Abstract:
A gelatinizer having gel-forming capability in both organic solvents and water, is provided. The hydrogelatinizer is represented by: 
                         
 
(where, A is a sugar residue, and R is an alkyl group).

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to a gelatinizer having a gel-forming ability regarding both organic solvents and water. 
     PRIOR ART 
     In recent years, in the field of super high polymer chemistry, the formation of desired high-order structures from monomers is being intensively studied. Much attention is being given to the development of small molecule gelatinizers which can be used on both a microscopic and macroscopic scale, which are industrially effective over a wide range of fields such as, for example, foodstuffs, deodorants, cosmetics, cushioning for running shoes or chromatography, and which easily lend themselves to manufacture (Murata, K.; Aoki, M.; Suzuki, T.; Harada, T.; Kawabata, H.; Komori, T.; Ohseto, F.; Ueda, K.; Shinkai, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 6664 and references therein.: James, T. D.; Murata, K.; Harada, T.; Ueda, K.; Shinkai, S. Chem. Lett. 1994, 273.: Jeong, S. W.; Murata, K.; Shinkai, S. Supramol. Sci. 1996, 3, 83;: Shinkai, S.; Murata, K. J. Mater. Chem. (Feature Article) 1998, 8, 485.: Yoza, K.; Amanokura, N.; Ono, Y.; Akao, T.; Shinmori, H.; Takeuchi, M.; Shinkai, S.; Reinhout, D. L. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 2722: Wang, R.; Geiger, C.; Chen, L.; Swanson, B.;•Whitten, D. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 2399.: Duncan, D. C.; Whitten, D. G. Langmuir 2000, 16, 6445.: Geiger, C.; Stanescu, M.; Chen, L.; Whitten, D. G. Langmuir 1999, 15, 2241.: Terech, P.; Weiss, R. G. Chem. Rev. 1997, 3313.: Otsuni, E.; Kamaras, P.; Weiss, R. G. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1996, 35, 1324 and references therein.: Terech, P.; Furman, I.; Weiss, R. G. J. Phy. Chem. 1995, 99, 9558 and references therein.: Abdallach, D. J.; Weiss, R. G. Adv. Mater. 2000, 12, 1237.: Hanabusa, K.; Yamada, M.; Kimura, M.; Shirai, H. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1996, 35, 1949.: Loos, M.; Esch, J. v.; Stokroos, I.; Kellogg, R. M.; Feringa, B. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 12675.: Schoonbeek, F. S.; Esch, J. v.; Hulst, R.; Kellogg, R. M.; Feringa, B. L. Chem. Eur. J. 2000, 6, 2633.: Esch, J. v.; Feringa, B. L. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 2263.: Melendez, R.; Geib, S. J.; Hamilton, A. D. Molecular AutoAssembly Organic Versus Inorganic Approaches, Fujita, M., Ed.; Springer, 2000.: Carr, A. J.; Melendez, R.; Geib, S. J.; Hamilton, A. D. Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 7447.: Shi, C.; Kilic, S.; Xu, J.; Enick, R. M.; Beckman, E. J.; Carr, A. J.; Melendez, R. E.; Hamilton, A. D. Science 1999, 286, 1540.). 
     By observing the SEM and TEM of these gelatinizers, it has been found that low molecular weight fibrous agglomerates formed by non-covalent bond interactions cause this gelating effect. “Aqueous gels” are normally manufactured from macromolecules such as proteins or polymers, and unlike “organic gels” having reversible high-order structures which are one-dimensional agglomerates of low molecular weight formed by autocoagulation, it is difficult to identify this complex interaction. However, a small number of “aqueous gels” comprising agglomerates of low molecular weight compounds do exist (Estroff, L. A.; Hamilton, A. D. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 3447.: Fuhrhop, J.-H.; Schnieder, P.; Rosenbery, J.; Boekema, E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 3387.: Fuhrhop, J.-H.; Boettcher, C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 1768.: Yoza, K.; Ono, Y.; Yoshihara, K.; Akao, T.; Shinmori, H.; Takeuchi, M.; Shinkai, S.; Reinhout, D. L. Chem. Commun. 1998, 907.: Menger, F.; Caran, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 11679.: Hanbusa, K.; Hirata, T.; Inoue, D.; Kimura, M.; Touhara, H.; Shirai, H. Colloid. Sur., A. 2000, 169, 387.). 
