Abstract:
An automatic transfer switch to automatically electrically connect an electrical panel to a second power source, e.g., an electric generator, during interruption or failure of a first power source, e.g., a utility power supply, includes a powered interlock arrangement that is operative to prevent the electrical panel from being electrically connected to both power sources simultaneously.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/396,815, filed Mar. 3, 2009, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/033,810, filed Mar. 5, 2008, and entitled “Automatic Transfer Switch Having An Interlock Arrangement,” which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to power management systems designed to energize the distribution circuits of an electrical panel using an auxiliary or backup power source during primary power interruption. More particularly, the invention is directed to an automatic transfer switch having interlinked switch members to prevent two power sources from feeding power to the electrical panel simultaneously. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Manual transfer switches are sufficient for most applications where, during a utility power outage, a homeowner, landlord, or property manager is available to startup a generator, make the necessary temporary electrical interconnections, and operate the transfer mechanism. This type of system is popular in part because of its simplicity and the modest equipment and installation costs involved. 
     However, such a manually actuated transfer system may not be suitable in some cases, particularly when no one is in attendance or where more convenience is desired or required. In such cases, a fully automatic transfer switch, operating in conjunction with a permanently installed alternate power source (such as a generator) might be preferred. The need for an electrical transfer device to safely switch between utility and generator power is well documented. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,031,193, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, describes an interlock arrangement for interlinking circuit breakers. This patent describes an interlock structure that causes the handle of a circuit breaker to first move a switch to an OFF position in response to an operator pushing the handle of an opposite circuit breaker to an ON position. In this regard, both circuit breakers cannot simultaneously be in the ON position. The result is that power cannot be supplied to a panel bus from two sources at one time, and one source cannot back-feed the other. Heretofore, such interlock structures have been limited to manual transfer switches. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to an actuating arrangement, such as may be used in connection with an automatic transfer switch that incorporates interlinked switches. In operation, when the loss or interruption of primary power is sensed, an auxiliary power supply, such as an electric generator, is energized, and then a powered actuator is activated to cause a switching member to translate linearly relative to the switch handles of a pair of aligned interlinked switches. The switching member is constructed such that the translation imparted by the actuator first causes a switch member to be moved to the OFF position so as to electrically isolate the electrical panel from a first power supply, e.g., a utility power grid, and then causes a second switch member to be moved to the ON position so as to electrically connect the electrical panel to a second power supply, e.g., an electric generator. 
     In one preferred implementation, the present invention is used with an automatic transfer switch that automatically electrically connects one or more distribution circuits to an auxiliary power supply, e.g., an electric generator, when a primary power supply, e.g., a utility power grid, fails to supply power to the distribution circuits. When the primary power is interrupted, this loss of power is sensed by the auxiliary power supply, which in turn provides a signal to the automatic transfer switch to switch the auxiliary feeder switch from an OFF position to an ON position so that the distribution circuits are connected to be fed power from the auxiliary power supply instead of the primary power supply. The present invention, however, provides the additional functionality of electrically isolating the distribution circuits from the primary power supply by switching a primary feeder switch from the ON position to the OFF position. Thus, the present invention prevents the distribution circuits from being fed primary power when the primary power is restored. Moreover, the present invention provides an interlinking between the feeder switches such that the primary feeder switch is switched OFF before the auxiliary feeder switch is switched ON. 
     When primary power is restored, the auxiliary feeder switch is automatically and firstly switched from the ON position to the OFF position and then the primary feeder switch is automatically switched from the OFF position to the ON position. The interlinking between the feeder switches causes the switches to be switched in tandem thereby preventing the primary power supply from feeding power to the distribution circuits when the auxiliary power supply is feeding power to the distribution circuits. 
     The actuating arrangement may include a pair of opposed actuators, such as solenoids, connected to respective carriages that are in turn connected to respective levers that are positioned generally adjacent respective breakers or switch members and that are configured to pivot about a pivot axis. One solenoid is energized when the primary power is restored and the other solenoid is energized when the auxiliary or auxiliary power supply is started up. In this embodiment, when a solenoid is energized, it applies a pulling force to its carriage, which in turn causes its lever to pivot so that lever pushes the switch member associated therewith from an ON position to an OFF position. An interlinking member associated with the switch member causes the other switch member to be pulled from its OFF position to its ON position; however, the other switch member is not placed in the ON position until the other switch member is in the OFF position. An energized solenoid may only be energized for a period sufficient to retract its carriage. In this regard, neither solenoid maintains a holding force on its carriage after the carriage has been retracted. 
