Abstract:
To reduce energy costs in buildings where there is an input of natural light, a method of maintaining an ambient light intensity in a building area at a predetermined level is proposed. It comprises obtaining an ambient light intensity level for the building area; comparing the ambient level to the predetermined level of light intensity; if the ambient level differs from the predetermined level, calculating an artificial lighting input to be generated in the building area to attain the predetermined level. It can further comprise generating the artificial lighting input in the building area and carrying out the steps of obtaining, comparing and calculating a second time to determine a quality of the calculating and modify the generating.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    The invention relates to controlling lighting in buildings. More specifically, it relates to controlling the intensity of artificial lighting in buildings where there is an input of natural lighting.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    Lighting stores and commercial buildings is a considerable expense to building owners. Typically, a lighting architecture is designed when the building is built and the lights are either turned on or off by the store manager during operating hours. Most lights are grouped into sections which are turned on or off as a whole. Some lights may have dimmers which allow a store manager to vary the intensity of groups of lights or individual lights.  
           [0003]    Some store owners use timers to turn on and off lights, individually or collectively, especially in cases where the lamps need a warm-up delay before turning on completely and a cooling delay when turning off.  
           [0004]    Most stores have large windows on at least one side of the building. Some also have atrium windows and light wells or window wells which allow natural light to penetrate the building and illuminate the merchandise.  
           [0005]    The light intensity is evaluated subjectively by the store manager and is typically not adjusted even in days of great sunshine. Lights remain turned on near the windows as if there was no natural input.  
           [0006]    There is a need to better control the input of artificial lighting in building where there is an input of natural lighting to save on energy costs.  
           [0007]    Furthermore, relamping burnt lamps is very expensive and when a lamp is used constantly, it burns faster. There is also a need to increase the relamping period in commercial buildings.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0008]    Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to maintain ambient light level of a building area to a user specified level by varying the artificial lighting source according to natural lighting contribution coming from the windows and skylight of the building.  
           [0009]    A further object of the present invention is to reduce the light contribution from an artificial lighting system proportionally to the natural lighting supply to lower the energy costs while maintaining the proper light level dictated by the user.  
           [0010]    Another object of the present invention is to use a minimum of artificial lighting to satisfy a user&#39;s requirements by at least one of turning off lamps and dimming a light intensity of a dimmable lamp to an acceptable minimum.  
           [0011]    Still another object of the present invention is to log data on the natural lighting contribution and the artificial lighting contribution to produce control reports to better adapt the control system to the conditions of the building.  
           [0012]    Another object of the present invention is to allow a live configuration of the control system to ensure proper lighting at all times.  
           [0013]    Another object of the present invention is to reduce costs by extending periods between relamping.  
           [0014]    According to a first broad aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for maintaining an ambient light intensity in a building area at a predetermined level is proposed. It comprises obtaining an ambient light intensity level for the building area; comparing the ambient level to the predetermined level of light intensity; if the ambient level differs from the predetermined level, calculating an artificial lighting input to be generated in the building area to attain the predetermined level.  
           [0015]    Preferably, the method further comprises generating the artificial lighting input in the building area and carrying out the steps of obtaining, comparing and calculating a second time to determine a quality of the calculating and modify the generating.  
           [0016]    According to a second broad aspect of the present invention, there is provided a system for maintaining an ambient light intensity in a building area at a predetermined level. The system comprises at least one light level sensor to obtain an ambient light intensity level for the building area; a light intensity verifier for comparing the ambient level to the predetermined level of light intensity; and a light intensity controller for calculating an artificial lighting input to be generated in the building area to attain the predetermined level, if the ambient level differs from the predetermined level.  