     PROBLEMS WHICH THIS INVENTION AIMS TO SOLVE 
     As far as the Inventors are aware, the microscopic structure of aqueous gels has not yet been clarified in detail by measurement techniques such as NMR and X-rays. The Inventors focused their attention on developing novel agglomerates derived from sugars which could be formed in water (John, G.; Masuda, M.; Okada, Y.; Yase, K.; Shimizu, T. Adv. Mater. 2001, 13, 715.: Masuda, M.; Hanada, T.; Okada, Y.; Yase, K.; Shimizu, T. Macromolecules 2000, 33, 9233.: Nakazawa, I.; Masuda, M.; Okada, Y.; Hanada, T.; Yase, K.; Asai, M.; Shimizu, T. Langmuir 1999, 15, 4757.: Shimizu, T.; Masuda, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 2812.). 
     The advantage of this system is that, by using the rich basic skeleton of the hydrocarbon family, various types of agglomerates can be systematically designed. 
     The Inventors designed several gelatinizers, and by performing this type of analysis, they carried out studies on gelatinizers which had excellent gel-forming abilities in both organic solvents and water. 
     MEANS TO SOLVE THE ABOVE PROBLEMS 
     The Inventors already discovered that a gelatinizer derived from glucose, gelatinizes water/alcohol (volume ratio=1:1) or water/acetone (volume ratio=1:1) (John, G.; Masuda, M.; Okada, Y.; Yase, K.; Shimizu, T. Adv. Mater. 2001, 13, 715.). This discovery suggested that if sugars were studied in more detail, as was the case for suitable hydrophobic groups, some novel aqueous gelatinizers might be found, and might be useful in specifying the basic structural criteria for designing aqueous gels. With this object in mind, we designed novel gelatinizers having a sugar part, an aminophenyl and a long-chain alkyl group. 
     As a result of these studies, the Inventors discovered that the hydrogelatinizer represented by the following chemical formula: 
                        
 
(where, A is a sugar residue and R is an alkyl group) had excellent gel-forming abilities in both organic solvents and water.
 
     The long-chain alkyl group forming the end of this gelatinizer improves solubility in organic solvents, but at the same time it promotes aggregation of fibres due to Van der Waals forces, and finally forms a gel. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows an EF-TEM photograph of an aqueous gel manufactured using the gelatinizer of this invention. 
         FIG. 2  is an EF-TEM photograph of an aqueous gel manufactured using the gelatinizer of this invention, and is an enlargement of FIG.  1 . The arrows shows spiral fibres. 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram showing an SEM photograph of an aqueous gel manufactured using the gelatinizer of this invention. 
         FIG. 4  is a  1 H-NMR spectrum of an aqueous gel in D 2 O and methanol-d 4  (volume ratio=1:1). 
         FIG. 5  is an XRD spectrum of a xerogel. 
         FIG. 6  is an XRD spectrum of an aqueous gel. 
         FIG. 7  is a diagram showing the autocoagulation of an aqueous gel. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention will now be described in more detail, but it should be understood that this description is not be construed as limiting the invention in any way. 
     The hydrogel of this invention is represented by: 
                        
 
     Here, A is a sugar residue. This sugar may be a monosaccharide, oligosaccharide or polysaccharide, but it is preferably a monosaccharide. Examples of this monosaccharide are hexoses such as glucose, galactose and N-acetylglucosamine, and pentoses such as L-arabinoside and xylose, but aldopyranose is preferred. 
     Pyranoses may be α or β. Examples of the aldopyranose are α-D-glucose, α-D-galactose, α-D-mannose, β-D-glucose, β-D-galactose, β-D-mannose, p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside, p-nitrophenyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, p-nitrophenyl-α-D-mannopyranoside, p-nitro phenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside, p-nitro phenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside and p-nitrophenyl-β-D-mannopyranoside. However, the aldopyranose is preferably glucopyranose or galactopyranose. 
