Abstract:
A method and a system for improving the exchange of data between a master system and multiple slave systems involves bundling multiple abbreviated messages into a single frame and transmitting the single frame across a long delay communications link. The abbreviated messages do not comply with a given transmission protocol such as high-level data link control (HDLC), while the single frame does comply with the transmission protocol. The abbreviated messages are then used to build multiple protocol-compliant frames that are sequentially transmitted across short delay communications links. By bundling multiple abbreviated messages into a single frame, the number of frame transmissions required across the long delay communications link is minimized, while the sequential transmission of protocol-compliant frames to and from the slave systems is accomplished.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates generally to master and slave communications systems, and more particularly to a technique for exchanging data between a master system and multiple slave systems. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Master and slave communications systems exist in many forms. FIG. 1 is a depiction of an exemplary master and slave communications system  10  that has a main controller  12  acting as the master system and various peripherals  16 ,  18 , and  20  acting as the slave systems. The peripherals are remote to the main controller, but are connected to the main controller via a remote node  14 . The node  14  is located at the same site  21  as the peripherals, and functions to minimize the number of connections that are required between the main controller and the peripherals. The connection  22  between the main controller and the remote node can be through a direct cable connection or the connection can be made through a network such as an intranet or the Internet. An application for the master and slave communications system as shown in FIG. 1 is a campus communications system having a main PBX that handles many of the communications functions of the campus and having remote nodes that support the operation of devices such as telephones, fax machines, printers and computers. 
     FIG. 2 is an expanded view of a remote node  24  that is connected to a main PBX  26  as described with reference to FIG.  1 . The remote node includes three line shelves  28 ,  30 , and  32 , with each line shelf having the capacity to support sixteen line cards  34 ,  36 ,  38 , and  40 . The line cards in FIG. 2 represent the peripherals  16 ,  18 , and  20  in FIG.  1 . The line cards typically have the ability to support up to twenty-four terminal devices (i.e., telephone, fax, printer, computer, etc.). In the system of FIG. 2, the main PBX is the master system and the line cards are the slave systems. 
     At the data link layer, or layer  2 , of the open systems interconnection (OSI) model, the main PBX  26  and the line cards  34 - 36  communicate with each other using protocols such as binary synchronous control (BSC), synchronous data link control (SDLC), or high-level data link control (HDLC). The data link layer protocols are intended to ensure error-free and reliable point-to-point transmissions of data. When errors do occur in the transmission of data, the data link layer protocols initiate the retransmission and/or correction of the errors. 
     In systems such as the one shown in FIG. 2, the main PBX  26  is continuously exchanging frames of data with the line cards  34 - 40  (peripherals). The exchange of data may include determining the status of the line cards or exchanging data such as real-time voice conversations, e-mail messages, voice mail messages, FAX data, printer data, etc. For example, the main PBX may signal the line cards to determine if the line cards can receive data or if the line cards need to send data to the main PBX. In another example, the main PBX may transfer printer data to a line card that will be used by an attached printer to generate a document. Referring specifically to line shelf one  28 , frames of data are continuously being sent back and forth between the main PBX and the sixteen line cards. The frames are exchanged in a sequential manner, and before the main PBX can exchange frames with the next line card, the main PBX must wait to receive a response from the current line card. 
     FIG. 3 is an example of an exchange of frames that takes place according to HDLC protocol between the main PBX  26  and the sixteen line cards  34 - 40  shown in FIG. 2. A polling frame (POLL)  46  is first transmitted from the main PBX to line card one, and in response a receive ready (RR), or acknowledgment, frame  48  is transmitted from line card one to the main PBX. Next, a polling frame  50  is transmitted from the main PBX to line card two  36  and an information frame (I-Fr)  52  is transmitted back to the main PBX in response. The main PBX responds to the information frame with a receive ready frame  54  to complete the transmission. Next, the main PBX transmits an information frame  56  to line card three and a receive ready frame  58  is transmitted back to the main PBX in response. Shown as an example, if a polling frame  60  receives no response because a line card is removed or malfunctioning, a time-out  62  may be triggered after a time-out period (e.g., 2 ms) has expired. The sequential exchange of frames continues through all sixteen line cards to complete one exchange cycle. Possible transaction times are shown on the time-line at the left side of the figure. In the example shown, one signaling cycle through a sixteen-card line shelf takes approximately ten milliseconds, as denoted by the right-side time-line. 
