Abstract:
A process and apparatus for coating small particles and fibers. The process involves agitation by vibrating or tumbling the particles or fibers to promote coating uniformly, removing adsorbed gases and static charges from the particles or fibers by an initial plasma cleaning, and coating the particles or fibers with one or more coatings, a first coating being an adhesion coating, and with subsequent coatings being deposited in-situ to prevent contamination at layer interfaces. The first coating is of an adhesion forming element (i.e. W, Zr, Re, Cr, Ti) of a 100-10,000 Å thickness and the second coating or final coating of a multiple (0.1-10 microns) being Cu or Ag, for example for brazing processes, or other desired materials that defines the new surface related properties of the particles. An essential feature of the coating process is the capability to deposit in-situ without interruption to prevent the formation of a contaminated interface that could adversely affect the coating adhesion. The process may include screening of the material to be coated and either continuous or intermittent vibration to prevent agglomeration of the material to be coated.

Description:
The United States Government has rights in this invention pursuant to Contract No. W-7405-ENG-48 between the United States Department of Energy and the University of California for the operation of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to coating particles and fibers, particularly to coating powders and fibers to modify the physical and chemical properties thereof, and more particularly to a process and apparatus for producing adherent coatings on very small particles, powders, and fibers by magnetron sputtering two layers thereon without interface contamination. 
     Coatings make it possible to modify the physical and chemical properties of powders and small fibers. Coatings provide a method of improving the compatibility of powders, for example, with other materials and in certain processes. Diamond powder, for example, is coated with nickel, for example, to improve its electrical conductivity. Coated diamond is also used in composite grinding tools because it bonds better to most matrix materials than bare diamond. Diamond is one of only a few materials that are available as a coated powder. These coatings are generally prepared by electrochemical plating processes. Although coating uniformity is very good, coating adhesion is only marginal. The known commercial coating processes appear to have problems with flexibility, adhesion, or coverage. Further, there are no known coating processes that are capable of applying uniform and adherent coatings to small powders and fibers in the micron and submicron size. The potential benefit of a coated powder in most applications is determined by the quality of the coating, which includes its adhesive capability. Consequently, the benefits of using coated powders in many material processes has not been evaluated. 
     The above-referenced coating problems have been overcome by the coating process and apparatus of the present invention. The process of this invention has made it possible to apply an adherent and uniform coating to each particle in a powder sample, for example. Particles with diameters as small as one micron have been successfully coated by this process, which involves a two layer coating without layer interface contamination. The exceptional quality of the coating deposited on small particles and fibers by the process of this invention could lead to the development of improved composite materials and new fabrication processes. The process is carried out using magnetron sputtering of a first thin adhesion layer followed without interruption by at least a second thicker layer of desired material. Prior to coating, the particles and fibers are cleaned by a plasma cleaning operation. Uniformity of coating is maintained by agitation of the particles using the apparatus of the invention. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide particles and fibers with a uniform and adherent coating. 
     A further object of the invention is to provide adherent coatings, on materials that have very little chemical affinity and exhibit poor adhesion to the material of the particle or fiber (e.g. copper to carbon). 
     A further object of the invention is to provide a process for coating particles in the micron size range with adherent and uniform coatings. 
     A further object of the invention is to provide a magnetron sputtering process for coating particles and fibers. 
     A further object of the invention is to provide an “in-situ” magnetron sputter-coating process capable of applying multiple coatings without interface contamination. 
     A further object of the invention is to provide a process for coating which involves movement of the material to be coated during the entire coating operation. 
     A further object of the invention is to provide an apparatus for carrying out the process of the invention. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide a coating process for small particles and fibers which involves agitation of the material being coated while applying the adherent coatings by in-situ magnetron sputtering, without interface contamination. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide a process for uniformly applying the adherent coating by vibrating or tumbling the particles or fibers during the coating operation. 
