Abstract:
An ultrasonic motor device includes: an ultrasonic motor that moves an object; a detecting unit that detects movement of the object; and a control unit that drives the ultrasonic motor according to a first driving signal before detection of the movement of the object, and drives the ultrasonic motor according to a second driving signal, which is different from the first driving signal, after detection of the movement of the object.

Description:
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE 
     This is a Continuation of application Ser. No. 11/441,243 filed May 26, 2006. The disclosure of the prior application is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     The disclosures of the following priority application are herein incorporated by reference: Japanese Patent Application No. 2005-157162, filed May 30, 2005 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to an ultrasonic motor device for controlling driving of an ultrasonic motor. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     There is known a control device for controlling driving of an ultrasonic motor while feeding back output from a speed detector such as an encoder. (see Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2003-304691) 
     SUMMARY 
     However, in the event of driving the ultrasonic motor with backlash between gears, movement of the ultrasonic motor is not detected until the backlash has been taken up, even though the ultrasonic motor is actually moving. Accordingly, the feedback control results in acceleration, and moving too fast in turn bumps away the article to be controlled at the point that the backlash runs out, and then backlash is generated again. Such effects of backlash being repeated have been problematic in proper control. 
     According to the 1st aspect of the invention, an ultrasonic motor device comprises: an ultrasonic motor that moves an object; a detecting unit that detects movement of the object; and a control unit that drives the ultrasonic motor according to a first driving signal before detection of the movement of the object, and drives the ultrasonic motor according to a second driving signal, which is different from the first driving signal, after detection of the movement of the object. 
     According to the 2nd aspect of the invention, in the ultrasonic motor device according to the 1st aspect, it is preferred that: there is further provided a transmission unit that transmits driving force of the ultrasonic motor to the object; and the control unit controls transmission error in the transmission unit by driving the ultrasonic motor according to the first driving signal. 
     According to the 3rd aspect of the invention, in the ultrasonic motor device according to the 2nd aspect, it is preferred that the transmission unit includes a gear train. 
     According to the 4th aspect of the invention, in the ultrasonic motor device according to any one of the 1st through 3rd aspects, it is preferred that the control unit sets the first driving signal and the second driving signal such that a driving speed of the ultrasonic motor driven according to the second driving signal is faster than a driving speed of the ultrasonic motor driven according to the first driving signal. 
     According to the 5th aspect of the invention, in the ultrasonic motor device according to any one of the 1st through 4th aspects, it is preferred that the control unit detects a movement speed of the object which is the same as a movement speed of the object driven according to the first driving signal, during at least one of a time of acceleration and a time of deceleration when the ultrasonic motor is driven according to the second driving signal. 
     According to the 6th aspect of the invention, in the ultrasonic motor device according to any one of the 1st through 5th aspects, it is preferred that the control unit drives the ultrasonic motor according to the second driving signal, following driving the ultrasonic motor according to the first driving signal for a predetermined amount of time. 
     According to the 7th aspect of the invention, in the ultrasonic motor device according to any one of the 1st through 6th aspects, it is preferred that the detecting unit comprises an encoder. 
     According to the 8th aspect of the invention, in the ultrasonic motor device according to any one of the 1st through 7th aspects, it is preferred that the first driving signal is a signal used for driving the ultrasonic motor under open loop control, and the second driving signal is a signal used for driving the ultrasonic motor under feedback control. 
     According to the 9th aspect of the invention, in the ultrasonic motor device according to the 8th aspect, it is preferred that the control unit performs feedback control according to the second driving signal, based on information from the detecting unit. 
     According to the 10th aspect of the invention, a lens barrel comprises: a main lens barrel having an optical component; and an ultrasonic motor device according to any one of the 1st through 9th aspects. 
     According to the 11th aspect of the invention, a camera is capable of mounting a lens barrel according to the 10th aspect. 
     According to the 12th aspect of the invention, a control method for controlling an ultrasonic motor device comprises: driving of an ultrasonic motor according to a first driving signal; detecting of movement of an object moved by the ultrasonic motor; and driving of the ultrasonic motor according to a second driving signal which differs from the first driving signal, following detection of the movement of the object. 
