Abstract:
A method, system and network device routes a message to a temporarily unavailable network user, wherein a subscription to a registration state of the network user is initiated if the network user is indicated as being unavailable. Then, a notification is generated, when the registration state of the network user is changed to indicate a state when the network user is available again or when the network user is registered again, and the message is routed to the network user in response to receiving the notification. Thereby, network elements or servers generating messages can be informed about the connection state of the network user.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    This application claims priority of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/454,632 entitled, “Method, System and Network Device for Routing a Message to a Temporarily Unavailable Network User,” filed Mar. 17, 2003, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0003]    The present invention relates to a method, system and network device for routing a message, e.g. a Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) notification, to a temporarily unavailable network user, e.g. a subscriber in an Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystem (IMS).  
           [0004]    2. Description of the Related Art  
           [0005]    In order to achieve access independence and to maintain a smooth interoperation with wired terminals across the Internet, the IMS as specified e.g. in the 3GPP specification TS 23.228 has been developed to be conformant to IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) “Internet Standards”. The IP multimedia core network (IM CN) subsystem enables network operators of mobile or cellular networks to offer their subscribers multimedia services based on and built upon Internet applications, services and protocols. The intention is to develop such services by mobile network operators and other 3 rd  party suppliers including those in the Internet space using the mechanisms provided by the Internet and the IM CN subsystem. The IMS thus enables conversions of, and access to, voice, video, messaging, data and web-based technologies for wireless users, and combines the growth of the Internet with the growth in mobile communications.  
           [0006]    [0006]FIG. 1 shows an architecture of an IMS network according to the above 3GPP specification. The architecture is based on the principle that the service control for home subscribed services for a roaming subscriber is in the home network HN, for example, a Serving Call State Control Function (S-CSCF) is located in the home network HN. In FIG. 1, a current or old S-CSCFo  10  and a future or new S-CSCFn  12  are shown, between which a terminal device or user equipment (UE)  40  can be transferred e.g. due to changed required capabilities resulting from a change in the subscriber profile or network coverage of the UE  40 .  
           [0007]    In general, an S-CSCF performs the session control service for the served UEs. It maintains a session state as needed by the network operator for support of the services which may be provided by an application server (AS)  60  which may be located as well in the home network HN or a visited network VN. Within an operator&#39;s network, different S-CSCFs may have different functionalities. The functions performed by the S-CSCF during a respective session are, for example, registration, session flow management, charging and resource utilization management. When a subscriber roams to the visited network VN, the visited network VN supports a Proxy-CSCF (P-CSCF)  30  which enables the session control to be passed to the respective S-CSCF located at the home network RN and provides the service control. Furthermore, an Interrogating-CSCF (I-CSCF)  50  is provided in the home network HN as a contact point within the operator&#39;s network for all connections destined to a subscriber of that network operator, or a roaming subscriber currently located within that network operator&#39;s service area. There may be multiple I-CSCFs within an operator&#39;s network. The functions performed by the I-CSCF  50  include assigning an S-CSCF to a user performing a registration procedure, routing a request received from another network towards the S-CSCF, maintaining the address of an S-CSCF from a subscriber database, e.g. a Home Subscriber Server (HSS)  20  as shown in FIG.  1 , and/or forwarding requests or responses to the S-CSCF determined based on the address of change from the HSS  20 .  
           [0008]    The P-CSCF  30  is the first contact point within the IMS. Its address is discovered by the UE  40  following a PDP (Packet Data Protocol) context activation. The P-CSCF  30  behaves like a proxy. Namely, it accepts requests and services them internally or forwards them on, possibly after translation. The P-CSCF  30  may also behave as a User Agent. In other words, in abnormal conditions, the P-CSCF  30  may terminate and independently generate transactions. The P-CSCF  30  forwards register requests received from the UE  40  to an I-CSCF, for example, the I-CSCF  50 , determined using the home domain name as provided by the UE  40 . The P-CSCF  30  forwards requests or responses to the UE  40 .  
           [0009]    Further details regarding the functions of the different CSCF elements shown in FIG. 1 can be gathered from the above mentioned 3GPP-specification.  
