Abstract:
A method for the removal and sequestration of ammonia nitrogen from anaerobic fermentation effluent while producing a higher BTU biogas. The method includes the steps of removing the slurry from the digester, stripping the ammonia from the slurry or portion thereof with a high BTU biogas, blending the stripped ammonia with the digesters biogas to remove the carbon dioxide and precipitate ammonium bicarbonate/carbonate as a solid while producing a high Btu biogas, a portion of which is used to strip the ammonia and CO 2  from the slurry. The process removes ammonia nitrogen from the digester effluent while producing a high Btu biogas and a solid ammonium bicarbonate/carbonate product. Ammonia stripping is accomplished with a recycled stripping gas deficient in CO 2  and ammonia that is capable of removing the CO 2  and ammonia from solution by virtue of the lower partial pressures of CO 2  and ammonia in the stripping unit.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of a provisional application by the same applicant for the same invention filed on Jun. 7, 2007, application No. 60/933,337. 
     
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING GOVERNMENT SPONSORED RESEARCH 
       [0002]    None. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0004]    This invention relates generally to waste conversion processes, and, more particularly, to methods for abating the release into the environment of ammonia produced by anaerobic digestion. 
         [0005]    2. Description of Related Art 
         [0006]    Waste conversion processes such as anaerobic digestion convert protein and other nitrogenous compounds to ammonia that is discharged with the liquid and solid slurry (digestate). Typically the slurry is discharged to holding ponds or the land as a fertilizer. The solid portion of the digestate may be separated from the liquid. Typically the liquid containing ammonia is returned to an aerobic waste treatment plant or discharged to land or water bodies where adverse environmental and economic consequences can occur. The uncontrolled discharge of ammonia to the atmosphere may cause its reaction with atmospheric NO x  leading to the creation of fine particulate matter (&lt;PM 2.5 ) that may create a significant health hazard. The ammonia eventually undergoes nitrification and denitrification, a process that generates nitrous oxide, a powerful greenhouse gas. Uncontrolled discharges of ammonia fertilize land and water creating unforeseen ecological damage. Consequently, there exists a need to control ammonia emissions from the anaerobic digestate. 
         [0007]    The anaerobic decomposition of organic substrates also produces a biogas containing methane gas, carbon dioxide, and traces of ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide. In many cases it is desirable to produce a higher quality biogas consisting of primarily methane gas and having a high BTU content. High BTU biomethane has a significantly greater economic value if sold as biomethane than if used to produce electricity. 
         [0008]    In the anaerobic digestion process the quantity of methane, carbon dioxide, ammonia nitrogen, and hydrogen sulfide formed is a function of the chemical composition of the substrate and the efficiency (percent conversion of organic matter) of the anaerobic digestion process. Ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide exist both as a gas (nonionized NH 3 , CO 2 , H 2 S) and in the ionized form (HCO 3   − , NH 4   + , HS − ). The total nitrogen, carbon and sulfur are partitioned between the gas form and ionized form as a function of pH and temperature. At the mesophilic temperature and relatively neutral pH of an anaerobic reactor only a small percentage of the total ammonia is present in the gas form whereas approximately fifty percent of the total carbon and sulfide resides in the gas form. The ammonia, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide gas present in the headspace of an anaerobic reactor is a function of the solubility of the gas in solution, all in accordance with Henry&#39;s Law. Typically the volume percent, and thus partial pressure, of the digester gas is 65% methane, 34% CO 2  with a small percentage being hydrogen sulfide (200-3,000 ppm) and other gases. There is very little ammonia nitrogen in the digesters headspace and thus very little ammonia nitrogen in solution in the gaseous form. 
         [0009]    Upon exiting the anaerobic reactor, CO 2  gas is discharged from the slurry to the atmosphere since the partial pressure of CO 2  in the atmosphere is only 0.038% or 1/1000 the CO 2  partial pressure in the digester. The loss of CO 2  causes the pH of the slurry to increase resulting in the eventual shifting of the ionized ammonia (NH 4   + ) to the unionized gas form (NH 3 ) and the subsequent discharge of ammonia gas to the atmosphere. 
