Abstract:
A plurality of metal tracks are formed in an integrated circuit die in three metal layers stacked within the die. A protective dielectric layer is formed around metal tracks of an intermediate metal layer. The protective dielectric layer acts as a hard mask to define contact vias between metal tracks in the metal layers above and below the intermediate metal layer.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    1. Technical Field 
         [0002]    The present disclosure relates to the field of integrated circuit design. The present disclosure relates more particularly to metal interconnections within an integrated circuit die. 
         [0003]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0004]    As integrated circuit technology continues to scale down to smaller technology nodes, the back end of the line connections become very challenging and complicated to implement. Complex patterning schemes such as double patterning are used to provide smaller and smaller interconnection features. Many problems can occur within the integrated circuits as vias and metal lines within the become smaller and closer together. These problems can include difficulty in alignment of photolithography masks during manufacture, as well as electromigration and time dependent dielectric breakdown during the life of the integrated circuit. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY 
       [0005]    One embodiment is a method for forming metal interconnections in an integrated circuit die. First metal tracks are formed from a first metal layer on a substrate of an integrated circuit die. A first dielectric layer is formed on the substrate and the first metal layer. Second metal tracks are formed on the first dielectric layer and are each encapsulated in a protective dielectric covering. A second dielectric layer is formed on the first dielectric layer and on the protective covering. The first and second dielectric layers are selectively etchable with respect to the protective dielectric covering. 
         [0006]    The second dielectric layer is then patterned and etched to form contact vias through the second and third dielectric layers to the first metal tracks. The patterned features of the mask used to open vias in first and second dielectric layers are comparatively large because the protective covering on the second metal tracks acts as a mask to form the vias because the protective covering is not etched by the etchant that opens the vias. Thus while a large opening may be made in the second dielectric layer above the second metal tracks, the vias are formed only on the sides of the second metal tracks and are small in spite of the comparatively large features of the photolithography mask. In this manner vias are formed through the first and second dielectric layers to the first metal tracks. 
         [0007]    A conductive material is then deposited in the vias and over the second dielectric layer and protective layer. The conductive material is then removed over the second dielectric layer leaving patterned third metal tracks integral with the conductive plugs of the filled vias. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0008]      FIG. 1  is a cross section of an integrated circuit die having metal tracks formed from a first metal layer on a dielectric layer according to principles disclosed herein. 
           [0009]      FIG. 2  is a cross section of an integrated circuit die in which a second dielectric layer has been formed over the first metal layer. 
           [0010]      FIG. 3  is a cross section of an integrated circuit die having openings formed in the second dielectric layer. 
           [0011]      FIG. 4  is a cross section of an integrated circuit die having a protective dielectric layer in the opening in the second dielectric layer. 
           [0012]      FIG. 5  is a cross section of an integrated circuit die having a metal barrier layer formed on the protective dielectric layer in the opening of the second dielectric layer. 
           [0013]      FIG. 6  is a cross section of an integrated circuit die having a second metal layer filling the opening in the second dielectric layer. 
           [0014]      FIG. 7  is a cross section of an integrated circuit die after the second metal layer has been planarized to define second metal tracks of the second metal layer. 
           [0015]      FIG. 8  is a cross section of an integrated circuit die after the second metal tracks have been reduced in thickness. 
           [0016]      FIG. 9  is a cross section of an integrated circuit die having a protective dielectric layer overlying the second dielectric layer and the second metal tracks. 
           [0017]      FIG. 10  is a cross section of an integrated circuit die having the second dielectric layer and the protective dielectric layer planarized. 
           [0018]      FIG. 11  is a cross section of an integrated circuit die having a third dielectric layer overlying the second dielectric layer and the second metal tracks. 
           [0019]      FIG. 12  is a cross section of an integrated circuit die having opening formed in the third dielectric layer. 
           [0020]      FIG. 13  is a cross section of an integrated circuit die having further openings in the third dielectric layer and the second dielectric layer. 
           [0021]      FIG. 14  is a cross section of an integrated circuit die having a metal barrier layer in the openings in the second and third dielectric layers. 
           [0022]      FIG. 15  is a cross section of an integrated circuit die having a third metal layer filling the openings in the second and third dielectric layers. 
