Abstract:
A method for making printing paper comprising preparing an ink receiving surface coating composition which comprises an optical brightening agent (OBA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) and a water soluble divalent salt, wherein the PVOH and OBA are added to the coating prior to the salt, and applying said coating composition onto at least one surface of said paper; and a surface coating composition which comprises a protected OBA and a water soluble divalent salt.

Description:
[0001]    This application claims priority based on U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/149,235, filed Feb. 2, 2009; U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/165,831, filed Apr. 1, 2009; and European Patent Application No. 9170941.0, filed Sep. 22, 2009, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The field of the invention relates to paper making processes for improving brightness and whiteness of the paper. More particularly, it refers to a papermaking process to increase the CIE whiteness of the paper while maintaining TAPPI brightness when a water soluble divalent salt, e.g., calcium chloride, is added to the surface of the paper. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    ColorLok® Technology, developed jointly by Hewlett Packard and International Paper, has been described as providing printing paper with better print quality, faster drying time and consistent, reliable printing. More specifically, it has been represented that this technology prevents wicking in inkjet papers; black color looks up to 40% bolder than the Everyday HP paper grade; images are richer and brighter and the graphics are 10% more vivid; and ink drying is three times faster than ordinary paper. There has been interest by other paper manufactures to provide printing paper according to the performance standards of ColorLok papers. The ColorLok Technology is based on a surface coating containing calcium chloride and preferably a cationic polymer. The coating also generally includes starch and sizing agents. The ColorLok Technology is the subject of patent applications, including U.S. Published Application 2007/0087138 A1 (which is incorporated herein by reference), and is being offered as a license to mills. Mills can either use the ColorLok Technology or use their own technologies and chemistries to conform to the ColorLok standards and earn the right to display the ColorLok logo on their products. However, a problem has been identified with mills trying to achieve the ColorLok standards, in complying with the high brightness and whiteness requirements. 
         [0004]    At least one attempt to reach the whiteness target has been to increase the optical brightening agent (OBA) usage by 20 to 40%. This constitutes a problem for mills because of the short supply of OBAs, the adverse charge effect that OBA has at the wet end, and the environmental issues associated with OBA. The global demand was created when the capacity for diamino stilbenic acid (DAS), a key raw material of fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) or OBAs, was reduced. DAS was already in short supply and reduction in capacity has forced a global cost increase for this raw material. Additionally, production of para-nitrotoluene an important pre-cursor for DAS has been restricted in some countries. The OBA supply shortage has not only contributed to price increases, but has caused unmet deliveries and loss of supply. 
         [0005]    In an effort by mills to increase their CIE whiteness, they have also increased the calcium chloride and sizing agent dosages. However, this solution fails to reach the high target whiteness requirements. The difficulty is that even if mills are able to reach target brightness, they are unable to reach the whiteness because the chemicals that contribute to increasing brightness adversely effects whiteness. Further, mills do not want to increase the consumption of OBA due to the cost and this is impeding the mill from reaching CIE whiteness targets. 
         [0006]    Despite considerable efforts to increase whiteness while maintaining TAPPI brightness at the same OBA level, there exists a need to increase paper whiteness when calcium chloride, starch, and sizing agents are components of a size press additive used to enhance inkjet printing. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0007]    It has been found that calcium chloride, the main chemical used in the ColorLok technology, can interfere with size press chemistry and can contribute to paper whiteness reduction when mixed with starch, sizing, and OBAs. 
         [0008]    Test results show that some of the components used at the size press for the ColorLok technology are detrimental to whiteness. The inventors have found that starch, one such factor, should be restricted to a certain dosage to prevent significant whiteness loss. It has been found that OBAs coupled with high starch addition also contributes to whiteness loss when these are added to the surface of the paper. Certain sizing agents can also contribute to whiteness loss. However, these chemicals are essential to paper making. Starch imparts strength, sizing makes the paper water resistant, and OBA is used to add whiteness and brightness to the paper. Therefore, it would be beneficial to optimize whiteness without losing brightness, strength, or water resistance, and to reduce OBA/FWA dosage while preserving the main properties required for inkjet paper. 
