Abstract:
A method and apparatus for detecting pathogens and particles in a fluid in which particle size and intrinsic fluorescence of a simple particle is determined, comprising a sample cell; a light source on one side of the sample cell for sending a focused beam of light through the sample, whereby portions of the beam of light are scattered at various angles by particles of various sizes present in the sample area; a particle size detector positioned in the light path for detecting a portion of forward scattered light; a pair of fluorescence detectors positioned off axis from the beam of light; and a pair of elliptical mirrors positioned such that an intersection of the incoming particle stream and the light beam are at one foci of each ellipsoid, and one of said pair of fluorescence detectors lies at the other foci.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/808,170, filed Nov. 4, 2010, which is a U.S. National Phase Application under 35 U.S.C. §371 of International Patent Application No. PCT/US2008/086886, filed Dec. 15, 2008, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/013,607, filed Dec. 13, 2007. U.S. application Ser. No. 12/808,170 was published on Feb. 17, 2011, as U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2011/0036995. The International Application was published on Jun. 18, 2009, as International Publication No. WO 2009/076678 under PCT Article 21(2). The entire contents of these applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY 
       [0002]    The present invention relates generally to a system and method for detecting airborne or liquid borne particles, and more particularly to a system and method for detecting airborne or liquid borne particles and classifying the detected particles. The invention has particular utility in detecting and classifying biological particles or contamination in clean environments such as aseptic manufacturing facilities, as well as other environments and will be described in connection with such utilities, although other utilities are contemplated. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    The monitoring for environmental contamination, including biological particles, is important in a number of industrial and commercial environments such as manufacturing facilities for pharmaceuticals, food and hospitals, and has also become important in public spaces such as airports, banks, postal handling facilities and government offices where there is concern for possible urban terrorist attacks. 
         [0004]    In the pharmaceutical, healthcare and food industries a real time detector of environmental biological particle levels is useful for public health, quality control and regulatory purposes. For example, parenteral drug manufacturers are required by the Food and Drug Administration to monitor the particulate and microbial levels in their aseptic clean rooms. Conventional microbiological methods require the collection of samples on growth media, and incubation at the correct temperature for the correct period of time (typically days). These methods assume that a viable microorganism is one that will undergo cellular division when placed in or on a growth media. For quantitative tests, growth is demonstrated by a visually detectable colony. There is a significant quantity of published literature that shows substantial limitations of using traditional culture and plate counting methods. For example, the published literature indicates variable results can be obtained depending upon the growth media used, the incubation time and temperature, and the condition of the microorganism prior to attempts to cultivate (e.g., slow growing, stressed, or sub-lethally damaged). Conventional methods also have no ability in real-time to locate probable sources of the contamination. In these applications, an instrument that can detect microbial particles, including bacteria, yeasts and molds, in the environment instantaneously and at low concentrations will be a useful tool and have significant advantages over conventional nutrient plate culture methods that require days for microbes to grow and be visually detected. It would also be useful to have an instrument that would be able to assist in locating, preferably in real-time, sources of particulate contamination. 
         [0005]    There exist various prior art devices that employ particle size measurement and light induced fluorescence techniques as early warning sensors for bio-agents. Among these devices are Biological Agent Warning Sensor (BAWS) developed by MIT Lincoln Laboratory, fluorescence biological particle detection system of Ho (Jim Yew-Wah Ho, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,701,012; 5,895,922; 6,831,279); FLAPS and UV-APS by TSI of Minnesota (Peter P. Hairston; and Frederick R. Quant; U.S. Pat. No. 5,999,250), and a fluorescence sensor by Silcott (U.S. Pat. No. 6,885,440). A proposed bio-sensor based on laser-induced fluorescence using a pulsed UV laser is described by T. H. Jeys, et al., Proc. IRIS Active Systems, vol. 1, p. 235, 1998. This is capable of detecting an aerosol concentration of five particles per liter of air, but involves expensive and delicate instruments. Other particle counters are manufactured by Met One Instrument, Inc, of Grants Pass, Oreg., Particle Measurement Systems, Inc., of Boulder, Colo., and Terra Universal Corp., of Anaheim, Calif. 
         [0006]    Various detectors have been designed to detect airborne allergen particles and provide warning to sensitive individuals when the number of particles within an air sample exceeds a predetermined minimum value. Among these detectors are those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,646,597, 5,969,622, 5,986,555, 6,008,729, 6,087,947, and 7,053,783, all to Hamburger et al. These detectors all involve direction of a light beam through a sample of environmental air such that part of the beam will be scattered by any particles in the air, a beam blocking device for transmitting only light scattered in a predetermined angular range corresponding to the predetermined allergen size range, and a detector for detecting the transmitted light. 