     The residue is a residue obtained by removing the hydrogen atom from any of the hydroxyl groups of the sugar, and preferably, is a residue obtained by removing the hydrogen atom from any of the hydroxyl groups bonded to the six-member ring of aldopyranose. 
     R in the aforesaid chemical formula is an alkyl group. This alkyl group may be straight chain or branched, but straight chain is preferred. The number of carbon atoms is preferably 6-20, but more preferably 10-20. 
     The hydrogelatinizer of this invention can solidify a large amount of water with a small amount of solid gelatinizer, and due to its ability to function as a water retention agent (water retention agent for desert greenification or plant cultivation), as a water absorbent (pet tray urine absorber or physiological water absorber) and as an alcohol-retaining agent since it also solidifies small amounts of alcohol components, it can solidify fuel solids, organic solvents and oils. It may be used as a household oil caking agent, heavy oil solidifying agent or organic effluent solidifying agent, and as it is a flexible material containing a large amount of water, it has potential application as a biological compatibility material, tissue/cell culture matrix, or biological material separator of proteins and nucleic acids. 
     EXAMPLES 
     In the following examples, the gelatinizer of this invention was manufactured, and its agglomerating properties in water were analyzed by EF-TEM (transmission electron microscope with energy filter) (Nakazawa, I.; Masuda, M.; Okada, Y.; Hanada, T.; Yase, K.; Asai, M.; Shimizu, T. Langmuir 1999, 15, 4757.), NMR, FT-IR and XRD. 
     Example 1 
     p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (Tokyo Chemical Industries) (250 mg) was dissolved in a methanol/tetrahydrofuran mixed solvent (20 ml/5 ml), and 10% palladium carbon (250 mg) was added to this solution. Hydrogen gas was introduced under a nitrogen gas atmosphere into the reaction solution at room temperature for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered to remove palladium carbon, the filtrate was evaporated under vacuum, and solidified. This residue was purified by silica gel chromatography using a tetrahydrofuran/chloroform mixed solvent (1/1, volume ratio) as an eluant, and p-aminophenol-β-D-glucopyranoside was obtained. 
     Yield 80-90%;  1 H-NMR (300MHz, DMSO-d6): δ=3.44-4.10 (m, 6H), 4.76 (s, 2H), 5.25-5.31 (m, 3H), 5.60 (s, 1H), 6.70 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 6.95 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 7.37-7.46 (m, 5H); FT-IR (KBr): v=3312, 2909, 1635, 1510, 1364, 1217, 1089, 1005, 1035, 999, 806, 706 cm −1 ; MS (NBA): m/z: 360 [M+H] + ; elemental analysis calcd (%) for C 19 H 21 NO 6 : C 63.50, H 5.89, N 3.90; found: C 63.18, H 6.04, N 3.78. 
     The p-aminophenol-β-D-glucopyranoside (250 mg) thus obtained was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (20 ml), and lauroyl chloride (300 mg) and triethylamine (1.0 g) were added. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 5 hours. The reaction solution was filtered to remove solids, and the filtrate was evaporated under vacuum to give a dry solid. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography using a tetrahydrofuran/chloroform mixed solvent (1/1, volume ratio) as an eluant, and dodecanoylaminophenol-β-D-glucopyranoside was thus obtained. 
     Yield 80%;  1 H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ=0.9 (t, 3H) , 1.5-3.0 (m, 15H), 3.50-4.13 (m, 6H), 4.76 (s, 2H), 5.25-5.31 (m, 3H), 5.63 (s, 1H), 6.70 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 6.98 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 7.30 (d, 2H) ; FT-IR (KBr): v=3340, 2912, 1630, 1510, 1364, 1217, 1089, 1005, 1035, 999, 806, 706 cm −1 ; MS (NBA): m/z: 452.27 [M+H] + ; elemental analysis calcd (%) for C 24 H 37 NO 7 : C 63.84, H 8.26, N 3.10; found: C 62.15, H 8.37, N 3.30 
     Example 2 
     An identical procedure was performed using p-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (Tokyo Chemical Industries) instead of p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside of Example 1, and p-aminophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside was thus obtained. 
