Abstract:
A method for data processing in an optical network component includes filtering and optically equalizing an incoming optical signal and modulating the optically equalized signal. A corresponding optical network component is also provided.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Field of the Invention 
     The invention relates to a method and to a device for data processing in an optical network component and to an optical network component. 
     An increasing demand for bandwidth from operators leads to solutions that comprise optical technology not only for long-haul systems, but also for metro and access networks, including Passive Optical Networks (PONs). This is a low cost solution that improves available bandwidth and achievable distance compared to an electrical access technology. 
       FIG. 1  shows an illustration of a PON comprising an Optical Line Terminal OLT  101  and several Optical Network Units ONUs  102  to  105 . The OLT  101  as well as the ONUs  102  to  105  each comprises a transmitter TX and a receiver RX. The OLT  101  is connected via a splitter/combiner  106  to the ONU  102  and the ONU  105  as well as to a splitter/combiner  107 , which is further connected to the ONUs  103 ,  104 . 
     A communication between the OLT and the ONUs is referred to as downstream transmission, whereas the inverse flow of information is termed upstream transmission. 
     An architecture for establishing communication in both upstream and downstream directions provides an unidirectional implementation via two separate fibers, wherein both a transmitter and a receiver are deployed at both ends of the network. A bidirectional communication of upstream and downstream traffic via a single fiber may also be a feasible transmission scheme. 
     In a standard-compliant PON, two different wavelengths are assigned for data exchange with end-users comprising a wavelength for an upstream direction (around 1310 nm) and another wavelength for a downstream direction (around 1490 nm). As multiple ONUs are connected to one OLT, the available bandwidth can be shared between end-users by a time domain multiplexing (TDM) technique. 
     Modulation formats utilized in the optical domain may comprise amplitude-shift keying (ASK), frequency-shift keying (FSK), and phase-shift keying (PSK). One modulation is to change a signal power between two levels, which is also referred to as “non-return-to-zero on-off keying” (NRZ-OOK) modulation. Advantageously, this NRZ-OOK modulation can be used in a bidirectional way between the OLT and the ONUs, because PONs&#39; standards support this kind of modulation, which allows for an efficient and relative simple implementation at the transmitter side as well as at the receiver side. 
     Nowadays, these networks experience heavy traffic and congestion due to triple play services. Wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) PONs appear to be a technique to overcome such limitations, because, among other advantages, it supplies a dedicated wavelength to each end user. 
       FIG. 2  shows an illustration of a bidirectional WDM PON comprising an OLT  201 , a remote node RN  202  and several ONUs  203  to  206 . The OLT  201  as well as the ONUs  203  to  206  each comprises a transmitter TX and a receiver RX. The OLT  201  is connected via an optical fiber with the RN  202  and the RN  202  is further connected with each of the ONUs  203  to  206 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , the WDM approach improves a network&#39;s capacity in a bidirectional WDM-PON due to transport of several wavelengths (channels) via the same optical fiber, i.e., several channels are aggregated (by a multiplexer equipment) before transmission and are demultiplexed (by a demultiplexer equipment) after transmission. In the RN  202 , wavelengths are separated and each ONU  203  to  206  receives one of the separated wavelength. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The problem to be solved is to overcome disadvantages of existing optical networks or network components and in particular to provide for an efficient approach for, e.g., optical data processing. 
     This problem is solved according to the features of the independent claims. Further embodiments result from the depending claims. 
     In order to overcome this problem, a method is provided for data processing in an optical network component, in particular in an optical network,
         wherein an incoming optical signal is filtered and optically equalized,   wherein the optically equalized signal is modulated.       

     The optical network component may be any network component providing optical processing means optionally together with electrical processing capability. 
     The proposed solution allows using the PON standard compliant NRZ-OOK data formats on both upstream as well as downstream directions (at bit rates up to, e.g., 10 Gbit/s), with complete bandwidth usage, via a single fiber, utilizing colorless ONUs and introducing no changes at the OLT. Hence, the approach provided herein may in particular be bandwidth-efficient, supports full-duplex transmission and allows for OOK modulation without any need for expensive tunable lasers at the ONU. 
     In an embodiment, the filtered signal is equalized by reducing or eliminating amplitude fluctuations of the filtered signal. 
     In another embodiment, the filtered signal is equalized via a saturation property of an optical amplifier, wherein in particular a low-level signal is processed with a higher gain than a high-level signal. 
     In a further embodiment, the filtered signal is equalized via an erbium doped fiber amplifier in particular in combination with at least one SOA. 
