additional security and reinforcement in the overlaying panels. 
         [0166]      FIG. 9B  shows a cross-section  116  of the panel and subfloor of  FIG. 9A . A preferred thickness of all boards  107  is 0.53 inches, which becomes 0.50 inches after sanding. The cross sectional view shows a single board basket weave parquet panel  106  installed over plywood  11  by placing it into adhesive  110  applied on the surface of the plywood. This adhesive becomes rigid after curing and provides a high strength bond between the parquet  106  and the plywood  11 . Adhesive  110 , same as adhesive  108 , may be colored to match the color of the boards after parquet flooring finishing. 
         [0167]      FIG. 9C  shows an installation of a second single board basket weave panel  106  over plywood. The second panel is placed within a distance  111  of about 1 inch from the first panel. 
         [0168]      FIG. 9D  shows the first two panels of the single board basket weave  106  in their final, installed position. As the panels are pushed along the plywood, adhesive moves up and fills the spaces between the panels, wetting the vertical edges to provide an even stronger bond after its curing. 
         [0169]      FIG. 10  shows an installation of a set of transverse boards  104  and longitudinal boards  105  on the side of a first row of installed single board basket weave parquet by placing the boards in adhesive on the plywood about 1 inch from their final position and slid into place, providing a movement up of the adhesive  110  on the vertical edges. 
         [0170]      FIG. 11  shows an installation of a second row of panels  106  over plywood. At first, one panel  106  is placed over adhesive about 1 inch outside of its final position and moved into position by sliding it horizontally. Then the second panel  106  is placed over the adhesive  110  about 1 inch outside of its final position and moved into position by sliding it horizontally. 
         [0171]    During such installation adhesive  110  moves up the side of the parquet, filling all the edges of the joints between the panels. 
         [0172]      FIG. 12  shows an application of tape  112  over unprotected areas of installed parquet flooring. Tape  112  is similar to tape  103  and placed over the parquet by putting its adhesive applied surface on the top of the installed parquet. Width  111  of such tape may be about 3 inches wider than the width of long board  101  of the parquet. 
         [0173]      FIG. 13-18  show a double board basket weave design and method of its installation over a plywood subfloor. Both single board basket weave and double board basket weave are made from the same materials, treated in the same fashion, produced, assembled, and installed in the same way. The primary difference between these designs is that the transverse boards and longitudinal boards in the double board basket weave are produced and installed as small subunits, consisting of two boards assembled with tape. 
         [0174]      FIG. 13  shows a panel of double board basket weave  113 , consisting of eight long boards  101  and eight small boards  102 , where long board  101  is of rectangular shape and preferably made in the proportion of about 1:4 with measurements about 3 inches by 12 inches or 2¼ inches by 9 inches. Small board  102  is preferably square with sizes accordingly about 3 inches by 3 inches or 2¼ inches by 2¼ inches. A panel  113  is assembled with transparent plastic tape  103  with a pressure sensitive adhesive applied on one side. The adhesive side of the tape is installed on the top of the panel, holding all components together. Additionally, a panel of double board basket weave parquet has two sets of double transverse locking boards  114  and two sets of double longitudinal boards  115 . 
         [0175]      FIG. 14A  shows adhesive between each component of a panel of double board basket weave  113 . The panel  113  is turned upside down and placed over a two position table top  109 , with the tape  103  installed on the bottom. A table top  109  is set in an arced position such that all edges of the components of the panel are opened in a v-shaped position, where adhesive  108  is placed by an applicator (not shown). This adhesive has a medium level of viscosity and stays in such condition between forty five to ninety minutes. After curing, the adhesive will become rigid and, at the same time, still have a sufficient degree of elasticity within the glue joints. 
         [0176]      FIG. 14B  shows a double board basket weave panel  113  in closed/flat position on the table, where adhesive  108  fills the entire space between the components of the panel. 