     Another object of the invention involves applying by magnetron sputtering material an initial coating of a material for adhesion followed by (one or more coatings) of other materials without interruption between the coats. 
     Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent form the following description and accompanying drawings. The invention broadly involves a process and apparatus for coating powder, small particles, and fibers. The process involves the following operational sequence: vibrating or tumbling the powder, particles, or fibers to promote coating uniformity; removing adsorbed gases and static charges from the powder, particles, or fibers by an initial plasma cleaning; and coating the powder, particles, or fibers with one or more layers of metals or ceramics by magnetron sputtering. In the magnetron sputtering operation the powder is first coated with a layer of a reactive metal for adhesion, and additional materials are deposited by in-situ magnetron sputtering to prevent contamination at layer interfaces. This combination of sputtering operations gives the process a unique capability for depositing uniform and adherent coatings on powder, small particles, and fibers. By depositing the additional layer or layers sequentially or simultaneously with the adhesion layer, in-situ and without interruption, the formation of a contaminated interface that could adversely affect the coating adhesion is prevented. Prior to coating, gases adsorbed on the surface of the powder, particles, or fibers and any static charges thereon are removed by a plasma cleaning process which involves sputtering a magnetron source at low power in helium or hydrogen gas at low pressure for a specified time period after which the gas is changed to the sputtering gas (e.g. argon). Coating begins immediately after the plasma cleaning when the gas is changed to argon. In both the cleaning and coating operation, the powder, particles, or fibers are agitated in a tumbler or vibration apparatus to ensure uniformity of cleaning and coating. 
     A potential use for this invention is improved bonding of powders, particles, and fibers to other materials, such as the matrix material of various composites. A diamond-copper composite alloy with an isotropic thermal conductivity higher than any material except diamond was produced with diamond powder coated with an adhesion layer and a copper alloy. See copending U.S. application Ser. No. 08/247,090 filed May 20, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,264,882 entitled “Composite Material Having High Thermal Conductivity And Process For Fabricating Same,” assigned to the same assignee. Also, metal coatings applied by this process can be used to increase the electrical conductivity of diamond and ceramic powders to improve the bonding of these materials in composite grinding tools or on cutting surfaces of grinding tools for polishing and lapping processes. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The accompanying drawings, drawings, which are incorporated into and form a part of the disclosure, illustrate apparatus for carrying out the process of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. 
     FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a vibrating apparatus used in coating diamond particles in accordance with the process of the invention. 
     FIG. 2 schematically illustrates an embodiment of a tumbling apparatus between two horizontal sputter sources in accordance with the invention. 
     FIG. 3 is a partial cross-sectional view of the tumbling apparatus of FIG.  2 . 
     FIG. 4 is a view taken along the line  4 — 4  of FIG.  3 . 
     FIG. 5 is an enlarged simplified illustration of the tumbler of FIG.  4 . 
     FIG. 6 is a simplified view of another embodiment using a tumbler and funnel as in FIG. 5 with screens attached to the funnel. 
     FIG. 7 is an enlarged view of the funnel of FIG. 6 with attached screens and vibrator arrangement. 
     FIGS. 8A-8C illustrate another embodiment using a tumbler, including pick-up paddles as in a cement mixer, for filling the funnel then releasing the power from the funnel by vibration of the funnel. 
     FIG. 9 schematically illustrates another embodiment using a tilted rotating drum, similar to a cement mixer, and wherein the powders are coated within the drum. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention is directed to a process and apparatus for coating powders, small particles, or fibers. Coatings make it possible to modify the physical and chemical properties of powders, small particles, and fibers. The coated material provides a means for improving the compatibility thereof with other materials, thereby enabling, for example, the formation of composite materials utilizing the coated powder and small particles or fibers. The process of this invention has made it possible to apply an adherent and uniform coating to each particle or fiber in a batch. Particles with diameters as small as one micrometer have been successfully coated by this process. 
