Abstract:
A transformation can be derived which would represent that processing required to convert a male speech model to a female speech model. That transformation is subjected to a predetermined modification, and the modified transformation is applied to a female speech model to produce a synthetic children&#39;s speech model. The male and female models can be expressed in terms of a vector representing key values defining each speech model and the derived transformation can be in the form of a matrix that would transform the vector of the male model to the vector of the female model. The modification to the derived matrix comprises applying an exponential p which has a value greater than zero and less than 1.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This patent application relates generally to speech recognition and, more particularly, to a method for creating a computerized speech model for children, making use of known speech models for adults. 
     Computerized voice recognition has found broad application throughout industry. One beneficial application of voice recognition has been in language learning. Specifically, a language can be learned in a much more natural way if the student actually speaks the language and his speech is monitored and criticized. A general purpose voice recognition computer program which requires little or no training is ideal for such an application. For example, a student could listen to prerecorded language being spoken by a native speaker and could attempt to duplicate the speech. The voice recognition program monitors the student&#39;s speech, accepting correct expressions and indicating whenever errors occur. The student could then try again until his pronunciation is acceptable. 
     Today, computerized speech models are available in many languages and could be used in the way described. That makes it possible for a student to learn a language at his own pace on a personal computer. However, the speech models tend to be for adult speech. On the other hand, language learning is particularly easy for children, and that is particularly effective time at which to learn a language. Speech models for children are not readily available and adult models do not work well for children&#39;s speech, owing to the special characteristics of that speech. Children&#39;s speech has higher pitch than even female speech and it is more variable than female speech, which is more variable than male speech. 
     Therefore, it would be highly desirable to be able to generate a speech recognition model for children&#39;s speech, making use of only known models for male and/or female adult speech in the same language. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention concerns use of a transformation to derive a child speech model from that of an adult. A transformation is derived from male and female adult speech, the transformation being that which would have been required to convert male to female speech. In accordance with the present invention, that transformation can be subjected to a predetermined modification, and the modified transformation can be applied to a female speech model to produce an effective children&#39;s speech model. A preferred embodiment thus comprises three steps: 1) Using two adult speech models to derive a transformation representing the relationship between them, wherein the application of the transformation to the first adult speech model would substantially produce the second; 2) modifying the transformation; and 3) applying the modified transformation to the second of the two adult speech models to produce a third speech model. 
     In the following sections, male and female vectors are mentioned. The male and female models may comprise sets of vectors (mean vectors of the Gaussian distributions of each phoneme state). Each model may be comprised of thousands of vectors. The estimated transformation minimizes the overall mean square error between the two models when applied to all mean vectors of one model. Also other error metrics are possible, for example maximum likelihood. The transformation is applied multiple times in each model, once for each vector. This can be also seen mathematically: One mean vector has 39 dimensions, the transformation matrix is 39 dimensional. HMM based acoustic models using Gaussian distributions are shown in a tutorial on hidden Markov models and selected applications in speech recognition, Rabiner, L. R., Proceedings of the IEEE, Volume 77, Issue 2, February 1989, Pages: 257-286. 
     Preferably, the male and female models can be expressed in terms of a vector representing key values defining each speech model. A transformation, preferably in the form of a matrix, can then be derived which would transform the vector of the male model to the vector of the female model. In its simplest terms, the transformation is merely a multiplication of the male vector by a transformation matrix. The transformation matrix is then modified, and the modified matrix is used to transform the female vector to a synthesized children&#39;s vector. The modification to the matrix comprises applying an exponent p which has a value greater than zero and less than 1. Preferably, p is between approximately 0.25 and approximately 0.7, more preferably, between approximately 0.4 and approximately 0.5, and most preferably approximately 0.5. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The foregoing brief description and further objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will be understood more completely from the following detailed description of a presently preferred, but nonetheless illustrative, embodiment in accordance with the present invention, with reference being had to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a state diagram exemplifying a hidden Markov model for a system; 
         FIG. 2  is a graph illustrating the variation of the false negative rate with the value of the exponent used to create a transformation matrix for a female speech model to a children&#39;s speech model in English; 
         FIG. 3  depicts a graph illustrating the variation of the false negative rate with the value of the exponent used to create a transformation matrix for a female speech model to a children&#39;s speech model in Spanish; and 
         FIG. 4  depicts a short flow chart showing an embodiment of the claimed method. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     A “hidden Markov model” (HMM) is a statistical model in which a system being modeled is assumed to be a Markov process with unknown parameters. In using the model, hidden parameters are determined from observable parameters. The extracted model parameters can then be used to perform further analysis. 
     In a regular Markov model, the state of the system is directly visible to the observer, and therefore the state transition probabilities are the only parameters. In an HMM, the state is not directly visible, but variables influenced by the state are visible. Each state has a probability distribution over the possible output signals. Therefore, the sequence of output signals generated by an HMM gives some information about the sequence of states. 
     For example,  FIG. 1  is a state diagram of an HMM for a system. This system has 3 states X 1 , X 2  and X 3 . State transition probabilities are indicated by an “a” followed by numbers representing the transition. For example, “a12” is the probability of transition from state X 1  to state X 2 . There are also a plurality of outputs possible at each state, depending upon the sequence of states. These are indicated by “b” followed by two numbers. The blocks Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3  and Y 4  represent possible observations of outputs, and from these observations, determinations can be made about the states. 
     In the model at hand, the parameters of interest are the HMM state mean values. A plurality of these can be grouped to define a “vector”. For example, the sequence of state mean values corresponding to the male speech model can be assembled into a male model source vector m containing a component corresponding to the mean value of each state. A similar vector f can be constructed for the female speech model such as that each component of the male vector maps to a corresponding component of the female vector. It would then be possible to define a transformation T in the form of a matrix such that f=T*m, where f is the female vector and m is the male vector, and T*m is a multiplication between a matrix and a vector, a transformation of the vector. 
     A good estimate for the matrix T will minimize the square error between T*m and f. This can be expressed mathematically as in equation 1:
 