         [0007]    For the purpose of detection of biological particles, including microbes, in air or water, it is of importance to devise an effective system to measure both particle size and fluorescence generated intrinsically by the microbes. A prior application, commonly owned by the assignee of the present application, improves upon previous designs by providing a sensor system that is capable of simultaneously measuring particle size and detecting the presence of intrinsic fluorescence from metabolites and other biomolecules, on a particle-by-particle basis, This prior art example comprises three main components: (1) a first optical system for measuring an individual particle size; (2) a second optical system to detect laser-induced intrinsic fluorescence signal from an individual particle; and (3) a data recording format for assigning both particle size and fluorescence intensity to an individual particle, and computer readable program code for differentiating microbes from non-microbes (e.g. inert dust particles). 
         [0008]    As shown in  FIG. 1 , the prior art system  10  includes a excitation source  12 , such as a laser, LED or other light source, providing a beam of electromagnetic radiation  14  having a source wavelength. The excitation source is selected to have a wavelength capable of exciting intrinsic fluorescence from metabolites inside microbes. Environmental air (or a liquid sample) is drawn into the system through a nozzle  16  for particle sampling. Nozzle  16  has an opening  18  in its middle section (forming a sample cell) to allow the laser beam to pass through the particle stream. Directly downstream from the laser beam is a Mie scattering particle-size detector  20 . Mie scattering particle-size detector  20  includes a beam blocker  22  in front of a collimator lens  24 , and a condenser lens  26  for focusing a portion of the light beam  14  scattered by particles in the sample stream (i.e., a scattered light signal  36 ) onto a particle detector  28 . Off axis from the laser beam  14 , an elliptical mirror  30  is placed at the particle-sampling region in such a way that the intersection of the incoming particle stream and the laser beam is at one of the two foci of the ellipsoid, while a fluorescence detector  32  occupies the other focus. In this optical design, the elliptical mirror  30  concentrates the fluorescence signal from biological particles and focuses it onto the fluorescence detector  32 . An optical filter  34  is placed in front of the fluorescence detector to block scattered light and pass the induced fluorescence. 
         [0009]    This system, however, has limitations in that the amount of fluorescence signal received by the fluorescence detector is small. The amount of noise accompanying this weak fluorescence signal makes it difficult to adequately process and amplify the data. Thus, there is a need for an improved design that efficiently gathers a greater amount of the fluorescence signal and allows a clearer fluorescence signal to be processed. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0010]    The present invention provides an improved sensor system which is capable of simultaneously measuring particle size and detecting the presence of intrinsic fluorescence from metabolites and other bio-molecules, on a particle-by-particle basis. The advantages of this detection scheme over the prior art are several. For one, it allows detailed analyses of data collected on each individual particle for characterizing the particle, such as intensity of fluorescence signal from a particle as a function of its cross-sectional area or volume, for the purpose of determining the biological status of the particles. Secondly, the present invention collects a greater amount of the fluorescence signal from a given particle, increasing the ability of the system to correctly identify biological particles. 
         [0011]    The current invention comprises three main components: (1) a first optical system for measuring an individual particle size; (2) a second optical system to detect laser-induced intrinsic fluorescence signals from individual particles; and (3) a data recording format for assigning both particle size and fluorescence intensity to an individual particle, and computer readable program code for differentiating biological particles from non-biological particles (e.g. inert dust particles). 
         [0012]    One embodiment of the present invention improves function of the second optical system by using a pair of elliptical mirrors with a pair of fluorescence detectors. The mirrors and detectors are positioned to collected fluorescence emission from the same particle as it is being measured for size. For each of the elliptical mirrors, one foci is at the intersection of the excitation light beam and one foci lies at the apex of the opposite facing elliptical mirror, where the fluorescence signal enters one of the fluorescence detectors. In another embodiment, an elliptical mirror and a spherical mirror are positioned to collect fluorescence emission from particles. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0013]    Further features and advantages of the present invention will be seen from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
           [0014]      FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of an optical system in accordance with the commonly owned prior art. 
           [0015]      FIG. 2 . is a plan view of the optical system in accordance with the present invention, for performing simultaneous measurements of particle size and fluorescence. 
           [0016]      FIG. 3  is a front view of the optical system of  FIG. 2 . 
           [0017]      FIG. 4  is a top view of the optical system of  FIG. 2 . 
           [0018]      FIG. 5  is a sectioned view of the optical system, taken along section A-A of  FIG. 4 . 
