Abstract:
This specification describes technologies relating to an intervertebral disc prosthesis used to strengthen and stabilize the spine. Implementations of the technology described herein comprise a surgical device that is implanted through a small surgical incision into a portion of a human intervertebral disc, various support tools used to insert such a surgical device, and a method by which the device is used to strengthen and stabilize the spine.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. application Ser. No. 13/831,257, filed Mar. 14, 2013. The content of the prior application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    This invention relates to surgically implanted devices, and more particularly to intervertebral disc prostheses. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    The human vertebral column is a vital part of the human physiology that houses and protects the spinal cord, and provides structural support for the body. In a typical human, the vertebral column is made up of twenty-four articulating vertebrae and nine fused vertebrae, and is generally divided into several regions, including the cervical, thoracic, sacral, and coccygeal regions. 
         [0004]    While variations exist between each vertebra depending on its location and region, vertebrae generally consist of a body, pedicles, a lamina, a spinous process, transverse processes, facet joints, and a spinal canal, each of which play a pivotal role in providing the overall supportive and protective functionality of the vertebral column. Of these features, the vertebral body is of particular importance in providing support. The vertebral body is the largest portion of the vertebra, provides an attachment point of intervertebral discs, protects the spinal cord, and bears the majority of the load of the vertebra. 
         [0005]    Each vertebra is separated from an adjacent vertebra by an intervertebral disc, a cartilaginous joint that acts as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together. A disc consists of an outer annulus fibrosus which surrounds the inner nucleus pulposus. The annulus fibrosus consists of several layers of fibrocartilage which contain the nucleus pulposus and distribute pressure evenly across the disc. The nucleus pulposus contains loose fibers suspended in a mucoprotein gel. The nucleus of the disc acts as a shock absorber, absorbing the impact of the body&#39;s daily activities and keeping the two vertebrae separated. 
         [0006]    While the interverbral disc protects adjacent vertebral bodies from impact or contact, various disorders may comprise the structure of the discs and negatively impact their functionality. For example, due to age, the nucleus pulposus may dehydrate and deform, or the annulus fibrosus may weaken and become more prone to tearing. Discs may also be damaged through trauma, resulting in undesirable bulging or loss of nucleus pulposus through a fissure. These disc disorders may diminish a disc&#39;s ability to absorb shock and transfer loads, or may cause adjacent vertebrae to contact, possibly resulting in acute or chronic pain for those suffering from these disorders. 
         [0007]    To restore the functionality of a damaged or degenerated intervertebral disc, a common approach includes performing a discectomy to remove compromised material from within the intervertebral disc, and subsequently implanting a prosthesis in the void space created during the discectomy. The primary intention of these procedures is to ameliorate back pain by interrupting the vicious cycle that arises from abnormal spinal biomechanics and spinal instability, and by disrupting the cascade of reactive and degenerative processes of the bony and soft tissue. A secondary benefit is to limit the collateral damage to the spinal soft tissue envelope that is typical of traditional open spinal surgery and minimally invasive spinal surgery, thus diminishing postoperative pain and allowing earlier recovery. 
         [0008]    So far, the methods and instrumentation required to achieve these goals have not been adequately developed or commercially available due to several deficiencies. First, existing methods and instrumentation have largely focused on total disc replacement, where the entirety of an intervertebral disc is removed and is replaced with a hinge-based prosthesis or a single-chambered disc-shaped inflatable structure. In these implementations, no attempt is made to preserve the annular fibrosis, which may be healthy despite degradation to the nucleus pulposus. Second, there is no existing method for the removal and replacement of intervertebral material, and the preservation of the annular fibrosis, that is performed entirely percutaneously. 
         [0009]    Ideally, the treatment of intervertebral discs would involve a minimally invasive procedure, such that the discectomy and implantation process minimizes the disturbance of healthy surrounding tissue. Likewise, the tools and implants used during this process should be capable of minimally invasive deployment and operation. The implant should provide sufficient structural support to restore the functionality of an intervertebral disc, and should ideally preserve a significant degree of articulation freedom between vertebrae. The implant should also be resilient against sudden physical shocks and others external forces, such that it can withstand stresses seen during normal patient movement. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0010]    This specification describes technologies relating to an intervertebral disc prosthesis used to strengthen and stabilize the spine. Implementations of the technology described herein comprise a surgical device that is implanted through a small surgical incision into a portion of a human intervertebral disc, various support tools used to insert such a surgical device, and a method by which the device is used to strengthen and stabilize the spine. 
         [0011]    Various implementations of the present invention provide benefits that are desirable for surgical applications. The implantation of the device is minimally invasive, as it can be inserted and deployed within the body through a single small incision. As such, the implantation process results in minimal damage to healthy surrounding structures. The various tools used to deploy the device may also be deployed and operated through the same single incision, likewise minimizing collateral damage to healthy tissue. The device provides structural support to restore the functionality of an intervertebral disc, and also preserves a significant degree of articulation freedom between vertebrae. The device is also resilient against sudden physical shocks and others external forces, such that it can withstand stresses seen during normal patient movement. 
         [0012]    One example embodiment of the present invention includes an implantable prosthetic device comprising: an inner chamber; an outer chamber fluidly isolated from the inner chamber; and a sealing valve in fluid communication with the inner chamber and the outer chamber, the sealing valve comprising a first sealing mechanism, a second sealing mechanism, and a stopper element. When the sealing valve is in an open state, the first sealing mechanism allows the inflow of a first material into the inner chamber and the second sealing mechanism allows the inflow of a second material into the outer chamber. When the sealing valve is in a closed state, the first sealing mechanism prevents outflow of the first material from within the inner chamber and the second sealing mechanism prevents outflow of the second material from within the outer chamber. A force applied the stopper causes the sealing valve to enter the open state; and the release of the force causes the sealing valve to enter the closed state. 
         [0013]    One or more embodiments of the present invention include one or more of the following features: The first material comprises an inert gas. The second material comprises a silicone polymer. The silicone polymer is curable. The second material comprises an imaging contrast agent. An inflation device comprising a first channel and a second channel fluidly isolated from the first channel; wherein the inflation device is adapted to apply the force to the stopper, position the first channel in fluid communication with the inner chamber, position the second channel in fluid communication with the outer chamber, and simultaneously transfer the first material from the first channel to inner chamber and transfer the second material from the second channel to the outer chamber. The prosthetic device is collapsible. Inflating the inner chamber or the outer chamber with a material causes the prosthetic device to expand. The implantable device comprises a memory material, wherein the memory material expands the device to a pre-determined shape. The stylus and implantable device are adapted to fit into a surgical cannula. The device is adapted for use as an intervertebral disc prosthesis. The device is implanted to fit adjacent a first vertebra against an upper surface and a second vertebra against a lower surface, such that the first vertebra is separated from the second vertebra. 
         [0014]    In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a method of implanting a prosthetic device comprises the steps of: penetrating the annular fibrosus; removing the nucleus pulposus; implanting an inflatable device within the annular fibrosus, wherein the inflatable device comprises an inner chamber, an outer chamber fluidly isolated from the inner chamber; and a sealing valve in fluid communication with the inner chamber and the outer chamber, the sealing valve comprising a first sealing mechanism, a second sealing mechanism, and a stopper element. When the sealing valve is in an open state, the first sealing mechanism allows the inflow of a first material into the inner chamber and the second sealing mechanism allows the inflow of a second material into the outer chamber. When the sealing valve is in a closed state, the first sealing mechanism prevents outflow of the first material from within the inner chamber and the second sealing mechanism prevents outflow of the second material from within the outer chamber. A force applied to the stopper causes the sealing valve to enter the open state; and the release of the force causes the sealing valve to enter the closed state. 