           [0023]      FIG. 16  is a cross section of an integrated circuit die having the third metal layer planarized to define third metal tracks. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0024]      FIG. 1  is a cross section of an integrated circuit die  20  including a semiconductor substrate  30  and a dielectric layer  33 . Transistors  31  are formed in the substrate  30 . Metal tracks  32  are formed on the substrate  30 . Each metal track  32  is lined by a thin barrier layer  34 . The metal tracks  32  and the dielectric layer  33  are covered in a dielectric capping layer  36 . 
         [0025]    The dielectric layer  33  is shown as a single layer in  FIG. 1 , however in practice the dielectric layer  33  can include conductive and dielectric layers set on top of the semiconductor substrate  30  in which transistors  31  are formed. Though not illustrated, additional metal tracks, vias, and signal lines may be formed in the dielectric layer  33  below the metal tracks  32 . The metal tracks  32  are conductive signal carrying lines which allow signals to be passed through the integrated circuit die  20 , including to the transistors  31  and to metal contacts outside the integrated circuit die  20 , such as contact pads, solder balls, or leads. In the integrated circuit die  20  as illustrated in  FIG. 1 , there may be many components not illustrated which are below the first metal tracks  32  of the first metal layer. While the tracks  32  are described as being formed in the first metal layer, it is understood that there may be more metal layers below the first metal layer. The metal tracks  32  allow connection between transistors  31  formed in the semiconductor substrate and with components outside the integrated circuit die  20 . 
         [0026]    In one embodiment the substrate  30  includes silicon dioxide layers, low k dielectric layers, silicon nitride layers, or other suitable dielectric layers on the semiconductor substrate  30 . The semiconductor substrate  30  is for example silicon or another suitable semiconductor layer in and on which transistors  31  can be formed. 
         [0027]    In one example the metal tracks  32  are formed of copper. The barrier layer  34  is one or more layers of titanium, titanium nitride, tantalum, tantalum nitride or other suitable barrier layers. The metal tracks  32  are, for example, 60-100 nm in thickness. The metal tracks  32  are separated by 32 nm, 20 nm, or any suitable distance depending on the technology node and minimum dimensions being implemented. In many integrated circuits the metal tracks are formed of aluminum or aluminum copper due to difficulties in processing copper lines and vias. However, as the technology nodes decrease to smaller and smaller dimensions, copper is preferred for metal tracks and vias in integrated circuit dies due to high conductivity and other parameters. Any suitable metal may be used for the metal tracks, vias, and barrier layers. 
         [0028]    The capping layer  36  is, for example, silicon nitride or preferably a silicon nitride layer including carbon. The capping layer  36  and is between 200-500 Å thick. Other suitable materials and dimensions may be used for the features described in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0029]    In  FIG. 2 , a first intermetal dielectric layer  38  has been deposited on the capping layer  36 . The first intermetal dielectric layer  38  is, for example, a nanoporous dielectric layer between 600-1500 Å in thickness. As dimensions in the features of integrated circuits continue to shrink, the capacitance between conductive features of the integrated circuits begins to increase. For example, the capacitance between metal tracks formed in an integrated circuit die  20  or between metal tracks and vias formed in an integrated circuit die  20  increases as the distance between the features decreases. The capacitance between the conductive features of the integrated circuit is also proportional to the dielectric constant of the material between them. For this reason, the first intermetal dielectric layer  38  is a low K dielectric layer. This means that the dielectric constant of the intermetal dielectric layer  38  is comparatively small. This helps to reduce the capacitance between features formed in or on or under the first intermetal dielectric layer  38 . The intermetal dielectric layer  38  can be, for example, a porous dielectric, such as porous silicon dioxide or other porous material. Alternatively, the first intermetal dielectric layer  38  can be a material other than a porous dielectric layer, but still formed of a material having a very low dielectric constant. 
         [0030]    In  FIG. 3 , the first intermetal dielectric layer  38  is patterned and etched to open trenches  40  in the first intermetal dielectric layer  38 . The first intermetal dielectric layer  38  is not etched all the way to the capping layer  36 . Instead, the intermetal dielectric layer  38  is etched using a time-based control to selectively etch to a certain depth. The depth of the trenches  40  in  FIG. 3  is, for example, 600 Å. The trenches  40  in the first intermetal dielectric layer  38  can be opened by using a reactive ion etch. The time-based control which controls the depth of the reactive ion etch is, for example, a step height advanced process control. Such an advanced process control allows the etch to go to a particular depth without going further. The trenches  40  in  FIG. 3  are, for example,  64  nm in width. Many other suitable dimensions for the trenches  40  can be selected according to the desired parameters of the integrated circuit die  20 . Furthermore, etching techniques other than those described can be used to achieve the same or similar results, as desired. 
