Abstract:
Pyrolysis methods and apparatuses that allow effective heat removal, for example when necessary to achieve a desired throughput or process a desired type of biomass, are disclosed. According to representative methods, the use of a quench medium (e.g., water), either as a primary or a secondary type of heat removal, allows greater control of process temperatures, particularly in the reheater where char, as a solid byproduct of pyrolysis, is combusted. Quench medium may be distributed to one or more locations within the reheater vessel, such as above and/or within a dense phase bed of fluidized particles of a solid heat carrier (e.g., sand) to better control heat removal.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to pyrolysis methods and apparatuses in which a solid heat carrier (e.g., sand) is separated from the pyrolysis reactor effluent and cooled with a quench medium (e.g., water) to improve temperature control. Cooling with quench medium may occur in or above a fluidized bed of the heat carrier, in which solid char byproduct is combusted to provide some or all of the heat needed to drive the pyrolysis. 
     DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART 
     Environmental concerns over fossil fuel greenhouse gas emissions have led to an increasing emphasis on renewable energy sources. Wood and other forms of biomass including agricultural and forestry residues are examples of some of the main types of renewable feedstocks being considered for the production of liquid fuels. Energy from biomass based on energy crops such as short rotation forestry, for example, can contribute significantly towards the objectives of the Kyoto Agreement in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. 
     Pyrolysis is considered a promising route for obtaining liquid fuels, including transportation fuel and heating oil, from biomass feedstocks. Pyrolysis refers to thermal decomposition in the substantial absence of oxygen (or in the presence of significantly less oxygen than required for complete combustion). Initial attempts to obtain useful oils from biomass pyrolysis yielded predominantly an equilibrium product slate (i.e., the products of “slow pyrolysis”). In addition to the desired liquid product, roughly equal proportions of non-reactive solids (char and ash) and non-condensible gases were obtained as unwanted byproducts. More recently, however, significantly improved yields of primary, non-equilibrium liquids and gases (including valuable chemicals, chemical intermediates, petrochemicals, and fuels) have been obtained from carbonaceous feedstocks through fast (rapid or flash) pyrolysis at the expense of undesirable, slow pyrolysis products. 
     Fast pyrolysis refers generally to technologies involving rapid heat transfer to the biomass feedstock, which is maintained at a relatively high temperature for a very short time. The temperature of the primary pyrolysis products is then rapidly reduced before chemical equilibrium is achieved. The fast cooling therefore prevents the valuable reaction intermediates, formed by depolymerization and fragmentation of the biomass building blocks, namely cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, from degrading to non-reactive, low-value final products. A number of fast pyrolysis processes are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,961,786; Canadian Patent Application 536,549; and by Bridgwater, A. V., “Biomass Fast Pyrolysis,” Review paper BIBLID: 0354-9836, 8 (2004), 2, 21-49. Fast pyrolysis processes include Rapid Thermal Processing (RTP), in which an inert or catalytic solid particulate is used to carry and transfer heat to the feedstock. RTP has been commercialized and operated with very favorable yields (55-80% by weight, depending on the biomass feedstock) of raw pyrolysis oil. 
     Pyrolysis processes such as RTP therefore rely on rapid heat transfer from the solid heat carrier, generally in particulate form, to the pyrolysis reactor. The combustion of char, a solid byproduct of pyrolysis, represents an important source of the significant heat requirement for driving the pyrolysis reaction. Effective heat integration between, and recovery from, the pyrolysis reaction and combustion (or reheater) sections represents a significant objective in terms of improving the overall economics of pyrolysis, under the operating constraints and capacity of the equipment, for a given feedstock. As a result, there is an ongoing need in the art for pyrolysis methods with added flexibility in terms of managing the substantial heat of combustion, its transfer to the pyrolysis reaction mixture, and its recovery for use in other applications. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is associated with the discovery of pyrolysis methods and apparatuses that allow effective heat removal, for example when necessary to achieve a desired throughput. Depending on the pyrolysis feed used, the processing capacity may become constrained, not by the size of the equipment, but by the ability to remove heat from the overall system, as required to operate within design temperatures. While some heat removal schemes, such as passing the recycled heat carrier (e.g., sand) through a cooler, may be effective in certain circumstances, they may not be applicable to all pyrolysis systems in terms of meeting cost and performance objectives. The methods and apparatuses described herein, involving the use of a quench medium, represent generally less expensive alternatives for providing needed heat removal. The quench medium may be used effectively alone or in combination with other types of cooling, for example a sand cooler. 