 T =arg min A ( Am−f ) 2   (1)
 
     Through the use of the equation 1, the matrix T can be found recursively. The matrix A can be initialized as the identity matrix. Each matrix entry a ij  could then be updated by gradient descent, as shown by equation 2: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     ∂ 
                     
                       ∂ 
                       
                         a 
                         ij 
                       
                     
                   
                   ⁡ 
                   
                     [ 
                     
                       2 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             
                               A 
                               i 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             m 
                           
                           - 
                           f 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         m 
                         j 
                       
                     
                     ] 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   2 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     where A i  is the i-th line of matrix A. 
     The gradient descent is run multiple times over all vector pairs (m, f) for the matrix to converge to an acceptable approximation of the transformation matrix T. 
     In accordance with the present invention, a synthesized children&#39;s speech model can be produced by applying a modified form of the matrix T to the female speech vector, transforming the female speech model to that of a child. The modified transformation matrix is obtained by applying a fractional exponent p to the matrix T so that the modified matrix T′=T P , where p is a value greater than 0 and less than 1. Preferably p is between approximately 0.25 and approximately 0.7, more preferably between approximately 0.4 and approximately 0.5. Most preferably, p is approximately 0.5. Moreover, p is language invariant. That is, substantially the same optimum value of p should apply to all language models, regardless of the language. 
     The flow chart of  FIG. 4  summarizes the disclosed process for producing a speech model for children. The process starts at block  100  and at block  102  an existing male speech model and an existing female speech model are inter-processed to derive a transformation that would produce the female speech model, given the male speech model. In the preferred embodiment, this was done through an iterative process that, given a vector representing the male model and a vector representing the female model, derived a transformation matrix. 
     At block  104 , the transformation is modulated. In the preferred embodiment, this amounts to applying to the transformation matrix an exponential value between zero and one. 
     At block  106 , the modulated transformation is applied to the female speech model, to produce a synthetic children&#39;s model, and the process ends at block  108 . 
     Experiments 
     Using the process described by equations 1 and 2, a matrix T was generated with respect to existing male and female speech models in English and Spanish. A valid speech model for children was also available in each language. A transformation matrix T was generated for each language model and a series of modified transformation matrices was generated in each language using values of p between 0 and 1. Transform matrices using different values of p were then tested with actual children&#39;s speech to determine the quality of the model obtained with different values of p.  FIG. 2  is a graph of relative percentage false negatives reduction for the English synthetic children&#39;s model as a function of the value of p applied to the transform. A false negative (FN) occurs when an utterance is detected as erroneous when it is actually correct. 
     Table 1 summarizes the results obtained for English with the male model, the female model, the synthesis children&#39;s model, and the reference children&#39;s model. This table not only shows false negatives but false accepts. A false accepts being an erroneous utterance indicated as correct. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Performance of English Models 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Relative False Negatives 
                 False 
               
               
                   
                 Reduction Compared to Baseline 
                 Accepts 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Male model 
                 baseline 
                 &lt;1.0% 
               
               
                 Female model 
                 28.1% 
                 &lt;1.0% 
               
               
                 Synthetic model 
                 50.3% 
                 &lt;1.0% 
               
               
                 Actual Children&#39;s model 
                 63.8% 
                 &lt;1.0% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       FIG. 3  is a graph similar to  FIG. 2  showing the effect of the value of p on the relative percentage of false negatives for the synthetic children&#39;s model for Spanish. Table 2 summarizes the performance of the male model, female model, synthesized children&#39;s model and references children&#39;s model in the Spanish language. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Performance of Spanish Models 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Relative False Negatives 
                 False 
               
               
                   
                 Reduction Compared to Baseline 
                 Accepts 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Male model 
                 baseline 
                 &lt;1.0% 
               
               
                 Female model 
                 45.1% 
                 &lt;1.0% 
               
               
                 Synthetic model 
                 52.1% 
                 &lt;1.0% 
               
               
                 Actual Children&#39;s model 
                 59.6% 
                 &lt;1.0% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Children&#39;s speech is much more variable then adult speech. The variability of speech is encoded in the acoustic model covariance matrices associated with each HMM state. These covariance features are determined in the acoustic model training and reflect the variability in the underlying training set. In order to account for the variability of children&#39;s speech, covariant values were scaled. 
     For a multi-variate Gaussian distribution, as often applied in HMM-base acoustic models, only diagonal covariance matrices are used. These diagonal entries can be scaled in order to account for the additional variability in children&#39;s speech. The first six MFCC covariance features were scaled by the factors shown in the following grid: 
                                                             1.40   1.33   1.27   1.21   1.15   1.09                    
and the energy, delta-energy and delta-delta-energy values were scaled as shown in the following grid:
 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 1.45 
                 1.35 
                 1.15 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     All of the other features were left unchanged. Such scaling yielded improvements in the synthetic children&#39;s models described above as examples. For the English synthetic model, false negatives were lowered to 8.1 percent with a false acceptance rate of 0.7 percent. For the Spanish synthetic children&#39;s model, the false negatives were reduced to 7.7 percent at a false acceptance rate of 0.1 percent. Since the false acceptance rate went up while the false negative rate went down, scaling has to be done carefully. 
     Although preferred embodiments of the invention have been disclosed for illustrative purposes, those skilled in the art will appreciate that many additions, modifications, and substitutions are possible without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as defined by the accompanying claims.