Abstract:
A method and apparatus are disclosed (a) which maintain credit card account and billing data including (i) data correlating credit card numbers, cardholders, and payment information such as mailing addresses or American Banking Association (ABA) routing numbers of the payee or his representative; (ii) data from which a payment due date can be determined; and (iii) means for estimating, receiving, or calculating a payment amount equal to or greater than a minimum payment amount due during a credit card&#39;s billing cycle; (b) which provide a mechanism for automatic funding of said payment amount payable during a billing cycle; and (c) which provide a mechanism for automatically issuing said payment amount to a designated payee or his representative whereby “late fees” are avoided.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/243,219, filed Sep. 13, 2002 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,653,591), the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     This invention relates to the problem of unintentionally incurred “late fees” charged by issuers of credit cards and other lenders. A method and apparatus are disclosed for eliminating or reducing “late fees” incurred by accident or oversight. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     For many years, financial institutions and sellers of consumer products have offered “revolving” lines of credit, typically extended through the issuance and use of embossed plates or plastic articles commonly referred to as “credit cards.” Credit cards typically identify the name of the issuer (e.g., Visa, Sears, Amoco), the name of the card holder, a numerical account number, an expiration date, and certain other information. The terms of a credit card&#39;s use are typically set forth in a written contract entered into between the issuer and the holder of the card. 
     When goods or services are purchased using a credit card, the issuer of the card typically advances funds to the selling merchant on behalf of the credit card holder, less a fee charged to the merchant. The issuer then typically bills the credit card holder, at periodic intervals, for amounts that the cardholder agreed to pay for goods and services purchased using the issuer&#39;s card during a particular “billing cycle.” The credit card holder is typically granted a period of time, commonly referred to as a “grace period,” during which the holder can pay his or her bill in full and avoid paying any interest on funds advanced by the card issuer to merchants. Some cardholder agreements require that all credit card debt incurred during a particular billing cycle must be repaid to the issuer in full prior to the end of the “grace period.” More typically, cardholder agreements permit cardholders to repay their credit card debt over time, with interest on unpaid balances due following expiration of the “grace period.” 
     For most of the twentieth century, the rates of interest chargeable by credit Sponsors in the United States were regulated and limited by usury laws in force in many states. State usury laws typically prohibited credit Sponsors from charging more than a certain annual percentage rate (“APR”) of interest on unpaid balances. Thus, prior to the late-1970&#39;s, interest on credit card debt was typically charged for and calculated similarly to interest charged on other forms of debt: card holders paid the Sponsors a specified annual percentage rate of interest on the amount of any unpaid indebtedness due following the end of a credit card&#39;s “grace period.” If for any reason (including inadvertence or oversight), a cardholder did not pay his or her bill during a particular billing cycle, the unpaid balance was carried over, with accrued interest (typically referred to as a “finance charge”), to the next billing cycle, at rates of interest permitted by applicable law. Besides moderating unequal bargaining power between credit Sponsors and consumers, state usury laws provided an incentive for credit Sponsors to be prudent in credit card lending practices and to issue credit cards only to persons unlikely to default. State usury laws effectively precluded credit Sponsors from subsidizing bad debts owed by uncreditworthy cardholders with punitively high interest rates imposed on responsible cardholders. 
     Commencing in the late 1970&#39;s, however, state usury laws regulating credit card debt interest were challenged by credit Sponsors in litigation. In  Marquette Nat. Bank of Minneapolis  v.  First of Omaha Service Corp.,  439 U.S. 299 (1978), the Supreme Court of the United States held that a civil war-cra statute, the National Bank Act of 1864 (the “NBA”), entitled national banks to charge interest on credit card debt at whatever rate was allowed by the laws of the state where the bank was “located,” even if that rate were considered usurious and unlawful in the state where a cardholder resided. The Marquette decision meant that if a state had no usury laws, or permitted extremely high rates of interest to be charged on credit card debt, a national bank “located” in such a state could charge its “home” state&#39;s rates of interest on credit card debt extended anywhere in the nation, and regardless of usury laws in force in the state of a cardholder&#39;s residence. 
