Abstract:
In methods and arrangements for concentrating stray magnetic fields, a pair of permanent magnets is employed in combination with a magnetic flux circuit, the permanent magnets in the pair having respective magnetizations that are oriented oppositely to each other. The permanent magnets produce a stray magnetic field that adds to a magnetic field produced by the magnetic flux circuit.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     1. Field of the Invention  
         [0002]     The present invention is directed to arrangements and methods suitable for use in magnetic recording, test and measurement equipment and other purposes, employing concentrated stray magnetic fields.  
         [0003]     2. Description of the Prior Art  
         [0004]     During recent years there has been a continuous drive towards higher storage capacity and correspondingly faster data transfer rates. For magnetic storage devices the path to higher storage density per area is through the development of media with increasingly smaller magnetic grains.  
         [0005]     Attempting to merely scale down mechanical dimensions, however, results in operations closer to thermal instability of the magnetization, known as the “Superparamagnetic Limit”.  
         [0006]     Changing to grains made of materials that have higher crystalline magnetic anisotropy moves this limit. This suggests the use of higher magnetic coercivity materials, which are readily available. The challenge is to create a strong enough magnetic field with a high enough field gradient to write a high-density signal on such a medium.  
         [0007]     Magnetic tapes and disks operate with longitudinal recording, which means that the written magnetic units are organized along the surface in the direction of the movement of the medium.  
         [0008]     The write field must then be a stray magnetic field, which has a longitudinal component. The maximum achievable write field for a given pole geometry is limited by the saturation magnetization of the pole material. Advances over the past years in designing high moment pole materials seem to stagnate at a B s  around 25 kG. Therefore tape with coercivity higher than about 3 kOe cannot be properly utilized. For hard disk drives the limit is somewhat higher, due to their higher linear density, thinner recording layer and shorter head to media spacing.  
         [0009]     The magnetic field inside the gap itself can easily be made more than 10 times stronger, but to utilize that field the medium must be inside the gap. This is done by the so-called SPT, Single Pole Type head (also referred to as a monopole head). A “gap” is formed between the write pole and a high permeability soft magnetic under-layer (SUL) in the media that carries the flux back to the return pole of the head. Impeding the progress of this technology has been noise from the SUL.  
         [0010]     For these reasons the strong increase in storage density per area for hard disks over the recent years has slowed down somewhat. This is a clear drawback in the ongoing competition with other storage technologies.  
         [0011]     Much research is devoted to finding means of creating the very strong fields required for writing high coercivity media.  
         [0012]     A planar type of write head with specific pole tip geometry for providing extremely strong magnetic fields has been suggested in K. S. Kim et al., IEEE Trans. Magn., Vol. 38, NO 5 September 2002, pp. 2213-2215 and Yasushi Kanai et al., IEEE Trans. Magn., Vol. 38, NO. 5 September 2002, pp. 2210-2212 The only available data on such designs to date are based on simulations. These show that a very high power is required; in excess of 0.4 ampere-turns to write on 8 kOe media. A further drawback of such designs is thought to be the manufacturability of the high quality write gaps needed.  
         [0013]     Another suggested solution of this problem is heat, i.e. thermal (or optical) assistance to decrease the coercivity of the storage medium during the recording process. Several techniques have been suggested for this approach, namely Kryder M. N., Review of non-conventional recording: Approaches to 100 Gbit/in 2 , The Magnetic Recording Conference, Minneapolis, Minn., 1993, Nemoto H. et al., J. Magn. Soc. Jpn., Vol. 23, Supplement No. S1, p. 229 (1999), Katayama H. et al., J. Magn. Soc. Jpn., Vol. 23, Supplement No. S1, p. 233 (1999) and Ruigrok, J. J. et al. J. Appl. Phys., 87, p. 5398 (2000). All these techniques have important disadvantages: The heating of adjacent tracks during the recording process, the requirement of a very sharp temperature gradient (especially with media with metallic substrates), as well as the use of two different kinds of energy sources for recording, adding complexity to the system.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0014]     An object of the present invention is to provide a magnetic write head that produces a high write field with a high gradient allowing a significant leap forward in media coercivity and linear density without increased power consumption. Some of the problems of the alternative technologies for high coercivity recording, e.g. heat assisted recording, are thus overcome.  
         [0015]     An alternative to increasing the magnetic anisotropy of materials is to change from longitudinal to perpendicular recording media. If the obstacles in the path toward this technology are cleared, some increase in linear density is readily achieved. In any case higher coercivity materials are required, and for hard disk drives this will happen soon. Based upon this invention, heads for both longitudinal and perpendicular recording media can be made.  
