Abstract:
Methods and a system are provided for estimating automatic speech recognition (ASR) accuracy. A method includes obtaining transcriptions of utterances in a conversation over two channels. The method further includes sorting the transcriptions along a time axis using a forced alignment. The method also includes training a language model with the sorted transcriptions. The method additionally includes performing ASR for utterances in a conversation between a first user and a second user. The second user is a target of ASR accuracy estimation. The method further includes determining whether an ASR result of the second user is consistent or inconsistent with an ASR result of the first user using the trained language model. The method also includes estimating the ASR result of the second user as poor responsive to the ASR result of the second user being as inconsistent with the ASR result of the first user.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     Technical Field 
       [0001]    The present invention generally relates to speech recognition, and more particularly to detecting customers with low speech recognition accuracy by investigating the consistency of conversation in a call-center. 
       Description of the Related Art 
       [0002]    In Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) for call-center conversations, ASR accuracy for call-center agents is usually better than that for customers for various reasons. One such reason is that call-center agents have a fixed type of telephone, while different customers use different types of telephone. Another reason is that call-center agents are trained for the service and use typical phrases, while customers speaks freely. Such variations on the customer side reduce the ASR accuracy. 
         [0003]    Poor ASR results are not preferable since they have a negative effect to the application such as, for example, text analytics that use ASR results as input. Thus, there is a need for a way to detect customers with a low speech recognition accuracy. In this way, use of poor ASR results can be avoided. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0004]    According to an aspect of the present principles, a method is provided for estimating automatic speech recognition (ASR) accuracy. The method includes obtaining transcriptions of utterances in a conversation over two channels. The method further includes sorting the transcriptions along a time axis using a forced alignment. The method also includes training a language model with the sorted transcriptions. The method additionally includes performing ASR for utterances in a conversation between a first user and a second user. The second user is a target of ASR accuracy estimation. The method further includes determining whether an ASR result of the second user is consistent or inconsistent with an ASR result of the first user using the trained language model. The method also includes estimating the ASR result of the second user as poor responsive to the ASR result of the second user being as inconsistent with the ASR result of the first user. 
         [0005]    According to another aspect of the present principles, a non-transitory computer readable storage medium is provided. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium includes a computer readable program for estimating automatic speech recognition (ASR) accuracy. The computer readable program when executed on a computer causes the computer to perform a method. The method includes obtaining transcriptions of utterances in a conversation over two channels. The method further includes sorting the transcriptions along a time axis using a forced alignment. The method also includes training a language model with the sorted transcriptions. The method additionally includes performing ASR for utterances in a conversation between a first user and a second user. The second user is a target of ASR accuracy estimation. The method also includes determining whether an ASR result of the second user is consistent or inconsistent with an ASR result of the first user using the trained language model. The method additionally includes estimating the ASR result of the second user as poor responsive to the ASR result of the second user being as inconsistent with the ASR result of the first user. 
         [0006]    According to yet another aspect of the present principles, a system is provided for estimating automatic speech recognition (ASR) accuracy. The system includes a processor. The processor is configured to obtain transcriptions of utterances in a conversation over two channels. The processor is further configured to sort the transcriptions along a time axis using a forced alignment. The processor is also configured to train a language model with the sorted transcriptions. The processor is additionally configured to perform ASR for utterances in a conversation between a first user and a second user, the second user being a target of ASR accuracy estimation. The processor is further configured to determine whether an ASR result of the second user is consistent or inconsistent with an ASR result of the first user using the trained language model. The processor is also configured to estimate the ASR result of the second user as poor responsive to the ASR result of the second user being as inconsistent with the ASR result of the first user. 