     According to the 13th. A control method according to the 12, wherein, in an event that the ultrasonic motor is driven according to the first driving signal for a predetermined amount of time before detection of the movement of the object, control mode is switched to a mode in which the ultrasonic motor is driven according to the second driving signal. 
     According to the 14th aspect of the invention, in the control method according to the 12th or the 13th aspect, it is preferred that a movement speed of the object which is the same as a movement speed of the object driven according to the first driving signal is detected during at least one of a time of acceleration and a time of deceleration when the ultrasonic motor is driven according to the second driving signal. 
     According to the 15th aspect of the invention, in the control method according to any one of the 12th through 14th aspects, it is preferred that the first driving signal is a signal used for driving the ultrasonic motor under open loop control, and the second driving signal is a signal used for driving the ultrasonic motor under feedback control. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a configuration diagram of an ultrasonic motor device, which is an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a diagram illustrating a lens barrel  11  and a camera body  12  in which the ultrasonic motor device is used; 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating a flowchart of processing performed by an MCU  1 ; 
         FIGS. 4A through 4D  are graphs illustrating the driving of an ultrasonic motor  3  for one time; 
         FIGS. 5A through 5D  are graphs illustrating the driving of the ultrasonic motor  3  multiple times; 
         FIGS. 6A through 6D  are graphs illustrating driving of the ultrasonic motor  3  in the event of not updating backlash removal driving frequency; 
         FIG. 7A  is a diagram illustrating the ultrasonic motor  3  and a gear train  6 ; 
         FIG. 7B  is a diagram depicting a state wherein there is backlash in the gear train  6 ; and 
         FIG. 7C  is a diagram depicting a state wherein the backlash in the gear train  6  has been taken up. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
       FIG. 1  is a configuration diagram of an ultrasonic motor device (control device) which is an embodiment of the present invention, and  FIG. 2  is a diagram illustrating a lens barrel  11  and a camera body  12  with which the ultrasonic motor device is used. The ultrasonic motor device according to the present embodiment is mounted within a lens barrel  11 , and is used for driving lenses (optical components) for automatic focus control and so forth. The power supply for the ultrasonic motor device is supplied from the camera body  12 . 
     In  FIG. 1 , an MCU  1  is provided, which is configured from a microcomputer and peripheral circuits thereof, for executing predetermined programs and performing driving control of the ultrasonic motor  3  based on external instructions. The MCU  1  also receives signals from an encoder  4 , and outputs DA (digital-to-analog) output corresponding to the driving frequency, and On/Off signals for permitting/forbidding driving operations, according to the external instructions and the signals from the encoder  4 . 
     A driver  2  receives the On/Off signals and the DA output from the MCU  1 , and outputs driving signals to the ultrasonic motor  3 . An unshown VCO (Voltage Control Oscillator) emits signals of a frequency corresponding to the DA output, which is voltage signals. 
     The ultrasonic motor  3  rotates at the rotation speed corresponding to the driving frequency of the input driving signals, and transmits driving force to a control object  5  via a gear train (transmission mechanism)  6 . Note that with the present embodiment, the relation between driving frequency and the rotation speed of the ultrasonic motor  3  exhibit generally inversely proportionate properties, so that increasing the driving frequency lowers the rotation speed of the ultrasonic motor  3 . The encoder  4  is attached nearby the control object  5 , so as to detect movement of the control object  5 . 
     Mechanical backlash exists in the gear train  6 . The backlash means a space or a play between gears to cause looseness of the gear train  6 . With the backlash between the gears, movement of the ultrasonic motor  3  cannot be detected through the encoder  4  until the backlash is taken up, even though the ultrasonic motor  3  is actually moving. Accordingly, DA output due to simple feed back of the signals from the encoder  4  will result in acceleration in the rotation speed, and moving too fast in turn bumps away the article to be controlled at the point that the backlash runs out, and then backlash is generated again. Such effects of backlash being repeated create problems in performing proper control, i.e., transmission error in the gear train  6 . 
       FIG. 7A  is a diagram illustrating the ultrasonic motor  3  and the gear train  6 . The ultrasonic motor  3  is configured of a stator  31 , rotor  32 , and a rotor shaft  33 , with the rotor  32  and the rotor shaft  33  rotating. A pinion gear  61  is attached to the rotor shaft  33 . Rotational force of the ultrasonic motor  3  is transmitted to a segment gear  62  via the pinion gear  61 , with the pinion gear  61  and segment gear  62  making up the gear train  6 . 