         [0009]    It has been found that polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), in solution or in powder form, can be substituted for the starch and that making this substitution produces paper having sufficient strength even with a reduction of starch and having increased brightness and CIE whiteness. Results also show that adding Premier Blue, a phthalocyamine blue pigment Dye, along with the PVOH helps improve the whiteness of the paper. These components when used with the ColorLok components in sufficient amount and, in one embodiment, in an appropriate addition sequence, result in significantly increased whiteness of the paper. Additionally, the inventors have found that when silica is appropriately added to the surface formulation, TAPPI brightness also increases. 
         [0010]    In a first aspect, the invention is directed to an ink recording sheet (or printing paper) containing a water soluble divalent salt on at least one surface of the sheet and further comprising PVOH in contact with the salt in an amount sufficient to increase whiteness of the sheet at least 10 CIE whiteness points compared to a sheet with no PVOH on the sheet surface. In one embodiment, the PVOH is in an amount sufficient to increase whiteness of the sheet at least 20 CIE whiteness points, or at least 30 points, or at least 40 points. In one embodiment, the final CIE whiteness is at least about 150 or at least about 160 or at least about 170. 
         [0011]    In another aspect, the invention is directed to a surface coating based on the ColorLok Technology having improved whiteness compared to typical ColorLok surface coatings. The surface coating includes a protected OBA and a water soluble divalent salt. 
         [0012]    In another aspect, the invention is directed to a method for increasing whiteness of printing paper that is made using the ColorLok Technology components in the surface coating, i.e., a water soluble divalent salt, e.g., calcium chloride, and one or more starches, the method comprising replacing at least some of the starch with PVOH in an amount sufficient to increase the CIE whiteness. In an embodiment, the weight ratio of PVOH to starch in the surface coating, e.g., the size press coating composition, is at least 1:3, or at least 1:2 or at least 1:1. In one embodiment, that amount of starch is less than about 55 lbs/ton (27.5 kg/metric ton (MT)) (dry basis of paper suspension), or less than 45 lbs/ton (22.5 kg/MT), or less than 40 lbs/ton (20 kg/MT), or less than 30 lbs/ton (15 kg/MT), or less. In one embodiment, there is no starch added to the coating composition. 
         [0013]    In one embodiment, that surface coating is prepared by sequentially adding components, wherein the PVOH (or the PVOH and starch) and an OBA are added to the coating prior to the salt being added. In one embodiment, the PVOH (or the PVOH and starch) is added between an OBA and the salt, e.g., calcium chloride. In one embodiment, an OBA is added first and the PVOH (or PVOH and starch) is added prior to adding the salt. In one embodiment, the PVOH is added in an amount sufficient so that the OBA can be reduced by at least about 10%, without a significant reduction in brightness. In another embodiment, the OBA is reduced by at least about 20%, or at least about 25%, or at least about 30%, without a significant reduction in brightness. 
         [0014]    In another embodiment, a dye component is also added to the surface coating. The PVOH can be premixed with the dye component and added prior to the salt. In one embodiment, the surface coating composition also comprises silica. In one embodiment, the silica is non-porous silica. 
         [0015]    In another embodiment, PVOH is premixed with OBA. In one embodiment, the following are added to the premix in the order listed: Dye, Starch, Sizing and Calcium Chloride. 
         [0016]    In another embodiment, PVOH is premixed with Dye. In one embodiment, the following are added to the premix in the order listed: OBA, Starch, Sizing and Calcium Chloride. 
         [0017]    In one embodiment, the starch is treated with an enzyme. The starch can be added to a surface coating formulation in an amount from about 40 60 lb/ton starch, based on the dry weight of the paper stock. The other components can be added in the following amounts: from about 5 to about 10 lb/ton PVOH, from about 0.02 to about 0.03 Dye, about 10 to about 30 lb/ton calcium chloride, about 0.7 to about 1.5 lb/ton Sizing, and about 4 to about 10 lb/ton OBA, based on dry weight of paper stock. 
         [0018]    The specific types of components, e.g., OBA, PVOH, dye, and silica, used in the coating composition, and specific sequences of components, can include any of the components and sequences described more fully below. 