           [0010]    The IETF has been specifying a Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) event package for registrations, as defined in “draft-ietf-sipping-reg-event”. Through its REGISTER method, the SIP allows a user agent, which is an interface (e.g. browser) between the user and the network application, to create, modify, and delete registrations. Registrations can also be altered by administrators in order to enforce policy. As a result, these registrations represent a piece of state in the network that can change dynamically. There are many cases where a user agent would like to be notified of changes in this state. The event package defines a mechanism by which those user agents can request and obtain such notifications.  
           [0011]    The SIP REGISTER method provides a way for a user agent to manipulate registrations. Contacts can be added or removed, and the current set of contacts can be queried. Registrations can also change as a result of administrator policy. For example, if a user is suspected of fraud, his registration can be deleted so that they cannot receive any requests. Registrations also expire after some time if not refreshed. Thus, registrations represent a dynamic piece of state maintained by the network. The SIP Events Framework defines a generic framework for subscription to, and notification of, events related to SIP systems. The framework defines the methods SUBSCRIBE and NOTIFY, and introduces the notion of a package. A package is a concrete application of the event framework to a particular class of events, e.g. registration states.  
           [0012]    The SUBSCRIBE message for the registration package may contain a body for filtering the subscription. It may be sent with or without the body. The default registration policy is that notifications are triggered from a SUBSCRIBE message and are generated every time there is a change in the state of any of the registered contacts for the resource being subscribed to. Those notifications only contain information on the contacts whose state has changed. The notifications are forwarded using the NOTIFY message, which includes in its body a registration information document that describes some or all of the contacts associated with a particular address-of-record.  
           [0013]    In the 3GPP IMS Release 5 specifications TS 24.229, 24.228 and 23.218, the SIP registration state event package is used to inform the subscribers of the event package about the user&#39;s registration state. The 3GPP IMS Release 6 may introduce new services to the system, such as Presence, Messages, Conferencing and MMS. There are services like MMS which can utilize the capabilities of the IMS network. The IMS network is able to provide accurate information on the user&#39;s registration state using the SIP registration state event package and it also carries the MMS notification using e.g. the SIP MESSAGE request.  
           [0014]    According to the IMS Release 5 specifications, the IMS subscriber is either registered or deregistered. However, although being registered, the IMS subscriber may not be reachable e.g. due to battery loss, temporary radio coverage loss at the current location of the subscriber, which is quite normal in big cities or areas where the radio coverage is for some reasons spotty. Consequently, external services utilizing the IMS network cannot be notified if a service user in not reachable.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0015]    The invention provides a method, system and network device wherein an application server utilizing the IMS network for forwarding a message can be made aware if a service user is not available.  
           [0016]    According to one embodiment, a method of routing a message to a temporarily unavailable network user. The method includes the steps of:  
           [0017]    subscribing to a state event package of the network user;  
           [0018]    generating a notification when the state event package of the network user is changed to indicate a state when the network user is available again or when the network user is registered again; and  
           [0019]    routing the message to the network user in response to the receipt of the notification.  
           [0020]    According to another embodiment, a network device for serving a network user in a data network is provided. The network device is configured to store a state event package indicating that the network user is unregistered or registered but not available, and to generate a notification to a subscriber of the state event package if the state event package indicates that the network user is available.  
           [0021]    According to a further embodiment, a network server for generating messages to be routed to network users is provided. The network server is configured to subscribe to a state of a non-available network user and to route a message to the non-available network user in response to the receipt of a state notification indicating that the non-available network user is available.  
           [0022]    Accordingly, an external application server can be subscribed to the registration state of a network user and can thus be notified if the network user is registered. Additionally, the network user may not be available even though registered. Thereby, external services utilizing the IMS network can be notified about the availability of the network user as experienced by the IMS network.  
           [0023]    In the present invention, the term “unavailable” is to be understood in a sense to cover all scenarios when the subscriber cannot be reached, i.e. also such situations where the network user intentionally does not want to be disturbed e.g. due to a meeting.  
