Abstract:
An adaptive antenna signal identification process to provide increased interference rejection in a wireless data network, such as a wireless Local Area Network (LAN). An adaptive antenna, such as a directional antenna, can be steered to various angle of arrival orientations. For example, the adaptive antenna can be steered to the last known best direction for reception of a particular detected signal. When the invention is deployed in a relay function, messages received from a first node are forwarded to a second node using a recorded direction of best reception from the second node. Storage of the best antenna angle for propagation to neighbor nodes can be handled by control functions in a manner that is analogous to other router lookup tables, such as being contained in a lookup table that stores Internet Protocol (IP) addresses.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/952,198, filed Sep. 13, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,224,685 the entire teachings of the which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates generally to wireless data transmission systems and in particular to a technique for using directional antennas in such systems. 
     In corporate enterprises, wireless Local Area Networks (LANs) are usually implemented as a final link between existing wired networks and a group of client computers. Today&#39;s business environment is characterized by an increasingly mobile work force, who spend much of their time working in teams that cross functional, organizational and geographic boundaries. Often their most productive times occur in meetings that take place away from their desks. Users of portable computing equipment therefore need access to their data files through networks that reach far beyond their personal desktops. Wireless LANs fit well into this environment, providing much needed freedom in network access to mobile workers. Such networks provide access to information from anywhere within an enterprise, such as from a conference room, cafeteria, or even a remote branch office. Wireless LAN connectivity affords access to the full resources and services of a corporate network across a building or campus setting. As such, they are on the verge of becoming a mainstream solution for a broad range of business applications. 
     One critical issue affecting the effectiveness of wireless LAN deployment has been the historically limited throughput available with such equipment. The 2 Mega bits per second (Mbps) data rate specified by the original Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) wireless LAN standard 802.11, dated 1997, is now considered to be too slow to support most business requirements. Recognizing the need to support additional higher data rate transmissions, the IEEE recently ratified an 802.11b standard that specifies data transmission speeds of up to 11 Mbps. With the 802.11b standard, wireless LANs are expected to be able to achieve throughput comparable to the legacy wired Ethernet infrastructure. Emerging wireless networking systems that promise to provide comparable data speeds include Home RF, BlueTooth, and third generation digital cellular telephone systems. 
     In these peer-to-peer networks, the individual computer nodes operate in a same frequency communication network. That is, these systems utilize signal modulation schemes such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) wherein a number of end nodes are actually transmitting on a same radio frequency carrier at the same time. Such systems may experience significant quality degradation due to the interference of equipment that is not participating in system communication processes. For example, wireless LAN systems typically operate in unlicensed radio frequency bands. Other types of radio equipment operate in these bands, equipment that is not required to operate in accordance with the promulgated LAN standards, and therefore, cannot be controlled. These transmissions from such non-system nodes can significantly reduce the performance of a wireless LAN. As data rates increase, susceptibility to such interference also increases accordingly. 
     Various other problems are inherent in wireless communication systems. One such problem is the so-called multipath fading problem whereby a radio frequency signal transmitted from a sender (either a base station or another mobile subscriber unit) may encounter interference enroute to an intended receiver. The signal may, for example, be reflected from objects such as buildings that are not in a direct path of transmission but then are redirected as a reflected version of the original signal to the receiver. In such instances, the receiver actually receives two versions of the same radio signal: the original version and a reflected version. Since each received signal is at the same frequency but out of phase with the other due the longer transmission path for the reflected signal, the original and reflected signals may tend to cancel each other out. This results in dropouts or fading of the received signal. 
