Abstract:
Methods for determining dosage of HER2-targeted anthracycline-containing immunoliposomes are disclosed, as are methods of treating cancer patients with HER2-positive tumors using dosages so determined. Upon administration, the dosages share the low cardiotoxicity profile of standard dosages of non-immunoliposomal (untargeted), anthracycline-containing liposomes.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/912,167, filed Jun. 6, 2013, which is a continuation of PCT Application No.: PCT/US2011/063623, filed Dec. 6, 2011, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119 to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/420,225, filed Dec. 6, 2010; 61/420,688, filed Dec. 7, 2010; and 61/449,602, filed Mar. 4, 2011. The contents of each of the foregoing applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
     
    
     STATEMENT AS TO RIGHTS TO INVENTIONS MADE UNDER FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 
       [0002]    NOT APPLICABLE 
       REFERENCE TO A “SEQUENCE LISTING,” A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING APPENDIX SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISK 
       [0003]    NOT APPLICABLE 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    Anthracyclines have been an effective backbone of cancer therapies for decades. Despite consistent clinical benefit observed with anthracycline-based regimens in breast cancer, significant toxicities such as acute and/or chronic cardiac dysfunction associated with such treatment have limited more expansive therapeutic use. While liposomal doxorubicin formulations have succeeded in reducing cardiotoxicity to some extent, they have failed to demonstrate clear-cut efficacy advantages and can involve other toxicities such as palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (hand foot syndrome). In an effort to improve upon efficacy of currently available anthracyclines, a new immunoliposomal formulation, MM-302, has been prepared that targets doxorubicin to HER2 (ErbB2)-overexpressing tumor cells. Antibody fragments that bind to HER2 without blocking HER2-mediated signaling are coupled to the outer surface of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin. 
         [0005]    Doxorubicin (dox) is an anthracyline chemotherapeutic agent used to treat a variety of cancers. The use of doxorubicin is dose-limited by the cardiotoxicity of the drug. In order to address this problem, doxorubicin has been formulated as a pegylated liposomal preparation. Liposomal encapsulation of drugs enables delivery of potent cytotoxic drugs with an improved therapeutic index or therapeutic window. doxorubicin HCl liposome injection (DOXIL®) is a pegylated liposome-encapsulated (liposomal) form of doxorubicin. DOXIL is a commercial form of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD). DOXIL alters the tissue distribution and pharmacokinetic profile of doxorubicin. Use of DOXIL results in a significantly lower rate of left ventricular cardiac dysfunction and symptomatic congestive heart failure as compared to therapy with free doxorubicin, both alone and in combination with trastuzumab in anthracycline-naïve and previously treated patients. DOXIL® is approved for use to treat Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma, ovarian cancer, and multiple myeloma. Doxorubicin HCl liposome injection is also sold as CAELYX®. 
         [0006]    Immunoliposomes are antibody (typically antibody fragment) targeted liposomes that provide advantages over non-immunoliposomal preparations because they are selectively internalized by cells bearing cell surface antigens targeted by the antibody. Such antibodies and immunoliposomes are described, for example, in the following US patents and patent applications: US 2010-0068255, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,214,388, 7,135,177, and 7,507,407 (“Immunoliposomes that optimize internalization into target cells”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,210,707 (“Methods of forming protein-linked lipidic microparticles and compositions thereof”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,022,336 (“Methods for attaching protein to lipidic microparticles with high efficiency”) and US 2008-0108135 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,244,826 (“Internalizing ErbB2 antibodies.”). The following US and international patents and patent applications describe assays, cell lines, and related technologies that are relevant to this disclosure: U.S. Pat. No. 7,846,440 (“Antibodies against ErbB3 and uses thereof”) and U.S. Ser. No. 12/757,801, PCT/US2009/040259, and PCT/US2009/60721 (“Human Serum Albumin Linkers and Conjugates Thereof”). 
         [0007]    Immunoliposomes targeting ErbB2 (HER2) can be prepared in accordance with the foregoing patent disclosures. Such HER2 targeted immunoliposomes include MM-302, which comprises the F5 anti-HER2 antibody fragment and contains doxorubicin. MM-302 contains 45 copies of mammalian-derived F5-scFv (anti-HER2) per liposome. The F5-scFv was selected for its ability to internalize while not affecting HER2 signaling. Characterization of the F5-scFv indicates that it does not cross react with mouse, rat or rabbit HER2 and does not interfere with HER2 signaling in the free scFv form. Because cardiomyocytes are known to express HER2, concerns have been expressed regarding the potential cardiotoxicity of MM-302 and related HER2-targeted immunoliposomes. 
         [0008]    Dosage and Administration of Commercially Available Liposomal Doxorubicin: 
         [0009]    DOXIL® (doxorubicin HCl liposome injection) is an exemplary liposomal anthracycline chemotherapeutic drug. DOXIL is typically administered intravenously at a dose indicated in mg/m 2  and characterized as doxorubicin HCl equivalent (dox equiv., meaning the total mass of doxorubicin in each dose). Each dose is typically administered at an interval measured in weeks, to yield a dosage of x mg/m 2  (dox equiv.) every y weeks. The first liposomal doxorubicin dose is typically administered at an initial rate of 1 mg/min to minimize the risk of infusion-related reactions. If no infusion-related adverse reactions are observed, the infusion rate is typically increased to complete the administration of the drug over one hour. 
         [0010]    Patients with Ovarian Cancer: 
         [0011]    DOXIL is typically administered to ovarian cancer patients intravenously at a dose of 50 mg/m 2  dox equiv. The patient is typically dosed once every 4 weeks, for as long as the patient does not progress, shows no evidence of cardiotoxicity and continues to tolerate treatment. A minimum of 4 courses is recommended because median time to response in clinical trials was 4 months. To manage adverse reactions such as hand-foot syndrome (HFS), stomatitis, or hematologic toxicity the doses may be delayed or reduced. Pretreatment with or concomitant use of antiemetics should be considered. 
         [0012]    Patients with AIDS-Related Kaposi&#39;s Sarcoma (KS): 
         [0013]    DOXIL is typically administered to KS patients intravenously at a dose of 20 mg/m 2  (dox equiv.). In KS patients the dose is typically repeated once every three weeks, for as long as patients respond satisfactorily and tolerate treatment. 
         [0014]    Patients with Multiple Myeloma: 
         [0015]    To treat patients with multiple myeloma, DOXIL is administered with VELCADE® (bortezomib). Bortezomib is administered at a dose of 1.3 mg/m 2  as intravenous bolus on days 1, 4, 8 and 11, every three weeks. DOXIL is typically administered to these patients at a dose of 30 mg/m 2  as a 1-hr intravenous infusion following each day 4 bortezomib administration. Patients are typically treated for up to 8 cycles until disease progression or the occurrence of unacceptable toxicity. 
         [0016]    HERCEPTIN® (trastuzumab) is a therapeutic anti-HER2 antibody that is very widely used to treat HER2 overexpressing tumors. A key dosage-limiting effect of trastuzumab is cardiotoxicity. Cardiomyocytes are known to express HER2, and trastuzumab-mediated cardiotoxicity is generally accepted as being caused by damage to HER2-expressing cardiomyocytes resulting from trastuzumab binding to the cardiomyocyte-expressed HER2—see, e.g., Hysing J and Wist E, “Cardiotoxic Effects of Trastuzumab,”. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen, 2011 Nov. 15; 131(22):2239-2241. Anthracycline drugs such as doxorubicin are known to exert dose-limiting cardiotoxic effects, which are considered a major limitation in their use—see, e.g., Sawyer et al., “Mechanisms of Anthracycline Cardiac Injury: Can we identify strategies for cardio-protection?” Prog Cardiovasc Dis., 2010 September-October; 53(2):105-13. 
         [0017]    Doxorubicin-induced cardiac damage is irreversible, resulting in acute injury and also damage that can manifest itself years after treatment. Exposure to cumulative concentrations of doxorubicin above 550 mg/m 2  increases the potential for cardiomyopathy and heart failure. The development of HER2-directed therapy for the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer has led to the investigation of the clinical benefit of the combination of doxorubicin and trastuzumab. The clinical efficacy of doxorubicin plus trastuzumab was superior to that of paclitaxel plus trastuzumab; however, there was an increased incidence of cardiac toxicity observed on the doxorubicin plus trastuzumab arm of the study, and the combination was not approved for marketing. The clinical benefit of anthracycline-based therapy, specifically in HER2-positive breast cancer, remains controversial. 
         [0018]    Liposomal encapsulation of drugs has enabled delivery of potent cytotoxic drugs with an improved therapeutic index. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) alters the tissue distribution and pharmacokinetic profile of doxorubicin. PLD has demonstrated a significantly lower rate of left ventricular cardiac dysfunction and symptomatic congestive heart failure as compared to therapy with conventional doxorubicin, alone and in combination with trastuzumab in anthracycline-naive and previously treated patients. A proposed mechanism for the reduced cardiotoxicity of PLD is that its greater size relative to conventional doxorubicin prevents it from crossing the endothelial barrier in the heart, thereby minimizing doxorubicin exposure to heart tissue. 
         [0019]    MM-302 is a HER2-targeted, pegylated liposome designed to deliver doxorubicin directly to HER2-overexpressing cancers. HER2-targeted PLD deposits in tumors through the enhanced permeability and retention effect similar to PLD. In the tumor microenvironment, targeting HER2-overexpressing cells with HER2-targeted PLD results in superior efficacy relative to PLD in preclinical models. During the development of MM-302, concern was expressed by regulatory authorities that due to its HER2-targeting, MM-302 would deliver cardiotoxic doxorubicin directly to cardiomyocytes, resulting in increased cardiotoxicity compared to doxorubicin HCl liposome injection, and reduced dosages of MM-302 were suggested to avoid such life-threatening toxicities. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0020]    The present invention provides methods to determine safe doses and to safely use anti-HER2 immunoliposomal anthracyclins to treat HER2-expressing cancers, e.g., without increased risk of cardiotoxicity as compared to doxorubicin HCl liposome injection (DOXIL), and provides other advantages. 
         [0021]    It has now been discovered that anti-ErbB2 targeted, anthracycline-containing immunoliposomes, e.g., MM-302, are not any more cardiotoxic than doxorubicin HCl liposome injection (DOXIL®), and can be dosed using exactly the same dosages, (i.e., dose and administration amounts and schedules) as used for doxorubicin HCl liposome injection without any increase in cardiotoxicity risk or decrease in efficacy. Furthermore, it has now been demonstrated that MM-302 can be effectively targeted to cells expressing 200,000 or more ErbB2 (HER2) receptors per cell in vitro and in vivo, indicating that it can be used to treat patients with HER2-overexpressing tumors that are either HER2 “3+” (e.g., by HERCEPTEST®), HER2 FISH+ (fluorescence in situ hybridization for HER2 gene amplification) or HER2 “2+” (e.g., by HERCEPTEST). 
         [0022]    Therefore, disclosed herein are methods for determining a safe and effective dosage for use in treating a human cancer patient by administration of anthracycline-comprising anti-HER2 immunoliposomes, the patient being diagnosed with a cancer characterized by expression of HER2 receptor, the methods comprising determining a first dosage, such a dosage indicating a dose magnitude and frequency of dosing, for a patient diagnosed with a cancer characterized by expression of HER2 receptor, the first dosage being for a liposomal anthracycline chemotherapeutic agent that does not comprise an immunoliposome, which dosage is determined to provide to the patient a safe and effective amount of the liposomal anthracycline chemotherapeutic agent; and determining a dosage for the administration of the anthracycline-comprising anti-HER2 immunoliposomes, a plurality of which immunoliposomes is each bearing a plurality of anti-HER2 antibody molecules on its surface and each containing the anthracycline chemotherapeutic agent, where the safe and effective dosage for the administration of the anthracycline-comprising anti-HER2 immunoliposomes is the first dosage. 
         [0023]    Also disclosed are methods of treating a human cancer patient by administration of anthracycline-comprising anti-HER2 immunoliposomes, the methods comprising determining a first dosage, such a dosage indicating a dose magnitude and frequency of dosing, for a patient diagnosed with a cancer characterized by expression of HER2 receptor, the first dosage being for a liposomal anthracycline chemotherapeutic agent that does not comprise an immunoliposome, which dosage is determined to provide to the patient a safe and effective amount of the liposomal formulation, and administering anthracycline-comprising anti-HER2 immunoliposomes, a plurality of which immunoliposomes is each bearing a plurality of anti-HER2 antibody molecules on its surface and each containing the anthracycline chemotherapeutic agent, where the anthracycline-comprising anti-HER2 immunoliposomes are administered to the patient at the first dosage. 