     The segment gear  62  is formed cylindrically, and engaged with a lens holding frame. Furthermore, the segment gear  62  also serves as the control object  5  shown in  FIG. 1 . An encoder  4  (not shown in  FIG. 7A ) is disposed near the segment gear  62 , for detecting rotation of the segment gear  62 . In the event of rotating the segment gear  62  in the counter-clockwise direction, the ultrasonic motor  3  is driven such that the rotor  32  is driven in the counter-clockwise direction, and in the event of rotating the segment gear  62  in the clockwise direction, the ultrasonic motor  3  is driven such that the rotor  32  is driven in the clockwise direction. 
       FIG. 7B  is a diagram depicting a state wherein there is backlash in the gear train  6  at the time of the pinion gear  61  rotating in the direction indicated by the arrow. Another way of describing backlash would be to say space between the engaging portions (teeth) of the pinion gear  61  and the segment gear  62 .  FIG. 7C  is a diagram depicting a state wherein the backlash in the gear train  6  has been taken up or removed due to the pinion gear  61  having rotated in the direction indicated by the arrow. In the state wherein the backlash has disappeared, there is no space at the engaged portion between the pinion gear  61  and the segment gear  62 , with the teeth of the pinion gear  61  and the segment gear  62  being in contact. 
     Accordingly, to avoid the effects of such backlash, with the present embodiment, driving signals are output by open loop control at a speed level such that the control object  5  will not be bumped away at the time of starting driving the ultrasonic motor  3  (i.e., the backlash removal speed), and upon detection that the backlash has been taken up, the mode is switched to feed back control which is normal control, so that driving signals generated based on feedback control are output. “Open loop control” means control which is not feed back control, or more simply control without feedback, and can also be referred to as “feed-forward control”. 
     Also, the ultrasonic motor  3  is capable of changing the rotation speed by changing the driving frequency, but the correlation between the frequency and the rotation speed is not stable, due to various factors such as ambient temperature, load torque, rotational irregularities, and so forth. Accordingly, even if open loop control is being performed at a speed level such that the control object  5  is not bumped away, environmental changes may result in higher-than-expected speeds bumping the control object away, or conversely insufficient speeds leading to longer driving time, and in worst-scenario cases movement may stop completely. 
     Accordingly, with the present embodiment, the driving frequency (DA output) for backlash removal is always updated with the driving frequency (DA output) corresponding to the driving speed for backlash removal that has been obtained by the immediately-preceding driving. The next driving for backlash removal is performed using the driving frequency thus updated. 
       FIG. 3  is a flowchart illustrating processing with the MCU  1 . This processing starts by turning the power of the camera body  12  on. In step S 1 , the backlash removal driving frequency (DA output) is set to an initial value in the initialization immediately following turning the power on. In step S 2 , determination is made regarding whether or not there has been a driving instruction. In the event that there has been a driving instruction the flow proceeds to step S 3 . On the other hand, in the event that there has been no driving instruction, the processing in step S 2  is repeated. 
     In step S 3 , determination is made regarding whether or not backlash has been taken up or removed. This is determined by determining whether or not the control object  5  has begun to move, based on signals from the encoder  4 . In the event that the backlash has not been taken up yet, the flow proceeds to step S 4 . Otherwise, the flow proceeds to step S 6 . In the event that backlash has been taken up, control is effected such that another backlash removal is not performed in driving for one time. 
     In step S 4 , determination is made regarding whether or not a predetermined amount of time has elapsed. This is to provide a time limit for backlash removal. With such an arrangement, in the event that the backlash removal is not completed due to some sort of abnormality, transition is made to normal control. In step S 5 , backlash removal is performed, wherein driving signals of the set backlash removal driving frequency (DA output value) are output until the backlash is taken up. 
     In step S 6 , feedback control is performed as the normal control processing. The MCU  1  obtains the speed of the control object  5  based on signals from the encoder  4 , and performs feedback control of the ultrasonic motor  3  so as to match the target speed. The speed and the driving frequency (DA output value) at this time are stored in unshown memory, for use in the later-described step S 8 . The memory further has capacity for storing data for the duration of the later-described response delay time. 