     Radio units that employ single element antennas are highly susceptible to such multipath fading. A single element antenna has no way of determining a direction from which a transmitted signal is sent and cannot be tuned or attenuated to more accurately detect or receive a signal in any particular direction operating by itself. It is known that directional antennas can therefore alleviate both the multipath fading and similar problems to some extent. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is used in a wireless data network that employs an adaptive directional antenna array to assist in isolating physical layer radio signals transmitted between system nodes. A controller can configure the antenna apparatus to maximize the affect of radiated and/or received energy. Specifically, the antenna apparatus typically includes multiple antenna elements and a like number of adjustable devices such as phase shifters, passive elements, or the like, that may be independently changed to effect the phase of received and/or transmitted signals. The antenna apparatus can therefore be oriented or steered to various angles of arrival orientations with respect to transmitted or received signals. 
     The adaptive antenna makes use of radio receiving equipment that utilizes two distinct signal detection modes. In a first receive mode, the controller sets the antenna to an omni-directional setting. This mode is used when a received signal has not yet been identified or the link layer connection established. A second receiver mode, in which the antenna is set to a specific directional angle, is used after a receive signal has been identified or a link layer connection established. 
     According to an embodiment of the invention that uses identification of the received signal to determine the antenna array mode, a multi-step process is employed. 
     In a first step of the process, the directional antenna array may be controlled such that it has an omni-directional gain pattern. In this mode, when an incoming transmission is first received, certain identification parameters of an initial portion of the signal are detected. For example, these may be a source identifier encoded in a preamble portion of a Media Access Control (MAC) layer portion of a wireless Local Area Network (LAN) signal. 
     If the received signal has been previously detected, the controller will steer the directional antenna to a last known best direction for reception of further portions of the particular detected signal. 
     If the received signal has not been previously detected, then the controller scans the directional antenna to determine a direction setting that provides a best received signal metric. This can proceed, for example, as an angular search of possible antenna angle settings, and testing a received signal metric for each candidate direction. The received signal metric may, for example, be received signal strength, bit error rate, noise power, or other comparable measure. Once the best directional setting for the antenna is determined, that setting is saved for future use in receiving the identified signal. 
     As further portions of the same signal are received, such as payload portions of the data frame which follow a preamble portion, the directional antenna array can be operated to continue to scan potential new angles, continuing to look for the best signal metric in a directive mode all the time. Once a signal transmission is concluded, the last known best angle for that signal, along with an identification of the signal, is used in future reception of that same signal. 
     In a second embodiment, the invention also employs both the omni-directional and directional modes of the antenna, as in the previous embodiment. In a first step of this process, the antenna array is set to an omni-directional mode. A first portion of a received signal is then examined, to determine when a link layer establishment message, such as a Request to Send (RTS) message is received. After an RTS is detected, identification information for the sender of the RTS is used to determine a last known angle of arrival. The array is then steered to this direction for subsequent transmission of, for example, a Clear to Send (CTS) message. A follow-on step may be employed when an acknowledgement of the CTS is then listened for; if the CTS acknowledgement is received, then it is known that the antenna is steered to a proper direction. However, if an acknowledgement of the CTS is not received, it is assumed that the antenna angle must be re-established through scanning candidate angles. 
     The foregoing embodiment is particularly useful in an access node or other central base unit. 
     Yet another embodiment of the invention can use the array as follows. An initial link layer transmission, such as a Request to Send (RTS) may be sent to an intended receiver in a directional mode. This embodiment is particularly useful where a sender has stored information as to a likely direction for the intended receiver. The unit then waits to receive a Clear to Send (CTS) indication in a receive mode with the antenna set to the same angle. 
     If the CTS is received, then it is assumed that the direction is correct, and a link layer connection is established. 
     However, if the CTS is not received within a specified time, the controller resets the array to an omni-directional mode, and attempts again to establish the link layer connection. 
