Abstract:
Present day intrusion detection systems frequently cause false alarms by mistaking occupants as intruders, and it is desirable to reduce such false alarms. This invention comprises a processor that employs various software algorithms. The processor receives signals over temporal periods and software algorithms statistically discern various activities, thereby reducing false alarms and detection failures. The software algorithms are adaptive to the level of detected activity such that a rate of false alarms may be predetermined. As such, the processor and software algorithms comprise an artificial intelligence system. This artificial intelligence system may be employed in intruder and vehicle alarm systems composed of a multiplicity of detectors and within such detectors. A second aspect of this invention is an improved infrasound detection method that may be employed in such artificial intelligence.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to intruder and vehicle alarm systems and detectors. In particular, the invention relates to employing a processor and software algorithms comprising an artificial intelligence system with intruder and vehicle alarm systems and detectors to reduce false alarms and detection failures. More particularly, this invention relates to employing artificial intelligence with intruder and vehicle alarm systems and detectors and infrasound detection. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Alarm systems balance the requirements of minimizing false alarms against minimizing detection failures. It is desirable to minimize false alarms to reduce the associated nuisance and costs and to minimize detection failures to maintain the deterrent and detection value of the alarm system. 
     Alarm detection techniques include various switches, motion detectors, glass-break detectors, vibration detectors, infrasound detectors and other techniques. These techniques do not discern the detected activity of an intruder from other detected activities. In fact, the relatively infrequent occurrence of intruder activity results in a high potential for false alarms. 
     Because present day detectors do not discern intruders from occupants, alarm systems have made the assumption that occupants will modify their behavior to prevent false alarms. The frequent occurrence of false alarms has proven this assumption to be incorrect. Statistics from the public sector and intruder alarm industry indicate that more than 99% of intruder alarm responses may be false and attributed to occupants. This high rate of false alarms is costly to alarm owners, monitoring companies, and police authorities. Such statistics also indicate that alarm systems fail to detect some 30% of intruder occurrences. However, alarm systems are considered to be effective in preventing intrusions attributed to deterrence. Locations with intruder alarm systems exhibit significantly fewer intrusions than locations without alarm systems. 
     The most effective way to minimize false alarms and detection failures is to include intrinsic intelligence that enables alarm systems and detectors to discern intruders from occupants. Such intrinsic intelligence continuously modifies the response of alarm systems and detectors to detected activities. Artificial intelligence techniques may be employed to provide such intrinsic intelligence. Unlike present day alarm systems that reduce false alarms by minimizing the sources of information, artificial intelligence minimizes false alarms and detection failures by increasing the sources of information thereby improving the decision process. Such information may be provided by a multiplicity of detectors within an alarm system and certain detector technologies. 
     One such detector technology may be infrasound detection. Infrasound is generally considered to be sub-audible sound with frequencies less than 20 Hz. Infrasound signals inherently contain a large amount of information over a broadband and tend to uniformly fill the environment. Typical causes of infrasound include the movement of large mass objects such as windows and doors and even the flexing of walls, floors and ceilings. 
     FR 2569027 describes an intruder alarm based on detection of pressure waves in the frequency range below 10 Hz, different frequencies in this range being analyzed and compared, in order to avoid false alarms. An early form of digital signal process (DSP) is used. A series of band-pass filters is defined for separating the signal into various frequency components. Fourier analysis is used to determine various signal parameters. The purpose of the Fourier analysis is to remove undesirable frequencies from the detected signal, and then determine whether the signal is from a singular event (such as a door opening/closing) or an ongoing noise (such as wind). This technique is commonly used in motion detectors. 
     WO 90/11586 also describes an intruder alarm with detection of pressure waves in a low frequency range, similarly to FR 2569027. However, WO 90/11586 presents an improved frequency filtering system to limit the bandwidth of the detected signal. 
     The prior art of alarm systems and detectors has mostly tried to improve the ergonomics or the user control interface and reduce spurious alarm responses. As such, present day alarm technologies respond to the presence or absence of a signal without discerning the probable cause of the signal. 