         [0031]    In  FIG. 4 , a protective dielectric layer  42  is deposited on the first intermetal dielectric layer  38  and in the trenches  40 . The protective dielectric layer  42  has a high etch selectivity with respect to the first intermetal dielectric layer  38 . The protective dielectric layer  42  also has as low of a K value as possible while retaining high etch selectivity with respect to the first intermetal dielectric layer  38 . 
         [0032]    The protective dielectric layer  42  is, for example, 300-500 Å thick. In one embodiment, the protective dielectric layer  42  is the same material as the layer  36 , for example silicon nitride or preferably a silicon nitride film including carbon. Carbon in the silicon nitride film increases robustness of the film while also improving etch electivity with respect to the first intermetal dielectric layer  38 . The protective dielectric layer  42  can be deposited by chemical vapor deposition processes such as plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition or low pressure chemical vapor deposition. The layer  42  is of a higher density than  38  in the preferred embodiment, and a high density chemical vapor deposition process can be used. Alternatively the protective dielectric layer  42  can be formed using other suitable methods or processes. 
         [0033]    In  FIG. 5 , the protective dielectric layer  42  is patterned and etched so that vias may be formed connecting to selected ones of the first metal tracks  32 . After the protective dielectric layer  42  is opened, the first intermetal dielectric layer  38  is etched below the openings in the protective dielectric layer  42  to form the vias connecting to the first metal tracks  32 . 
         [0034]    In one example the openings to the first metal tracks  32  are formed by using an optical planarization layer as the mask layer. Other suitable lithography or photolithography techniques can be employed to form the openings  40  including the vias connecting to the first metal tracks  32 . 
         [0035]    After the vias have been formed, a thin barrier layer  46  is deposited on the protective dielectric layer  42  and in the trenches  40  and contacting the exposed first metal tracks  32 . The barrier layer  46  is, for example, one or more layers of titanium, titanium nitride, tantalum, or tantalum nitride. Alternatively other suitable materials used to form the barrier layer  46 . The barrier layer  46  also acts as an adhesive layer for a subsequently deposited metal layer. The barrier layer  46  is, for example, 80 Å thick. 
         [0036]    In an alternative embodiment, the protective dielectric layer  42  is deposited in the trench  40  on the sidewalls and on the exposed portions of the first metal tracks  32 . The protective dielectric layer  42  is then removed from the exposed portions of the first metal lines  32 . The barrier layer  46  is then formed on top of the protective dielectric layer  42 . In this manner the first intermetal dielectric layer  38  is separated from the barrier layer  46 . 
         [0037]    In  FIG. 6 , a thick layer of conductive layer  48  is deposited on the barrier layer  46  and in the trenches  40 . The conductive layer  48  fills the trenches  40  and extends above the surface the upper surface of the first intermetal dielectric layer  38 . The conductive material  48  is in direct contact with the barrier layer  46  and the exposed portion of the first metal tracks  32 . 
         [0038]    The conductive material  48  is for example the same material as the first metal tracks  32 , preferably copper. However, other suitable materials can be used for the conductive material  48 . The conductive material can be formed using an electroplating process. In particular, the conductive material  48  can be deposited by a combination of electroless and electroplating processes. Other suitable processes can be used to form the conductive material  48 . 
         [0039]    In  FIG. 7 , a planarization step has been performed to remove excess conductive material from the protective dielectric layer  42 . The planarization step is, for example, a chemical mechanical planarization step configured to stop on the protective dielectric layer  42 . This has the effect of removing excess conductive material while forming discrete second metal tracks  50 . The second metal tracks  50  are connected to the first metal tracks  32  by vias  49  formed previously. The conductive material  48  forms both the plugs for the vias  49  and the conductive tracks  50 . The second metal tracks  50  are thus formed in the metal  2  layer. The conductive tracks  50  are covered on the sides and bottom by the protective dielectric layer  42 . The second metal tracks  50  are only uncovered on those portions of the bottom through which contact will be made to the first metal tracks  32 . 
