Abstract:
An electronics component is disclosed herein. The electronics component include a substrate and a plurality of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) formed on said substrate, wherein said plurality of SWNTs form a patterned, dense and high-quality arrays of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) on quartz wafers by using FeCl 3 /polymer as catalytic precursors and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of methane. With the assistance of polymer, the catalysts may be well-patterned on the wafer surface by simple photolithography or polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp microcontact printing (μCP).

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS DATA 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/049,051, filed Apr. 30, 2008, which application is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     GOVERNMENT LICENSE RIGHTS 
     The U.S. Government has a paid-up license in this invention and the right in limited circumstances to require the patent owner to license others on reasonable terms as provided for by the terms of Grant No. N00014-06-1-0268 awarded by the Office of Naval Research. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and, more particularly, to patterned, dense and high-quality SWNTs and fabrication techniques that facilitate the growth of patterned, dense and high-quality SWNTs arrays on a substrate. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Theoretical works have predicted that single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have potential applications in high-frequency electronics. Until now, however, intensive study has been obstructed by the very weak signals of SWNTs in the microwave regime. Therefore, fabrication of aligned arrays of SWNTs with very high density is ultimately important to microwave applications of SWNTs. Basic nanotube transistor operations, however, has been evidenced in radio frequency analog electronics. 
     Fabricating a plurality of patterned SWNTs (or SWNT arrays) using conventional techniques tends not to result in very high density SWNTs and also results in imperfect array alignment, i.e., non-parallel. Moreover, conventional techniques used to fabricate arrays of SWNTs by patterning catalysts tend to be difficult to use and are typically unusable on a wafer scale. 
     SUMMARY 
     The systems and methods described herein provide embodiments and examples generally directed to patterned, dense, and high-quality SWNTs and fabrication techniques that facilitate the growth of patterned, dense, and high-quality SWNTs arrays on a substrate. The processes described herein can be widely used in the synthesis of SWNTs on various substrates including quartz wafers, silicon wafers, sapphire wafers, and the like. The high-quality arrays of SWNTs with high density synthesized by the processes described herein may be implemented in high-frequency electronics and highly integrated circuits. 
     As disclosed herein, high-quality, dense SWNTs arrays may be successfully fabricated on substrates by using FeCl 3 /polymer nanoparticles as catalytic precursors and CVD (chemical vapor deposition) of methane. Furthermore, the use of polymer nanoparticles advantageously facilitates the formation of uniform, perfect or near perfect catalyst patterns on a large scale by simple photolithography or PDMS (polydimenthylsiloxane) microcontact printing (μCP) techniques. 
     Multiple polymer layers may be used to both effectively attribute the formation of mono-dispersed catalyst nanoparticles and hinder them from moving together on the substrates during the CVD process. In the past, the catalyst particles were dissolved in a solvent, which when allowed to dry, tended to form small islands of solution as the solvent evaporated. This caused the catalyst particles to precipitate and form clumps, or accumulations, of particles. In the methods described herein, the catalyst particles are imbedded in a polymer and, thus, keeping them separate, i.e., dispersed. Using the O 2  plasma or calcinations treatment, the polymer is burned off and causes the catalyst particles to fall directly onto the substrate below without the effect of a solvent “pulling” them together. 
     The method disclosed facilitates the fabrication of uniform and almost perfectly aligned arrays of SWNTs synthesized with an average density of 10 SWNTs/μm per unit length, i.e., having 10 SWNTs in parallel formation with respect to each other in such close adjacent proximity that they may fit within 1 μm, and a length of up to one millimeter. The method disclosed herein also facilitates the application of arrays of SWNTs into highly integrated circuits. Increasing SWNT density enhances the electrical properties of the SWNTs by allowing for: 1) a larger current carrying capacity and, thus, larger power capability; 2) improved impedance matching of device to a value closer to 50Ω; and 3) reduction in the parasitic capacitance on a per-tube basis for devices such as, for example, a rf-field effect transistor (rf-FET). 
     Further objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a process for patterning catalyst lines by simple photolithography and the growth of arrays of SWNTs on quartz wafers. 
         FIG. 2   a - d  is a series of SEM (scanning electron microscope) images of an aligned array of SWNTs grown on ST-cut quartz wafer using FeCl 3 /SHIPLEY 1827 photoresist as catalytic precursors and photolithography to pattern the uniform catalysts lines. 
         FIG. 3   a - d  illustrates an SEM image of SWNT arrays grown from the edges of catalysts, along with an atomic force microscope (AFM) image of same, corresponding Raman spectra and SWNT diameter chart. 