     Further, an identical procedure was performed using the p-aminophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside obtained herein instead of the p-aminophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside of Example 1, and dodecanoylaminophenol-β-D-galactopyranoside was thus obtained. 
     Yield 90%;  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ=0.9 (t, 3H), 1.5-3.0 (m, 15H), 3.50-4.13 (m, 6H), 4.76 (s, 2H), 5.25-5.31 (m, 3H), 5.63 (s, 1H), 6.70 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 6.98 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 7.30 (d, 2H); FT-IR (KBr): v=3340, 2912, 1630, 1510, 1364, 1217, 1089, 1005, 1035, 999, 806, 706 cm −1 ; MS (NBA): m/z: 452.27 [M+H] + ; elemental analysis calcd (%) for C 24 H 37 NO 7 : C 63.84, H 8.26, N 3.10; found: C 63.15, H 8.25, N 3.15. 
     The dodecanoylaminophenol-β-D-glucopyranoside and dodecanoylaminophenol-β-D-galactopyranoside (1 mg of each) obtained in the above experiments were respectively weighed out into test tubes, and a mixed solvent of water (900 mg) and methanol (100 mg) was added. The mixture was heated to ensure complete dissolution. Subsequently, it was gradually cooled, and left at room temperature for approximately 2-5 hours. A hydrated gel which did not collapse even when inverted, was obtained. 
     Gel-forming Ability Test Results 
     The gel-forming ability was evaluated as follows. 
     The solvent was water (including a small amount of methanol and ethanol), methanol, ethanol, 1-butanol, t-butanol, tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, dichloromethane, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, dimethylformamide or dimethyl sulfoxide. 
     One of the aforesaid solvents was mixed in a test tube wherein the two types of gelatinizer prepared in the Examples were sealed such that the concentration of gelatinizer was 0.1-3.0 wt %, and this mixture was heated until the solids dissolved. The resulting solution was cooled to 25° C. for one hour. The gelatinizer and solvent were introduced into a test tube capped by a diaphragm, and heated in the oil bath until the solids dissolved. This solution was cooled to 25° C. 
     At this stage, the formation of a stable gel was observed for the solvents 1-butanol, t-butanol, tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, dichloromethane, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide and water, but it dissolved in the case of methanol and ethanol. 
     It is extremely interesting that water containing a small amount of alcohol (approximately 1 wt %, corresponding to 5000 or more molecules per molecule of gelatinizer), was gelated by the gelatinizer of this invention at a concentration of 0.1 wt % or less. These results show that the gelatinizer of this invention is an amphoteric gelatinizer agent which works on both water and organic solvents. 
       FIGS. 1-3  show EF-TEM and SEM images of an aqueous gel produced by the gelatinizer of this invention for the purpose of visually observing chiral aggregation produced by the sugar part. FIG.  1  and  FIG. 3  are typical photographs of an aqueous gel produced by the gelatinizer of this invention. These photographs clearly show that this gelatinizer is formed of a 3-dimensional network comprising creased fibres having a diameter of 20-500 nanometers. From the SEM photograph (FIG.  3 ), it is clear that several ribbon-shaped structures are twisted together to form a left-handed spiral. Further, from a TEM analysis of the chiral aggregate, it is seen that the fibres are twisted spiral ribbons having a width of approximately 85 nanometers, a pitch of approximately 315 nanometers and length of several micrometers, and that this is specifically left-handed (FIG.  2 ). These spiral aggregates explain how, instead of a crystal stable to heat, a quasi-stable gel is formed. 
     The  1 H-NMR measurement results for the aqueous gel produced by the gelatinizer of this invention provide further proof that this aqueous gel is a self-aggregate. As shown on the left in  FIG. 4 , at 27° C., aromatic peaks are observed for the gel phase of the aggregate at 7.43 ppm (d, J=8.61 Hz, H b  (for H b , see chemical formula below) and 7.38 ppm (d, J=8.61 Hz, H a  (for H a , see chemical formula below)). 