         [0015]    In yet another implementation of the present invention an inflatable implantable device comprises an inflatable inner chamber and an inflatable outer chamber, wherein the outer chamber further comprises memory shape material adjacent the outer periphery capable of deforming from a first delivery shape, to a second, deployed shape; and an inflation valve in fluid communication with the inner and outer chamber and configured to receive and retain a first medium in the first chamber and a second medium in the second chamber. The inflation valve is configured to simultaneously inflate the first chamber with a first medium and the second outer chamber with a second medium. 
         [0016]    In still a further implementation of the present invention, a method of providing cured silicon to the body comprises: implanting an inflatable containment element in the body; injecting a flowable, curable silicone into the containment vessel; and curing the injected silicone using either a curing agent or UV light. The implanted inflatable containment element is a balloon comprising an inner chamber fluidly isolated from an outer chamber, wherein the silicon is injected into at least one of the inner or the outer chambers. 
         [0017]    In an additional implementation of the present invention, a method of providing cured silicone to the body comprises: creating a body cavity; injecting a flowable curable silicone into the body cavity; and curing the injected silicone using either a curing agent or UV light. The body cavity is made within a vertebral disc by removing the nucleus pulposus from within the annulus fibrosus; and wherein the silicone is injected within the annulus fibrosus. The silicone is injected freely into the annulus fibrosus or into a balloon within the annulus fibrosus. 
         [0018]    In an further still embodiment of the present invention; a system for implanting an inflatable prosthetic vertebral nucleus comprises: an access and delivery cannula having an inner diameter, a nucleotomy tool for removal of the nucleus pulposus from a vertebral disc, wherein the nucleotomy tool is sized to fit within the inner diameter of the access and delivery cannula; a delivery and inflation stylus for delivering an inflatable prosthetic implant, wherein the stylus is sized to fit within the inner diameter of the access and delivery cannula; and an inflatable prosthetic disc implant comprising a first and second chamber, wherein the first and second chamber are fluidly isolated from one another, and the prosthetic disc implant is sized to be delivered through the access cannula by the delivery and inflation stylus to a position within the vertebral disc in an uninflated state. 
         [0019]    And in an additional implementation of the invention a method for implanting an inflatable prosthetic vertebral nucleus, comprises: penetrating the annulus fibrosus and accessing the nucleus pulposus of an intervertebral disk using an access and delivery cannula; delivering through the access cannula a nucleotome that is configured to allow the removal of the nucleus fibrosis from the intervertebral disc while leaving the annulus fibrosus substantially intact; maneuvering the nucleotome within the intervertebral disc to remove the nucleus pulposus; removing the nucleotome; delivering a folded and deflated prosthetic implant through the access and delivery cannula and through the annulus fibrosus into the void formerly occupied by the nucleus pulposus; inflating the prosthetic implant using an inflation stylus wherein the prosthetic implant is inflated with at least two mediums including a gas and a curable silicon; curing the silicone within the prosthetic implant using a curing agent or UV light; and removing the inflation stylus and the access and delivery cannula. 
         [0020]    In yet another implementation an access cannula for penetrating and accessing the annulus fibrosus of a vertebral disc comprises: a proximal end; a distal end; and an inner diameter sized to deliver one or more instruments or prosthetic devices; wherein the one or more instruments include a nucleotome, a delivery stylus, or an inflatable balloon. The proximal end is attachable to a light source. The inner diameter is sized to fit around one or more access dilators. The cannula further includes a set screw and adhesive set screw assembly. 
         [0021]    The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. 
     
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         [0022]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view of a portion of a human vertebral column. 
           [0023]      FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of a human intervertebral disc. 
           [0024]      FIG. 3  is a perspective view of exemplary surgical tools. 
           [0025]      FIG. 4  is a perspective view of an exemplary implant device. 
           [0026]      FIGS. 5A-N  illustrate an exemplary method of use including the surgical tools and implant device. 
           [0027]      FIGS. 6A-F  are cross-sectional views of exemplary surgical tools. 
           [0028]      FIGS. 7A-B  are cross-sectional views of an exemplary tool anchor. 
           [0029]      FIG. 8  is an overhead cross-sectional view of an exemplary implant device. 
           [0030]      FIG. 9  is a side view of an exemplary implant device. 
           [0031]      FIG. 10  is a front view of an exemplary implant device. 
           [0032]      FIGS. 11A-B  are detailed cross-sectional views of an exemplary dual-valve structure. 
           [0033]      FIG. 12  is a cross-sectional view of an implant device deployed between vertebrae. 
           [0034]      FIGS. 13A-C  illustrate cross-sectional views of a non-symmetrically expanding embodiment of an implant device. 
           [0035]      FIGS. 14A-B  are cross-sectional views of alternative embodiments of a fill stylus. 
           [0036]    Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements. 
           [0037]      FIG. 15  is a cross-sectional view of a spacer element. 
           [0038]      FIG. 16  illustrates an example usage of a spacer element during the insertion of an implant device. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0039]    The following description is of one exemplary embodiment of the invention. The description is not to be taken in a limiting sense, but is made for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the invention. Various inventive features are described below that can each be used independently of one another or in combination with other features. 
         [0040]    Broadly, this disclosure is directed at surgical tools for accessing the nucleus pulposus of an intervertebral disc and surgically implantable intervertebral disc prostheses. 
         [0041]    Exemplary implementations of the present invention comprise various components of a surgical kit for accessing portions of the intervertebral disc, removing or displacing tissue, and delivering and implanting a prosthetic device. The kit in one exemplary embodiment comprises an access and delivery cannula, a nucleotomy tool for removal of the nucleus pulposus, a delivery and inflation stylus for delivering an inflatable prosthetic implant, and an inflatable prosthetic disc implant. An exemplary method of using an implementation of the present invention comprises penetrating the annulus fibrosus and accessing the nucleus pulposus of an intervertebral disk using an access and delivery cannula; delivering through the access cannula a nucleotome that is configured to allow the removal of the nucleus fibrosis from the intervertebral disc while leaving the annulus fibrosus substantially intact; maneuvering the nucleotome within the intervertebral disc to remove the nucleus pulposus; removing the nucleotome; delivering a folded and deflated prosthetic implant through the access and delivery cannula and through the annulus fibrosus into the void formerly occupied by the nucleus pulposus; inflating the prosthetic implant using an inflation stylus wherein the prosthetic implant is inflated with at least two mediums including a gas and a curable silicon; and removing the inflation stylus and the access and delivery cannula. 
         [0042]    Various aspects of the present invention, for example, a surgical tool for removing tissue from the body, such as removing nucleus pulposus from an intervertebral disc are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/831,355, entitled “Surgical Device”, filed concurrently with this application and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Broadly the tool includes an access and delivery cannula through which a nucleotome can be delivered. The nucleotome includes one or more passages to provide irrigation, suction and a flexible agitation tool. 
         [0043]    Other aspects of the present invention, including an example inflatable prosthetic implant are disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Pub. No. US 2010/0256766, entitled Percutaneous Implantable Nuclear Prostheses and filed, Apr. 2, 2010, is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
         [0044]      FIGS. 1 and 2  illustrate a portion of a typical human vertebral column. A vertebral column  100  is made up of several vertebral bodies  102 ,  104 , and  106  separated by intervertebral discs  108  and  110 . Intervertebral disc  108  is made up of an annular fibrosis  202  surrounding a region of nucleus pulposus  204 . 