     In summary, it is generally accepted that alarm systems are effective with the existing rate of detection failures. However, present-day alarm systems and detectors do not discern intruder activities from other activities thereby causing frequent false alarms that reduce the value of the alarm system. It is proposed to employ a processor and software algorithms to comprise an artificial intelligence system for use with intruder and vehicle alarm systems and various detector technologies. Such an artificial intelligence system may discern intruder activities from occupant and other activities thereby reducing false alarms and detection failures. It is also proposed to employ such artificial intelligence system with infrasound detection technology in a manner that may provide comprehensive perimeter detection. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with these and other objectives, the present invention is a detection system and method of employing a processor and software algorithms to determine the probable cause of detected signals and thereby reducing false alarms and detection failures. Such a detection system may adapt control parameters in a manner that the alarm responses may be maintained to a predetermined temporal rate. In further accordance with these and other objectives, this invention includes a system and method for receiving signals from conventional detectors and applying such detection system and method. Yet in further accordance with these and other objectives, this invention includes a system and method for receiving infrasound signals and applying such detection system and method. Still in further accordance with these and other objectives, this invention includes a system and method for the detection of infrasound signals in a manner that may be employed by such detection system and method. 
     More specifically, the present invention is constituted by a system and a method for intrusion detection, precisely stated and defined in the appended independent claims. Preferred and favorable embodiments of the invention appear from the dependent claims attached to the independent claims. 
     This invention includes a detection system comprised of a processor and software algorithms. The processor receives signals and employs software algorithms to determine information from such signals, further to determine decisions from such information, and accordingly, further to modify decision parameters and criteria. As such, a specific cause of detected signals may be determined from various possible causes, and the determination error decreases with increased quantities of relevant information. The decision parameters may be adaptive to maintain a predetermined temporal rate of alarms for varying detection conditions. The processor and employed software algorithms are such as to constitute an expert system employing artificial intelligence techniques. 
     An element of this detection system employs the determination of the probability that particular information will occur within an ongoing temporal period. Such information correlates to desired detected activities and may include various signal characteristics, the source detecting the signals, and temporal relationships within and between detected signals. 
     The typical nature of activities is such that noise occurs frequently, normal activities occur less frequently, and abnormal activities occur least frequently. Therefore it may be inferred that information with a high probability of occurrence may be noise, information with a lower probability of occurrence may be normal activity and information with the least probability of occurrence may be abnormal activity. Threshold limits may be employed to determine inferences of particular activities. Periodically, new threshold limits may be adapted in accordance to varying detection conditions. 
     However, such inferences may contain error such as a probability that an inference is incorrect. Also, normal activities may occur much more frequently than abnormal activities. As such, erroneously inferred abnormal activities may be significantly more frequent than the actual occurrence of abnormal activities. 
     Information may also be ordered into logic statements to reduce inference errors. The probability that a particular logic statement may cause an alarm response within an ongoing temporal period may be determined. As such, a set of logic statements may be selected in a manner that the projected temporal rate of alarm responses may be approximately equal to a predetermined temporal rate of alarm responses. A new selection of logic statements may be periodically adapted in accordance to varying detection conditions. 
     Yet another element of this invention comprises a means of detecting a broad range of analog infrasound signals that may be caused by the movement of a door or window or a structure that encloses a detection space. Such signals are detected in a manner that a digital representation of the signals may be generated and employed by a processor. 
     An infrasound transducer senses infrasound signals and generates electrical representations of the signals. High and low-pass frequency filters suppress undesirable frequencies in such a manner as to maintain a substantial range of infrasound frequencies. A sequence of amplifiers is arranged such that detected signals may be progressively amplified in such a manner that a contiguous range of signal amplitudes may be determined. Such contiguous range of amplified signals is provided to analog-to-digital converters that generate a digital representation of the signals. 
     As an example, under such an arrangement a detection system may employ a frequency range of 1 Hz to 15 Hz and an amplitude range of 1000:1. Such a detection system may employ maximum signal amplitude equal to the maximum functional limit of an infrasound detector and a minimum signal equal to 0.1 percent of the maximum signal amplitude. 