         [0177]      FIG. 15A  shows an installation a double board basket weave panel  113  over a plywood subfloor. The panel is preferably placed diagonally (on 45 degree angle) with respect to the joints  22  of plywood underneath. 
         [0178]      FIG. 15B  shows a cross-section  117  of  FIG. 15A . A thickness of all of the components  107  is roughly 0.53 inches, which will become 0.50 inches after sanding. A double board basket weave parquet panel  113  is installed over the plywood  11  by placing it into adhesive  110  applied on the surface of the plywood. This adhesive becomes rigid after curing and provides a high strength bond between the parquet and the plywood. Adhesive  110 , same as adhesive  108 , may be colored to match the color of the selected wood of the parquet after the parquet flooring&#39;s finishing. 
         [0179]      FIG. 15C  shows an installation of a second double board basket weave panel  113  over a plywood subfloor. A second panel is placed at a distance  111  of about 1 inch from first panel. 
         [0180]      FIG. 15D  shows the first two panels of a double board basket weave  113  in the final/installed position. During the movement of the panel of about 1 inch over the plywood, adhesive moves up and fills spaces between the panels, providing a strong glue bond after curing. 
         [0181]      FIG. 16  shows an installation of sets of double transverse locking panels  114  and double board longitudinal panels  115  on the side of a first row of installed double board basket weave parquet by placing the boards in adhesive and applied on the plywood about 1 inch from their final position and slid together, providing a movement up of the adhesive  110  on all edges to provide a structurally strong glue bond after its curing. 
         [0182]      FIG. 17  shows an installation of a second row of panels  113  over plywood. At first, one panel  113  is placed over the adhesive about 1 inch outside of final position and moved in final position by sliding it horizontally. Then the second panel  113  is placed over adhesive  110  about 1″ outside of its final position and moved into its final position by sliding it horizontally. During such installation adhesive  110  moves up the side of the parquet, filling all the edges of the joints between the panels, providing a structurally strong glue bond after its curing. 
         [0183]      FIG. 18  shows an application of tape  112  over the unprotected areas of installed parquet flooring. Tape  112  is similar to tape  103  and placed over the parquet by putting its adhesive applied surface on the top of the installed parquet. A width  111  of such tape preferably is about 3 inches wider than a width of long board  101  of the parquet. 
         [0184]    For  FIG. 19 ,  FIG. 20 ,  FIG. 22  and  FIG. 23 , the mosaic parquet floor system  19  does not continue under the wall framing of a new or existing wood frame building. Instead of a non-structural flooring  18 , as described in the Background of Invention, installed over the subfloor  11 , the four-way interlocking end grain mosaic parquet floor system  19  is diagonally installed over the plywood subfloor  11  by means of a high strength adhesive  110 . The aforementioned end grain mosaic parquet floor  19  diagonally installed over to the plywood subfloor  11  beneath by means of a high strength adhesive  110  achieves formation of a composite membrane of structural wood floor diaphragm  27 . As a result of creating the aforementioned composite membrane of structural wood floor diaphragm  27 , the flooring material  19  is positively contributes to the structural system of a new or existing wood diaphragm building by means of its participation in gravity and lateral load resistance, as well as acting as a lateral load transfer mechanism. Thereby, the flooring material is being included into the actual structural system of the new or existing wood frame building. 
         [0185]    A bridging is created over the edge spacing  22  between plywood panels  11 , holding the plywood panels  11  together and, thus, providing reinforcement of vulnerable regions within plywood subfloor. For new building construction as well as for the purposes of strengthening (rehabilitation) of the plywood panel diaphragms of the existing buildings, this bridging action provides improved resistance to forces in a direction perpendicular to the direction of in-plane lateral (seismic or wind) diaphragm force application, thus improving resistance to the initial tributary seismic or wind forces applied to the floor diaphragm. 
