Abstract:
A moving handrail construction, for escalators, moving walkways and other transportation apparatus has a handrail having a generally C-shaped cross-section and defining an internal generally T-shaped slot. The handrail is formed by extrusion and comprises a first layer of thermoplastic material extending around the T-shaped slot. A second layer of thermoplastic material extends around the outside of the first layer and defines the exterior profile of the handrail. A slider layer lines the T-shaped slot and is bonded to the first layer. A stretch inhibitor extends within the first layer. The first layer is formed from a harder thermoplastic than the second layer, and this has been found to give improved properties to the lip and improved drive characteristics on linear drives.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to moving handrails for escalators, moving walkways and similar transportation apparatus. This invention is more particularly concerned with such handrails that are formed by extrusion. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Moving handrails have been developed for escalators, moving walkways and other similar transportation apparatus. The basic profile for such handrails has now become fairly standardized, even though the exact dimensions may vary from manufacturer to manufacturer. Similarly, all conventional handrails have certain key or essential components. 
     In this specification, including the claims, the structure of a handrail is described, as oriented on the upper run of a handrail balustrade, in a normal operational position. It will be appreciated that a handrail is formed as a continuous loop. Of necessity, any part of the handrail will travel around the entire loop, and during passage around the loop will rotate through 360° about a transverse axis. The structure of both the handrail of the present invention, and conventional structures are all described relative to a vertical section taken through a top, horizontally extending run of the handrail. 
     A conventional handrail has a main, top portion, forming a main body of the handrail. Extending down from this top portion are two C-shaped or semi-circular lips. The main body and the lips define a T-shaped slot which opens downwardly and which has a width much greater than its height. The thickness of the handrail through the main body and the lips is usually fairly uniform. 
     As to the main or common components of a handrail, the body and lips are usually formed from a thermoset material. Some form of stretch inhibitor is provided along a neutral axis in the top portion, generally spaced just above the T-shaped slot. This stretch inhibitor is commonly steel tape, steel wire, glass strands or Kevlar cords. 
     To ensure that the handrail glides easily along guides, a lining is provided, around the outside of the T-shaped slot. This lining is sometimes referred to as a slider, and commonly is a synthetic or natural fiber based textile based fabric. It is selected to provide a low coefficient of friction relative to steel or other guides. The outside of the main body and the lips are covered with a cover stock, which is a suitable thermoset material. 
     Within the basic handrail profile, there can be selected plies, as detailed below, to provide desired characteristics to the handrail. 
     Now, a handrail has to meet a number of different requirements, many of which can conflict with each other. In conventional handrails, these are often addressed by introducing a number of different elements, in addition to or as variations of those outlined above. This is quite feasible in a conventional handrail structure, which is formed from a thermoset material. Conventionally, handrails are made stepwise or incrementally in lengths of approximately 3 m at a time, corresponding to the length of the vulcanising press. Thus, all the various elements required for a handrail, e.g. layers of fabric, layers of fresh, uncured thermoset material, tensile reinforcing elements are brought together. If fabric plies are incorporated, these are provided coated in uncured rubber. Thus, all the layers present uncured, tacky rubber surfaces, and these are pressed together either manually with rollers or by assembly equipment. The necessary length of these assembled elements is placed into a mold. There, the necessary temperature and pressure are applied, to vulcanize the thermoset material, and ensure that the elements together adopt the desired profile defined by the mold cavity. Once cured, the mold is opened, and the cured section moved out of the mold, to bring in the next length of already assembled elements for molding. 
     This technique has a number of disadvantages. It is slow, it produces the handrail in only incremental lengths, and it can result in a poor finish with mold markings. It does, however, have the advantage that relatively complex structures can be assembled, with numerous different elements, designed to give different characteristics. 
     The inventors of the present invention have developed a technique for extruding handrails from a thermoplastic material. This has the great advantage that the handrail can be produced essentially continuously and at a greater speed. The handrail can have a consistently high and uniform external appearance, which is highly desirable in a product that is one of the most visible elements of an escalator or handrail installation and which is gripped by users. 