         [0019]    Additional objects, advantages and novel features will be apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the description that follows. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0020]      FIG. 1  is a graph showing the effect of refining on brightness and whiteness. 
           [0021]      FIG. 2  is a graph showing initial brightness and whiteness of different hand sheets. 
           [0022]      FIG. 3  is a graph showing effect of OBA dosage on whiteness. 
           [0023]      FIG. 4  is a graph showing whiteness for hand sheets having different wet end chemicals. 
           [0024]      FIG. 5  is a graph showing whiteness for hand sheets having different coatings. 
           [0025]      FIG. 6  is a graph showing whiteness for selected hand sheets with three different coatings. 
           [0026]      FIG. 7  is a graph showing whiteness for selected hand sheets with silica based coatings. 
           [0027]      FIG. 8  is a graph showing whiteness as a function of starch and PVOH levels in coatings. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0028]    OBAs are used to increase the brightness and/or whiteness of paper. OBAs can be added separately to the wet end or surface coating, e.g., the size press, or to both. Addition to the wet end means that the OBA is added to the fibers with other wet end chemicals before the paper is made. Once the paper is made it often goes through the size press where additional chemical additives are applied on the surface of the paper. 
         [0029]    In one aspect the invention is directed to a surface coating based on the ColorLok technology that provides increased whiteness compared to a typical or standard ColorLok formulation. The surface coating having increased whiteness contains a protected OBA component, along with the water soluble divalent salt. 
         [0030]    The term protected OBA means that the OBA is protected by a PVOH component. The PVOH component can be PVOH, a PVOH solution, or PVOH in combination with one or more other components. The OBA can be protected by contacting the OBA with PVOH (or, e.g., a combination of dye and PVOH) prior to the OBA contacting the salt, wherein the PVOH is present in an amount sufficient to increase CIE whiteness compared to a coating with no PVOH. In one embodiment, the OBA is protected by silica and the PVOH. The protection can be achieved in accordance with the methods for preparing the surface coating, as described more fully herein. 
         [0031]    A surface coating according to the invention can be prepared by sequentially adding components, wherein the PVOH (or PVOH and starch) and an OBA are added to the coating prior to the salt being added. In one embodiment, the PVOH (or PVOH and starch) is added between the addition of the OBA and the salt, e.g., calcium chloride. In one embodiment, the OBA is added first and the PVOH (or PVOH and starch) is added prior to adding the salt. In one embodiment, the PVOH is added in an amount sufficient so that the OBA can be reduced by at least about 10% compared to the typical ColorLok formulation, without a significant reduction in brightness. In another embodiment, the OBA is reduced by at least about 20%, or at least about 25%, or at least about 30%, without a significant reduction in brightness. 
         [0032]    A dye component can also be added to the surface coating. The PVOH can be premixed with the dye component and added prior to the salt. In one embodiment, the surface coating composition also comprises silica. In one embodiment, the silica is non-porous silica. The silica can be dispersed, i.e., be substantially non-aggregated. In one embodiment the silica has an average particle size or at least about 30 nm or at least about 40 nm. In one embodiment the silica has a specific surface area less than about 100 m 2 /g or less than about 80 m 2 /g. 
         [0033]    In another embodiment, PVOH is premixed with OBA. In one embodiment, the following are added to the premix in the order listed: Dye, Starch, Sizing and Calcium Chloride. 
         [0034]    In another embodiment, PVOH is premixed with Dye. In one embodiment, the following are added to the premix in the order listed: OBA, Starch, Sizing and Calcium Chloride. 
         [0035]    In one embodiment, the surface coating chemicals are added in the following order: PVOH and Pigment (dye) premix, OBA, Starch, Sizing and Calcium Chloride. In one embodiment, the types of chemicals and amounts used can be as follows: about 4-5 lb/t Hexa OBA, about 8 lb/t PVOH, about 40-50 lb/t starch (treated with enzme), about 1.0 to 1.25 lb/t SPAE76 (sizing), about 0.02 lb/t XP3057 (blue pigment), and about 20 lb/t Calcium Chloride, based on the dry weight of the paper. 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0036]    Chemical addition to the wet end was simulated in the lab by making handsheets and adding chemicals, one at the time, and in certain sequences to the bleached and refined pulp. The handsheets were pressed and dried prior to adding surface treatment. The size press chemical addition was simulated by applying the coating formulation with a rod to the surface of the handsheets. The chemicals on the surface were applied with an automated draw down table. After the surface additives were applied, the handsheets were dried with a lab scale infra-red dryer. 
