Abstract:
A spring probe block assembly includes an insulative housing. A probe connector having a signal probe, an insulative layer, and a conductive shell is positioned within the housing. At least one ground probe is also positioned within the housing. The ground probe and the conductive shell of the probe connector are electrically connected by a grounding element. The grounding element is configured to elastically deform the ground probe in such a manner as to create spring energy in the ground probe. The spring energy generates a normal force between the ground probe and the grounding element which maintains the ground probe in its position. Also, a method for retaining a spring probe in a housing by elastically deforming the spring probe to maintain a spring force between the spring probe and the housing.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    The present invention relates to spring probe block assemblies of the type used in Automatic Test Equipment (ATE), and specifically to spring probe block assemblies for use in high bandwidth applications.  
           [0002]    Spring probe blocks are used to provide temporary spring contact interfaces between integrated circuits or other electronic equipment and the automated test equipment test head to run necessary tests of integrated circuits or other electronic equipment. Spring probe block assemblies of the type used in automatic test equipment are widely available and use generally similar designs. Spring probe block housings are typically machined from metal bar stock in a costly sequence of processes that assure precise location and diameter of the bores that accept press fitted coaxial probes and ground receptacles. The solid metal fabrication also serves to commonly ground all of the circuit elements, which until recently was considered desirable from a signal integrity perspective. Some spring probe block housings have also been made of a molded polymer instead of a machined metal.  
           [0003]    With both the metal and polymer probe block housings, coaxial probe connectors are individually terminated to coaxial cables at one end and to spring probes at the other. Typically, one spring probe is provided for each signal line, and one or more spring probes are provided to serve as a reference (ground) for each signal line. In the case of polymer spring probe housings, coaxial shield tubes and ground spring probes associated with each signal line can be electrically isolated from their neighbors by the dielectric material of the polymer housing. This isolation of each channel (consisting of a signal line plus its associated ground return loop) is necessary to achieve higher bandwidths. The ability to work at high bandwidths is important because the next generation of automated test equipment will be used not only to test faster integrated circuits, but also to test integrated circuits more quickly.  
           [0004]    Many currently available spring probe block assemblies are not suitable for use in high bandwidth applications because their designs suffer from one or more infirmities. In particular, many of the prior art spring probe block assemblies (specifically those made using a metal housing) provide a common ground for all of the ground probes. As discussed above, common grounding is not suitable for high bandwidth applications. Rather, for high bandwidth applications it is desired to have the signal probe and its associated ground probes electrically isolated from other coaxial signal and ground probes.  
           [0005]    Many of the prior art designs (those using both metal and polymer housings) are also unsuitable for use in high bandwidth applications because of the presence of excessively large ground return loops. FIG. 1A shows a prior art spring probe block assembly  10  that utilizes a polymer housing  12 . The ground probes  14  and the signal probe  16  are inserted through holes  18  in the front of the polymer housing  12 , with the ground probes  14  being received by box contacts  20 . Box contacts  20  are soldered to the coaxial connector  22 , which terminates coaxial cable  23  and receives the signal probe  16 .  
           [0006]    As is illustrated in FIG. 1B, the excessive length of the ground loop (illustrated by dashed line  30 ) limits the bandwidth because of increased inductance. The ground loop  30  runs from the tip of signal probe  16 , through ground probe  14  into box contact  20 , along beams  32  of box contact  20 , through the weld  34  and then along the conductive shield  36  of the coaxial connector  22 . The length of the ground loop is worsened by the thickness of the polymer housing  12  through which the signal and ground probes  16 ,  14  must pass.  
           [0007]    It is well known that at high speeds, the inductance of a given return current path is far more significant than its resistance. In fact, high-speed return currents follow the path of least inductance, not the path of least resistance. Further, it is well know that the lowest inductance return path lies directly under a signal conductor. This means that minimizing the total ground loop length between the outgoing and returning current paths will lead to the lowest possible inductance. Thus, in FIG. 1B, an ideal ground loop is illustrated by dashed line  38 . (See High Speed Digital Design: A Handbook of Black Magic by Howard Johnson and Martin Graham).  
