Abstract:
The present invention relates to textile articles and clothing such as outdoor garments, indoor garments, and commercial protective wear exposed to contact mixtures of water and oil, swimwear and winter wear exposed to mixtures of water and air. At least part of these textile articles possess a surface provided with at least one of 1) a high surface area, 2) hierarchical pattern, 3) contact angles such that hydrophilic portion of a contact mixture possesses a high contact angle and the hydrophobic portion of a contact mixture possesses a low contact angle, and 4) hysteresis angle greater than 5 degrees. Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic contact mixtures of the present invention can be surfaces where water and or ice are present in combination with oil and or air. The textile articles of the present invention resist slippage on surfaces possessing hydrophobic/hydrophilic contact mixtures.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application No. 62/237,460 filed on Oct. 5, 2015, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    The present disclosure provides textile articles and clothing such as outdoor garments, indoor garments, medical protective wear, commercial protective wear exposed to contact mixtures of water and oil, swimwear and winter wear exposed to mixtures of water and air. At least part of these textile articles possess a microstructured surface provided with at least one of 1) a high surface area, 2) hierarchical pattern, 3) contact angles such that hydrophilic portion of a contact mixture possesses a high contact angle and the hydrophobic portion of a contact mixture possesses a low contact angle, and 4) hysteresis angle greater than 5 degrees. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    While this section is largely devoted to established observations and theories, some of the material contained in this section may be new with respect to interpretation or perceived application, nevertheless the underlying theory is known. Thus, we do not intend that ideas disclosed in this section constitute prior art, and that some of the connections made between variant states of prior art may constitute invention. 
         [0004]    The interaction of a solid textured surface with water in a gaseous environment is described by the Cassie-Baxter model. In this model, air is trapped in the microgrooves of a textured surface and water droplets rest on a compound surface comprising air and the tops of microprotrusions. The importance of a fractal dimension between multiple scales of texture is well recognized and many approaches have been based on the fractal contribution, i.e., the dimensional relationship between different scales of texture. However, regardless of the material (organic or inorganic) used and geometric structure of the surface texture (particles, rod arrays, or pores), multiple scales of texture in combination with low surface energy has been required to obtain the so called superhydrophobic surfaces. 
         [0005]    Superhydrophobicity is variously reported as a material exhibiting a contact angle with water that is greater than contact angles achievable with smooth but strongly hydrophobic materials. A hydrophobic surface repels water. The hydrophobicity of a surface can be measured, for example, by determining the contact angle of a drop of water on a surface. The contact angle can be measured in a static state or in a dynamic state. A dynamic contact angle measurement can include determining an advancing contact angle or a receding contact angle with respect to an adherent species such as a water drop. A hydrophobic surface having a small difference between advancing and receding contact angles (i.e., low contact angle hysteresis) results in surfaces with low resistance to in plane translation (low adherence). Water can travel across a surface having low contact angle hysteresis more readily than across a surface having a high contact angle hysteresis, thus the magnitude of the contact angle hysteresis can be equated with the amount of energy needed to move a substance. 
         [0006]    The classic motivation from nature for surface texture research is the lotus leaf, which is superhydrophobic due to a hierarchical structure of convex cell papillae and randomly oriented hydrophobic wax tubules, which have high contact angles and low contact angle hysteresis with water and show strong self-cleaning properties. 
         [0007]    A lesser known motivation from nature is the red rose petal, with a hierarchical structure of convex cell papillae ornamented with circumferentially arranged and axially directed ridges, which have a moderate contact angle and high angular contact difference. The contact angle is a measure of the amount of water directly in contact with the textured surface, while the contact angle hysteresis is a measure of the degree to which water is mobile on a surface. 
         [0008]    The evolutionary motivation for each of these states is quite distinct. In the case of the lotus leaf, and botanical leaves generally, minimal contact with water and high water mobility results in preferential adherence of the water to particulate contaminants, which are cleared from the leave as the water runs off. This serves to reduce to the amount of light absorbance by surface contaminants, and increase photosynthetic efficiency. In the case of the rose petal, and botanical petals generally, most pollinators are attracted to high tension water sources which provide ready accessibility without drowning the insect. Thus, high contact angle paired with high contact angle hysteresis is preferred where the evolutionary stimulus is reproduction in botanicals, and high contact angle paired with low contact angle hysteresis is preferred where the evolutionary stimulus is metabolism and growth. 
         [0009]    Considering for a moment a single texture scale, when water is placed on a textured surface it can either sit on the peaks of the texture or wick into the valleys. The former is called the Cassie state, and the later the Wenzel state. When the Wenzel state is dominant, both the contact angle and contact angle hysteresis increase as the surface roughness increases. When a roughness factor exceeds a critical level, however, the contact angle continues to increase while the hysteresis starts decreasing. At this point, the dominant wetting behavior changes, due to an increase in the amount of hydrophobic component (in this case, air) at the interface between the surface and water droplet. 
