Abstract:
A reactor with swing feeds is provided for oxychlorination. This reactor comprises multiple inlets with controls capable of introducing feed streams sequentially to the reactor. In one configuration, a feed stream comprises a paraffin or olefin hydrocarbon such as methane or ethylene, and a second feed stream comprises oxygen and hydrogen chloride. By segregating these feeds, combustion reactions can be minimized and yields of chlorinated components increased.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application is a divisional of the co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/632,840 filed Dec. 8, 2009. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    A catalytic oxychlorination process for the sequential feed of two or more streams of reactants is provided. One stream may comprise a paraffin or olefin hydrocarbon, and a second stream may comprise oxygen and hydrogen chloride. When these two streams are fed to the reactor containing an oxychlorination catalyst, the product will consist of a chlorinated component and water. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Numerous attempts have been made to oxychlorinate hydrocarbons, but the results have been disappointing. When methane, for example, is reacted with oxygen and hydrogen chloride over a suitable catalyst, methyl chloride and higher chlorinated methane compounds are produced. Unfortunately, under these reaction conditions, a significant amount of methane is purged to carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. 
         [0004]    To overcome this difficulty, various approaches have been tried. One strategy has been to identify an improved catalyst that will eliminate or at least reduce combustion. Another approach has been to focus attention on the reactor design. For example, a fluidized bed reactor has reputedly been investigated in order to provide better temperature control and presumably give higher yields of products. 
         [0005]    Success in these ventures has proven to be elusive. Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved reactor design for the oxychlorination of paraffin and olefin hydrocarbons. This object as well as other features and advantages will be apparent from the following description and the figures that are included. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0006]    The present invention provides for a reactor and method of operation with swing feed to be used in the oxychlorination of paraffin and olefin hydrocarbons. Multiple streams of reactants are fed sequentially to the reactor, which contains an oxychlorination catalyst. Control of the feed streams is attained by actuating valves. 
         [0007]    The paraffin hydrocarbon may be methane, propane, butane, ethane or any other alkane of interest. The olefin hydrocarbon may be methylene, ethylene or any other. These compounds may be reacted with hydrogen chloride and oxygen or air. Products may comprise mono-substituted or poly-substituted chlorinated hydrocarbons. 
         [0008]    The catalyst employed may comprise salts of copper, iron and rare earths. Also, an alkali metal chloride may be incorporated into the catalyst to increase its activity. These catalyst components are deposited on an inert carrier to provide intimate contact with the gas phase. 
         [0009]    Other applications of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art when the following description of the best mode contemplated for practicing the invention is read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0010]    The description herein makes reference to the accompanying drawings wherein like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the several views, and wherein: 
           [0011]      FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b  are schematic diagrams of the swing reactor for the case in which two feed streams are employed; 
           [0012]      FIGS. 2   a ,  2   b  and  2   c  are schematic diagrams for three feed streams; and 
           [0013]      FIGS. 3   a  and  3   b  are swing reactor diagrams with two effluent streams. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0014]    In the prior art, oxychlorination of a hydrocarbon is conducted by feeding a single stream of reactants to a catalytic reactor. Such a single stream will have a uniform composition and contain a given paraffin, hydrogen chloride and oxygen all intimately mixed together. 
         [0015]    In contrast to the accepted practice, the present invention contemplates the segregation of the hydrocarbon feed from the oxygen-containing stream. This feature is critical to suppress combustion. The segregation is accomplished by feeding the reactants sequentially in separate streams to the reactor. 
         [0016]    Thus, in the specific case where the goal is to chlorinate methane or ethylene, first a stream containing oxygen and hydrogen chloride is fed to the reactor to regenerate the catalyst. After a predetermined time, this stream is turned off and a stream of methane or ethylene is fed to the reactor. Once the catalyst has been depleted of the available chlorine, the methane or ethylene system is shut off, and the cycle is repeated. 
         [0017]    The chemistry that takes place during this sequence of events can be shown by the following equations. 
         [0000]      2 CuCl+2 HCl+0.5 O 2 →2 CuCl 2 +H 2 O  (1)
 
         [0000]    where CuCl is cuprous chloride, HCl is hydrogen chloride, O 2  is oxygen, CuCl 2  is cuprous chloride, and H 2 O is water. 
         [0000]      CH 4 +2 CuCl 2 →CH 3 Cl+HCl+2 CuCl  (2)
 