     The present invention involves uniformly coating powder, small particles, and fibers with adherent layers of one or more materials by magnetron sputtering. A unique feature of this in-situ multilayer coating process is the ability to deposit adherent coatings of materials that have little chemical affinity and typically poor adhesion to the particles and fibers (e.g. copper on carbon). The process involves agitating the material to be coated to promote uniform coverage by randomizing exposure of the particles surface to the sputter sources. This is accomplished by either vibrating the material at high frequencies with a piezoelectric crystal or tumbling the material in a manner similar to clothing in a clothes drier or concrete in a cement mixer. The vibrating approach is described hereinafter with respect to FIG. 1 while the tumbling approach is described with respect to FIGS. 2-5 and  9  with a combination of vibrating and tumbling being described with respect to FIGS. 6,  7 , and  8 A- 8 C. The material being coated is agitated by one of these approaches during the entire coating operation. 
     Prior to coating, gases adsorbed on the surface of the material (powder, small particles, and fibers) to be coated and static charges thereon are removed by a plasma cleaning operation. This involves sputtering one of the two magnetron sources at low power (30 watts D.C.) in helium (or hydrogen) gas at low pressure (60 millitorr). Very little coating occurs in the cleaning process because of the low mass of the helium atoms. After plasma cleaning for at least six minutes, the helium gas is replaced with high purity argon. Coating of the material begins immediately after the plasma cleaning operation when the helium gas is changed to argon. The first layer deposited on the material to be coated by magnetron sputtering is composed of a very reactive metal, such as titanium of chromium, for adhesion. This layer can be as thin as a few hundred angstroms thick. One or more additional layers of virtually any material are then deposited by magnetron sputtering onto the adhesion layer either sequentially or simultaneously without interruption to prevent the formation of a contaminated interface that could adversely affect the coating adhesion. 
     By way of example, the coating operation begins following the cleaning operation described above, by magnetron sputter coating suitable diamond powder or particles (diameter of 1-100 micron) with a layer or region (thickness of 100 to 1000 Å) of an adhesion metal, such as titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), W-26Re, and zirconium (Zr); followed by a layer or region (thickness of 0.1 to 10 microns) of virtually any sputterable material, such as copper (Cu) or silver (Ag). Magnetron sputtering is a well known deposition process and thus specific details thereof are deemed unnecessary. Magnetron sputtering is routinely used to deposit multilayer coatings (&gt;100 layers) on flat substrates. The magnetron sputtering process of this invention can deposit similar multilayer coatings on particles and fibers. 
     In the process of this invention, each particle is uniformly and completely coated with both the adhesion metal and the selected material layer or layers. This is accomplished, for example, by agitating a specific amount (about one gram) of diamond particles (powder) in a pan or container oscillated at high frequencies (28.01 to 28.99 kHz), by piezoelectric crystal, in an apparatus such as illustrated in FIG.  1  and described hereinafter. The amount of particles (powder) coated in a single pan is limited only by the size of the pan that can be vibrated at high frequencies by a piezoelectric crystal and a suitable power supply. The agitation of the particles can also be carried out by a tumbling motion in an apparatus such as illustrated in FIGS. 2-5 and described hereinafter. The thickness of the coating of certain second materials (i.e. Cu, Ag, Au) can be increased by lower cost and more rapid deposition technique such as electroplating or electroless plating without changing the quality of the coating. 