         FIG. 4   a - f  is a series of SEM images of an aligned array of SWNTs grown on quartz wafers by using FeCl 3 /PVP as catalytic precursors and PDMS μCP technique to pattern the catalysts lines, along with corresponding Raman spectra chart and AFM image. 
         FIG. 5   a - b  is a series of AFM images of catalyst nanoparticles formed by heating quartz wafers that were patterned by using FeCl 3 /Shipley 1827 and FeCl 3 /PVP photoresist. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a patterned, dense, high-quality SWNTs array as it would be incorporated into a field effect transistor. 
         FIG. 7  is a block diagram illustrating how an SWNT rf-FET may be used in a transceiver. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Each of the additional features and teachings disclosed below can be utilized separately or in conjunction with other features and teachings to provide improved patterned, dense, and high-quality SWNTs arrays. Representative examples of the present invention, which examples utilize many of these additional features and teachings both separately and in combination, will now be described in further detail with reference to the attached figures. This detailed description is merely intended to teach a person of skill in the art further details for practicing preferred aspects of the present teachings and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Therefore, combinations of features and steps disclosed in the following detail description cannot be necessary to practice the invention in the broadest sense, and are instead taught merely to particularly describe representative examples of the present teachings. 
     Moreover, the various features of the representative examples and the dependent claims can be combined in ways that are not specifically and explicitly enumerated in order to provide additional useful embodiments of the present teachings. In addition, it is expressly noted that all features disclosed in the description and/or the claims are intended to be disclosed separately and independently from each other for the purpose of original disclosure, as well as for the purpose of restricting the claimed subject matter independent of the compositions of the features in the embodiments and/or the claims. It is also expressly noted that all value ranges or indications of groups of entities disclose every possible intermediate value or intermediate entity for the purpose of original disclosure, as well as for the purpose of restricting the claimed subject matter. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a process for patterning lines of catalyst particles by simple photolithography and the uniform growth of arrays of SWNTs on a substrate by a CVD process. At step  100 , a substrate, such as, e.g., a quartz wafer  110 , is depicted as having a photoresist layer  108  formed thereon. The photoresist includes particles such as FeCl 3  that will ultimately serve as the catalytic precursor for growth of an SWNT array. ST-cut quartz wafer  110  may be annealed at 900° C. in air for 1 hour before a standard UV photolithography process is applied. In one exemplary embodiment, the photoresist layer  108  comprises SHIPLEY 1827 positive photoresist doped with a 5 mM FeCl 3  methanol solution. 
     Through standard photolithography, illustrated by step  102 , the photoresist is patterned into lines  109 . The photoresist lines  109  tend to be preferably about 20 μm in width and 2 cm in length and preferably spaced from about 10 μm to 100 μm with spacing gradually changing along the wafer  110 . This preliminary process will ultimately serve as the catalytic precursor for catalyzing the growth of SWNTs  112 . 
     As an alternative to the photolithography process just described, polydimenthylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp microcontact printing (μCP), also known as soft lithography, may be used to form polymer lines containing embedded catalyst particles (not shown but similar to photoresist lines  109 ). In this instance, a PDMS stamp may be treated by O 2  plasma for 5 minutes in order to improve the hydrophilicity of a surface. An ink comprising a methanol solution of 10 mM FeCl 3  and PVP, with the 20 mM˜40 mM concentration of monomer, is prepared and then dipped onto the surface of the stamp. After drying, the ink (not shown) is transferred onto the surface of a clean substrate without annealing by placing the stamp in direct contact with the substrate for approximately 2 minutes. The ink lines (not shown) on substrates also may be vertical to the X-axis of the substrate. 
     At step  104 , the wafer  110  is depicted as having only lines of Fe x O y nanoparticles  111  remaining after removal of the photoresist  109 . Specifically, after the photolithography or μCP processes (previously described), the wafer  110  is treated to remove or eliminate the photoresist in lines  109  and form lines of precursor nanoparticles  111  such as, e.g., Fe x O y nanoparticles. For example, the wafer  110  may be treated by O 2  plasma for 15 minutes or calcined at 700° C. in air for 5 minutes to substantially eliminate the photoresist in lines  109  and form columns of Fe x O y  nanoparticles  111 . 
     For the case of FeCl 3 /SHIPLEY 1827 photoresist  108  as the catalytic precursor, the wafer  110  may be put into a horizontal furnace (e.g., Lindberg 3″ diameter Tube Furnace (not shown)) and heated, e.g., heated to 920° C. in the protection of Ar (1500 sccm). Subsequently, a flow of the CH 4 /H 2  mixture gas (1100 sccm/220 sccm) may be introduced into the furnace in a direction normal to the lines of nanoparticles  111  for SWNTs  112  growth; as depicted in  FIG. 1  at step  106 . After approximately 30 minutes, the furnace may be cooled down to room temperature in Ar (1500 sccm). 