         [0045]      FIG. 3  illustrates exemplary surgical tools used to access the nucleus pulposus of an intervertebral disc. Tools include guide sleeve  302 , guide pin  304 , obturator  306 , several dilators  308   a - d , and outer cannula  310 . 
         [0046]      FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary implant device  400  and inflation stylus  402 . Implant device  400  may be attached to inflation stylus  402 . 
         [0047]      FIG. 5  illustrates an exemplary method of use of tools  302 ,  304 ,  306 ,  308  and  402  to insert implant device  400  through the annulus fibrosis  202  of intervertebral disc  108 , and deploy implant device  400  as an intervertebral disc prostheses. 
         [0048]    Referring to  FIG. 5A , guide pin  304  is slideably inserted into guide sleeve  302 , and guide sleeve  302  and guide pin  304  are inserted through the skin of a patient in a prone position. Guide sleeve  302  and guide pin  304  enter the patient&#39;s body in an oblique postero-lateral approach. Force is applied to guide sleeve  302  and guide pin  304  until the leading tip of guide pin  304  pierces annular fibrosis  202 , creating aperture  502 . 
         [0049]    Referring to  FIG. 5B , guide pin  304  is slideably withdrawn from guide sleeve  302 . Guide sleeve  302  remains in its inserted position, sustaining aperture  502  of annular fibrosis  202 . 
         [0050]    Referring to  FIG. 5C , obturator  306  is slideably inserted into guide sleeve  302 , such that the leading tip of obturator  306  extends out of guide sleeve  302 , through annular fibrosis  202  and aperture  502 , and into nucleus pulposus  204 . 
         [0051]    Referring to  FIG. 5D , dilator  308  is inserted telescopically around guide sleeve  302  until its distal end reaches the distal margins of the annulus fibrosis  202 , widening aperture  502 . Several dilators  308  of increasingly larger diameters may be telescopically inserted in succession to gradually widen aperture  502 . 
         [0052]    Referring of  FIG. 5E , when aperture  502  is widened to the desired size, outer cannula  310  is telescopically inserted around the dilators  308 . Similar to the insertion of dilators  308 , outer cannula  310  is advanced until its distal end reaches the distal margins of the annulus fibrosis  202 . 
         [0053]    Referring to  FIG. 5F , guide sleeve  302 , obturator  306 , and dilators  308  are slideably withdrawn from within outer cannula  310 . Outer cannula  310  remains in its inserted position, sustaining aperture  502  in a dilated state. 
         [0054]    Referring to  FIG. 5G , nucleus pulposus  204  is removed through outer cannula  310 . Removal may be through a vacuum suction applied to outer cannula  310 , or through a separate nucleus pulposus removal tool (not shown) that is inserted into outer cannula  310  and operated within annular fibrosis  202 . 
         [0055]    Referring to  FIG. 5H , after nucleus pulposus  204  is removed, a void  504  is created within annular fibrosis  202 . 
         [0056]    Referring to  FIG. 5I , implant device  400  and inflation stylus  402  are inserted into outer cannula  310 . 
         [0057]    Referring to  FIG. 5J , force is applied to inflation stylus  402  to push implant  400  into void  504 . 
         [0058]    Referring to  FIG. 5K , implant device  400  is filled with a gas or other material passed through inflation stylus  402 . This inflates implant device  400 , expanding it in size. 
         [0059]    Referring to  FIG. 5L , when implant device  400  is fully inflated, implant device fills a portion of or the entirety of void  504 , and directly abuts the inner circumference of annular fibrosis  202 . 
         [0060]    Referring to  FIG. 5M , inflation stylus  402  is detached from  400  and withdrawn through outer cannula  310 . 
         [0061]    Referring to  FIG. 5N , outer cannula  310  is withdrawn, leaving implant device  400  positioned within annular fibrosis  202 . Annular fibrosis retracts, closing aperture  502 . 
         [0062]    During this process, the position of each of the tools and implants may be tracked and guided through imaging observation techniques typical in the field of interventional radiology. Imaging modalities may include fluoroscopy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), X-ray imaging, positron emission tomography (PET), or other medical imaging technique. During this process, imaging may be conducted alongside the implantation procedure, such that progress may be tracked in real-time. 
         [0063]    As this process is conducted predominantly through narrow access channels created by guide sleeve  302  and outer cannula  310 , and may be externally observed through common interventional radiology techniques, this process is minimally invasive to the patient. This process may be carried out under local anesthesia and under conscious sedation, thus avoiding the risk of general anesthetics. Alternatively, these techniques may also be utilized in conjunction with more invasive techniques, and need not be limited in application. 
         [0064]    Moreover, as no portion of annular fibrosis  202  is excised from the body during this process, this technique is minimally traumatic to the patient. In particular, healing of the annular fibrosis is rapid compared to techniques requiring the excision of annular fibrosis tissue, and the preservation of the annular fibrosis structure limits the loss of intra-discal pressure, improving a patient&#39;s long-term recovery. 
         [0065]      FIG. 6  illustrates in greater detail the various tools described above. Referring to  FIG. 6A , guide sleeve  302  is generally an axially extending tube of uniform diameter, defining aperture  602  on its proximal end and aperture  604  on its distal end and a channel  606  between. Guide sleeve  302  includes an annular shoulder  614  at its proximal end. Guide sleeve  302  is generally of an ovular cross section, but may alternatively have a circular, ovular, obround, square, polygonal, or irregular cross-section. 
         [0066]    Guide pin  304  is shaped to correspond to channel  606 , and may be slideably inserted into guide sleeve  302 . Guide pin  304  includes a sharpened tip  608 , a body portion  610 , and a tail portion  612 . Tip  608  is pointed to allow for insertion into the annular fibrosis  202 , as may be of a conical, beveled, or other such shape. Tail  612  is generally reduced in cross-sectional size compared to body  610 , such that when guide pin  304  is fully inserted into guide sleeve  302 , tail  612  passes through aperture  606 . In this configuration, guide pin body  610  abuts shoulder  614 , restricting the movement of guide pin  304 . 
         [0067]    Guide pin  304  may slideably removed from within guide sleeve  302  and replaced with obturator  306 , as illustrated in  FIG. 6B . Obturator  306  is generally similar in shape and dimensions to guide pin  304 , but has a dulled tip  616 . Obturator  306  likewise includes a tail portion  620  that is generally reduced in cross-sectional size compared to a body portion  618  and adapted to pass through aperture  602 . 
         [0068]    Dilator  308  may be telescopically inserted around the exterior of guide sleeve  302 , as illustrated in  FIG. 6C . Dilator  308  is generally similar in shape to guide sleeve  302 , but is wider in diameter to fit snuggly around the exterior surface of guide sleeve  302 . Several dilators  308  of successively larger cross-sectional diameters may be sequentially inserted to increase the overall diameter of the nested tools. Each dilator  308  includes a shoulder with an aperture  632 , through which the tail portion  620  of obturator  306  may pass. 
         [0069]    When the desired number of dilators  308  have been nested around guide sleeve  302 , outer cannula  310  is telescopically inserted around the outermost dilator  308 , as illustrated in  FIG. 6D . Outer cannula  310  is generally similar in shape to case sleeve  302  and dilators  308 , and is shaped to fit snuggly around the exterior surface of the outermost dilator  308 . However, outer cannula  310  does not have a shoulder region on its proximal tip. On its distal tip, outer cannula defines aperture  622 . Aperture  622  is obliquely positioned to correspond to an oblique postero-lateral approach into the annular fibrosis, and to allow for guidance of tools in a transverse orientation. Depending on the desired direction of tool guidance, the size and orientation of aperture  622  may be varied. For example, in some embodiments, aperture  622  is not obliquely positioned, and is instead positioned along the longitudinal extension of outer cannula  310 . In other embodiments, aperture  622  is positioned orthogonal to the longitudinal extension of the outer cannula. In some embodiments, the tip of outer cannula  310  may include a slanted redirecting element such as a curved or inclined surface. This surface may be concave to conform to the convex surfaces of an inserted tool or device. 