         [0010]    When multiple texture scales are employed, some can be Wenzel and others Cassie. Of the two states, the Wenzel state has the lower contact angle, higher contact angle hysteresis and lower mobility. In mixed Wenzel-Cassie states it is possible to have high contact angle and high contact angle hysteresis. However, the hydrophobicity of a textured solid relative to the interacting hydrophobic and hydrophilic components is very important. 
         [0011]    Water possesses a dipole structure which makes it attractive to any other substance that is charged. Molecules with a charge surplus localized at a specific location on the molecule renders that molecule hydrophilic. In the case of polymers, the charges can associate, and the bulk substance and possess a macroscopic charge. And in such macroscopic assemblages, such materials are strongly water attractive. And when those macroscopic charge localities are associated with surface texture, than a substance becomes superhydrophilic. 
         [0012]    The term superhydrophilic has various meanings in the literature, and in many cases simply refers to the rendering of a substance more hydrophilic, or a decrease in contact angle relative to a flat surface of the same substance. Here, it is meant the accentuation of surface charge and surface energy such that water is always bonded to the substrate surface, even though any particular water molecule may have a short residence time on the polymer surface. This has a commercial advantage in that the adherent surface of the present textiles is both shielded from contaminating debris and also is self-washing due to the stochastic attachment/detachment of water molecules from the surface. 
         [0013]    In the botanical world, most textured surfaces occur on substrates that are hydrophobic. However, when a hydrophobic fluid replaces the water, a Cassie state can easily be converted to a Wenzel state. This is not always the case, and depends on the vapor pressure and viscosity of the hydrophobic material and how quickly the air trapped in the surface texture can be dissipated. 
         [0014]    Various attempts have been made to achieve hydrophobic coatings and surfaces, as follows: U.S. Pat. No. 6,994,045 describes a superhydrophobic coating acting as a substrate for a gaseous lubricant of very low viscosity, has a hierarchical fractal structural of the surface wherein the forms of the first hierarchical level are located at the coating&#39;s substrate, and the forms of each successive hierarchical levels are located on the surface of the previous hierarchic level and the forms of individual higher hierarchic levels reiterate the forms of the lower hierarchic levels. U.S. Pat. No. 7,419,615 discloses a method of forming a superhydrophobic material by mixing a hydrophobic material with soluble particles to form a mixture. U.S. Pat. No. 7,887,736 discloses a superhydrophobic surface repeatedly imprinted using a template, so that mass production of a superhydrophobic polymer over a large area can be economically implemented. U.S. Pub. No. 20030147932 discloses a self-cleaning or lotus effect surface that has antifouling properties. U.S. Pub. No. 20060029808 discloses a coating that can remain superhydrophobic after being immersed in water for one week. U.S. Pub. No. 20080015298 discloses a superhydrophobic coating composition. U.S. Pub. No. 20080241512 discloses a method of depositing layers of materials to provide superhydrophilic surface properties, or superhydrophobic surface properties, or combinations of such properties at various locations on a given surface. U.S. Pub. No. 20090011222 discloses a method of applying lotus effect materials as a superhydrophobic protective coating for various system applications, as well as the method of fabricating/preparing lotus effect coatings. U.S. Pub. No. 20090076430 discloses a bandage that includes a material, which can be breathable, having a first surface, and a plurality of superhydrophobic particles attached to the first surface. The material can have a second surface opposite the first surface that is hydrophilic. U.S. Pub. No. 20090227164 discloses a superhydrophobic coating of a nonwoven material is coated with a spongy mesh structure in the texture and nano ranges. U.S. Pub. No. 20100112286 discloses control and switching of liquid droplet states on artificially structured superhydrophobic surfaces. U.S. Pub. No. 20100021692 discloses a method of manufacturing a multiscale (hierarchical) superhydrophobic surface is provided. The method includes texturing a polymer surface at three size scales, in a fractal-like or pseudo fractal-like manner, the lowest scale being nanoscale and the highest microscale. U.S. Pub. No. 20100028604 discloses a superhydrophobic structure comprise a substrate and a hierarchical surface structure disposed on at least one surface of the substrate, wherein the hierarchical surface structure comprises a microstructure comprising a plurality of microasperities disposed in a spaced geometric pattern on at least one surface of the substrate. U.S. Pub. No. 20110077172 discloses a method of localized deposition of a material and includes a superhydrophobic substrate comprising raised surface structure 
         [0015]    In view of the above, there is a need for adherent textile materials comprised of textures that create Cassie and Wenzel states when exposed to a surface having hydrophobic/hydrophilic mixture. Such textile materials are particular useful for garments particularly those used in medical settings, such as surgical gloves. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY 
       [0016]    The present invention relates to textile articles or clothing, such as garments that contact ice or mixtures of oil and water, including medical wear, particularly surgical or protective gloves. Indoor fabrics which are exposed to wet skin and soap solution, such as a slip-free surface lining a bath tub, or a bathroom floor surface in contact with wet skin. Outdoor fabrics or surfaces such as industrial gloves in contact with oil-water mixtures, footwear in contact with ice or water mixed with a lubricant such as motor oil. The present adhesive textiles are nonslip surfaces and can be characterized as possessing high surface area compared with a smooth surface of the same dimensions. 