     Because frames of data must be exchanged sequentially and bidirectionally between the main PBX  26  and the line cards  34 - 40 , a minimum of thirty-two transmissions are performed between the main PBX and the remote node  24  in one exchange cycle. The total time required to complete one exchange cycle is at least thirty-two times the time required to transmit one frame from the main PBX to the remote node. The sequential nature of the signaling between the main PBX and the line cards makes the system extremely sensitive to transmission delays that occur between the main PBX and the line cards. When the distance between the main PBX and the line cards is relatively great, the likelihood of transmission delay increases. In delay-sensitive communications systems, such as communications systems carrying real-time voice and/or video data, the main PBX and line cards are required to be relatively close to each other in order to maintain the quality of the transmitted data. However, in many situations it is advantageous to locate remote nodes far from the main PBX such that delay problems become quite likely. 
     As a result of the need to locate remote nodes at a relatively long distance away from the main PBX, there is still a need for a communications system that can exchange time-critical data between a master system and multiple slave systems in a timely manner, even though the master and slave systems are separated by a communications link that may exhibit significant delay. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A method and a system for improving the exchange of data between a master system and multiple slave systems involve bundling multiple abbreviated messages into a single frame and transmitting the single frame across a long delay communications link. The abbreviated messages do not comply with a given transmission protocol, but the single frame does. At the receiving end, the abbreviated messages are extracted from the single frame to build multiple protocol-compliant frames that are sequentially transmitted across relatively short delay communications links to the individual slave systems. By bundling multiple abbreviated messages into a single frame, the number of frame transmissions required across the long delay communications link is significantly reduced. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the master and slave communications system includes a main PBX and a remote node that communicate at the data link layer of the OSI model according to the high-level data link control (HDLC) protocol. The main PBX includes a main HDLC controller, while the remote node includes a remote HDLC controller and sixteen line cards on each of three line shelves. The main PBX is preferably connected to the public switched telephone network (PSTN), although this is not critical to the invention. 
     The main HDLC controller is a subsystem that generates combined-message frames which are transmitted according to HDLC protocol to the remote node. A combined-message frame is formed by combining, or bundling, address-specific messages together into an information field of the combined-message frame. The address-specific messages are generated by the main HDLC controller and, in a preferred embodiment, represent an abbreviated version of the data that is necessary to generate complete address-specific polling, acknowledge and information frames for respective line cards at the remote node. The complete address-specific frames comply with the HDLC frame protocol, while the address-specific messages do not comply with HDLC frame protocol. 
     The combined-message frames include all of the standard HDLC protocol fields, with the information field containing all of the address-specific messages. In the preferred embodiment, one combined-message frame is embedded with one address-specific message for each of the sixteen line cards on a line shelf. Each address-specific message, representing either a poling, an acknowledge, or an information frame, preferably includes an HDLC address field, a message type field, an unused field, and optional byte count and l-frame data fields. The HDLC address field identifies the HDLC address of the target line card. The type field identifies the type of frame associated with the target line card. As mentioned above, the preferred HDLC frame types include polling frames, acknowledge frames, and information frames. The unused field can be customized for various particular uses. The byte count and l-frame data fields are utilized when user-specific data is to be transmitted. 
     The remote HDLC controller, located within the remote node, receives combined-message frames from the main PBX and transmits new combined-message frames back to the main PBX in response. In addition to receiving and transmitting combined-message frames, the remote HDLC controller utilizes the received address-specific messages (representing the polling, acknowledge, and information frames) to generate address-specific frames targeted for the line cards and conversely uses address-specific frames from the line cards to generate address-specific messages. To generate an address-specific frame from an address-specific message, the remote HDLC controller examines the HDLC address field of a message to determine the target line card. The remote HDLC controller also examines the type field to determine whether the frame to be transmitted is a polling, acknowledge, or information frame. The remote HDLC controller then creates the flag, address, control, information, and error check fields required for a standard HDLC frame. The process of generating address-specific messages from an address-specific frame is basically the reverse of the above-described process. 