     The coating operation wherein powders (particles) are coated with an initial thin layer or region of an adhesion metal and a thicker layer or region of another material (metal, alloy, ceramic) may be carried out in the apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1, which is a 12 inch diameter glass bell jar vacuum system equipped with two 1 inch diameter magnetron sputtering sources. Referring to FIG. 1, the apparatus comprises a vacuum bell jar  10 , vacuum line  11  in the base  12  of the bell jar  10  which supports a piezoelectric crystal assembly  13  and a pan  14  containing a fine powder consisting of 1-100μ diameter particles  15 , with the two 1 inch diameter magnetron sputter sources, indicated generally at  16 , positioned above the pan and which produce atoms  17  for coating the diamond particles  15  which are being vibrated by the piezoelectric crystal assembly  13 . A shutter mechanism  18  driven by motor  19  is positioned above pan  14  so as to cover and uncover the particles  15 . For example, one of the sputter sources  16  has a tungsten (W) target with the other source  16  having a copper (Cu) target. The sputter sources  16  are positioned 3.75 inches from the diamond powder  15  contained in pan  14  comprising a 2.5 inch diameter stainless steel pan. The pan  14  is vibrated at 28.77 kHz by the piezoelectric crystal assembly  13 . 
     Prior to metal coating the powder, such as diamond powder, it is cleaned and static charges are removed by exposure to a helium gas plasma created by magnetron sputtering a tungsten target at 30 watts D.C. power, while the particles (powder) are being agitated. The helium gas pressure is maintained at 60 millitorr (mTorr) with a flow rate of 20 sccm. After helium sputter cleaning for six minutes, the helium gas is replaced with high purity argon at 5.5 mTorr and a flow rate of 20 sccm. The magnetron sputtering source with the tungsten target is restarted upon change of the helium gas to argon and run at 30 watts about 90 minutes. The magnetron sputter source with the copper target is thereafter started and run for about 45 minutes at 20 watts of D.C. power. The co-deposition of tungsten and copper establishes a blended interface between the layers or regions of the separate metals without oxide contamination. The blended region can vary from a sharp interface of each metal to a blended alloy of a varying composition from 0 to 100%. The tungsten sputter source is turned off and copper is deposited at 20 watts for about 60 minutes and then at 60 watts for about an additional 60 minutes. At this point in the process the diamond particles have been uniformly coated with approximately 100 Å of tungsten and 1000 Å of copper. 
     Additional copper can be applied by sputtering; however, cold-welding will occur requiring periodic screening to break up agglomerates of the coated diamond powder. Also, the co-deposited region of blended copper and tungsten may be modified to establish a sharp interface between the individual layers of copper or tungsten, although the blended interface approach is preferred because it minimizes the risk of the formation of a contaminated interface that could adversely affect the coating adhesion. 
     The cleaning and coating operations can be accomplished by tumbling the powder or particles in front of one or more sputter sources in a manner similar to clothing in a dryer, as shown in FIGS. 2-5. FIG. 2 illustrates the general components of an embodiment of an apparatus that tumbles the powder or particles between two horizontal sputter sources, with FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrating internal components thereof, and with FIG. 5 illustrating a simplified enlarged view of the tumbler of FIG.  4 . The tumbling apparatus, generally indicated at  20  comprises a vacuum chamber or housing  21 , flanges  22  and  23 , and tubular sections  24 ,  24 ′ and  25 ,  25 ′ having flanges  26 ,  26 ′ and  27 ,  27 ′. Flange  22  is connected to a vacuum source  28 , with tubular sections  24  and  24 ′ of housing  21  mounting a pair of magnetron sputtering sources  29  and  30  see FIG. 3, connected to respective power supplies  31  and  32 . While not shown, the power supplies  31  and  32  may be connected to a computer system for controlling the magnetron sputtering sources  29  and  30 . Flange  23  of housing  21  is closed by a top or cover plate  33 , while flange  22  is connected to bottom plate  34  via an intermediate