Abstract:
Methods and Apparatus for early detection and identification of a threat, and alerting against detected threats, such as individuals wearing or carrying explosive materials and/or weapons, e.g., suicide bombers and other terrorists, at a great enough distance to limit loss of life and destruction of property are disclosed. The methods comprise transmitting a signal in the direction of a potential threat, measuring the detected reflected signal, and comparing the signal level with a threshold indicative of a threat. A monitor is employed to display the threat and attributes of the detected signals. The invention further illuminates the suspicious individual(s) with a Laser illuminator/designator and provides information about the distance to the suspicious individual(s).

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates generally to the field of concealed weapon detection and, more specifically, to a system and method for isolating and identifying potential concealed weapon carriers with sufficient warning, both in time and distance, to permit successful defensive action to limit the loss of life and destruction of property. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The suicide or homicide bomber has been identified as the one threat that is virtually unstoppable. The thinking of the bomber defies all societal norms. With that being said, the logical solution to the problem would be the development of a means for detecting the bomber at a safe distance from a potential target. To date, there are no known concealed weapons or explosive detection systems available that purport to detect a concealed weapon (or weapons) or explosive devices from a distance of more than 20 yards. Reference is made to an article in the July 2002 Discover Magazine entitled “Beyond X-ray Vision” by Ivan Amato for a recent survey of the current state of the technology. Attention is also called to an article in the fall 1998 The Bridge published by the National Academy of Sciences entitled “Preventing Aircraft Bombings” by Lyle Malotky and Sandra Hyland for additional background information on the problem to be solved. 
     Almost every known detection system is electromagnetic based and requires an individual to pass through a fixed passageway. When metallic objects pass through the passageway, a warning signal is activated because a change in magnetic flux is detected. This type of system either detects or does not detect a metal object and makes no determination relative to the amount of metal present. Keys, jewelry, watches, and metal-framed eyeglasses may all trigger such a system. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,359,582 describes a weapons detector and method utilizing Radar in conjunction with stored spectral signatures. The system is said to be capable of measuring the self-resonant frequencies of weaponry. It is claimed that accuracies of greater than 98% can be obtained at distances, preferably between 4-15 yards. It is also claimed to be capable of detecting metal and non-metal weapons on a human body, in purses, briefcases and under clothing and discerning from objects such as belt buckles, coins, keys, calculators and cellular phones. This system has the disadvantage of relying on the presence of unique spectral signatures, which must be pre-stored or learned by a computer employing artificial intelligence techniques. 
     Another patent, U.S. Pat. No. 6,243,036, titled Signal Processing for Object Detection System describes another concealed weapon detection system. The patent describes detecting concealed weapons by calculating the difference of a pair of differences between levels of different polarized reflected energy in the time domain, and by using signal processing methods and apparatus to improve the reliability of the detection process. This technique which relies on differences between levels of different polarized reflected energy is difficult and potentially costly to implement. 
     Information at http://www.nlectc.org/virlib/InfoDetail.asp?intinfoID=201 and http://www.rl.af.mil/div/IFB/tefchtrans/datasheets/CWD-LPR.html, indicates that Lockheed Martin, under contract to the Air Force Research Laboratories and the National Institute of Justice, is in the process of developing a dual-mode (millimeter wave/infrared) camera to detect weapons concealed on an individual. The information indicates that the system will operate at a range of 10 to 40 feet, without the control or cooperation of the individual under surveillance. The described system develops images from the returned Radar energy. The image information is processed using algorithms to automatically detect and recognize concealed weapons. The detection and position information from the Radar sensor would be linked to a second sensor IR or visual camera to display the subject to authorities. 
     In addition to the above discussed detection systems, there are several new initiatives being pursued under the auspices of the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program in the Concealed Weapons Detection arena. The DARPA SBIR, Topic SB022-033 entitled Personnel and Vehicular Monitoring and Tracking at a Distance seeks to “develop 3D biometric technologies as part of a multi-modal system to detect, track and recognize humans . . . at a distance to support early warning, force protection, and operations against terrorist, criminal and other human based threats.” The particular focus of this work is 3D imaging. The Army Research Office (ARO) SBIR Topic A02-061, Terahertz Interferometric Imaging Systems (TIIS) for Detection of Weapons and Explosives seeks to “develop and demonstrate a terahertz-frequency imaging array with sufficient spatial and spectral resolution to enable the rapid and effective detection of concealed weapons and explosives. The envisioned sensing system will provide real-time imaging with adequate sensitivity for the short-range remote interrogation of objects and persons that might be concealing either weapons or explosives” with a parallel focus on collecting “signature information for a set of expected targets and concealment materials.” The Army Research Lab (ARL) SBIR, Topic A02-037, Explosive Detection System, is focused on chemical signatures of explosives. Such development programs further highlight the need for improved concealed weapon detection systems. 