                        
 
     Due to heating, new peaks eventually appear at 7.60 ppm (d, J=8.61 Hz, H b ) and 7.28 ppm (d, J=8.61 Hz, H a ), and the peaks at 7.43 ppm and 7.38 ppm disappear. The difference in the chemical shifts of the aromatic protons H a , H b  is probably due to π—π stacking and hydrogen bonding. This can be explained in view of the fact that the induction effect of the hydrogen bond is too large, and the shift of H a  (to higher field) due to π—π stacking interactions cannot be cancelled out. An identical phenomenon was observed in the aromatic proton at the C-1 position of the sugar part ( FIG. 4 , right). The fact that different spectra were observed for aggregates and non-aggregates shows that chemical substitution is slower than the time scale of NMR. This is the first time stabilization of an aggregate by hydrogen bonding and π—π stacking interactions in the gel phase have been observed on a  1 H-NMR spectrum, and strongly supports the idea that aromatic units lead to increased structural strength and assist the formation of the aqueous gel. As it is extremely difficult and almost impossible to obtain useful information regarding intramolecular hydrogen bonding in an aqueous gel from FT-IR observations, the Inventors obtained proof of intramolecular hydrogen bonding in a D 2 O system. The FT-IR spectrum of the aqueous gel incorporating deuterium is characterized by absorption bands at 1645 cm −1  (—C═O, amide 1) and 1514 cm −1  (—NH, amide II). Further, IR bands were observed at 3398 cm −1  (—OH), 3298 cm −1  (—NH) and 1658 cm −1  (—C═O) with identical results in a cyclohexane gel. These results show that the amide groups in the aqueous gel not only form intramolecular hydrogen bonds in the gel phase, but confer a stronger hydrogen bonding effect than in a cyclohexane gel. 
     Recently, there have been several reports of X-ray crystallography techniques used to confirm molecular packing of the gelatinizer in the gel phase, and these are being used to clarify the gelatinizing mechanism of low molecular weight gelatinizers (Terech, P.; Weiss, R. G. Chem. Rev. 1997, 3313.: Hanabusa, K.; Matsumoto, M.; Kimura, M.; Kakehi, A.; Shirai, H. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2000, 224, 231.: Abdallah, D. J.; Sirchio, S.; Weiss, R. G. Langmuir 2000, 16, 7558.: Sakurai, K.; Ono, Y.; Jung, J. H.; Okamoto, S.; Sakurai, S.; Shinkai, S. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 2001, 108.). However, the relation between the molecular packing and physical gelatinizing properties of the gelatinizer molecules is still not well understood. The xerogel of this invention obtained from water by a freezing method gives a sponge-like aggregate, and it is not a typical crystal. From X-ray diffraction of the xerogel, the Inventors obtained information regarding the type of molecular packing of the gelatinizer molecules in an ordered gel. The diffraction pattern of the xerogel of this invention shows a periodic diffraction peak (FIG.  5 ), and shows that this xerogel is actually aggregated in a lamellar structure. The intervals (d) of the aggregate obtained by the XRD method are approximately 2.90 nanometers, 1.46 nanometers and 0.97 nanometers. These are almost precisely in a ratio of 1:1/2:1/3, are shorter than twice the molecular length of the gelatinizer (according to the CPK molecular model, 2.45 nanometers), and longer than one molecule. The peak at 2.90 nanometers observed in the xerogel, was observed also in the gel state (FIG.  6 ). These results strongly suggest that the aqueous gel of this invention has a bimolecular interdigitation film structure having a molecular film corresponding to the (100) plane of thickness 2.90 nanometers (FIG.  7 ). Further, the wide angle X-ray diagram of the aqueous gel of this invention shows a series of sharp reflection peaks, which supports the hypothetical viewpoint that a regular lamellar high density packing is formed due to the interdigitation of hydrophobic interactions. This is the first example where a well-ordered two molecule layer forms an aqueous gel. From the results of XRD, FT-NMR and FT-IR, it is seen that the aqueous gel of this invention is stabilized by a combination of hydrogen bonds, π—π interactions and hydrophobic forces.