plate  35  having an opening  36 . If desired intermediate plate  35  may be omitted with bottom plate  34  being secured directly on flange  22 . Flanges  26  and  26 ′ are closed by cover plates  38  and  38 ′ having apertures  40  and  41  therein through which extend rotating shafts  42  and  43  connected to shutters  44  and  45  which are rotated in front of or away from magnetron sources  29  and  30 . As seen in FIGS. 2 and 4, cover plates  39  and  39 ′ are secured to flanges  27  and  27 ′ of tubular sections  25  and  25 ′. Shafts  42  and  43  are rotated in timed sequence by a control mechanism, not shown, connected thereto via members  46  and  47 . Each of magnetron source  29  and  30  is provided with a sputter target material  48  and  49 . Positioned within housing  21  is a tumbler type coating mechanism, generally indicated at  50 , whereby particles to be coated are tumbled, similar to clothing in a dryer to ensure uniform coating by the magnetron sources. Tumbler mechanism  50  is mounted via a support structure generally indicated at  51  composed of a pair of support members  52  and  53  interconnected via three shafts or axels  54 ,  54 ′ and  55  (see FIG. 4) which are mounted in apertures  56  and  57  of members  52  and  53  respectively. Shafts  54  and  56  extend through a three dual pocket wheel guide rollers  58 ,  58 ′ and  59  (see FIG. 4) which are in contact with a pair of pocket wheels  60  and  61 . Secured to each of pocket wheels  60  and  61  is a pocket wheel shield  62  and  63  having central openings  64  and  65 . A pair of coating/powder shields  66  and  67  are secured in openings  64  and  65  of pocket wheel shields and provided with opening  68  and  69 . The coating/powder shields  66  and  67  extend through openings  70  and  71  in support members  52  and  53  and are aligned with target materials  48  and  49  of magnetron sources  29  and  30 . Pocket wheels  60  and  61  are mounted on a pocket wheel drum  72  having a cavity  73  therein and a number of pockets  74  spaced around the drum  72 , see FIG. 4. A gear type drive wheel  75  is secured to pocket wheel  61  via members  76  and  77  and is connected to a drive gear  78  driven by a drive shaft  79  which extends through an aperture  80  in support member  53 , is connected to a rotating vacuum feed through  81  via aperture  82  in housing  21 , and connected to a drive motor  83  mounted to housing  21 . 
     Actuation of drive motor  83  causes rotation of the tumbler drum  72  as indicated by arrow  84  in FIGS. 4 and 5. As the drum  72  is rotated, powder or particles indicated at  85  previously deposited in the drum are entrained in the pockets  74  of various depths with the angled component or section  86  of pockets  74  to prevent the powder from falling from the pockets until it reaches the uppermost position at which time under the pull of gravity the powder  85  falls into a hopper or funnel  87  located in cavity  73  of drum  72  in the direction of arrow  88  (see FIG. 5) passing through the opening  69  through which a coating beam  89  (see FIG. 3) the target material  49 , for example, from magnetron source  30  passes causing coating of the powder particles  85 . The coating beam  89  exits the cavity  73  on the opposite side via the opening  68  of coating/powder shield  66 , and impinges on the shutter  44  which is positioned to protect source  29  and target material  48 . It is understood that when magnetron source  29  is activated a coating beam from target material  48  is directed into cavity  73  of tumbler drum  72  and shutter  45  is rotated so as to protect source  30  and target material  49  from the coating beam produced source  29 . The continual agitation of the powder by the pockets  74  of drum  72  results in a uniform coating of the powder/particles  85 . The entire assembly including the drive motor (a vacuum compatible design)  83 , the sputtering sources  29  and  30 , and the tumbler mechanism  50  can be internally mounted in a larger vacuum chamber than chamber or housing  21 . 
     A variation of the method of cleaning and coating of small diameter particles (1-30 μm) that have a tendency to agglomerate in the tumbling apparatus of FIGS. 2-5 is illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7. This variation involves the addition of several mesh screens attached to the hopper or funnel and the use of vibrating motion of the screens and hopper or funnel. 