     However, extruding the relatively complex structure of a handrail is not simple. Others have made proposals for extruding handrails, but to the inventors&#39; knowledge none of these have been successful; this is believed to be because of the difficulty in reliably and consistently bringing the various elements together. In particular, techniques from the known art of batch or piecewise molding of handrails from thermoset material cannot simply be incorporated into an extruded handrail. Rather, techniques from such batchwise molding are inapplicable to a continuous, extruded molding technique. 
     More particularly, older techniques which simply teach introducing additional layers to give desired strength and other characteristics are simply inapplicable to an extruded handrail. For conventional molding operations where the various layers are pre-assembled, it is usually a relatively simple matter to introduce one or more additional layers. This may require a certain element of care and skill in assembling the handrail and it may increase the cost, but it is possible and it does not fundamentally alter the various steps in the molding operation. 
     In contrast, considered as a thermoplastic extrusion operation, extrusion of a basic handrail structure is already a complex operation involving a number of separate elements, with care having to be taken to ensure that they each are in the correct location in the finished profile; for example, the tensile elements must remain in the correct plane, while the slider fabric must be shaped to the relatively complex profile of the slot of the handrail. To introduce additional layers or plies is thus extremely difficult, and costly as it requires extra plies to be prepared by slitting and possibly coating with adhesive. 
     Considering now the characteristics that a handrail must meet, these essentially relate to its ability to remain on handrail guides and to be driven. Thus, the lips of the handrail must have sufficient strength to prevent derailment or detachment from the handrail guides. This is usually determined by measuring the load or force for a given lateral deflection of the lips. The spacing between the lips of the lip dimension must also be correct and be constant or maintained, within specific tolerances, throughout the handrail life. To introduce additional strengthening layers or plies is extremely difficult. 
     As to drive characteristics, there must be adequate friction between the handrail and a drive unit and the handrail must not be damaged by loads applied by a drive unit. One technique is to pass the handrail around a relatively large diameter pulley which engages the inner surface of the handrail, and often causes the handrail to be bent backwards to increase the contact with a drive wheel. While this could give adequate drive characteristics, it had a number of disadvantages. Such a drive requires a relatively large space, and passing the handrail through a reverse bend can cause undesirable stresses resulting in shortening of the handrail life. 
     Another technique is the use of so-called linear drives, which are the preferred system in some parts of the world. In a linear drive, the handrail is simply passed through one or more pairs of rollers, which are pressed against the handrail. For each pair of rollers, one of the rollers simply acts as a follower wheel or pulley, while the other is driven and acts to drive the handrail. To ensure adequate transmission of the drive force, the pairs of pulleys or wheels are pressed together with very high forces. This can impose very high internal stresses on the handrail causing a number of problems. The shear stresses generated in the nip between the pair of wheels can cause delamination of the plies in a conventional rubber, thermoset product. For tensile elements formed from stranded, twisted steel wire, glass yarns and the like, the stresses can cause a grinding action, resulting in fretting fatigue. 
     However, linear drive characteristics are desirable for a number of reasons. They eliminate the reverse bend problem of other drive units. They are more compact, and hence desirable, for example in escalator installations which have a transparent balustrade, limiting the space available for the handrail drive and reducing the length of handrail required. Also, for different sized installations, it is simply a matter of increasing the number of drive rollers to match the size of the installation. 
     A number of techniques have been proposed in the art for providing a conventionally molded handrail with the desired characteristics. However, many of these are relatively complex, and are only generally applicable to conventional piecewise molding techniques for thermoset materials. Thus, U.S. Pat. No. 5,255,772 is directed to a handrail for escalators and moving walkways with improved dimensional stability. This is essentially achieved by providing a sandwich structure in which two layers of plies are provided on either side of a layer of rubber composition in which the steel wires or other tensile members are embedded. This is preferably a higher strength rubber, so that a structural sandwich composition is formed with the two layers of plies. 
     Importantly, the two opposing layers of plies in this structure have their stiff principal yarns extending perpendicularly to the stretch inhibitor and hence perpendicular to the steel cables of the stretch inhibitor. The intention here is to improve the bending strength of the lips in response to lateral forces tending to deform the lips outwards. 
     However, such a structure is complex and has numerous different layers. It would be exceedingly difficult to form such a structure by extrusion. In addition to the basic elements listed above, it would, somehow, require the introduction of two additional plies of fabric material, which would have to be located at exact configurations within the extruded handrail. 