         [0024]    In certain aspects the anthracycline is doxorubicin. In other aspects the liposomal anthracycline chemotherapeutic agent that does not comprise an immunoliposome is doxorubicin HCl liposome injection and the HER2-targeted immunoliposomes are MM-302. In others, the cancer is breast cancer, Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma, ovarian cancer, or multiple myeloma. In yet other aspects, the first dosage is 50 mg/m 2 , 40 mg/m 2 , 30 mg/m 2 , 20 mg/m 2 , or 10 mg/m 2  every two weeks or every three weeks or every four weeks. In other aspects the cancer characterized by expression of HER2 receptor is further characterized as being HER2 2+ , HER2 3+ , or HER2 FISH positive. In others the cancer characterized by expression of ErbB2 receptor is further characterized as expressing an average of at least 200,000 cell surface ErbB2 receptors per cell. In yet others, the administration of the immunoliposomes at the first dosage is effective to treat the cancer and in others the administration of the immunoliposomes at the first dosage does not result in increased cardiotoxicity as compared to administration at the first dosage of the liposomal anthracycline chemotherapeutic agent that does not comprise an immunoliposome. In other aspects, the administration of the immunoliposomes to the patient at the first dosage results in a peak concentration of the immunoliposomes in the patient&#39;s bloodstream, and treating human cardiomyocytes in vitro by culturing in medium comprising the immunoliposomes at about the peak concentration does not reduce, or reduces by no more than 5%, heregulin-stimulated increase of pERK or pAKT in the cultured cardiomyocytes as compared to in control human cardiomyocytes cultured in medium free of the immunoliposomes. In other aspects the immunoliposome concentration in the patient&#39;s bloodstream is measured as a serum immunoliposome concentration. In yet other aspects each of the HER2 immunoliposomes bears on its surface, on average, 45 anti-HER2 antibody molecules. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0025]      FIG. 1A  depicts a graph of the expression of HER2 in multiple cell lines after being treated with 15 μg/ml of MM-302 immunoliposomes containing doxorubicin (dox) for 2 hr and levels of total cellular doxorubicin internalized as determined using HPLC. The y-axes represent femtograms dox per cell (left) and liposomes per cell (right) and the x-axes represent the number of HER2 receptors per cell (log scale). 
           [0026]      FIG. 1B  depicts a graph of the expression of HER2 in multiple cell lines after being treated with 15 μg/ml of untargeted pegylated liposomal dox (UT-PLD) containing doxorubicin (dox) for 2 hr and levels of total cellular doxorubicin internalized as determined using HPLC. The y-axes represent femtograms dox per cell (left) and liposomes per cell (right) and the x-axes represent the number of HER2 receptors per cell (log scale). 
           [0027]      FIG. 1C  is a graph depicting the expression of HER2 receptors in Mouse tumor 4T1 cells transfected with human HER2 to generate stable clones with varying levels of expression. Individual clones (represented by triangles, circles, or squares) were treated with F5-targeted liposomes containing a fluorescent marker (DiI5-F5-PL), and total binding/uptake was determined by FACS. 
           [0028]      FIG. 1D  is a graph depicting the expression of HER2 receptors in endogenously low HER2 expressing HeLa cells transfected with human HER2 to generate stable clones with varying levels of expression. Individual clones (represented by triangles, circles, or squares) were treated with F5-targeted liposomes containing a fluorescent marker (DiI5-F5-PL), and total binding/uptake was determined by FACS. 
           [0029]      FIG. 2A  is a line graph depicting the total cellular doxorubicin quantified by HPLC (y-axis, femtograms/cell) in HER2-overexpressing BT474-M3 cells when treated with 15 μg/ml of MM-302 (circle), PLD (square), and free doxorubicin (triangle) for the indicated times (x-axis, in min.). 
           [0030]      FIG. 2B  is a line graph depicting nuclear doxorubicin delivery quantified by high content microscopy (y-axis, signal per cell above background) when treated with 15 μg/ml of MM-302 (square), PLD (triangle), and free doxorubicin (circle) 24 h following the indicated incubation times (x-axis, in min.). 
           [0031]      FIG. 2C  is a line graph depicting the anti-tumor activity of MM-302 and PLD in a BT474-M3 orthotopic breast cancer model. Both MM-302 (square) and PLD (triangle) significantly inhibited tumor growth compared to control (circle). The y-axis indicates tumor volume in mm 3  and the x-axis indicates days after inoculation. 
           [0032]      FIG. 2D  is a line graph depicting the pharmacokinetics of MM-302 and UT-PLD in BT474-M3 xenografts administered with 3 mg/kg or 6 mg/kg (dox equiv) at q7d. The y-axis is μg/mL dox in plasma and the x-axis is time in hours. 
           [0033]      FIG. 3A  represents a line graph showing HER2 level (receptors per cell, x-axis) as a function of liposome Di15-labeled MM-302 (Di15-F5-PLD) or UT-PLD (Di15-UT-PLD) binding to BT474-M3 xenograft tumor cells (percent cells positive, y-axis). 
           [0034]      FIG. 3B  represents a line graph demonstrating the heterogeneity of HER2 expression on a single cell basis as measured in tumor tissue sections. 
           [0035]      FIG. 4A  depicts a line graph illustrating the uptake of MM-302 (circle), PLD (square) and doxorubicin (triangle) in human embryonic stem cell-derived (ESCd) cardiomyocytes. Total cellular doxorubicin was quantified by HPLC. The y-axes represents uptake in femtograms/cell and the x-axes represent incubation time in min. 
           [0036]      FIG. 4B  depicts a line graph illustrating the uptake of MM-302 (circle), PLD (square) and doxorubicin (triangle) in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived (iPSd) cardiomyocytes. Total cellular doxorubicin was quantified by HPLC. The y-axes represents uptake in femtograms/cell and the x-axes represent incubation time in min. 
           [0037]      FIG. 4C  depicts a line graph illustrating the cell viability of ESCd cardiomyocytes after treatment for 3 h with drug (free doxorubicin (circle), PLD (square) or MM-302 (triangle)) at the indicated concentrations and incubated for an additional 24 h with fresh media. The y-axis represents cell viability as % compared to control and the x-axis represents concentration in μg/ml. 
           [0038]      FIG. 4D  depicts a line graph illustrating the cell viability of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived (iPSd) cardiomyocytes after treatment for 24 hours with drug (free doxorubicin (circle), PLD (square) or MM-302 (triangle)) at the indicated concentrations and incubated for an additional 24 h with fresh media. The y-axis represents cell viability as % compared to control and the x-axis represents concentration in μg/ml. The supernatant was collected and a PrestoBlue® cell viability assay was performed on the remaining cells. 
           [0039]      FIG. 4E  depicts expression of human Troponin I using an ELISA assay performed on the supernatant collected in ( FIG. 4D ). The untreated line (dotted line) represents the value of soluble Troponin I detectable in untreated wells. All values are normalized against dilutions of a supplied standard. 
           [0040]      FIG. 5A  depicts a line graph representing expression the DNA damage marker gamma-H2AX in ESCd cardiomyocytes after treatment for 3 h with MM-302 (circle), PLD (square), and free doxorubicin (triangle) at the indicated concentrations and then incubated for an additional 24 h with fresh media. Single cell intensity for each stain was quantified and represented as the mean relative intensity of individual cells. 
           [0041]      FIG. 5B  depicts a line graph representing expression of the cell stress protein phospho-p53 in ESCd cardiomyocytes after treatment for 3 h with MM-302 (circle), PLD (square), and free doxorubicin (triangle) at the indicated concentrations and then incubated for an additional 24 h with fresh media. Single cell intensity for each stain was quantified and represented as the mean relative intensity of individual cells. 
           [0042]      FIG. 5C  depicts a line graph representing expression of the cell stress protein phospho-HSP27 in ESCd cardiomyocytes after treatment for 3 h with MM-302 (circle), PLD (square), and free doxorubicin (triangle) at the indicated concentrations and then incubated for an additional 24 h with fresh media. Single cell intensity for each stain was quantified and represented as the mean relative intensity of individual cells. 
           [0043]      FIG. 5D  depicts a line graph representing expression of the cleaved form of the apoptosis protein PARP (cPARP) in ESCd cardiomyocytes after treatment for 3 h with MM-302 (circle), PLD (square), and free doxorubicin (triangle) at the indicated concentrations and then incubated for an additional 24 h with fresh media. Single cell intensity for each stain was quantified and represented as the mean relative intensity of individual cells. 
           [0044]      FIG. 6A  depicts a bar graph illustrating the effects of F5 scFv alone, F5 scFv bound to empty (i.e. without encapsulated dox) liposomes (“F5 lipo”—liposomes equivalent to MM-302 but not containing doxorubicin), Herceptin® (trastuzumab) and lapatinib on basal and heregulin stimulated pAKT levels in iPS-derived human cardiomyocytes. 
           [0045]      FIG. 6B  depicts a bar graph illustrating the effects of F5 scFv alone, F5 scFv bound to empty (i.e. without encapsulated dox) liposomes (“F5 lipo”—liposomes equivalent to MM-302 but not containing doxorubicin), Herceptin® (trastuzumab) and lapatinib on basal and heregulin stimulated pERK levels in iPS-derived human cardiomyocytes. 
           [0046]      FIG. 7A  is a line graph illustrating the biodistribution and accumulation of doxorubicin in heart tissue after administration of MM-302 (square), PLD (triangle) and free doxorubicin (circle) in NCI-N87 tumor bearing mice (n=4/time point/group). 
           [0047]      FIG. 7B  is a line graph illustrating the biodistribution and accumulation of doxorubicin in tumor tissue after administration of MM-302 (square), PLD (triangle) and free doxorubicin (circle) in NCI-N87 tumor bearing mice (n=4/time point/group). 
           [0048]      FIG. 7C  is a line graph illustrating the biodistribution and accumulation of doxorubicin in paw tissue after administration of MM-302 (square), PLD (triangle) and free doxorubicin (circle) in NCI-N87 tumor bearing mice (n=4/time point/group). 
           [0049]      FIG. 7D  represents confocal fluorescence microscopy photomicrographs illustrating the biodistribution and accumulation of doxorubicin in heart tissue over time in Nu/nu mice injected intravenously with MM-302-DiI5, PLD-DiI5, and free doxorubicin at 3 mg/kg (dox equiv.). 
           [0050]      FIG. 7E  depicts a higher magnification (2×) of the confocal fluorescence microscopy photomicrograph illustrating the overlay of the nuclei and doxorubicin signal images as shown in  FIG. 7D  for the 0.5 h time points for doxorubicin and MM-302. 
           [0051]      FIG. 7F  depicts a line graph illustrating the percentage of doxorubicin positive nuclei in heart tissue of Nu/nu mice injected intravenously with MM-302-DiI5, PLD-DiI5, and free doxorubicin at 3 mg/kg (dox equiv.) quantified using Definiens® Developer XD™. 
           [0052]      FIG. 8A  depicts a graphical illustration of a computational model developed and calibrated on literature and in-house data for free and liposomal doxorubicin. The model can be applied to understand the competing kinetic processes that determine drug concentration and exposure for liposomal versus free doxorubicin in various tissues. 
           [0053]      FIG. 8B  depicts a graphical illustration of a computational model developed and calibrated on literature and in-house data for tissue deposition of free and liposomal doxorubicin in mouse. 
           [0054]      FIG. 8C  depicts a graphical illustration of a theoretical kinetic model to provide a framework for understanding the role of HER2 expression in MM-302 uptake and doxorubicin cellular trafficking. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0055]    An MM-302 liposome is a unilamellar lipid bilayer vesicle of approximately 75-110 nm in diameter that encapsulates an aqueous space which contains doxorubicin in a gelated or precipitated state. The lipid membrane is composed of phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and a polyethyleneglycol-derivatized phosphatidylethanolamine in the amount of approximately one PEG molecule for 200 phospholipid molecules, of which approximately one PEG chain for each 1780 phospholipid molecules bears at its end an F5 single-chain Fv antibody fragment that binds to HER2. MM-302 liposomes are prepared from HSPC (Hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine):Cholesterol (plant-derived):PEG-DSPE (polyethylene glycol-disteroylphosphoethanolamine) at a molar ratio of 3:2:0.3. The total HSPC lipid concentration of MM-302 is about 40 mmol/L. MM-302 contains about 10 mmol/L of lipid, and about 2 mg/mL of doxorubicin. MM-302 comprises 1.8-2.2 mg/mL of doxorubicin in liposomes that contain 0.16-0.30 mg/mL DSPE-PEG-F5 (prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,210,707). F5 is an anti-ErbB2 (HER2) scFv antibody fragment (encoded by ATCC plasmid deposit designation PTA-7843). MM-302 liposomes comprise 130-170 g doxorubicin/mol phospholipid and 12-22 g F5-PEG-DSPE/mol phospholipid. MM-302 is formulated in sterile 10 mM/L histidine-HCl as a buffer (pH 6.5), and 10% sucrose to maintain isotonicity. MM-302 liposomes are loaded using pre-loaded ammonium sulfate 
       MM-302 Dosing 
       [0056]      
         [0000]                                                                                  Dose 1   Dose 2   Dose 3   Dose 4   Dose 5                                    Every week   10 mg/m 2     20 mg/m 2     30 mg/m 2     40 mg/m 2     50 mg/m 2         Every   10 mg/m 2     20 mg/m 2     30 mg/m 2     40 mg/m 2     50 mg/m 2         two weeks       Every   10 mg/m 2     20 mg/m 2     30 mg/m 2     40 mg/m 2     50 mg/m 2         three weeks       Every   10 mg/m 2     20 mg/m 2     30 mg/m 2     40 mg/m 2     50 mg/m 2         four weeks       Every   10 mg/m 2     20 mg/m 2     30 mg/m 2     40 mg/m 2     50 mg/m 2         five weeks                    
“mg/m 2 ” indicates mg of doxorubicin (formulated as MM-302) per square meter of body surface area of the patient. For breast cancer, dose 3, 4, or 5 is preferred. For Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma dose 1, 2, or 3 is preferred, for ovarian cancer, dose 3, 4, or 5 is preferred and for multiple myeloma dose 2, 3, 4, or 5 is preferred. Dosing regimens may vary in patients with solid tumors that are “early” (pre-metastatic, e.g., adjuvant breast cancer) as compared to “advanced” (metastatic tumors).
 