         [0016]     Magnetic field circuits having such properties are important for many other applications than magnetic storage, such as mechanical bearings, particle beam devices etc.  
         [0017]     The invention can be used for magnetic recording on both flexible and solid media, like for instance floppy disks, hard disks (Winchester disks), tapes and any kind of magnetic cards.  
         [0018]     Additional applications are in specific test and measurement equipment that relies on strong magnetic stray fields.  
         [0019]     This invention relates to an arrangement that provides a stray magnetic field with a longitudinal or a perpendicular component of strength 10 kOe or more and having a very high gradient. The key element is the use of permanent magnets to increase the write field of the head. A preferred embodiment is a pair of anti-parallel permanent magnets located in the gap of an ordinary write head. The field from the permanent magnets acts as a bias field. An additional field, provided by a write current in a winding magnetically coupled to the permanent magnets, modulates the fringing field so as to achieve a field of strength high enough for writing the actual medium. Since a bias field is provided by permanent magnets, the required write current measured in ampere-turns is much lower than for conventional heads, or for heads as mentioned above. The magnets can be oriented so as to provide a dominating longitudinal field or a dominating perpendicular field.  
         [0020]     Since one gap with one pair of magnets only can provide a field in one specific direction, the medium must be pre-magnetized in the opposite direction before writing the information. This pre-magnetization may be done by a second pair of similar magnets in a similar gap with similar write coils located very close to the first gap. A proper current pre-magnetizes the medium when passing this second gap before the actual information writing process in front of the first gap.  
         [0021]     The write current waveform can be of any shape as long as the peak value is sufficiently high to provide a field that together with the bias field has strength enough for magnetizing the medium properly. 
     
    
     DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS  
       [0022]      FIG. 1  illustrates the position of a single permanent magnet in the gap of a write head core. The magnetization vector of the magnet is at an angle α with the air-bearing surface (ABS).  
         [0023]      FIG. 2  illustrates the location of the magnets in the gap of a flux guide (yoke) of a write head in accordance with the invention. The magnetization vectors are at slight angles α and β with the ABS surface normal.  
         [0024]      FIG. 3  illustrates the geometry and dimensions of the SmCo 5  permanent magnets used in the model calculation for explaining the invention.  
         [0025]      FIG. 4  illustrates the calculated longitudinal stray field component distribution and the xy-plane resulting from the permanent magnets shown in  FIG. 3 .  
         [0026]      FIG. 5  illustrates the curves of constant Hx(x,y) at z=0 for the field distribution of  FIG. 4 , for Hx(x,y)=15, 10, 5 and 0 kOe.  
         [0027]      FIG. 6  illustrates the dependence of the longitudinal component H x  of the stray magnetic field along the x-axis at z=110 μm, with y at any position where the edge effects are negligible.  
         [0028]      FIG. 7  illustrates an arrangement of a complete write head for bi-directional recording and DC pre-magnetization of the recording medium, in accordance with the invention.  
         [0029]      FIG. 8  illustrates the hysteresis loop and switching field distribution for a recording medium.  
         [0030]      FIG. 9A  illustrates an SPT head with a permanent magnet on each side of the write pole along the down track direction. The magnetization vectors of the two magnets are essentially anti-parallel, but at slight angles α and β with the ABS.  
         [0031]      FIG. 9B  shows an ABS view of the write head of  FIG. 9A .  
         [0032]      FIG. 9C  shows an ABS view of an SPT head with permanent magnets wedged into the write pole.  
         [0033]      FIG. 9D  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a permanent magnet arrangement in accordance with the invention, with exemplary dimensions.  
         [0034]      FIG. 10  illustrates the calculation results for H z (x,y) for the geometry of the permanent magnets shown in  FIG. 9 D .  
         [0035]      FIG. 11  illustrates the perpendicular stray field at component H z (x) for different values of y (i.e., different cross-sections of the surface shown in  FIG. 10 ).  
         [0036]      FIG. 12A  illustrates an ABS view of a write pole surrounded by four permanent magnets. The magnetization vectors all point towards the write pole.  
         [0037]      FIG. 12B  illustrates an ABS view of four permanent magnets wedged into the write pole of a SPT head. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0038]      FIG. 1  illustrates the simplest embodiment of a write head for longitudinal recording using a permanent magnet to boost the stray field. A single permanent magnet with a magnetization vector at an angle α with the ABS is placed in the gap of a conventional write head core. The angle α is chosen so as to obtain optimal recording properties, i.e. the strongest, highest gradient combined field from the permanent magnet and the soft magnetic circuit.  