         [0186]    For  FIG. 25 ,  FIG. 26 ,  FIG. 27  and  FIG. 28 , a mosaic parquet floor system  19  continues under the wall framing of a new or existing wood frame buildings. Instead of non-structural flooring  18  (see Background of Invention) installed over the subfloor  11 , the four-way interlocking end grain mosaic parquet floor system  19  is diagonally installed over the plywood subfloor  11  beneath by means of a high strength adhesive  110 . The aforementioned end grain mosaic parquet floor  19  diagonally installed over to the plywood subfloor  11  by means of high strength adhesive  110  achieves the formation of a composite membrane of structural wood floor diaphragm  27 . As a result of creating the aforementioned composite membrane of structural wood floor diaphragm  27 , parquet floor  19  positively contributes to the structural system of a new or existing wood diaphragm of building by means of its participation in gravity and lateral load resistance action, as well as a lateral load transfer mechanism. Thereby, flooring material is included into the actual structural system of the new or existing wood frame building. 
         [0187]    In  FIG. 25 ,  FIG. 26 ,  FIG. 27  and  FIG. 28 , the flooring system  19  is installed underneath the of the succeeding wall framing, prior to the construction of the subsequent floor wall framing. In  FIGS. 25 and 27 , the flooring system  19  is installed all the way up to the end of base plate  8  and the end of plywood sheathing  11 , since the floor system ends past that point. In  FIG. 26  and  FIG. 28  the flooring system  19  continues together with plywood sheeting  11  beyond the limits of the wall framing above. The succeeding (second) floor base plate  8  is installed over the composite membrane  27 . 
         [0188]    Shear transfer connectors  6  are installed all the way through the base plate  8  and the entire composite membrane of the wood diaphragm  27 , while penetration into the blocking  7  on  FIG. 25  and  FIG. 26  and, correspondingly, through blocking  29  on  FIG. 27  and  FIG. 28 , remains the same. 
         [0189]      FIG. 21  shows typical cross-sectional cut through the new or existing floor in the direction perpendicular to the wood floor joists  3 , with the composite membrane of structural wood floor diaphragm  27  shown on top of floor joists  3  and attached to the floor joists  3  with fasteners  24 . Blocking  7  between the floor joists  3  is schematically shown beyond.  FIG. 24  is similar to  FIG. 21 , however engineered wood joist  26  is shown instead of wood joist  3 , and blocking  29  is shown instead of blocking  7 . 
         [0190]    Multi-purpose fire and sound-proof insulation  17  shown in  FIGS. 19-28  offers a floor-to-floor noise blocking barrier that operates in the high 80s decibel or even 90s decibel range. The special floor multi-purpose fire and sound proof barrier  17  is installed in the space available between: 
         [0191]    a) The floor joists  3  per  FIG. 19 ,  FIG. 20 ,  FIG. 21 ,  FIG. 25 ,  FIG. 26 ; and 
         [0192]    b) Engineered wood floor joists  26  per  FIG. 22 ,  FIG. 23 ,  FIG. 24 ,  FIGS. 27 and 28 . 
         [0000]    In all cases, insulation  17  shall be mounted prior to the installation or re-installation (in case of existing building rehabilitation) of ceiling sheathing  23 . 
         [0193]      FIG. 29  shows an enlarged portion of the cross-sectional cut through the new or existing floor of a wood framed structure improved with the composite membrane  27 , comprised of a four-way interlocking end grain mosaic parquet floor system  19  diagonally installed over the plywood subfloor  11  by means of a high strength adhesive  110 .  FIG. 29  specifically depicts the typical area where an element of the installed mosaic parquet floor system  19  bridges over the edge spacing  22  of the plywood panels  11  located directly over the wood floor joist  3 . Flooring material  19  is installed over the plywood subfloor  11  diagonally for structural reasons discussed above. Plywood sheathing  22  is attached to the framing below with fasteners  24 .  FIG. 30  is similar to  FIG. 29 ; however an engineered wood joist  26  is shown on  FIG. 30  instead of the wood joist  3  per  FIG. 29 .