           [0017]    Preferably, the system further comprises at least one artificial lamp in the building area to generate the artificial lighting input in the building area. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0018]    These and other features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with regard to the following description and accompanying drawings wherein:  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 1A, FIG. 1B and FIG. 1C are graphical representations of the prior art lighting systems, wherein FIG. 1A is a lamp with a ballast, FIG. 1B is a lamp controlled by a relay board and FIG. 1C is a lamp for which operation is controlled by a scheduler;  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B are graphical representations of embodiments of the present invention, in FIG. 2A, only one lamp is controlled by the lighting control system, in FIG. 2B, groups of lamps are controlled by the control system;  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B are the Controller Functional Profile;  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 4 is a graphical representation of a networked lighting control system;  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 5 is a graphical illustration of the interface of the control system showing a building area for which lighting is to be controlled;  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 6 is a graphical illustration of the interface of the control system showing the creation of a node of the lighting system;  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 7 is a graphical illustration of the interface of the control system showing the parameters to be loaded for the node of FIG. 6;  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 8 is a graphical illustration of the interface of the control system showing the building area of FIG. 5 in which the node of FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 has been created;  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 9 is a graphical illustration of the interface of the control system showing the system parameters for the control system;  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 10 is a graphical illustration of the interface of the control system showing input parameters for the control system;  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 11 is a graphical illustration of the interface of the control system showing the output parameters for the control system;  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 12 is a graphical illustration of the interface of the control system showing the dimmer settings for the control system;  
         [0031]    [0031]FIG. 13 is a graphical illustration of the interface of the control system showing the PID settings for the dimmers;  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 14 is a graphical illustration of the interface of the control system showing the limits settings for the dimmers;  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 15 is a graphical illustration of the interface of the control system showing the load shedding parameters for the control system;  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 16 is a graphical illustration of the interface of the control system showing the live performance process status;  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 17 is a graphical illustration of the interface of the control system showing a temporary override setting;  
         [0036]    [0036]FIG. 18 is a graphical illustration of the interface of the control system showing an example building area with a plurality of nodes in operation and being controlled by the control system;  
         [0037]    [0037]FIG. 19 is a graphical illustration of the interface of the control system showing a log of data collected in the building area of FIG. 18 on Jul. 3, 2002; and  
         [0038]    [0038]FIG. 20 is a graphical illustration of the interface of the control system showing a log of data collected in the building area of FIG. 18 on Oct. 18, 2002. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0039]    As shown in FIG. 1, a zone, or building area, is equipped with at least one lamp  100  to light it. Examples of these lamps can be controllable electronic HID Ballast lamps available from Delta Power Supply Inc of Cincinnati, Ohio.  
         [0040]    As shown in FIG. 2, power is applied to the lamp(s)  100  of the zone by energizing a relay mounted in a Lighting Control Panel or Relay Board  102 . To turn the light ON, the attendant responsible for this zone must energize the associated relay otherwise the light will be OFF in this zone.  
         [0041]    Normally, the requested state of the light  100  in a zone is controlled according to a schedule specifying at what time the light must be turned OFF or ON. This is done by connecting a scheduler  104  to the Relay Board  102 . The scheduler  104  uses a real time clock  106  to ensure proper operation.  
         [0042]    The embodiment of the invention discussed herein uses distributed control technology where instrumentation and control devices can be seen as nodes on a network where information is exchanged on a common medium with standard protocols. Therefore, the basic non-dimming lighting control system is composed of a Real Time Clock node  106 , a Scheduler node  104 , a Relay node  102  and all light ballast and lamps  100 . Preferably, a LonWorks network is used. The LonWorks network is based on the LonWorks protocol also known as ANSI/EIA 709.1 Control Networking Standard.  
         [0043]    The schedule resides on the Scheduler node  104  which could store many more schedules for other zones. For each schedule, the data specifies the desired turning ON and OFF times for each lamp or group of lamps. The Real Time Clock  106  is there to insure that every node on the network will be synchronized with standard Time of Day  
         [0044]    As shown in FIG. 2A, for dimming purposes, a Lighting node  110  is added to the basic system and the light ballast  108  used must be of the dimmable type. An analog output (configurable but typically 0-10V) signal from the Lighting  110  is used to modulate the control input of the dimmable ballast  108  to vary the light level output of the lamp.  
         [0045]    To close the control loop, at least one light level sensor  112  is used to measure the actual light level in the zone. The schedule command is sent at the same time to the Lighting  110  and the Relay Board  102 . Therefore, the relay board  102  can energize the relay associated to the controlled zone when the schedule command is anything else than OFF and the Lighting  110  takes care of the light level requested by setting an appropriate light level set point on a PID controller.  
         [0046]    For a better measurement of the overall light level in the zone, up to three light level sensors  112  can be connected to analog inputs of the Lighting controller  110 . The three readings can be combined together according to a user selected algorithm (such as averaging) to give an adequate value for the overall light level in the zone. The PID loop inside the Lighting controller  110  uses this measurement and compares it with the light level set point dictated by the active schedule. Depending on the difference between the two levels and based on its configurable parameters, the PID will calculate the analog output to increase or decrease the dimming command delivered to the ballast regulating the light level in the zone.  