         [0070]    The user may also place a cap  634  over dilators  308  and outer cannula  310  to ensure that unwanted material does not fall until aperture  624 . Cap  634  is a generally in the shape of an edged annulus with an aperture  636 . Guide pin tail  612  or obturator tail  620  may fit through aperture  636 , such that cap  634  may be slideably placed or removed from its installed position over outer cannula  310  or dilators  308 . 
         [0071]    As outer cannula  310  does not have a shoulder region, obturator  306 , guide sleeve  302 , and the one or more dilators  308  may be separated from outer cannula  310  by lifting tail portion  620  of obturator  306 , as illustrated in  FIG. 6E . 
         [0072]    In this manner, the above tools are used to form a gradually widening aperture into an intervertebral disc and are then removed, leaving an outer cannula  310  to maintain the aperture at a desired dilated size and to provide external access for other tools or devices. 
         [0073]    A hammer  624  may be used to position drive tools  302 ,  304 ,  306 ,  308 , and  310  within the patient. Hammer  624  includes a handle  626 , an annular contact element  628 , and a hinge element  630 . Contact element  628  is adapted to fit around guide pin tail  612  or obturator tail  620 , and may be used to strike a tool in order to drive it deeper into the operating region. Hinge  630  allows handle  626  to rotate relative to  628  such that handle  626  may be swung without altering the orientation of striking element  628 . 
         [0074]    Each of tools  302 ,  304 ,  306 ,  308 , and  310  are generally of an ovular cross section, but may alternatively have a circular, ovular, obround, square, polygonal, or irregular cross-section. Generally, tools  302 ,  304 ,  306 ,  308 , and  310  are made of surgically compatible materials, such that they can be safely used in a sterile environment. Some portions of tools  302 ,  304 ,  306 ,  308 , and  310  may be made of a radiopaque material, such that they provide imaging contrast during x-ray or fluoroscopic procedures. Some portions of tools  302 ,  304 ,  306 ,  308 , and  310  may be made of non-ferrous materials, such that they are usable in conjunction with magnetic resonance imaging. Portions of tools  302 ,  304 ,  306 ,  308 , and  310  may be made of paramagnetic or super paramagnetic materials, such that they provide imaging contrast during MRI. 
         [0075]    Tools  302 ,  304 ,  306 ,  308 , and  310  may be anchored to the exterior of the patient to prevent shifting. As illustrated in  FIG. 7A , anchor  700  is positioned on the exterior of the patient to grip a tool, for instance outer cannula  310 . Referring to  FIG. 7B , retaining ring includes an annular retaining ring  702  shaped encircle the exterior surface of a tool. Retaining ring  702  includes a lower flange  704 , which may be coated with an adhesive to firmly attach anchor  700  to the patient&#39;s skin. An adjustment screw  706  is provided to adjustably secure the tool to anchor  700 . Turning the adjustment screw  706  compresses the retaining ring  702  around the tool, tightly gripping the tool in position. Turning the adjustment screw in the opposite direction releases the tool, allowing either anchor  700  or the tool to be removed or repositioned. As the nested tools widen in diameter, for instance if several dilators are telescopically inserted one after another, adjustment screw  706  may be used to gradually widen retaining ring  702  to secure each new tool. Adjustment screw  706  may be of a captive design, such that it cannot be removed from retaining ring  702  after becoming fully unscrewed. In some embodiments, adjustment screw  706  may be replaced by a pin or a latch. In some embodiments, retaining ring  702  may be tightened by a ratcheting mechanism or other similar fastener. 
         [0076]      FIG. 8  illustrates an embodiment of implant device  400  in greater detail. Shown from an overhead cross-sectional view, implant device  400  is generally an obround cylinder with two major chambers: a centrally located inner chamber  802  and annular outer chamber  804 . Inner chamber  802  is distinct from outer chamber  804 , such that substances contained in one chamber cannot pass into the other chamber. 
         [0077]    Chambers  802  and  804  are defined, in part, by outer body layers  806  and  808 , inner body layer  810 , and support bodies  812  and  814 . Outer body layers  806  and  808  are secured to forward support body  814  by a crimp element  818 , and to rear support body  812  by a crimp element  816 . Inner body layer  810  is secured to forward support body  814  by a crimp element  822  and to rear support body  816  by a crimp element  820 . 
         [0078]    Layers  806 ,  808 , and  810  may be formed of any durable material that is adequately firm, pliable, and resilient, such as silicone or a bio-compatible textile. Each layer should allow for deformation, such that if chambers  802  and  804  are inflated, layers  806 ,  808 , and  810  can deform, expanding the outer dimensions of device implant  400 . Each layer may be made of the same material, or may each be made of a different material in order to provide various benefits. For instance, layer  806  made be made of a bio-compatible textile, such that the outermost surface of implant device  400  is resistant against tears and punctures, while layer  808  may be made of a different material, such as silicone, to provide a softer, more compliant containment layer for chamber  804 . In some embodiments, layers  806  and  808  are affixed along a portion to the entirety of each layer. In some embodiments, layer  806  and  808  may be fixed together or to other portions of device  400  with an adhesive, with thread, or with other such attachment mechanisms. 
         [0079]    Outer body layer  806  also includes support wires  824  and  826 , for example as illustrated in  FIGS. 8 and 9 .  FIG. 9  illustrates a side view of implant device  400  with support wire  824  embedded in outer body layer  806 . Support wires  824  and  826  are typically of a biocompatible memory metal, such nitinol, such that outer body layers  806  and  808  may be pressed against inner body layer  810  when chamber  804  is empty (for instance when implant device  400  is loaded into a delivery cannula), but will expand to a pre-determined shape when released (for instance when implant device  400  is expelled from a delivery cannula is positioned within an intervertebral disc). Pre-determined shapes may include, for example, a three-dimensional convex shape corresponding to the inner surface of an annular fibrosis. Several notches  828  provide seating room for support wires  824  and  826 , such that outer body layers  806  and  808  can seat flush against inner body layer  810 . In some embodiments, wires  824  and  826  are embedded in layer  806 . In some embodiments, wires  824  and  826  are instead positioned on the surface of layer  806  and attached to layer  806  by various attaching mechanisms, such as adhesive or thread. In some embodiments, wires  824  and  826  are attached by passing between each wire repeatedly between the inner and outer surfaces in a stitch-like pattern. 
         [0080]    Generally, support bodies  812  and  814  are also made of a firm, pliable and resilient materials. Typically, support bodies  812  and  814  are of a firmer material than that of layers  806 ,  808 , and  810  in order to provide added structural support for implant device  400 . For example, support bodies  812  and  814  may be made of a stiffer silicone polymer that is more resistant against externally applied forces. However, support bodies  812  and  814  need not be made of a stiffer material than layers  806 ,  808 , and  810 , and the stiffness and resilience of these materials may be varied to achieve the desired physical characteristics. 