       Equipment and Test Methods 
       [0037]    This section lists the instruments, equipment, and test methods used to make the handsheets and to measure the desired properties. The equipment used includes: 1) handsheet molds to make the handsheets, 2) wet press, 3) drum dyers to dry the handsheets  4 ) automated draw down table to coat the handsheets, 5) lab scale IR dryer, 6) Technidyne Color Touch brightness meter to test for D65 brightness, CIE whiteness, scattering and absorption coefficients, and 7) Technidyne Brightmeter to test for TAPPI brightness. 
         [0038]    Brightness D65 Test Method was performed with the Technidyne according to ISO 2470:1999. Calibration of UV content is described in ISO 11475:2002 and whiteness CIE/10° according to ISO 1475:2002. The test methods used to measure freeness of the refined and unrefined pulp was the Canadian Standard of Freeness Test (TAPPI method T227). 
       Example 1 
       [0039]    To address loss of whiteness at a mill using the ColorLok Technology, preliminary experiments were done to determine the root cause of the whiteness loss. 
         [0040]    Pulp pads were used to measure the initial brightness and whiteness of the pulp. Handsheets were used to study the effect chemicals have on whiteness and brightness when the chemicals are added to the wet end or size press. For this set of experiments, pulp pads and handsheets were made using unrefined and refined hardwood (HW) and softwood (SW) pulp from a Southern U.S. mill. Part of the pulp received was refined and the rest of the pulp was left unrefined. Both handsheets and pulp pads were made with refined and unrefined HW and SW fibers. Pads were also made with a mixture of 70% HW and 30% SW fibers. Pulp pads and handsheets were tested for brightness and whiteness. To obtain the initial brightness and whiteness measurements, blank pulp pads and handsheets were made, that is no chemicals were added to either the pulp or the surface of the paper. 
         [0041]      FIG. 1  shows the effect refining has on brightness and whiteness of pulp and paper. From the pulp test results, we observed that hardwoods have lower initial whiteness than softwoods (unrefined SW: 84 vs. unrefined HW: 76). However, unrefined SW and HW have the same initial brightness. The ratio of HW to SW is 70:30, which means that paper made with 70% HW and 30% SW ratio will go through more loss of whiteness than of TAPPI brightness. 
       Example 2 
       [0042]    A Southern U.S. mills base paper was simulated by adding chemicals to the fibers in the sequence typical to the mill. Handsheets were also made with the same fibers, but with different wet end chemicals and sequences. 81 different sets of handsheets were made using the same pulp, but with different wet end chemicals and sequences to compare the whiteness performance and determine the factors that contribute to handsheet whiteness. 
         [0043]    With the starting handsheet brightness of 84 and whiteness of 72, 81 sets of handsheets were made with different chemicals added to the fibers. From the 81 handsheets, 7 with highest whiteness (A G) were selected in addition to the mills handsheet and a set of blank handsheets made without chemicals. 
         [0044]      FIG. 2  shows brightness (B) and whiteness (W) for different handsheet sets: 1) blank, 2) the control mill set, and 3) handsheet sets A-G. The results show that mill handsheet set has higher B and W than the blank handsheet set, but lower B and W than the other handsheet sets. For this set of experiments 10 lb/ton of tetra OBA was used for all handsheets. The mill handsheet sets were made with 3V OBA, but the other handsheets were made with Clariant OBA. 
       Example 3 
       [0045]    From the 10 different sets of handsheets (A G), three sets (A, F, and E) in addition to the mills set were selected to test the effect of the OBA dosage. In this set of experiments handsheets with different wet end chemicals and sequences were made using two different dosages of OBA 10 lb/ton and 20 lb/ton as shown in  FIG. 3 . Handsheets made with 20 lb/ton OBA tetra at the wet end obtained higher whiteness than those made with 10 lb/ton OBA at the wet end. Mill handsheets had lower whiteness than the other handsheet set at both OBA dosages. 
         [0046]    As shown in  FIG. 3 , this set of experiments shows that with higher OBA dosages it is possible to increase the whiteness of all handsheets. However, when comparing handsheet sets mill to F and E, it is clear that the mill could benefit by changing the chemicals in the base sheet to increase the whiteness of their paper. 
         [0047]    Table 1 shows the formulations for handsheet sets F and G. This illustrates that the chemicals and their sequences added to the same pulp at the same OBA dose can create paper with different whiteness. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Chemicals and their Sequences for Handsheet Sets F and G 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Handsheet F 
                   