           [0024]    Furthermore, a notification may include an information indicating that the network user is reachable again even though the registrations state is unaffected. In particular, this information may be an event or flag information. It may be set to a state indicating that the network user is available, after a terminal device of the network user performs an outgoing session setup or an incoming session setup attempt is successful. The re-registration may be determined based on a notification about a re-assignment of the network user. Then, the subscription may be refreshed in response to the notified re-registration. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0025]    In the following, the present invention will be described in greater detail based on preferred embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 1 shows a schematic block diagram of a network architecture in which the preferred embodiments of the invention can be implemented;  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 2 shows a message signaling and processing diagram indicating delivery of a notification to an IMS subscriber according to the first preferred embodiment;  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 3 shows a message signaling and processing diagram indicating delivery of a notification to an IMS subscriber according to the second preferred embodiment; and  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 4 shows a message signaling an processing diagram indicating a subscription to a registration state event package according to the third preferred embodiment. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0030]    Various embodiments of the invention will now be described on the basis of a delivery of an MMS notification in an IMS network architecture as shown in FIG. 1.  
         [0031]    The IMS architecture shown in FIG. 1 refers to a set of core network entities using the services provided by the packet-switched domain to offer multimedia services. The HSS  20  is the master database for a given user and includes the functions of conventional home location registers (HLRs) as well as new functionalities specified to IP networks, such as the IMS. The HSS  20  is the entity containing the subscription-related information to support the network entities actually handling calls and/or sessions.  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 2 shows a schematic signaling diagram according to the first preferred embodiment where the Application Server (AS)  60  delivers its MMS notification to the IMS subscriber of the UE  40  using a registered/unregistered information of the registration state event package to be notified when the subscriber is registered again and thus available.  
         [0033]    According to a first embodiment, a SIP-based solution for the MMS notifications utilizing existing capabilities of the IMS network is proposed.  
         [0034]    When the AS  60 , which may be an MMS server, intends to deliver the MMS notification to the IMS user or subscriber, it generates a SIP MESSAGE request and includes the direct or indirect notification as the payload of the request (step  1 ). If the IMS subscriber is not registered at this point, the MESSAGE request is not delivered to the UE  40  but is rather rejected by a default S-CSCF, e.g. the S-CSCFo  10 , using a SIP error response, e.g. SIP  480  Temporary Unavailable. Here, the AS  60  corresponds to a SIP AS in the IMS network architecture and acts as a SIP User Agent. It is assumed that the AS  60  is capable of originating its own request and serving as a proxy for the user by e.g. querying for the user&#39;s S-CSCF on the Sh interface or sending the request to the I-CSCF  50 . As the user is currently not registered, it is also assumed that the registration state information can also be provided when the user is unregistered. Hence, registration state provision equals to a service which pertains also to the unregistered state. If the user has services related to the unregistered state, i.e. the HSS  20  stores a user profile for the unregistered state, then a default S-CSCF will be allocated to handle the request. As the user is not registered, there is no path stored by the S-CSCFo  10  towards the UE  40 , so that the S-CSCFo  10  will reject the incoming SIP MESSAGE request by responding with a 4xx SIP failure response.  
         [0035]    More details concerning path creation can be obtained from the 3GPP specification TS 24.229.  
         [0036]    According to FIG. 2, the I-CSCF  50  initiates a query to the HSS  20  (step  2 ), in response to the receipt of the SIP MESSAGE request from the AS  60 , to obtain a routing information. Then it forwards the MESSAGE request in step  3  to the default S-CSCFo  10  which responds to the AS  60  in steps  4   a  and  4   b  with a SIP  480  Temporary Unavailable response. As the MESSAGE request is rejected, the AS  60  subscribes to the user&#39;s registration state by forwarding a SUBSCRIBE request for the registration state event in the same way as the previously sent MESSAGE request, e.g. by proxying the request to the I-CSCF  50  (step  5 ), which can query the HSS  20  in step  6  for the user&#39;s S-CSCF. Based on the fact, whether the previously allocated S-CSCFo  10  was de-allocated or not, there might be a need to allocate a new default S-CSCF to handle the SUBSCRIBE request.  
         [0037]    When the S-CSCFo  10  receives the SUBSCRIBE request in step  7 , it needs to authenticate and authorize it, as required by the IETF specification RFC 3265. The successful subscription is acknowledged with a SIP  200  OK response in steps  8   a  and  8   b . In 3GPP IMS, the authentication is solved with the help of the IETF specification RFC 3325, wherein the AS  60  inserts its trustable identity to the SIP request. Based on this, the S-CSCFo  10  can decide whether the AS  60  is an authorized subscriber for the particular user&#39;s registration state, and if yes, it can install the subscription. According to the 3GPP specification N1-030285, all application servers of the HN are authorized to subscribe for the registration event package. Therefore, the AS  60  is authorized if it belongs to HN.  