     The preferred embodiment of this invention is a detection system comprising a processor and various software algorithms such as to discern intruder activity from occupant and other activity. The processor may receive analog and digital and binary signals from electronic circuits employed by intruder and vehicle alarm systems and detectors. The software algorithms determine and organize a variety of information from the received signals and relative to temporal periods within and between such signals. The software algorithms then employ ongoing statistical methods to determine the probability of occurrence of particular information relative to currently and previously detected information. The probable cause of the information is then inferred from the determined probability of occurrence. Inferred information is then organized into various logic statements and an alarm response is generated when a logic statement is fulfilled. 
     Furthermore and relative to this preferred embodiment, probability thresholds and various logic statements may be employed as control parameters in the determination of alarm responses. Such control parameters may be predetermined or adaptive. Predetermined parameters are fixed and do not change with the rate of detected activity. Adaptive parameters are variable and may change with the rate of detected activity. Such adaptive parameters may be employed to maintain alarm responses at a predetermined temporal rate. In addition, control signals may be employed to indicate temporal periods during which the detection process is to be active, and to remove information that may not be relevant to the detection process. 
     A second embodiment of this invention is an alarm system composed of a multiplicity of detectors. One or more detectors may provide signals and temporal information to a detection system as described in the preferred embodiment of this invention. 
     A third embodiment of this invention is an infrasound detector as may be employed in an alarm system. An electronic circuit detects and provides a broad range of amplitudes and frequencies and temporal information to a detection system as described in the preferred embodiment of this invention. 
     Other embodiments of this invention include various detector technologies such as switches, particularly magnetic switches, vibration detectors, motion detectors and glass-break detectors that may employ a detection system as in the preferred embodiment of this invention. 
     Yet other embodiments of this invention include various alarm systems and detector technologies that may be combined and may employ a detection system as in the preferred embodiment of this invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of a processor circuit capable of receiving binary, digital, and analog signals as may be employed in the preferred embodiment of the detection system. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram of the various controls, indicators and audio alert as may be employed in the preferred embodiment of the detection system. 
         FIG. 3  is a flow chart indicating the software algorithm processes as may be employed in the preferred embodiment of the detection system. 
         FIG. 4  is a table of various detector information as may be employed in the second embodiment of the detection system. 
         FIG. 5  is a table of various detector logic statements that employ the detector information of  FIG. 4  and as may be employed in the second embodiment of the detection system. 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic diagram of an improved means of detecting infrasound signals as may be employed in the third embodiment of the detection system. 
         FIG. 7  is a chart of the frequency vs. gain response for the amplifiers of the infrasound detection schematic diagram of  FIG. 6 . 
         FIG. 8  is a chart of the frequency vs. gain response for the DC offset voltage of the infrasound detection schematic diagram of  FIG. 6 . 
         FIG. 9  is a table of various infrasound information as may be employed in the third embodiment of the detection system. 
         FIG. 10  is a table of various infrasound logic statements that employ the infrasound information of  FIG. 9  and as may be employed in the third embodiment of the detection system. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of a processor for intruder and vehicle alarm systems and detectors as in the preferred embodiment of this invention. The invention consists of a processor  1  that has sufficient internal non-volatile and volatile memory to retain and employ the desired software algorithms. A precision oscillator  2  is selected with such a frequency that the ports of processor  1  are sampled with sufficient precision and the software algorithms are employed at a desired rate. The oscillator  2  may be selected at lower frequencies for battery operation and less precision. 
     The processor  1  has multiple ports to receive and transmit information. Ports  3  and  4  and  5  and  6  include analog-to-digital converters and may receive analog signals such as from an infrasound signal detection circuit. Ports  7  and  8  and  9  may receive and transmit digital signals such as to communicate with various related devices. Port  10  is employed to inform processor  1  when the detection process is to be active and received information is to be processed. Port  11  is employed to reset the processor to a set of predetermined conditions. Port  12  is employed to delete certain signal information that may have been previously received. Ports  13  and  14  and  15  may receive binary information, such as the output of relay switches employed by detectors. Certain ports may be reconfigured to receive the various types of information. 
     The processor  1  controls relay switches  16  and  17  that change state to generate an alarm response. These relay switches are controlled independently such that relay switch  16  responds to signals from ports  3  and  4  and  5  and  6  and relay switch  17  responds to signals from ports  13  and  14  and  15 . The digital signals from ports  7  and  8  and  9  may be assigned as independent or associated with relay switches  16  or  17 . 