         [0040]    In  FIG. 8 , a portion of the second metal tracks  50  is removed. In one example, between  15  and  35  nm in thickness of the second metal tracks  50  is removed. The removal of the top material of the second metal tracks  50  can be done, for example, by a chemical mechanical planarization step which etches the second metal track  50  faster than the protective dielectric layer  42 . Alternatively, a reactive ion etch can be performed which also etches the copper faster than the protective dielectric layer  42 . In this way, the material from the second metal tracks  50  can be removed selectively with respect to the protective dielectric layer  42  without using a mask. In other words, whether done by CMP or reactive ion etching, no mask is used and because the etching process etches the second metal tracks  50  much more quickly than it does the protective dielectric layer  42  the structure shown in  FIG. 8  remains after the etch process. This leaves trenches  51  formed above the metal tracks  50 . 
         [0041]    In  FIG. 9 , a protective dielectric layer  52  is deposited on top of the metal tracks  50  and in the trenches  51  and on top of the protective dielectric layer  42 . The protective dielectric material  52  is preferably the same material protective dielectric layer  42 , but could be different or an additional layer. While the second metal tracks  50  are shown as being larger than the first metal tracks  32 , alternatively the second metal tracks  50  can be the same size or smaller than the first metal tracks  32 . 
         [0042]    In  FIG. 10 , a planarization process is performed to remove excess protective dielectric material from on top of the first intermetal dielectric layer  38 . One example of the planarization process is a chemical mechanical planarization process configured to stop at the first intermetal dielectric layer  38 . This leaves second metal lines  50  that are encapsulated with a dielectric encapsulation layer  53 . As described previously, the first intermetal dielectric layer  38  is selectively etchable with respect to the dielectric encapsulation layer  53  encapsulating the second metal tracks  50 . 
         [0043]    Having metal tracks  50  encapsulated in a dielectric encapsulation layer  53  helps to avoid some of the problems which come with further downscaling of the dimensions of metal lines, dielectric layers, and vias. For example, in a metal line encapsulated only by a low K dielectric layer or even a common dielectric layer, the problem of electromigration of metal atoms from the metal tracks into the dielectric material occurs. This can cause serious problems in the integrated circuit. For example, if the metal track is made of copper and copper atoms migrate into a porous low K dielectric, not only does the quality of the metal track decrease, but copper atoms can migrate from the metal tracks through the porous dielectric material into sensitive areas. The dielectric encapsulation layer  53  helps to prevent this problem. 
         [0044]    Another problem that can occur with downscaling of components of the integrated circuit die  20  is time-dependent dielectric breakdown. As currents are carried through the metal tracks damage can occur to dielectric material surrounding the metal tracks. This is especially true for low K dielectric materials that are used as inter level dielectric layers as described previously. 
         [0045]    Encapsulating the metal track in a high density insulating dielectric encapsulation layer  53  protects the integrated circuit die  20  from time-dependent dielectric breakdown. The metal lines encapsulated in the dielectric encapsulation layer  53  can also carry higher voltages. This allows for an increased usage range of the integrated circuit die  20 . Such an integrated circuit die  20  can be used in both low voltage and high voltage applications. 
         [0046]    The dielectric encapsulation layer  53  is a relatively thin layer about 200-500 Å thick. Because the dielectric encapsulation layer  53  is both thin and robust, a thicker low K dielectric material can fill the space between metal tracks  50  thereby providing the low capacitance benefits of a low K dielectric material while providing robust insulation against time dependent dielectric breakdown and electromigration. 
         [0047]    In  FIG. 11 , a second intermetal dielectric layer  54  has been deposited on the first intermetal dielectric layer  38  and on the insulating material  52 . The second intermetal dielectric layer  54  is also a low K dielectric layer or other suitable dielectric layer. The second intermetal dielectric layer is selectively etchable with respect to the dielectric encapsulation layer  53 . The second intermetal dielectric layer can include multiple layers, such as silicon oxide layers, porous dielectric layers, or other suitable dielectric layers. The intermetal dielectric layer  54  is, for example, 1000 Å thick. 
         [0048]    In  FIG. 12 , the second intermetal dielectric layer  54  is patterned and etched to open wide trenches  56 . The depth of the trenches is, for example, 500 Å. The trenches  56  are each placed over one of the second metal tracks  50 . The trenches  56  each extend laterally beyond the edges of the respective second metal tracks  50 . The trenches  56  can be opened using a reactive ion etch, wet etch, or any other suitable process such as those described previously. 