         [0081]    Inner chamber  802  is additionally defined by forward wall  844  and rear wall  840 . Walls  844  and  840  abut forward support body  814  and rear support body  812 , respectively, creating an air-tight and liquid-tight seal. Walls  844  and  840  may be secured to each support body in various ways, for example a notched arrangement, as illustrated in  FIG. 8 . Walls  844  and  840  may be alternatively or additionally secured using other mechanisms, for example with an adhesive, weld, crimp, or thread. Walls  844  and  840  may also instead be integral with each support body, such that a securing mechanism is not required. Walls  844  and  840  are generally of a firm material, such as a dense silicone polymer, such that the general shape of walls  844  and  840  are preserved under the application of external force. However, the materials of walls  844  and  840  may also be varied to achieve a desired stiffness and resilience. 
         [0082]    When implant device  400  is positioned within an intervertebral disc, chambers  802  and  804  may each be inflated with various substances to increase the physical dimensions of implant device  400  and to provide prosthetic support. Inflation substances may pass from a cylindrical fill channel  834  into outer chamber  804  through aperture  830 . One or more apertures  830  are defined through forward support member  814 , inner body layer  810 , and crimp  822 , and provide fluid communication between fill channel  834  and outer chamber  804 . 
         [0083]    Inflation substance may pass from fill channel  834  into inner chamber  802  through valve  832 . As illustrated in  FIG. 8 , valve  832  may be of a self-sealing design, such that pressure from within inner chamber  802  seals valve  832 . In some embodiments, valve  832  may be integral with wall  844 . Alternatively valve  832  may be a separate element, as illustrated in  FIG. 10 . In these embodiments, valve  832  may be secured to wall  844  in various ways, such as through an adhesive, weld, or thread. When secured with thread, one or more thread holes  1002  may be positioned along the faces of wall  844  and valve  832 , such that a securing thread  1004  may be used to tie wall  844  and  832  together. Valve  832  may be made of various materials, such as a rubber or silicone polymer. 
         [0084]    Inflation of implant device  400  is regulated by dual-valve structure  836  positioned within fill channel  834 . Dual-valve structure  836  is illustrated in greater detail in  FIG. 11 . Dual-valve structure  836  includes an annular stopper  1102  attached to spring element  1104  and fill tube  1106 . Fill tube  1106  extends from fill channel  834  to a channel  838  defined within rear support member  812 , and has two apertures  1108  and  1110 . In its sealed state, as illustrated in  FIG. 11A , spring elements  1004  force stopper  1110  away from wall  844 , sealing aperture  830  and valve  832 . In this state, no substance may enter or exit chambers  802  and  804 . In some embodiments, there may be one or more spring elements  1004 . In some embodiments, multiple spring elements  1004  may be arranged to evenly apply force to stopper  1110 . 
         [0085]    Dual-valve structure may be opened by pressing stopper  1102  against the force of spring elements  1004 , as illustrated in  FIG. 11B . In this open state, stopper  110  is pushed towards wall  844 , unblocking aperture  830 . In addition, as stopper  110  is pushed toward wall  844 , fill tube  1106  is pushed, moving fill tube  1106  along through valve  832  and channel  838  until aperture  1110  passes out of valve  832  and into inner chamber  802 . Thus, in this open state, valve  832  is opened and substances may pass from fill channel  834  into inner chamber  802  through apertures  1108  and  1110 . 
         [0086]    A suitably dimensioned fill stylus  402  may be used to simultaneously open dual-valve structure  836  and inflate implant device  400 . The leading tip of an example embodiment of fill stylus  402  is illustrated in greater detail in  FIG. 11B . Fill stylus  402  is generally tubular and includes a fill needle  1116  positioned within channel  1114 , and an annular plunger  1118  affixed to fill needle  1116 . Fill needle  1116  is tubular with apertures  1120  and  1122 , and is otherwise air-tight and liquid-tight. As such, substances contained within fill needle  1116  remain separated from substances contained within channel  1114 . Fill stylus  402  also includes external threads  1124  corresponding to internal threads  1126  of fill channel  834 . Thus, fill stylus  402  may be attached to implant device  400  by screwing fill stylus  402  into fill channel  834 . As fill stylus  402  is screwed in, plunger  1118  advances, pushing stopper  1102  against wall  844  and revealing aperture  830  to channel  1114 . In addition, fill needle aperture  124  abuts dual-valve structure aperture  1108 , providing gaseous or fluid communication between fill needle  1116  and inner chamber  802 . Substances from channel  1114  and fill needle  1116  may then be passed into chamber  804  and chamber  802 , respectively, inflating implant device  400 . This may be accomplished, for example, using a motorized pump system, a manually operated pump, or a syringe mechanism. Pumping of each substance within fill stylus  402  may be controlled simultaneously or individually, such that the filling of each chamber  802  and  804  may be simultaneously or individually regulated. 
         [0087]    After implant device  400  has been inflated, fill stylus  1112  is unscrewed, returning dual-valve structure  836  to its closed state and sealing chambers  802  and  804 . In some embodiments, dual-valve structure  836  also includes one or more bosses or protuberances on the surface of stopper  1102 , corresponding to apertures  830 . When stopper  1102  sides from an open position to a closed position, the bosses may engage with aperture  830 , securing stopper  1102 . 
         [0088]    As the above demonstrates, chambers  802  and  804  may be simultaneously inflated, each with different materials. As illustrated in  FIG. 12 , this dual-chamber arrangement allows implant device  400  to fully support two adjacent vertebrae  102  and  104  while preserving a desirable degree of joint flexibility and shock protection. For instance, in some implementations outer chamber  804  may be inflated with an in situ curable silicone polymer while inner chamber  802  may be inflated with an inert gas. In such an arrangement, the silicone polymer hardens upon curing, allowing outer chamber  804  to act as firm, largely incompressible support structure between the two vertebrae. The gas-filled inner chamber  802  remains comparatively compressible, allowing implant device  400  to sustain sudden shocks and loads typical of active joint motion. Such an arrangement also preserves joint flexibility between two adjacent vertebrae, allowing for joint articulation. 
         [0089]    A number of embodiments of the invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. 
         [0090]    For example, while support wires  824  and  826  are illustrated above as largely symmetrical, with  824  and  826  arranged on either side of implant device  400 , this need not be the case. For example, in some embodiments, one wire is removed such that implant device  400  directionally expands predominantly in only one direction when initially expelled from a cannula. This is illustrated in  FIG. 13 , where an embodiment of implant device  400  includes only one support wire  824 . Referring to  FIG. 13A , when implant device  400  is initially expelled from cannula  310 , implant device  400  expands outward in a posterior direction, while it remains relatively unchanged in the anterior direction. As implant device  400  is inflated, expansion begins largely in the posterior portion expanded by wire  824 , as illustrated in  FIG. 13B . As inflation continues, the inflation substances are eventually distributed more evenly. When implant device  400  is fully inflated, as illustrated in  FIG. 13C , implant device  400  is once again symmetrical. In some embodiments, fill tube  1106  is also made of a memory material alloy, such as nitinol, other shape memory alloy or a shape memory polymer, and is arranged to oppose the directional expansion of wire  824 . In this manner, the expansion characteristics of implant device  400  may be varied to allow direction expansion when device  400  is initially placed, but to ensure symmetrical expansion when device  400  is fully inflated. Such embodiments are particularly advantageous when cannula  310  is inserted obliquely into an intervertebral disc, for example as illustrated in  FIG. 13 . In these embodiments, initial expansion of device  400  occurs largely in the posterior direction, reducing anteriorly-directed pressure against the annular fibrosis until device  400  approaches its fully inflated state. Further, such embodiments allow device  400  to fit more precisely against the annular fibrosis, as the anterior portion (without a support wire) is relatively flexible and can easily conform to the inner surface of the annular fibrosis. 