         [0007]    According to still another aspect of the present principles, a method is provided for estimating automatic speech recognition (ASR) accuracy. The method includes obtaining transcriptions of utterances in a conversation over two channels. The method further includes sorting the transcriptions along a time axis using a forced alignment. The method also includes training a language model with the sorted transcriptions. The method additionally includes performing ASR for utterances in a conversation between a first user and a second user. The second user is a target of ASR accuracy estimation. The method further includes determining whether an ASR result of the second user is consistent or inconsistent with an ASR result of the first user using the trained language model. The method also includes retraining the language model with any of the transcriptions from the second user being removed for the retraining to improve an accuracy of the language model, responsive to the ASR result of the second user being as inconsistent with the ASR result of the first user. The method additionally includes decoding a new utterance using the retrained language model. 
         [0008]    These and other features and advantages will become apparent from the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments thereof, which is to be read in connection with the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0009]    The disclosure will provide details in the following description of preferred embodiments with reference to the following figures wherein: 
           [0010]      FIG. 1  shows an exemplary processing system to which the present principles may be applied, in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles; 
           [0011]      FIG. 2  shows an exemplary automatic speech recognition system (ASR), in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles; 
           [0012]      FIG. 3  shows an exemplary operating environment to which the present principles can be applied, in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles; 
           [0013]      FIGS. 4-5  show an exemplary method for detecting customers with a low speech recognition accuracy, in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles; 
           [0014]      FIG. 6  shows exemplary transcriptions to which the present principles can be applied, in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles; 
           [0015]      FIG. 7  shows an exemplary cloud computing environment, in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles; and 
           [0016]      FIG. 8  shows an exemplary set of functional abstraction layers provided by the cloud computing environment shown in  FIG. 7 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0017]    The present principles are directed to detecting customers with low speech recognition by investigating the consistency of conversation in a call-center. 
         [0018]    In an embodiment, the present principles perform such detection by leveraging ASR results of corresponding agents. 
         [0019]    By detecting customers whose ASR accuracy is particularly poor, we can remove such customers from succeeding analytics or improve accuracy with using additional computation such as expanding search beam width. 
         [0020]    Recently, call centers have been recording agents&#39; and customers&#39; utterances in different channels and transcribing each channel independently using ASR. 
         [0021]    In an embodiment, the present principles use the agents&#39; ASR results that are relatively better than the customers to detect the customers whose ASR accuracy is low. 
         [0022]      FIG. 1  shows an exemplary processing system  100  to which the present principles may be applied, in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles. The processing system  100  includes at least one processor (CPU)  104  operatively coupled to other components via a system bus  102 . A cache  106 , a Read Only Memory (ROM)  108 , a Random Access Memory (RAM)  110 , an input/output (I/O) adapter  120 , a sound adapter  130 , a network adapter  140 , a user interface adapter  150 , and a display adapter  160 , are operatively coupled to the system bus  102 . 
         [0023]    A first storage device  122  and a second storage device  124  are operatively coupled to system bus  102  by the I/O adapter  120 . The storage devices  122  and  124  can be any of a disk storage device (e.g., a magnetic or optical disk storage device), a solid state magnetic device, and so forth. The storage devices  122  and  124  can be the same type of storage device or different types of storage devices. 
         [0024]    A speaker  132  is operatively coupled to system bus  102  by the sound adapter  130 . A transceiver  142  is operatively coupled to system bus  102  by network adapter  140 . A display device  162  is operatively coupled to system bus  102  by display adapter  160 . 
         [0025]    A first user input device  152 , a second user input device  154 , and a third user input device  156  are operatively coupled to system bus  102  by user interface adapter  150 . The user input devices  152 ,  154 , and  156  can be any of a keyboard, a mouse, a keypad, an image capture device, a motion sensing device, a microphone, a device incorporating the functionality of at least two of the preceding devices, and so forth. Of course, other types of input devices can also be used, while maintaining the spirit of the present principles. The user input devices  152 ,  154 , and  156  can be the same type of user input device or different types of user input devices. The user input devices  152 ,  154 , and  156  are used to input and output information to and from system  100 . In the embodiment of  FIG. 1 , at least one of the user input devices  152 ,  154 , and  156  is a microphone for receiving acoustic utterances from one or more speakers. 