     The quench medium may therefore act as either a primary or secondary type of heat removal, allowing greater control of process temperatures, and particularly in the reheater where char, as a solid byproduct of pyrolysis, is combusted. Associated with this heat removal is added operational flexibility in terms of biomass feedstock type and processing capacity, which are often constrained by a maximum operating temperature rather than equipment size. In a particular of pyrolysis operation, a quench medium is distributed to one or more locations within the reheater vessel, thereby cooling this vessel if a sand cooler is either not used (e.g., in view of cost considerations) or otherwise removes excess heat to an insufficient extent. Often, the reheater vessel is operated with a fluidized bed of particles of the solid heat carrier, through which an oxygen-containing combustion medium is passed, in order to combust the char and generate some or all of the heat required for the pyrolysis. The fluidized bed comprises a dense phase bed below a dilute phase of the particles of the solid heat carrier. 
     A quench medium may be sprayed, for example, on the top of a heat carrier such as sand, residing in the reheater as a fluidized particle bed. Heat is thereby removed, for example, by conversion of water, as a quench medium, to steam. The consumption of heat advantageously reduces the overall temperature of the reheater and/or allows the pyrolysis unit to operate at a target capacity. Distributors may be located in various positions to introduce the quench medium at multiple points, for example within the dense phase bed and/or in the dilute phase, above the dense phase. Dilute phase introduction of the quench medium helps prevent dense phase bed disruptions due to sudden volume expansion (e.g., of water upon being converted to steam) in the presence of a relatively high density of solid particles. Such disruptions may detrimentally lead to increased solid particle entrainment and losses. Dense phase introduction (e.g., directly into a middle section of the dense phase bed), on the other hand, provides direct cooling of the solid particles. Such cooling is effective if introduction is carried out with sufficient control, and at a quench medium flow rate, that avoids significant disruptions of the dense phase bed. In some cases, quench medium may be introduced both into, and above, the dense phase bed, and even at multiple locations within and above the bed. 
     Embodiments of the invention are therefore directed to pyrolysis methods comprising combining biomass and a solid heat carrier (e.g., solid particulate that has been heated in a reheater and recycled) to provide a pyrolysis reaction mixture, for example in a Rapid Thermal Processing (RTP) pyrolysis unit. The reaction mixture may, for example, be formed upon mixing the biomass and solid heat carrier at the bottom of, or below, an upflow pyrolysis reactor. The mixture is then subjected to pyrolysis conditions, including a rapid increase in the temperature of the biomass to a pyrolysis temperature and a relatively short residence time at this temperature, to provide a pyrolysis effluent. The appropriate conditions are normally achieved using an oxygen-depleted (or oxygen-free) transport gas that lifts the pyrolysis reaction mixture through an upflow pyrolysis reactor. Following pyrolysis, the pyrolysis effluent is separated (e.g., using a cyclone separator) into (1) a solids-enriched fraction comprising both solid char and a recycled portion of the solid heat carrier and (2) a solids-depleted fraction comprising pyrolysis products. Pyrolysis products include, following cooling, (1) liquid pyrolysis products that are condensed, such as raw pyrolysis oil and valuable chemicals, as well as (2) non-condensable gases such as H 2 , CO, CO 2 , methane, and ethane. The solids-enriched fraction is then contacted with an oxygen-containing combustion medium (e.g., air or nitrogen-enriched air) to combust at least a portion of the solid char and reheat the recycled portion of the heat carrier, which in turn transfers heat to the pyrolysis reaction mixture. As discussed above, the solids-enriched fraction is also contacted, for example in a reheater containing a fluidized bed of the heat carrier, with a quench medium to reduce or limit the temperature in the reheater or otherwise the temperature of the recycled portion of the solid heat carrier. 
     Further embodiments of the invention are directed to apparatuses for pyrolysis of a biomass feedstock. Representative apparatuses comprise an upflow, entrained bed pyrolysis reactor that may include, for example, a tubular reaction zone. The apparatuses also comprise a cyclone separator having (1) an inlet in communication with an upper section (e.g., a pyrolysis effluent outlet) of the reactor (2) a solids-enriched fraction outlet in communication with a reheater, and (3) a solids-depleted fraction outlet in communication with a pyrolysis product condensation section. The apparatuses further comprise a quench liquid distribution system in communication with the reheater, for the introduction of quench medium and consequently the removal of heat from within this vessel. 