         [0057]    Preferred tumors are those in which the tumor cells overexpress HER2. A tumor that overexpresses HER2 is one that is identified as being HER2 “3+” or HER2 “2+” by HercepTest™, or HER2 FISH+ by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Alternatively, a preferred tumor that overexpresses HER2 is one that expresses an average of 200,000 or more receptors per cell, as quantified by the methods described in the Examples. 
       MM-302 Therapy of Advanced Breast Cancer 
       [0058]    MM-302 is administered once every 4 weeks by intravenous (IV) infusion over 60 minutes at 8, 16, 30, 40, or 50 mg/m 2  to patients with locally advanced/unresectable or metastatic advanced breast cancer that overexpresses HER2 as determined by FISH or by IHC or by determination of the average number of HER2 receptors per cell. Patients should have adequate bone marrow reserves as evidenced by: 1) absolute neutrophil count (ANC)≧1,500/μL; 2) platelet count≧100,000/μL and 3) hemoglobin≧9 g/dL (Transfusions allowed). Patients should have adequate hepatic function as evidenced by: 1) serum total bilirubin≦1.5×ULN and 2) Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) normal or up to 2.5×upper limit of normal (ULN; 5×ULN is acceptable for ALP if liver metastases and/or bone metastases are present). Patients should have adequate renal function as evidenced by a serum creatinine≦1.5×ULN. Patients should be recovered from any clinically relevant toxic effects of any prior surgery, radiotherapy or other therapy intended for the treatment of breast cancer. Women of childbearing potential as well as fertile men and their partners must be warned to abstain from sexual intercourse or to use an effective form of contraception during treatment and for 90 days following the last dose of MM-302. Patients should have adequate cardiac function as evidenced by a measured left ventricular ejection fraction of ≧50% by ECHO or MUGA within approximately 30 days of treatment. Patients who are pregnant or lactating and those with NYHA Class III or IV congestive heart failure or left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)&lt;50%, or a prolonged QTc interval (≧460 ms), are preferably not be treated with MM-302. 
         [0059]    The following Examples are merely illustrative and should not be construed as limiting the scope of this disclosure in any way as many variations and equivalents will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the present disclosure. 
       EXAMPLES 
     Materials and Methods used in These Examples 
       [0000]    
       