         [0047]    It should be noted that the sensors can be used to monitor parameters other than light intensity level in a building area. Indeed, they can measure the heating, ventilation and air conditioning parameters, the refrigeration parameters (suction, pressure, condenser, subcooling), the temperature, pressure, humidity and power. The controller  110  can then be used to log data concerning these factors and report on them. The data collected on these parameters will most likely not affect the control of the delivery of artificial lighting but can be managed and logged by a single controller  110  to facilitate premise management.  
         [0048]    To improve energy savings in the case of buildings where natural light source input could be high, a zone could be divided in a plurality of groups of lamps, for example three groups of lamps. FIG. 2B shows such a configuration. Of course the lamp installation will have to be made accordingly. This kind of installation gives the opportunity to load shed a group of lamps if there is stable high light level condition in the zone even with lamps in full dimming state. In fact, this load shedding process can continue until all groups are shut off. The groups are turned ON again, one at a time, when the conditions go to a stable low light level in the zone without any active dimming command. The high light level and low light level are two conditions detected by the Lighting controller  116  using the light level sensors  112 . But the power distribution to the ballast is the responsibility of the Relay node  114 . Therefore, the Lighting controller  116  has to send a message to the Relay node  114  to manage the ON/OFF state of the groups of lamps  118 .  
         [0049]    Another improvement over conventional lighting systems is in the lamp replacement process. The load shedding is done by taking the runtime of the lamps into account. So the group which has the more run time will be load shed first and so on, extending the period between lamp replacement.  
         [0050]    The purpose of load shedding is for places where electrical energy is not regulated. A building owner may then negociate his price for energy and obtain a lower price if he keeps his consumption below a predetermined limit. If this limit is not respected, the price is then much higher.  
         [0051]    In cases where there is an “Energy Manager” node (nviDLCLoadShed, nviDOLoadShed), a load shedding command may occur when the energy consumption level is near the predetermined limit. The controller will then change its command to ensure a lower energy consumption while ensuring a minimum of lighting in order to stay below the predetermined limit.  
         [0052]    A switch  120  can be connected to an analog input of the Lighting controller  116  to override the actual light level of the zone to a predefined light level value. The override state is active as long as the switch stays in override position, for a toggle switch, or for a predefined duration each time a push button switch is pressed.  
         [0053]    Preferably, each Lighting controller board implement two distinct Dimmable Lighting Control objects, DLC 1  and DLC 2  to control a maximum of two zones with one Lighting controller. Preferably, each zone can be divided in three groups for load shedding in high light level at full dimming condition. One can install as many nodes as needed to control all the zones of a building with this method.  
         [0054]    Preferably, the Lighting application program runs on a board equipped with four Relay Outputs that can be used in place of another Relay board for a small installation or if all main Relay Boards are completely loaded and there is only a few more zones to control and there is no other relay board available. The board preferably has eight analog inputs configurable by software, four digital outputs (which form a C relay) protected by fuse and four configurable analog outputs (0-20 mA, 0-5 V, 0-10 V) protected by a current limit (max 25 mA).  
         [0055]    Preferably, the Lighting interface runs on a software platform which is used to easily install and configure all the nodes involved in the Distributed Dimmable Lighting System and establish connection bindings between the nodes. The Lighting Interface is a user interface designed to facilitate the configuration process of the Lighting Controller and for monitoring and diagnostic purposes via a dynamic graphical display.  
         [0056]    The LonMark Association promotes and supports the manufacturers that produce interoperable products which are the most basic components in the development of open systems such as the LonWorks system. The LonMark Association develops standards for interoperability, certifies products to those standards and promotes the benefits of interoperable systems.  
         [0057]    The associated LonMark profile for the Lighting controller  116  is presented in FIGS. 3A and 3B. It is a description of the logical interfaces of the controller. It describes the network variables and their types used to connect and exchange information with other devices on the LonWorks network, the configuration properties used to customize the controller behavior and the physical I/O&#39;s used to control. In the LonMark guidelines, the object  0  (Node object) is used to describe and control all others objects of the node.  
         [0058]    Physical Inputs/Outputs. The board used as the Lighting Controller has eight universal inputs UI 1-8 that support light level and switch sensors. It also has four digital outputs (relays) DO (1-4) and four analog outputs AO (1-4). Both digital and analog outputs can be temporarily overriden for maintenance purposes.  
         [0059]    Some of the preferred interfaces of the Lighting Controller can be described as follows. The labels refer to the functional profile of FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B.  