         [0017]    A scale of interaction is defined by the surface texture of the present adhesive textile, and is typically hierarchical, and characterized by at least two spatial scales, one on the order of micrometers (microns) and another on the order of 100s of microns. The surface texture may induce one state with a large difference between preceding and receding contact angles (contact angle hysteresis), or alternatively another state with a small contact angle hysteresis. States of interest are known respectively as Wenzel and Cassie states. Each of the hierarchical spatial scales may induce separately a Wenzel or Cassie state, such that combinations are possible on a multiplicity of spatial scales. 
         [0018]    These states are phenomena between hydrophobic and hydrophilic components of a mixture residing at a textured surface interface. In the Cassie state the adherent textile is resistant to hydrophobic debris adhesion, for example oil in an oil water mixture. In the Wenzel state the implant is reversibly adherent to a hydrophilic surface, for example a wet or ice surface. In hybrid Cassie-Wenzel states, where one texture scale is Wenzel and the other is Cassie, the adherent textile can be both localizing to a wet surface and resistant to hydrophobic contaminants such as oil. The interaction of a solid textured surface with water in a gaseous environment is described by the Cassie-Baxter model. In this model, air is trapped in the micro-grooves of a textured surface and water droplets rest on a compound surface comprising air and the tops of microprotrusions. 
         [0019]    The importance of a fractal dimension between multiple scales of texture is well recognized and many approaches have been based on the fractal contribution, i.e., the dimensional relationship between different scales of texture. However, regardless of the material (organic or inorganic) used and geometric structure of the surface texture (particles, rod arrays, or pores), multiple scales of texture in combination with low surface energy has been required to obtain the so called superhydrophobic surfaces. 
         [0020]    Superhydrophobicity is variously reported as a material exhibiting a contact angle with water that is greater than contact angles achievable with smooth but strongly hydrophobic materials. The consensus for the minimum contact angle for a superhydrophobic substance is 150 degrees, so in this context most of the embodiments of the present invention are not strictly superhydrophobic, although this option is not excluded. The reason for this is that a Wenzel-Cassie state lies in its hydrophobicity between nontextured surfaces and surface that generate a Cassie-Baxter interface. In optimizing the adherence of the textiles of the present invention superhydrophobicity is just one aspect of a number of interesting texture controlled mechanisms, and in this context the contact angle is less important than the contact angle hysteresis. 
         [0021]    The high surface area is achieved by superimposing multiple structures one on top of the other in superposition. When these multiple structures are sufficiently different in dimension then the superposition of these structures is referred to as a hierarchical structure or pattern. A subset of surfaces useful in the present invention are characterized as superhydrophobic. A superhydrophobic surface is any surface with which a drop of water makes a contact angle greater than 120 degrees. A hydrophobic/hydrophilic contact mixture is a liquid/solid mixture or liquid/gas mixture in which first component of solid, liquid or gas is more hydrophilic than the second component of solid, liquid or gas. 
         [0022]    The present inventors have surprisingly discovered that a microstructured surface of the present invention adhesively interacts with a surface comprised of a hydrophobic/hydrophilic contact mixture. These surfaces create a nonslip contact with a great variety of slippery, slimy or otherwise slick surfaces. 
         [0023]    In particular the present invention relates to textiles having at least part of their surface coated with a thin, well adherent, porous or nonporous coating with super hydrophobic properties. The static water contact angle values, measured on a smooth and plane surface, is higher than about 120°, preferably higher than 130°, more preferably higher than 150°. 
         [0024]    For example, textiles being treated with this method have their hydrophobicity markedly improved. They can for example provide improvements in water repellency, soil/dirt sticking prevention, reduced buildup on surface or not detrimental to water vapor/air permeability. Additionally, the present surfaces differ from many superhydrophobic surfaces in that they establish a Wenzel-Cassie interface comprising the hydrophobic/hydrophilic contact mixture. While the hydrophobic component of the contact mixture is attracted to the surface the hydrophilic component of the contact mixture is repelled. The result is that under shear stress, the two surfaces in contact resist relative motion due to the difference in the contact angles of the leading and trailing edges. This difference in leading and trailing contact angles represents and energy difference which must be overcome before slippage occurs. 
         [0025]    The textile substrates of interest for the present invention may include a wide range of materials in the form of webs, tapes, films, animal skin like leather or fur, woven and nonwoven layers; they can be porous or nonporous, rigid or flexible, made of polymers, natural or synthetic fibers, leather, biodegradable materials, or any conventional material used in making textiles or products comprising textiles for outside use. In one embodiment, medical or surgical gloves advantageously comprise the microstructured surface textures describes herein. 