     When the invention is deployed in a peer-to-peer network, it may also be used in connection with a device that is responsible for relaying messages from a first node to a second node. This functionality is analogous to a router function in a wireline Internet Protocol (IP) network. In such an application, during the detection process, the angle providing the best received signal metric was recorded during the receive mode for a number of nodes in the networks as described above. Therefore, whenever a message is received from a first node that needs to be relayed to a second node, if signals have already been received from that second node, then the recorded direction of its best reception is retrieved and used when the antenna array is used to transmit the signal to the second node. Storage of the best antenna angle for propagation to neighbor nodes can be handled by control functions in a manner that is analogous to other router lookup table functions, such as being contained in a lookup table entry associated with IP addresses. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a system in which the invention is implemented. 
         FIGS. 2A and 2B  provide examples of Media Access Control (MAC) layer data frames or messages that may be used to format transmitted signals. 
         FIG. 3  is a sequence of steps performed by an antenna controller in order to process received signals according to a first embodiment. 
         FIG. 4  is a process diagram for the antenna controller according to a second embodiment. 
         FIG. 5  is yet another process which the controller may perform. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a message and its acknowledgement. 
         FIG. 7  is a sequence of steps using acknowledgement suppression to confirm antenna angle setting. 
         FIG. 8  is a sequence of steps using contention-free periods to confirm antenna angle setting. 
     
    
    
     The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of preferred embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. 
     The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of preferred embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       FIG. 1  is a high level block diagram of a wireless data communication network  10  in which the invention may be deployed, such as network for providing wireless connectivity between a number of end nodes  12  and a data network such as the Internet  18  through access point equipment  14 . 
     Specifically, a first wireless Local Area Network (LAN)  11 - 1  formed by the nodes  12 - 1 - 1 ,  12 - 1 - 2 , . . .  12 - 1 -n. These nodes  12 - 1  communicate with each other and a first access point  14 - 1  using specially formatted radio signals. A directional antenna array  20 - 1  is used with the access point  14 - 1  in the first wireless LAN  11 - 1 . The access point  14 - 1  is responsible for converting received radio frequency signals to their appropriate wired format such as the TCP/IP format suitable for Internet communications through a gateway  16 - 1 . The gateway  16 - 1  may be a router, switch, or other internetworking device. 
     A similar second wireless LAN  11 - 2  involves the nodes  12 - 2 -p, antenna  20 - 2 , access point  14 - 2 , and gateway  16 - 2 . 
     Each of the nodes  12  include a remote station which is typically a portable Personal Computer (PC) equipped with a wireless network interface card (NIC). Other types of computing equipment such as Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), desktop computing equipment, and other networkable devices are possible. 
     The access point (AP)  14 - 1  acts as a sort of bridge between the wireless network  10  and wired networks such as the Internet  18 . The access point  14 - 1  acts as a base station for the physical layer signaling used in the wireless network, aggregating access for multiple wireless nodes  12 - 1 - 1 , . . .  12 - 1 -n onto the wired network. The access point  14  usually consists of radio receiver and transmitter equipment and a wired network interface such as an IEEE 802.11 Ethernet interface. If the access point  14  is to provide connectivity to other networks, it may typically include bridging software conforming to, for example, 802.1 Bridging Standard, and other software such as firewalls and the like. It therefore acts as a router or bridge, from the perspective of higher layer data networking protocols. 
     In addition to standard wireless LAN signaling equipment, the access point  14 - 1  also contains a table  25  which is capable of storing identification information for the nodes  12  such as a unit identification and an associated antenna setting parameters, such as an angle. An array controller  30  that permits steering of the particular direction of the antenna  20 - 1  such as by specifying an angle. Signal receiving equipment in the access point  14 - 1  also contains detection circuits that are capable of determining a received signal metric, such as Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI), Bit Error Rate (BER), noise power level, or other such measures of receive signal quality. 