     Overall operation of the system for performing data link layer communications between the main PBX and the line cards utilizing HDLC protocol involves the main HDLC controller generating a first combined-message frame that includes multiple address-specific messages. The address-specific messages identify which type of HDLC frame (polling, acknowledge, or information) is to be sent to each line card. If an information frame is to be sent, then the specific data is included in the message. The first combined-message frame is transmitted from the main HDLC controller to the remote HDLC controller over the relatively long delay communications link. The remote HDLC controller, within the remote node, receives the first combined-message frame and utilizes the address-specific messages embedded within the combined-message frame to build the address-specific frames for each one of the line cards. 
     After the remote HDLC controller builds the first address-specific frame for the first line card, the address-specific frame is sent to the first line card over a short delay communications link. A second address-specific frame is returned to the remote HDLC controller from the line card in response to the received HDLC frame. For example, the remote HDLC controller may send an information frame to line card one, and line card one may send an acknowledge frame to the remote HDLC controller in response. The remote HDLC controller then utilizes the returned address-specific frame as a trigger to generate the next address-specific message. After completion of the exchange of polling, acknowledge, or information frames between the remote HDLC controller and the first line card, the process is repeated in a sequential manner for line cards two through sixteen. The sequential exchange of the HDLC-compliant polling, acknowledge and information frames between the remote HDLC controller and sixteen line cards is relatively quick, because of the short delay links between the remote HDLC controller and the line cards. Additionally, there is no processing delay between receiving a response frame from a peripheral and the transmission of the address-specific message. 
     When the last address-specific frame is received by the remote HDLC controller from the sixteen line cards, the remote HDLC controller generates the last address-specific message. The HDLC controller builds a second combined-message frame by combining all of the address-specific messages for the sixteen line cards into the information field of the second combined-message frame. The second combined-message frame complies with HDLC protocol and is transmitted from the remote node to the main PBX over the long delay communications link, thus completing one exchange cycle. By bundling abbreviated versions of the information that is to be communicated between the main PBX and the line cards into combined-message HDLC frames, the number of frames transmitted over the long delay communications link is minimized and frame transmissions over the short delay communications links are maximized, thus improving overall system performance. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a depiction of an exemplary master and slave communications system in accordance with the prior art. 
     FIG. 2 is an expanded view of a main PBX that is connected to a remote node in accordance with the prior art. 
     FIG. 3 is a depiction of a prior art HDLC signaling cycle that takes place between the main PBX and the line cards as shown in FIG.  2 . 
     FIG. 4 is a depiction of a preferred main PBX and remote node that are configured to communicate in accordance with the invention. 
     FIG. 5 is a depiction of an example HDLC frame as known in the prior art. 
     FIG. 6 is a depiction of a preferred HDLC frame that includes address-specific messages in accordance with the invention. 
     FIG. 7 is a depiction of another HDLC frame that includes address-specific messages in accordance with the invention. 
     FIG. 8 is a depiction of an exemplary signaling cycle that occurs between the main HDLC controller, the remote HDLC controller, and the line cards of FIG. 4 in accordance with the invention. 
     FIG. 9 is a preferred process flow diagram for improving performance in a master and slave communications system in accordance with the invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     FIG. 4 is a depiction of a preferred master and slave communications system  70  that is configured to communicate in accordance with the invention. The master and slave communications system is a packet-based system that includes a main PBX  72  and a remote node  74 . The preferred main PBX includes a main HDLC controller  76 , which is described in detail below. The preferred remote node includes sixteen line cards  78 ,  80 ,  82 , and  84  on each of three line shelves  86 ,  88 , and  90  and a remote HDLC controller  92 , which is described in detail below. The main PBX is typically connected to a public switched telephone network (not shown), although this is not critical to the invention. 
     The main PBX  72  is connected to the remote node  74  by either a physical or a wireless communications link  94 . The link  94  may be a T 1  or dedicated optical fiber communications link. The remote HDLC controller  92  and the line cards  78 - 84  are preferably coupled to each other directly through circuit board connections. The invention is particularly advantageous if the link between the main PBX and the remote node has relatively long delay, as compared to the connections between the remote HDLC controller and the line cards. Although the preferred embodiment is described with reference to a PBX system, the invention can also be applied to other types of communications networks. 