         [0010]    Many strategies have been developed to remove and sequester ammonia nitrogen from the effluent of an anaerobic reactor. The basic strategy is to remove the ammonia from solution and form a second liquid or solid ammonium compound. Removing the ammonia from the digester effluent is normally preceded by decarbonization to remove CO 2 , followed by the addition of a chemical reagent, such as calcium, sodium or magnesium hydroxide to raise the solution pH and thereby shift the ionized ammonium to the unionized ammonia gas form (U.S. Pat. No. 4,104,131). Air containing a low concentration of ammonia is then used to strip the ammonia gas from solution. Steam has also been used to raise temperature, reduce the solubility of carbon dioxide, increase the pH, and strip ammonia gas from solution by reducing the pressure and thereby decreasing the partial pressure of CO 2  (U.S. Pat. No. 6,521,129). High temperature (60-70° C.) reduced pressure (0.25-0.75 bar) stripping has also been proposed (U.S. Pat. No. 6,368,849 B1). High temperature distillation or rectification of carbon dioxide and ammonia at an elevated temperature has been proposed (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,710,300 and 6,368,849 B1). Membrane processes with decarbonization and pH adjustment have likewise been proposed. Pressurizing the digester contents and driving CO 2  into solution has also been practiced. All these processes require a significant investment in energy for heat and pressure, and reagents for pH adjustment. Scale formation is a common problem if calcium or magnesium is used to adjust pH. Rectification or high temperature stripping requires the removal of most suspended solids prior to high temperature steam stripping or rectification. 
         [0000]    Following ammonia stripping the ammonia can be sequestered through a variety of means. If high-temperature distillation is used to remove both carbon dioxide and ammonia, the uncontrolled formation of ammonium bicarbonate solids (scale) can be mechanically removed from the stripping unit (U.S. Pat. No. 4,710,300). If the ammonia is stripped with air or steam, anhydrous ammonia or aqueous ammonia can be formed at a reduced pH (U.S. Pat. No. 6,464,875, U.S. Pat. No. 5,702,572). If ammonia is stripped with air or steam ammonium salts can be formed through a reaction with a dilute acid (U.S. Pat. No. 6,521,129). 
         [0011]    Biological processes have been used to remove ammonia nitrogen. They include aerobic nitrification and denitrification and the anaerobic Anammox process whereby ammonia is anaerobically converted to nitrogen gas resulting in the loss of ammonia nitrogen&#39;s fertilizer value. 
         [0012]    High temperature reduced pressure stripping, as well as distillation to remove both carbon dioxide and ammonia will improve the biogas quality since a portion of the carbon dioxide is removed from the gas stream under the high temperature conditions (U.S. Pat. No. 4,710,300). Improved gas quality has also been claimed when digesting a substrate having a high concentration of nitrogen through the formation of ammonium bicarbonate in solution (U.S. Pat. No. 7,160,456 B2). Also, biogas quality improvements have been claimed for processes that pass biogas through the digester liquid containing ammonia to form ammonium carbonate in the liquid slurry (U.S. Pat. No. 4,372,856, and U.S. Pat. No. 7,160,456). 
         [0013]    A variety of processes are utilized to directly improve the BTU content of biogas. These processes involve the removal of carbon dioxide by high-pressure water scrubbing (U.S. Pat. No. 6,299,774), amine scrubbing, and membrane separation. Most of the systems involved high-pressure operation with significant capital and operation and maintenance costs. Biological processes have also been used such as acid phase anaerobic digestion (U.S. Pat. No. 5,529,692) where the CO 2 , formed in the acid phase, is separately removed from the predominately methane gas stream from the methane phase. 