       FIGS. 2A and 2B  illustrate the format of a message or frame structure such as described in the wireless LAN specification IEEE 802.11b. The message consists of a Media Access Control (MAC) layer preamble, header, and payload portion or Protocol Specific Data Unit (PSDU). The messages in IEEE 802.11 may be either a long preamble-type as used in the connection with the message shown in  FIG. 2A , as well as the short preamble-type as shown in  FIG. 2B . The different frame formats are associated with supporting different data rates. The frame format shown in  FIG. 2A  uses either Double Binary Phase Shift Keying (DBPSK) or Double Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (DQPSK) encoded at, respectively, 1 Mbps or 2 Mbps to modulate the payload portion. The frame format in  FIG. 2B  utilizes DQPSK to realize data rates of 5.5 Mbps or 11 Mbps. 
     Note also that for both frame formats, the preamble and header portions of the frame utilize a more robust encoding scheme than the data payload portions. This permits more reliable detection of the header and preamble in the presence of noise. 
     The preamble of either formats shown in  FIG. 2A  or  2 B include an indication of the particular senders, such as in the SFD portion. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a flow chart of a process for receiving wireless network signals in accordance with the invention. The process is performed in an access point  14  as it receives signals from nodes  12 , and may typically be carried out during physical layer processing. 
     From a first idle step  300 , the antenna  20  associated with the respective access point  14  is initially set into an omni-directional mode. In this omni-directional mode, a state  320  is then entered in which the preamble portion and/or header of a received signal is detected. In state  330 , the initial portion of the received signal is examined to identify it uniquely. If the received signal is unknown, e.g., the node  12  which originated the signal has not been seen before, the antenna is then set in an angle search mode in state  322 . In this mode, the antenna  20  is therefore stepped through a sequence of directional angles to find a direction of maximum received signal strength, signal quality, lowest Bit Error Rate (BER) or other signal quality metric. In state  323 , when this angle is determined, it is recorded and associated with the device identification information, such as a table entry  25  associated with that device. The table as shown in  FIG. 1  may be kept by the access point  14  as part of its message routing table. 
     In any event, the access point  14  may then enter a state  324  in which during active receptions, the optimum angle is continuously adjusted while receiving the payload data portion of the frame. If reception of the frame is then lost or otherwise completed, then the last best known angle is recoded in the table, and processing returns to the initial state  310 . 
     If from state  330  the signal was able to be identified, e.g., a signal has been previously received from the transmitting node  12 , then processing proceeds to a state  325  in which the last known angle is looked up in the table  25 . This last known angle is then used by the controller  30  to steer the array to the last known position. The array then remains in this last known position at least for reception of the payload portion of the signal in state  326 . From there, the state  324  may continue to be entered as the payload portion is being received whereby the angle is continuously adjusted while it is active and any updates are then recorded in the table  25 . 
     The state  328  may be entered from state  326  if the unit is in a relay mode, where the best received angle may be used for subsequent transmissions to that same node. 
       FIG. 4  is a diagram of a slightly modified process that may also be used according to the present invention. The number of steps of the process in  FIG. 4  correspond, more or less, to the steps of  FIG. 3 . For example, from a first idle step  300 , the antenna  20  is initially set in step  310  to an omni-directional mode. However, in this embodiment higher layer level signaling is examined. For example, in step  315 , a Request to Send (RTS) message is detected such as at a link layer. In step  330 , the message is again examined to see if the originator has a known identification. If so, steps  325  and  326  proceed as previously where the last known angle associated with that sender is determined in step  325  and the antenna  20  is steered to the last known angle in step  326 . In this instance, the unit will then send a Clear to Send (CTS) message in step  340  with the antenna now set to the last known angle. 
     If however, back in step  330 , if the identification of the detected RTS is not known, then an angle search proceeds in state  322  and the ID and angle of the best reception state is recorded in step  323 . Step  324  continues as previously where the angle may be adjusted while active payload data is being received. Step  345  may be entered when the signal detection is lost and/or an end of message (EOM) is received. 