     Alternative approaches, allegedly suitable for extruded handrails, are found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,633,725 and 4,776,446. In the first of these patents, there is proposed a somewhat unusual structure in which an internal portion of the handrail is provided with a toothed structure to facilitate driving and also to facilitate bending. Then, a separate cover is provided. U.S. Pat. No. 4,776,446 provides so-called wear strips on the insides of each of the lips. These are intended to provide two functions, namely to provide a low co-efficient of sliding and improve the lip strength. These are constructed from a stiff, plastic material, e.g. nylon. It is suggested that they be co-extruded with the handrail, although no extrusion technique is disclosed. To permit these wear strips to flex, they are continuous on one side and provided with slots separating the other side into a row of leg portions. However, this simply forms stress concentrations and these relatively ridged wear strips would suffer cracking and flex fatigue, in use, due to repeated bending. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, it is desirable to provide a handrail which would lend itself to continuous production by extrusion, and which would have good or enhanced lip strength, good lip dimensional stability, provide resistance to fretting fatigue and delamination, and have characteristics enabling maximum drive force transmission on a linear drive. 
     In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a moving handrail construction, the handrail having a generally C-shaped cross-section and defining an internal generally T-shaped slot, the handrail being formed by extrusion and comprising: 
     (1) a first layer of thermoplastic material extending around the T-shaped slot; 
     (2) a second layer of thermoplastic material extending around the outside of the first layer and defining the exterior profile of the handrail; 
     (3) a slider layer defining the T-shaped slot and bonded to the first layer; and 
     (4) a stretch inhibitor extending within the first layer, wherein the first layer is formed from a harder thermoplastic than the second layer. 
     Preferably, the handrail comprises an upper web above the T-shaped slot and two lip portions extending downwardly from the upper web around the T-shaped slot, wherein within the upper web at least, the first layer is thicker than the second layer. Unlike known proposals, the first layer can extend from the slider layer to the second layer, without any intervening plies. The upper web can have a thickness of approximately 10 mm and the first layer is then preferably at least 6 mm thick. It is believed that it is this substantial first layer, when formed of a relatively hard thermoplastic, that gives the handrail improved drive characteristics in a linear drive, as detailed below. 
     Advantageously, the first layer has a hardness in the range 40-50 Shore ‘D’ and the second layer has a hardness in the range 70-85 Shore ‘A’. 
     In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a moving handrail construction, the handrail having a generally C-shaped cross-section and defining an internal, generally T-shaped slot, the handrail being formed by extrusion and comprising: 
     (1) a first layer of thermoplastic material extending around the T-shaped slot; 
     (2) a second layer of thermoplastic material extending around the outside of the first layer and defining the exterior profile of the handrail; 
     (3) a slider layer lining the T-shaped slot and bonded to first layer at least; and 
     (4) a stretch inhibitor extending within the first layer, wherein the first layer is formed from a harder thermoplastic than the second layer, and wherein there is a direct interface between the first and second layers, with the first and second layers bonded to one another to form a continuous thermoplastic body, without any intervening layer of material between the first and second layers. 
     A further aspect of the present invention provides a moving handrail construction comprising the handrail having a generally C-shaped cross-section and defining an internal, generally T-shaped slot, the handrail being formed by extrusion and comprising: 
     (1) a first layer of thermoplastic material comprising an upper portion and tapered edged portions extending only partially around the T-shaped slot; 
     (2) a second layer of thermoplastic material comprising an upper portion abutting the first layer of thermoplastic material and semi-circular edge portions extending around the T-shaped slot, the second layer of thermoplastic material defining the exterior profile of the handrail; 
     (3) a slider layer lining the T-shaped slot and bonded to the first and second layers; and 
     (4) a stretch inhibitor extending within the first layer, wherein the first layer is formed from a harder thermoplastic than the second layer. 