           [0008]    In addition to the above infirmities, many available designs of spring probe block assemblies require additional components or manufacturing steps to retain the ground spring probe in the assembly. In some instances, tubular receptacles for receiving and retaining the ground spring probes are used. For example, as shown in FIG. 2, in a metal spring probe block housing  40 , after a bore  42  is machined into the housing  40  a tubular metal receptacle  44  is press fit into the bore  42 , and then the ground spring probe  46  is inserted into the receptacle  44  where it is held in place by a press fit. The receptacle  44  is used to add compliance to the system and avoid damage to the ground spring probe  46 , because the ground spring probe  46  itself has very little compliance. The use of probe receptacles  44  adds the undesirable requirements of additional assembly steps and additional parts to be inventoried. In other instances where a tubular receptacle is not used, the ground spring probe is manufactured with what is referred to as a “banana bend”. The banana bend allows the ground spring probe to be inserted into an oversized bore and retained within the bore by a frictional fit. However, manufacturing a spring probe with a banana bend is difficult and costly, and requires that different types of spring probes be used for the signal and ground lines. Clearly, the added manufacturing difficulty and cost, as well as the increased inventory is undesirable. In both of the above described situations, replacing a damaged ground spring probe if very difficult without damaging the remainder of the assembly.  
           [0009]    Clearly, what is needed is a spring probe block assembly that can provide a cost effective approach for providing electrically stable, low inductance paths between coaxial connectors and their ground probes. Preferably, such a spring probe block assembly would eliminate the need for ground probe receptacles (and their associated cost, assembly labor, and longer impedance path). In addition, the spring probe block assembly would not require the used of a ground spring probe having a banana bend when no ground probe receptacle is used. Preferably, the spring probe block assembly would also facilitate the replacement of spring probes and coaxial connectors within the block assembly without requiring extensive rework or even scrapping of the entire spring probe block assembly. In addition, the spring probe block assembly would preferably be resistant to high cable pullout forces that could inadvertently dislodge the coaxial connectors during motion of the automated test equipment. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0010]    [0010]FIG. 1A is a cross-sectional view of a prior art spring probe block assembly;  
         [0011]    [0011]FIG. 1B is a greatly enlarged perspective view of the probe connector and ground probe assembly of the spring probe block assembly of FIG. 1A;  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 2 is a perspective view of another prior art spring probe block assembly;  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 3A is a perspective view of one embodiment of the inventive spring probe block assembly described herein;  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 3B is an elevational view of the front face of the spring probe block assembly of FIG. 3A;  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 3C is a greatly enlarged view of a portion of the front face of the spring probe block assembly of FIG. 3A;  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional view taken along line  4 - 4  of FIG. 3B;  
         [0017]    [0017]FIGS. 4B and 4C are explodes and assembled views, respectively, of the ground plate, probe connector and ground probes shown in FIG. 4A.  
         [0018]    FIGS.  5 A- 5 C are cross-sectional illustrations of alternate spring probe retention configurations;  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 6A is a cross-sectional view of a spring probe block assembly having optional vacuum sealing;  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 6B is a perspective view of a molded insert for providing optional vacuum sealing;  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 7A is an elevational view of the front face of an alternate embodiment of the inventive spring probe block assembly described herein;  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 7B is a greatly enlarged view of the conductive retainer element of FIG. 7A.  
         [0023]    [0023]FIGS. 8A and 8B are perspective views of an alternate embodiment of the conductive retainer element of the spring probe block assembly described herein;  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 8C is a greatly enlarged view of the conductive retainer element of FIGS. 8A and 8B.  
         [0025]    [0025]FIGS. 9A and 9B are perspective views showing retainers used in the embodiments of FIG. 7A, 8A and  8 B. 
     
    
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0026]    The present invention is a spring probe block assembly for use in high bandwidth applications. The spring probe block assembly described herein electrically isolates the signal probe and its associated ground probes from other coaxial signal and ground probes, and provides a low inductance return path for the signal. The spring probe block assembly also eliminates the need for ground receptacles or spring probes which utilize a banana bend.  
         [0027]    In a preferred embodiment, the spring probe block assembly comprises an insulative housing having a cavity in a front face of the housing. A conductive retainer is positioned in the cavity adjacent the front face of the housing. The conductive retainer has passages for receiving the probe connector and the ground probes. The conductive retainer electrically connects the ground probe and the conductive shell of the signal probe connector to provide a low inductance ground return path for the associated signal. Preferably, the housing of the spring probe block assembly is formed of a dielectric insulative material which has either anti-static or static dissipative properties.  