         Materials: Doxorubicin is from SIGMA-ALDRICH, Inc. (St. Louis, Mo.). FITC-conjugated lectin ( lycopersicon esculentum  (tomato) lectin, Cat #FL-1171) is purchased from Vector Laboratories, Inc. (Burlingame, Calif.). Acetic acid, Methanol, and Acetonitrile are from EMD Chemicals Inc. (Gibbstown, N.J.). Water and Trifluoroacetic Acid (TFA) are from J. T. Baker (Phillipsburg, N.J.). HOECHST 33342 trihydrochloride trihydrate, ProLong Gold®, and DiIC18(5)-DS (DiI5) are from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, Calif.). Cholesterol and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[amino(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (ammonium salt) (PEG-DSPE) are from Avanti Polar Lipids Inc. Hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine (HSPC) is from Lipoid (Newark, N.J.). RPMI is from Lonza (Walkersville, Md.), Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is from Tissue Culture Biologicals and penicillin G/streptomycin sulphate mixture is from GIBCO (Invitrogen). 
         Preparation of immunoliposomes: Liposomes are prepared and loaded with doxorubicin using an ammonium sulfate gradient as previously described (Kirpotin et. al., Cancer Res. 2006; 66:6732-40; Park et al., Clin Cancer Res. 2002; 8:1172-81). The lipid components are HSPC, cholesterol, and PEG-DSPE (3:2:0.3, mol:mol:mol). The anti-ErbB2 (F5)-PEG-DSPE conjugate is prepared and inserted into the liposome to form immunoliposomes as reported by Nellis et al., (Biotechnol Prog. 2005; 21:205-20; Biotechnol Prog. 2005; 21:221-32). The DiI-5-labelled liposomes, MM-302-DiI5 and PLD-DiI5, are prepared as above with the difference that the DiIC18(5)-DS (DiI5) dye is solubilized with the lipid components at a concentration of 0.3 mol % of total phospholipid. In all cases unloaded free doxorubicin is removed using a Sephadex® G-75 size exclusion column eluted with Hepes buffered saline (pH 6.5). F5-lipo-DiI5 is prepared in a similar fashion as above but without doxorubicin, and incorporating an aqueous solution of HEPES buffered saline (pH 6.5). 
         Tumor cell culture: BT474-M3 cells (see Noble, Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 2009 64:741-51), are HER2-overexpressing human breast cancer cells. BT474-M3 cells are grown in RPMI medium containing 10% FBS and 1% penicillin G/streptomycin sulphate. Embryonic stem cell-derived (ESCd) cardiomyocytes are obtained from P. W. Zandstra, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; (Bauwens et al., Tissue Eng Part A. 2011 Apr. 25, PMID 21417693;). These cells have been shown to express appropriate cellular markers of cardiomyocytes such as LIM domain homeobox gene Isl-1, Troponin T, and Myosin Light Chain 2c. The percentage of Troponin T positive cells is determined following differentiation. Batches containing less than 70% positive for Troponin T are discarded. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived (iPSd) cells are obtained from Cell Dynamics International and are handled per the manufacturer&#39;s protocol. 
         Xenograft Studies: 5-7-week-old female nude mice are purchased from Charles River Laboratories or Taconic Farms, Inc (NCr nude mice). Unless otherwise indicated, mice are inoculated with BT474-M3 breast cancer cells or NCI-N87 gastric cancer cells (NCI-DTP, 10×10 6  cells in 100 μl RPMI) into the right dorsal flank of the mice (subcutaneous injection, s.c.). When the tumors reach an average volume of ˜200 mm 3 , studies are performed as described below. 
         Testing of tumor HER2 levels: Homozygous NCr nude mice are inoculated with 15×10 6  BT474-M3 cells in the mammary fat pad 2nd from the top right hand side. BT474-M3 tumors are injected with a single dose of 4 mg/ml fluorescently-labeled (with DiI5 as described below) HER2-targeted or untargeted liposomes without doxorubicin. Twenty-four hours later, the tumors are excised and dissociated by mechanical and enzymatic means. After surface staining with anti-HER2 cells are analyzed by flow cytometry on a FACSCalibur™ instrument (BD Biosciences). The flow cytometry dataset is analyzed for the relationship between HER2 surface expression levels and uptake of liposomes above a given threshold by plotting the overall percentage of cells with elevated liposome content in narrowly gated cell subsets defined by increasing HER2 signals. 
         Single cell distribution of cell surface HER2: BT474-M3 tumor xenograft tissue is stained with an anti-HER2 antibody and counterstained with DAPI. The slide is imaged with an Aperio® Scanscope® at 20× magnification and the image is analyzed. The intensity of the HER2 membrane staining is quantified on a single-cell basis as the (mean of the inner border of the HER2 layer)+(mean of the outer border of the HER2 layer). 
         Efficacy study: Mice are randomized into three treatment groups (n=7/group) based on an average tumor volume from mice that receive PBS (control), MM-302 or PLD, dosed at 3 mg/kg (q7d, n=3 total doses). Tumors are measured twice/week with a caliper. Tumor volumes are calculated using the formula: width 2 ×length×0.52. Mice are weighed twice/week to monitor weight loss. 
         Uptake of liposomes in HER2-expressing cell lines: Multiple cell lines expressing various levels of HER2 are treated with 15 μg/ml of MM-302 or PLD for 2 h and total cellular doxorubicin is quantified by HPLC. Murine 4T1 breast cancer cells and human HeLa cervical cancer cells are obtained from the ATCC and propagated according to ATCC recommendations. Cells are characterized for human HER2 expression by flow cytometry using a commercial anti-HER2 antibody (BD Biosciences #340552). This antibody does not cross-react with murine HER2 but detects human HER2. A neomycin-selectable expression vector encoding human HER2 is obtained from GeneCopeia (Z2866). 4T1 and HeLa cells are transfected with this construct using the non-lipid polymer transfection reagent MegaTran® 1.0 (Origene) according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions. Transfected cells are selected with 400-500 μg/ml Geneticin/Neomycin (Invitrogen). Surviving cells are allowed to expand under reduced Geneticin/Neomycin concentrations (100 μg/ml) and are sorted on a BD Biosciences FACSAria™ instrument to obtain enriched cell populations with human HER2 expression exceeding those observed in parental HeLa cells. The sort-enriched cells are then sub-cloned by limited dilutions, and colonies are ranked by HER2 surface levels to obtain representative populations of 4T1 and HeLa cells that express different ranges of HER2. Fluorescent intensity of HER2 surface staining measured by flow cytometry is compared to staining with the same antibody bound to Quantum™ Simply Cellular® anti-mouse IgG microspheres (Bangs Laboratories #815) according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions to calculate the number of HER2 surface receptors of the cells. 
         Uptake of liposomes in cardiomyocytes: iPSd cardiomyocytes are plated per the manufacturer&#39;s instructions (Cell Dynamics International Cat #CMC-100-110-001) in a 24-well tissue culture plate at 250,000 cells/well. Two days later, the 0.5 ml of media in the wells is removed and replaced with 0.5 ml of 15.0 μg/ml (dox equiv.) of MM-302, PLD or free doxorubicin. The plates are swirled in a “figure 8 fashion” 20 times to maximize exposure of the cells to the liposomes. Cells are incubated with MM-302, PLD or free doxorubicin for the indicated time period after which the media are removed and the cells are washed once with 0.5 ml of PBS. The PBS is removed and 0.5 ml of 0.05% trypsin is added to each well. The cells are monitored, and once detachment begins, 0.5 ml of medium containing FBS is added to each well to inactivate the trypsin. The cells are collected and placed in microcentrifuge tubes. The cells are spun at 1,500 rpm for 5 minutes at 4° C. The cell pellet is resuspended by vortexing and pipetting in 0.5 ml of 1.0% acetic acid in methanol and placed at −80° C. for 1 hour to extract the doxorubicin. The microcentrifuge tube containing the resuspended cell pellet is spun at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes in the cold room, and 450 μl of the supernatant is transferred to a HPLC tube. Samples are run on the HPLC machine and concentration per sample is determined by relating values to a doxorubicin standard curve. 
         Biodistribution of liposomes: Mice are randomized into 4 groups that received a single intravenous (i.v.) dose of either PBS, doxorubicin, MM-302-DiI5 or PLD-DiI5 (all at 3 mg/kg), respectively. Mice (n=4/time point/group) are sacrificed at 0.5, 4, 24 and 96 h (doxorubicin) or 168 h (MM-302-DiI5 and PLD-DiI5) after the single dose. Five minutes before sacrificing, mice are injected i.v. with 100 μl of FITC-lectin, to label the vasculature. 
         HPLC quantification of doxorubicin: Heart tissues are weighed and disaggregated with 1 mL H 2 O using a TissueLyser™ (Qiagen) for 3 min. 100 μl of the homogenate is then transferred into a new tube and 900 μl of 1% acetic acid/methanol is added. For the cultured cells, cells are treated with drug, as described above, trypsinized and lysed using 1.0% acetic acid in methanol. Lysates are vortexed for 10 sec. and placed at −80° C. for 1 h. Samples are spun at room temperature (RT) for 10 min at 10,000 RPM. Supernatants and doxorubicin standards are analyzed by HPLC (Dionex) using a C18 reverse phase column (Synergi™ POLAR-RP® 80 Å, 250×4.60 mm 4 μm column). Doxorubicin is eluted running a gradient from 30% acetonitrile; 70% 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)/H 2 O to 55% acetonitrile; 45% 0.1% TFA/H2O during a 7 min span at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The doxorubicin peak is detected at 6.5 min using an in-line fluorescence detector excited at 485 nm, and emitting at 590 nm. The extraction efficiency of doxorubicin from the heart tissue was 83% as determined by a control heart spiked with a known amount of doxorubicin. 
         Confocal microscopy and image analysis of heart snap-frozen sections: 10 μm-thick heart sections are air-dried for 30 min at RT, counterstained with Hoechst® 33342 diluted 1:10,000 in mounting media (ProLong® Gold, Invitrogen) and mounted. Slides are imaged on a LSM 510 Zeiss® confocal microscope equipped with Enterprise (351, 364 nm), Argon (458, 477, 488, 514 nm), HeNe1 (543 nm) and HeNe2 (594 nm) lasers with a Plan-Neofluar® 40×/1.3 oil DIC objective. Image analysis and quantification of nuclear doxorubicin is carried out using Definiens® Developer XD™ (Definiens, Parsippany, N.J.). Nuclei are segmented in the Hoechst channel. Doxorubicin positive nuclei are segmented in the doxorubicin channel. The percentage of doxorubicin positive nuclei is quantified as a ratio of the number of objects in the doxorubicin channel divided by the total nuclei objects in the Hoechst channel. 
         Receptor quantification: Stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes are trypsinized, washed, and HER2 levels are determined as described above under “Uptake of liposomes in HER2-expressing cell lines.” 
         Viability: ESCd cardiomyocytes are treated for 3 h at the indicated concentrations of MM-302, PLD and doxorubicin. Cells are washed twice with PBS, fresh medium is added and the cells are incubated for an additional 24 h. Cell viability is assessed using CellTiter-Glo® from Promega (Madison, Wis.) and the percent of viable cells is determined relative to the untreated population. 
         Troponin I ELISA: 15,000 iPSd (iCELL®) cardiomyocytes (Cellular Dynamics International, Madison Wis.) cells are plated per the manufacturer&#39;s protocol. Cells are treated for 24 h with the indicated concentrations of free doxorubicin, PLD or MM-302. The supernatant is collected and analyzed using a human Troponin I ELISA (Catalog #: GWB-83A61F, Genway Biotech, San Diego Calif.) per the manufacturer&#39;s protocol. A PrestoBlue® Cell Viability Assay (Catalog #: A-13261, Invitrogen, Grand Island, N.Y.) is performed on the remaining cells in 100 μl per the manufacturer&#39;s protocol. 
         High-Content Analysis: Cardiomyocytes are treated as described above. Cells are fixed using 3.7% formaldehyde, washed twice with PBS containing 0.1% Tween-20 (PBS-T), and permeabilized with methanol. Cells are blocked using a 1:1 mixture of LI-COR® Odyssey® Blocking Buffer (Lincoln, Nebr.) and PBS-T for 1 h at room temperature (RT). Cells are stained with a 1:400 dilution of the indicated primary antibody from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, Mass.) and incubated shaking at 4° C. overnight. Cells are washed and incubated with a 1:2,000 dilution of the fluorescently labeled secondary antibody for 1 h at RT. Cells are stained with a 1:10,000 dilution of Hoechst 33342 and 1:1,000 dilution of Whole Cell Stain from Pierce Protein Research Products (Rockford, Ill.) for 30 min at RT to allow visualization of DNA and the whole cell, respectively. Plates are scanned using the Applied Precision Instruments ArrayWorx® High Content Scanner (Issaquah, Wash.) with a 10× objective for Hoechst 33342/Whole Cell Stain (460 nm), doxorubicin (595 nm), and APC/DiI5 (657 nm). Images are analyzed using the software ImageRail (as described in Millard et al., Nat Methods. 2011; 8:487-92). An intensity threshold is established for nuclear and whole cell signals. This threshold is then applied to all images and used to segment individual cells. Data is presented as the mean pixel intensity for all cells in a given well for the indicated channel. 
         Signaling in cardiomyocytes: iPS-derived cardiomyocytes (iCell™ iPS-derived human cardiomyocytes—Cellular Dynamics International (CDI), Madison, Wis.—CDI #CMC-100-010-001, Lot 1258680) are cultured using iCell™ Plating Medium (CDI #CMM-100-110-005, Lot 1013740 and iCell™ Maintenance Medium (CDI #CMM-100-120-005, Lot 1000305) and are exposed to components of MM-302. Levels of phospho-AKT (pAKT) and phospho-ERK (pERK) in the cardiomyocytes are then measured using immunostaining and high content microscopy. Cells are pretreated for 24 hours with either trastuzumab, lapatinib, or the MM-302 antibody (F5-scFv) and an MM-302 molecule (liposome) not containing doxorubicin (F5-lipo) at an equivalent concentration to 5.0 ug/ml of MM-302. Cells are stained and imaged using high content microscopy as described above for (A) pAKT and (B) pERK following a10 minute stimulation with 10 nM and 5 nM of heregulin, respectively. The following primary antibodies are used at a 1:400 dilution in blocking buffer: pERK antibody—Cell Signaling Technology (CST—Danvers Mass.)—Catalog 9106L (Phospho-p44/42 MAPK (Erk1/2) (Thr202/Tyr204) (E10) Mouse mAb #9106); pAKT antibody—CST—Catalog 4060L (Phospho-Akt (Ser473) (D9E) XP™ Rabbit mAb #4060). Secondary antibodies are Anti-mouse IgG (H+L), F(ab′)2 Fragment (Alexa Fluor® 647 Conjugate)—CST—Catalog 4410; Anti-rabbit IgG (H+L), F(ab′)2 Fragment (Alexa Fluor® 647 Conjugate)—CST—Catalog 4414. Whole cell stain and DNA stain (Hoechst 33342) are used as described above. Images are analyzed and individual cells are segmented on the basis of Hoechst 33342 nuclear staining. Single cell signal intensity for each stain is quantified and represented as the mean relative intensity of individual cells. 
       