     Returning attention to an instance in which the last known angle is steered to in state  326 , a Clear to Send (CTS) message is sent step  340 . Next, a CTS acknowledgement is waited for in step  342 . The acknowledgement would typically be received within a predetermined amount of time or otherwise a time-out condition exists. If the acknowledgement is received, then the specified angle is presumed to be okay and in state  344  and then processing may proceed to step  324 . However, if a time-out does occur in step  342 , then it is presumed that the angle to which the antenna  20  was steered is bad and therefore the angle search state  322  must be entered. 
     The foregoing methods are particularly useful in applying an application to an access node or central base station unit wherein it is intended to service a number of remote subscriber units. 
     However, another embodiment of the invention can be applied to advantage in a subscriber unit as follows. This set of operations is illustrated in  FIG. 5 . In a first step  500 , the antenna is set to a directional mode. For example, it is typically common that the subscriber will have the given information with respect to its candidate direction in which the base station exists. In step  510 , a Request to Send (RTS) message is sent in a directional mode. In step  520 , if a Clear to Send (CTS) message is received back from the base station, then it can be presumed that the antenna direction setting is okay in step  522  and the link layer communications may proceed in step  524 . 
     If however, in step  520  there is no CTS received within a time-out period, then it is presumed that the antenna is incorrectly set. Thus, an omni-directional mode is entered in step  528  and the RTS message is sent in step  540 . Processing then proceeds from that point similar to that described in  FIG. 3  and/or  FIG. 4 , i.e., an angle search is performed to properly set the antenna in step  544  and the setting is recorded in step  548 . 
       FIG. 5  illustrates a sequence of higher level messages that may be sent in a typical network computer environment. Specifically, a source station which may either be the access point  14 - 1  or remote stations  12 , sends a message  610 . The message  610  may consist of one or more packets that have the previously described preamble, header, and payload portions. The message may be a relatively detailed message or may be a relatively simple message such as a request to set up a connection and send further information. 
     In response to receipt of the message  610 , the destination station is expected to return and acknowledgement message  612 . This acknowledgement message  612  may have a preamble portion and a header portion that specifically has a header or payload portion that is a known acknowledgement (ACK) format. The higher layer protocol may be, for example, implemented at a link layer. 
     The present invention may make use of these higher layer protocol units to invoke other protocols to help train the antenna. 
     The acknowledgement message  612  is sent upon receipt of a proper message  610  at the destination station. However, situations may also exit  614  in which no acknowledgement is sent from the destination. This is typically done if the message is not received within a predetermined period of time at the destination. In that manner, the source will know to attempt to retransmit the message  610 . This acknowledgement protocol is typical of higher layer protocols in widespread usage in data communication networks typical of the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) protocol used in Internet data communications. 
     It may become necessary to use the higher layer protocol information in certain circumstances wherein the physical layer protocols do not permit time to demodulate the data frame and/or do not contain identification of the sending station in the preamble portion. Such protocols present a problem in that there is no way to know when the transmitter ends without some type of demodulation taking place. However, there is, in turn, no time in which to demodulate the signal. For example, it may not be possible to determine quality of a reception until after an entire frame is processed. This may depend upon the specific coding used for the frame. In addition, certain protocols may use preamble portions that are too short in duration to identify the best direction in time for this antenna array to be affectively steered to the appropriate direction. For example, 802.11B Standard is potentially acceptable in this regard. However, protocols such as the 802.11A Wireless LAN Standard may not provide sufficient duration preamble. In addition, the wireless LAN protocols work on a similar radio link protocol that is similar to Ethernet. In particular, a positive acknowledgement radio link protocol is used. For example, if correctly received packets are acknowledged whereas incorrectly received packets are not. Thus, the non-acknowledgement test can be performed at a radio link protocol layer and/or higher level layers. 
     Essentially, the process is shown as in  FIG. 6 . For an initial idle state  600 , tenant array  20  is first steered to an omni-directional state. 