     At the data link layer, or layer  2 , of the OSI model, the main PBX  72 , the remote node  74 , and the line cards  78 - 84  preferably communicate according to HDLC protocol, although other data link layer protocols can be used. Under HDLC protocol, the main PBX is often referred to as the primary station, or the master station, and the line cards are often referred to as the secondary stations, or the slave stations. As will be described, the remote node acts as an intermediate station that enhances frame transmission. According to HDLC protocol, data is exchanged between the primary station (main PBX) and the secondary stations (line cards) via HDLC frames. A protocol-compliant HDLC frame  100  is depicted in FIG.  5  and includes two flag (F) fields, an address field, a control field, an information or user data field, and a frame check sequence (FCS) field. The number of bits typically associated with each field in the frame is identified below each field, and the arrow above the left end of the frame indicates the direction of transmission. 
     The beginning and ending flag fields of the HDLC frame  100  contain bit patterns that allow time for the frame transmission between the primary and secondary stations to be stabilized. The flag fields also allow the receiving station to synchronize to the incoming signal in preparation for receiving real data. The address field contains the HDLC address of the station that is to receive the current HDLC frame. The control field identifies the type of HDLC frame which is being transmitted. In addition to identifying the type of HDLC frame, the control field identifies various other control functions. The information field, which occurs only in information frames and unnumbered frames, is used to transmit user-specific data. The information field is variable in length, depending on the amount of user-specific data that is being transmitted. The frame check sequence field contains error checking information which is used to verify the accuracy of the data within each frame. 
     In accordance with HDLC protocol, the number of frames that can be sent from a primary station to a secondary station without an acknowledgment from the secondary station is either 7 or 127, depending on the number of bits in the control field that have been dedicated to count the frames. Modulo- 8  transmission allows 7 frames to be sent without an acknowledgment, while modulo- 128  allows 127 frames to be sent without an acknowledgment. 
     Referring back to FIG. 4, the main HDLC controller  76  is a subsystem that generates combined-message frames which are transmitted from the main PBX  72  to the remote node  74 . The combined-message frames carry, in a single frame, the information necessary to create all of the frames that are sent to the individual slave systems. The information field of a combined-message frame is formed by combining a series of address-specific messages. The address-specific messages are generated by the main HDLC controller and include abbreviated versions of polling, acknowledge, and information frames. Specifically, the address-specific messages carry enough information so that frames of data complying with HDLC protocol can be generated. 
     FIG. 6 depicts a combined-message frame  110  with an expanded view of the information field. The combined-message frame is used to transmit address-specific poll, acknowledge, and information (PAI) messages from the main PBX to the remote node. Because the combined-message frame includes poll, acknowledge, and information messages, the combined-message frame is also referred to as a PAI frame. In a preferred embodiment, a PAI frame includes all of the standard HDLC fields, with the information field including the address-specific messages. 
     In the preferred embodiment there is one address-specific message for each of sixteen line cards in one PAI frame. As shown within the bracket in FIG. 6, each address-specific message  112  within the information field of the PAI frame includes an HDLC address field, a type field, an unused field, and optional byte count and I-Frame data fields. The HDLC address field of an address-specific message identifies the HDLC address of the target line card. The type field identifies a type of frame that is to be generated for the target line card. The type of frame is preferably either a polling frame, an acknowledge frame, or an information frame. The unused field can be customized for various particular uses. If the address-specific message is an information message, then the message also includes the byte count field and the I-Frame data field. If the type field indicates that the address-specific message is a poll or an acknowledge frame, the byte count field and the I-Frame data field are not necessary. The byte count field indicates the number of bytes in the I-Frame data field and the I-Frame data field contains the specific data that is to be transmitted. 
     Referring again to FIG. 4, the preferred remote node  74  includes the remote HDLC controller  92 . The remote HDLC controller is a subsystem that receives incoming PAI frames from the main PBX  72  in the HDLC format shown in FIG.  6 . Upon receiving a PAI frame, the remote HDLC controller separates out the address-specific messages for the sixteen line cards (peripherals) associated with the target line shelf. Referring to the address-specific message  112  for HDLC address  1 , the remote HDLC controller looks at the HDLC address field to determine the target line card for the frame. The remote HDLC controller then looks at the type field to determine the type of message that is being transmitted. If the type field in the address-specific message indicates a polling frame, then the remote HDLC controller generates a polling frame. The polling frame is generated in HDLC format with all of the fields that are required for a standard HDLC frame as shown in FIG.  5 . Because the remote HDLC controller knows the HDLC address of the target line card and the message type, the proper HDLC frame, including the flag, control, and frame check sequence fields can be quickly and easily constructed by the remote HDLC controller. When the address-specific message indicates a polling frame, the byte count and the I-Frame data fields are not necessary. 