         [0026]    Of course, the processing system  100  may also include other elements (not shown), as readily contemplated by one of skill in the art, as well as omit certain elements. For example, various other input devices and/or output devices can be included in processing system  100 , depending upon the particular implementation of the same, as readily understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, various types of wireless and/or wired input and/or output devices can be used. Moreover, additional processors, controllers, memories, and so forth, in various configurations can also be utilized as readily appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art. These and other variations of the processing system  100  are readily contemplated by one of ordinary skill in the art given the teachings of the present principles provided herein. 
         [0027]    Moreover, it is to be appreciated that system  200  described below with respect to  FIG. 2  is a system for implementing respective embodiments of the present principles. Part or all of processing system  100  may be implemented in one or more of the elements of system  200 . 
         [0028]    Further, it is to be appreciated that processing system  100  may perform at least part of the method described herein including, for example, at least part of method  400  of  FIGS. 4-5 . Similarly, part or all of system  200  may be used to perform at least part of method  400  of  FIGS. 4-5 . 
         [0029]      FIG. 2  shows an exemplary automatic speech recognition system (ASR)  200 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles. 
         [0030]    The system  200  includes a feature extractor  210 , an acoustic model  220 , a pronunciation dictionary  230 , a language model  240 , a searcher  250 , and a speech activity detector  260 . 
         [0031]    The searcher  250  performs a search using inputs provided from the feature extractor  210 , the acoustic model  220 , the pronunciation dictionary  230 , and the language model  240  to output one or more words representative of a decoded acoustic utterance. While mentioned in singular form, the feature extractor  210 , the acoustic model  220 , the pronunciation dictionary  230 , and the language model can each include more than one of that element. For example, the acoustic model  220  can include multiple acoustic models, at least two being of a different type. 
         [0032]    In a word recognition task, given an acoustic signal corresponding to a sequence of words X=x1, x2, . . . , xn, the feature extractor  210  first generates a compact representation of the input as sequence of feature vectors Y=y1, y2, . . . , yt. Some exemplary features that can be extracted by the feature extractor  210  include, but are not limited to, signal energy, pitch, zero crossing rate, and so forth. It is to be appreciated that the preceding features are merely illustrative and, thus, other features can also be extracted in accordance with the teachings of the present principles, while maintaining the spirit of the present principles. 
         [0033]    The acoustic model  220 , the pronunciation dictionary  230 , and the language model  240  are then used by the searcher  250  to find the most probable word sequence X given these feature vectors. This is done by expressing the desired probability p(X|Y) using Bayes theorem as follows: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
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         [0000]    where p(X) is the a priori probability of observing a sequence of words in the language, independent of any acoustic evidence and is modeled using the language model component. p(X) corresponds to the likelihood of the acoustic features Y being generated given the word sequence X. 
         [0034]    The language model  240  and the acoustic model  220  can be stochastic models trained using large amounts training data. Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) or a hybrid combination of neural networks and HMMs can be used to implement acoustic model  220 . 
         [0035]    For large vocabulary speech recognition, not all words have an adequate number of acoustic examples in the training data. The acoustic data also covers only a limited vocabulary of words. Instead of modeling incorrect probability distributions of entire words or utterances using limited examples, the acoustic model  220  is built for basic speech sounds. By using these basic units, the system  200  can also recognize words without acoustic training examples. It is to be appreciated that the basic speech sounds can be context independent phones or context dependent phones or any other such speech sounds. 
         [0036]    To compute the likelihood p(Y|X), each word in the hypothesized word sequence X is first broken down into its constituent phones using the pronunciation dictionary  230 . A single composite acoustic model for the hypothesis is constructed by combining individual phone HMMs. In practice, to account for the large variability of basic speech sounds, HMMs of context dependent speech units with continuous density output distributions can be used. There exist efficient algorithms like the Baum-Welch algorithm to learn the parameters of the acoustic model from training data. Neural network based acoustic models can be used instead of, or in addition to, HMM-GMM based models. 