         [0026]    When organic synthetic resins are chosen, such substrate materials could be fabricated from polyethylene, polyacrylics, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyamides, polystyrene, polyurethanes, polyfluorocarbons, polyesters, silicone rubber, hydrocarbon rubbers, polycarbonates and other synthetic polymers. A particularly preferred polymeric substrate is polyethylene or polypropylene as used e.g. in the manufacture of nonwoven textile substrates. To these textiles is adhered a thin layer of solvent cast, polymerized, or melt cast polymer capable of being impressed with the hierarchical patterns of the present invention. 
         [0027]    Alternatively a more conventional thin film coating process followed by high energy surface curing can be used. In this method a high speed vacuum coating process for producing durable and thin water repellent coatings on a textile substrate is that can be impressed with the hierarchical pattern during formation. 
         [0028]    A pattern transference process may include a movable support such as rotating drum in a vacuum chamber. The surface of the support is maintained at a temperature sufficient to permit condensation of a vaporized material deposited in the chamber. The material is a curable monomer with a relatively low molecular weight. The monomer vapor is created using a flash vaporizer. The desired amount of curable monomer is metered to a heated flash vaporizer system where the material is vaporized. It is then transported e.g. by its inherent pressure, to the textile substrate resting on the rotating drum and condensed on the surface of the textile substrate. At the same time the drum is impressed on an adjacent drum possessing the hierarchical pattern. According to the method the textile substrate is then transported to a curing means such as an energy source which emits an electron beam, UV light radiation or exposure to an electromagnetic field. Alternatively, the curable monomer can also be transferred into radicals by passing through a plasma. The curing of the monomer by the curing means before, during or after the hierarchical pattern is transferred then provides a coating on the textile substrate surface which has a static water contact angle of more than 120°. The hierarchical pattern forms a Wenzel-Cassie interface between the hierarchical pattern and a hydrophobic/hydrophilic contact mixture. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0029]      FIG. 1  depicts an embodiment of a microstructured surface useful for an adhesive textile. 
           [0030]      FIG. 2  is an image of an embodiment of surface useful for adhesive textile. 
           [0031]      FIG. 3  is an image of an embodiment of microstructured surface having an inverse pattern. 
           [0032]      FIGS. 4A-4D  depict a selection of substrates  410  having various sinusoidal waveform patterns that provide alternative curved surface texture features across substrate  410 . 
           [0033]      FIG. 58 , 
           [0034]      FIG. 5  depicts a side view of an embodiment of the microstructured surface on a substrate according to the present disclosure having a second set of features disposed on the surface of the substrate. 
           [0035]      FIG. 6  depicts a side view of another embodiment of the microstructured surface on a thin film substrate according to the present disclosure. 
           [0036]      FIG. 7  depicts a perspective view of a microstructured surface having a fourth set of microfeatures. 
           [0037]      FIG. 8  depicts a schematic top view of a microstructured surface having a fourth set sets of microfeatures. 
           [0038]      FIG. 9  depicts a garment, in particular a glove, with a microtextured hydrophobic/hydrophilic surface of the present invention 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0039]    For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to the embodiments illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended, such alterations and further modifications in the illustrated device, and such further applications of the principles of the invention as illustrated therein being contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the invention relates. At least one embodiment of the present invention will be described and shown, and this application may show and/or describe other embodiments of the present invention. It is understood that any reference to “the invention” is a reference to an embodiment of a family of inventions, with no single embodiment including an apparatus, process, or composition that must be included in all embodiments, unless otherwise stated. 
         [0040]    The present invention relates to textiles with surfaces comprised of textures that initially create Cassie and Wenzel states when exposed to an aqueous environment comprising a hydrophobic component. The hydrophobic component can be a liquid such as an oil or a gas such as ambient air. These states evolve as a result of an interface comprised of a hydrophobic/hydrophilic mixture. We have discovered the liquid hydrophobic/liquid hydrophilic mixture creates an interface analogues to the typical Wenzel-Cassie State that develops on an water/air mixture. In the modified Wenzel-Cassie state, the trapped phase analogous to the classical gaseous phase is the liquid hydrophobic phase 
         [0041]    Referring now to  FIG. 1 , generally a surface for an adhesive textile  100  of the present invention possesses a hierarchical surface  106  comprised of a large scale structure with a plurality of protuberances and depressions disposed in a geometric pattern on at least one surface of a substrate  108 , and a medium scale structure  110  disposed on at least one surface of the large scale level structure  108  is comprised of protuberances  112 . The small scale structure  114  is similarly comprised of protuberances  116  and depressions  118  disposed on the medium scale structure  110 . The large scale protuberances  108  should be high enough so that a hydrophilic component of a hydrophobic/hydrophilic contact mixture does not touch the large scale depressions between adjacent protuberances  108 . In the embodiment of  FIG. 1 , the large scale protuberances  108  may comprise a height H of between about 25 to about 1000 microns and a diameter D of between about 25 to about 2000 microns, wherein the fraction of the surface area of the substrate  108  covered by the protuberances  104  may range from between about 0.1 to about 1.0. The medium scale protuberances  110  may comprise a height  120  of between 5 to about 25 microns and a diameter  122  of between 5 to about 50 microns, wherein the fraction of the surface area of the substrate  108  covered by the protuberances  110  may range from between about 0.1 to about 0.9. The small scale structure  112  may be disposed primarily on the medium scale structure  110 . 