     In a next embodiment, the filtered signal is equalized via at least two amplifiers, in particular at least two serially connected SOAs. 
     It is also an embodiment that the optical signal is filtered via a bandpass filter providing transmission peaks at channel wavelengths. 
     These transmission peaks at the channel wavelengths allow for a recovery of at least one optical carrier. This enables the network element to be agnostic to other wavelengths received. Only the wavelengths to be recognized may pass the filter. 
     Pursuant to another embodiment, the optical signal is filtered via at least one of the following:
         a Fabry-Perot filter;   a Fabry-Perot Bragg grating, in particular a single cavity Fabry-Perot Bragg grating;   a pi-shift fiber Bragg grating.       

     According to an embodiment, the optically equalized signal is modulated by a Mach Zehnder modulator or by an electro absorption modulator. 
     According to another embodiment, the incoming optical signal is also conveyed to a receiver. 
     Hence, a splitter may be provided to convey said incoming signal to the receiver as well as to the optical filter. 
     In yet another embodiment, the optically equalized signal is intensity modulated with data to be conveyed over an optical fiber. 
     Such intensity modulated data is conveyed via the optical fiber to another network component. 
     Hence, advantageously there is no need for a tunable laser to be deployed with the network component as the incoming signal is—after being filtered and equalized as described—used for modulating data to be conveyed from the network component to another network component, e.g., from an ONU to an OLT. 
     According to a next embodiment, the optical network component is an OLT or an ONU. 
     Pursuant to yet an embodiment, OOK, in particular NRZ-OOK is used as a modulation. 
     It is a further embodiment that the incoming optical signal is provided by an optical circulator. 
     The optical signal can be conveyed via a bidirectional operated optical fiber to the network component. As an alternative, unidirectional optical fibers may be utilized. In such case, the optical circulator is not required. 
     The problem stated above is also solved by an optical network component comprising
         a filter;   an optical equalizer that is connected to said filter;   a modulator that is connected to the optical equalizer.       

     Said optical equalizer is arranged for smoothening the output from said filter to provide a rather constant optical power output to be used for modulation purposes (to be modulated with data to be conveyed from this optical network component to another optical network component). 
     According to an embodiment, the optical network component comprises a splitter that conveys an incoming optical signal to the filter and to a receiver. 
     It is also an embodiment that the modulator modulates the output signal of the optical equalizer with a further data signal. 
     The problem stated supra is further solved by a communication system comprising the device as described herein. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING 
       Embodiments of the invention are shown and illustrated in the following figures: 
         FIG. 3  shows a diagram of a Carrier Recovery and Reuse Block (CRB); 
         FIG. 4  illustrates various signals at various stages of the CRB of  FIG. 3  comprising a frequency domain representation as well as a time domain representation for each signal; 
         FIG. 5  illustrates wavelengths of different signals showing the agnostic wavelength processing at the CRB; 
         FIG. 6  shows an exemplary implementation of the optical equalizer of  FIG. 3  comprising two equalization stages; 
         FIG. 7  shows an illustration of how a CRB can be applied to a WDM-PON, wherein the optical fibers convey unidirectional traffic; 
         FIG. 8  shows an illustration of how a CRB can be applied to a WDM-PON, wherein the optical fibers convey bidirectional traffic; 
         FIG. 9  shows a diagram comprising a transmission optical spectrum of a FPBG with an inset showing an optical spectrum of a recovered continuous wave. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The embodiment may be described regarding PONs. However, this approach is applicable as well for other types of transmission systems. 
     The approach provided in particular suggests a carrier recovery and reuse scheme based on an optical filter and an optical equalizer. This allows for an efficient implementation in an optical network, in particular utilizing OOK modulation, in both downstream and upstream directions of a multichannel scenario. As an example, a Carrier Recovery and Reuse Block (CRB) is provided that is in particular utilized in combination with a WDM-PON. 
       FIG. 3  shows a diagram of a CRB. An input NRZ-OOK data signal A is conveyed to a splitter  301  that provides two signals  302 ,  303 . The signal  303  is detected by a receiver RX  304  and the signal  302  is fed to an optical filter OF  305 , which processes a narrow bandpass filtering with transmission peaks at the channels wavelengths, which allows for a recovery of several optical carriers. An output signal B of the optical filter is conveyed to an optical equalizer OE  306 . An output signal C of the OE  306  is conveyed to an intensity modulator IM  307  providing an intensity modulation of the signal C into a signal D, which signal D is sent upstream to the OLT. 