     If FeCl 3 /PVP was used as the catalytic precursor, before the CVD growth of SWNTs  112 , reduction is necessary by introducing H 2 /Ar (220 sccm/1000 sccm) for 5-15 minutes depending on the concentration of PVP. Otherwise, the identical steps previously described in relation to FeCl 3 /SHIPLEY 1827 photoresist  108  are equally applicable to SWNTs  112  formation. Regardless of the polymer implemented, the methods disclosed herein offer one the ability to uniformly manufacture an SWNT array onto a large substrate surface area, i.e., randomness of SWNT creation has been minimized, if not altogether eliminated. 
       FIG. 2   a -d is a series of SEM (scanning electron microscope) images of an aligned array of SWNTs  112  grown on ST-cut quartz wafer  110  using FeCl 3 /SHIPLEY 1827 photoresist  108  as catalytic precursors and photolithography to pattern the uniform catalyst precursor lines. Depicted are the SEM images of typical arrays of SWNTs  112  on quartz wafers  110  after using a mixture solution of 5 mM FeCl 3  and SHIPLEY 1827 photoresist  108  as catalytic precursors and simple photolithography to pattern the uniform catalysts lines  109 . As shown, the arrays of SWNTs  112  are perfectly aligned and have a uniform density of approximately 10 SWNTs/.mu.m per unit length (i.e., measured along a line transverse to the longitudinal axis of the SWNTs) on a 25 mm.times.40mm wafer without any curved or random SWNTs  112 , even though the sizes of the spacing between catalyst lines may change from 10 μm to 100 μm on wafer  110 . 
     The exemplary results depicted in  FIG. 2  are reproducible since a standard photolithography process  102  can make sure the uniform catalyst lines  109  are well patterned in large scale. The thermal annealing for the wafers  110  in air may be necessary before photolithography because the thermal treatment at high temperature for quartz wafers  110  may greatly decrease the —OH groups on the surface and then may improve the adhesion between photoresist  108  and quartz wafers  110 . Although thermal annealing for a long time at high temperature can increase the number of the atomic steps on the surface of quartz wafers  110  or sapphires, as illustrated by AFM ( FIG. 3   b ), there are no obvious atomic steps produced on the quartz surface  110  by a 1 hour thermal treatment. This result evidences that SWNTs  112  are mainly guided by the direction of lattice, not by the atomic steps on the surface. Accordingly, it may not be necessary for thermal annealing of the quartz wafers  110  a long time prior to the CVD process  106 . 
       FIG. 3   a - d  illustrates an SEM image of SWNT arrays  112  grown from the edges of catalysts, along with an atomic force microscope (AFM) image of same, corresponding Raman spectra and SWNT diameter charts. According to  FIG. 3   a , the lengths of most SWNTs  112  are more than 200 μm and a few of the tubes can reach up to 1 mm. By using AFM to measure 150 SWNTs  112 , one of ordinary skill may calculate that the average of diameters is 1.1 nm—with 95% SWNTs falling within 0.7 nm to 1.7 nm, thus, indicating that the vast majority of tubes are individual single-walled tubes and that the arrays have very narrow distribution of diameters ( FIG. 3   d ). 
     In the AFM image ( FIG. 3   b ), there are very clean and straight SWNTs  112  on wafers  110 , and no amorphous carbon or catalyst nanoparticles may be observed. Although there may be ample photoresist  108  applied to the wafer  110  in the disclosed procedure, it does not cause any contamination for wafers  110  and SWNTs  112 , and further does not disturb the growth of SWNTs  112 . Moreover,  FIG. 3   c  shows a typical Raman spectrum of semiconducting tubes with a radial breathing mode (RBM) peak at 156 cm -1 . The RBM signals of metallic tubes are easily covered by the wide peak at approximately 205 cm -1  sourced from single-crystal quartz wafers for the 633 nm excitation wavelength of laser. 
       FIG. 4   a - f  is a series of SEM images of an aligned array of SWNTs  112  grown on quartz wafers  110  by using FeCl 3 /PVP as catalytic precursors and PDMS μCP technique to pattern the catalysts lines, along with corresponding Raman spectra chart and AFM image. As previously described, besides using the photolithography method to realize the patterned growth of arrays of SWNTs  112  on quartz wafers  110 , a PDMS stamp μCP technique, with the assistance of PVP, may also be used to pattern catalyst lines  109  on quartz wafers  110 . 