     
         [0077]    The results in the following Examples were obtained using the above methods or minor variations thereof. Cellular uptake studies in tumor cell lines expressing various levels of HER2 demonstrate that MM-302 delivers significantly higher doxorubicin levels to HER2 over-expressing tumor cells compared to PLD as well as similar or higher levels than highly permeable free doxorubicin. However, in human cardiomyocytes, while free doxorubicin was again taken up at high levels, doxorubicin uptake was dramatically lower with both MM-302 and PLD. Pharmacokinetic studies in mice demonstrate that MM-302 has a similar half-life, clearance, and organ distribution compared to PLD. In HER2-overexpressing BT474 breast and NCI-N87 gastric tumor xenografts, MM-302 exhibits superior anti-tumor activity to both free anthracyclines and PLD. Tumor microdistribution studies further suggest that differences in the localization of doxorubicin in the tumor may be responsible for the enhanced activity of MM-302 compared to free doxorubicin and PLD. 
       Example 1 
     Correlation Between HER2 Expression and MM-302 Uptake in Vitro 
       [0078]    The level of cell surface HER2 expression on multiple cell lines was determined as described above. These same cell lines were then treated with 15 μg/ml of MM-302 ( FIG. 1A , Table 1) or PLD ( FIG. 1B , Table 2) for 180 minutes, after which the cells were collected and the amount of cell associated doxorubicin was quantified by HPLC. By plotting the number of HER2 receptors per cell for each cell line vs. the quantity of doxorubicin present per cell in that same cell line following treatment, a relationship between increasing HER2 levels and increasing doxorubicin becomes evident. Through this representation, there appears to be an inflection point at approximately 200,000 HER2 receptors per cell where cells expressing greater than this number appear to have consistently higher levels of cell associated doxorubicin. Taken together, these results support the specificity of MM-302, with high uptake by cells expressing levels of HER2 above the inflection point (such as HER2 overexpressing cancers) and no-to-minimal uptake in cells expressing levels of HER2 below the inflection point (such as cells in normal tissues, e.g., cardiomyocytes). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 HER2 levels vs MM-302 uptake 
               