           [0019]      FIG. 6  is a sectioned view of the optical system, taken along section B-B of  FIG. 4 . 
           [0020]      FIG. 7  illustrates an alternative embodiment of the invention. 
           [0021]      FIG. 8  illustrates yet another alternative embodiment of the invention comprising an elliptical and a spherical mirror. 
           [0022]      FIG. 9  is a block diagram of a measurement scheme in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0023]    The methods and systems of the present invention can be used to detect and classify particles in liquids or gases by simultaneously measuring the size and any intrinsic fluorescence from the particles. The methods and systems of the present invention may further be used to differentiate and/or classify biological particles from inert particles. 
         [0024]    The present invention is an optical system for a fluid particle detector system. This system is designed, for example, to detect airborne or liquid borne particles, such as biologic particles, in air or liquid media in industrial applications such as the food and pharmaceutical manufacturing industries and hospitals, as well as clean room and other controlled environment applications. The present invention may also be used in other applications, for example in buildings or in public transportation areas, to detect harmful levels of other airborne or liquid borne particles that may exist naturally, such as mold or bacteria, or which may have been accidentally, inadvertently or deliberately released. The systems of the present invention also may be used to detect bio-terrorist agents deliberately released by terrorists or others. 
         [0025]    The term “fluid borne particles” as used herein means both airborne particles and liquid borne particles. Liquid borne particles include those in water or other liquid media. Fluid borne particles also includes those in air and other gases. As used here in “waterborne particles” include those in water and in liquids comprising water. 
         [0026]    The term “microbial” particle, “biological” particle” or “biological” agent is defined as any microorganism, pathogen, or infectious substance, biological toxin, or any naturally occurring, bioengineered or synthesized component of any such microorganism, pathogen, or infectious substance, whatever its origin or method of production. Such biological agents include, for example, biological toxins, bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, spores, fungi, and protozoa, as well as others known in the art. 
         [0027]    The term “pathogen” as used herein refers to any airborne or liquid borne particle, biological agent or toxin, which could potentially harm or even kill humans exposed to such particles if present in sufficient quantities. 
         [0028]    “Biological toxins” are poisonous substances produced or derived from living plants, animals or microorganisms, but also can be produced or altered by chemical means. A toxin, however, generally develops naturally in a host organism (i.e., saxitoxin is produced by marine algae), but genetically altered and/or synthetically manufactured toxins have been produced in a laboratory environment. Compared with microorganisms, toxins have a relatively simple biochemical composition and are not able to reproduce themselves. In many aspects, they are comparable to chemical agents. Such biological toxins are, for example, botulinum and tetanus toxins, staphylococcal enterotoxin B, tricothocene mycotoxins, ricin, saxitoxin, Shiga and Shiga-like toxins, dendrotoxins, erabutoxin b, as well as other known toxins. 
         [0029]    The detector system of the present invention is designed to detect airborne or liquid borne particles and produce outputs indicating, for instance, the number of particles of each size within the range, which is detected in a sample, and indicate whether the particles are biologic or non-biologic. The system also may produce an alarm signal or other response if biological particles are detected and/or if the number of particles exceeds a predetermined threshold value, for example the number of detected particles is above a normal background level. 
         [0030]      FIGS. 2-6  are illustrations of a preferred embodiment for a fluid particle detector system according to the present invention. As shown in  FIGS. 5 and 6 , the system includes an excitation source  112  such as a laser providing a beam of electromagnetic radiation  114  having a source wavelength. The excitation source is selected to have a wavelength capable of exciting intrinsic fluorescence from metabolites inside microbes and biological particles. The excitation source is also chosen to have a wavelength suitable for detecting Mie scattering from particles for the determination of particle size. Examples of suitable excitation sources include UV light and visible light radiation sources, such as UV light and visible e light lasers, LEDs and the like. By way of example, the excitation source  112  preferably operates in a wavelength of about 270 nm to about 410 nm, preferably about 350 nm to about 410 nm. A wavelength of about 270 nm to about 410 nm is chosen based on the premise that microbes and biological particles comprise three primary metabolites: tryptophan, which normally fluoresces at excitation wavelengths of about 270 nm with a range of about 220 nm-about 300 nm; nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) which normally fluoresces at excitation wavelengths of about 340 nm (range about 320 nm-about 420 nm); and riboflavin which normally fluoresces at excitation wavelengths of about 400 nm (range about 320 nm-about 420 nm). In the case of bacterial endospores, dipicolinic acid (DPA) normally fluoresces at excitation wavelengths of about 400 nm (range about 320 nm-about 420 nm). Preferably, however, the excitation source  112  has a wavelength of about 350 to about 410 nm. This wavelength ensures excitation of two of the three aforesaid primary metabolites, NADH, and riboflavin, and DPA, in bio-particles but excludes excitation of interferences such as from diesel engine exhaust and other inert particles such as dust or baby powder. Thus, in a preferred embodiment the present invention makes a judicial selection of the wavelength or wavelength range of the excitation source  112 , which retains the ability of exciting fluorescence from NADH and riboflavin (foregoing the ability to excite tryptophan) while excluding the excitation of interferents such as diesel engine exhaust. This step is taken to reduce false alarms generated by diesel exhaust (which can be excited by short UV wavelengths such as 266 nm light. 