         [0042]    The arrangement of hierarchical structures may be geometric and describable generally with a mathematical equation. Alternatively, the hierarchical structures may be randomly disposed, possibly with varying pitch, which is more typical of natural structures. The arrangement of hierarchical structure can generally be described by a fractal dimension. A fractal dimension is a statistical quantity that gives an indication of how completely a collection of structures appears to fill space, in the present case a plane, as one examines that structure on a multiplicity of spatial scales. Specifying a fractal dimension, which is statistical in nature, does not necessarily indicate that the hierarchical structure is well defined by a mathematical equation. Generally, a random arrangement of structures within a specific scale possesses a higher fractal dimension than one in which the structure is mathematically described at all points on a surface. Thus, a random structure may possess an advantage in the aspect that a adhesive surface of the present invention has greater utility when interacting with a natural surface. A higher fractal dimension within a specific spatial scale may be achieved by applying to a substrate multiple pitch arrangements. The protuberances and depressions may be locally scaled with respect to the local pitch. Accordingly, the pitch may vary within a scale structure. In the practical realization of higher fractal dimension structures, the variation of the pitch may be describable by a mathematical equation, for example, a sinusoidal variation of pitch, which would have utility in mimicking natural surfaces. 
         [0043]    Generally, structures can be described as sharp-edged or rounded, and this feature is not typically captured by a fractal dimension. Another structural aspect not addressed by the above descriptive parameters is the degree of communication between structures. By communication, it is meant that a structure, such as a protuberance or a depression, has a spatial extent greater than the pitch. For example, a valley surrounding a protuberance may be connected to another valley surrounding another protuberance, thus the depressions are said to be communicating whereas the protuberances are not. The communication may range from 1 to about 1000, more particularly the communication may extend over the entire surface of the substrate. 
         [0044]    These structures are constructed with the purpose of creating Wenzel and Cassie states, on a multiplicity of scales, when the adhesive textile of the present invention comes in contact with a hydrophobic/hydrophilic contact mixture. It is known in the art that the transition to the Wenzel state can be discouraged by the use of sharp cornered features in the plane of the surface. However, the occurrence of sharp cornered structures in natural structures, such as rose petals, is less common. Natural structures tend to possess rounded surface features, especially radiused or filleted corners. In nature, resistance to conversion to a Wenzel state seems to involve the creation of involute rounded structures rather than sharp edges. By involute it is meant concavity oriented in a line not orthogonal to the substrate surface. Such structures are difficult to create by an etching or casting method, but can readily be created by an embossing method that entails folding of a structure. Similarly, the Wenzel state can be discouraged by the use of curving communications between structures as opposed to straight line communication. In most cases, higher hydrophobicity equates with lower propensity for a Wenzel transition. 
         [0045]    The hydrophobicity of a surface is enhanced by the placement of exterior corners around depressions. In some embodiments, this is achieved by the creation of additional pairs of adjacent depression walls that project into and are joined at the interior of the depression. In some embodiments this is achieved by designing an ordered array of depressions of a first hierarchy (examples: triangular, rectangular, pentagonal, or hexagonal shapes, regular or irregular; and further polygonal shapes defined generally by straight line segments). A second feature of smaller size and different hierarchical order is then superimposed on the depression wall of the first pattern. The method employed in creating such a structure may involve first emboss a large scale structure and then secondarily emboss additional smaller scale structure, preferably smaller scale structure embossed on larger scale structures. 
         [0046]    The methods of manufacture of nonwoven adhesive textiles of the present invention include lithography, casting, extrusion/embossing, and any of several methods for transferring a texture to a surface. A preferred method is embossing, where a polymeric substance is heated to a molten state and passed through dual rollers, at least one of which contains a negative image of the desired embossed structure. A small scale texture is embossed on a planar sheet. This embossed planar sheet is heated to a malleable but not fluid state and passed through dual rollers possessing a medium scale texture which impresses an inverse image. This process can be repeated multiple times. The medium scale texture is large relative to the small scale texture, thus the impression of the medium scale texture folds the small scale texture, making possible involute structures which would ordinarily not be possible with a lithography or casting method. Methods for forming such hierarchical microstructured surfaces useful in the present disclosure are described in U.S. application Ser. No. 14/802,632, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
         [0047]    The adhesive textiles of the present invention have three or more levels of textures assembled in a manner to yield a high surface area while maintaining a minimum spacing between textures to allow for liquid flow and penetration to promote in the first instance surface washing and in the second instance surface adhesion; and while maintaining a minimum structural strength obtained by keeping height to width aspect ratio of all features below a critical level at which material strength is exceeded. 