     In view of the above discussion, it is apparent that there is a need for new or improved systems and methods for rapidly evaluating the threat potential of an individual amongst other individuals at a relatively long distance. It is desirable that at least some systems or methods be capable of being implemented without the need for complex signal processing thereby reducing implementation costs relative to many of the known systems. It is also desirable that the methods and/or apparatus provide an integrated, threat-driven solution to the threat detection problem discussed above. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to systems and methods for the assessment of a community of potentially threatening individuals, determination of which, if any, is a threat, and the provision of an apparatus to spotlight the threat or threats automatically or manually. 
     An exemplary embodiment of a system of the present invention uses Radar advantageously equipped with an Electronic Scanning Lens Antenna to pan an environment for potential targets, measures the difference between the Radar signal level returned or reflected from an individual wearing or carrying concealed weapons and/or explosives and the expected signal level returned or reflected from an innocent individual and exploits that difference to present to an operator using an imaging system (Video Imaging Device), e.g. video camera and/or infrared technology, a real-time image of the target. In addition to indicating the threatening individual, an integral Ranging Device determines distance to the individual and superimposes the distance on the image of the individual. In addition an integral “Friend or Foe” Transmitter/Receiver provides additional data about the individual which is also superimposed on the image of the individual. In various embodiments, the System advantageously employs Laser pointer technology to illuminate the threatening individual for subsequent law enforcement action. The System advantageously presents a “picture in picture” view of each identified threatening individual as well as the overall scene. 
     Numerous additional features, embodiments and benefits of the methods and apparatus of the present invention are discussed below in the detailed description which follows. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary system and various signals passed between the system components in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 illustrates the appearance of the image display on the monitor through the target acquisition process including superimposing threshold and signal strength variations on the video image. 
     FIG. 3, which comprises the combination of FIGS. 3 a  through  3   c , is a flow chart illustrating steps performed by a System Signal Processor in accordance with the method of the present invention. 
     FIG. 4 illustrates a typical set of parameters used to implement a system in accordance with the invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Referring to FIG. 1, the exemplary concealed weapon/explosive detection System  111  may advantageously be positioned more than 100 yards from the Scene  109  to be monitored. The system  11  includes various components  101 ,  102 ,  103 ,  104 ,  105 ,  106 ,  108 ,  110 ,  133  coupled together to permit the communication and/or transmission of signals and/or control information between the elements as shown in FIG.  1  through the use of arrows. Lens  132  may be incorporated into system  111  or may be a separate component, which interacts with system  111 . The Operator/Observer  129  interacts through Control Pad  108  to direct System Signal Processor (SSP)  106  to control each of the operator selectable options of the System  111 . The Operator/Observer  129  observes the Scene  109  by using the Monitor  102 . The Control Pad  108  allows the Operator to interact with each of the elements of the System  111  through commands to the SSP  106 . System  111  can, and in various embodiments does, implement an automated scanning process, without the need for a human operator. Also, the entire System  111  could be fixed-mounted, or mounted on a vehicle or other movable platform. 
     The SSP  106 , among its other functions, advantageously processes the information received from each of the System  111  sensors (Radar  101 , Video Imaging Device  103 , “Friend or Foe” Transmitter/Receiver  105 , Ranging Device  112 ) to provide near real time representation of the Scene  109  and all its calculated and determined informational tags (signal strength, distance, direction, etc). 
     In the preferred implementation of the subject system and method the Operator/Observer  129  advantageously decides the angular limits of the Scene  109  to be evaluated by viewing the Scene  109  on the Monitor  102  as presented by the Video Imaging Device  103  and inputting control instructions via Control Pad  108 . Using the Control Pad  108 , the Operator/Observer  129  causes the SSP  106  to zoom or frame-size Video Imaging Device  103  to set the angular limits of the depicted portion of Scene  109 . For the purpose of this description, some activities are described as occurring sequentially, but the preferred embodiment and utilization of the subject system will beneficially exploit many of the features and scene presentations through actual or essentially simultaneous activities of the individual components. 
     Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the Radar  101  is advantageously equipped with an electronically scanned Lens Antenna  110  such as, for example, the one described more fully in U.S. Pat. No. 4,791,427 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,794,398, incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Radar  101  rapidly and continuously pans over the Scene  109  as directed by SSP  106 . The SSP  106  Radar instructions would advantageously include the lateral start and stop points to pan the selected portion of Scene  109 . The Video Imaging Device  103  presents a wide-angle representation of the horizontal angular width of the selected portion of Scene  109  in response to the instructions of SSP  106 , which in turn is responsive to inputs from Control Pad  108 . Alternatively, the camera and monitor could utilize the infrared band, or other non-visual portion of the frequency spectrum, for use in low-light or nighttime conditions, as an example. The Radar  101 , the Video Imaging Device  103 , the “Friend or Foe” Transmitter/Receiver  105 , the Ranging Device  112  and the Laser Designator  104  simultaneously “look through” the lens  132  portion of the Lens Antenna  110  at the Scene  109 . SSP  106  advantageously causes the center of the video image presented on the Monitor  102  to correspond to the center of the scan of the Radar  101 . However, the SSP  106  may either slave the Radar to scan the scene depicted on Monitor  102 , as directed by Operator/Observer  129 , or the Video Imaging Device  103  could be slaved to show the area being panned by the Radar  101 , wherein the Operator/Observer  129  may advantageously direct the Radar  101 &#39;s scanning area through manipulation of Control Pad  108 , and thence SSP  106  directing Radar  101 . The Radar  101  transmits its signal incrementally toward individual targets of the Scene  109  as it pans over the Scene  109 , and the Radar Signal Processor  133  measures the amount of the transmitted signal that is reflected from the Scene  109  and detected by Radar  101 . The Radar Signal Processor  133  sends the detected signal data to SSP  106 . 
     FIG. 2 illustrates the appearance of the image display as it may appear on monitor  102  through the target acquisition process. The SSP  106  may advantageously calculate the average of the detected signals from Scene  109 , hereinafter the Average Detected Signals  204  (of FIG.  2 ). Said average may be an average, e.g. of signal power or some other signal value such as a detected signal amplitude or intensity, which is a function of the detected returned signal. The average detected Radar return signal is calculated by utilizing the reflected signal data at each incremental pointing angle of Radar  101 , from the leftmost to the rightmost extreme of the portion of Scene  109  being scanned. Since the Radar  101  pans over the Scene  109  at a uniform rate, the SSP  106  samples the detected reflected signal data across the scene and calculates and re-adjusts the Average Detected Signals  204  for every Radar  101  pan over the Scene  109 . The SSP  106  next calculates a threshold at a pre-determined amount above the Average Detected Signals. Alternatively, the threshold could be arbitrarily selected by the user/operator. Also, a user-selected reference line could be implemented in place of Average Detected Signals  204 . The SSP  106  causes the Monitor  102  to depict the Average Detected Signals  204  and the value of the threshold  201  on Monitor  102 . The pre-determined amount above the Average Detected Signals  204  may be user selectable. A level of 10 times (10 dB) the Average Detected Signals is a beneficial nominal amount and is an exemplary value that can be used. 
     The SSP  106  causes Monitor  102  to simultaneously depict the detected signals as a varying continuum  206  superimposed on the pictured Scene  210  as well as the Average Detected Signals  204  and the threshold  201 . 