                 Handsheet G 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Dosage 
                   
                 Dosage 
               
               
                   
                 Additive 
                 lb/ton 
                 Additive 
                 lb/ton 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 L-OBA 
                 10 
                 PCC 
                 400 
               
               
                   
                 PCC 
                 400 
                 L-OBA 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Dye 
                 0.1 
                 Alum 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 ASA/Stalok 400 
                 1.3/5.2 
                 Dye 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 PAC 
                 1 
                 Starch 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 PL 2510 
                 1 
                 PL 1610 
                 0.3 
               
               
                   
                 Eka NP 442 
                 1 
                 NP 320 
                 1.25 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 BMA-0 
                 1.25 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 4 
       [0048]    The prior examples show that the chemicals added to the wet end can only reach a certain level of whiteness and brightness. Additional whiteness and brightness can be obtained by adding surface chemicals. For this set of experiments, the base sheet had neither internal nor surface size. The TAPPI brightness of the base sheet was 92 and CIE whiteness was 138. Table 2 shows a list of the chemicals used, the chemicals percentage solids and the chemical manufacturers. The equipment used for surface addition is an automatic drawn down table and a lab scale IR dryer. 
         [0049]    To increase the whiteness and brightness of the base sheet, 68 different surface coatings were prepared including the mill coating. Handsheets from sets A G and mill were coated with the mills surface formulation and a few other formulations to determine the paper-coating interaction and the effect these have on brightness and whiteness of paper. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 List of Chemicals, Percentage Solids and Source of Origin 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Size Press Chemicals 
                 Solids 
                 Source 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Enzyme Converted Pearl Starch 
                   12% 
                 National Starch 
               
               
                 Hexa OBA 
                 30.8% 
                 3 V 
               
               
                 Tetra OBA 
                 22.6% 
                 3 V 
               
               
                 Salt 
                 18.2% 
                 Mill 
               
               
                 Eka SP AE 76 (Anionic SAE size) 
                 39.3% 
                 Eka 
               
               
                 Calcium Chloride 
                   38% 
                 Mill 
               
               
                 PVOH 24-203 
                   14% 
                 Celvol 
               
               
                 Leucophor CE Tetra OBA 
                 53.6% 
                 Clariant 
               
               
                 Eka SP 50 (amphoteric SAE size) 
                   59% 
                 Eka 
               
               
                 Silica Bindzil 50/80 
                   50% 
                 Eka 
               
               
                 Premier Blue Pigment (diluted to 2% 
                 38.0% 
                 Royal Pigments 
               
               
                 solids) □Dye□ 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0050]    Nearly 70 different formulations were developed using the chemicals in Table 2. The goal was to determine the most suitable and most cost effective formulation(s) to increase the whiteness of the paper while maintaining/increasing the papers brightness. 
         [0051]    Table 3 shows a version of the ColorLok technology. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 ColorLok Formulation, Percentage Solids, and Dosages 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Solids 
                 Dose (Lb/ton) 
               
               
                   
                 Chemicals 
                 (%) 
                 Dry Basis 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Starch 
                 12 
                  90 □ 110 
               
               
                   
                 Hexa OBA 
                 30.8 
                 15-23 
               
               
                   
                 Calcium Chloride 
                 38 
                 15 □ 20 
               
               
                   
                 Eka SP AE 76 
                 39.3 
                 0.7 □ 0.9 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0052]    Table 4 shows a list of formulations using the chemicals in Table 3 and a few other chemicals. These formulations were used to determine the effect each chemical had on whiteness and brightness, and compatibility between the chemicals in the formulation. With this information, the best chemical sequence to increase whiteness while preserving brightness was determined. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 OBA Interaction with other surface chemicals 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 TAPPI 
                 D65 
                 CIE 
               
               
                 Condition 
                   
                   
                   
                 Calcium 
                 Size 
                 OBA 
                 Leucophor 
                 Coat 
                 Brightness 
                 Brightness 
                 Whiteness 
               
               
                 # 
                 Chemicals 
                 Starch 
                 PVOH 
                 Chloride 
                 SPAE76 
                 Hexa 
                 Ce Tetra 
                 Weight 
                 (TB) 
                 (B) 
                 (W) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Base Sheet 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 NA 
                 92 
                 102 
                 138 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Chemical Compatibility 
                 Results 
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 Starch 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 4 
                 91 
                 103 
                 141 
               
               
                   
                 Enzyme Pearl 
               
               
                 2 
                 SP AE 76 
                   
                   
                   