         [0014]    The economics of ammonia removal and sequestration, as well as the production of a high BTU biogas, can be improved significantly by operating a low pressure, low temperature, process that can remove substantially all of the ammonia while controlling the quality of the biogas produced. The process would be even more advantageous if it can be performed without the use of costly chemical reagents that increase the salt content of the effluent, or costly energy in the form of heat and steam. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0015]    The object of this invention to is provide an economical low-pressure, low temperature, and low operating cost process to remove ammonia from a fermentation process, reclaim the ammonia as a solid product, and produce a high BTU biogas having an improved economic value. The removal of ammonia will reduce the health hazards, water and land fertilization, and greenhouse gas emissions associated with ammonia emissions from the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter. Reclamation of ammonia is desirable since it has significant economic value and its reclamation will reduce the consumption of fossil fuel used in the production of ammonia. A high BTU gas has greater economic value when compared to the typical biogas produced through anaerobic digestion. 
         [0016]    The process can be used with any anaerobic reactor configuration including mesophilic, thermophilic, plug flow, completely mixed, sequencing batch, temperature phased, acid phased, contact, migrating bed, induced blanket, etc. that receives an organic influent stream and produces an effluent stream and biogas stream containing carbon dioxide. The anaerobic reactor can process any of a variety of organic substrates having any solids or volatile solids concentration including but not limited to manure, crop residue, food processing and meat packing waste, the organic fraction of municipal solid waste, and sewage sludge. 
         [0017]    The effluent stream from the fermentation reactor, containing the byproducts of anaerobic decomposition including ammonia nitrogen, primarily in the ionized form, is subjected to carbon dioxide and ammonia stripping, preferably in a low pressure, packed tower or shallow basin, with a gas deficient in carbon dioxide and ammonia such that the partial pressure of ammonia and carbon dioxide in the stripping gas is less than the partial pressure in the stripping chamber. The liquid effluent from the stripping chamber, deficient in ammonia and carbon dioxide, is then discharged, or further treated with a variety of processes to adjust the pH or, recycled to the anaerobic reactor for hydration and, or alkaline or acid hydrolysis of the influent waste stream. The gas effluent from the stripping chamber, containing ammonia, water vapor, methane, and carbon dioxide is then blended with biogas containing methane, carbon dioxide, and traces of other pollutants, to produce a gas containing primarily ammonia, methane, and carbon dioxide. The blended gas is then transferred to a precipitation chamber where ammonium bicarbonate/carbonate is precipitated and recovered as a product that can be used for a variety of purposes. A portion of the effluent gas, deficient in carbon dioxide and ammonia is then used as the stripping gas in the stripping chamber. 
         [0018]    A variety of modifications and improvements can be made to the basic process described above. They include: a) reducing the pressure (0.5 to 0.75 bar) in the stripping chamber to assist the removal of carbon dioxide and ammonia, b) adjusting the pH (preferable between 9 and 12) prior to or during the ammonia stripping process through the use of a variety of reagents such as calcium, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, sodium hydroxide, or potassium hydroxide, c) separating the solids from the liquid effluent and subjecting only the liquid effluent to ammonia stripping, d) adjusting the pH of the liquid through the consumption of bicarbonate/carbonate in a photobioreactor with photosynthetic organisms, preferably cyanobacteria such as spirulina, prior to or during the stripping process, e) removing the O 2  produced through photobioreactor treatment, f) diluting the stripping liquid to reduce ammonia toxicity to the photosynthetic organisms, g) providing the proper molar ratio of carbon dioxide to ammonia necessary for the complete or near complete conversion of ammonia and carbon dioxide to ammonium carbonate/bicarbonate precipitate by using a portion of the anaerobic digester&#39;s biogas for operating an engine generator, boiler, turban, or flair and thereby reduce the quantity of CO2 delivered to the precipitation chamber, or adding supplemental ammonia to the precipitation chamber, and or increasing the nitrogen content of the substrate delivered to the digester such that more ammonia is produced, h) improving the quality of the high BTU gas produced by removing substantially all of the CO2 through further gas treatment such as high pH gas scrubbing with or without use of the liquid effluent from the scrubbing unit, i) confining the precipitation of ammonium carbonate/bicarbonate to the precipitation chamber by maintaining a temperature differential between the ammonia stripping chamber and the precipitation chamber where the precipitation chamber is maintained at a lower temperature sufficient to precipitate the ammonium carbonate/bicarbonate, j) treating the biogas prior to blending with the stripped (ammonia and carbon dioxide) gas to remove hydrogen sulfide and or carbon dioxide through a variety of processes, such as membrane separation, that produce a tale gas having a concentration of carbon dioxide greater than the biogas and processing the tail gas through the ammonium carbonate bicarbonate precipitation chamber, k) heating the stripping gas prior to entering the stripping chamber, l) cooling the stripped ammonia gas prior to entering the precipitation chamber, m) heating the digestate prior to entering the stripping chamber, n) separating the solids from the digestate and processing only the liquid containing ammonia through the stripping unit, o) aerobically composting or drying the separated solids to form a soil conditioner deficient in nitrogen, p) mixing the ammonium carbonate/bicarbonate with the carbon and phosphate containing solids or soil conditioner to produce a fertilizer with the desired C:N ratio. 