         [0037]    The language model  240  generates the a priori probability p(x). The language model  240  can be an N-gram based language model(s), where typically bi-grams or tri-grams are used. Although p(x) is the probability of a sequence of words, N-grams model this probability assuming the probability of any word xi depends on only N−1 preceding words. These probability distributions are estimated from simple frequency counts that can be directly obtained from large amounts of text. To account for the inability to estimate counts for all possible N-gram sequences, techniques like discounting and back-off are used. The language model  240  can be, but is not limited to, a Neural Network based language model and/or a class based language model. 
         [0038]    The speech activity detector  260  detects speech in an input signal that includes one or more acoustic utterances uttered by a speaker, so that the subsequent steps of speech recognition can focus on the speech portions of the input signal. 
         [0039]    In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 2 , the elements thereof are interconnected by a bus(es)/network(s)  201 . However, in other embodiments, other types of connections can also be used. Moreover, in an embodiment, at least one of the elements of system  200  is processor-based. Further, while one or more elements may be shown as separate elements, in other embodiments, these elements can be combined as one element. The converse is also applicable, where while one or more elements may be part of another element, in other embodiments, the one or more elements may be implemented as standalone elements. Moreover, one or more elements of  FIG. 2  can be implemented in a cloud configuration including, for example, in a distributed configuration. Additionally, one or more elements in  FIG. 2  may be implemented by a variety of devices, which include but are not limited to, Digital Signal Processing (DSP) circuits, programmable processors, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs), and so forth. These and other variations of the elements of system  200  are readily determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, given the teachings of the present principles provided herein, while maintaining the spirit of the present principles. Moreover, it is to be appreciated that other types and configurations of a speech recognition system can also be used in accordance with the teachings of the present principles, while maintaining the spirit of the present principles. For example, template matching based systems using forms of dynamic time warping can be used, a probabilistic language model could be replaced by a rule based grammar model, and so forth. The ASR system can also be simple recognizer just recognizing phonemes, it could be a simple isolated word recognizer, a digit recognizer based on rules or a large vocabulary continuous speech recognizer, the components of which we have described. These and other types of speech recognition systems and constituent elements are readily determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, given the teachings of the present principles provided herein, while maintaining the spirit of the present principles. 
         [0040]      FIG. 3  shows an exemplary operating environment  300  to which the present principles can be applied, in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles. 
         [0041]    The environment  300  involves a server side  310  and a client side  350 . 
         [0042]    The server side  310  includes a speech-based computer processing system. For illustrative purposes, the speech-based computer processing system is an automatic speech recognition system (ASR)  311 . The ASR  311  has improved speech activity detection in accordance with the present principles. In an embodiment, ASR  311  can be implemented as ASR  200  from  FIG. 2 . However, it is to be appreciated that block  311  can represent any speech-based computer processing system that involves one or more of the following: speech recognition; speaker identification; speaker verification; speaker diarisation; language identification; keyword spotting; emotion detection; automatic translation; court reporting; hands-free computing; home automation; mobile telephony; and so forth. 
         [0043]    The client side  350  includes a set of workstations  351 . 
         [0044]    Users at the workstations  351  can engage in and/or otherwise use speech recognition sessions. The speech recognition sessions can relate, but are not limited to, customer service, voice dialing, machine control, data searching, data entry, system/facility/entity access, and so forth. 
         [0045]    Communications between the server side  310  and the client side  350  are made through one or more networks  399 . 
         [0046]    Thus, in an embodiment, the present principles operate on the presumption that ASR accuracy is higher for agents than for customers. Accordingly, customers are detected whose ASR results are not consistent with the ASR results of the corresponding agent. 
         [0047]    Since agents and customers are making conversations, the spoken contents of both speakers are basically “consistent”. Hence, if a customer&#39;s ASR results are poor, then the customer becomes “inconsistent” with a corresponding agent&#39;s ASR results which have a higher accuracy. 
         [0048]    For detecting inconsistent ASR results, use a language model (LM) that is trained with the transcription of agents&#39; and customers&#39; utterances. Note that two channels of transcriptions are time-aligned and merged before LM training. 
         [0049]      FIGS. 4-5  show an exemplary method  400  for detecting customers with a low speech recognition accuracy, in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles. 