     As shown in FIG. 6, which is a modification of FIG. 5, a hopper or funnel  87 ′ is provided at the lower end thereof with a mesh screen assembly indicated generally at  90  and shown in detail in FIG.  7 . Also, in FIG. 6, the pockets  74  of drum  72  have been modified to eliminate the angled section  86  of FIG.  5 . In the FIG. 6 embodiment the particles  85  pass through the mesh screen assembly  90  and cross the coating beam  89  for coating thereof by magnetron sputtering as described above with respect to the embodiment of FIGS. 2-5. Since as set forth above, smaller particles agglomerate easily, the addition of a vibrating mechanism for the hopper or funnel  87 ′ and the mesh screen arrangement  90  has been found to be effective for preventing such agglomeration of the particles to be coated. An embodiment of a vibrating mechanism generally indicated at  91  is illustrated in FIG. 7, wherein hopper or funnel  87 ′ is provided at the lower end with a flange  92  to which the mesh screen assembly  90  is attached and wherein the vibrating mechanism  91  is secured to a side section of hopper  87 ′. The mesh screen assembly  90  is composed of three (3) mesh screens in this embodiment, secured in frames indicated at  93 ,  94 , and  95 . The mesh screens  93 ,  94 , and  95  are attached to flange  92  via thread members  96 , which extend through openings  97  in mesh screens  93 - 95  and are secured in threaded openings  97 ′ in flange  92 . The top mesh screen  93  has larger openings than the openings in middle mesh screen  94 , and bottom mesh screen  95  as smaller openings than middle mesh screen  94 . For example screen  93  may be a 50 mesh (50 wires of 0.002-0.005 inch diameter by 50 wires per square inch). The middle mesh screen  94  may be a 70-100 mesh, and the bottom screen  95  may be a 100-200 mesh. 
     The vibrating motion is provided by the vibrating mechanism  91  in FIG. 7 which in this embodiment is a clapper type. The mechanism  91  in this embodiment is composed of a member  98  such as a ball or short rod secured as by welds  99  to hopper  87 ′, a clapper  100  located at one end of a rod  101  pivoted at  102 , with the rod  101  and clapper  100  being moved with respect to pivot  102  by an electromagnetic coil arrangement  103  as indicated by double arrow  104 . The clapper  100  and electromagnetic coil arrangement  103  function similar to the classic motion involved in the ringing of a fire alarm bell, whereby constant striking of the member  98  by the clapper  100  causes vibration of the hopper  87 ′ and attached mesh screen assembly  90 , thereby preventing agglomeration of the small (1-30 μm) particles passing therethrough, while allowing larger particles, depending on the mesh size of the screen assembly, to pass through also. Also, vibration of the hopper and screen assembly enables the continuous flow of particles and prevents accumulation of the particles on the screens of the screen assembly. Also, low frequency vibration can be applied to the rotating drum  72  to prevent particles, particularly fine powder or particles from accumulating in the cavities  74 . A variety of low frequency oscillators used in common devices such as door bells and vibrators can be used to vibrate the hopper and/or the rotating drum. 
     FIGS. 8A to  8 C illustrate in partial cross-section an alternative to the method of tumbling particles or powder to be coated in front of one or more magnetron sputtering sources. Instead of a continuous motion analogous to clothing in a dryer the alternate method involves filling the screened hopper or funnel with particles or powder by a rotating drum before applying vibrating motion and flowing the material to be coated past the magnetron sources. This alternate process is no longer continuous, but semicontinuous, although the filling of the hopper can be carried out by continuous rotation of the drum. This process involves filling and gradually emptying a particle or powder-filled hopper or screened funnel. The process uses the continuous operation of paddles or members to fill the hopper, but the hopper is emptied periodically. 