     FIG. 2 a  represents the pictured Scene  210 , which may be a portion of Scene  109  of FIG. 1, as it is presented on the Monitor  102  to the Operator/Observer  129  and which also represents the area scanned by Radar  101 . At any given time, the Scene  210  includes candidate, or potential threats  203 . The reflected signal data is advantageously represented on the vertical axis  212  as a level relative to the Average Detected Signals in dB. (A level higher by 3 dB represents twice as much signal; a level higher by 10 dB represents ten times as much signal). SSP  106  causes Monitor  102  to superimpose the detected signal  206  over the Individuals  203  by synching the aiming direction of Radar  101  with the associated position on horizontal axis  211  on the Monitor  102 . The horizontal axis  211  is the angular limit of pictured Scene  210  as selected by the Operator/Observer  129 . Whenever the detected signal  204  exceeds the threshold  201 , the SSP  106  notes the Radar  101  aiming direction (the Noted Position  208  in FIG. 2 b ) within the scanned Scene  210 . In FIG. 2B, by way of example, the detected signals  204  data reaches a peak at the Noted Position  208  at which the threat appears, and is superimposed on the image of the threatening Individual at the Noted Position  208 . FIG. 2 b  further depicts a “picture in picture” image which is displayed by SSP  106  on Monitor  102 , for each noted position, and is thereby presented to the Operator/Observer  129  on Monitor  102 . The Individual at Noted Position  208  appears in the inset box  207  (“picture in picture”) and the Noted Position  208  is marked on the pictured Scene  210  as directed by SSP  106 . SSP  106  may also advantageously activate a visual, aural, or other alarm (not shown) at this time. 
     SSP  106  also uses the Noted Position  208  to cause the “Friend or Foe” Transmitter/Receiver  105  (FIG. 1) to transmit an interrogation signal in that direction. If the Individual  128  is equipped with a correctly configured “Friend or Foe” Transponder  107 , e.g., one equipped with the proper response codes, the response is transmitted by “Friend or Foe” Transponder  107  to “Friend or Foe” Transmitter/Receiver  105 , which will send a message indicating “Friend” to SSP  106 . SSP  106  will thereupon cause Monitor  102  to superimpose the “Friend” response on the Monitor  102  at a position in the picture corresponding to the Noted Position  208 . Further, the “picture in picture” could then be deactivated by SSP  106  via another Monitor  102  instruction. If the Individual is not so equipped, the SSP  106  does not receive the transponder message indicating “Friend”, and thereupon directs the Laser Designator  104  to be pointed at and to illuminate the Individual  128  by aiming in correspondence to the Noted Position  208  and activating the laser beam. Alternatively, an illuminating beam of a wavelength not visible to the naked eye could be used instead of a laser, so that a viewer wearing special eye pieces, or viewing a specialized monitor screen, could see the target of the illumination, but the subject of the illumination would not know that he was being so targeted. Simultaneously with the illumination of the target, the SSP  106  sends an instruction to Ranging Device  112 , causing it to obtain a distance measurement to the Individual  128 , again through use of the Noted Position  208 , and that distance is passed from the Ranging Device  112  to SSP  106 , and SSP  106  causes Monitor  102  to display the distance measurement at the Noted Position  208 , which would effectively label the target on the Monitor  102 , as depicted in FIG.  2 . 
     The Radar  101  continues to pan over the Scene  109  and the Radar  101  will re-detect and constantly update the location of a detected signal in excess of the threshold, and will automatically note the position of this signal, which will be different than the original Noted Position  208 , if the target has moved. The Video Imaging Device  103  and Monitor  102  continue to present the wide-angle view of the Scene  210  and Laser Designator  104 , “Friend or Foe” Transmitter/Receiver  105  and Ranging Device  112  are directed by SSP  106  to aim at the new Noted Position  208 , continuously refreshing the data and image presentation at each new Noted Position  208 , effectively “following” the targeted Individual  128  who caused the threshold to be exceeded. The pan rate of the Radar  101  over the Scene  109  is rapid enough to allow the light of the Laser Designator  104  to appear to the Operator/Observer  129  to be stationary on each designated Individual  128  (visual persistence). If other Individuals  128  are determined to be threats (additional signal returns from a position more than a prescribed amount from the first Noted Position  208 , advantageously two feet, exceed the threshold) the SSP  106  will create an additional “picture in picture” of the additional Noted Position (not shown) on the Monitor  102 , marking each threat by Laser Designator  104 , and noting on Monitor  102  the Distance and video image markers at each new Noted Position. 
     The reflected detected signal that results from the illumination of the potential threatening individual by the narrow beam Radar is likely to be greatest when there are metal objects present. The more metal objects, the greater the signal reflected. Metal objects with corners, like nails that are used to augment the killing power of an explosive device, provide a greater signal. Metal objects that are spherical like bearings or cylindrical-like bullets, also reflect greater signals. The present invention does not require pre-stored or learned signatures. The present invention establishes a reference signal threshold (Average Detected Signals) in real time from the pictured Scene  210  and relies on the fact that the aforementioned metal or other reflective objects are likely to reflect sufficient energy to exceed that threshold whereas a few incidental metal objects carried by an innocent individual is not likely to exceed the threshold. The use of the video imaging system permits the operator to distinguish between individuals carrying weapons in the open from those carrying concealed weapons and/or explosives. 