     In a next state  712 , a transmission is received. When this packet is received correctly, a state  714  is entered in which the acknowledgement  612  that would normally be sent is suppressed. Therefore, the unit enters a mode in which no acknowledgement is sent  614 . This permits entry to a state  716  in which the angle for the antenna may be set. The suppression of the acknowledgement in state  714  causes a second receipt of the packet in state  718 . In this second receipt in state  720 , the received quality is compared. If the received quality is not adequate, then the process loops back to state  714  in which the acknowledgement is suppressed once again. Step  714  through  720  are continuously executed until an acceptable received packet quality is determined in state  720 . When this occurs, control passes to state  722  in which an acknowledgement is presently sent. The set angle is then recorded with the identification of the unit for subsequent communication with that unit. 
     It should be understood that in certain instances upon receipt of the packet in  712 , if the identification of the unit can be determined, then the angle may be more appropriately set upon the second try in state  716 , such as in shown in  FIG. 3 . For example, if the identification of the remote unit can be made from the received packet in state  712 , then the angle search associated with step  714  through  720  can proceed more expeditiously. 
     What is important to note here is that the higher layer protocol is being used to force a retransmission of a packet for the purpose of optimizing the antenna array setting. Other protocol attributes or units could be used for similar results. For example, a contention-free window can be set up by certain protocols using a so-called PCF or HCF mode. In the PCF mode, a means is provided for discovering the best angle that can be controlled by an access point as to which units will be transmitting during a certain period of time. Thus, the identification of the unit being known in advance, the antenna can be steered to the last known direction for the communication prior to its receipt. Thus, the control messages may be set up while in an omni-directional mode then when transmitting to the remote unit, the directed mode in HCF or Hybrid Coordination Function can be determined. 
     Turning attention more particularly to  FIG. 8 , an 802.11 access point  12  has essentially two modes, including a distributed correlation function (DCF) mode  810  and a point coordination function (PCF) mode  830 . In the DCF mode, communication is basically contention-based whereby any one of the subscriber units  12  may be allowed to attempt to send messages to the access point  14  at any point in time. The PCF mode  830  is entered into from time to time to provide a mode in which contention-free communication is possible. Thus, while in the PCF mode, the system guarantees to a particular subscriber unit  12  that it will be able to have exclusive access to the airwaves and send messages to the access point  814 , free of any collision with other subscriber units  12 . 
     Thus, in one state  812  associated with DCF mode  810 , the access point  14  receives requests on a sporadic basis from particular subscriber units  12  to be granted contention-free areas (CF) at a later time. Eventually, the PCF mode is entered in state  830 . In this state, the antenna is first sent to an omni-directional mode  832 . In a next state  834 , a beacon signal is sent to all subscriber units  12  to indicate that the PCF mode is being entered into. This is a signal to all units to listen for upcoming polling information to determine if they will be granted a contention-free period. A poll signal is then sent out at state  834 . A response to the poll signal in state  834  determines a particular identifier of one of the subscriber units  12  which is to be granted contention-free access during the PCF mode. It should be understood that during any given PCF mode, a number of different subscriber units  12  may be granted exclusive use or may be granted a contention-free period one after the other. 
     From its schedule of subscriber units  12  that have requested contention-free periods, the access point in state  834  polls the first such unit on its list. The poll message is sent by steering the antenna to the last known location or correct angle for the particular identified subscriber unit  12 . This particular PCF message is then sent in step  838  as a contention-free message. Steps  834  through  838  are then continuously executed until each of the subscriber units that had requested a CF eventually be granted their turn at a contention-free period. Upon each subsequent such subscriber unit  12  being accessed during the contention-free period, the antenna will be steered to its respective appropriate direction in the state  836  prior to sending the associated PCF message for the particular subscriber unit  12 . At the end of the contention-free processing in state  838 , the access unit may then steer the antenna array  20  back to an omni-directional mode so that in a state  840 , a contention-free period end message may be sent to all of the subscriber units so that they may understand that the end of PCF mode has been reached and that the system is then now returning to a DCF mode in state  810 . 
     While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.