     If the type field in the address-specific message  112  indicates an acknowledge, or receive ready (RR), frame, then the remote HDLC controller  92  generates an acknowledge frame. The acknowledge frame is generated in HDLC format with all of the fields that are required for a standard HDLC frame  100 , as shown in FIG.  5 . Again, the byte count and I-Frame data fields are not necessary. 
     If the type field in the address-specific message  112  indicates an information frame, then the remote HDLC controller  92  generates an information frame. The information frame is generated in HDLC format with all of the fields that are required for a standard HDLC frame  100 , as shown in FIG.  5 . Data that is to be placed in the control and information fields of the HDLC frame is obtained from the byte count and I-Frame data fields of the address-specific message. The process of generating HDLC frames from the address-specific messages is performed for each line card until all of the address-specific messages in the combined-message frame have been processed, where “processed” means sending out the address-specific message and collecting the address-specific response for each line card. Because the remote HDLC controller does not perform any error checking or initiate the generation of new HDLC frames, no significant processing time is required by the remote HDLC controller to generate, transmit, and/or receive the address-specific HDLC frames. 
     In addition to managing the incoming PAI frames, the remote HDLC controller  92  also manages the generation of outgoing combined-message frames  120 . The generation of outgoing combined-message frames is essentially the reverse operation of generating the PAI frames. That is, address-specific HDLC frames received by the remote HDLC controller from the line cards  78 - 84  are used to generate address-specific messages  122 . Referring to FIG. 7, address-specific messages are combined to create a second combined-message frame, also referred to as an acknowledge and information (Al) frame. Each address-specific message within an Al frame includes an HDLC address field, a response field, an unused field, and optional byte count and I-Frame data fields. The fields in the Al frame are equivalent to the fields in the PAI frame except that the type field is referred to as the response field. The response field indicates the type of message that is being transmitted from a line card to the main PBX. Once the address-specific messages are generated for each of the sixteen peripherals, the Al frame is created for transmission to the main controller. As with the PAI frame, creating the Al frame involves generating the flag, address, control, and frame check sequence fields, and placing all of the address-specific messages into the information field. 
     Overall operation of the system for performing data link layer communications between the main PBX  72  and line cards  78 - 84  is described with reference to FIGS. 4,  6 ,  7  and  8 . FIG. 8 is an example of the order and timing with which HDLC frames are exchanged between the main HDLC controller  76 , the remote HDLC controller  92 , and the line cards. Referring to FIG. 8, the main HDLC controller generates a PAI frame (a first combined-message frame  110 ) as shown in FIG. 6, and transmits the PAI frame  130  from the main PBX to the remote node  74  via a relatively long delay communications link. The time required to modulate the frame onto the communications link is estimated at 0.18 ms, however the transmission time on the communications link is dependent on the type of link and the length of the link. 
     The remote HDLC controller  92  within the remote node  74  receives the PAI frame, and utilizes the address-specific messages within the PAI frame to build HDLC-compliant address-specific frames for each of the line cards. After the remote controller builds the first address-specific HDLC-compliant frame, the HDLC frame is sent to the first line card via a relatively short delay communications link. 
     For example, referring to FIG. 8, the first address-specific frame is a polling (POLL) frame  132  that is sent from the remote HDLC controller to line card one. In response to the polling frame, line card one generates and transmits an acknowledge, or receive ready (RR), frame  134  back to the remote HDLC controller and the entire exchange is estimated to take 0.07 ms. The receive ready frame generated by the line card one (slave system) is also in HDLC format. The address-specific frame received from line card one is utilized to generate an address-specific message. The address-specific message is temporarily stored for inclusion in an Al frame that will be generated. 