     In accordance with one aspect, the present invention provides a transfer panel including a plurality of circuit breakers for controlling current flow to a plurality of distribution circuits. The transfer panel has a first and a second switch respectively having first and second switch members oriented such that the switch members are disposed away from each other when the switch members are in the OFF position and towards each other when the switch members are in the ON position. An interlock mechanically interlinks the first and second switch members such that the first and second switch members are switched in tandem. A powered actuator arrangement is configured to apply an actuating force to at least one of the first and second switch members to move the first and second switch members from a first position to a second position. 
     The powered actuator arrangement may include an electromechanical actuator arrangement that includes first and second opposed solenoids associated with the first and second switch members, respectively, and first and second carriages associated with the first and second solenoids, respectively. The carriages are designed to transfer a linear force applied thereon by the solenoids to a respective one of the switch members. 
     The electromechanical actuator arrangement may further include first and second levers associated with the first and second carriages, respectively, and the levers are designed to pivot in response to a linear movement of the carriages. When a solenoid is energized to pull its carriage, the lever associated with that carriage applies a pushing force on the switch member. 
     The interlock may include a control member that transfers a linear force applied to one of the switch members to the aligned opposite switch member so that the switch members are switched in tandem or during a single switching operation. 
     In accordance with another aspect, the present invention contemplates an actuator for automatically switching a pair of aligned switches. Each aligned switch has an external switch member and the actuator has a solenoid and a linkage coupled to the solenoid and configured to translate linearly in response to a force applied by the solenoid. A lever is coupled to the linkage and configured to translate a linear force of the solenoid to the pair of aligned switches to move the aligned switches in tandem. 
     According to another aspect, the invention contemplates a method of switchably and automatically connecting distribution circuits of an electrical panel between first and second power supplies. The method includes detecting interruption of power from a power source providing power to the electrical panel. The method further includes energizing a powered actuator connected to power supply switches of the electrical panel to apply a linear force to at least one of the power supply switches to move the power supply switches from a first position to a second position. When the power supply switches are in the second position, the distribution circuits may be fed power from the second power supply. 
     In accordance with yet another aspect, the present invention provides a transfer panel for electrically connecting a set of distribution circuits to an auxiliary power supply during interruption of primary power from a primary power supply. The transfer panel has a primary side switch having a primary side switch member switchable between an ON position and an OFF position and an auxiliary side switch having an auxiliary side switch member switchable between an ON position and an OFF position. An interlinking member is connected between the primary side switch member and the auxiliary side switch member such that both switch members cannot be in the ON position at the same time. The transfer panel further includes an actuator arrangement that automatically applies a linear force to move the auxiliary side switch member to the ON position when the primary power supply fails to supply power, and the interlinking member causes the primary side switch member to automatically switch to the OFF position before the auxiliary side switch member is switched to the ON position. 
     It is therefore an object of the invention to provide an automatic transfer switch having an interlock that prevents multiple power sources from feeding power to the transfer switch simultaneously. 
     It is another object of the invention to provide an electrical panel outfitted with a transfer switch that automatically connects the electrical panel to a auxiliary primary supply when primary power is interrupted and substantially simultaneously electrically isolates the electrical panel from the primary power supply to prevent the backfeeding of power when the primary power supply is restored. 
     It is another object of the invention to provide an interlock arrangement for an automatic transfer switch or panel. 
     Various other features, aspects, objects and advantages of the present invention will be made apparent from the following detailed description and the drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The drawings illustrate one preferred embodiment presently contemplated for carrying out the invention. 