             
          
           
               
                 FIG. 
                   
                   
                 HER2 
                 fg 
               
               
                 1A 
                 Cell line 
                 Source 
                 (#/cell) 
                 dox/cell 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 A 
                 4T1-clone- 
                 ATCC # CRL-2539 ™ 
                 650,000 
                 1,758.63 
               
               
                   
                 12W7 
               
               
                 B 
                 ADRr 
                 ATCC # HTB-22 ™ (MCF7 derivative) 
                 40,792 
                 26.47 
               
               
                 C 
                 AdRr-Her2 
                 ATCC # HTB-22 ™, stably transfected with HER2 
                 722,000 
                 519.04 
               
               
                 D 
                 BT474-M3 
                 Noble, Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 2009 64: 741-51 
                 1,706,601 
                 1,123.51 
               
               
                 E 
                 Calu-3 
                 ATCC # HTB-55 ™ 
                 1,196,976 
                 84.06 
               
               
                 F 
                 HCC1954 
                 ATCC # CRL-2338 ™ 
                 700,000 
                 1,174.60 
               
               
                 G 
                 HeLa 
                 ATCC # CCL-2 ™ 
                 123,713 
                 31.61 
               
               
                 H 
                 IGROV1 
                 NCI 60-cell panel from NCI-DTP, DCTD TUMOR 
                 158,418 
                 51.54 
               
               
                   
                   
                 REPOSITORY, Operated by Charles River 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Laboratories, Inc. (NCI-DTP) 
               
               
                 I 
                 JIMT-1 
                 DSMZ # ACC-589 
                 850,000 
                 126.85 
               
               
                 J 
                 MCF7 
                 ATCC # HTB-22 
                 74,745 
                 17.52 
               
               
                 K 
                 MCF7-c18 
                 Gift from Dr. Christopher Bentz, Director, Cancer and 
                 1,031,247 
                 531.31 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Developmental Therapeutics Program, Buck Institute for 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Age Research, UCSF 
               
               
                 L 
                 MDA-MB-361 
                 ATCC # HBT-27 ™ 
                 371,731 
                 112.79 
               
               
                 M 
                 MDA-MB-453 
                 ATCC # HBT-131 ™ 
                 393,441 
                 185.51 
               
               
                 N 
                 MKN-7 
                 Health Science Research Resource Bank of the Japanese 
                 1,217,989 
                 181.73 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Health Sciences Foundation #JCRB1025 
               
               
                 O 
                 NCI-N87 
                 ATCC # CRL-5822 ™ 
                 1,233,479 
                 366.10 
               
               
                 P 
                 OVCAR8 
                 NCI 60-cell panel from NCI-DTP 
                 53,272 
                 99.79 
               
               
                 Q 
                 OVCAR8- 
                 NCI 60-cell panel from NCI-DTP, stably transfected 
                 673,300 
                 711.87 
               
               
                   
                 Her2 
                 with HER2 
               
               
                 R 
                 SkBr3 
                 ATCC # HBT-30 ™ 
                 1,315,512 
                 228.68 
               
               
                 S 
                 SKOV3 
                 ATCC # HTB-77 ™ 
                 1,377,661 
                 600.81 
               
               
                 T 
                 ZR75-1 
                 ATCC # CRL-1500 ™ 
                 199,132 
                 30.32 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 (Results for MKN-45 cells were below detection level) 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 HER2 levels vs PLD uptake 
               
             
          
           
               
                 FIG. 
                   
                   
                 HER2 
                 fg 
               
               
                 1B 
                 Cell Line 
                 Source 
                 (#/cell) 
                 dox/cell 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 A 
                 4T1-clone- 
                 ATCC # CRL-2539 ™ 
                 650,000 
                 13.54 
               
               
                   
                 12W7 
               
               
                 B 
                 ADRr 
                 ADR-RES (NCI-DTP) 
                 40,792 
                 23.24 
               
               
                 D 
                 BT474-M3 
                 Noble, Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 2009 64: 741-51 
                 1,706,601 
                 106.60 
               
               
                 E 
                 Calu-3 
                 ATCC # HTB-55 ™ 
                 1,196,976 
                 41.64 
               
               
                 G 
                 HeLa 
                 ATCC # CCL-2 ™ 
                 123,713 
                 291.11 
               
               
                 H 
                 IGROV1 
                 NCI 60-cell panel from NCI-DTP 
                 158,418 
                 34.94 
               
               
                 I 
                 JIMT-1 
                 DSMZ # ACC-589 
                 850,000 
                 155.46 
               
               
                 J 
                 MCF7 
                 ATCC # HTB-22 
                 74,745 
                 13.57 
               
               
                 K 
                 MCF7-c18 
                 Gift from Dr. Christopher Bentz, Director, Cancer and 
                 1,031,247 
                 115.88 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Developmental Therapeutics Program, Buck Institute 
               
               
                   
                   
                 for Age Research, UCSF 
               
               
                 M 
                 MDA-MB-453 
                 ATCC # HBT-131 ™ 
                 393,441 
                 59.97 
               
               
                 N 
                 MKN-7 
                 Health Science Research Resource Bank of the Japanese 
                 1,217,989 
                 48.24 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Health Sciences Foundation #JCRB1025 
               
               
                 O 
                 NCI-N87 
                 ATCC # CRL-5822 ™ 
                 1,233,479 
                 47.44 
               
               
                 P 
                 OVCAR8 
                 NCI 60-cell panel from NCI-DTP 
                 53,272 
                 90.53 
               
               
                 Q 
                 OVCAR8- 
                 NCI 60-cell panel from NCI-DTP, 
                 673,300 
                 37.00 
               
               
                   