         [0019]    The stripping chamber can consist of a plurality of chambers to improve the stripping efficiency and the precipitation chamber can likewise consist of a plurality of chambers to improve the efficiency of precipitation, as well as enhance the removal of the carbonate/bicarbonate precipitate (sequencing batch operation). It is also understood, that a variety of support media can be used within the precipitation chamber upon which the ammonium carbonate/bicarbonate will be precipitated and be recovered. 
         [0020]    The process comprises six steps, described as follows:
       1. Increase the pH of the liquid effluent from the digester by removing carbon dioxide, adding chemical reagents, or consuming the bicarbonate/carbonate within the liquid.   2. Shifting ammonium (NH 4 +) to ammonia gas (NH3) by increasing the pH or the pH and temperature.   3. Stripping the ammonia gas by reducing the partial pressure of ammonia through the use of a gas deficient in ammonia.   4. Blending the ammonia gas with biogas containing sufficient moisture and carbon dioxide to precipitate the ammonium carbonate bicarbonate in accordance with the following equation. NH 3 +H 2 O+CO 2 &gt;NH 4 HCO 3      5. Precipitating the ammonium carbonate/bicarbonate at a temperature (&lt;36° C.) sufficient to form a solid product and thereby remove ammonia and carbon dioxide from the gas stream.   6. Returning the gas stream, deficient in ammonia and carbon dioxide, for stripping.       
 
         [0027]    Although any of a variety of modifications, options, or combination of options may be incorporated in the process as described above, a preferred embodiment consists of the following:
       1. Separating the solids from the liquid in the digester effluent.   2. Increase the pH of the liquid effluent from the digester by removing carbon dioxide and carbonate from the liquid with photosynthetic organisms such as cyanobacteria.   3. Converting ammonium (NH4+) to ammonia gas (NH3) by virtue of the increased pH.   4. Stripping the ammonia gas by reducing the partial pressure of ammonia through the use of a stripping gas deficient in ammonia and reducing the pressure (0.25-0.75 bar) in the stripping chamber.   5. Removing hydrogen sulfide from the biogas.   6. Blending the ammonia gas with a portion of the biogas containing sufficient moisture and carbon dioxide to precipitate the ammonium bicarbonate in accordance with the following equation, NH 3 +H 2 O+CO 2 &gt;NH 4 HCO 3 . The balance of the biogas is used to operate a boiler or engine generator to provide heat for the digester.   7. Maintaining a temperature differential between the stripping chamber, biogas blending chamber, and precipitating the ammonium carbonate/bicarbonate at a temperature (&lt;36° C.) sufficient to form a solid product within the precipitation chamber and thereby remove ammonia and carbon dioxide from the gas stream.   8. Removing excess water created by cooling the influent gas stream prior to or within the precipitation chamber and heating the return stripping gas to the stripping chamber.   9. Returning a portion of the gas stream, deficient in ammonia and carbon dioxide, for stripping.   10. Drying the separated solids deficient in nitrogen.   11. Mixing the ammonium carbonatelbicarbonate with the dried carbon and phosphate containing solids to produce a fertilizer with any desired C:N ratio.       