       FIG. 4  shows the results of SWNTs  112  growth on quartz wafers  110  when one of ordinary skill uses FeCl 3 /PVP as catalytic precursors and PDMS μCP technique to pattern the catalysts lines  109 . The concentration of FeCl 3  may be 10 mM and the concentration of monomer of PVP may be 40 mM. As one of ordinary skill in the art may appreciate, and as depicted in SEM images ( FIGS. 4   a - c ), the catalyst lines show that successful patterning may be fabricated on a large scale, and the aligned arrays of SWNTs  112  with a density of 2˜5 SWNTs/μm may be synthesized. In local areas, the density may be up to 10 SWNTs/μm. Moreover, the Raman spectrum ( FIG. 4   e ) has a typical RBM peak of SWNTs at 138.1 cm −1 , proving that SWNTs  112  may be obtained. Compared with the alternative embodiment where arrays of SWNTs  112  used SHIPLEY 1827 photoresist, the density here may be relatively lower and not very uniform. This latter characteristic is readily illustrated in AFM image ( FIG. 4   f ). 
       FIG. 5   a - b  is a series of AFM images of catalyst nanoparticles  111  formed by heating quartz wafers  110  that were patterned by using FeCl 3 /SHIPLEY 1827  108  and FeCl 3 /PVP photoresist (not shown). As one of ordinary skill may already be aware, the formation of mono-dispersed catalyst nanoparticles  111  is the foundation of catalyzing the CVD growth of SWNTs  112 .  FIG. 5   a - b  show uniform catalyst nanoparticles formed on substrates after heating wafers at 700° C. in air for 5 minutes. The average diameters of nanoparticles  111  may be approximately 6 nm when SHIPLEY 1827 photoresist  108  is used as a polymer layer ( FIG. 5   a ). When PVP with 40 mM concentration of monomer is applied, however, the diameters of most nanoparticles may be less than 1 nm and the density of nanoparticles may be higher than the former case. 
     In the alternative embodiments described herein, the two kinds of polymers disclosed can generally be characterized as providing three functions. First, ordered structures of catalysts may be easily and reproducibly patterned on quartz wafers  110  by photolithography or PDMS stamp μCP techniques. Otherwise, FeCl 3  as the catalytic precursor may prove difficult to uniformly pattern on the surface of wafers  110 . Other catalysts such as ferritin, FeMo cluster and Fe/Mo nanoparticles also may not be directly patterned on a wafer surface. As herein disclosed, a method of directly doping FeCl 3  into photoresist is relatively easy to perform on a large scale. 
     Second, a polymer layer may effectively prevent the formation of big particles during the drying and heating steps. This is especially so for μCP process Fe x O y  particles from the hydrolysis of FeCl 3 .6H 2 O since they may easily gather to be a bulk size on the surface of PDMS stamp when the ink solution dries in air. In addition, a polymer layer can help substrates anchor the catalyst nanoparticles  111 . There may still be a small amount of polymer left on substrates when SWNTs begin to grow from catalyst lines. When there is a complete absence of PVP, big aggregative particles may form on the surface and many curved or random tubes may be observed. With an increase of the concentration of PVP, the number of curved or random tubes may gradually decrease, and the catalyst lines may be more obvious after the growth of SWNTs and the arrays may be more aligned. Too high concentration of PVP, however, may cause a lot of amorphous carbon and then poison the catalyst nanoparticles during the CVD process  106 . Therefore, when 40 mM PVP is used, the density of arrays may start to lower. The results tend to show that the polymer layer can hold catalyst particles on substrates during the growth of SWNTs  112 . 
       FIG. 6  illustrates a patterned, dense, high-quality SWNTs array  112  as it would be incorporated into a field effect transistor  700 . Although the very adoption of an SWNTs array  112  into electronics circuits may present a challenge in and of itself, the consistent and scalable fabrication process disclosed herein may help overcome some of the hurdles that have prevented increased use in electronics. As shown in  FIG. 6 , a field effect transistor (FET)  600  may be comprised of a quartz wafer  110 , an array of SWNTs  112 , a source  602 , a drain  604 , a dielectric  606  and a gate  608 . One of ordinary skill could readily appreciate that the layout depicted in  FIG. 6  would be faulty or imperfect but for the integrity of the dense, high-quality SWNTs array  112 . 
       FIG. 7  is a block diagram illustrating how an SWNT rf-FET  600  may be used in a transceiver  700 . It is precisely due to the consistent and reliable fabrication process herein disclosed that would allow one of ordinary skill to implement SWNTs  112  into a high speed analog electronics circuit, as exemplified in transceiver  700 . It is envisioned that significantly more complex functionality may be achieved by interconnecting SWNT-based transistors in a grand scale, nonetheless, the straightforward downscaling of the type of exemplary device set forth herein will allow for such future improvements. 
     While the invention is susceptible to various modifications, and alternative forms, specific examples thereof have been shown in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not to be limited to the particular forms or methods disclosed, but to the contrary, the invention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.