         [0031]    In the system illustrated in  FIGS. 2-6  a fluid sample, (e.g. environmental air or a liquid sample) is drawn into the system through an entrance nozzle  116  for particle sampling. Nozzle  116  is aligned with exit nozzle  117 , allowing the particle stream to pass through the path of the electromagnetic radiation  114 . Directly downstream from the laser beam is a Mie scattering particle-size detector. The Mie scattering particle-size detector includes a beam blocker  122  in front of a collimator lens  124  and a condenser lens  126  for focusing a portion of the light beam  114  scattered by particles in the sample stream onto a particle detector (not shown). 
         [0032]    Off axis from, and preferably orthogonal to, the electromagnetic radiation  114 , a pair of elliptical mirrors  130 ,  131  are placed around the particle-sampling region inverted and facing each other in such a way that the intersection of the incoming particle stream and the laser beam is at one foci of each mirror, while a fluorescence detector  132 ,  133  (for example, a photo-multiplier tube) occupies the other foci of each mirror. The elliptical mirrors are preferably placed out of plane of the Mie scattering optics, such that they are orthogonal to the Mie scattering optics. This design utilizes the fact that a point source of light emanating from or passing through one of the two foci of an ellipsoid will be focused onto the other. In this optical design, the elliptical mirrors  130 ,  131  concentrate the fluorescence signal from microbe and focus it onto the fluorescence detectors  133  and  132  respectively. Preferably, the fluorescence detectors are photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). Optical filters  134 ,  135  may be placed in front of the fluorescence detectors to block the scattered light and pass the induced fluorescence. 
         [0033]    The pair of elliptical mirrors form an enclosure around the particle detection area with openings for the nozzles  116 ,  117 ; the fluorescence detectors  132 ,  133 ; the electromagnetic radiation  114 ; and the Mie scatter cone (see  FIG. 5 ). As shown in the figures, the nearest focus of a given elliptical mirror will be at the intersection of the particle stream and the laser beam. The farthest focus of a given mirror will, as stated above, be at the fluorescence detector. Ideally, this opposite focal point will lie at the apex of the opposing elliptical mirror. This is the case if both ellipsoid are identical and if the distance between the foci is equal to one third of the length of the major axis of the ellipsoid. 
         [0034]    The beam blocker  122  is designed to absorb, stop and/or contain non-scattered elements of the beam of electromagnetic radiation  114 , e.g. the laser beam, and may comprise light absorbent materials, such as vinyl, fluoroelastomers, metallic materials or the like, and/or geometries designed to collect and contain the radiation attached to a front surface of, for example, an optical element. Other features and considerations for the beam blocker  122  are disclosed in some of the earlier U.S. patents to Hamburger et al. listed above, and in PCT Application Serial No. PCT/US2006027638, incorporated herein by reference. Other features and considerations for the particle detector are disclosed in earlier commonly owned references, listed above, and the disclosures of which that are not inconsistent with the disclosure herein are incorporated herein by reference. 
         [0035]    The present invention&#39;s use of Mie scattering also facilitates the placement of optical components for the detection of light induced fluorescence to concurrently examine individual particles for the presence of the metabolites NADH, riboflavin and other bio-molecules, which are necessary intermediates for metabolism of living organisms, and therefore exist in microbes and biological particles such as bacteria and fungi. If these chemical compounds exist in a bio-aerosol, they can be excited by photon energy and subsequently emit auto-fluorescence light which may be detected by an instrument based on the detection scheme outlined above. While this detection scheme is not capable of identifying the genus or species of microbes, and viruses may be too small and lack the metabolism for detection, this detection scheme&#39;s ability to simultaneously and for each particle determine the size of the particle and if it is biologic or inert indicates to the user the presence or absence of microbial contamination. 