     Yet further embodiments of the invention are directed to a reheater for combusting solid char that is separated from a pyrolysis effluent. Combustion occurs in the presence of a solid heat carrier that is recycled to the pyrolysis reactor. The reheater comprises one or more points of quench medium introduction. In the case of multiple points of introduction, these will generally be positioned at different axial lengths along the reheater. Points of introduction may also include distributors of the quench medium, as well as control systems for regulating the flow of the quench medium, for example, in response to a measured temperature either in the dense phase bed or dilute phase of the solid heat carrier. 
     These and other embodiments and aspects relating to the present invention are apparent from the following Detailed Description. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  depicts a representative pyrolysis process including a reactor and reheater. 
         FIG. 2  is a close-up view of quench medium entering a reheater both within a dense phase bed of solid heat carrier, as well as in a dilute phase above the dense phase bed. 
     
    
    
     The features referred to in  FIGS. 1 and 2  are not necessarily drawn to scale and should be understood to present an illustration of the invention and/or principles involved. Some features depicted have been enlarged or distorted relative to others, in order to facilitate explanation and understanding. Pyrolysis methods and apparatuses, as described herein, will have configurations, components, and operating parameters determined, in part, by the intended application and also the environment in which they are used. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     According to representative embodiments of the invention, the biomass subjected to pyrolysis in an oxygen depleted environment, for example using Rapid Thermal Processing (RTP), can be any plant material, or mixture of plant materials, including a hardwood (e.g., whitewood), a softwood, or a hardwood or softwood bark. Energy crops, or otherwise agricultural residues (e.g., logging residues) or other types of plant wastes or plant-derived wastes, may also be used as plant materials. Specific exemplary plant materials include corn fiber, corn stover, and sugar cane bagasse, in addition to “on-purpose” energy crops such as switchgrass, miscanthus, and algae. Short rotation forestry products, as energy crops, include alder, ash, southern beech, birch, eucalyptus, poplar, willow, paper mulberry, Australian blackwood, sycamore, and varieties of paulownia elongate. Other examples of suitable biomass include organic waste materials, such as waste paper and construction, demolition, and municipal wastes. 
     A representative pyrolysis method is illustrated in  FIG. 1 . According to this embodiment, biomass  10  is combined with solid heat carrier  12 , which has been heated in reheater  100  and recycled. Biomass  10  is generally subjected to one or more pretreatment steps (not shown), including particle size adjustment and drying, prior to being combined with solid heat carrier  12 . Representative average particle sizes for biomass  10  are typically from about 1 mm to about 10 mm. Upon being combined with solid heat carrier  12 , biomass  10  becomes rapidly heated, for example in a mixing zone  14  located at or near a lower section (e.g., the bottom) of pyrolysis reactor  200  that contains an elongated (e.g., tubular) reaction zone  16 . The relative quantity of solid heat carrier  12  may be adjusted as needed to achieve a desired rate of temperature increase of biomass  10 . For example, weight ratios of the solid carrier  12  to biomass  10  from about 10:1 to about 500:1 are normally used to achieve a temperature increase of 1000° C./sec (1800° F./sec) or more. 
     The combination of biomass  10  and solid heat carrier  12  therefore forms a hot pyrolysis reaction mixture, having a temperature generally from about 300° C. (572° F.) to about 1100° C. (2012° F.), and often from about 400° C. (752° F.) to about 700° C. (1292° F.). The temperature of the pyrolysis reaction mixture is maintained over its relatively short duration in reaction zone  16 , prior to the pyrolysis effluent  24  being separated. A typical pyrolysis reactor operates with the flow of the pyrolysis reaction mixture in the upward direction (e.g., in an upflow, entrained bed pyrolysis reactor), through reaction zone  16 , such that pyrolysis conditions are maintained in this zone for the conversion of biomass  10 . Upward flow is achieved using transport gas  13  containing little or no oxygen, for example containing some or all of non-condensable gases  18  obtained after condensing liquid pyrolysis product(s)  20  from a solids-depleted fraction  22 , comprising a mixture of gaseous and liquid pyrolysis products. These non-condensable gases  18  normally contain H 2 , CO, CO 2 , methane, and/or ethane. Some oxygen may enter the pyrolysis reaction mixture, however, from reheater  100 , where char is combusted in the presence of oxygen-containing combustion medium  28 , as discussed in greater detail below. 