         [0049]    In  FIG. 13 , the trenches  56  are further etched to open vias that contact the first metal lines  32  through the first and second intermetal dielectric layers  38 ,  54 . Alignment of the vias  58  is easily accomplished because the dielectric encapsulation layer  53  surrounding the second metal tracks  50  acts as a mask or an etch stop for the etchant that etches the first and second intermetal dielectric layers  38 ,  54 . Depending on the type of interconnecting vias to be formed, this can either eliminate the need for an extra mask or it can greatly reduce the alignment requirements because the vias  58  will be self-aligned with the dielectric encapsulation layer  53 . For example, in one alternative embodiment, the same mask used to create the trenches  56  is used to etch through the dielectric layer  38  to reach first metal layer  32 . The etch to form the trenches  56  continues to be carried out until the metal layer  32  is reached. In one embodiment the etch leaves a portion of the second intermetal dielectric layer  54  remains on the dielectric encapsulation layers  53 . Alternatively, the second intermetal dielectric layer  54  can be entirely removed from the dielectric encapsulation layer  53 . 
         [0050]    In  FIG. 14 , a barrier layer  60  is deposited on the walls of the vias  58 . The barrier layer  60  is thus in contact with the first and second intermetal dielectric layers. The barrier layer  60  is in contact with the exposed portions of the first metal tracks  32 . The barrier layer  60 , as described previously, can be titanium or a combination of titanium, titanium nitride, tantalum, and tantalum nitride or any other suitable materials for a barrier layer. 
         [0051]    In  FIG. 15 , a conductive material  62  is deposited in the vias  58 . The conductive material  62  is on the barrier layer  60  on the second intermetal dielectric layer  54 . The conductive material  62  is placed in a very thick layer which exceeds the height of the second intermetal dielectric layer  54 . The conductive material  62  is preferably copper. However, other suitable conductive materials can be used according to the dimensions of the integrated circuit and other considerations. In one embodiment, the conductive material  62  is the same material as the first metal tracks  32  and the second metal tracks  50 . Alternatively, the conductive material  62  can be a different material than the first metal tracks  32  and the second metal tracks  50 . The conductive material  62  can be placed using an electroplating process or a combination of electrolysis and electroplating processes or in any other suitable manner. 
         [0052]    In  FIG. 16 , a planarization process is performed as described previously. The planarization process removes excess portions of the conductive material  62 , portions of the intermetal dielectric layer  54  and barrier layer  60 . The chemical mechanical planarization process can be a timed process or can be configured to stop, for example, on the middle portion of the second intermetal dielectric layer  54  which rests on top of the second metal tracks  50 . In this manner, distinct third metal tracks  66  are formed. The third metal tracks  66  are connected by vias to first metal tracks  32 . Thus, a single process is used to fill the vias and form the third metal tracks  66 . This allows relaxed photolithographic requirements, reduced photolithographic steps, a reduced number of metal deposition steps, improved protection against electromigration and time-dependent dielectric breakdown. 
         [0053]    After the formation of the third metal tracks  66 , the process described in relation to  FIGS. 1-16  can be repeated to form more metal layers according to the number of metal layers to be used in the integrated circuit die  20 . 
         [0054]    Further dielectric layers can be formed over the third metal tracks  66  in accordance with known processes for forming integrated circuit dies. Eventually passivation layers can be formed over the third metal tracks  66 , contact pads can be formed on the passivation layers to provide connections to the transistors  31  through the metal tracks and vias in the integrated circuit die  20 . Finally, the integrated circuit can be encapsulated in a molding compound and provided with solder balls, leads, or pins coupled to the contact pads so that the integrated circuit die can be installed in an electronic component such as on a circuit board or other suitable location. Many processes and structures for forming an integrated circuit die have not been described in detail in this disclosure. Such other processes and structures are known to those of skill in the art or can be implemented in light of the present disclosure. 
         [0055]    The process and structure described in relation to  FIGS. 1-16  is given by way of example. Other types of materials, thickness, widths, structures and patterns can be used in accordance with principles of the present disclosure. All such alternative embodiments fall within the scope of the present disclosure. 
         [0056]    The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. All of the U.S. patents, U.S. patent application publications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patent applications and non-patent publications referred to in this specification and/or listed in the Application Data Sheet are incorporated herein by reference, in their entirety. Aspects of the embodiments can be modified, if necessary to employ concepts of the various patents, applications and publications to provide yet further embodiments. 
         [0057]    These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of the above-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should be construed to include all possible embodiments along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims are not limited by the disclosure.