     A data extinction, i.e., an elimination of data from the signal, is achieved by a saturation property of an optical amplifier wherein a zero-level signal has a higher gain than that of a one-level signal, when applied to the filtered signal. This allows that, at the limit, these two levels became equal, meaning that an extinction ration (ER) of the signal amounts to 0 dB and the signal has a constant optical power. Thus, an optical signal, similar to a continuous wave laser output is obtained. 
       FIG. 4  visualizes this concept for a single channel. The signals A to D mentioned above are shown in the frequency domain as well as in the time domain. 
     The signal A has a NRZ-OOK modulation format. In the frequency domain, the NRZ-OOK signal A shows a carrier and a sideband related to the information signal. After passing the optical filter OF  305  (shape of OF&#39;s transfer function is indicated by a dashed line  401 ), the signal B is obtained comprising the optical carrier. Based on the time domain representation of the signal B it is possible to observe amplitude fluctuations due to still existing modulated data. Thus, with the optical equalizer OE  306  these oscillations can be reduced or eliminated in order to obtain a constant optical power output shown as signal C. This signal C can be efficiently used for intensity remodulation with a NRZ-OOK data signal by the IM  307  into an information signal D to be transmitted. 
     Advantageously, in a WDM-PON, the ONU is wavelength agnostic, i.e., the ONU operates regardless of the downstream wavelength. This is achieved by utilizing an optical filter OF that filters the optical carrier and rejects the information side bands at the different possible downstream wavelengths. Hence, the CRB shown in  FIG. 3  becomes agnostic CRB to other downstream wavelengths. The separation between peaks may be better than spectral occupation of modulated signals. 
       FIG. 5  shows diagrams comprising different signals A to D to visualize an agnostic wavelength operation of the CRB for three different incoming wavelengths. Using a filter characteristic with more transmission peaks, more wavelength channels could be re-used. 
     The approach provided allows to combine several different optical elements. The optical filtering stage may comprise a transfer function which allows filtering of the optical carriers of a WDM signal only. A free-spectral-range (FSR) of the periodic filter may be equal to the distance between adjacent channels. 
     A Fabry-Perot filter or a cascade of Fabry-Perot Bragg gratings (FPBG) could be used to implement said transfer function. The last proposal will be presented under “FPBG Filter” below regarding an exemplary implementation of a CRB. 
     Advantageously, such optical filters may provide for a rather narrow bandwidth in order to filter only the optical carrier of the downstream data signal. In a single channel scheme, a pi-shift fiber Bragg grating or a single cavity FBPG are also possible solutions. 
     The optical equalization can be performed with an erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) followed by at least one Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA).  FIG. 6  shows a detail of the OE  306 , wherein the signal B is fed to a gain block  601  as a first SOA and the output of the gain block  601  is fed to a saturation block  602  as a second SOA. The output of the saturation block  602  corresponds to said signal C. The gain block  601  provides gain to the optical signal in order to achieve enough optical power to saturate the saturation block  602 . In said saturation block  602 , data reduction or extinction based on saturation property of the SOA is achieved, and the optical carrier (signal C) is generated that can be used for remodulation purposes with data in the upstream direction as described above. It is also an option, to provide a long SOA as OE  306 . 
     The intensity modulation of the signal C is achieved by said IM  307 , which can be realized as a Mach Zehnder modulator (MZM) or as an electro absorption modulator (EAM) which can be integrated with at least one SOA. 
     An application for the proposed CRB is the WDM-PON. 
       FIG. 7  shows an illustration of how a CRB can be applied to a WDM-PON, wherein the optical fibers convey unidirectional traffic. 
     An OLT  701  comprises a multiplexer/demultiplexer unit MUX/DEMUX  702 , to which several TX/RX-Units  703 ,  704  are connected, wherein each TX/RX-Unit  703 ,  704  is assigned to one wavelength. The OLT  701  is connected via its MUX/DEMUX  702  to a MUX/DEMUX  706  of a remote node RN  705 , wherein the MUX/DEMUX  706  is connected to several ONUS  707 ,  708 , wherein each ONU  707 ,  708  comprises a CRB  709 ,  710  with an input signal A and an output signal D. Each ONU  707 ,  708  is provided with a wavelength by the OLT  701  via the RN  705 . 
       FIG. 8  shows an illustration of how a CRB can be applied to a WDM-PON, wherein the optical fibers convey bidirectional traffic. 