                 0.7 
                   
                   
                 9 
                 76 
                 83 
                 90 
               
               
                 3 
                 Salt 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 12 
                 92 
                 104 
                 143 
               
               
                 4 
                 Hexa + Starch 
                 70 
                   
                   
                   
                 13 
                   
                 4 
                 93 
                 110 
                 155 
               
               
                 5 
                 OBA Hexa + 
                   
                   
                   
                 0.7 
                 13 
                   
                 9 
                 83 
                 94 
                 86 
               
               
                   
                 SPAE76 
               
               
                 6 
                 Hexa + Salt 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 13 
                   
                 8 
                 85 
                 97 
                 94 
               
               
                 7 
                 Hexa + PVOH 
                   
                 49 
                   
                   
                 13 
                   
                 3 
                 96 
                 113 
                 166 
               
               
                   
                 24-203 @12% 
               
               
                 8 
                 OBA Hexa + 
                   
                   
                 15 
                   
                 13 
                   
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
               
               
                   
                 Calcium 
               
               
                   
                 Chloride 
               
               
                 9 
                 Calcium 
                   
                   
                 15 
                   
                   
                   
                 14 
                 92 
                 103 
                 139 
               
               
                   
                 Chloride 
               
               
                 10 
                 Leucophor CE 
                   
                 57 
                   
                   
                   
                 6 
                 3 
                 95 
                 112 
                 164 
               
               
                   
                 (tetra) + PVOH 
               
               
                 13 
                 PVOH 24-203 
                   
                 64 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3 
                 92 
                 103 
                 143 
               
               
                   
                 @12% 
               
               
                 15 
                 Leucophor CE 
                 66 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 6 
                 3 
                 94 
                 109 
                 152 
               
               
                   