                             TABLE 1                           Description of the interfaces of the Controller.            Label   Name   Description               R01   DO (1-4)   General purpose relays commended       R02       by the input network variables       R03       nvidocmd (1-4). The relays       R04       status is displayed on the               corresponding nvodostate.       DIM1   AO (1-4)   Fully configurable analog out-       DIM2       puts that can be configured by               the interface to control in many               supported ranges by voltage or               current a variety of analog               devices       nv1   nviRequest   Input network variable used to               send different standard requests               to the node: to enable/disable               alarms, to ask for the status               of a specific object, to acknowl-               edge an active alarm . . . The               variable is fully described by               the snvt_obj_request in the               lonmark ressources.       nv2   nvoStatus   Output network variable that               presents the status of a node               object following a request               for updating status on the               nvirequest. The status is a               structure of 16 bits returning               information about the actual               physical and logical status               of the object. The variable               is fully described by the               SNVT_obj_status in the lonmark               ressources.       nv3   nviTimeSet   Input network variable used to               send periodically the curent               date and time and synchronize               an internal clock. The node               will use this clock to time-               stamp the alarms.       nv4   nvoAlarm   Output network variable used               to inform the alarm node and               the PC of the alarm status of               the dimmer node. This network               variable is shared by all the               objects that can generate alarms.               The variable is fully described               by the SNVT_alarm in the lonmark               ressources.       nv6   nvo00FileDir   Used internally by the LNS               (Lonwork Network Services) in               the process of transfering               configuration parameters to/from               the node.       nv7   nvoDimStatus   Output network variable that               inform the interface of the               current status of the grafcets               that controls the dimmers:               waiting for schedule, preheat               period, cooling period.       nv8   nviLightCmd   Input network variable bound to       nv28       the scheduler node that receives               the current schedule. Many light-               ing nodes including dimmers can               be feed from the same schedule.               The scheduler node can send               discrete values: max, med, low               and off. These discrete values               are converted by the dimmer node               in illumination set points speci-               fied in the dimmers configuration       nv9   nvoLightLev   Output variable that represents       nv29       the calculated lighting level               based on up to three illumination               sensors. It is displayed in the               interface for sensor validation               strategy purposes but it can even               be logged so a trend graph can be               presented to the user.       nv10   nvoDimCmdOut   Output variable that represents       nv30       the actual command value in               percent that it is sent to the               ballast. It is displayed in the               interface for sensor adjusting               purposes but it can even be               logged so a trend graph can be               presented to the user.       nv11   nviMasterDim   Input network variable used to       nv31       control from a single point the               dimming percentage of many               dimmers.       nv12   nviSchedOvrd   Input network variable used to       nv32       override temporarily the schedule               indicated by the scheduler node.               The override value can be speci-               fied in the “dimmer override”               form and the duration of the               override is the same as for the               “remote override time”.       nv13   nviRemOvrdSw   Input network variable used to       nv33       remotely override (the switch is               located on another node that can               be remote from the building area)               the scheduled set point. The               variable specifies if the over-               ride should be active and also               the override set point value.       nv14   nvoLightLev   Output variables that represent       nv15   (1-3)   the values of preferably up to       nv16       three illumination sensors.       nv34       They are displayed in the inter-       nv35       face for sensor adjusting pur-       nv36       poses but they can even be logged               so a trend graph can be presented               to the user.       nv17   nvoLightLvStPt   Output variable that represents       nv37       the current set point of the               dimmer.       nv18   nvoMasterDim   Output network variable that       nv38       represents the actual mater dim               received on the nvimasterdim               value.       nv19   nvoSchedStatus   Output network variable that       nv39       represents the actual value               received from the scheduler.       nv20   nvoOvrdSw   Output network variable that       nv40       represents the actual value of               the local/remote override switch.       nv21   nvoOvrdStatus   Output network variable that       nv41       represents the actual override               status and value.       nv22   nvoGrpOvrd   Output network variable that       nv23   (1-3)   represents overrides for the node       nv24       that controls the On/Off status       nv42       of the groups of lights. It is       nv43       used to shut down a lighting       nv44       group when the illumination is               over the specified maximum limit               for a specified duration.       nv25   nvoTmLeftOver   Output network variable that       nv45       represents the remaining time               for an override, load shedding               depending on the current status               of the dimmer.       