     As a natural and predictable reaction to the Marquette decision, numerous credit Sponsors (a) segregated their credit card operations from their other business operations; (b) transferred the segregated credit card operations to federally-chartered, separately-incorporated subsidiaries or licensees “located” in states whose laws permitted extremely high, or indeed any, rate of interest to be charged on credit card debt, and (c) raised the rates of interest charged on credit card debt far above levels traditionally regarded as just or reasonable by most states. Deceptive practices were often used to convert existing cardholders to the new, higher-priced credit cards. Department stores and issuers of gasoline credit cards, for example, licensed their brand names to national banks located in “creditors&#39; haven” states, which banks then issued solicitations for what purported to be “upgraded” department store or gasoline credit cards bearing the licensed name (e.g., AMOCO, SEARS), but which in fact were bank cards whose terms typically were drastically less favorable to cardholders than were the cards purportedly being “upgraded.” By 2002, some issuers of credit cards were charging annual rates of interest on credit card debt in excess of 30% per annum. 
     The Marquette decision rested on statutory language permitting nationally chartered banks to charge loan customers “interest at the rate allowed by the laws of the State . . . where the bank is located.” 12 U.S.C. §85 (emphasis added). The charges at issue in Marquette comprised “interest” as that term was traditionally used and understood, namely, an annual percentage rate (e.g., 12%) applied to unpaid balances over a period of time. In the years following Marquette, however, credit Sponsors petitioned the legislatures of “creditors&#39; haven” states to adopt a creative and non-traditional definition of “interest,” with a view to attempting to extend the Marquette decision to various fixed charges and penalties having no relation to any time value of money conventionally defined as “interest.” 
     For example, if a credit card holder purchased $100 worth of goods using a credit card having an APR of 21%, non-payment of the bill would traditionally have resulted in a finance charge (i.e., interest) of $1.75 ( 1/12 of 21% of $100) representing the time value of the unpaid balance during a billing cycle. Subsequent to Marquette, however, a number of states passed laws purporting to permit such a delinquent credit cardholder to be charged, not merely interest on the cardholder&#39;s unpaid balance due, but an additional, arbitrary sum, such as $29.00, on top of and in addition to interest charged the cardholder&#39;s unpaid indebtedness, in the event that a cardholder did not make a “minimum payment” prior to expiration of the cardholder&#39;s “grace period.” This type of charge, in the nature of liquidated damages for breach of cardholder&#39;s agreement to make a “minimum payment” to a card issuer during a “grace period” extended to a cardholder, came to be referred to as a “late fee.” 
     So-called “late fees” charged by credit Sponsors typically bear no rational relation to any loss sustained or risk borne by a credit card issuer as a consequence of the cardholder&#39;s inaction triggering the charge. “Late fees” typically are pre-set at fixed, arbitrary amounts and typically are charged (1) regardless of the amount of any unpaid balance due, (2) regardless of any credit still available to the cardholder, (3) regardless of the identity or payment history of the cardholder, and (4) regardless of whether the card issuer sustains any loss or incurs any increased risk as a result of the credit cardholder&#39;s “breach.” In most instances, in fact, a card issuer charging a so-called “late fee” stands ready to extend the cardholder substantial additional credit, and is already charging the cardholder interest, at the agreed upon APR, for any unpaid balance triggering imposition of a “late fee.” 
     Contracts calling for the payment of liquidated damages or penalties, bearing no rational relation to any loss or damage sustained by a contractor in the event of a breach, have long been held unenforceable under the laws of most states; however, with the Marquette decision in mind, certain “creditors&#39; haven” states has passed laws (a) purporting to characterize so-called “late fees” as “interest,” and (b) purporting to preclude courts from finding that “late fees” are “penalties” or unenforceable, no matter what their amount. For example, Del. Code §945 provides in pertinent part (emphasis added):
         [A] bank may . . . charge and collect, as interest, . . . [a] minimum charge for each . . . scheduled billing period . . . during any portion of which there is an outstanding unpaid indebtedness due . . . .   No charges assessed by a bank in accordance with this section shall be deemed void as a penalty or otherwise unenforceable under any statute or the common law.       