         FIG. 1  is a front elevation view of an electrical panel having an automatic transfer switch and an interlock arrangement according to one aspect of the invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a front isometric view of the automatic transfer switch illustrated in  FIG. 1  and shown having a utility power supply switch in a ON position and a backup generator power supply switch in an OFF position; 
         FIG. 3  is a rear isometric view of the automatic transfer switch shown in  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIG. 4  is a front elevation view of the automatic transfer switch shown in  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIG. 5  is a rear elevation view of the automatic transfer switch shown in  FIG. 4 ; 
         FIG. 6  is a front isometric view of the automatic transfer switch shown in  FIG. 1  with the utility power supply switch in an OFF position and the auxiliary power supply switch in the ON position; 
         FIG. 7  is a front elevation view of an automatic transfer switch having a shuttle arrangement according to an alternate embodiment of the invention and a utility power supply switch in the ON position and an auxiliary generator power supply switch in the OFF position; 
         FIG. 8  is a front elevation view of the automatic transfer switch shown in  FIG. 7  with the utility power supply switch in the OFF position and the backup generator power supply switch in the ON position; and 
         FIG. 9  is a rear elevation of an automatic transfer switch having a screw-type actuator arrangement according to another alternate embodiment of the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Referring now to  FIG. 1 , the present invention is particularly well suited for use with an electrical panel  10  having a series of circuit breakers (not shown) mounted on stabs  12 , in a known manner, that control current flow to a number of distribution circuits. The electrical panel  10  is positioned within a cabinet  14  that is mounted or otherwise attached to a wall or similar support structure of a building. In addition to the distribution circuit breakers, the electrical panel  10  also includes a utility side power supply switch, which may be in the form of a breaker  16 , and a generator side power supply switch, which may be in the form of a breaker  18 . The power supply breakers  16 ,  18  control which power source energizes a bus bar  20 . 
     Power supply breakers  16 ,  18  have respective switch handles  22 ,  24  that are interlinked by an interlock arrangement  26 . The switch handles are movable between ON and OFF positions, wherein the ON position for a switch is defined by the switch being moved toward the other switch handle and the OFF position is defined by the switch being moved away from the other switch handle. The interlock arrangement  26  prevents both switch handles from being positioned toward one another at the same time, e.g., both in the ON position, but does allow both switch handles to be moved away from one another at the same time, e.g., both in the OFF position. An exemplary interlock arrangement is shown and described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,031,193, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. As known in the art, by interlinking the switch handles  22 ,  24 , both power breakers cannot be in the ON position at the same time. As such, the electrical panel can only be fed by one power source at a time. 
     A linkage arrangement  28  is mounted to the electrical panel  10  proximate to the switch handles  22 ,  24 . The linkage arrangement  28  includes a first lever  30  associated with and designed to operate switch handle  22  and a second lever  32  associated with and designed to operate switch handle  24 . As will be described more fully below, lever  30  has a raised boss  34  that pushes against switch handle  22  when the switch handle  22  is being switched from the OFF position to the ON position, as shown in  FIG. 1 . Similarly, lever  32  has a raised boss  36  that pushes against switch handle  24  when the switch handle  24  is being switched from the OFF position to the ON position. The linkage arrangement  28  is supported by a mounting bracket  38  that is mounted to the electrical panel  10  in a conventional manner. 
     With additional reference to  FIG. 2 , interlock arrangement  26  includes a control member  40  that is fastened to a bar  42  that is slidable along the faces of the circuit breakers  16 ,  18 . The control member  40  fits in a space (not numbered) defined between the aligned and opposed switch handles  22 ,  24  and is also slidable with bar  42 . The control member  40  has a pair of flanges  44 ,  46  that engage respective ones of the switch handles  22 ,  24 . The control member  40  is designed such that switch handle cannot be switched to the ON position, such as is shown in connection with switch handle  22  in  FIG. 2 , without first causing the other switch handle, e.g., switch handle  24 , to be moved to the OFF position. Movement of a switch handle from the ON position to the OFF position, such as manually by an operator, does not cause the control member  40  to slide. In this regard, the control member  40  allows for both switch handles  22 ,  24  to be in the OFF position at the same time, but only one switch handle can be in the ON position at one time. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the control member  40  slides in response to a pushing force applied thereto by a switch handle (“driving switch handle”) being switched toward the other switch handle (“driven switch handle”). In this regard, the driving switch handle engages and presses against the flange adjacent thereto, causing the control member  40  to slide as the driving switch handle is moved to the ON position. With the driven switch handle in the ON position, the opposite flange will engage and press against the driven switch handle. As the control member is slid by the driving switch handle, the control member will cause the driven switch handle to move to the OFF position. 