     An OLT  801  comprises a multiplexer/demultiplexer unit MUX/DEMUX  802 , to which several TX/RX-Units  803 ,  804  are connected via a circulator, wherein each TX/RX-Unit  803 ,  804  is assigned to one wavelength. The OLT  801  is connected via its MUX/DEMUX  802  to a MUX/DEMUX  806  of a remote node RN  805 , wherein the MUX/DEMUX  806  is connected to several ONUS  807 ,  808 , wherein each ONU  807 ,  808  comprises a circulator and a CRB  809 ,  810  with an input signal A and an output signal D. Each ONU  807 ,  808  is provided with a wavelength by the OLT  801  via the RN  805 . The circulators mentioned are used to extract the downstream traffic from the single fiber as well as to convey the upstream traffic via said single fiber. 
     The OLT sends a NRZ-OOK signal which is multiplexed with all NRZ-OOK (of different wavelengths) and transmitted in downstream direction towards the ONUS. The WDM signal is demultiplexed at the RN, so that only one wavelength arrives at each ONU. This signal enters the CRB of the respective ONU and is replicated. One signal is directly detected by a receiver and the information converted to the electrical domain is processed. The other signal is processed by the CRB in order to perform optical carrier recovery and reuse (as described above). After being extracted and equalized, the optical carrier is intensity modulated and an output signal D of the CRB is transmitted in upstream direction to the OLT. 
     Such transmission system can be implemented based on separate transmission media in upstream and downstream directions as shown in  FIG. 7  and based on a single fiber used as transmission medium for both upstream and downstream signals as shown in  FIG. 8 . In the example of  FIG. 8  the OLT and ONUS need optical circulators to separate transmitted and received channels from each other. 
     FPBG Filter, Exemplary Embodiment 
     The FPBG filter comprises two fiber Bragg gratings of 3 mm length with centers separated by a distance of about 10 mm, printed in a hydrogenated standard single mode fiber (SSMF). The spectral characterization of the FPBG filter is shown in  FIG. 9 . The central wavelength (λ 0 ) is 1546.0 nm and its rejection is about 18 dB. The OLT transmitter wavelength is tuned to λ 0 . 
     The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated with a NRZ signal at 10 Gbit/s and a pseudo random bit sequence (PRBS) of 2 7 −1 length. The optical spectrum of the continuous wave (CW) signal after the SOA is presented in an inset of  FIG. 9 . A suppression between carrier and highest adjacent discrete component is about 35 dB. Minimum extinction ratio (ER) and sequence size can be chosen to meet requirements defined in the PON current standards. 
     Further Advantages: 
     
         
         (a) This approach employs OOK (e.g., NRZ-OOK) as an efficient modulation format in downstream direction as well as in upstream direction. It allows for direct detection schemes, which are cost efficient compared to, e.g., interferometric or coherent detection implementations. 
         (b) An optical carrier of the downstream channel is re-used in the upstream signal, without any need of sending a separated seeding light, thus with no waste of bandwidth. 
         (c) The approach works with a bidirectional architecture of WDM-PON. 
         (d) It is possible to meet the requirements of existing PON standards, e.g., modulation format and extinction rate values. 
         (e) The CRB module can be realized in integrated optics, with all benefits of such an implementation. 
         (f) In the WDM-PON, the use of CRB may simplify wavelength management. 
         (g) A colorless solution at the ONU is provided, i.e., all ONUs may be equal and are able to use any wavelength available in the PON, using a filter with transmission peaks at the channel wavelengths. 
       
    
     LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 
     
         
         ASK Amplitude shift-keying 
         CRB Carrier Recovery Block 
         DEMUX Demultiplexer 
         ER Extinction ratio 
         FBG Fiber Bragg grating 
         FSK Frequency shift-keying 
         FSR Free Spectral range 
         IM Intensity Modulator 
         MUX Multiplexer 
         NRZ Non-return to zero 
         OE Optical Equalizer 
         OF Optical Filter 
         OLT Optical Line Unit 
         ONU Optical Network Unit 
         OOK On-Off keying 
         PON Passive Optical Network 
         PSK Phase shift-keying 
         RN Remote node 
         RoF Radio-over-Fiber 
         RX Receiver 
         RZ Return to zero 
         SOA Semiconductor Optical Amplifier 
         TDM time-division-multiplexing 
         TX Transmitter 
         WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing 
         WDM-PON Wavelength Division Multiplexing Passive Optical Network