     In step S 7 , determination is made regarding whether or not the speed of the control object  5  detected by the encoder  4  is equal to the backlash removal driving speed. This backlash removal driving speed is the driving speed at which the control object  5  is driven in a backlash-removed state in the event of driving the ultrasonic motor  3  at a backlash removal frequency (backlash removal signals). This can also be referred to as “backlash removal signal speed”. The speed of the control object  5  is determined by computation performed by the MCU  1 , based on the signals from the encoder  4 . In the event that the speed of the control object  5  is equal to the backlash removal driving speed, the flow proceeds to step S 8 . Otherwise, the flow proceeds to step S 9 . 
     In step S 8 , giving consideration to response delay, the driving frequency (DA output value) output in the past for the duration of the response delay time is written to the unshown memory as the new driving frequency (DA output value). The driving frequency (DA output value) output in the past for the duration of the response delay time is obtained from memory where it has been stored in step S 6 . In step S 9 , in the event that conditions for ending driving are complete according to another unshown routine, the driving ends and the flow returns to step S 2 . Accordingly, driving for one time ends. An example would be a case wherein auto-focusing of the lens barrel  11  is completed. Otherwise, the flow returns to step s 3  for each control cycle. 
       FIGS. 4A through 4D  are diagrams illustrating the driving of the ultrasonic motor  3  for one time following turning the power of the camera body  12  on. This illustrates one time of driving, which is equivalent to step S 1  through step S 9  in the flowchart shown in  FIG. 3 .  FIG. 4A  illustrates the On/Off signal which the MCU  1  outputs.  FIG. 4B  illustrates the driving frequency (DA output value) of the ultrasonic motor  3  which the MCU  1  outputs.  FIG. 4C  illustrates the movement, i.e., the number of rotations (rotational speed) of the ultrasonic motor  3 .  FIG. 4D  illustrates the driving speed of the control object  5 , wherein the dotted liens show the target speed of the control object  5  while the solid lines show the actual driving speed (moving speed) of the control object  5  that is detected by the encoder  4 . 
     The MCU  1  sets the On/Off signal to on. Furthermore, the MCU  1  outputs a predetermined value of the driving frequency (DA output), which is used for backlash removal driving (see  FIGS. 4A and 4B ). This action corresponds to proceeding from step S 2  to step S 3  in  FIG. 3 . The ultrasonic motor  3  starts moving following a delay time corresponding to the response delay (see  FIG. 4C ). Subsequently, control mode is switched to feedback control at the timing t 1  at which there is output from the encoder  4  (see  FIG. 4B ). This action corresponds to proceeding from step S 3  to step S 6  in  FIG. 3 . 
     Subsequently, the ultrasonic motor  3  accelerates at a constant rate under feedback control. Then, following attaining top speed, the speed is maintained. In the final stage, the speed is reduced at a constant rate. Now, at the acceleration and deceleration portions of this action, there are t 2  and t 3  (see  FIG. 4D ) at which the speed of the movement of the control object  5  matches the backlash removal driving speed. As can be further seen from the drawings, the driving speed under feedback control, i.e., the top speed, is set so as to be faster than the backlash removal driving speed. 
     At t 2  and t 3 , the conditions in step S 7  in  FIG. 3  are satisfied, so in step S 8  the backlash removal driving frequency is updated. Specifically, the frequencies (DA outputs) updated at these points in time, i.e., the values indicated by the circles in  FIG. 4B  are employed as the past values by an amount corresponding to response delay. While this updating is performed twice in  FIG. 4B , the final value is the newer value at t 3 . 
     With the present embodiment, the backlash removal driving frequency thus updated is used for the backlash removal driving at the next time of driving.  FIGS. 5A through 5D  are drawings illustrating driving of the ultrasonic motor  3  multiple times. While driving is performed four times, each time following the first time uses the backlash removal driving frequency (DA output) obtained at the deceleration portion of the immediately-preceding driving for performing the backlash removal driving. Thus, while the backlash removal driving frequency (DA output) differs for each time, the motor rotation speed exhibits a backlash removal driving speed consistent with expectations. This action corresponds to repeating the proceeding from step S 2  through step S 9  in  FIG. 3  four times. 