         [0038]    However, when the user or IMS subscriber registers (again) in step  9 , a NOTIFY request sent in steps  10   a  and  10   b  by the S-CSCFo  10  will inform the AS  60  about the changes in the user&#39;s registration state. The AS  60  acknowledges the receipt by a SIP  200  OK response in steps  11   a  and  11   b . Thus, the AS  60  can re-initiate its MESSAGE request and route it via the S-CSCFo  10  to the UE  40  in steps  12  and  14  (HSS query by I-CSCF  50  in step  13 ), to finally forward and deliver the MMS notification to the IMS subscriber of the UE  40  in step  15 .  
         [0039]    [0039]FIG. 3 shows a schematic signaling diagram according to the second preferred embodiment where the AS  60  delivers its MMS notification to the IMS subscriber of the UE  40  using a refreshing subscription based on a subscription migration to the newly allocated S-CSCFn  12 .  
         [0040]    In FIG. 3, steps  1  to  9  correspond to the first preferred embodiment as shown in FIG. 2, such that a description thereof can be omitted here for reasons of simplicity.  
         [0041]    However, when the user or IMS subscriber registers (again) in step  9 , it is possible that the new S-CSCFn  12  will be assigned for it, since the assigned S-CSCF needs to have correct capabilities related to the registered state. In this case, the old S-CSCFo  10  will be informed about the re-assignment (step  10 ) via the Cx interface as described in the 3GPP specification TS 23.228. At this point, before the S-CSCFo  10  drops the user&#39;s profile, it migrates the subscription to the newly assigned S-CSCFn  12  by issuing a SIP NOTIFY request in steps  11   a  and  11   b  including the subscription-state header containing a value “terminated”. The AS  60  responds with a SIP  200  OK acknowledgement in steps  12   a  and  12   b.    
         [0042]    According to the IETF specification RFC 3265, when performing subscription migration, the AS  60  initiates a re-subscription in step  13 . After HSS query by the I-CSCF  50  in step  14 , the SUBSCRIBE request in forwarded to the S-CSCFn  12  in step  15 . The S-CSCFn  12  responds with a SIP  200  OK acknowledgement in steps  16   a  and  16   b . Thus, with the help of migration, the subscription refreshing SUBSCRIBE request may terminate at the newly allocated S-CSCFn  12 , which will perform the authentication and authorization steps as described above and will install the subscription.  
         [0043]    As the user or IMS subscriber is now registered, a NOTIFY request sent in steps  17   a  and  17   b  by the new S-CSCFn  12  will inform the AS  60  about the changes in the user&#39;s registration state. Thus, after acknowledgement (not shown), the AS  60  can re-initiate its MESSAGE request and route it via the S-CSCFn  12  (HSS query in step  19 ) to the UE  40  in steps  18  and  20 , to finally forward and deliver the MMS notification to the IMS subscriber of the UE  40  in step  21 .  
         [0044]    At this point, the AS  60  may decide to terminate the subscription to the user&#39;s registration state or it may keep the subscription. Assuming the latter case, the subscription will be terminated when the user deregisters itself or the network decides to perform a network initiated deregistration procedure. This is because the S-CSCFn  12  is de-allocated at this point and another S-CSCF might be allocated to handle the unregistered state. This procedure is described in the 3GPP specification N1-030296 and TS 24.229.  
         [0045]    Thus, in case where the subscription of the AS  60  is terminated, i.e. it receives a NOTIFY request including a subscription-state header containing the value “terminated”, it needs to refresh its subscription according to S-CSCFn  12  if it still wants to receive further notifications on the user&#39;s registration state.  
         [0046]    According to the third preferred embodiment, a network user or IMS subscriber can be identified as being registered but still not reachable. To achieve this, the S-CSCFs are adapted to maintain in the registered state event package or in a new state event package a further information indicating whether the subscriber is reachable or not. As an example, the subscriber can be unreachable if there is a battery loss or temporary radio coverage loss at the subscriber&#39;s current location. The S-CSCF can identify this situation if the terminating traffic is not successfully delivered to the subscriber. Thus, a new event for the state when the subscriber is registered but not reachable, e.g. “not reachable” or “out of coverage” is introduced. Hence, when the subscriber is registered, the state can be either “reachable” or “unreachable”.  