         [0048]    Referring to  FIG. 2 , a first embodiment of a textural arrangement on a textile surface according to the present invention is shown comprising a substrate, designated generally as  210 . In the illustrated embodiment, substrate  210  has a sinusoidal waveform comprising a series of rounded peaks and valleys that produce a continuously curving surface across at least a portion of substrate  210 . The sinusoidal waveform of substrate  10  defines a first set of large scale features, designated generally as  212 . In  FIG. 2 , substrate  210  is constructed and arranged to focus on a series of rounded knobs forming peaks  215  projected upwardly from the surface with associated valleys  217  disposed between peaks  215 . 
         [0049]    In a second embodiment shown in  FIG. 3 , the inverse arrangement is shown in which substrate  310  is constructed and arranged to focus on a series of rounded cavities forming valleys  317  extending inwardly into substrate  10  as the dominant feature with the associated peaks  315  disposed between valleys  317 . In both embodiment, the surface of substrate  310  is continuously curving throughout sinusoidal waveform pattern area. 
         [0050]    According the present invention, the term sinusoidal waveform as used herein refers to a surface having a repetitive oscillation of rounded, nonflat curvature described by mathematical formulas incorporating trigonometric functions sine, cosine, tangent or exponential and power series functions. These mathematical formulas are used in computer aided design and computer aided manufacturing software to create texture surfaces using rapid prototyping, milling, electrical discharge machining or similar techniques to create a polymer or metal surface with the sinusoidal waveform texture features. The advantage of using mathematical formulas is that large numbers of rounded, nonflat features can be created rapidly in computer aided design and computer aided manufacturing software. Texture features of this type cannot be created using lithographic techniques. 
         [0051]    Referring to  FIGS. 4A-4D , a selection of substrates  410  are shown having various sinusoidal waveform patterns that provide alternative curved surface texture features across substrate  410 . These embodiments are for illustrative purposes only as example embodiments of substrate  410  and are not limiting of the present invention and the term sinusoidal waveform as used herein. 
         [0052]    According to the present invention, first set of texture features  412  includes dimensions selected from a size within a range of about 100 microns to about 1000 microns. More specifically as will be detailed herein below, in a preferred embodiment, the sinusoidal waveform is arranged so that first set of texture features  12  has sinusoidal rounded cavities of 750 microns, a pitch of 750 microns, and a depth of about 240 to 500 microns. This arrangement of the substrate is intended to promote an adhesive Wenzel-Cassie state with a hydrophobic/hydrophilic contact mixture. 
         [0053]    Referring to  FIG. 58 , a second set of texture features  514  is disposed on the surface of substrate  510 . In one embodiment, second set of texture features  514  is molded on first set of texture features  512  of substrate  510 . As detailed herein below, in a preferred embodiment, substrate  510  is a compression molded polymeric material in which first and second sets of texture features  512 ,  514  are formed on substrate  510  during a single molding step. First and second sets of texture features  512 ,  514  cooperate to increase the surface area and affect at least one of adhesion, friction, hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of substrate  510 . 
         [0054]    Preferably, the compression molded polymeric material forming substrate  510  is a environmentally durable polymer. In one embodiment, substrate  510  comprises polyethylenenylon copolymer. In the illustrated embodiments, second set of texture features  514  is selected from the group consisting of microstructured projections and microstructured cavities, and combinations thereof. The illustrated embodiment in  FIG. 3 , second set of texture features  314  comprise microstructured cavities extending downwardly into substrate  310 . 
         [0055]    Further in  FIGS. 5-8 , a second set of texture features  514 ,  614 ,  714  and  814  comprise microstructured projections extending upwardly from substrate  510 ,  610 ,  710  and  810 , respectively. Preferably, in the illustrated embodiments of  FIGS. 5-8 , the microstructured projections of said second set of texture features  514 ,  614 ,  714 ,  814  comprise generally cylindrical pillars. 
         [0056]    Preferably, in the illustrated embodiment of  FIG. 3 , the microstructured cavities of second set of texture features  314  comprise generally cylindrical recesses. Referring to  FIG. 5 , in one embodiment in which substrate  510  is a thin film substrate and has operable opposing top and bottom surfaces, first set of texture features  512  disposed on a top surface  521  of substrate  510  form a complementary shape on a bottom surface  523  of substrate  510  so that a rounded peak on top surface  521  forms a rounded valley on bottom surface  523  and the rounded valley on top surface  521  forms a rounded peak on bottom surface  523 . 
         [0057]    Referring again to  FIG. 5 , in an embodiment in which substrate  510  is a thin film substrate and has operable opposing top and bottom surfaces, second set of texture features  514  includes a series of microstructured projections on one of top surface  521  and bottom surface  523  of substrate  510 , which then define a series of complementary microstructured cavities on the other of said top surface and said bottom surface  521 ,  523 . Likewise, in an embodiment in which second set of texture features  514  comprises microstructured cavities which project downwardly through substrate  510  from a top surface  521 , they form complementary microstructured projections on the opposing bottom. 