         [0039]     In accordance with the invention, a much stronger, higher gradient stray field can be obtained from a combination of two permanent magnets with essentially anti-parallel magnetization vectors.  FIG. 2  shows in principle how the two magnets M 1  and M 2  are located in the gap of a traditional write head core. The directions of their magnetization and also the stray field out of the gap are shown with arrows. Also a write winding with write current Iw and the corresponding field in the core is depicted. This arrangement is for longitudinal recording. The orientation of the magnetization vectors of M 1  and M 2  is essentially anti-parallel, but possibly at slight angles α and β with the ABS surface normal. α and β are chosen to give optimal recording performance.  
         [0040]     To illustrate the strong, high gradient stray fields obtained with this arrangement of permanent magnets, some calculations have been made.  FIG. 3  shows the simple geometry of two SmCo 5  permanent magnets used in the model calculation.  FIG. 3  also defines the coordinate system used below in the description of the resulting stray field. As seen in  FIG. 3 , the calculation only includes the permanent magnets, not the soft magnetic circuit shown in  FIG. 2 . In  FIG. 3  (and in  FIG. 9D  as well) it will be understood that the magnetic medium is schematically shown, and that in reality it has a width that significantly exceeds the width b.  FIG. 4  shows the resulting distribution in the xy-plane of the longitudinal component H x (x,y) at a distance z=0 from the ABS of the head.  FIG. 4  shows that the component H x  reaches very high values, more than 10 kOe, at small values of x, between −0.1 μm and +0.1 μm, i.e. corresponding to 1/10 of the gap length in  FIG. 1 . These numbers are more easily seen in  FIG. 5  that shows curves of equal stray field strengths H x . To obtain such high fields, a sharp transition between the two magnetization orientations of the two permanent magnets is essential. A permanent magnet material with a very high anisotropy, such as SmCo 5  must be used.  FIG. 4  and  FIG. 5  also show that the y-dependence of H x  is constant along nearly the entire length b, i.e. the track width, until it drops abruptly to zero. This is an important characteristic for a precisely defined written track width.  
         [0041]     For experimental confirmation of the calculated results, a large-scale model consisting of two 40 mm×40 mm×10 mm SmCo 5  parallelepipeds was made. The measured stray field from this model is compared with the theoretical results in  FIG. 6 . The crosses show experimental data and the curve shows the theoretical results. The experimental data shows that the longitudinal field is approximately 20 kOe for x=20 μm and z=110 μm. This value is approximately two times 4πM s  for this permanent magnet material.  
         [0042]     The write element shown in  FIG. 2  can magnetize the recording medium only in one direction. In order to create magnetic transitions, the medium must be pre-magnetized in the opposite direction. A single element writer may thus only be used for applications where the medium is pre-magnetized and the medium is only to be written once.  
         [0043]     For applications where over writing data is required and where the medium only moves in one direction relative to the head during writing, the pre-magnetization may be done by an arrangement of permanent magnets such as shown in  FIG. 3 . The material in the pre-magnetizing pair of magnets is chosen such that the stray field is strong enough to magnetize the medium without assistance from a soft magnetic circuit.  
         [0044]     For applications where the medium moves in two directions relative to the head during writing, a combination of two write elements of the type shown in  FIG. 2  may be used.  FIG. 7  illustrates a complete write head, having two gaps, one for pre-magnetizing and one for writing the information. When the medium moves in the direction indicated in  FIG. 7 , Gap  1  does the pre-magnetization. Then I W1  may be a DC current or a pulsed DC current with constant duty cycle. The actual information is written with Gap  2 , according to the information-coded DC current I W2 . When the medium moves in the opposite direction, I W2  and Gap  2  take care of the pre-magnetization while I W1  and Gap  1  write the information. The center yoke may need to be magnetically divided to avoid coupling between the fields from the currents I W1  and I W2 .  
         [0045]      FIG. 8  shows a hysteresis loop and the corresponding switching field distribution (SFD) for a recording medium. As measured with the field from a write head, the width of this distribution results from a combination of the distribution of grain coercivity and the depth dependence of the longitudinal stray field, H x (z), i.e. a stronger head field is required to switch a grain of a given coercivity near the bottom of the recording layer than near the top. Between the field levels b 1  and b 2 , only an insignificant amount of grains are affected by the head field; the signal decay caused by the head passing over prewritten media is at an acceptable level. The levels b 1  and b 2  are thus the appropriate bias field levels supplied by the permanent magnets. At the levels a 1  and a 2  most of the grains are switched. These are the write levels. The soft magnetic part of the write element (the coil) supplies the difference, e.g. a 1 -b 1 . For the bi-directional write head of  FIG. 6 , the field level al for pre-magnetization of the medium is a result of the magnets in Gap  1  and the write current I W1 , saturating the medium in one direction. The field level b 2  is achieved by the magnets in Gap  2 . The write current I W2  brings the field up to the level a 2  according to the data pattern, and magnetizes the medium close to saturation. During read operations there are no write currents in the windings, and only the field levels b 1  and b 2  from the permanent magnets are present.  