 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0039]      FIGS. 1 and 2  depict a schematic representation of the preferred and optional embodiments of the invention. 
           [0040]      FIG. 1  depicts the preferred embodiment of the invention with the solid lines representing the basic components of the invention and the dashed lines presenting preferred alternative embodiments. 
           [0041]      FIG. 2  depicts the basic embodiment as solid lines with a number of alternative or optional embodiments of the invention as dashed lines. 
           [0042]      FIG. 3  presents a mass balance for a full-scale facility, wherein “TKN” refers to total Kjeldahl nitrogen and “Q” refers to volumetric flow rate. Except for a heat pump included in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the drawings do not include pumps, valves and appurtenances normally included in a process design of this kind. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0043]    The object of this invention to is provide an economical low-pressure, low temperature, and low operating cost process to remove ammonia from an anaerobic fermentation process, reclaim the ammonia as a solid product, and produce a high BTU biogas having an improved economic value. The removal of ammonia will reduce the health hazards, inadvertent water and land fertilization, and greenhouse gas consequences associated with ammonia emissions from the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter. Reclamation of ammonia is desirable since it has significant economic value and its reclamation will reduce the consumption of fossil fuel used in the production of ammonia. A high BTU gas has greater economic value when compared to the typical biogas produced through anaerobic digestion. The invention achieves its economic advantage by circulating high BTU methane gas, produced by the process, to strip the ammonia nitrogen as opposed to high temperature steam stripping or distillation processes that have been proposed in the past. 
         [0044]    The basic configuration and preferred embodiment of the process are presented in  FIG. 1 . In the process an organic stream  1  is delivered to an anaerobic digester  2 . The organic stream  1 , can be any organic substrate having any solids or volatile solids concentration including, but not limited to, manure, crop residue, food processing and meat packing waste, the organic fraction of municipal solid waste, and sewage sludge or any combination thereof. The fermentation reactor can be any anaerobic digester configuration including, but not limited to, mesophilic, thermophilic, plug flow, completely mixed, sequencing batch, temperature phased, acid phased, contact, migrating bed, induced blanket, etc. that receives an organic influent stream  1 , and produces a digestate stream  5 , and biogas stream  9 , containing carbon dioxide, methane and traces of other gases. 
         [0045]    The effluent stream  5 , from the fermentation reactor containing the byproducts of anaerobic decomposition including ammonia nitrogen primarily in the ionized form, is subjected to carbon dioxide consumption and ammonia stripping, preferably in a low pressure tower or shallow basin  3 , with a gas deficient in carbon dioxide and ammonia such that the partial pressure of ammonia and carbon dioxide in the stripping gas  11  is less than their partial pressures in the stripping chamber  3 . The liquid effluent  7  from the stripping chamber  3 , deficient in ammonia and carbon dioxide, is then discharged, or further treated with a variety of processes to adjust the pH or, recycled to the anaerobic reactor for hydration of the influent  1 , and, or hydrolysis of the influent waste stream  1 . The gas effluent  8  from the stripping chamber, containing water vapor, ammonia and carbon dioxide, is then blended with biogas  9  to produce a gas containing water vapor, ammonia, methane, and carbon dioxide  10 . The blended gas is then transferred to a precipitation chamber  4 , where ammonium bicarbonate/carbonate is precipitated and recovered for productive use. A portion  11  of the effluent gas  12 , deficient in carbon dioxide and ammonia, is then used as the stripping gas in the stripping chamber  3 . The stripping chamber  3  can be a series of chambers, covered shallow basins, or stripping towers, where progressive pH adjustment and gas stripping occur. The precipitation chamber can be a series of chambers operating in parallel or as sequencing batch reactors to accommodate the removal of ammonium carbonate/bicarbonate. The precipitation chamber  4 , may also be a packed reactor containing a variety of synthetic organic media upon which the ammonium carbonate/bicarbonate will precipitate and be removed. The precipitation chamber may also be cooled, through a variety of means, to maintain a temperature less than 40° C. or preferably less than 35° C. since ammonium bicarbonate endothermically decomposes between 36° C. and 60° C. The ammonium carbonate/bicarbonate  13 , can be removed with or without the packing material from precipitation chamber  4  through a variety of commonly practiced methods. 