         [0058]    Referring to  FIGS. 2 and 5 , in the illustrated embodiments, second set of texture features  214 ,  514  include at least a portion of texture features that extend along an axis normal to the curve of the sinusoidal waveform of substrate  210  and  510 , respectively, at a given point for the individual microstructure. In this way, second set of texture features  214 ,  514  follow the curvature of first set of texture features  212 ,  512 . 
         [0059]    According to the present invention, second set of texture features  514  includes dimensions selected from a size within a range of about 10 microns to about 100 microns. Further, second set of texture features  514  preferably have a height to width aspect ratio of less than 5, and a minimum spacing of 1 micron between each texture feature of said second set of texture features to maintain structural strength while allowing for liquid flow and penetration between the individual microstructures comprising second set of texture features  214 . 
         [0060]    Referring again to  FIGS. 5-8 , a third set of texture features  520 ,  620 ,  720 ,  820  may also be disposed on substrate  510 ,  610 ,  710 ,  810 , respectively. Preferably, third set of texture features  520 ,  6120 ,  720 ,  820  is selected from the group consisting of microstructured projections and microstructured cavities, and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the microstructured projections of third set of texture features comprise generally cylindrical pillars. 
         [0061]    Referring again to  FIG. 3 , in one embodiment, the microstructured cavities of third set of texture features  320  comprise generally cylindrical recesses. Preferably, third set of texture features  320  are compression molded simultaneously with first and second sets of texture features  312 ,  314 . In a further preferred embodiment, third set of texture features  320  have a height to width aspect ratio of less than 5, and a minimum spacing of 1 micron between each texture feature of third set of texture features  320  to maintain structural strength while allowing for liquid flow and penetration between said third set of texture features. The aspect ratio is smaller when devices are made of lower strength materials and larger when made from stronger materials. The spacing between features is smaller for less viscous liquids and larger for more viscous. 
         [0062]    Referring to  FIGS. 2 and 5 , in the illustrated embodiments, third set of texture features  220  and  520  include at least a portion of texture features that extend along an axis normal to the curve of the sinusoidal waveform of substrate  210  and  510 , respectively. For purposes of the present invention in which the second and third sets of texture features  214 ,  514 ,  220 ,  520  extend along an axis normal to the curve of the sinusoidal waveform, the normal line to a curve is the line that is perpendicular to the tangent of the curve at a particular point. In the illustrated embodiments, second set of texture features  214 ,  514  is smaller than first set of texture features  212 ,  512  and third set of texture features  220 ,  520  is smaller than second set of texture features  214 ,  514 . 
         [0063]    According to the present invention, third set of texture features  220  includes dimensions selected from a size within a range of about 1 micron to about 10. Referring to  FIGS. 5-8 , in one embodiment, the third set of texture features are disposed on an end surface  522 ,  622 ,  722 ,  822  of second set of texture features  14 . 
         [0064]    In a further advantageous embodiment, third set of texture features  520 ,  620 ,  720 ,  820  are disposed on first set of texture features  512 ,  612 ,  712 ,  812  between second set of texture features  514 ,  614 ,  712 ,  814 . In a further advantageous embodiment, third set of texture features  520 ,  620 ,  720 ,  820  are disposed on an end surface  522 ,  622 ,  722 ,  822  of second set of texture features  514 ,  614 ,  712 ,  814 . as well as, disposed on first set of texture features  512 ,  612 ,  712 ,  812  between second set of texture features. 
         [0065]    Referring to  FIG. 7 , a fourth set of texture features  724  may be disposed on side surfaces of second set of texture features  714 . Fourth set of texture features  724  is selected from the group consisting of flutes  716  and ribs  718 , and combinations thereof. In the illustrated embodiments, flutes and ribs  716 ,  718  run vertically along the height of the side surfaces on the outside circumference of each microstructure comprising said second set of texture features  714 . Fourth set of texture features  724  preferably include dimensions selected from a size within a range of about 1 micron to about 10 microns. Preferably, fourth set of texture features  724  are compression molded simultaneously with said first, second, and third sets of texture features into substrate  710 . 
         [0066]    Preferably, flutes and/or ribs  716 ,  718  with features and spacing larger than 1 micron are added to the exterior of the cylindrical pillars or cavities defining second set of texture features  714  to both add surface area and to increase structural resistance to bending and breaking. The spacing between individual microstructures of fourth set of features  714  is smaller for less viscous liquids and larger for more viscous liquids. Third set of texture features  720  cover both the tops of pillars and bottoms of cavities and the area between the pillars or cavities defining second set of texture features  714  in a substantially uniform manner. Together the second and third sets of texture features  714 ,  720  substantially increase the surface area exposed to the liquid covering the opposite surface from substrate  710 . 
         [0067]    Depending on the desired application, the first, second, third and fourth sets of texture features cooperate to increase the surface area of substrate  710  to effect at least one of adhesion, friction, hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of substrate  710 . In one embodiment, the substrate has a surface adhesion with a sliding friction force of greater than 50 gr/cm2 when applied against a surface comprised of a hydrophobic/hydrophilic mixture. 