         [0050]    It is to be appreciated that while method  400  is primarily described with respect to conversations between agent-customer pairs for the sake of illustration, the present principles can be readily applied to any caller-callee pair involved in a conversation over two separate channels. These and other variations and extensions of the present principles are readily determined by one of ordinary skill in the art given the teachings of the present principles provided herein, while maintaining the spirit of the present principles. 
         [0051]    In general, the method  400  can be considered to include two stages, namely a model training stage  401 , a call selection stage  402 , and an action stage  403 . The training stage  401  includes steps  410 ,  415 ,  420 , and  425 . The call selection stage  402  includes steps  440 ,  445 ,  450 , and  455 . The action stage  403  includes step  460 . 
         [0052]    At step  410 , prepare transcriptions of call-center conversations between agents and customers. For a respective agent-customer pair engaged in a respective call-center conversation, each of the participants has its own channel, from which a respective transcription is prepared, thus resulting in two transcriptions for each agent-customer pair. That is, each channel in each agent-customer pair has transcription prepared therefor. 
         [0053]    At step  415 , conduct a forced alignment between the transcriptions of each agent-customer pair and add a time index to each word in the transcriptions. 
         [0054]    At step  420 , for each customer-agent pair, merge the two channels of transcriptions corresponding thereto by sorting words in the agent&#39;s and the customer&#39;s transcriptions according to the time index. 
         [0055]    At step  425 , train a “mixed” LM with the merged transcriptions for each customer-agent pair. 
         [0056]    At step  440 , for a given conversation between an agent and a customer, perform ASR for the agent&#39;s channel and the customer&#39;s channel independently and merge the ASR results for the two channels in a time-aligned manner. 
         [0057]    At step  445 , list word sequences that have at least one word from the agent followed by a word from the customer. In an embodiment, step  445  lists the word sequences having two words from agent followed by a word from the customer. In this way, tri-grams can be used. Of course, other numbers of words from the agent can also be used in accordance with the teachings of the present principles, while maintaining the spirit of the present principles. 
         [0058]    At step  450 , for each listed word sequence, calculate the probability of the (last) word from the customer using the mixed LM trained in step  425 . 
         [0059]    At step  455 , determine whether the customer has a poor ASR accuracy based on the average of the calculated probabilities (across each of the listed word sequences). If so, then proceed to step  460 . Otherwise, the method is terminated (for this particular agent-customer pair). In an embodiment, step  455  involves comparing the average of the calculated probabilities to a threshold value and, if the average is below the threshold, then the customer is deemed to have a poor ASR accuracy. 
         [0060]    At step  460 , perform an action based on the determination that the customer has a poor ASR accuracy. The action can include one or more of the following: exclude the results from text analytics that use ASR results as input; remove the underlying data (one or more transcriptions, one or more ASR results, and so forth) for the involved customer from any databases and optionally replace the same with an indicator that indicates that the customer is associated with poor ASR accuracy and/or that ASR results for the customer are associated with poor ASR accuracy; remove any underlying data for the customer from the language model and/or retrain the language model without any underlying data from that customer; decode a new utterance/transcription using the retrained language model; expand the beam width of speech recognition for the agents; re-run speech recognition with a wider beam for the utterances whose ASR accuracy was judged to be poor; and so forth. As is evident to one of ordinary skill in the art, removing data associated with poor ASR accuracy from the language model and retraining the language model without the removed data results in an improved language model that will provide improved ASR results. 
         [0061]      FIG. 6  shows exemplary transcriptions  600  to which the present principles can be applied, in accordance with an embodiment of the present principles. The transcriptions include an agent&#39;s transcription  601 , a caller&#39;s transcription  602  (shown using a diagonal hatch pattern), and a mixed transcription  603 . If tri-grams are used for the mixed LM, then the probabilities of the word sequences in the boxes  611 ,  612 , and  613  are calculated. However, as noted above, other numbers of words can also be used for the mixed LM and thereafter in accordance with the present principles, while maintaining the spirit of the present principles. 