         [0046]    A variety of modifications and improvements can be made to the basic process described above. Those preferred modifications include the addition of one or more liquids/solids separators  14  on the digester&#39;s effluent line  5 , to produce a solid stream  23  and a liquid stream  22  deficient in suspended solids. A second preferred modification includes the addition of a separate reactor  15 , with or without liquids/solids separation device (not shown), to provide pH adjustment through either the addition of caustic  24 , or reduced-pressure, vacuum pump removal of carbon dioxide through conduit  27 , which is discharged to the digester  2 , or a combination of both low pressure and caustic addition. The caustic reagents can be oxides or hydroxides such as calcium (lime), magnesium oxide, or sodium, potassium, magnesium hydroxide or a combination thereof. Depending on the effluent  22  quality of the liquid/solids separator or separators  14 , the pH adjusting reactor  15  may be a photobioreactor for culturing photosynthetic microorganisms, preferably cyanobacteria or spirulina that consume carbonate/bicarbonate in the absence of CO 2  addition and thereby increase the pH of the liquid to be stripped  6  of ammonia. Gases in conduit  27  produced in the pH-adjusting reactor  15  can be discharged to the digester  2 . 
         [0047]    A third preferred modification includes the controlled removal of biogas  31  to reduce the gas volume  32  and produce a gas  10  that meets the stoichiometric requirements for the precipitation of substantially all of the CO 2  and NH3 as ammonium carbonate/bicarbonate in accordance with the following formula: NH 3 +H 2 O+CO 2 ═NH 4 HCO 3 . In most cases insufficient ammonia will be produced through the anaerobic decomposition of most substrates. Consequently, it will be necessary to either reduce the carbon dioxide content of the gas or increase the ammonia content, through the addition of ammonia, in order to maximize the methane content of a high BTU gas produced. This can be achieved by removing biogas and utilizing the removed biogas  31  in an engine generator to produce electricity or combined heat and power, a boiler to produce heat for the anaerobic process, or a flare  18 . 
         [0048]    A fourth preferred modification includes the addition of heat exchangers  38  and  39  for removing heat from the stripped gas  8  with cooling unit  38  and providing heat to the stripping gas  11  through heat exchanger  39 . The removal of heat and cooling may be accomplished with heat pump  40 . Excess water  41  removed through the cooling of the fully saturated gas stream can be recycled or discharged. 
         [0049]      FIG. 2  presents a variety of additional, optional embodiments, described below, that may be used individually or in any combination depending on the process application. A portion  20  of the liquid effluent from the stripping chamber may be recycled to the digester&#39;s effluent  5 , either before or after the liquids/solids separator  14 , to produce a diluted effluent  22 . The purpose of returning a portion of the effluent, deficient in nitrogen, is to reduce the ammonia concentration of the pH reactor  15  below values that might inhibit photosynthetic microorganisms, such as cyanobacteria, utilized to consume carbonate/bicarbonate and thereby raise the pH. Freshwater  34 , or recycled condensate  41  may be added two assist in producing a reduced-nutrient recycle stream. If microorganisms are utilized in chamber  15  to reduce the pH of the influent  6  to the stripping unit  3 , dissolved oxygen will be produced as a consequence in accordance with the equation 6CO 2 +12H 2 O&gt;6(CH 2 O)+6H 2 O+6O 2 . Six mol of CO 2  will produce 6 mol of cell mass+6 mol of oxygen. The cell mass will exit the system in the stripping chamber effluent  7  or be separated and returned within or external to the photobioreactor  15 . The oxygen however may be stripped in the stripping chamber and thereby contaminate the high BTU gas with oxygen. To prevent this occurrence any inert gas or high BTU biogas  25 , may be added to pH adjusting chamber  15  to strip the oxygen produced. The gas discharged  26  from the pH-adjusting chamber  15  may contain oxygen and a stripping gas. If biogas or biomethane is utilized for stripping oxygen the resulting gas  28 , may be discharged to a biological hydrogen sulfide removal chamber  16 , wherein aerobic bacteria will consume the oxygen and produce a CO 2  and methane gas stream  33  reduced in oxygen. Alternatively, the stripping gas, carbon dioxide, and oxygen may be discharged to the anaerobic digester through conduit  27 . The hydrogen sulfide removal chamber  16  can be any of a variety of oxygen consuming biological hydrogen sulfide removal devices or processes commonly utilized or known to those skilled in the art. 