     Transport gas  13  is therefore fed to pyrolysis reactor  200  at a flow rate sufficient to attain a gas superficial velocity through mixing zone  14  and reaction zone  16  that entrains the majority, and usually substantially all, solid components of the pyrolysis reaction mixture. Representative gas superficial velocities are greater than 1 meter per second, and often greater than 2 meters per second. The transport gas  13  is shown in  FIG. 1  entering a lower section of mixing zone  14  of reactor  200 . The superficial velocity of this gas in reaction zone  16  is also sufficient to obtain a short residence time of the pyrolysis reaction mixture in this zone, typically less than about 2 seconds. As discussed above, rapid heating and a short duration at the reaction temperature prevent formation of the less desirable equilibrium products in favor of the more desirable non-equilibrium products. Solid heat carriers, suitable for transferring substantial quantities of heat for rapid heating of biomass  10  include inorganic particulate materials having an average particle size typically from about 25 microns to about 1 mm. Representative solid heat carriers are therefore inorganic refractory metal oxides such as alumina, silica, and mixtures thereof. Sand is a preferred solid heat carrier. 
     The pyrolysis reaction mixture is subjected to pyrolysis conditions, including a temperature, and a residence time at which the temperature is maintained, as discussed above. Pyrolysis effluent  24  comprising the solid pyrolysis byproduct char, the solid heat carrier, and the pyrolysis products, is removed from an upper section of pyrolysis reactor  200 , such as the top of reaction zone  16  (e.g., a tubular reaction zone) of this reactor  200 . Pyrolysis products, comprising both non-condensable and condensable components of pyrolysis effluent  24 , may be recovered after separation of solids, including char and heat carrier. Cooling, to promote condensation, and possibly further separation steps are used to provide one or more liquid pyrolysis product(s). A particular liquid pyrolysis product of interest is raw pyrolysis oil, which generally contains 30-35% by weight of oxygen in the form of organic oxygenates such as hydroxyaldehydes, hydroxyketones, sugars, carboxylic acids, and phenolic oligomers as well as dissolved water. For this reason, although a pourable and transportable liquid fuel, the raw pyrolysis oil has only about 55-60% of the energy content of crude oil-based fuel oils. Representative values of the energy content are in the range from about 19.0 MJ/liter (69,800 BTU/gal) to about 25.0 MJ/liter (91,800 BTU/gal). Moreover, this raw product is often corrosive and exhibits chemical instability due to the presence of highly unsaturated compounds such as olefins (including diolefins) and alkenylaromatics. 
     Hydroprocessing of this pyrolysis oil is therefore beneficial in terms of reducing its oxygen content and increasing its stability, thereby rendering the hydroprocessed product more suitable for blending in fuels, such as gasoline, meeting all applicable specifications. Hydroprocessing involves contacting the pyrolysis oil with hydrogen and in the presence of a suitable catalyst, generally under conditions sufficient to convert a large proportion of the organic oxygen in the raw pyrolysis oil to CO, CO 2  and water that are easily removed. The term “pyrolysis oil,” as it applies to a feedstock to the hydroprocessing step, refers to the raw pyrolysis oil obtained directly from pyrolysis (e.g., RTP) or otherwise refers to this raw pyrolysis oil after having undergone pretreatment such as filtration to remove solids and/or ion exchange to remove soluble metals, prior to the hydroprocessing step. 