     The narrow beam Radar does not have to provide range to the target nor velocity of the target allowing the Radar to be optimized for the measurement of signal returned from the target. Several techniques well known to those skilled in the art can, and in various embodiments are, used to augment the signal return. Examples of such techniques include circular polarization and multi-frequency transmissions. The Radar beam must be narrow enough to be able to isolate an individual from other individuals, but wide enough to encompass the whole individual. Dependent upon scenarios presented by the user community, the parameter specifications for the Radar will be determined. The signal strength returned from the target is proportional to the size of the antenna, the frequency of the Radar, the power transmitted as well as the distance to the target and the reflectance of the target. Various features of the present invention are directed to one or more of the following long range detection of the threat, minimal signal processing, self-calibration, no requirement that the system be re-trained for each new weapon or configuration, low cost, light weight and simplicity of operation (including both manual and automatic modes). 
     FIG. 3 which comprises the combination of FIGS. 3 a ,  3   b  and  3   c , illustrates the System Signal Processor (SSP) process flow of the invention. Referring to FIG. 3 a , the SSP receives input from the operator at step  301 , and in response to the input, controls the camera aiming direction and the size of the photographed scene (zoom) in step  302 . The SSP then causes the Radar scan limits to be in accordance with the camera&#39;s aiming direction and zoom setting in step  303 . In steps  304  and  305 , the SSP causes the Radar to pan according to the scan limits and transmit a continuous signal, and causes the Monitor to display the picture as photographed by the camera. The SSP receives the detected signal data from the Radar in step  306 . 
     Referring to FIG. 3 b , the SSP next calculates the average of the received detected levels and the threshold in step  307 , and in steps  308  and  309  causes the average and the threshold to be superimposed on the Monitor, advantageously as straight horizontal lines. In step  310 , the SSP causes the detected levels to be superimposed on the Monitor, corresponding to the Radar aiming direction at the time of each detected level, advantageously as a curved line or as a plurality of short connected lines. In step  323 , the SSP checks to see if new operator input had been received, and if so, returns to step  301 . If not, it proceeds to step  311 , wherein it determines if the detected level exceeded the threshold. If not, it returns to step  307 . If so, it proceeds to step  312 . 
     Referring to FIG. 3 c , in step  312 , the SSP causes the “Friend or Foe” transmitter to transmit an interrogation signal in the direction that the Radar was presently aimed corresponding to the Noted Position, and in step  313  the SSP receives the response signal (if any) from the transmitter. In step  314 , the SSP determines whether there was a pre-determined “Friend” response, and if so, classifies the target as “Friend” and proceeds to step  315 , where the SSP superimposes the “Friend” response on the Monitor at the Noted Position corresponding to the time of the threshold being exceeded and then returns to step  307 . 