     The legality of credit Sponsors attempts to charge “late fees” on credit card debt, in violation of state usury and consumer protection laws, was a subject of much litigation in the 1990&#39;s. In Sherman v. Citibank (South Dakota), N.A., 668 A.2d 1036 (1995), the Supreme Court of New Jersey held that so-called “late fees” were not “interest” within the intendment and purposes of 12 U.S.C. §85, with the result that credit Sponsors could not invoke the Marquette decision as a basis for charging unfair, unconscionable, or usurious “late fees” in New Jersey. The following year, however, in  Smiley  v.  Citibank  (South Dakota), N.A., 517 U.S. 735 (1996), the Supreme Court of the United States overrulled the Sherman decision and held that “late fees” did constitute “interest” for purposes of 12 U.S.C. §85, and so could be charged by national bank credit Sponsors anywhere in the nation, if permitted by the laws of the state where the credit card issuer was “located.” 
     The Marquette and Smiley decisions together invalidated virtually all state usury and commercial laws which had traditionally protected consumers against credit card charges deemed unconscionable, unfair, or usurious according to the standard of a consumer&#39;s home state. Without persuading the Congress or any state legislature to repeal a single law regulating credit card debt or lending practices, issuers of credit cards succeeded, by 1996, in persuading the federal courts to invalidate state laws which, for decades, had regulated and limited the charges which credit Sponsors could impose on consumers. Credit Sponsors were quick to take advantage of the power handed them by the Smiley decision. 
     According to published reports, between 1996 and 2002, “late fee” revenues of credit Sponsors increased from $1.7 billion to $7.3 billion annually. Between 1996 and 2002, the penalties imposed by credit Sponsors as “late fees” more than doubled, from an average of $13.28 to an average of $29.84, and ran as high as $35.00. By 2002, “late fees” were the third largest source of revenues to credit Sponsors, after interest and merchants&#39; fees. And virtually all of these revenues resulted from accident or mistake on the part of credit cardholders, who had available financial resources which could have been applied to prevent “late fees” from being charged to them, but who lacked any practical means of deploying those resources in an automated, cost-effective, and practical manner sufficient to avoid being charged “late fees”. “Late fees” represent a persistent, multi-billion dollar a year consumer problem which, for years, has eluded effective solution. There is a long-felt but unsolved need for an automated, cost-effective, reliable, and easy-to-use system for avoiding “late fees” charged by credit Sponsors. 
     It is, therefore, an object of this invention to provide a method and apparatus which credit card holders can use to avoid being charged “late fees,” or their equivalent, by issuers of credit cards or other lenders. As used in this invention, the term “late fee” has its common and ordinary meaning in the field of credit cards and refers to a charge, typically a lump sum, imposed by a credit card issuer when a credit cardholder does not make a minimum payment on or before expiration of any grace period allowed for payment of a credit card bill. The Smiley decision, described above, involved a typical “late fee” of the type encompassed by the invention described herein. The term “late fee” also includes the fee charged by other lenders when a payment is not made within the time allowed for the payment. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In one embodiment of this invention, apparatus is disclosed (a) which maintains credit card account and billing data including (i) data correlating credit card numbers, cardholders, and payment information such as mailing addresses or American Banking Association (ABA) routing numbers of the payee or his representative; (ii) data from which a payment due date can be determined; and (iii) means for estimating, receiving, or calculating a payment amount equal to or greater than a minimum payment amount due during a credit card&#39;s billing cycle; (b) which provides a mechanism for automatic funding of said payment amount payable during a billing cycle, and (c) which provides a mechanism for automatically issuing said payment amount to a designated payee or his representative whereby “late fees” are avoided. 
     In an alternative embodiment of the invention, a computer software package is provided enabling a credit cardholder to program a general purpose computer to perform or arrange for performance of the steps identified generally above. These and other advantages of the invention are disclosed in the specific description set forth below. 