         [0091]    Fill stylus  1112  is described above as generally of a cylindrical shape. In some embodiments, the leading tip of fill stylus  1112  may have a bent or bendable leading tip, as illustrated in  FIG. 13 . As illustrated in  FIG. 14A , fill stylus  1112  may have a flexible portion  1402 , such that tip region  1404  may be articulated independently of body region  1406 . In some embodiments, portion  1302  is a flexible material such as a rubber or silicone, such that tip  1404  moves when met with sufficient physical resistance. In some embodiments, the orientation of portion  1402  may be selectable by an operator, such that degree of bending may be selectively controlled during operation. As illustrated in  FIG. 13B , tip region  1404  and body region  1406  may instead be connected by a bent region  1408 . Bent region may be made of a memory material, such as nitinol, such that fill stylus  1112  may be deployed into the annular fibrosis through a cylindrical cannula, but while bend at region  1408  upon exiting the cannula, such that tip region  1404  is angled away from the axis of insertion. 
         [0092]    In some embodiments, implant device  400  may be filled in a curable silicone, a curing compound, and an accelerating agent, such that the curing rate of the silicone may be modified as desired. Curing compounds and accelerating agents include platinum and platinum based compounds. Ultraviolet radiation, infrared radiation, and radio frequency excitation can also be used to cure the silicone. One or more of these materials may also include imaging contrast agents in order to provide imaging contrast for imaging modalities commonly employed in interventional radiology. Imaging modalities may include fluoroscopy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), X-ray imaging, positron emission tomography (PET), or other medical imaging technique. Materials may include radiopaque materials, such that they are provide imaging contrast during x-ray or fluoroscopic procedures, paramagnetic or super paramagnetic materials, such that they provide imaging contrast during MRI, or other contrast agents commonly used with other imaging modalities. 
         [0093]    In some embodiments, silicone instead be cured in other methods, such as though the application the UV energy or heat. In these embodiments, UV energy or heat may be applied through a tool adapted to fit into outer cannula  310  and operate within annular fibrosis  202 . In some embodiments, fill stylus  1112  may include UV or heat energy-emitting elements, such that it may both fill and cure silicone. 
         [0094]    In some embodiments, outer cannula  310  may additional include a vent channel  1504 , such that air may be evacuated from within the surgical area during operation. This may be particular advantageous, for instance, during the insertion and inflation of implant device  400 . As implant device  400  is inflated, displaced air is evacuated from the annular fibrosis, ensuring that no pockets of air become lodged within the annular fibrosis. This vent channel  1504  may be defined by a spacer element  1502 , for example as illustrated in  FIG. 15 . Spacer element  1502  is tubular in shape and adapted to sildeably insert into outer cannula  310 . Spacer element  1502  and outer cannula  310  are loosely connected to allow for air or other material to escape through vent channel  1504  when tools or materials are inserted into and advanced within spacer element  1502 , for example as illustrated in  FIG. 16 . In some embodiments, a vent channel  1504  may be integrally defined into outer cannula  310  to similarly allow for the escape of air. 
       Alternate Embodiment of the Implant Device 
       [0095]    In another example embodiment of an inter-vertebral implant device designed for percutaneous delivery and deployment, the implant device is likewise longitudinally collapsible for ease of insertion into a delivery cannula and is radially and longitudinally expandable within the disc space void following a percutaneous nuclectomy. 
         [0096]    The implant device includes an outer textile band, for reinforcement of the annulus fibrosus and for stabilization of the vertebral segment. The band allows expansion of the nuclear implant to variable sizes in order to accommodate the size of the nuclear space following nuclectomy (nuclear removal), and to insure adequate contact with the inner wall of the annulus fibrosus. The band prevents migration of the implant device and provides support and stabilization function for the annulus fibrosus weakened by degeneration. The band also provides dynamic stability to the vertebral segment by limiting excessive mobility including abnormal degrees of forward and lateral bending, subluxation, and torsion. Thus, it restores support functions similar to the healthy annulus fibrosus. It also relieves the stress on the damaged annulus fibrosus by acting as an annular detente and redirecting the forces of outer expansion inwardly towards the inner gas chamber, thus promoting healing. 
         [0097]    The annular reinforcement band is constructed of two hollow tubular braid sections that are overlapped and affixed to form a complete circle. Overlap of the lateral margins of these sections further reinforces the band. The textile reinforcement band is designed to be radially self-expanding and assume a C-shaped configuration by inserting a circular nitinol wire within its lumen to keep the braid flat and taut. The circular nitinol wire is restrained within the confines of the tubular braid and assumes an elongated oval shape, providing longitudinal expansion of the braid. The constrained nitinol wire also has memory to maintain the wire in a C configuration as viewed from the top, when expanded, providing radial expansion of the braid. The overlapped segments of tubular braid do not contain nitinol wire and are affixed to the outer margins of the dual-valve member and the tip-retainer member. Four fiber hinges are thus created at four corners of transition between the looping segments of nitinol wire constrained within the fiber braids and the overlapping lateral segments of the braids affixed to the outer margins of the dual-valve member on one side and the tip-retainer member on the other. Wire also has memory to maintain the wire in a C configuration as viewed from the top when expanded, providing radial expansion of the braid. Once the implant has been properly deployed within the disc space, it radially self-expands to come in intimate contact with the inner annulus. Inflation of the outer chamber with in-situ curable silicone, and the inner chamber with gas further applies outward pressure of the band and fixes it snugly along the inner annulus. Advantageously, it substantially conforms to the shape of the inner surface of the annulus. 
         [0098]    Forming the reinforcement band out of a flattened tubular braid allows unhindered sliding motion between the two layers of the braid. This allows the outer layer of the braid, which is applied snugly against the inner annulus, to remain static while the inner layer retains its mobility. This promotes tissue ingrowth into the outer layer, promoting healing by allowing unhindered incorporation of the implant unto the annulus fibrosus. This also allows the nuclear implant to be removed at a later date if necessary, since the inner layer of the textile braid is unlikely to fuse to the annulus due to the sliding motion between the two layers. 
         [0099]    The type of tubular braid used to form the reinforcement band may be varied. More specifically, the tubular braid of the present invention may be formed from a simple three yarn tubular braid or may be formed from a three dimensional braid. The flexible reinforcement band should accommodate a wide range of diameters reducing the need to precisely match the dimensions of the band to the outer circumference of the disc space. 
         [0100]    A favorable combination of strength and flexibility can be achieved by selecting textile braids with particular properties, and by arranging these strands in particular ways, for example by altering the braiding angles of the strands and their axial spacing. Several textile braid constructions are contemplated that combine different kinds of strands, for example multifilament yarns, monofilaments with inter-braiding of a plurality of structural and textile strands that may be compliant or non-compliant. This achieves an integrated fattened tubular braid of structural braid of compliant and non-compliant structural strands and textile strands. 
         [0101]    In one embodiment, the structural strands are polymeric and selectively shaped prior to the inter-braiding step. These can be formed into a variety of shapes that impart a predetermined configuration to the reinforcement band, most preferably helical. These are preferably wound as to sets of helices running in opposite directions. 
         [0102]    In some embodiments, three-dimensional braiding is used instead of two-dimensional braiding, since three-dimensionally braided structures may have a more even distribution of forces among the strands. 
         [0103]    Multi-filament yarns are also utilized, which have the advantage of a high degree of compliance and provide the needed flexibility to the band. 