         [0036]    The double ellipsoidal mirror configuration has several advantages over the prior art. From  FIG. 1 , it is apparent that much of the fluorescent signal is not captured by the ellipsoidal mirror of the prior art. The signal received by the detector is weak and difficult to amplify without also amplifying signal noise as well. With the additional ellipsoidal mirror and detector, however, the two signals received by the detectors can be compared so that a signal processor can distinguish the fluorescence signal from the noise. 
         [0037]    In an alternative embodiment, only one elliptical mirror is used. The elliptical mirror is rotated from its position according to the prior art ( FIG. 1 ) until it faces 90.degree. from the light source and is orthogonal to the Mie scattering optics. This requires a repositioning of the fluorescence detector to align with the elliptical mirror. This orthogonal configuration allows the construction of a smaller light box. This design also allows optimization of the optics and signal collection by reducing optical path overlap. The elliptical mirror may be built with the light box as single unit. This embodiment improves upon the prior art by providing a robust and compact design. 
         [0038]    In other alternate embodiments, as shown in  FIG. 7 , an optical element may be placed before the collimating lens to reflect a portion of the unscattered excitation beam to a detector, such as a photo detector, to measure excitation source power. In preferred embodiment the optical element reflects a portion of the unscattered bean 90 degrees, although other degrees of reflection may also be used. Examples of suitable optical elements include, but are not limited to, mirrors and the like. 
         [0039]    In addition, a spherical mirror may be used with this single elliptical mirror embodiment to capture fluorescence signals that are escaping from the embodiments of the prior art. The spherical mirror  212  would be placed opposite the elliptical mirror  214  with the intersection of the particle stream and the electromagnetic radiation at its focal point. See  FIG. 8 . The spherical mirror will reflect light back through the focal point and onto the elliptical mirror, which would then direct the light through an opening in the spherical mirror and into the fluorescence detector  134 , which is shown in  FIG. 8  as a PMT. This embodiment captures a greater amount of the fluorescence signal without the cost of an additional fluorescence detector. Similar to the preferred embodiment, the spherical mirror  212  and the elliptical mirror  214  would form an enclosure  218 , with openings only for the nozzles  220 , the fluorescence detector  314 , and the Mie scatter cone. The elliptical mirror and the spherical mirror could be extended to the point where the two surfaces would intersect to make this enclosure as complete as possible. In this alternative design the spherical mirror is positioned such that the intersection of the particle stream and the laser beam is at the center of curvature of the sphere. 
         [0040]    In another alternative embodiment, a different configuration for the particle size detection system is contemplated. In this embodiment, the collimating and condensing lenses are oriented 90.degree from one another. A optical element, e.g. a mirror, is situated to direct the electromagnetic radiation from the collimating lens into the condensing lens. A beam blocker may be placed before the collimating lens as described above, or alternatively, the optical element (e.g. a mirror) allows direct radiation from the excitation source to pass through into a light dump positioned behind the optical element. This may be done by placing an appropriately sized opening in the optical element, for instance. Alternatively, the light dump may be replaced with another detector. This detector could measure the amount of light received to be compared with the output of the light source and the amount received by the other detectors. This configuration allows for the construction of a smaller light box and a more compact system design. 
         [0041]    The functionality of the simultaneous particle sizing and fluorescence measurement scheme of the present invention is depicted in  FIG. 9 . The principle of operation is as follows: an instrument continuously monitors the environmental air (or liquid) to measure the size of each individual airborne particle in real time and to concurrently determine whether that particle emits fluorescence or not. One or more thresholds are set for the fluorescence signal. If fluorescence signal falls outside set parameters, the particle is marked inert. The fluorescence signal thresholds include one or more selected from fluorescence signal intensity, fluorescence intensity as a function of particle cross-sectional area or a function of particle volume. If the fluorescence signal threshold exceeds or falls within one or more set threshold levels, the particle is marked biological. The combined data of particle size and fluorescence signal strength will determine the presence or absence of microbes on a particle-by-particle basis. Other features and considerations for fluorescence signal thresholds are disclosed in commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/268,366 to Morrell et al., the disclosure of which that are not inconsistent with the disclosure herein is incorporated herein by reference. 
         [0042]    It should be emphasized that the above-described embodiments of the present invention, particularly, any “preferred” embodiments, are merely possible examples of implementations, merely set forth for a clear understanding of the principles of the invention. Many variations and modifications may be made to the above-described embodiments of the invention without departing substantially from the spirit and principles of the invention. For example, the collimating and condensing lenses may be constructed as a single piece of the device. All such modifications and variations are intended to be included herein within the scope of this disclosure and the present invention and protected by the following claims.