     The apparatus illustrated in FIGS. 8A-8C is generally similar to that of the FIGS. 6-7 apparatus except paddles or protruding members are used to carry the particles instead of pockets, and the vibrating apparatus is activated only after the hopper is full. Thus, the particles or powder do not flow continuously through the funnel as in the embodiment of FIGS. 2-5 or the screened funnel or hopper of FIGS. 6-7 which uses constant or continuous vibration. As seen in FIGS. 8A,  8 B, and  8 C, the particles  85  are picked up via paddles or members  105  protruding from rotating drum  72 ′ and drop into hopper  87 ′ having a screen assembly  90 ′ vibrating mechanism  91 ′, as shown in FIG.  8 A. The drum  72 ′ continues to rotate whereby the hopper  87 ′ is filled with particles  85 , as shown in FIG. 8B, whereupon the vibrating mechanism  91 ′ is activated and the particles  85  pass from the hopper via the mesh screen assembly  90 , as shown in FIG.  8 C. The emptying of the hopper is controlled by the operation of the vibrating mechanism, and upon emptying of the hopper the vibrating mechanism is deactivated allowing the hopper to refill as in FIG.  8 B. 
     The non-continuous flow process of FIGS. 8A-8C has the advantages of better control of the density and distribution of the particles or powder as it flows in front of a magnetron sputtering source or sources. 
     Another method of tumbling, which is significantly different from the above described methods, is described with respect to FIG.  9 . In this method the coating of the powders or particles is not carried out during free-fall thereof as in the tumbling processes described above, but here the coating of the surface of the particles or powder is carried out by tumbling in the bottom of a rotating drum as in mixing concrete in a cement mixer. The drum is rotated at an angle less than vertical and greater than horizontal, preferably 45±15°. The drum may be rotated by a centrally located drive or by a peripherally located drive. One or more screens are used for breaking up of powder agglomerations and scrapping the wall of the drum to prevent powder sticking. These screens can be vibrated as in the above-described embodiments, and the magnetron sputter source or sources are provided with protective shutters as described above. In addition the rotating drum is provided with a coating shield which allows the beam from the sputter source or sources to contact the surface of the particles for coating same. 
     Referring now to FIG. 9, the apparatus includes a drum  110  secured at one end in a rotating support fixture  111  which is driven by a canned vacuum motor  112  connected to the center of the support fixture  111  by a shaft  113 , whereby the drum  110  can be rotated as indicated by the arrow  114 . In larger applications, where greater turning torque is required, the support fixture can be rotated via a gear wheel  115  mount around the exterior thereof and driven via a gear  116  by a power source, not shown, but similar to a typical cement mixer. The drum  110  can be open at an opposite end to atmosphere or may be connected to vacuum system, not shown, depending on the composition of the coating material and/or material being coated. Note that the apparatus is positioned at a 45° angle from horizontal such that powder or particles indicated at  117  is filled to the center of the drum at a 45° angle. At least one screen  118  secured to a support rod  119  which extends from drum  110  and connected to solenoid coils  120  is located in the powder  117 . The screen  118  is vibrated, as indicated by the double arrow  121 , via coils  120  and rod  119  for breaking up powder agglomerates and scrapping the drum wall to prevent powder sticking thereto. The components  118 - 120  are mounted independent of the drum  110  and particles or powder  117 . A magnetron sputter source  122  mounted in drum  110  via a support  123 , with a coating shield  124  secured to drum  110  as by welding  125  and which includes an opening  126  located intermediate the powder surface indicated at  127  and source  122 . Source  122  is operatively connected to a power supply and a cooling system as indicated by legends “power” and “H 2 O” and lead lines  128  and  129 . A movable shutter  130  extends between source  122  and shield  124  and is rotated as indicated by arrow  131  for covering and uncovering the source  122 . 
     It has thus been shown that the present invention provides a process and apparatus for coating powders, small particles, and fibers (1-100 microns) with a thin 100-1000 Å) adhesion layer, followed by at least one thicker (0.1-10 microns) layer of virtually any sputterable material. The coating is carried out utilizing magnetron sputter sources incorporated into an apparatus for agitating the material being coated. The agitation of the material can be carried by vibration or by tumbling. 
     While a specific operational sequence, specific apparatus, materials, parameters, etc. have been set forth to exemplify and explain the principles of the invention, such is not intended to be limiting. Modifications and changes may become apparent to those skilled in the art, and it is intended that the invention be limited only by the scope of the appended claims.