         [0104]    The tubular braids are designed to radially self-expand, with the help of the nitinol wire, with a force sufficient to allow proper deployment of the nuclear implant. However, the force of self-expansion provided by the nitinol wire is insufficient to anchor the implant against the inner annulus. Additional force is provided by the inflatable components and under image guidance and pressure monitoring during the procedure, whereby the band is forced radially outwardly into contact with the inner annulus. Measures are taken during manufacture to insure that the textile band, once the nuclear implant is deployed and inflated, will radially expand to the proper dimensions. This generally requires a careful matching of the reinforcement band dimensions to the nuclear cavity. Over-expansion of the implant places unnecessary stress on an already damaged annulus. Under expansion of the implant may result in inadequate contact of the reinforcement band with the inner annulus and migration of the implant may occur. 
         [0105]    The degree to which the textile may stretch to substantially conform to the shape of the nuclear cavity is radially adjustable. Thus, the circumference of the nuclear space following nuclectomy need only to be approximated as described below. 
         [0106]    In one embodiment, a thermoplastic yarn is used, and upon heat conditioning in the radially contracted state, the tubular braid becomes heat-set with elastomeric memory and intrinsic tendency to return to this state. This allows for easier folding of the implant to minimal profile for insertion into the delivery cannula during manufacturing. When released from the delivery cannula and deployed within the disc space, the braid has the flexibility to stretch or expand to the required dimensions, to a certain degree. 
         [0107]    Since the self-expansion of the annular band is dependent on the shape memory of the incorporated nitinol wire, it is not necessary to include similar self-expansion memory properties in the braid. However, in some embodiments, such memory properties may also be included in the braid. 
         [0108]    In another embodiment, to achieve a radially adjustable annular band, the braid may be formed on a specially designed mandrel having a circumference equal to the maximum expected circumference of the band. The width of the band can also be chosen accordingly. 
         [0109]    In another embodiment, the tubular braid may be braided at a larger size and heat-set at a smaller size. 
         [0110]    In order for the annular band to control the amount of expansion of the nuclear implant additional yarns that have limited compliance are braided into the structure. These additional yarns may course in a serpentine fashion along the radial and longitudinal axis of the braid in order to limit extreme degrees of radial and longitudinal mobility. This is designed to restore dynamic stability of the vertebral segment. 
         [0111]    The implant device may also include an inflatable outer silicone membrane for containment of an outer chamber to be filled with in-situ curable rubber. The inflatable outer membrane has a generally discoid configuration upon inflation within the disc space. It has two mouth portions diametrically opposed from one another which are bonded to the outer faces of the dual-valve member on one side and the tip-retainer member on the other. 
         [0112]    The implant device may also include an inflatable inner silicone membrane for containment of an inner chamber to be filled with gas. It has two mouth portions which are bonded or crimped into annular grooves formed around inward segments of the dual-valve and tip-retainer members. 
         [0113]    The implant device may also include a dual-valve member that provides a reversible fluid communication with an inner and outer chamber. The dual-valve member can assume a closed configuration and an open configuration for both pathways. 
         [0114]    The dual-valve member also provides surfaces for secure attachment of the textile band, and the outer and inner membranes, and a weight-bearing function after it is incorporated with the cured silicone in the outer chamber. 
         [0115]    The dual-valve member includes a body being formed of a resilient material, such as silicone, having an elongate passageway extending there through, and two transverse pathways diametrically opposed from one another extend from the elongate passageway, substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal access, for delivery of curable silicone to the outer chamber of the nuclear implant. 
         [0116]    In some embodiments, the body is shaped generally as a stepped cylinder that in cross-section has a straight-oval configuration. An outer surface of a body tapers inwardly to form an annular channel to secure the inner membrane to the dual-valve member proximally and to the tip-retainer distally. The body may be formed of any durable polymer that is pliable and resilient, such as silicone. 
         [0117]    The outer chamber sealing member is shaped substantially as a smooth cylinder with the tubular member extending longitudinally in its center. It fits loosely within the elongate passageway formed in the body of the dual-valve member described above. It is formed of a thin-walled rigid material such as a polymer, and its surface is covered with a pliable and soft material that is capable of forming a seal when abutting the material of the body of the dual-valve member. In one embodiment, two protruding bosses are disposed along the outer margin of the outer chamber sealing member. These bosses are under tension and upon alignment of the aperture with the radial channels, the bosses snap outward into the radial channel, achieving a more secure occlusion on the fluid pathway. 
         [0118]    The sealing member, with the tubular member affixed in its center, is translatable distally in the open configuration along the longitudinal axis wherein the sealing member uncovers the transverse pathways permitting fluid communication with the outer chamber, and occluding fluid flow in the closed configuration. Simultaneously, the tubular member is translatable distally, in unison, in the open configuration, exposing the lumen of the tubular member to the inner chamber, and is translatable proximally, in the closed configuration for establishing a gas-tight seal of the side opening of the tubular pathway. 
         [0119]    The dual-valve member also includes a tubular member extending along a longitudinal axis of the dual-valve member and defining a second fluid pathway for delivery of gas to the inner chamber of the nuclear implant. The tubular member is open at its proximal end and closed at its distal end, and has a lateral opening at its middle section that is in reversible fluid communication with the inner chamber. It also provides mechanical support, stability, and proper alignment of the nuclear implant components especially during the process of nuclear implant deployment. The tubular member is made of shape memory material such as a metal (nitinol) or a polymer, to assume a C-shaped configuration when the implant is deployed in the disc space. The tip retainer member is guided posteriorly in order to orient the implant in the transverse plane of the disc. A flexible wire may extend through the gas passageway of the inflation stylus, and into the lumen of the tubular passageway of the nuclear implant, in order to provide further support and direction to the tip-retainer during delivery and deployment. The flexible wire is composed of shape-memory metal such as nitinol, and serves to guide the tip retainer into the transverse plane of the disc. The tubular member includes a connector terminal on the proximal end which is adapted to be coupled to the distal central aperture of the inflation stylus. 
         [0120]    When the tubular member is translated proximally, a seal of the lateral opening of the tubular pathway is established, forming a gas tight sealing engagement. When the tubular member is translated distally, the lateral opening is in communication with the inner chamber and gas flow is established. 
         [0121]    The tubular member is connected to the sealing member of the outer chamber and is translatable distally, in unison, in the open configuration, exposing the side opening of the tubular member for fluid communication with the inner chamber. 
         [0122]    The sealing member of the inner chamber is cone shaped and is formed of a soft and pliable silicone. 
         [0123]    The anterior wall of the dual-valve member is a relatively firm yet resilient plate that extends radially. It provides distal containment of the compression springs. It also provides a counter force for the crimping of the annular ring that secures the inner membrane to the body of the dual-valve member. 
         [0124]    At least two compression springs are interposed between the sealing member proximally, and the anterior plate distally. They are rendered in the constrained state by being anteriorly displaced by the inflation stylus. Enough energy is stored in the springs such that upon removal of the inflation stylus, the sealing member and the tubular member are displaced proximally, sealing both chambers. 
         [0125]    The dual-valve member also includes a tip-retainer member, identical in surface features to the dual-valve member that serves as the opposing site for attachment of the inner and outer membranes, and the textile band. However, the tip-retainer member does not provide a valve function. Instead, it harbors a longitudinal channel along its center for loose containment of the distal end of the tubular member. 
         [0126]    The dual-valve member also includes a male inflation stylus for use with the female dual-valve member. This inflation stylus provides a fluid path for delivery of curable silicone to the outer chamber and a concentric central path for delivery of gas to the inner chamber. The inflation stylus includes an elongate nozzle that engages a receiving end of the nuclear implant so that the two components are removably engaged to one another, establishing alignment between the side opening of the inflation stylus with the transverse pathways of the body of the dual-valve member, thus establishing open fluid pathway communication with the outer chamber. The proximal aspect of the nozzle includes external threads that enable the nozzle to securely engage internal threads of the female body dual valve member by rotating the inflation stylus relative to the dual-valve member. 