         [0062]    In another embodiment, inconsistency of ASR results can be detected by leveraging the probabilities of the agents&#39; ASR results given the customers&#39; ASR results. The LM probabilities by the mixed LM for the agent&#39;s recognized results given the history of the customer&#39;s recognized results becomes low when the customer&#39;s recognition results are poor. This is because the history of the LM is not correct due to the misrecognition for the customer&#39;s utterance. Thus, basically the same operation can be used except for swapping the customers&#39; and agents&#39; recognized results. 
         [0063]    A description will now be given regarding some of the many attendant advantages provided by the present principles. 
         [0064]    ASR sometimes generates recognition errors by relying too much on the LM. In such a case, even though the ASR results are not correct, their perplexity (probabilities with regard to the LM for ASR) becomes small. In recent call-centers, callers&#39; and agents&#39; utterances are recorded in different channels and ASR is conducted independently. By comparing the ASR results of agents and customers in time-synchronous manner in accordance with the present principles, we can detect poor ASR results in a customer&#39;s channel by judging if the results are appropriate or not by considering the corresponding agent&#39;s utterances. 
         [0065]    It is to be understood that although this disclosure includes a detailed description on cloud computing, implementation of the teachings recited herein are not limited to a cloud computing environment. Rather, embodiments of the present invention are capable of being implemented in conjunction with any other type of computing environment now known or later developed. 
         [0066]    Cloud computing is a model of service delivery for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, network bandwidth, servers, processing, memory, storage, applications, virtual machines, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or interaction with a provider of the service. This cloud model may include at least five characteristics, at least three service models, and at least four deployment models. 
         [0067]    Characteristics are as follows: 
         [0068]    On-demand self-service: a cloud consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with the service&#39;s provider. 
         [0069]    Broad network access: capabilities are available over a network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs). 
         [0070]    Resource pooling: the provider&#39;s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to demand. There is a sense of location independence in that the consumer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher level of abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter). 
         [0071]    Rapid elasticity: capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out and rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time. 
         [0072]    Measured service: cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service. 
         [0073]    Service Models are as follows: 
         [0074]    Software as a Service (SaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider&#39;s applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices through a thin client interface such as a web browser (e.g., web-based e-mail). The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings. 
         [0075]    Platform as a Service (PaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including networks, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly application hosting environment configurations. 
         [0076]    Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls). 
         [0077]    Deployment Models are as follows: 
         [0078]    Private cloud: the cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization. It may be managed by the organization or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises. 
         [0079]    Community cloud: the cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises. 
         [0080]    Public cloud: the cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry group and is owned by an organization selling cloud services. 
         [0081]    Hybrid cloud: the cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for load-balancing between clouds). 
         [0082]    A cloud computing environment is service oriented with a focus on statelessness, low coupling, modularity, and semantic interoperability. At the heart of cloud computing is an infrastructure that includes a network of interconnected nodes. 
         [0083]    Referring now to  FIG. 7 , illustrative cloud computing environment  750  is depicted. As shown, cloud computing environment  750  includes one or more cloud computing nodes  710  with which local computing devices used by cloud consumers, such as, for example, personal digital assistant (PDA) or cellular telephone  754 A, desktop computer  754 B, laptop computer  754 C, and/or automobile computer system  754 N may communicate. Nodes  710  may communicate with one another. They may be grouped (not shown) physically or virtually, in one or more networks, such as Private, Community, Public, or Hybrid clouds as described hereinabove, or a combination thereof. This allows cloud computing environment  750  to offer infrastructure, platforms and/or software as services for which a cloud consumer does not need to maintain resources on a local computing device. It is understood that the types of computing devices  754 A-N shown in  FIG. 7  are intended to be illustrative only and that computing nodes  710  and cloud computing environment  750  can communicate with any type of computerized device over any type of network and/or network addressable connection (e.g., using a web browser). 