     The processor  1  is operative to draw conclusions determined to be probable from information that has been retained and recalled in memory on an ongoing basis and towards one or more predetermined goals, as such comprising an artificial intelligence system. 
       FIG. 2  is also a schematic diagram of a processor for intruder and vehicle alarm systems and detectors as in the preferred embodiment of this invention. Processor  1  controls LED visual indicators  18  and  19  and  20 . Indicator  18  lights when receiving certain signals associated with relay switch  16 . Indicator  19  lights during predetermined sampling periods. Indicator  20  lights when receiving certain signals associated with relay switch  17 . 
     Switch  21  provides instructions to the processor  1  and controls the various LED indicators  18  and  19  and  20 . Switch  21  is composed of six independent DIP switches. Switch  1  of switch  21  enables and disables the LED indicators  18  and  19  and  20 . Switch  2  of switch  21  instructs the frequency mode employed during the detection of infrasound. Frequency mode determines whether the infrasound frequency thresholds are either at fixed values or adaptive to detected activities. Switch  3  of switch  21  instructs the alarm mode for relay switch  16 . Switch  4  of switch  21  instructs the alarm mode for relay switch  17 . Switch  5  of switch  21  activates the test mode for relay switch  16 . Switch  6  of switch  21  activates the test mode for relay switch  17 . During test mode, respectively, the detection process defaults to predetermined control parameters and an audible alert  24  sounds a tone when an alarm response is generated. 
     Switches  22  and  23  are ten position binary coded decimal rotary switches that provide instructions to the software algorithms regarding detection control parameters. Switch  22  instructs the detection control parameters for relay switch  16  and switch  23  instructs the detection control parameters for relay switch  17 . The various positions of switches  22  and  23  are labeled 0 thru 9. 
     When switch  22  is set to position 0 the software algorithms relating to relay switch  16  are disabled. When switch  3  of switch  21  is set to temporal alarm mode, positions 1 thru 9 of switch  22  instruct various predetermined temporal rates of alarm responses for relay switch  16 . When switch  3  of switch  21  is set to fixed alarm mode, positions 1 thru 9 of switch  22  instruct various thresholds and logic statements to be employed in the determination of alarm responses for relay switch  16 . 
     When switch  23  is set to position 0 the software algorithms relating to relay switch  17  are disabled. When switch  4  of switch  21  is set to temporal alarm mode, positions 1 thru 9 of switch  23  instruct various predetermined temporal rates of alarm responses for relay switch  17 . When switch  4  of switch  21  is set to fixed alarm mode, positions 1 thru 9 of switch  23  instruct various thresholds and logic statements to be employed in the determination of alarm responses for relay switch  17 . 
       FIG. 3  is a flow chart diagram of the software algorithms employed to determine alarm responses as in the preferred embodiment of this invention. The processor receives detection signals  25 . Information  26  such as the source that detected the signal, the detection characteristic of the signal and temporal relationship between signals is determined. Certain currently and previously detected information is retained in a sequential buffer  27  and the probability of occurrence  28  is statistically determined for such information. The probability of occurrence is compared to probability thresholds  29  and inferences  30  are made regarding particular information such that information with high probability of occurrence is inferred to be noise  31 , information with a lower probability of occurrence is inferred to be caused by normal activity  32 , and information with the least probability of occurrence is inferred to be caused by abnormal activity  33 . Such inferred information is retained in a sequential buffer  34 . 
     Inferred information is then organized into various logic statements  35  to further determine the probability of occurrence of the information. The fulfillment of logic statements is retained in a sequential buffer  36  then it is determined if a logic statement is active  37 . A logic statement is considered fulfilled when the conditions of the logic statement are met with current information. In the event that a fulfilled logic statement is active an alarm response is generated  38  or in the event that the fulfilled logic statement is inactive no alarm response is generated  39 . In the event that information is invalid the sequential buffers may be instructed to delete the information  40 . 
     In the event of temporal alarm mode, current and previous inferences and fulfilled logic statements are employed to statistically determine the projected alarm rate  41 . A desired alarm rate is instructed  42 . The projected alarm rate is compared to the instructed alarm rate  43 . If the projected alarm rate is approximately equal to the predetermined alarm rate no change is made to the probability thresholds  29  or the logic statements that are determined to be active. If the projected false alarm rate is not approximately equal to the predetermined alarm rate the control parameters adapt by determining new probability thresholds  45  and new active logic statements  46 . 