     Lever  30  pivots about a pivot pin  48  and lever  32  pivots about a pivot pin  50 . Each lever pivots about its respective pivot pin either in an active pivoting event or in a passive pivoting event. In an active pivoting event, lever  30  is caused to pivot about pin  48  by retraction of a carriage  52 . Similarly, in an active pivoting event lever  32  is caused to pivot about pin  50  by retraction of a carriage  54 . Carriage  52  includes a raised boss  56  that engages an edge  58  of the lever  30  during an active pivoting event. Carriage  54  also has a raised boss  60  that engages an edge  62  of lever  32  during an active pivoting event. It will be appreciated that, for a switching event, there can only be one active pivoting event and, if a switch handle is being driven from the ON position to the OFF position, only one passive pivoting event. When one switch handle is being moved from the OFF position to the ON position, this movement is caused by an active pivoting event of the lever associated with that switch handle. The opposite switch handle—the driven switch handle—will cause a pivoting of its lever, which is defined as a passive pivoting event. In other words, during an active pivoting event, the lever will apply a pushing force on its associated switch handle. During a passive pivoting event, the switch handle pushes against the lever causing the lever to pivot about its pivot axis. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 3 , the levers  30 ,  32  are actively pivoted by respective electromechanical actuators, which in one preferred embodiment are solenoids  64 ,  66 . Solenoid  64  has an armature  68  that is connected to carriage  54 . Solenoid  66  likewise has an armature  70  that is connected to carriage  52 . As shown in  FIG. 2 , carriages  52 ,  54  slide within lateral slots  72 ,  74 , respectively. Linear movement of an armature causes linear movement of the carriage connected thereto in its respective slot, which in turn causes pivoting of the lever associated with the carriage. In a preferred embodiment, the solenoids are pull-type actuators and each thus retracts it is respective armature, and its associated carriage, when energized. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 4-6 , when utility power is energizing the electrical panel  10 , switch handle  22  will be in the ON position and the switch handle  24  will be in the OFF position, as shown in  FIG. 4 . Lever  30  will have a generally vertical orientation with carriage  52  positioned generally at a left end of slot  72 . Conversely, with switch handle  24  in the OFF position, lever  32  is in a rightward pivoted position with carriage  54  positioned at a generally left end of slot  74 . The control member  40  prevents switch handle  24  from being in the ON position when switch handle  22  is in the ON position. It is noted that the mechanics of the circuit breaker  16  holds the switch handle  22  in the ON position and not solenoid  64 . 
     When utility power is interrupted, the generator will be started. After a defined period to allow the generator to reach steady-state operation, the solenoid  66  will be energized under power from the generator, thereby retracting armature  70  and carriage  52  coupled to the armature  70 . As the armature  70  retracts, boss  60  extending from carriage  52  will push against edge  62  of lever  32 . With continued retraction of armature  70  and movement of carriage  52  rightward in slot  72 , the lever  32  will be caused to pivot or rotate in a counterclockwise direction about pin  50 . As the lever  32  rotates, boss  36  applies a linear force to switch handle  24  to move switch handle  24  toward switch handle  22  to the ON position. The switch handle  24  transfers the linear force applied against it to control member  40  which in turn is pushed away from switch handle  24 . The control member  22  is engaged with switch handle  22  so that, as the control member slides away from switch handle  24 , the control member  40  pushes switch handle  22  away from switch handle  24 , e.g., from the ON position to the OFF position. When the switch handle  22  reaches an over-centered position, the mechanics of the circuit breaker  16  causes the switch handle  22  to move to its OFF position before the switch handle  24  reaches its ON position. Thus, the bus bar  20  is electrically isolated from the utility power supply before it is electrically connected to the electric generator.  FIG. 6  illustrates the position of the switch handles and the levers when the electrical panel  10  may be fed power from the generator. 
     In a preferred embodiment, power from the generator is used to power the solenoid  66 . Similarly, in a preferred embodiment, utility power is used to power solenoid  64 . 
     When utility power is restored, the solenoid  64  will retract its armature  68 , which causes lever  30  to pivot in a clockwise manner about pivot pin  48 . As the lever  30  pivots, boss  34  engages switch handle  22  and pushes the switch handle  22  from the OFF position to the ON position. The control member  40  causes the switch handle  24  to first be moved to its OFF position. As such, when utility is restored, the electrical panel  10  is not electrically connected to both the utility power grid and the generator. Thereafter, the generator may be shut-down in a conventional manner. 
     An alternate embodiment of an automatic transfer switch having an interlock arrangement in accordance with the present invention is shown in  FIGS. 7 and 8 . In this embodiment, the pair of levers previously described are replaced with a shuttle  76  that is defined by a body  78  disposed between a pair of upright legs  80 ,  82 . The shuttle  76  is translated linearly by a powered actuator, which may be in the form of an electromechanical actuator arrangement  84 . More particularly, the shuttle  76  is translated along a linear axis so that a switch handle in the OFF position is pushed to the ON position by one of the upright legs. 