                 Her2 
                 stably transfected with HER2 
               
               
                 S 
                 SKOV3 
                 ATCC # HTB-77 ™ 
                 1,377,661 
                 43.83 
               
               
                 T 
                 ZR75-1 
                 ATCC # CRL-1500 ™ 
                 199,132 
                 26.10 
               
               
                 U 
                 MKN-45 
                 DSMZ # ACC-409 
                 152,197 
                 57.02 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 (Results for AdRr-Her2, HCC1954, and MDA-MB-361 cells were below detection level) 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0079]    In order to quantify uptake into the different cell populations, MM-302 was prepared to contain a red-fluorescent carbocyanine tracer DiIC18(5)-DS (Invitrogen D12730—abbreviated DiI5). DiI5 is a lipophilic fluorescent dye that intercalates into the lipid bilayer of the liposome during the extrusion process. 4T1-Her2 cell populations expressing different ranges of human HER2 were incubated with 10 μg/ml fluorescently labeled MM-302 for 3 hrs, washed and incubated for an additional 21 hrs. Cells were harvested, stained for cell surface human HER2 and analyzed for both HER2 levels and liposome binding via flow cytometry. While the 4T1 cell line expresses murine HER2, MM-302 does not bind to the murine receptor. The figure shows that uptake of these liposomes into 4T1 cells was strongly dependent on human HER2 expression ( FIG. 1C ). Similar results were obtained for populations of the HeLa cell lines expressing different ranges of HER2 ( FIG. 1D ). These results further demonstrate that MM-302 is highly effective in binding cells with high HER2 levels but has little or no binding to cells with relatively lower HER2 protein expression. 
       Example 2 
     MM-302 is Effectively Internalized into HER2-Overexpressing Tumor Cells and Significantly Inhibits Tumor Growth in a Xenograft Model 
       [0080]    To determine levels of binding and internalization of MM-302 into HER2 over-expressing tumor cells, BT474-M3 cells (1.7×10 6  HER2/cell) were incubated with MM-302, PLD or free doxorubicin at 15 μg/ml for up to 3 h ( FIG. 2A ). MM-302 was efficiently taken into tumor cells, as evidenced by total cell binding ( FIG. 2A ) and nuclear doxorubicin accumulation ( FIG. 2B ). By contrast, the untargeted analogue, PLD, did not show any appreciable accumulation demonstrating the requirement of targeting to effectively deliver liposomal doxorubicin in vitro. As a control, free doxorubicin was shown to freely enter cells and accumulate in the nucleus. Results showed effective binding and internalization of MM-302 (but not PLD) into HER2-overexpressing tumor cells. 
         [0081]    The anti-tumor activity of MM-302 was evaluated in a breast cancer xenograft model. Mice were inoculated with BT474-M3 cells and when the tumor volumes reached an average of 250 mm 3 , treatment with PBS (control), MM-302 or PLD (both at 6 mg/kg dox equiv.) was started (q7d, n=3 doses). Both MM-302 and PLD significantly inhibited tumor growth relative to control (t-test at day 55; p&lt;0.0001). MM-302 resulted in a stronger inhibition of tumor growth relative to PLD (t-test at day 55; p=0.0310) ( FIG. 2C ). At study termination, 3 complete regressions were observed with MM-302 and only 1 with PLD. MM-302 and PLD had similar pharmacokinetic profiles ( FIG. 2D ) indicating that the improved efficacy was as a result of HER2-targeting, rather than prolonged exposure. 
       Example 3 
     Impact of HER2 Levels on MM-302 Uptake in Vivo 
       [0082]    Experiments were conducted to demonstrate HER2-mediated uptake of MM-302 into target tumor cells from xenograft models compared with untargeted liposomal doxorubicin. Mice bearing BT474-M3 xenograft tumors in the mammary fat pad were injected with Di15-labeled MM-302 (Di15-F5-PLD) or UT-PLD (Di15-UT-PL). A tumor single cell suspension was prepared and stained with FITC-HER2 antibodies. Di15-positive-HER2-positive cells were determined by FACS. A distinct population of cells with elevated doxorubicin levels was identified, indicating that liposomes had not just been deposited in the tumor interstitial space, but had been taken up into the cells themselves ( FIG. 3A ). This was particularly evident in cell samples derived from tumors treated with HER2-targeted liposomes. The percentage of cells with elevated liposome content began to rise in cell subsets expressing on average 100,000 and 200,000 HER2 receptors per cell. Untargeted liposomes did not show any preferential uptake into HER2 positive cells. These results demonstrate that MM-302 uptake in tumor cells in vivo is HER2-dependent and further support a level of at least 100,000-200,000 HER2 receptors per cell necessary to allow significant binding and internalization of MM-302. 
         [0083]    The distribution of HER2 membrane intensity was determined on a single-cell basis in full tissue sections and is shown in  FIG. 3B , representing the variability of expression in the tissue. 
       Example 4 
     Human Cardiomyocytes do not Express Sufficient HER2 Levels to Actively Take up MM-302 
       [0084]    Human cardiomyocytes have been reported to express low levels of HER2, and therefore were thought to have potential for MM-302 uptake. ESCd and iPSd human cardiomyocytes were obtained to study the effect of MM-302 on human cardiac cells in vitro. HER2 receptor levels on cardiomyocytes were determined by qFACS to be approximately 70,000 and 200,000 receptors per cell in human ESCd and iPSd cardiomyocytes, respectively. These results are consistent with the reported low HER2 expression in human cardiac tissue (Fuchs et al., Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2003; 82:23-8). 
         [0085]    HER2 expression levels on normal and diseased human heart tissue were measured via quantitative immunohistochemistry. A human heart Tissue Microarray (TMA) was stained for HER2 and DAPI and the (Mean HER2 intensity)/core was quantified with Definiens® software. A cell pellet array with cell lines at different HER2 expression levels was stained as above and the (Mean HER2 intensity)/core was quantified and plotted against the correspondent LOG (HER2 receptor #) to generate a standard. Based on the generated standard, the average HER2 receptor #/core for the different human heart TMA cores was interpolated (Table 3). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Interpolated HER2 Receptor Number 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 HER2 
               
               
                 ID 
                 Pathology Diagnosis 
                 # 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 Chronic rheumatic valvular disease 
                 40,000 
               
               
                   
                 with calcification 
               
               
                 2-pt1 
                 Chronic rheumatic valvular disease 
                 38,000 
               
               
                 2-pt2 
                 Chronic rheumatic valvular disease 
                 38,000 
               
               
                 2-pt3 
                 Chronic rheumatic valvular disease 
                 47,000 
               
               
                 2-pt4 
                 Chronic rheumatic valvular disease 
                 47,000 
               
               
                 2-pt5 
                 Chronic rheumatic valvular disease 
                 39,000 
               
               
                 2-pt6 
                 Chronic rheumatic valvular disease 
                 38,000 
               
               
                 2-pt7 
                 Chronic rheumatic valvular disease 
                 42,000 
               
               
                 2-pt8 
                 Chronic rheumatic valvular disease 
                 42,000 
               
               
                 2-pt9 
                 Chronic rheumatic valvular disease 
                 41,000 
               
               
                 3 
                 Hepatocellular carcinoma embolus of 
                 44,000 
               
               
                   
                 cardiac atrium 
               
               
                 4 
                 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 
                 38,000 
               
               
                 5 
                 Normal great arteries tissue 
                 37,000 
               
               
                 6 
                 Normal cardiac atrium tissue 
                 37,000 
               
               
                 7 
                 Normal myocardial tissue (focal 
                 38,000 
               
               
                   
                 mild hypertrophy) 
               
               
                 8 
                 Normal auricle of heart tissue 
                 48,000 
               
               
                 9 
                 Normal myocardial tissue (mild 
                 38,000 
               
               
                   
                 hypertrophy) 
               