     The handrail can have a simple structure suitable for extrusion with no additional layers of fabric, so that there is a direct interface between the two layers of thermoplastic which are bonded directly to one another. If they are made of the same material, e.g. TPU, and coextruded, it has the additional advantage of a bond equal to the tear strength of the two materials. There is not risk of delamination as with a plied product. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     For a better understanding of the present invention and to show more clearly how it may be carried into effect, reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawings in which: 
     FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view through a conventional handrail; 
     FIG. 2 a  is a cross-sectional view through a handrail in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 b  is a cross-sectional view through a handrail in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 3 is a graph showing variation of lip dimension against time on a test rig; 
     FIG. 4 is a graph showing variation of lip strength against time on a test rig; 
     FIGS. 5,  6  and  7  are graphs showing variation of braking force with drive roller pressure for different slip rates, for three different handrail constructions; 
     FIG. 8 a  is a schematic view of a linear drive apparatus and FIG. 8 b  is a view on an enlarged scale of the nip between the two rollers of FIG. 8 a ; and 
     FIGS. 9 a ,  9   b  and  9   c  are schematic views showing a roller passing over a substrate and the behaviour of elastic and visco-elastic materials. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Reference will first be made to FIG. 1, which shows a cross-section through a conventional handrail. As noted above, FIG. 1 as also for FIG. 2, shows a handrail as it would be extending along the top, horizontal run of a handrail installation. 
     The conventional handrail is generally designated by the reference  10 . In known manner, the handrail  10  includes a stretch inhibitor  12 , which can comprise steel cables, steel tape, Kevlar or other suitable tensile elements. As shown, this is supplied embedded in a layer of rubber. The stretch inhibitor  12 , and its rubber coating, and a layer  14  of relatively hard rubber are embedded between two fabric plies  15 . The fabric plies  15  and hard rubber  14  can comprise a structure as defined in U.S. Pat. No. 5,255,772. 
     The fabric plies  15  extend partially around a T-shaped slot  16 , around which is located a slider fabric  18 . The ends of the slider or slider fabric  18  extend out of the slot  16 , as shown. To complete the handrail, an outer coverstock  19  is molded around the outside of the fabric plies  15 , again as in U.S. Pat. No. 5,255,772. 
     Reference will now be made to FIG. 2, which shows a handrail construction in accordance with the present invention, and generally designated by the reference  20 . 
     The handrail  20  includes tensile elements or a stretch inhibitor  22 , which here comprise a number of steel wires which, typically, can have a diameter in the range 0.5 to 2 mm. Any suitable stretch inhibitor can be provided. A T-shaped slot  24  is lined by a slider fabric  26 . The slider fabric is an appropriate cotton or synthetic material, with a suitable texture that a drive wheel of a linear drive apparatus can bite into and engage, as detailed below. 
     Now, in accordance with the present invention, the body of the handrail comprises an inner layer  28  of a relatively hard thermoplastic and an outer layer  30  of a relatively soft thermoplastic. The steel wires or tensile elements  22  are embedded in the inner layer  28  and adhered thereto with a suitable adhesive. The layers  28 ,  30  bond directly to one another at an interface to form a continuous thermoplastic body. 
     As shown in the first embodiment of FIG. 2 a , the inner layer  28  comprises an upper portion or web  32  of generally uniform thickness, which continues into two semi-circular lip portions  34 . The lip portions  34  terminate in vertical end surfaces  36  and small downward facing ribs  38  are provided adjacent the ribs. The slider fabric  26  then includes end portions  40  wrapped around these downwardly facing ribs  38 . 
     The outer layer  30  correspondingly has an upper portion  42  and semi-circular portions  44 , with a larger radius than the semi-circular lip portions  34 . As shown, the semi-circular lip portions  44  slightly overlap the edge portions  40  of the slider. 
     Now, an important characteristic of this invention is that the two layers  28 ,  30  have different characteristics or hardnesses. Here, the outer layer  30  is a softer grade of elastomer than the inner layer  28  and the properties of the two layers are given in the following table: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Inner Layer 28 
                 Outer Layer 30 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Hardness 
                 40-50 Shore ‘D’ 
                 70-85 Shore ‘A’ 
               
               
                   
                 100% Tensile modulus 
                 11 Mpa 
                 5.5 Mpa 
               
               
                   
                 Flexural modulus 
                 63 Mpa 
                 28 Mpa 
               
               
                   
                 Shear modulus 
                 6-8 MN/m 2   
                 4-5 MN/m 2   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The inner layer  28  is harder and generally stiffer, and serves both to retain the lip dimension, i.e. the spacing across the bottom of the T-shaped slot  24 , as indicated at  46 . 