     The electromechanical actuator arrangement  84  may include a pair of solenoids  86 ,  88  each of which is capable of applying a pushing force. The solenoids  86 ,  88  are arranged so that their respective push forces oppose one another. Thus, the solenoids  86 ,  88  collectively provide reciprocating forces. 
     The armatures  90 ,  92  of the solenoids  86 ,  88 , respectively, are pinned to a flange  94  of a solenoid bracket  96  to which the shuttle  76  is fastened by screws  98 . The screws  98  extend through a slot (not shown) arranged linearly and defining a range of motion for the shuttle  76 . 
     When utility power is energizing the electrical panel  10 , switch handle  22  will be in the ON position and the switch handle  24  will be in the OFF position. The shuttle  76  will thus be positioned such that the upright leg  80  is generally adjacent the backside of switch handle  22  and the upright leg  82  is spaced from the switch handle  24 , as shown in  FIG. 7 . 
     When utility power is interrupted, the generator will be started. After a defined period to allow the generator to reach steady-state operation, the solenoid  88  will be energized under power from the generator, thereby causing the shuttle  76  to be moved such that the upright leg  82  engages and pushes switch handle  24  from the OFF position to the ON position. An interlock arrangement  98  causes the switch handle  22  to first move to the OFF position before the switch handle  24  is switched to the ON position. This effectively switches the utility circuit breaker  16  OFF and then switches the generator circuit breaker  18  ON. In this “GENERATOR ON” position, the upright leg  80  of the shuttle  76  is spaced from the switch handle  22  and the upright leg  82  is adjacent the backside of switch handle  24 . When the generator is started, power from the generator is used to power the solenoid  40 . 
     When utility power is restored, the solenoid  86 , which is powered by the utility power, will force the shuttle  76  back to its original position. More particularly, the solenoid  86  forces the shuttle  76  in the opposite direction, which results in the upright leg  80  pushing against the switch handle  22  and forcing the switch handle  22  to its ON position. However, before the switch handle  22  is moved to the ON position, the interlock member  98  causes the switch handle  24  to first be moved to its OFF position. As such, when utility power is restored, the electrical panel  10  is not electrically connected to both the utility power grid and the generator. Thereafter, the generator may be shut-down in a conventional manner. 
     In one embodiment, both of the solenoids  86 ,  88  are push-type solenoids. However, it is contemplated that both solenoids  86 ,  88  could be pull-type solenoids. Further, it is contemplated that a single push-pull type solenoid could be used. Additionally, it is recognized that other types of actuators could be used. For example, a screw actuator such as shown in  FIG. 9  may be employed. In this embodiment, a screw actuator  100  may be employed to move the shuttle body, shown at  78 ′, between positions. The screw actuator  100  is secured to a mounting plate  102  within which a slot  104  is formed, and shuttle body  78 ′ extends through slot  104 . A motor  106  is carried by the mounting plate  104 , and rotates a drive gear  108  that is engaged with a driven gear  110 , which in turn is secured to a drive screw  112 . A nut  114  is engaged with the drive screw  112 , and a pair of ears  116  are located one on either side of nut  114 . With this arrangement, rotation of screw  112  by operation of motor  106  functions to move shuttle body  78 ′ back and forth, to translate the shuttle  76 . A rack and pinion arrangement could also be used to translate the shuttle  76 . Similarly, other types of actuators could be used to translate carriages  52 ,  54  and thus cause pivoting of levers  30 ,  32 . In addition, while the present invention has been shown in connection with power supply switches that are aligned, it is also understood that the present invention may be used in an arrangement in which the power supply switches are spaced apart from each other but not in alignment. In an embodiment such as this, the basic operation of the actuator and interlock arrangement is the same as shown and described herein, but accommodations are made to operate the switches, such as by altering the length of the levers. 
     It is appreciated that the control electronics for sensing the interruption and restoration of power may initiate various timed loops to ensure that the interruption or restoration of power is not temporary. 
     It will also be appreciated that the present invention may be used for any powered switching of interlinked switches and thus the invention is not limited to transfer panel or emergency panel applications. 
     The present invention has been described in terms of the preferred embodiment, and it is recognized that equivalents, alternatives, and modifications, aside from those expressly stated, are possible and within the scope of the impending claims.