         [0046]     For applications where a strong bias field may not be permitted due to the danger of erasing data during read back, i.e. b 1  and b 2  are close to zero (e.g. in media with a wide SFD or where the magnetic layer is thick relative to the head media spacing), the field from the permanent magnets may be fully or partially cancelled by an opposing field from the coil. In the case of complete cancellation, a current +I would be applied through the coil turns during writing and −I would be applied when the writer is inactive. The current I is set so that the field inside the medium from the coil is identical in size to the field from the permanent magnets. The current I is thus approximately half the current required by a coil with an air gap to produce the same field strength. With the bidirectional design (see  FIG. 7 ) two such coils are required, the total current will thus be the same as for a conventional writer, but the total field strength in the medium (and thus the maximum allowed medium coercivity) will be increased by nearly a factor of 2. If a finite bias field may be permitted without risk of erasure, the increase in field strength will be even greater.  
         [0047]     Although a significant advantage of the present invention is the extension of the realm of longitudinal recording, it is clear that perpendicular recording would also benefit from the ability to focus magnetic fields and to save power. Arrangements of magnets and write coil for a perpendicular recording head are shown in  FIGS. 9A through 9D .  FIG. 9A  illustrates a conventional SPT head with one permanent magnet on each side, along the down-track direction, of the write pole. The magnetization vectors of the two magnets are essentially anti-parallel, but at slight angles α and β with the ABS for optimizing recording properties.  FIG. 9B  shows the write pole and the permanent magnets looking down on the ABS.  FIG. 9C  illustrates, from the same perspective as  FIG. 9B , how the permanent magnets can be wedged into the write pole. This decreases the effective distance between the permanent magnets, increasing the field strength and gradient while increasing the overlap of the field from the permanent magnets with that of the soft magnetic circuit.  
         [0048]     It will be understood that  FIGS. 9A through 9D  illustrate simply the principal, and that different embodiments with differing detailed geometries can achieve the same result.  
         [0049]     Calculation results for H z (x,y) for the geometry of SmCo 5  permanent magnets shown in  FIG. 9D  are shown in  FIG. 10 .  FIG. 10  shows H z (x,y) in the region 0 μm&lt;x&lt;1.0 μm, 0 μm&lt;y&lt;12.0 μm, with M S =750 G. Cross sections of this surface at different values of y are shown in  FIG. 11 . In  FIG. 11 , the uppermost curve is calculated for an infinitely long gap (b=∞) yielding the simple form H z (x)=4 πM s In(c/x) with c=120 μm. The next curve below the uppermost curve is for y=1 μm, the dotted curve is for y=5 μm, and the curve below the dotted curve is for y=10 μm. The calculations predict that in a narrow region, −0.1 μm&lt;x&lt;+0.1 μm, i.e. a/5, the perpendicular stray filed component H z  is more than twice 4 πM s  for this permanent magnet material. It is also noted that there is only a weak y-dependence, that is in the track width direction.  
         [0050]     The use of permanent magnets in write heads for perpendicular recording also allows focusing the field in the cross track direction. This is important for recording very narrow tracks, i.e. square bits or point shaped bits e.g. with patterned media.  FIGS. 12A and 12B  illustrates in principal how the tip of the write pole of an SPT head could be modified by four permanent magnets to focus the field both in the down track and cross track direction. In  FIG. 12A  the write pole is in the center with four permanent magnets surrounding it. The arrows indicate the projection of the magnetization vectors in the ABS plane, which all point towards the write pole. Permanent magnets opposite each other have essentially anti-parallel magnetization vectors, but as in  FIGS. 1, 2  and  9 A- 9 C the vectors may be at different angles with the ABS. In  FIG. 12B  the permanent magnets are wedged into the write pole, converging at the center. This will increase the field strength and gradient and the overlap between the fields from the permanent magnets and soft magnets. In principal, any number of permanent magnets could be used in constructions similar to those of  FIGS. 12A and 12B . The basic principal is to have permanent magnets with magnetization vectors projected on the ABS that are essentially radial to the center of the write pole and in sum equal to zero.  
         [0051]     Although modifications and changes may be suggested by those skilled in the art, it is the intention of the inventors to embody within the patent warranted hereon all changes and modifications as reasonably and properly come within the scope of their contribution to the art.