         [0050]    An alternative to using a portion of the anaerobic digester&#39;s biogas to provide the proper molar ratio of carbon dioxide to ammonia necessary for the complete, or near complete, conversion of ammonia and carbon dioxide to ammonium carbonate/bicarbonate precipitate, is to add a supplemental substrate rich in ammonia  36  to the influent waste stream, or add ammonia gas to the gas stream  37 . 
         [0051]    It may be advantageous to remove methane gas  29 , from all or a portion of the biogas  9 , through any of a variety of known processes  17 , such as membrane separators or PSA (Pressure Swing Adsorption), X and thereby produce a “tail gas” rich in carbon dioxide but deficient in methane  30 . Under this scenario, the invention will treat the tail gas  30  to remove the carbon dioxide through the production of ammonium carbonate/bicarbonate  13 . A portion of the high BTU gas produced 12 or 35, may be returned to the digester  2 , blended with the methane gas  29 , or used for some other productive purpose such as  18 . It may also be advantageous to further treat the high BTU gas  12  with a variety of processes  19  known in the art, such as alkaline scrubbing to further remove carbon dioxide and or other pollutants and thereby produce pipeline quality, or transportation quality, gas  35 . 
         [0052]    The stripping gas  11 , or the influent to the stripping chamber  6 ,  21 ,  22 , or  5  or the contents of the stripping chamber may be heated to improve stripping efficiency; and, the influent streams to the precipitation chamber  10 ,  8 , or  33 , or the contents of the precipitation chamber  4 , may be cooled to assist in the formation of ammonium carbonate/bicarbonate or to remove excess water such that a dry ammonium carbonate product can be produced in accordance with the stoichiometric requirements. 
       EXAMPLE 
       [0053]      FIG. 3  presents an example of ammonia sequestration at a municipal anaerobic digestion facility. The anaerobic digester produces two effluent streams, biogas and digestate. The digestate was dewatered with a belt filter press that requires significant quantities of wash water and polymer. The separation process produced 68 m3 per day of 21% dry solids. The effluent from the belt filter presses was further treated with sodium hydroxide to raise the pH to 11.5 and precipitate and concentrate colloidal solid material. Twenty-one m3 per day of 8.5% precipitate was removed through the pH adjustment process. The wash water and chemical reagent deluded stripping feed was then delivered to the ammonia stripping tower. The flow rate of the stripping gas was 300 times the flow rate of the stripping feed in order to achieve a 90% removal of ammonia. The heated stripping gas contained primarily methane gas with traces of carbon dioxide. The fully saturated stripped gas from the ammonia stripping tower contained a majority of the ammonia fed to the stripping tower and the methane gas initially present in the stripping gas. After cooling and removal of excess moisture the gas was delivered to the ammonia precipitation reactor. The stripped gas was blended with the feed biogas in the precipitation reactor to produce 6.3 kg/min of ammonium bicarbonate. The feed biogas was less than 60% of the total biogas since a portion of the biogas is flared or utilized in and engine generator to produce power for the facility and heat for the anaerobic digesters. A portion of the biogas was flared in order to produce a 99% methane, “biomethane gas” product for pipeline injection. 
         [0054]    Thus, the presently disclosed embodiments are to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims, and not limited to the foregoing description.