               
                 10  
                 Normal myocardial tissue 
                 38,000 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0086]    To determine if the level of HER2 expression on cardiomyocytes is sufficient to induce uptake of MM-302, total cellular doxorubicin was quantified by HPLC following treatment of ESCd ( FIG. 4A ) and iPSd ( FIG. 4B ) cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocytes (and cancer cells) treated with free doxorubicin result in doxorubicin accumulation in all cells. Treatment with PLD did not result in an increase in doxorubicin delivery in either cardiomyocyte cell type. In contrast to HER2-overexpressing cancer cells, the HER2 expression level on cardiomyocytes was not sufficient to promote active uptake of MM-302. Taken together, these results demonstrate delivery of doxorubicin via MM-302 does not enhance doxorubicin exposure to low level HER2 expressing non-target cells such as cardiomyocytes as compared to PLD. 
       Example 5 
     MM-302 does not Reduce Human Cardiomyocyte Viability or Stimulate Apoptotic Responses 
       [0087]    Exposure to low levels of doxorubicin can be cytotoxic. To determine if treatment with MM-302 or PLD affected cardiomyocyte viability, ESCd cardiomyocytes were incubated with free dox, PLD or MM-302 for 3 h at the indicated concentration followed by washing and incubation in fresh media for 24 h. Treatment with free doxorubicin resulted in a loss of viability at concentrations as low as 0.2 μg/ml ( FIG. 4C ). Conversely, treatment with MM-302 and PLD did not lead to reductions in viability at any concentration tested, including super-therapeutic concentrations up to 45 μg/ml. To further test whether treatment with MM-302 or PLD affected cardiomyocyte viability, iPSd cardiomyocytes were treated with the indicated concentration of free doxorubicin, PLD or MM-302 for 24 hours. Treatment with doxorubicin resulted in a marked decrease in viability as compared to treatment with PLD and MM-302 ( FIG. 4D ). The presence of elevated levels of cardiac troponins is a clinical indicator of cardiac damage. The supernatant from the iPSd cardiomyocytes in (D) was analyzed for levels of troponin I. As shown in  FIG. 4E , doxorubicin treatment resulted in a marked increase of Troponin I compared to treatment with PLD or MM-302. These results demonstrate that ESCd and iPSd cardiomyocytes are sensitive to doxorubicin, and that treatment with MM-302 and PLD does not provide sufficient doxorubicin exposure to affect cardiomyocyte viability. 
         [0088]    Exposure of cells to low levels of doxorubicin may induce subtle cellular changes not revealed by cell viability measurements, including DNA damage, cell stress and incipient apoptosis. Following treatment with MM-302, PLD and free doxorubicin, cardiomyocytes were stained for proteins in each of these response pathways and imaged using high-content microscopy. Single-cell data were generated by analyzing the resulting images using ImageRail. 
         [0089]    In response to double-stranded DNA damage, histone H2AX becomes phosphorylated, forming gamma-H2AX. Treatment of cardiomyocytes with free doxorubicin resulted in a dose-dependent increase in nuclear gamma-H2AX ( FIG. 5A ). However, treatment with MM-302 and PLD did not increase nuclear gamma-H2AX signal at any concentration tested, indicating that liposomal encapsulation prevented DNA damage to cardiomyocytes in vitro. 
         [0090]    In response to cellular stress, HSP27 and p53 can be phosphorylated, leading to cell cycle arrest, followed by DNA repair or apoptosis depending on the extent of injury. Cardiac cells exposed to free doxorubicin demonstrate a dose-dependent increase in phospho-HSP27 and phospho-p53 indicating an induction of cellular stress following treatment ( FIGS. 5B and 5C ). However, an increase in phospho-HSP27 was not observed in cells treated with either MM-302 or PLD regardless of concentration. In most cases, there did not appear to be an effect on phospho-p53 in cells treated with MM-302 or PLD, with the exception of a slight increase in phospho-p53 following treatment with 5.0 μg/ml of MM-302. However, treatment at this and higher concentrations did not result in increased cell death. 
         [0091]    In cases of severe DNA damage and cell stress, the cell may initiate the apoptotic pathway including activation of a caspase cascade, ultimately resulting in the cleavage of the DNA repair protein PARP. Treatment with 5.0 μg/ml of free doxorubicin led to an increase in nuclear cleaved PARP (cPARP) ( FIG. 5D ), correlating with the observed increase in cell death. However, treatment with MM-302 or PLD did not result in increased nuclear cPARP suggesting that treatment under these conditions is not sufficient to induce apoptosis. 
       Example 6 
     Impacts of HER2-Targeted Agents on Intracellular Signaling in Cardiomyocytes 
       [0092]    The concurrent use of doxorubicin and trastuzumab is contraindicated due to an unacceptably high incidence of cardiac events observed in patients treated with the combination. The mechanism of action for the cardiotoxicity associated with this combination is believed to be the simultaneous induction of cellular stress by doxorubicin and by trastuzumab-mediated inhibition of HER2 signaling pathways that is necessary to respond to the cellular stress induced by doxorubicin. 
         [0093]    To determine if pretreatment with MM-302 alters HER2-mediated signaling (an essential pathway in cardiomyocytes), iPDd cardiomyocytes were pretreated for 24 hours with trastuzumab, lapatinib (a small molecule HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor), or the MM-302 antibody (F5-scFv) and an empty liposome identical to MM-302 except that it does not contain doxorubicin) (F5-lipo). After stimulation with 10 nM ( FIG. 6A ) and 5 nM ( FIG. 6B ) of heregulin (HRG) for 10 min, the levels of phospho-AKT (pAKT,  FIG. 6A ) and phospho-ERK (pERK,  FIG. 6B ) were measured by high content microscopy as described above. Pretreatment with trastuzumab for 24 h resulted in a reduction in HRG-mediated phosphorylation of both proteins. Pretreatment with lapatinib led to a reduction in basal phosphorylation of AKT and ERK as well as a complete inhibition of HRG-induced phosphorylation of these proteins. Pre-treatment F5-lipo did not inhibit HRG-induced phosphorylation of AKT or ERK. These results suggest that, despite targeting HER2, MM-302 does not inhibit ligand-induced phospho-AKT and phospho-ERK signaling in cardiomyocytes, leaving these critical signaling pathways functional. 
         [0094]    These results also show that trastuzumab and lapatinib have a significantly greater negative impact on this signaling pathway in cardiomyocytes than do F5 scFv or F5 lipo. This in turn is an indication that the anti-HER2 antibody component of MM-302 is less cardiotoxic than the anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab. The results show that F5, either alone or linked to the exterior of an MM-302 liposome, does not interfere with heregulin (ligand)-stimulated HER2/HER3 heterodimer-mediated signaling in cardiomyocytes which is an essential intracellular signaling modality, inhibition of which is believed to be a key mechanism mediating trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity. 
       Example 7 
     MM-302 has a Lower Accumulation in Mouse Heart Tissue Compared to Free Doxorubicin 
       [0095]    Liposome targeting with a highly specific antibody fragment such as F5 generally does not alter the total tissue deposition of liposomes, but rather alters their microdistribution following extravasation. The macro-level biodistributions of MM-302 (square), PLD (UT-PLD, triangle) and doxorubicin (free dox, circle) were compared in mouse heart tissue ( FIG. 7A ), human xenograft tumor tissue ( FIG. 7B ) and paw tissue ( FIG. 7C ) in NCI-N87 tumor bearing mice inoculated as described above. Mice (n=4/time point/group) were injected i.v. with MM-302, PLD, or free doxorubicin (all at 3 mg/kg dox equiv.) and hearts were collected at 0.5, 4, 24, and 96 h (for dox) or 168 h (for MM-302 and PLD) post injection and doxorubicin quantified by HPLC ( FIG. 7A ). Injection of free doxorubicin resulted in a high peak exposure in the heart at 0.5 h (10% of injected dose (i.d.)/g tissue) compared to the two liposomal formulations. The clearance of doxorubicin from the heart tissue after free doxorubicin injection was faster compared to MM-302 and PLD and at 24 h the amount of detected doxorubicin (0.77% of i.d./g tissue) was close to background. Both MM-302 and PLD had a sustained accumulation profile that peaked at 24 h (2.8% and 2.6% for MM-302 and PLD, respectively) while values returned to background at 168 h. These results are in a range similar to that of previously reported data on the heart biodistribution of other PLD formulations. No significant differences were observed between the heart biodistribution of MM-302 and PLD. 
       Example 8 
     MM-302 Results in Lower Nuclear Doxorubicin Accumulation in Mouse Tissue Compared to Free Doxorubicin 
       [0096]    The microdistribution of doxorubicin (naturally fluorescent) and liposomes (DiI5-labelled) was analyzed in cryosections generated from heart tissues of mice injected with either free doxorubicin, MM-302-DiI5 or PLD-DiI5 (all at 3 mg/kg dox equiv) at 0.5, 4 and 24 h post injection. In order to visualize the heart vasculature, mice were injected i.v. with FITC-lectin 5 min before sacrificing. Heart slices were imaged by fluorescence confocal microscopy. Representative fields for the different treatment groups at the three time points analyzed (0.5, 4 and 24 h) are shown in  FIG. 7D . Untreated hearts were also imaged and a representative image is shown in  FIG. 7D  (left panels). Co-localization of doxorubicin with the nuclear signal is shown in the bottom panels of  FIG. 7D . Higher magnification images of the nuclear doxorubicin signal are shown in  FIG. 7E , for both doxorubicin and MM-302 at the 0.5 h time point. While with MM-302 no doxorubicin signal is visible in the nuclei, with free doxorubicin the majority of the nuclei are doxorubicin-positive. The images were analyzed as described above and the percent of doxorubicin-positive nuclei determined. Injection of free doxorubicin resulted in a prominent nuclear accumulation of doxorubicin at 0.5 h, with about 50% of the nuclei positive for doxorubicin. By 4 h, however, only 23% of the nuclei were positive for doxorubicin and the signal returned to basal levels at 24 h. 
         [0097]    With the liposomal formulations, little to no signal was detected for the majority of fields of view. Occasional signal in the DiI5 channel (liposome) was detected. In these cases, the liposome signal predominantly co-localized with the FITC-lectin signal, indicating liposomes that had not extravasated into the heart tissue but still remained in the vascular compartment. Upon MM-302-DiI5 or PLD-DiI5 treatment, doxorubicin was not detected in the nucleus in the majority of the heart fields analyzed, independent of time point. In one of the four MM-302-DiI5 hearts collected at 0.5 h and in one of the four MM-302-DiI5 hearts collected at 4 h, a liposomal signal was detected in the extravascular space and doxorubicin was found in a small percentage of the nuclei. Similarly, in one of four PLD hearts collected at 0.5 h and in two of four PLD heart collected at 24 h, images revealed the extravascular liposomal signal and presence of nuclear doxorubicin. These fields are not presented as representative images, however their values were considered for the quantification shown in  FIG. 7F . The area under the curves of both MM-302 and PLD were statistically significantly lower than the free doxorubicin AUC (p&lt;0.001). No significant differences were observed between the AUCs of MM-302 and PLD. 
         [0098]    In order to get a broader visualization of the distribution of doxorubicin and of the liposomes in the heart tissue, full heart section scans were taken. The full section heart scans visually confirmed the results of the confocal microscopy, showing a broad doxorubicin distribution with nuclear localization upon free doxorubicin injection, and only rare liposome and doxorubicin signals in the hearts of mice injected with either DiI5 MM-302 or DiI5 PLD. 
         [0099]    In summary, treatment with either MM-302 or PLD showed significantly lower nuclear doxorubicin accumulation than was seen following treatment with free doxorubicin, while this did not differ significantly between MM-302 and PLD. 
       Equivalents 
       [0100]    Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain and implement using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents of the specific embodiments described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims. Any combinations of the embodiments disclosed in the dependent claims are contemplated to be within the scope of the disclosure. 
       INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE 
       [0101]    The disclosure of each and every U.S. and foreign patent and pending patent application and publication referred to herein is specifically incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.