nv26   nvoPidOut   Output network variable that       nv46       represents the actual PID value.               It is displayed in the interface               to adjust correctly the PID               parameters.       nv48   nviDOCmd   Input network variable that       nv49   (1-4)   represents the actual command       nv50       for the corresponding relay       nv51       (ON/OFF).       nv52   nvoDOState   Output network variable that       nv53   (1-4)   represents the actual status for       nv54       the corresponding relay (ON/OFF).       nv55       nv56   nviDLCLoadShed   Input network variable that       nv57   (1-2)   represents the actual load               shedding command for the               corresponding dimmer.       nv58   nviDOLoadShed   Input network variable that               represents the actual load               shedding command for the digital               outputs (relays).       nv59   nviDLCLdShedSt   Output network variable that       nv60   (1-2)   represents the actual load               shedding status for the corre-               sponding dimmer. It is monitored               by the interface and a trend               graph can be presented to the               user       nv61   nvoDOLdShedSt   Output network variable that               represents the actual load shed-               ding status for the digital               outputs (relays). It is monitored               by the interface and a trend               graph can be presented to the               user.       UI   PA (1-3)   Group of light level sensors used               to calculate the illumination               level for the dimmer 1. Depending               of the preferred application,               this group contain at least one               lighting sensor and at most three               sensors used to calculate the               lighting level of a specific               area. If many sensors are pres-               ent, the resulting illumination               level will be calculated using               the strategy specified in the               interface. If one or many sensors               are over/under exposed, they are               eliminated from the calculation.       UI   OV 1   Switch sensor used to initiate a               local override of the dimmer 1.               The local override set point and               the duration is specified in the               interface       UI   PB (1-3)   Group of light level sensors used               to calculate the illumination               level for the dimmer 2. Depending               of the application, this group               contain at least one lighting               sensor and at most three sensors               used to calculate the lighting               level of a specific area. If many               sensors are present, the re-               sulting illumination level will               be calculated using the strategy               specified in the interface. If one               or many sensors are over/under               exposed, they are eliminated from               the calculation       UI   OV 2   Switch sensor used to initiate a               local override of the dimmer 2.               The local override set point and               the duration is specified in the               interface                  
 
         [0060]    [0060]FIG. 4 shows a networked lighting control system. Different versions of the board are illustrated to show compatibility with the network to create a control system customizable to any building and building area with any number of lamps, dimmable lamps and relay board. The four output board is identified by numeral  132 . The eight output board by numeral  130  and the 12 output board by numeral  134 . A station  112  is used to access the interface of the control system and a remote access can be set up on a remote station  142  using any telecommunications means such as a modem  136  and a telephone network  140 . A cooling compressor controller  144  and its associated switching board  146  are shown on the same network as the lighting controller to illustrate that if all nodes respect the network policies and protocols, they can all exchange information and be logically connected.  
         [0061]    [0061]FIG. 5 is a graphical illustration of the interface of the control system showing a building area for which lighting is to be controlled. In order for the interface to properly correspond to the control system, the nodes of the system must be created in the interface and linked to the physical outputs and inputs of the board.  
         [0062]    [0062]FIG. 6 is a graphical illustration of the interface of the control system showing the creation of a node of the lighting system.  
         [0063]    [0063]FIG. 7 is a graphical illustration of the interface of the control system showing the parameters to be loaded for the node of FIG. 6 to be created. These are standard network parameters that need to be configured for each node in order for it to be able to communicate on the network with the interface and the other components.  
         [0064]    [0064]FIG. 8 is a graphical illustration of the interface of the control system showing the building area of FIG. 5 in which the node of FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 has been created. The system installer would continue to virtually install all the nodes and assign them to physical inputs and outputs. He would then test each node to ensure proper functioning.  
         [0065]    [0065]FIG. 9 is a graphical illustration of the interface of the control system showing the system parameters for the control system.  
         [0066]    [0066]FIG. 10 is a graphical illustration of the interface of the control system showing input parameters for the control system. Typically, the sensors are the override buttons are the analog inputs. Alarms for the sensors can be displayed if they are over-exposed, under-exposed, disabled or in alarm. Calibration tools are available to ensure proper readings of the sensors.  
         [0067]    [0067]FIG. 11 is a graphical illustration of the interface of the control system showing the output parameters for the control system. Typically, the digital outputs are connected to the relays and the analog outputs to the dimmers.  
         [0068]    The preferred interfaces for the Relay, which is another LonMark object and which controls the four digital outputs (relays) of the controller and can be used as a general purpose relay block in installations where an other relay node would be required are described in the above Table 1.  