     The inner layer  28  also serves to protect the steel reinforcing elements  22  and the bond between these elements  22  and the TPU of the layer  28  as provided by a layer of adhesive. This is achieved by the layer  28  bearing loads imposed by drive rollers, as detailed below, with little deformation. This protects to elements  22  and their bond with the TPU from any excessive shear stresses. Fatigue tests of handrails formed from relatively soft material as compared to handrails formed from relatively hard material show that the hard material does indeed protection the tensile elements  22  in this way. 
     Reference will now be made to FIG. 2 b  which shows a second embodiment of the handrail construction of the present invention. For simplicity, like components are given the same reference numeral as in FIG. 2 a , and the description of the components is not repeated. 
     This second embodiment is designated in FIG. 2 b  by the reference  63 , and as before has an inner layer  28 , an outlet  30  and an appropriate stretch inhibiting member, again steel cables  22 . 
     However, in this second embodiment, the inner layer  28  does not extend around the slider fabric  26 , as in the first embodiment. Rather, the inner layer  28  has the upper portion  32 , and shortened edge portions  64  which taper in thickness and terminate approximately halfway around the semi-circle around the ends of the slot  24 . 
     Correspondingly, the outer layer  30  has approximately semi-circular end portions  66 , which here taper in thickness, with increasing thickness towards the bottom thereof. This compensates for the tapering of the end or edge portions  64 . 
     As before, the slider fabric  26  has vertical end surfaces  36 . Here, the slider fabric  26  wraps around and has edges  68  embedded within the semi-circular portion  66 . 
     A simple analysis would suggest that having a hard layer on the outside, for the outer layer  30 , would only serve to stiffen the handrail and improve lip strength. However, analysis of drive tests have shown some important interactions between the drive and the handrail, which have resulted in the selection of a softer TPU for the outer layer  30 . 
     Referring now to FIGS. 5,  6  and  7 , these show variations of drive characteristics for different handrail constructions. Thus, FIG. 5 shows variation of braking force with drive roller pressure for a handrail formed from a hard TPU having a Shore hardness of 45 Shore ‘D’ for both layers  28 ,  30 . As for the other graphs, this shows three curves for different slip percentages of 1, 2 and 3%. 
     FIG. 6 shows a similar series of curves for a handrail formed with the inner layer  28  of a relatively hard TPU with the same Shore hardness of 45 Shore ‘D’ and the outer layer  30  of a relatively soft TPU with a hardness of 80 Shore ‘A’. It can be seen that the drive characteristics are enhanced considerably. For any given slip percentage, a given drive roller pressure yields much a greater braking force indicative of the driving force that can be applied to the handrail. 
     By way of comparison, FIG. 7 shows drive curves for a conventional handrail formed from a thermoset material, with a sandwich ply construction as in U.S. Pat. No. 5,255,772 These show that above a drive roller pressure of approximately 130 kg, no significant increase in braking force is obtained for further increase in drive roller pressure. In general, the results are inferior to those of the extruded handrail of FIGS. 5 and 6, and clearly much inferior to those of FIG. 6, with the two different hardnesses of TPU. Such a handrail would have had two different hardnesses of material, albeit in a quite different configuration and with the harder layer being quite small. These results give no indication that any sort of improvement in drive characteristics can be obtained by the use of two different hardnesses of TPU. 
     Reference will now be made to FIGS. 8 a ,  8   b  and  9 , to explain a theory developed by the inventors to explain this behaviour. It is to be appreciated that this is a proposed theory, and should not be construed to limit the present invention in any way. 
     FIG. 8 a  shows a handrail  20  as it would be in the drive section, i.e. inverted. A drive roller  50  is pressed downward against the slider fabric  26 , trapping the handrail  20  between the drive roller  50  and a follower roller  52 . 
     The drive roller  50  is provided with a roller tread  54  (FIG. 8 b ), and correspondingly the follower roller  52  has a roller tread  56 . The roller treads  54 ,  56  are formed from urethane or rubber with a suitable hardness, as described in greater detail below. 