     In addition to practicing the invention with credit card accounts, the invention may also be practiced with all other types of billing accounts that assess late fees. Such accounts include or can include debit accounts, mortgage payment accounts, utility service accounts, insurance policies, service accounts, and the like. All such accounts including credit card accounts will be referred to as billing accounts hereinafter. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1  schematically illustrates one aspect of the architecture of the preferred embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  schematically illustrates a second aspect of the architecture of the preferred embodiment. 
         FIGS. 3   a  and  3   b  schematically illustrate a preferred relational table schema of the data repository. 
         FIG. 4  schematically illustrates a preferred customer data entry interaction. 
         FIG. 5  schematically illustrates a preferred payment process flow. 
         FIG. 6  schematically illustrates a preferred approach to payment transaction processing. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present invention has numerous variations in its implementations. In one preferred embodiment, the present invention comprises a computerized system and method for providing an Automated Payment Service adapted to permit its customers to avoid late fees by automatically paying to the designated payee for each billing account held by the customer an amount equal to at least the typical monthly minimum payment required by payee and charging the customer for making such payments. In one embodiment, the customer has the option of paying for the payments made by arranging to have the Automated Payment Service charge one of the customer&#39;s credit cards or his bank savings or checking account. The method and system are preferably implemented so as to permit the customer to initiate and control the Automated Payment Service via a telecommunications link, such as the Internet. The Automated Payment Service preferably ensures that the customer has been charged for the payment to be made to each payee, along with a periodic fee, before transferring payment to the payee. 
     The architecture for one example preferred implementation of an Automated Payment Service  100  is schematically illustrated in  FIG. 1 . Data repository  105  comprises a number of databases or, in one preferred embodiment, relations or tables, for storing information about customers and sponsors. These databases include a customer database  110 , a customer accounts database  130 , a customer payments database  150 , a sponsor database  120 , a payee database  140  and a payment requirements database  160 . Customer database  110  comprises data describing each customer, such as the customer&#39;s billing address and contact information. Customer accounts database  130  comprises data describing for each customer each customer billing account, such as the credit card issuer, the payee, if different, and the account number. Customer payments database  150  comprises data describing each payment made by the Automated Payment Service on the customer&#39;s behalf and each payment charged to the customer by the Service. Sponsors database  120  comprises data describing the sponsors of each type of billing account supported by the Service, such as the address, state of incorporation, regulating authority, and contact information for the sponsor. Typically, the sponsor of the billing account is the entity extending credit to the customer. By way of example but not limitation, this may be the credit card issuer, the utility company, the mortgage holder, the provider of goods or services. It may also include entities that strictly speaking are not extending credit but nevertheless are in a billing relationship with the customer. By way of example, these entities may include a debit card provider, an insurance company and any one else in a position to expect payment in advance of services. Payee database  140  comprises data describing payment information for each type of billing account supported by the Automated Payment Service, such as the payee, method and address for payment (e.g. wire transfer information), and an indicator of the monthly payment requirements. Typically, the payee is the sponsor but the use of separate databases for the sponsor and the payee accommodates variations in this practice. Payment requirements database  160  comprises data describing the method for calculating minimum payment amounts and minimum payment dates for each type of account and customer. Each of these databases is described in more detail below. 
     The Automated Payment Service preferably performs three principal types of activities: customer data entry for establishing and maintaining customer accounts; account data entry for maintaining data about each sponsor, payee and type of account supported by the system; and payment processing for periodically (typically monthly) transferring payments to payees and charging customers. These principal types of activities are performed by the customer data entry processor  170 , an account data entry processor  180 , and a payment processor  190 , respectively. These functions may be physically performed on one or more central processing units. Preferably, data entry processor  170  may be reached via the Internet so that customers may enter and maintain their own customer data. A telephone-accessible automated interactive voice response system is preferably also used to maintain customer data. 