     If the pre-determined “Friend” response is not detected in step  314 , the SSP next causes the laser to illuminate in the Radar aiming direction corresponding to the Noted Position at step  316 . The SSP also causes the Ranging Device to obtain the distance to the object in the Radar aiming direction in step  317 , and in step  318  superimpose that distance on the Monitor at the Noted Position. Next, the SSP frames the image at approximately the size of a human at the Noted Position and in step  320  insert that framed image as a “picture in picture” in a corner of the Monitor. Simultaneously, the SSP marks the Noted Position on the primary display of the Monitor at step  321 . Then in step  322  the SSP updates the Noted Position information. In step  322 , if another detected signal exceeds the threshold near the Noted Position, the SSP would replace the old Noted Position with the subsequent Noted Position. If the next Noted Position is not near the first Noted Position, then the SSP would treat that next Noted Position as an additional Noted Position on the Monitor, including using an additional picture in picture for that Noted Position. From step  322  the SSP returns to step  307   
     FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary set  400  of design parameters. Parameters  413  and corresponding exemplary values  414  are illustrated in the left and right columns, respectively. The exemplary values were selected with practical considerations in mind. Such considerations include the availability of components, acceptable operating frequencies, an antenna size that is manageable, beamwidths that are narrow enough to pinpoint the target, power levels that are safe, etc. The frequency, 95 Ghz  401 , f, is selected from the historical possibilities that were initially determined by analysis to be least affected by atmospheric conditions. The frequency should be high enough for the resultant antenna size to be small enough to be portable and narrow-beamed to encompass a man-size target. In other embodiments for fixed installation, i.e., not portable, or different design distances, different frequencies can be chosen. Since this class of frequencies has been used extensively, components are widely available. The wavelength,  402 , λ, is calculated from the frequency. The antenna gain  403 , G, is derived from size of the antenna  409 , which is based on the beamwidth  408 , α, selected to encompass the target. The antenna efficiency factor  410 , η, is based on the electric field distribution over the antenna and the total radiation efficiency associated with various losses, including spillover, ohmic heating, phase nonuniformity, blockage, surface roughness, etc. and is typically equal to 55 percent. The Radar receiver bandwidth  404 , B, is advantageously selected to be 475 MHz or 0.5 percent and is a design parameter. It is defined as the frequency spread around the center frequency where the receiver response to an input no more than half that at the peak center frequency. Noise Figure 405, N F , is a measure of the sensitivity of the Radar Receiver and is a design parameter. For an inexpensive receiver a Noise Figure of 5 dB is assumed. The Losses  406 , L T , is defined as the loss between the transmitter and antenna, receiver and antenna and other unexplained losses. A good “catch-all” value that has empirical basis is 4 dB. The Peak Transmitted Power  407 , P T , advantageously at 0.1 watt is selected to be as low as practicable to minimize unnecessary exposure of the innocent population and is a design parameter. The distance to the target  411  is advantageously selected to be 100 meters and is a design parameter, which in conjunction with the height of the anticipated target  412  of 2 meters drives much of the Radar design. 
     The calculation of the signal strength and the signal strength dependencies as set forth below describe how the exemplary set of design parameters of FIG. 4 determine the performance of the system and how some of the design parameters are determined from the exemplary system requirements. The energy reflected from a target competes with background noise from many sources. The Radar Range Equation rearranged to calculate Signal to Noise Ratio            P   T          G   2          λ   2        σ           (     4      π     )     3          R   4          KT   0          BN   F          L   T                              
     explains the ability of Radar to detect a target. The signal to noise ratio is directly proportional to the Transmitted Power  407 , P T , the square of the Antenna Gain  403 , G, the square of the Wavelength  402 , λ, and the Radar Cross Section of the target, σ, and inversely proportional to the fourth power of the Distance to the target  411 , R, the Bandwidth of the Receiver  404 , B, the Noise Figure 405, N F , and miscellaneous Losses  406 , L T . The calculation of the Signal to Noise Ratio for an embodiment of the subject invention as beneficially described by the result of substituting the parameters of FIG. 4 in the above described Radar Range Equation is 3.6 dB or 2.3 times more than the noise present in the system. Since the target for the subject invention is an individual, the length of the arc at a distance to the target should encompass the height of an individual. Assuming an exemplary 2 meter tall individual, the calculation determines the resultant angle or beamwidth to be 1.15 degrees, for an exemplary distance to the individual of 100 meters. The beamwidth determines the diameter of the antenna at the exemplary frequency of 95 GHz to be 0.193 meters based on the relationship understood by those skilled in the art to be Diameter, D, equals a constant factor, typically 1.22, times the speed of light, c, and divided by the product of the beamwidth and the frequency, f, beneficially represented as        D   =       1.22                   (   c   )           (   f   )          (   Beamwidth   )                                
     The Gain of the antenna, G, given the exemplary frequency of 95 GHz, a Diameter, D, of 0.193 meters, is determined based on the relationship understood by those skilled in the art to be equal to an antenna efficiency factor, η, typically 55%, times the product of the parameter pi, π, the antenna diameter, D, times the frequency, f, divided by the speed of light, c, all to the second power beneficially represented as 
     
       
           G =η(π Df/c ) 2   
       
     
     It should be noted that a pointing accuracy of one-tenth the beamwidth is a reasonable expectation. 
     Another objective of the invention is to permit remote deployment, periphery protection, automated threat assessment and declaration of threat. 
     While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to the preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail, including tradeoffs of Radar design parameter selection, may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.