         [0069]    The configuration parameters for the Dimmer, which is a LonMark object, are set in the “Dimmers” tab of the interface, shown in FIG. 12. The strategy is chosen from the list consisting of Minimum, Maximum and Average. The DLC installer can chose for any dimmer one of the strategies to use for the calculation of the illumination level, based on the values from the installed illumination sensors Preferably, there is also a sensor validation algorithm that will exclude a sensor being over/under exposed. The PID Settings of FIG. 13 are a group of parameters used to adjust the PID loop. The Local Sensor Ovrd Value represents the illumination set point to use when the local override switch is pushed. The Local Sensor Ovrd Time represents the duration of the override when the local override switch is pushed. The Remote Sensor Ovrd Time represents the duration of the override when a remote override command is received on the nviRemOvrdSw input variable.  
         [0070]    The LOW Level Set Point represents the set point value when a LOW schedule command is received. The MED Level Set Point represents the set point value when a MED schedule command is received. The HIGH Level Set Point represents the set point value when a HIGH schedule command is received.  
         [0071]    The Limits are a group of parameters used to customize the Dimmer in order to respect the lamps&#39; parameters. The interface object for setting up the limits is shown in FIG. 14: The Lamp Preheat Time represents the period of time after the lamps are powered, before the dimming can be active. This is specified by the lamp manufacturer. The Lamp Cooling Time represents the period of time after the lamps are turned off before they can be turned on again. It is also specified by the lamp manufacturer. The Start Lighting Automatically represents the condition to start automatically the lighting when the illumination level is under the predetermined level and for the entire period specified. The groups will be activated one after the other starting with the one that has the minimum run time, to extend the duration of the re-lamp period. The Stop Lighting Automatically represents the condition to stop automatically the lighting when the illumination level is above the predetermined level and for the entire period specified. The groups will be powered off one after the other.  
         [0072]    [0072]FIG. 15 is a graphical illustration of the interface of the control system showing the load shedding parameters for the control system. For a Digital Output (relay) one can specify if the relay will be affected by a load shedding command on the nviDOLoadShed variable by changing the “Enabled” check box. If this check box is not checked the relay will not be affected. For a dimmer, the load shedding can be enabled when the “Enabled” check box is checked. In this case, when a load shedding command is received on the corresponding nviDLCLoadShed (1-2) variable, the dimmer&#39;s set point will be offset with a value calculated with the formula: OffsetSP=K*PB, where K is a multiplication factor and the PB is the proportional band parameter specified when configuring the PID bloc for the specified dimmer. For both of the load shedding types (relays and dimmers), the duration of the load shedding period can be specified.  
         [0073]    [0073]FIG. 16 is a graphical illustration of the interface of the control system showing the live performance process status. In this particular example, the dimmer controls three lamps. A graphical representation can illustrate the level of illumination of the lamps, for example using a grayscale representation. The parameters can be shown in Lux or in percentages. The connections to the relays are also displayed as well as the load shedding status. This page gives the global status of the lighting system according to the control system. Temporary overrides of the status can be triggered from this status page.  
         [0074]    [0074]FIG. 17 is a graphical illustration of the interface of the control system showing a temporary override setting. It is preferably set using a percentage value for a specified time.  
         [0075]    Logged data from an example site is finally presented as an example. FIG. 18 is a graphical illustration of the interface of the control system showing an example building area with a plurality of nodes in operation and being controlled by the control system. Each lamp is represented by a small circle with a color representing its approximate illumination level. The sensor values are pictographically represented together with the predetermined levels requested by the user. The building areas or zones are also clearly identified. It should be noted that the zones near the edges of the building where windows are present are at less than 100% of artificial illumination, whereas the internal zones are operating at 100% of artificial illumination. However, even at 100% illumination, some lamps are turned off, some are dimmed anywhere between a very low level to a full illumination.  
         [0076]    [0076]FIG. 19 is a graphical report of a log of data collected in zone  2  of the example building area of FIG. 18 on Jul. 3, 2002. FIG. 20 is a graphical report of a log of data collected in zone  2  of the example building area of FIG. 18 on Oct. 18, 2002.  
         [0077]    While illustrated in the block diagrams as groups of discrete components communicating with each other via distinct data signal connections, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the preferred embodiments are provided by a combination of hardware and software components, with some components being implemented by a given function or operation of a hardware or software system, and many of the data paths illustrated being implemented by data communication within a computer application or operating system. The structure illustrated is thus provided for efficiency of teaching the present preferred embodiment.  
         [0078]    It will be understood that numerous modifications thereto will appear to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the above description and accompanying drawings should be taken as illustrative of the invention and not in a limiting sense. It will further be understood that it is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention following, in general, the principles of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice within the art to which the invention pertains and as may be applied to the essential features herein before set forth, and as follows in the scope of the appended claims.