       FIGS. 6A through 6D  are graphs illustrating driving of the ultrasonic motor  3  in the event of not updating backlash removal driving frequency. The backlash removal driving frequency remains at the initial value and is not changed. Accordingly, the driving frequency at the backlash removal driving portions in  FIG. 6B  is exactly the same for all four driving times. Of these, the actual motor rotation speed at the third time are only half of the expected rotation speed (see  FIG. 6C ), so the backlash removal driving takes time. Also, with the fourth time, the actual motor rotation speed exceed the expected rotation speed (see  FIG. 6C ), so the control object is bumped away and the speed thereof is disturbed (see  FIG. 6D ). Note that in  FIG. 6D , the solid lines show the actual speed of the control object  5 , and the broken lines show the target speed. 
     The ultrasonic motor device according to the present embodiment that is configured as described above has the following advantages. 
     (1) Backlash removal driving signals and normal driving signals are different. Thus, backlash removal and normal driving of the control object  5  can each be suitably controlled. 
     (2) Normal driving signals are generated by feedback control, but the backlash removal driving signals are generated by open loop control. Consequently, normal driving is precisely driven by feedback control, Furthermore, at the time of backlash removal, there is no acceleration of the rotation speed of the ultrasonic motor  3 , nor the ultrasonic motor  3  bumping the control object  5  away when the backlash has been taken up due to the rotation speed being too fast. That is to say, transmission error due to backlash is eliminated. 
     (3) The backlash removal driving signals are stopped following a predetermined amount of time elapsing after starting outputting the backlash removal driving signals for backlash removal. Subsequently, output of normal driving signals is started. This prevents a situation wherein backlash removal continues indefinitely due to some sort of problem occurring during backlash removal. 
     (4) The value of the driving signal (driving frequency, DA output value) at the time of the control object  5  reaching backlash removal driving speed at the previous time of normal driving is stored, and used as driving signals for the subsequent backlash removal driving. Accordingly, expected driving speed can be obtained with open loop control for backlash removal driving, and effects of backlash can be avoided. The correlation between frequency and rotation speed is not stable, due to various factors such as ambient temperature, load torque, rotational irregularities, and so forth. The present invention provides the above-described control. Thus, there are not problems such as higher-than-expected speeds bumping the control object away, or conversely insufficient speeds leading to longer driving time, or in worst-scenario cases, movement stopping completely, even if the environment of use of the ultrasonic motor changes. 
     (5) When storing the value of the driving signal (driving frequency, DA output value) at the time of the control object  5  reaching backlash removal driving speed at the previous time of normal driving, a driving signal which is earlier by an amount of time corresponding to the response delay is used, giving consideration to response delay. Accordingly, backlash removal can be performed according to more precise backlash removal driving signals. 
     (6) The ultrasonic motor device according to the present embodiment is used in a lens barrel of a camera. For example, in a case of interchangeable lenses using ultrasonic motors for a single-lens reflex camera, problems can be avoided such as inconsistent auto-focus drive time, vibration sensations due to actions felt when bumping the control object, poor focus precision or focus-hunting, and so forth. 
     While the above embodiment has been described with regard to an example of applying an ultrasonic motor device to a camera lens barrel, the present invention is not restricted to this application. The ultrasonic motor device can be applied to all usages in which ultrasonic motors are employed. Also, the ultrasonic motor may be a rotational ultrasonic motor or a linear ultrasonic motor. Furthermore, the term “ultrasonic motor” as used here also includes what are known as vibration actuators. 
     The above embodiment has been described with regard to an example of using an encoder  4  for detecting the movement and speed of the control object  5 . However, the present invention is not restricted to this application. Any arrangement may be used as long as the movement and speed of the control object  5  can be detected. 
     The above embodiment has been described with regard to an example of removing backlash in a gear train. However, the present invention is not restricted to this application. For example, the connection mechanism from the ultrasonic motor  3  to the gear train, and the connection mechanism from the gear train to the control object  5  also have backlash. The aforementioned backlash removal driving allows the adverse effects of such backlash to be removed. That is to say, the present invention is applied to remove the adverse effects of backlash existing throughout the entire mechanism for transmitting the driving force of the ultrasonic motor  3  to the control object  5 . 
     The above described embodiments are examples, and various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.