         [0028]    In one embodiment, the ground probes are retained within the conductive retainer by a normal force which is generated when the ground probe is inserted into the retainer. The normal force is generated as the ground probe is deflected by a ramped sidewall within the housing. As the ground probe is deflected by the ramped sidewall, the ground probe is frictionally retained in the assembly. In another embodiment, the insertion of the ground probe into the retainer causes a clamping force to be generated on the probe connector body, thereby retaining the probe connector, retainer, and ground probes in a fixed relationship.  
         [0029]    An additional aspect of the invention is a grounding element for electrically connecting a ground probe with a cable shield of a signal probe connector, wherein the ground probe is elastically deformed by the grounding element to maintain a spring force between the grounding element and the ground probe. The elastic deformation of the grounding element may be created, for example, by providing a bore having a non-linear axis into which the ground probe is inserted. As the ground probe is inserted into the bore having a non-linear axis, elastic deformation of the ground probe causes a spring force to be created and thereby retain the ground probe in position.  
         [0030]    Yet another aspect of the invention is a method for retaining a spring probe in a housing. The method comprises forming a bore having a non-linear axis in the housing, and then inserting a linear spring probe into the bore. By inserting the linear spring probe into the non-linear bore, the spring probe is elastically deformed and maintains a spring force between the housing and the spring probe, thereby maintaining the spring probe in its position.  
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0031]    The present invention provides a cost effective approach for creating electrically stable, low inductance paths between coaxial connectors and their ground probes when used in spring probe block assemblies. The spring probe block assembly described herein allows easy replacement of components of the spring probe block assembly, without requiring extensive rework or scrapping of parts. Further, the design is resistant to inadvertent dislodging of the coaxial connectors when they are subject to high cable pullout forces during use.  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 3A provides a perspective view of one preferred embodiment of the spring probe block assembly described herein. As seen in FIG. 3A, spring probe block assembly  50  includes a housing  52  which is formed, such as by injection molding, from a suitable insulative polymer material, such as glass fiber reinforced polyphtalamide (PPA). In some intended applications of the probe block assembly, it may be preferred to use polymer materials that have anti-static properties, such as carbon fiber reinforced polyphtalamide. The housing  52  includes in its front face  53  cavities  54  which are shaped to receive ground plates  56  in a slip or press fit manner. The ground plates  56  are designed to receive and retain both ground spring probes  58  and probe connector  60 . As can be seen more clearly in FIGS. 3B and 3C, the probe connector  60  includes signal spring probe  61  which is surrounded by dielectric insulation  62  and then a conductive shield  64 . The signal probe  61  is thus isolated from ground. The conductive shield  64  of the probe connector  60  is in intimate contact with the ground plate  56 . Ground spring probes  58  are slidably received within openings  66  in the ground plate  56  and make contact with the ground plate  56  in a manner further described below. As can be seen, the dielectric material housing  52  surrounds and isolates the ground elements (ground plate  56  and ground spring probes  58 ) and their associated signal line from every other ground and signal line pairing. All grounds in the assembly are also insulated from other probe block assemblies which may be adjacent, as well as from the automated test equipment chassis ground.  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 4A shows a greatly enlarged cross-sectional view of the spring probe block assembly  50  with a single coaxial probe connector  60  and its associated signal and ground probes  61 ,  58 , respectively. For additional clarity, FIGS. 4B and 4C illustrate exploded and assembled views, respectively, of ground plate  56 , ground spring probes  58  and probe connector  60 . As can be seen in FIG. 4A, the cavity  54  extends into the housing  52  and conforms to the general envelope of an assembled set of grounding elements, with the cavity  54  dimensioned in such a manner as to constrain the axial and lateral movement of the assembled probe connector  60 , ground plate  56  and spring probes  58 ,  61 . In particular, the ground plates  56  each have an opening  68  sized to receive conductive shield  64  of probe connector  60  and retain it by press-fit, where the interference between the probe connector  60  and the opening  58  in ground plate  56  preferably results in elastic deformation of the ground plate  56 . Permitting elastic deformation of the ground plate  56  is preferred because probe connector  60  has very little compliance, and making the ground plate  56  compliant effectively doubles the number of compliant members from one to two. This permits the use of less stringent tolerances in the components, and therefore increases the manufacturability of the probe block assembly  50 .  