     As illustrated in the embodiment of  FIG. 1 , pyrolysis effluent  24 , exiting the upper section of pyrolysis reactor  200 , is separated using cyclone  300  into solids-enriched and solids-depleted fractions  26 ,  22 . These fractions are enriched and depleted, respectively, in their solids content, for example measured in weight percent, relative to pyrolysis effluent  24 . Solids-enriched fraction  26  comprises a substantial proportion (e.g., greater than about 90% by weight) of the solid char and solid heat carrier contained in pyrolysis effluent  24 . In addition to char, solids-enriched fraction also generally contains other low value byproducts of pyrolysis, such as coke and heavy tars. According to alternative embodiments, multiple stages of solids separation (e.g., using two or more cyclones) may be used to improve separation efficiency, thereby generating multiple solids-enriched fractions, some or all of which enter reheater  100 . In any event, the portion of solid heat carrier contained in pyrolysis effluent and entering reheater  100 , whether in one or more solids-enriched fractions, is namely a recycled portion. This recycled portion, in addition to the solid char exiting cyclone  300  and possibly other solids separators, enter reheater  100  used to combust the char and reheat the solid heat carrier for further use in transferring heat to biomass  10 . 
     Solids-depleted fraction  22  may be cooled, for example using cooler  400  to condense liquid pyrolysis products such as raw pyrolysis oil and optionally, following additional separation/purification steps, valuable chemicals including carboxylic acids, phenolics, and ketones. As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , cooled pyrolysis product  42  is passed to separator  500  which may be a single-stage flash separator to separate non-condensable gases  18  from liquid pyrolysis product(s)  20 . Otherwise, multiple stages of vapor-liquid equilibrium contacting may be achieved using suitable contacting devices such as contacting trays or solid packing materials. 
     Rapid cooling of solids-depleted fraction  22  is generally desired to limit the extent of pyrolysis reactions occurring beyond the relatively short residence time in reaction zone  16 . Cooling may be achieved using direct or indirect heat exchange, or both types of heat exchange in combination. An example of a combination of heat exchange types involves the use of a quench tower in which a condensed liquid pyrolysis product is cooled indirectly, recycled to the top of the tower, and contacted counter-currently with the hot, rising vapor of solids-depleted fraction  22 . As discussed above, solids-depleted fraction  22  comprises gaseous and liquid pyrolysis products, including raw pyrolysis oil that is recovered in downstream processing. Accordingly, cyclone  300  has (i) an inlet in communication with an upper section of pyrolysis reactor  200 , in addition to (ii) a solids-enriched fraction outlet in communication with reheater  100  and (iii) a solids-depleted fraction outlet in communication with a pyrolysis product condensation section. Namely, the cyclone inlet may correspond to the conduit for pyrolysis effluent  24 , the solids-enriched fraction outlet may correspond to the conduit for solids-enriched fraction  26 , and the solids-depleted fraction outlet may correspond to the conduit for solids-depleted fraction  22 . A representative pyrolysis product condensation section may correspond to cooler  400  and separator  500 . 
     As illustrated in the representative embodiment of  FIG. 1 , solids-enriched fraction  26  exiting cyclone  300  (possibly in combination with one or more additional solids-enriched fractions) is contacted with an oxygen-containing combustion medium  28  in reheater  100  to combust at least a portion of the solid char entering this vessel with solids-enriched fraction  26 . A representative oxygen-containing combustion medium is air. Nitrogen-enriched air may be used to limit the adiabatic temperature rise of the combustion, if desired. The combustion heat effectively reheats the recycled portion of the solid carrier. The heated solid carrier is, in turn, used for the continuous transfer of heat to the pyrolysis reaction mixture, in order to drive the pyrolysis reaction. As discussed above, reheater  100  generally operates as a fluidized bed of solid particles, with the oxygen-containing combustion medium serving as a fluidization medium, in a manner similar in operation to a catalyst regenerator of a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process, used in crude oil refining. Combustion generates flue gas  32  exiting reheater  100 , and, according to some embodiments, flue gas  32  may be passed to a solids separator such as cyclone  300  to remove entrained solids. The fluidized bed comprises dense phase bed  30  (e.g., a bubbless, bubbling, slugging, turbulent, or fast fluidized bed) of the solid heat carrier in a lower section of reheater  100 , below a dilute phase  40  of these particles, in an upper section of reheater  100 . One or more cyclones may also be internal to reheater  100 , for performing the desired separation of entrained solid particles and return to dense phase bed  30 . 