         [0084]    Referring now to  FIG. 8 , a set of functional abstraction layers provided by cloud computing environment  750  ( FIG. 7 ) is shown. It should be understood in advance that the components, layers, and functions shown in  FIG. 8  are intended to be illustrative only and embodiments of the invention are not limited thereto. As depicted, the following layers and corresponding functions are provided: 
         [0085]    Hardware and software layer  860  includes hardware and software components. Examples of hardware components include: mainframes  861 ; RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture based servers  862 ; servers  863 ; blade servers  864 ; storage devices  865 ; and networks and networking components  866 . In some embodiments, software components include network application server software  867  and database software  868 . 
         [0086]    Virtualization layer  870  provides an abstraction layer from which the following examples of virtual entities may be provided: virtual servers  871 ; virtual storage  872 ; virtual networks  873 , including virtual private networks; virtual applications and operating systems  874 ; and virtual clients  875 . 
         [0087]    In one example, management layer  880  may provide the functions described below. Resource provisioning  881  provides dynamic procurement of computing resources and other resources that are utilized to perform tasks within the cloud computing environment. Metering and Pricing  882  provide cost tracking as resources are utilized within the cloud computing environment, and billing or invoicing for consumption of these resources. In one example, these resources may include application software licenses. Security provides identity verification for cloud consumers and tasks, as well as protection for data and other resources. User portal  883  provides access to the cloud computing environment for consumers and system administrators. Service level management  884  provides cloud computing resource allocation and management such that required service levels are met. Service Level Agreement (SLA) planning and fulfillment  885  provide pre-arrangement for, and procurement of, cloud computing resources for which a future requirement is anticipated in accordance with an SLA. 
         [0088]    Workloads layer  890  provides examples of functionality for which the cloud computing environment may be utilized. Examples of workloads and functions which may be provided from this layer include: mapping and navigation  891 ; software development and lifecycle management  892 ; virtual classroom education delivery  893 ; data analytics processing  894 ; transaction processing  895 ; and detecting customers with low ASR accuracy  896 . 
         [0089]    The present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a computer program product. The computer program product may include a computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention. 
         [0090]    The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium includes the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmitted through a wire. 
         [0091]    Computer readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing/processing device receives computer readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer readable program instructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium within the respective computing/processing device. 
         [0092]    Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations of the present invention may be assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data, or either source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++ or the like, and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The computer readable program instructions may execute entirely on the user&#39;s computer, partly on the user&#39;s computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user&#39;s computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user&#39;s computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readable program instructions by utilizing state information of the computer readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention. 
         [0093]    Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer readable program instructions. 
         [0094]    These computer readable program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
         [0095]    The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computer implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
         [0096]    The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions. 
         [0097]    Reference in the specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” of the present principles, as well as other variations thereof, means that a particular feature, structure, characteristic, and so forth described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present principles. Thus, the appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment”, as well any other variations, appearing in various places throughout the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. 
         [0098]    It is to be appreciated that the use of any of the following “/”, “and/or”, and “at least one of”, for example, in the cases of “A/B”, “A and/or B” and “at least one of A and B”, is intended to encompass the selection of the first listed option (A) only, or the selection of the second listed option (B) only, or the selection of both options (A and B). As a further example, in the cases of “A, B, and/or C” and “at least one of A, B, and C”, such phrasing is intended to encompass the selection of the first listed option (A) only, or the selection of the second listed option (B) only, or the selection of the third listed option (C) only, or the selection of the first and the second listed options (A and B) only, or the selection of the first and third listed options (A and C) only, or the selection of the second and third listed options (B and C) only, or the selection of all three options (A and B and C). This may be extended, as readily apparent by one of ordinary skill in this and related arts, for as many items listed. 
         [0099]    Having described preferred embodiments of a system and method (which are intended to be illustrative and not limiting), it is noted that modifications and variations can be made by persons skilled in the art in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that changes may be made in the particular embodiments disclosed which are within the scope of the invention as outlined by the appended claims. Having thus described aspects of the invention, with the details and particularity required by the patent laws, what is claimed and desired protected by Letters Patent is set forth in the appended claims.