     Further details of a preferred implementation of the invention are schematically illustrated in  FIG. 2 . In this implementation, data repository  105  comprises one or more Intel-compatible computers  240  running the Linux operating system and Oracle 8i database software. Data entry processor  170  comprises one or more Intel-compatible computers  210  running the Linux operating system and a Web server with a Java Servlet engine such as the Apache Web server and Tomcat Servlet engine. The Web server computers are physically connected to the Internet and customer computers  250  through a first firewall  220  and physically connected to the remainder of the system through a second firewall, using security techniques well known to those of skill in the art. Customer data entry processor  170  further comprises one or more Intel-compatible computers  260  running the Linux operating system and a Web server with a Java Servlet engine along with Java business logic and JDBC software for interfacing with the data repository  105 . Customer interactions with the data repository  105  are thus intermediated by Java business logic residing on one or more machines inside the firewall and less vulnerable to intrusion than Web server  210 . 
     Similarly to customer data entry processor  170 , account data entry processor  180  is implemented in the preferred embodiment as a Web server  270  and logic server  280  which intermediates transactions between a data entry client  290  and database server  240 . Optionally, account data entry may be performed through a firewall via the Internet. 
     Payment processor  190  is implemented as a payment logic server  205 , preferably implemented in Java, and a payment processing engine  215 , preferably Go Software&#39;s RiTA server. The payment processing engine  215  communicates with account processors such as First Data Corporation Nashville, BankSery and Visa USA, banks, utility companies, insurance companies and the like, optionally via firewall  235  depending on whether the link is dedicated and secure. 
     A simplified database schema for the tables comprising the data repository  105  is illustrated in  FIGS. 3   a  and  3   b . Illustratively, the database comprises twelve tables: a Customer table, a Customer Accounts table, a Customer Payments Made table, a Customer Payments Received table, a Sponsors table, a Payees table, a Date Calculation Method table, an All Customer Payment Dates table, an All Customer Payment Days table, a Customer Payment Dates table, a Customer Payment Days table, and an Amount. Calculation Method table. 
     The Customers table stores basic information about each customer. It includes for each customer a record that comprises a unique CustomerID (the primary key for the table), and the name, address, phone number, and BillingID for the customer. The BillingID is a foreign key indicating a customer account to be charged for payments made by the Automated Payment Service. Each customer record may also include information that may be useful in establishing the customer&#39;s identity such as his/her social security number, mother&#39;s maiden name, date or place of birth, or a customer chosen password. 
     The Customer Accounts table stores basic information about each billing account associated with each customer. For each customer and each billing account associated with that customer, the Customer Accounts table comprises a unique CustomerAccountID (the primary key for the table), a CustomerID foreign key indicating a unique record in the Customers table, a SponsorID foreign key indicating a unique record in the Sponsors table identifying the sponsors of the billing account, a PayeeID foreign key indicating a unique record in the Payee table identifying the particular payee to which the billing account corresponds, an Account Number indicating the specific number assigned to the individual customer&#39;s billing account, such as the credit card number, a Minimum Payment Estimation Base Balance indicating the balance to be used to calculate the minimum payment for the upcoming payment period (the default value is based on the credit limit of the account), and a Minimum Payment Fixed Amount indicating the minimum fixed amount to be paid for the upcoming payment period. 
     The Customer Payments Made table records the payments made on behalf of a customer. For each customer and each payment made, it comprises a unique PaymentMadeID (the primary key for the table), a PaymentAmount indicating the amount of the payment, a CustomerAccountID foreign key indicating a unique record in the Customer Accounts table indicating the account to which the payment was made and a Date on which the payment was made. 
     The Customer Payments Received table records the payments made by each customer to the Automated Payment Service. For each customer and each payment made, it comprises a unique PaymentReceivedID (the primary key for the table), a PaymentAmount indicating the amount received from the customer, a Date indicating the date the payment was made and a PaymentMethod indicating the way in which the customer made the payment. If, for example, the customer paid the Automated Payment Service with a credit card, the payment Method would indicate a CustomerAccountID. 
     The Sponsors table stores basic information about each sponsor. For each sponsor, it comprises a unique SponsorID (the primary key for the table), a Name indicating the name of the sponsor, such as the issuer of the credit card, an Address of the sponsor, a Phone Number indicating the phone number of the sponsor, a State of Incorporation indicating the state of incorporation of the sponsor, and a Regulating Authority indicating a governmental body with primary regulatory authority over the sponsor (e.g. OTC, Federal Reserve). 