     After the communication with line card one is complete, a communication with line card two begins. A polling frame  136  is generated by the remote HDLC controller  92  utilizing the address-specific message relating to line card two. The polling frame is transmitted to line card two and an information frame (I-Fr)  138  is transmitted back to the remote HDLC controller in response to the polling frame. The entire exchange is estimated to take 0.14 seconds. The information frame, which is in HDLC format, is utilized to generate an address-specific message. The address-specific message is temporarily stored for inclusion in the Al frame that will be generated. 
     After the communication with line card two is complete, a communication with line card three begins. An information frame (I-Fr)  140  is generated at the remote HDLC controller utilizing the address-specific message relating to line card three. The information frame is transmitted to line card three and a receive ready (RR) frame  142  is transmitted back to the remote HDLC controller in response to the information frame. The entire exchange is estimated to take 0.20 ms. The receive ready frame is utilized to generate an address-specific message. Again, the address-specific message is temporarily stored for inclusion in the Al frame that will be generated. 
     The exchange of HDLC frames continues until the last address-specific frame  144  is transmitted from line card sixteen to the remote HDLC controller  92 . After receiving the last address-specific frame, the remote HDLC controller generates the last address-specific message. The HDLC controller then combines all of the address-specific messages to build an Al frame (second combined-message frame  120 ) as shown in FIG.  7 . The Al frame includes all of the newly created address-specific messages in the information field. The Al frame is then transmitted from the remote node  74  to the main PBX  72  over the long delay communications link, thereby completing one transmission cycle. Again, the time required to modulate the frame onto the communications link is estimated at 0.18 ms, however the transmission time of the frame through the communications link is dependent on the type of link and the length of the link. Referring to FIG. 8, the total time required for a complete cycle includes 3.36 ms of known frame transfer time (0.18 ms+3 ms+0.18 ms), plus frame processing time at the main PBX, plus the round trip transmission time for the master frames between the main PBX and the remote node. 
     Referring back to FIG. 4, the communication link  94  between the main PBX  72  and the remote node  74  is a remote link that consists of communications mediums such as a T 1  line or an optic fiber. The communications link between the remote HDLC controller and the line cards consists of a local link such as circuit board connections and/or short wire connections. The transfer times for HDLC frames between the main PBX and the remote node are much longer than the transfer times for HDLC frames between the remote HDLC controller  92  and the line cards  78 - 84 . By combining all of the information that is to be communicated between the main PBX and the line cards into combined-message frames, the number of frames transmitted over the slower remote communications link is minimized and frame transmissions over the faster local communications links are maximized. Specifically, in the preferred system only two HDLC frames are transmitted over the remote communications link, whereas conventional systems would require thirty-two HDLC frames to be transmitted over the remote communications link to accomplish the same result. 
     The remote communications link  94  is also more susceptible to unanticipated delay than the local communications links that exist between the remote HDLC controller and the line cards. Minimizing the number of frames that are sent over the remote communication link reduces unanticipated delay in the system and enables the remote node  74  to be located at a further distance from the main PBX  72 . 
     In addition to reduced transmission times, processing time and interrupt time within the main HDLC controller  76  are often reduced when the described protocol is implemented. Processing and interrupt time within the main HDLC controller are reduced because the main HDLC controller is only generating one master frame per cycle for transmission and receiving one master frame per cycle from the secondary station. Because of the processing and interrupt time savings, it is also advantageous to implement the transmission method into systems in which the primary station and the secondary stations are local to each other. 
     FIG. 9 is a depiction of a preferred method for improving performance in a master and slave type communications system. In a step  160 , first slave-specific messages are generated for multiple slave systems. In a step  162 , the first slave-specific messages are combined into a first master frame. In a step  164 , the first master frame is transmitted from a master controller to a remote controller that is connected to the slave systems. In a step  166 , the slave-specific messages within the first master frame are utilized to generate first slave-specific frames for the slave systems. In a step  168 , the first slave-specific frames are transmitted from the remote controller to respective slave systems. In a step  170 , second slave-specific frames are received from the slave systems in response to the first slave-specific frames. In a step  172 , second slave-specific messages are generated from the second slave-specific frames. In a step  174 , the second slave-specific messages are combined into a second master frame. In a step  176 , the second master frame is transmitted to the master controller. Although OSI data link layer protocol is desired with regard to the preferred embodiment, the invention can be implemented in other point-to-point transmission protocols.