         [0000]    where CH 4  is methane, CH 3 Cl is methyl chloride. 
         [0018]    The regeneration of the catalyst is shown in equation 1, and the depletion of the catalyst during the chlorination of methane is shown in equation 2. 
         [0019]    The chemistry for ethylene is shown by the following equations: 
         [0000]      2 CuCl+2 HCl+0.5O 2 →2 CuCl 2 +H 2 O  (3)
 
         [0000]      C 2 H 4 +2 CuCl 2 →C 2 H 4 Cl 2 +2 CuCl  (4)
 
         [0000]    In equation (4), C 2 H 4  is ethylene and C 2 H 4  C 2  is ethylene dichloride. It will be noted that equations (1) and (3) are the same. 
         [0020]    The catalyst may contain other active constituents besides copper, but the chemistry is the same. For example, iron chloride may be included for the purpose of depressing the melting point of the catalyst. In this regard, potassium chloride is especially effective. 
         [0021]    The reaction temperature must be sufficiently high to overcome the inertness of the alkane to be chlorinated. In the neighborhood of 450° the reaction kinetics are favorable, however, at these temperatures the alkane is subject to combustion. Therefore, the provisions of the present invention are all-important. 
         [0022]    The actual workings of a swing reactor are illustrated in  FIG. 1 . First, the value  20  is set to provide the reactor  10  with a stream containing oxygen and hydrogen chloride as shown in  FIG. 1   a . Thereafter; by turning valve  20 , the oxygen/hydrogen chloride stream is shut off and a stream of methane is fed to the reactor as shown in drawing  FIG. 1   b.    
         [0023]    Under ideal conditions, there is no mixing between the oxygen containing stream and the methane stream. Such a result can be achieved with plug flow, this condition can be approached by designing the reactor  10  to contain a minimum of dead space and by minimizing back mixing in the catalyst bed. 
         [0024]      FIGS. 2   a ,  2   b  and  2   c  show an alternative in which the hydrocarbon and oxygen streams are completely segregated. This reactor functions by using three feed streams:  FIG. 2   c , a methane (or ethylene) stream,  FIG. 2   a , an oxygen-containing stream, and  FIG. 2   b , a hydrogen chloride stream. Two valves,  20   a  and  20   b , are required. The different modes of operating are shown in drawings (a), (b) and (c). A complete cycle of operation would contain the following sequence of feeds: oxygen, hydrogen chloride, methane, hydrogen chloride. The sequence then repeats. 
         [0025]    In chlorination processes, an excess of hydrocarbon feed is often employed in order to control the product yields. In these processes, the unreacted hydrocarbon is recovered and recycled to the feed stream. Such a procedure can be accommodated in a swing reactor by providing for two effluent streams as shown in  FIGS. 3   a  and  3   b . Using this layout, air can be substituted for oxygen without complicating product recovery. 
         [0026]    The input valve  20  is operated as described above with respect to  FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b . Air, of course, contains oxygen as well as nitrogen, so the inputs to reactor  10  are essentially the same. An output valve  22  is added. One effluent stream is water and nitrogen while the other is CH3Cl and HCl, depending on the position of the valve. 
         [0027]    The dynamics of a swing reactor depends on the relative quantity of catalyst and the flow rates. The cycle frequency can be expressed by the following equation. 
         [0000]        f=S/M   (5)
 
         [0000]    where f is the frequency in cycles per second, S is the flow rate of hydrogen chloride in moles per second, and M is the moles of copper chloride in the catalyst. 
         [0028]    Some interesting conclusions can be drawn from the above expression. As the frequency is increased, the quantity of catalyst can be reduced for a given flow rate. Or keeping the catalyst constant, the flow rate can be increased by increasing the frequency. 
         [0029]    The present invention represents an effective means of reducing and possibly eliminating combustion reactions during the oxychlorination of paraffin and olefin hydrocarbons. The result is increased yields of product, simplified recovery procedures, and lower capital investment. The flexibility provided by a swing reactor should expand the interest in oxychlorination chemistry. 
         [0030]    While the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed embodiments but, on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims, which scope is to be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and equivalent structures as is permitted under the law.