     Aspects of the invention relate to the use of a quench medium for improving the overall management of heat in pyrolysis systems. For example, heat removal from the solid carrier, and heat transfer to the quench medium, may be achieved by direct heat exchange between the quench medium and the solid carrier. Advantageously, the temperature of the recycled portion of the solid heat carrier, which is passed to reheater  100  as described above, is limited (e.g., to a maximum design temperature) by direct contact between this solid heat carrier and quench medium  44  in reheater  100 . In some cases, this limitation of the combustion temperature can allow an increase in the operating capacity of the overall pyrolysis system. A preferred quench medium is water or an aqueous solution having a pH that may be suited to the construction material of the reheater or otherwise may have the capability to neutralize rising combustion gases. In some cases, for example, the use of dilute caustic solution, having in pH in the range from about 8 to about 12, can effectively neutralize acidic components present in the combustion gases. Preferably, quench medium  44  is introduced to reheater  100  through distributor  46 . 
       FIG. 2  illustrates, in greater detail, a particular embodiment of contacting the quench medium with the solids-enriched fraction recovered from the pyrolysis effluent. According to this embodiment, a quench liquid distribution and control system is in communication with the reheater. In particular,  FIG. 2  shows portions of quench medium  44   e .  44   b  being introduced to reheater  100  at two separate points (to which conduits FT for quench medium portions  44   a ,  44   b  lead) along its axial length. In general, therefore, the quench medium may be introduced at one or more positions along the axial length of the reheater and/or at one or more radial positions at a given axial length. Also, the quench medium may be introduced through one or more distributors at the one or more positions of introduction. According to the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 2 , a portion of quench medium  44   b  is introduced to reheater  100  above dense phase bed  30  of solid particulate comprising a recycled portion of the solid heat carrier, as described above. This portion of the quench medium is directed downwardly toward the surface of dense phase bed  30 , but disruption of the bed is relatively minor, as vaporization of the quench medium occurs primarily in dilute phase  40 . Also shown in  FIG. 2  is another portion of quench medium  44   e , introduced within dense phase bed  30  of the solid heat carrier, through distributor  46 . Disruption of dense phase bed  30  is increased, but direct heat transfer is also increased, relative to the case of introduction of the portion of quench medium  44   b  into dilute phase  40 . Introduction of quench medium into both dense phase bed  30  and dilute phase  40 , for example at differing rates and/or at differing times, therefore allows alternative types of control (e.g., coarse control and fine control, respectively) of heat removal. According to further embodiments, the methods described herein may further comprise flowing at least a portion of the solid heat carrier through a heat exchanger (not shown) such as a sand cooler, thereby adding another type of heat removal control. 
     According to the quench liquid distribution and control system depicted in the particular embodiment of  FIG. 2 , flows of portions of the quench medium  44   a ,  44   b , introduced within and above dense phase bed  30 , are controlled in response to temperatures measured within and above dense phase bed  30 , respectively. Therefore, temperature elements TE in dense phase bed  30  and dilute phase  40 , communicate through temperature transmitters TT and temperature indicator controllers TIC to temperature control valves TV. These valves, in response to the measured temperatures, adjust their variable percentage openings, as needed to provide sufficient flows of portions of quench medium  44   a ,  44   b , in order to control the temperatures measured at temperature elements TE. Therefore, in response to a measured temperature in reheater  100  that is beyond a set point temperature, for example, due to an increase in flow rate, or a change in type, of biomass  10 , the appropriate TIC(s) send signal(s) to the corresponding temperature control valve(s), which respond by increasing quench medium flow rate to reheater  100 , optionally through one or more distributors  46 . Accordingly, the quench liquid distribution and control systems described herein can effectively provide the greater operational flexibility needed in pyrolysis operations, in which increased capacity and/or the processing of variable biomass types is desired. A particular quench liquid distribution and control system is therefore represented by the combination of TE, TT, TIC, and TV, controlling the quench medium introduction at a given point. 
     Overall, aspects of the invention are directed to pyrolysis methods with improved heat control, and especially reheaters for combusting solid char, separated from a pyrolysis effluent, in the presence of a solid heat carrier that is recycled to the pyrolysis reactor to transfer heat and drive the pyrolysis. Advantageously, the reheater comprises one or more points of quench medium introduction along its axial length, optionally together with quench medium distributors and control systems as described above. Those having skill in the art, with the knowledge gained from the present disclosure, will recognize that various changes could be made in these pyrolysis methods without departing from the scope of the present invention. Mechanisms used to explain theoretical or observed phenomena or results, shall be interpreted as illustrative only and not limiting in any way the scope of the appended claims.