     Now, it is known that when a roller rolls across the surface of a visco-elastic material substrate, a stress pattern is produced in the contact area, which increases the rolling resistance. This is shown in FIG.  9 . FIG. 9 a  shows a roller  70  rolling across a substrate  72 , to produce a contact area or footprint indicated at  74 . 
     FIG. 9 b  shows the variation of contact stresses within the footprint or contact zone  74 , for an elastic substrate, e.g. steel. As might be expected, these are generally symmetrical and do not cause any rolling resistance, and would be the same for movement of the roller in either direction. 
     FIG. 9 c  shows the contact stresses for a visco-elastic substrate, moving in the direction indicated by the arrow F in FIG. 9 a . Due to the viscous properties, there is an increase in stress towards the forward end of the footprint and a reduction at the rear. 
     This results in an upward force N balancing the load applied by the roller  70 . This force N is offset forwardly be distance x from the axis of the roller  70 . It will be appreciated that force F, indicated by an arrow, required to maintain the roller moving is then given by the equation: 
     
       
         
           FR=Nx  
         
       
     
     more particularly, one can define a coefficient of rolling friction by the following equation:          μ   r     =       F   N     =     x   R                              
     This coefficient can also be calculated from the following equation:          μ   r     =     0.25          (     N     GR   2       )       1   3          tan                 δ                            
     Where G is the shear modulus, directly related to hardness, and tan δ is the mechanical loss tangent or factor. 
     Thus, it is known that a visco-elastic material causes an offset of the centerline of a contact patch or the pressure distribution resulting from it. Now, what the present inventors have realized is that, as most commonly available linear drives have drive and follower rollers  50 ,  52  with different diameters, then their contact areas may not correspond. Thus, this could lead to two different offsets of their respective contact patches or footprints. For example, if the handrail was homogenous and if the two rollers had the same diameter, then necessarily one would expect similar offsets for the two contact patches. However, even for a homogenous handrail, due to the different diameters, there would be different offsets of their contact patches, resulting in inadequate support for the drive roller. In other words, if the drive roller&#39;s contact patch is offset by a large amount, then the handrail will deflect or otherwise move to balance this load, but the drive roller will not be properly supported. 
     Now, in accordance with the present invention, the outer or cover layer  30  is of a softer material. This results in the follower roller  52  generating a contact patch or footprint which is larger, or at least comparable with that for the drive roller  50 . In FIG. 8 b,  this is shown in greater detail, and contact patches  58 ,  60  are shown for the two rollers  50 ,  52 . The arrows  62  indicate the effective center of each contact patch, calculated from the pressure distribution, i.e. the point at which a point load equivalent to the pressure distribution would be applied. Thus, the larger footprint of the smaller roller  52  ensures that the drive roller  50  is now properly supported. 
     The second reason for improved drive is also shown in FIG.  9 . Since the inner layer or main carcass  28  of the handrail is formed from the harder material, the slider fabric  26  tends to be pressed into the roller tread  54 , rather than into the layer  28 . This allows the roller  20  to obtain adequate traction by “biting” into the traction surface presented by the fabric  26 . 
     It is to be noted that the wheel tread  54  should be reasonably hard, for example with a hardness in the range 90-94 Shore ‘A’, since this will ensure good wear characteristics. A soft tread  54  may give a larger footprint and conform better to the fabric texture, but it will likely suffer from an excessive wear rate due to scrubbing in the footprint area. Also, a relatively thin tread  54 , which is not too soft is desirable, to prevent build up of heat due to hysteresis. A thin tread also ensures that the heat is conducted away to the roller  50 . 
     It can further be noted that it is advantageous for the layer  28 , unlike in U.S. Pat. No. 5,255,772, to be formed solely from an elastomeric substance, rather than some laminated structure. A homogenous layer  28  will be more resilient and give lower viscous energy losses, thereby offering less rolling resistance. This in turn helps to negate the effect of slippage. In contrast, a complex laminated structure can often increase energy losses, leading to increased rolling resistance, and in turn causing increased slippage. 