         [0034]    As discussed above, in high bandwidth applications it is desired to provide a low inductance ground return path in the probe assembly. Thus, it is preferred to position the ground plates  56  as far forward as possible in the housing  52  such that the ground return path is shortened and maintained in close proximity to the signal path. Therefore, in a preferred embodiment, the ground plates  56  are seated in housing  52  such that the front faces  69  of the ground plates  56  are flush with the front face  53  of housing  52 . Alternately, front faces  69  of ground plates  56  may protrude slightly forward of front face  53  of housing  52 . The seating depth of ground plates  56  may be controlled by the position of shoulders  71  in the cavity  54 .  
         [0035]    The ground plates  56  are preferably symmetrical so they may be inserted into the cavities  54  in the housing  52  without requiring a specific orientation. In addition, the ground plates  56  preferably have a thickness sufficient to prevent significant bending of the ground spring probe bodies  74  in the area of the spring probe plunger travel when the ground spring probe body  74  is deformed by contact with the ramped side wall  72  of the housing  52 . In a preferred design, the ground plates  56  are provided with open channels  80  which bisect the ground spring probe thru-holes  66  to enhance flow of plating process fluids through the holes  66  during the manufacturing process. The ground spring probe thru-holes  66  are preferably spaced to compensate for the angular displacement of the ground spring probe tips  59  when the ground spring probe bodies are displaced by bending against the ramped side wall  72  of the housing  52  when they are inserted into the assembly. Further, the ground spring probe tips  59  are preferably disposed at an angle with respect to the axis of the signal probe connector  60  at an angle of 3 degrees or less to minimize the internal contact resistance within ground spring probe  58  and to avoid increasing wear during prolonged cycling of the assembly.  
         [0036]    As noted above, the ground plates  56  have at least one thru-hole  66  sized to allow the slip-fit passage of a ground spring probe  58 . The ground spring probes  58  seat against an end wall  70  of the cavity  54  in the housing  52 . Preferably, the cavity  54  in housing  52  includes a ramped side wall  72  which progressively interferes with the ground spring probe body  74  during its insertion so that the interference between the ground spring probe body  74  and the ramped side wall  72  elastically deforms the ground spring probe body  74 , as seen in FIG. 4A. The interference between the ground spring probe body  74  and the ramped side wall  72  maintains a normal force between the ground spring probe body  74  and the ground plate  56  at two points  76 . An optional third point of contact  76 ′ may be obtained by increasing the slope of the ramped side wall  72  to force the end of the ground spring probe body  74  against the signal probe connector body shield  64 .  
         [0037]    Ground spring probe body  74  may be deflected and retained within ground plate  56  by means other than contact with ramped side wall  72  as described above. Specifically, ground plate  56  may be provided with bore geometry for maintaining a normal force against the ground spring probe  58  without the use of ramped side wall  72  in housing  52 . As illustrated in FIG. 5A, ground plate  56  may have a first bore  80  extending from front face  200 , and a second bore  82  extending from back face  201 , where first and second bores  80 ,  82  are slightly offset from each other. As ground spring probe body  74  is inserted from front face  200  into first bore  80  and then into second bore  82 , ground spring probe body  74  is deflected, causing ground spring probe body to exert a normal force against ground plate  56  and thereby be held in place by a frictional fit. As illustrated in FIG. 5B, ground plate  56  may alternately have first bore  80 ′ extending from front face  200 , and a second bore  82 ′ extending from back face  201 , where second bore  82 ′ is positioned at an angle relative to first bore  80 . As described above, when ground spring probe body  74  is inserted from front face  200  into first bore  80 ′ and then into second bore  82 ′, ground spring probe body  74  is deflected, a normal force results, and ground spring probe body  74  is held by a frictional fit. As illustrated in FIG. 5C, ground plate  56  may optionally be formed from a front portion  86  and a back portion  88 , where a first bore  80 ″ extends through front portion  86  from front face  200 , and a second bore  82 ″ extends through back portion  80  from back face  201 . When assembled in the housing  52 , front and back portions  86 ,  88 , respectively of the ground plate are aligned such that first and second bores  80 ″,  82 ″ are slightly offset from each other. Again, as ground spring probe body  74  is inserted from front face  200  into first bore  80 ″ and then into second bore  82 ″, ground spring probe body  74  is deflected, a normal force is generated, and ground spring probe body  74  is held by a frictional fit.  