     The Payee table stores basic information about each payee. For each payee, it comprises a unique PayeeID (the primary key for the table), a SponsorID indicating record in the Sponsors table indicating the sponsor of the account, a Name indicating the name of the payee (e.g. First USA Visa), an Address of the payee for correspondence about its accounts, a Phone Number of the payee for calls about its accounts, a Wire Transfer Number including an ABA routing number and the payee&#39;s account number for transferring money to the payee for credit to customer&#39;s accounts, a Wire Transfer Lead Time indicating an estimate of the lead time required for wire transfers to be properly credited to customer&#39;s account so as to avoid late fees being incurred, a Paper Check Payment Address indicating a postal address to which checks may be sent for payment of customer&#39;s accounts, a Paper Check Lead Time indicating an estimate of the lead time for checks sent via postal mail to be properly credited to customer&#39;s accounts so as to avoid late fees being incurred, a Date Calculation Method ID foreign key indicating a unique record in the Date Calculation Method table, an Amount Calculation Method ID foreign key indicating a unique record in the Amount Calculation Method table, and a Grace Period indicating an interval during which payments may be made without incurring late fees. 
     The remaining tables relate to the calculation of payment due dates and minimum payments. The Date Calculation Method table comprises a unique MethodID (the primary key of the table) and a Description describing the method. The Date Calculation Method table comprises four records. A MethodID of 01 indicates that all customers holding that account have the same payment due date. A MethodID of 02 indicates that payments are due from all customers holding that account on the same day (e.g. the first Tuesday of the month). A MethodID of 03 indicates that each customer has a payment due date specific to the customer. A MethodID of 04 indicates that each customer&#39;s payment is due on a day of the month specific to that customer. 
     For each Payee that requires all its customers to make a minimum payment by a specified date of the month, the All Customer Payment Dates table specifies such date. For each such Payee, it comprises a PayeeID (the primary key of the table) which is also a foreign key indicating a unique record of the Payee table, and a Date of Month indicating the date of the month that payments are due for all holders of the account corresponding to the PayeeID. 
     For each Payee that requires all its customers to make a minimum payment by a specified day of the month, the All Customer Payment Days table specifies such day. For each such Payee, it comprises a PayeeID (the primary key of the table) which is also a foreign key indicating a unique record of the Payee table, and a Day of Month indicating the day (e.g. the first Tuesday) of the month that payments are due for all holders of the account corresponding to the PayeeID. 
     For each Payee that assigns different payment due dates to its customers, the Customer Payment Dates table specifies such date. For each such Payee, it comprises a PayeeID which is a foreign key indicating a unique record of the Payee table, and a CustomerID which is a foreign key indicating a unique record of the Customers table. The PayeeID and CustomerID together form the primary key of the Customer Payment Dates table. The Customer Payment Dates table further comprises a Date of Month indicating the date of the month that a payment is due on the account corresponding to PayedID from the customer corresponding to CustomerID. 
     For each Payee that assigns different payment due days to its customers, the Customer Payment Days table specifies such a day. For each such Payee, it comprises a PayeeID which is a foreign key indicating a unique record of the Payee table, and a CustomerID which is a foreign key indicating a unique record of the Customers table. The PayeeID and CustomerID together form the primary key of the Customer Payment Dates table. The Customer Payment Dates table further comprises a Day of Month indicating the day (e.g. the first Tuesday) of the month that a payment is due on the account corresponding to PayeeID from the customer corresponding to CustomerID. 
     As will be appreciated, still other methods may be used to calculate payment due dates. These methods may be accommodated in the present invention by using additional Method IDs and Customer Payment tables to associate such methods with the Payee and Customers using such methods. 
     The Amount Calculation Method table comprises a unique MethodID (the primary key of the table) and a Description describing the method. The Amount Calculation Method table comprises four records. A MethodID of 01 indicates a fixed amount minimum payment is to be made each month. A MethodID of 02 indicates a that a fixed percentage of the current balance is to be paid each month. A MethodID of 03 indicates that a fixed amount plus a fixed percentage of the current balance is to be paid each month. A method ID of 04 indicates that the maximum of a fixed amount and a fixed percentage of the current balance is to be paid each month. 