     A further advantage of a relatively hard layer  28  is to withstand the loads applied as the handrail passes through the nip between the rollers  50 ,  52 . These loads have the effect of locally compressing the handrail, causing it to spread out laterally. The steel wires prevent any significant stretching in the axial direction, but the deformation of these wires laterally has the effect of axially shortening the handrail directly under the wheel  50 . When the stress is removed the steel wires contract back into the regular, narrow array, and the handrail springs back to its original length. This temporary, pressure induced length change can actually cause the handrail to move slightly (about 1%) faster than the drive wheel  50 , thereby making up for some possible slippage. 
     The handrail of the present invention, i.e. as in FIGS. 2 a  and  2   b , has given another advantage. In testing on a test escalator balustrade, it has been found that power and drive force required were lower than with a conventional handrail as in FIG.  1 . It is believed that this is because the hard layer  28  stiffens the handrail not only laterally, to improve lip strength, but also axially. In contrast the structure of FIG. 1, as in U.S. Pat. No. 5,255,772, provides plies that are distinctly orthotropic, in that they provide glass fiber strands extending transversely to stiffen the handrail transversely, but these have no effect in the axial direction, so that they don&#39;t increase the bending stiffness about the neutral axis. Consequently, this type of structure can be relatively flexible as it passes around drive rollers, newel end rollers etc. This, it is believed, causes the handrail to engage these rollers closely. In contrast, with the handrail of the present invention, the layer  28  gives it a certain stiffness, which would prevent the handrail from bending excessively and engaging newel end rollers and the like too closely; rather, there is likely more of a tangential contact between the handrail and the various rollers, which reduces friction, which in turn reduces the load or torque on the drive motor. The degree of this stiffening will depend on the grades of thermoplastics chosen and the configuration of the various layers. FIG. 2 a , with the layer extending all around the slot, should be stiffer than the structure of FIG. 2 b , with the layers extending just partially around the slot  24 . 
     Reference will now be made to FIGS. 3 and 4, which show comparisons of lip dimensions and lip strength against number of hours on a test rig for different handrails. 
     Referring first to FIG. 3, this shows at  80 , an extruded handrail in accordance with the present invention of FIG. 2 a , with a relatively soft layer  28  and a relatively soft cover  30 . These show an adequate lip dimension but deteriorating slightly with time. For this test, a 5.6 meter handrail was tested at 60 m/min. on a three roller Hitachi linear drive unit with 230 kg force drive roller pressure and 120 kg force braking force. A test under similar conditions but with a layer  28  with a 45 Shore ‘D’ hardness and an outer layer  30  with an 85 Shore ‘A’ hardness is shown at  81 . This shows much more consistent performance and less degradation with time. 
     At  82 , there is shown a test of a handrail manufactured using cotton body plies as in U.S. Pat. No. 3,463,290. This was tested under similar load conditions and speeds for a 20 m length. For up to ten hours, which is a relatively short time, this shows adequate performance. 
     A conventional handrail manufactured by thermoset techniques according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,255,772 is shown at  83 . This was a 10 m length, run at 60 m/min. on a Westinghouse type linear drive unit with 50 kg force drive roller pressure on four rollers and no braking force. This shows progressive degradation with time. 
     Finally, a further European handrail, identified at  84  and not specifically designed for linear drives was tested with the same loads and speeds as the test for  80 ,  81  and  82 . This was for a 10 m length of handrail. For the short time tested, this shows adequate performance. 
     These tests shows that, with a hard layer  28  and a relatively soft layer  30 , good performance can be obtained and held for up to a 1000 hrs. 
     Referring to FIG. 4, this shows variations of lip strength with time. For convenience, the same reference numerals are used as in FIG. 3, since they relate to identically the same test handrails. 
     Thus, it can be seen that the handrails of the present invention shown at  80 ,  81  show good performance, and indeed increasing lip strength with time. As might be expected, the line  81  shows that with a hard inner layer  28 , one obtains an increased lip strength, which is maintained with time, as compared with having two soft layers  28 ,  30 , as indicated at  80 . 
     In general, results at  80 ,  81 , and particularly the line  81  show that the handrail of the present invention gives improved performance. The cotton body ply handrail  82 , as per U.S. Pat. No. 3,463,290 shows good initial lip strength but this degrades rapidly and after only 20 hrs has degraded significantly. The conventional handrail shown at  83  also shows significant degradation with time, and worse than that of the present invention.