     In the event of fixed alarm mode various sets of one or more logic statements  35  may be predetermined. Alarm responses may then determined by the set of logic statements that are instructed to be active. As such probability thresholds may be determined  45  upon the statistical analysis of the inferred information  34 . 
       FIG. 4  is a table of the information employed in a system of three detectors as in the second embodiment of this invention. Such detectors may be magnetic switches or motion detectors or other types of detectors. The signal is a binary presence or absence of a voltage that alters state as a particular detector responds with a detection response. The detection process begins when any one detector generates a detection response. The temporal information is the difference between a previous detector response and the current detector response within relevant time frames. Such signals and information may be employed by the preferred embodiment of this invention. 
       FIG. 5  is a table of the logic statements employed in a system of three detectors as in the second embodiment of this invention. The table contains the combinations and permutations of the various combinations for the information of  FIG. 4 . All or a portion of the logic statements may be active during the detection process. An alarm response is generated when any active logic statement is fulfilled. Such logic statements may be employed by the preferred embodiment of this invention. 
       FIG. 6  is a schematic circuit diagram for improved infrasound detection as in the third embodiment of this invention. A +5 volt power source and a +2.5 volt DC Offset power source are supplied to the circuit in such a manner that positive and negative signal amplitudes may be detected. The +2.5 volt power source is also supplied to port  3  of processor  1  to establish a reference when determining signal amplitudes and frequencies. An infrasound sensor  47  senses ambient infrasound signals and generates an analog electrical representation of the signal. The signal from the sensor is then supplied to a preamplifier circuit that has high pass and low pass frequency filter characteristics to suppress undesirable frequencies. The preamplifier has a gain control switch  48  for large gain adjustments. The output of the preamplifier is supplied to a first stage amplifier circuit that further amplifies the signal and has high pass and low pass filtering characteristics to further suppress undesirable frequencies. The first stage amplifier circuit has a ten position binary coded decimal rotary switch  50  for small gain adjustments. The output of the first stage amplifier  51  is supplied to port  4  of processor  1  and to the second stage amplifier circuit. The second stage amplifier circuit yet further amplifies the signal and has low pass filtering characteristics to further suppress undesirable frequencies. The output of the second stage amplifier  52  is supplied to port  5  of processor  1  and to the third stage amplifier circuit. The third stage amplifier circuit yet further amplifies the signal and has low pass filtering characteristics to further suppress undesirable frequencies. The output of the third stage amplifier  53  is supplied to port  6  of processor  1  and to the third stage amplifier circuit. The gain of the amplifiers is such that the processor  1  may determine a broad range of signal amplitudes in a contiguous manner. Such an infrasound detection circuit may be employed by the preferred embodiment of this invention. 
       FIG. 7  is a diagram of the frequency response for the various amplifiers of  FIG. 6 . 
       FIG. 8  is a diagram of the frequency response for the +2.5 volt DC Offset power source of  FIG. 6 . 
       FIG. 9  is a table of the information employed in the detection of four distinct and sequential infrasound signals as in the third embodiment of this invention. The statistical parameters of signal amplitudes and frequencies are determined on an ongoing basis and probability thresholds are determined in such a manner that noise, normal activity and abnormal activity may be inferred. Statistical parameters are also determined for temporal relationships to identify signals of a compound nature. Such a compound signal may be composed of sub-signals of various amplitudes and frequencies. The detection process begins when an initial signal is detected. Other temporal information is the difference between a previous signal and a current signal within relevant time frames. Such signals and information may be employed by the preferred embodiment of this invention. 
       FIG. 10  is a table of the logic statements employed in the detection of four infrasound signals as in the third embodiment of this invention. The table contains the combinations and permutations of the various combinations for the information of  FIG. 9 . All or a portion of the logic statements may be active during the detection process. An alarm response is generated when the any active logic statement is fulfilled. Such logic statements may be employed by the preferred embodiment of this invention and such an alarm response may be employed as information for  FIG. 4  as in the second embodiment of this invention.