         [0068]    In a preferred embodiment, the substrate has a surface adhesion with a sliding friction force of about 325 gr/cm2 when applied against a surface comprised of a hydrophobic/hydrophilic mixture. In early studies, the inventors characterized rose petal structures and observed a ‘rolling hill’ effect in microstructures. Additionally, smaller microstructures were noted as ‘hairs’ that seemed to contribute strongly to the superhydrophobic effect. In order to best simulate this scheme, the inventors created sinusoidal designs as set forth herein that could reproduce and improve upon rounded microstructure effects seen naturally, starting with a sinusoidal waveform substrate with features from 300 microns diameter and pitch of 100 microns. The dimensions for the third set of texture features include in one embodiment pillars having 3 micrometers diameter, 6 micrometers pitch, and 5 micrometers tall. The second set of texture features in one embodiment includes fluted microstructure pillars that are at least 35 micrometers in diameter, 35 micrometers tall, and 10 micrometers spacing. When overlapped together, the second and third sets of micro features are formed along an axis normal to the surface of the sinusoidal waveform features (see, e.g.,  FIGS. 5 and 6 ). These are also maintained multidimensionally over the round 
         [0069]    To improve the superhydrophobic effect found in nature with the rose petal, second set of texture features, e.g.,  714  was added with ‘fluted’ or ‘ribbed’ features running down the side surface. These fluted and ribbed features that define fourth set of texture features  724  simulate the smaller, hair like microstructures of the rose petal to further promote hydrophobocity. Accordingly, each microstructure of said first, second, third and fourth sets of texture features  712 ,  714 ,  720  and  724  have a respective pitch, height/depth, and diameter, and wherein are arranged so that liquids penetrate between at least said first and second sets of texture features in a Wenzel fully wetted state when applied against a liquid covered surface to promote adhesion between substrate  710  and the adjacent surface. 
         [0070]    Preferably, the sinusoidal waveform of first set of texture features  712  includes rounded peaks that facilitate pressure distribution across substrate  710  when pressed against a liquid covered surface. Preferably, second and third sets of texture features  714 ,  720  are uniformly distributed across the rounded peaks of first set of texture features  712  provide increased surface area to first set of texture features  712 . The rounded peaks define areas of increased pressure when substrate  710  is applied against a liquid covered surface that promote a transition of liquid droplets from a suspended Cassie-Baxter state to a Wenzel fully wetted state among at least said first and second sets of texture features. In a preferred embodiment, first, second and third sets, e.g.,  712 ,  714 ,  720  of texture features allow for liquid penetration to a Wenzel fully wetted state, while the fourth set of texture features  724  are constructed and arranged to maintain superhydrophobic characteristics. The function of the second and third sets of texture features  714 ,  720  is to create a large surfaces area simultaneously with spacing wide enough the viscous liquids can flow through the structure at low pressure. Low pressure in this application is defined in the context of the weight associated with liquid droplets being sufficiently to create a Wenzel fully wetted state to promote adhesion of substrate  710  to an adjacent liquid covered surface. Accordingly, the microstructured surfaces of the present invention are designed to facilitate transitions from a Cassie-Baxter suspended droplet state to the Wenzel fully wetted state with a water droplet of greater than 10 texture liters in size. 
         [0071]    One function of the sinusoidal waveform of first set of texture features  12  is to further increase the surface area while creating areas of increased pressure at the peaks of the features. These areas of increased surface area wet first, causing a rapid transition from the Cassie-Baxter suspended droplet state to the Wenzel fully wetted state. A second function of the sinusoidal waveform of first set of texture features, e.g.,  612  is to keep the peak pressure low enough and to spread the pressure such that there is little or no penetration through the liquid layer on the surface into the underlying material. The second and third sets of texture features  614 , are spread uniformly over the sinusoidal waveform of first set of texture features  612  and are normal to the curve of the surface. That is they are perpendicular to a surface tangent at each point of the microstructure on surface. This ensures that the maximum surface area is created in a structure that can be molded. 
         [0072]      FIG. 9  depicts a glove, such as a surgical glove, having a hydrophobic/hydrophilic surface of the invention. A surgical glove  901  is comprised of an elastic material  903  comprised of textured islands  905 . The detailed structure of textured islands  905  are given in  FIGS. 1-8 . The textured islands  705  are placed at positions  707  essential to grasping and manipulating surgical devices and slippery tissue. The geometry of the island structures can be selected to be consistent with normal bending action and typical points of contact. For example, in the finger tip area the islands are circular  909 . In regions where the fingers bend the islands are linear  911  and arranged parallel  913  to the line of finger bending  915 . In the palm area where articulation is absent, a larger island  917  substantially covering the entire surface of the palm may be selected. The islands  5  may be on two sides  919  of the glove, so the gloves can be used ambidextrously. The islands  5  may be raised  923  or substantially flush with the untextured regions of the glove  921 . 
         [0073]    All references cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.