         [0038]    It will be recognized that the designs illustrated in FIGS.  5 A- 5 C may also be used in probe assemblies that have metal housings and that do not use ground plates or retainers as described above. Specifically, the spring probe retention methods illustrated in FIGS.  5 A- 5 C may be used in metal housings to secure ground probes in the housing without the use of receptacles or the need for pre-formed “banana-bends” in the ground probes. Those skilled in the art will recognize that eliminating the need for receptacles or pre-formed banana-bends simplifies manufacturability and reduces the cost of the probe assemblies, and is therefore highly desirable.  
         [0039]    Additional features may be provided to the spring probe block assembly. For example, the housing  52  may be provided with access holes  90  which communicate with the ground probe body seats  70  to allow a tool (not shown) access to the back of the ground spring probe bodies  74 . Such tool access would facilitate ground spring probe removal, such as when a spring plunger breaks during use. Optional access holes  90  would be sealed when used in applications requiring vacuum sealing of the device. Vacuum sealing may be accomplished by providing a removable plug for filling access holes  90 .  
         [0040]    If vacuum sealing of a device is desired, optional sealing capabilities may also be provided within the bore  104  of cavities  54 , such as shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B. The sealing capabilities are preferably provided by a single molded insert  100  of pliable polymer that includes a collar portion  102  designed to fit within the bore  104  of the cavity at the back face of housing  52 . As seen in FIG. 6A, when the probe connector  60  is inserted into the housing  52 , the probe connector  60  would press the collar  102  of compliant insert  100  against the walls of bore  104  and thereby provide a reliable seal. In addition to the single molded insert  100  shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B, it would also be possible to provide individual collars or O-rings within each of the bores  104  of the cavity  52  to provide sealing. However, the use of individual o-rings would greatly increase the assembly time of the device, as well as be more easily displaced during insertion of the probe connector  60 .  
         [0041]    In the spring probe block assembly  50  described herein, the distance from the front face  53  of the housing  52  to the ground spring probe contact point  76  in the housing  52  is minimized and is close to zero. That is, the ground spring probe body  74  contacts the ground plate  56  as close to the front face  53  of the housing as is possible, thereby resulting in a very low inductance ground path. As discussed above, a low inductance ground path is highly desired, and in fact required, for many high bandwidth applications. The prior art spring probe block assemblies utilize much longer electrical paths, and therefore have higher self inductance, rendering them unsuitable for high speed testing capabilities.  
         [0042]    The above described spring probe block assembly also has the advantage of being easy to assemble, rework and repair. Because the polymer housing described herein utilizes compliant members to hold the spring probe bodies in place and in electrical contact with each other, it is easy to assemble the spring probe block assembly or to replace those parts that may be worn out or broken. Thus, the spring probe block assembly described herein not only eliminates parts which must be discarded when damaged during the assembly process, it also allows relatively inexpensive parts to be replaced, rather than requiring the entire assembly to be discarded.  
         [0043]    In applications where it is required that the spring probe block assembly must be sealed against a vacuum, the present invention allows effective sealing by locating sealing rings as described above in each housing cavity around each probe connector  60 . The sealing compression is maintained by the spatial relationships among the components. Sealing around the ground probes  58  is not required, because the housing  52  allows the vacuum seal to be placed behind the position of the ground probes  58 .  
         [0044]    Alternate Embodiment  
         [0045]    An alternate embodiment of a spring probe block assembly  150  is shown in FIG. 7A. The spring probe block assembly  150  includes an insulative housing  152 , signal probe contacts  161  and ground probe contacts  158 , and probe connector retainers  156 . As in the first described embodiment, the housing  152  is a molded dielectric material, where the dielectric material surrounds and isolates the ground elements and associated signal line from every other signal line and ground pairing, and further insulates all grounds in the assembly from other adjacent probe block assemblies and the automated test equipment chassis ground. As described above, the cored cavities in both ends of the housing  152  conform to the general envelope of an assembled set of ground elements, with the cavities dimensioned to constrain axial and lateral movement of the assembled probe connectors and ground clamps when the spring probes are installed therein.  