         [0047]    In particular, the state “reachable” may be set if the terminating traffic to the subscriber succeeds or an incoming session setup attempt is successful, or the terminal device or UE  40  makes a normal outgoing session set-up, or there is a normal re-registration of the UE  40 . However, when the state is set to “unreachable” it still does not prevent the terminating traffic. But when a message sent from the AS  60 , e.g. a MMS server or the like, fails, the AS  60  can subscribe to the S-CSCF in order to find out when the subscriber becomes reachable again. To achieve this, the AS  60  is subscribed for the registration event package or the other new event package of the subscriber.  
         [0048]    Thus, a finer granularity for the registration event package is provided, such that the AS  60  being subscribed to this event package can get a more accurate information about the availability of the subscriber.  
         [0049]    [0049]FIG. 4 shows a signaling diagram indicating a subscription of the AS  60  to the state event package of the IMS subscriber of the UE  40 . In step  1 , an MMS notification is routed in a SIP MESSAGE request, as defined in the IETF specification RFC 3428, to the I-CSCF  50  which initiates a query to the HSS  20  in step  2  to obtain a routing information to the current S-CSCFo  10  serving the UE  40 . Having received the routing information, the I-CSCF  50  forwards the SIP MESSAGE request in step  3  to the S-CSCFo  10 . Then, it may be determined that the UE  40  is not reachable at present. The terminating S-CSCFo  10  can decide at this point that the immediate messages are not forwarded to the terminating user. The decision can be based on some application logic or based on e.g. the caller preferences and/or the callee capabilities. The required information can be gained at the P-CSCF  30  which may indicate the non-reachable state in an error cause of a response message, e.g. the SIP  480  Temporarily Unavailable message. According to the IETF specification RFC 3261, a reason phrase in the response message can be used to convey the event state information. For example, the corresponding Status Line may be represented as follows:  
         Status Line=SIP-Version SP Status-Code SP Reason-Phrase CRLF  
         [0050]    The determination of the unreachable state of the UE  40  may be based on an expired timeout at the P-CSCF  30  waiting for a response to the MESSAGE request directed to the UE  40 . The P-CSCF  30  therefore assumes that the UE  40  is not reachable, and generates the response message indicating the unreachable state.  
         [0051]    Accordingly, a message SIP  480  Temporary Unavailable indicating that the subscriber has not been found or is not available is issued in steps  4   a  and  4   b  via the I-CSCF  50  to the AS  60 .  
         [0052]    In response to this negative reply, the AS  60  forwards a SIP SUBSCRIBE request via the I-CSCF  50  and after the HSS query (not shown) to the S-CSCFo  10  in steps  5   a  and  5   b . The S-CSCFo  10  acknowledges the subscription by a SIP  200  OK acknowledgement routed via the I-CSCF  50  to the AS  60  in steps  6   a  and  6   b . As soon as a successful transaction of the UE  40  is determined by the S-CSCFo  10 , such as a mobile originated transaction or a mobile terminated transaction or a re-registration of the UE  40 , the S-CSCFo  10  issues a SIP NOTIFY request including a state “registered” and an event “reachable” via the I-CSCF  50  to the AS  60  in steps  7   a  and  7   b . The NOTIFY request is acknowledged by the AS  60  in steps  8   a  and  8   b  by a corresponding SIP  200  OK response.  
         [0053]    Accordingly, the AS  60  is informed that the UE  40  is reachable again and can now forward the SIP MESSAGE request including the MMS notification via the I-CSCF  50  in step  9  (including HSS query by the I-CSCF  50  in step  10 ), and the S-CSCFo  10  and the P-CSCF  30  to the UE  40  in steps  11   a  to  11   c . In response thereto, the UE  40  forwards a SIP  200  OK acknowledgement to the AS  60  in steps  12   a  to  12   d.    
         [0054]    As a result, the AS  60  can be informed about the connection state of the UE  40  and can thus be enabled to successfully forward the MMS notification to the UE  40 .  
         [0055]    It is noted that the present invention is not restricted to the embodiments described above. The present invention may be implemented in any data network, where a subscription to a registration state of a subscriber can be implemented to thereby inform a subscriber of a reachable or non-reachable state or a re-registration of a concerned network user. The embodiments may thus vary within the scope of the attached claims.