       FIG. 4  schematically illustrates a user interaction with customer data entry processor  170  to enroll for automatic payment of one or more credit card accounts. At step  410 , the user enters the user&#39;s name and address, which is stored in the Customers table in the Customers database  110  described above. Any additional information that may be needed to make a minimum payment is also entered. At step  420  the user enters a payment method, preferably a credit card, which causes an indicator of the payment method to the Automated Payment Service to be stored in the BillingID of the Customers table. At step  430  the user enters information about a first credit card account to be serviced by the Automated Payment Service. At a minimum, this information includes identification of the customer&#39;s credit card account and the Payee. The information should also include the method to be used to calculate the minimum payment and an indication of how the due date is calculated. Alternatively, the Automated Payment Service may obtain this information from the Payee. Where a current balance is used in calculating the minimum payment, the Automated Payment Service can use the credit limit on the account. In this case, the user must also supply the credit limit. Alternatively, customers may set a lower number if they are unlikely to reach that limit. IF the minimum payment is the greater of a fixed amount and a percentage of the balance, the fixed amount can be provided by the customer or obtained from the Payee. This information is stored in a record in the Customer Accounts table. 
     At step  440  the user is prompted to indicate whether the user wishes to enter information about another credit card to be serviced by the system. If the answer is yes, the user proceeds to step  450  and is prompted to enter information about the next card, and then returns to step  440 . If the user indicates at step  440  that the user does not wish to enter information about another card, the user is asked at step  460  to confirm the information entered. 
       FIG. 5  schematically illustrates a preferred operation flow for payment processor  180 . In step  510 , the current date is determined. Based on the current date, the system generates a SQL query that selects values of CustomerAccountID for customer accounts that should be paid on that date to avoid late fees. This query selects those accounts that have a due date minus lead time plus grace period, if any, that equals the current date. In step  530 , the first account from the list returned by the query is selected for processing. In step  540 , the estimated minimum payment is determined for the account based on the Amount Calculation Method for the account, the Minimum Payment Estimation Base Balance for the account, and/or the Minimum Payment Fixed Amount for the account. In step  550 , the customer&#39;s payment method is retrieved from the Customers table. In step  565 , a transaction processing monitor or other well-known means is invoked to process substeps  570  and  580  in an atomic, consistent, isolated, and durable manner. Substep  570  causes the estimated minimum payment for the account to be made to the Payee. Substep  580  causes the customer to be charged the amount of the estimated minimum payment plus a service fee. In step  590  the next account from the list is selected for processing. 
       FIG. 6  schematically illustrates a preferred approach to processing transaction  565 . In step  610 , payment logic  205  causes payment server  215  to charge the credit card that the customer has indicated should be used for payment of the estimated minimum payment and the service fee for that amount. In step  620 , the outcome of the charge is determined. If the charge was allowed, in step  630  the customer account is queued for payment. If the charge was not allowed, in step  640  the customer is notified that the charge was not allowed, and the customer account is not queued for payment. 
     Numerous methods may be used to make the minimum payments due on customers&#39; billing accounts. Preferably, electronic payment procedures are established in advance with all Payees so that the Automated Payment Service can make minimum payments on behalf of its Customers simply by indicating to its bank the identity of the Payee and the account number and payment amount for each minimum payment to be made. Alternatively, the payments may be made by check, by wire transfer, or by authorizing the Payee to charge a bank account held by the Automated Payment Service. 
     In an alternative embodiment of the invention, a computer software package is provided that enables a person or organization to control a general purpose computer to perform or arrange for performance of substantially the same steps identified above. Such a computer software package may also be combined with other financial packages such as conventional bill paying packages or checking account management packages. Thus, the software package of the present invention would ensure that minimum payments are faithfully met and the customer could use conventional payment packages to pay additional amounts at his/her discretion. 
     Those of skill in the art will appreciate that there are many variations of the foregoing example preferred embodiment. The description above is intended to illustrate, and not to limit the invention, which is defined by the claims which follow.