         [0127]    The steps of securing the male to female components are described below. The user begins by priming the inflation stylus with curable silicone. The user then positions the inflation stylus so that the distal face of the stylus abuts the proximal face of the sealing member at the inlet port. The user next applies digital pressure to push the sealing member distally until the threads of the inflation stylus engage the threads of the dual-valve member. At that point the user twists the inflation stylus while holding the delivery cannula containing the nuclear implant steady so that the engaged threads cause the inflation stylus to advance farther until the side openings of the inflation stylus are in perfect alignment with the transverse radial pathways, opening fluid communication between the inflation stylus and the outer chamber. Simultaneously, the tubular member advances the side opening of the tubular member, opening gas communication with the inner chamber. 
         [0128]    In one embodiment, the inflation stylus stops advancing when the distal face of the nozzle contacts a proximally facing annular shoulder on the body of the dual-valve member. 
         [0129]    When the nuclear implant is inflated to a desired size, the inflation stylus may be disconnected from the dual-valve member. To disengage the inflation stylus, the operator rotates the stylus in the opposite direction with respect to the dual-valve member. As the nozzle of the inflation stylus rotates, the engaged threads causes the nozzle to withdraw from the dual-valve member, and the sealing member and the tubular member are pushed back by the springs to the original positions, sealing both pathways. When the threads have completely disengaged, the operator pulls out the inflation stylus. 
       Alternate Embodiment of the Delivery Apparatus 
       [0130]    In another example embodiment of the delivery apparatus, use of the delivery apparatus allows for placement of an access cannula into the intervertebral disc from a percutaneous poster-lateral approach, use of a mechanical nuclear evacuation device introduced via the access cannula into the disc space, and delivery of a mobile nuclear implant loaded in the delivery cannula introduced through the access cannula. 
         [0131]    The apparatus includes an assembly shaped to accommodate the anatomical profile of the disc by having a straight-oval cross-section. The assembly includes a guide needle with a sharp pointed stylet, and an obturator that fits within the guide needle after the stylet is removed. The obturator has a blunt tip (to insure safety of cannula insertion into the disc space), an intermediate dilator body of uniform diameter, and a tail section of a smaller diameter. A shoulder is formed at a point of juncture between the intermediate end tail sections. 
         [0132]    The apparatus includes a series of elongated tubular dilators adapted for telescopic mounting over the obturator. The dilators are tubular in construction and straight-oval in cross-section, and are sized to fit snugly over each in telescopic manner. The dilators have tubular walls and are successively larger in diameter. Each dilator has a distal end, intermediate body, and a proximal end. A shoulder formed in the proximal end provides blocking means to restrict forward movement of the dilators over each other. The proximal aspect of each dilator has a flat surface with a central opening that accommodates the proximal thin section of the obturator. 
         [0133]    An access cannula fits over the largest dilator and has a working channel. In some embodiments, this channel is approximately 5×8 mm. The access cannula lacks a fixed proximal blocking means. Instead, it has a removable cap, allowing for removal of the dilators while maintaining the access cannula in position. 
         [0134]    A nuclear evacuation device and a nuclear implant are insertable into the working channel of the cannula. The removable cap is oval, and is generally cylindrical in shape. It has a flat top portion and a collar portion. The top portion has a centrally located opening that accommodates the tail section of the obturator. The collar portion fits loosely over the proximal end of the access cannula. The distal end of the access cannula is slanted, allowing for guidance such as a nuclear evacuation device or disc implant, into the disc space at a transverse orientation. Alternatively, the distal section of the access cannula may include a slanted redirecting element such as a curved or inclined surface. This surface may be concave and configured to conform to the convex surfaces of inserted delivery systems, nuclear evacuation device, or nuclear implant. 
         [0135]    A perforated mallet fits over the smaller diameter tail section of the obturator and is used to introduce the dilators by tapping over the shoulders of the dilators and the cap component of the access cannula. 
         [0136]    The proximal end of the access cannula is secured to the skin of the patient by an adjustable retaining ring, which is slid over the access cannula. A tightening screw is provided for secure yet adjustable fixation. The adjustable retaining ring secures the cannula tip firmly in place within the annulus fibrosus to prevent it from slipping. The ring encircles the cannula and is translatable along the length of the cannula. It is also provided with a flange for increased contact of the access cannula on the skin surface. 
         [0137]    A thin-walled delivery cannula acts as a sleeve containing the folded nuclear implant in its proximal lumen. It is slidable into the access cannula in a loose fit, allowing for trapped air in the more distal aspect of the cannula to escape, as the loaded delivery cannula is advanced into the access cannula. The slanted tip of the delivery cannula is blunt and extends slightly beyond the sharp slanted tip of the access cannula. 
         [0138]    In an example implementation, the delivery apparatus may be carried out under local anesthesia and conscious sedation, thus avoiding general anesthesia. First, the guide needle is inserted under imaging observation into the back of a prone patient in a postero-lateral approach. The needle is advanced in an oblique direction, (such as at an angle of 25 degrees with respect to the perpendicular plane), until the sharp tip of the stylet is inserted into the annulus fibrosus. The stylet is withdrawn and replaced by a blunt-tip obturator, which is advanced further into the disc space. The needle is then withdrawn, while the obturator is held in place by the operator. A series of dilators are sequentially introduced telescopically until their distal ends reach the inner margin of the annulus. The access cannula may then be inserted into the disc space. The cap is removed while the access cannula is held in place by the operator, and the obturator and dilators are then withdrawn together. 
         [0139]    A nucleotome designed to fit loosely in the lumen of the access cannula is introduced through the access cannula and a complete nuclectomy is achieved. The nucleotome is then removed. 
         [0140]    The user then primes the inflation stylus with curable silicone, attaches the stylus to the proximal end of the nuclear implant, which is loaded in the proximal aspect of the delivery cannula, and then advances the inflation stylus with the nuclear implant therein to the tip of the delivery cannula. After the nuclear implant is deployed, inflated, and pressurized, the inflation stylus is disconnected and the delivery cannula, together with the access cannula, is removed. 
         [0141]    In an additional implantation of the present invention, a curable, flowable silicone is introduced into an implantable containment vessel in an uncured state. The silicone is then cured in vitro within the implantable containment vessel using a curing agent, UV radiation or RF excitation. For example, an implantable containment vessel, such as a balloon, bladder or the like, is implanted into a body cavity. Flowable curable silicon is injected into the implanted containment vessel using a syringe or specialized delivery stylus. In one implementation a curing agent, such as a platinum based compound is then injected into the silicone medium using either a syringe or an injection stylus. In another embodiment, a UV light source, such as a fiber optic cable is threaded through the syringe or provided in the specialized delivery stylus such that UV light is delivered to the injected silicone upon activation of the UV light source. In yet another implementation, flowable, curable silicone can be injected directly into to a body cavity, such as an evacuated intervertebral disk. Once delivered to the body cavity, the silicone can be cured as described above. 
         [0142]    While this specification contains many specific implementation details, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of any inventions or of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features specific to particular embodiments of particular inventions. Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of a subcombination. 
         [0143]    Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Moreover, the separation of various system components in the embodiments described above should not be understood as requiring such separation in all embodiments, and it should be understood that the described components and systems can generally be integrated together in a single product or packaged into multiple products. 
         [0144]    Thus, particular embodiments of the subject matter have been described. Other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.