         [0046]    As seen in FIGS. 7A and 7B, probe retainer  156  comprises a pair of stamped electrical ground clamps  180  which engage each other to form a clamping device to receive the signal probe connector  160  and ground probes  158 . The ground clamps  180  have centrally located loops  182  in axial alignment and a pair of spring arms  184  extending from each of two ends. The ground clamp subassembly is preferably symmetrical, such that it may be inserted into the cavity of the housing  152  without a specific orientation, thereby increasing the ease of assembly. The loops  182  of the ground clamps  180  are sized to receive a signal spring probe connector  160  which is slidably engaged with a low insertion force (less than 7 lbs.). When ground spring probes  158  are inserted between the spring arms  184 , the arms  184  are outwardly displaced and generate a normal force against the signal spring probe connector body  60 , thereby retaining the assembled elements in place. Preferably, one of the loops  182  of the ground clamps  180  is located behind the press ring  183  of the signal probe connector  160 , thereby improving the pullout resistance of the device.  
         [0047]    In the embodiment of FIGS. 7A and 7B, the spring arms  184  of the ground clamps  180  are outwardly angled in a scissors-like manner such that when ground probe  158  is inserted therebetween a clamping force urges the ground probe  158  against an axial groove  190  of the housing  152 , thereby establishing the proper alignment of the ground probe  158  within the housing  152 . The included angle θ defined by the spring arms  184  is preferably greater than 22 degrees. In addition, the side walls of the cavity in the housing preferably support the spring arms  184  of the ground clamps  180  in a preloaded condition, such that the preload on the spring arms  184  increases the open area between the spring arms  184 , thereby facilitating the insertion of the ground probe  158 . Such preload also would increase the entry angle between the spring arm lead-in chamfers  192 , thereby decreasing the required insertion force.  
         [0048]    In an alternate embodiment shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B, the spring arms  184 ′ of the ground clamps  180 ′ are curved back toward each other so as to substantially surround the ground probe  158  when ground probe  158  is inserted into the ground clamps  180 ′. When a ground probe  158  is inserted into the ground probe-receiving portion of the ground clamps  180 ′, a clamping force tightens the ground clamps  180 ′ about the body of signal probe connector  160 . If desired, the individual ground clamps  180 ′ may be formed with optional connecting webs which allow the simple folding of the ground clamps  180 ′ to obtain the final orientation of the elements. The optional connecting web securing the ground clamps together may be frangible, if desired, or may be malleable.  
         [0049]    To increase the cable pullout force, retainers  200  are preferably provided which secure to the back face  184  of the housing  152  in a snap-fitting arrangement, as seen in FIGS. 9A and 9B. The retainers  200  preferably have latching arms  202  to engage reciprocal latching features  204  of the housing  152 . For ease of assembly, the retainers  200  would preferably be formed as two pieces that have mating tongues  204  and grooves  206  that interlock the two retainer pieces  200  together. Further, the housing  152  would preferably have an offset cavity in the back end of the housing with respect to the pattern of cavities that accept the probe connectors, thereby allowing the use of identical retainer parts. This would reduce the cost of manufacture and increase the ease of assembly of the device. Preferably, the housing  152  would include passageways  208  that open to the latching arms  202  of the retainers  200 , such that the retainers  200  may be disengaged from the outside of the housing  152  for rework on the device.  
         [0050]    For the embodiments of the spring probe block assemblies  50 ,  150  described herein, those skilled in the art will recognize additions and modifications that may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, the housing  52 ,  152  of the assembly will preferably be provided with mounting holes  210  so that the spring probe block assemblies  50 ,  150  may be mounted in an automated test equipment head. It is anticipated that the retainer elements (ground plates  56  and ground clamps  180 ,  180 ′) may have shapes that differ from those illustrated herein, or may, for example, be used in metal probe assembly housings, yet still embody the function and spirit of the invention.