                 (tetra) + Starch 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0053]    The following observations were made for the coatings listed in Table 4: the base sheet was used as a control; conditions 1, 3 and 9 had no adverse effect on B or W; conditions 2, 5 and 6 decreased (and in some cases significantly decreased) TB, D65B and W; conditions 4, 7, and 15 increased B and W; condition 8 precipitated out, showing incompatibility between OBA Hexa and calcium chloride; and condition 13 maintained B and increased W. 
         [0054]    Condition 8 (Table 4) shows that calcium chloride, the chemical necessary for the ColorLok technology, was not compatible with hexasulphonated OBA (Hexa). This incompatibility caused the solution to precipitate out. Similarly, condition 5 shows that when the surface size (SAE anionic) is added to OBA Hexa directly there was a significant decrease in whiteness and brightness. Comparing the whiteness between conditions 4 and 5, condition 5 (OBA Hexa and SPAE76) shows a 69 point drop in whiteness compared to condition 4 (OBA Hexa and starch). Condition 6 shows that salt also contributed to whiteness decrease when added to the OBA directly. These decreases in whiteness show the importance of chemical sequences in the coating formulations. 
         [0055]    There are however, certain chemical sequences that were found to increase whiteness of paper. For example, the best combination in Table 4 was OBA and PVOH as shown in conditions 7 and 10. Two different types of OBAs were used. The PVOH-Hexa OBA combination had slightly higher whiteness (166) than the PVOH-Leucophor CE combination (164). Leucophor CE is a tetra OBA and the dosage used for the tetra was less than half that of the Hexa OBA. These experiments show that PVOH has good compatibility with OBA and increases brightness and whiteness significantly compared to the combination of OBA and starch (condition 4 compared to 7, and condition 10 compared to 15). PVOH mixed with either OBA Hexa or Leucophor CE (tetra) had 10 point higher whiteness than when using the Pearl enzyme modified starch with either OBA. 
       Example 5 
       [0056]    The base sheet was coated with different surface formulations. The coated sheets ranged from 4 to 8 g/m 2  (100 to 200 lb/ton) depending on whether or not the coating formulation contained silica. The formulations that contained silica ranged from 6 to 8 g/m 2  and those without silica ranged between 4 to 6 g/m 2 . 
         [0057]      FIG. 4  shows the interaction between paper and coatings. Nine handsheet sets and four different coatings were used to determine the effect wet end and size press chemicals have on whiteness. A review of  FIG. 4  reveals that: 1) The same whiteness (115) was obtained when the blank and the mill handsheet were coated with the ColorLok coating; 2) By coating handsheet set G with ColorLok coating increased whiteness by 9 points from 115 (mill handsheet with ColorLok coating) to 124 (G handsheet with ColorLok coating); 3) When mill handsheet was coated with coating #62 (coating shown in Table 5 below) the whiteness increased to 149 (34 points higher than when mill handsheet was coated with ColorLok coating); and 4) When handsheet G was coated with coating #62 the whiteness was 156 (32 points higher than when G was coated with ColorLok coating). 
         [0058]    Thus,  FIG. 4  shows that whiteness can be increased significantly if the base sheets wet end chemicals and the coating formulation have good interaction. It is important to also have good understanding of the combined dosage effect because too much OBA can reach the greening level and decrease the brightness and whiteness of the paper. 
         [0059]    These experiments show that the whiteness obtained by the mill using their current chemicals at the wet end and size press can be used in a certain way, e.g., amounts and sequences, to achieve high whiteness and brightness. 
       Example 6 
       [0060]    Mill handsheets were coated with several different coating formulations including the ColorLok surface coating. The results are shown in  FIG. 5 , with the blank handsheet set serving as the control. No chemicals were used to make the blank handsheets and there was no coating formulation added to the surface of the blank handsheets. The CIE whiteness of the blank handsheet was 72. The uncoated mill handsheet (made with wet end chemicals) had a whiteness of 108. After coating the mill handsheet with the ColorLok coating, there was a whiteness increase of 7 points (uncoated mill handsheet whiteness 108 compared to coated whiteness 115). The rest of the mill handsheets coated with coatings 16d, 19d, 66, 65, 62, 29, 68, 22d-R2 (coatings described in Table 5) ranged in whiteness from 126 to 162 depending on the coating formulation used. That is, adding different coating formulations to the same base sheet increased whiteness an amount from 11 to 47 points. 
         [0061]    This set of experiments demonstrates that applying different coating formulations to the same base sheet can significantly increase paper whiteness by up to 47 points. 
       Example 7 
       [0062]    To better demonstrate the base sheet-coating interaction, two handsheet sets: mill (simulation of the mills paper) and G (made with chemicals in Table 1) were selected. These handsheets were coated with three different coating formulations: ColorLok, 65, and 68 as shown in  FIG. 6 . As shown in  FIG. 6 , the results show that coated handsheet G performed better than coated mill handsheet. Comparing the whiteness performance of the two base sheets (mill and G handsheets) both coated with ColorLok coating formulation, it can be seen that the G handsheet was 9 points higher in whiteness.  FIG. 6  further shows that coating formulation #68 coated on either of the sheets performs better than the other two coating formulations (#65 and ColorLok). Mill handsheet with coating #68 had 41 points higher whiteness than when coated with ColorLok coating. The highest whiteness was obtained with G handsheet and coating #68. That combination was 46 points higher whiteness than the mill handsheet/ColorLok coating combination. 
         [0063]    A review of the examples above reveals that the base sheet, coating, and the interaction of these has significant effect on the final whiteness of the paper. 
         [0064]    Table 5 shows a list containing over 68 surface coating formulations. The chemicals are given in dry pounds per ton. The table shows D65 and TAPPI brightness and CIE whiteness. 
         [0065]    Some of these formulations have been evaluated in subgroups and are listed in Tables 6 10. The subgroups show the effect certain chemicals have on whiteness and brightness. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Formulations (dry lb/ton) and Results 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 CIE 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Condition # 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Calcium 
                 SP AE 
                   
                   
                 Whiteness 
               
               
                 Target 
                 Starch 
                   
                   
                 Hexa 
                   
                 Leucophor 
                 Chloride 
                 76 
                 SP AE 
                   
                 Target 
                 TAPPI 
                 D65 
               
               
                 #/ton 
                 90-110 
                 PVOH 
                 Silica 
                 15-23 
                 Tetra 
                 CE 
                 15 
                 0.7 
                 50 
                 Dye 
                 157 
                 Brightness 
                 Brightness 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                  1 
                 87.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.000 
                 141.31 
                 91.3 
                 103.1 
               
               
                  4 
                 69.5 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 12.5 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.000 
                 154.68 
                 93.4 
                 110.39 
               
               
                  7 
                 0.0 
                 49.2 
                 0.0 
                 8.8 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.000 
                 165.79 
                 95.7 
                 113.24 
               
               
                 10 
                 0.0 
                 57.1 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 6.9 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.000 
                 163.65 
                 95.1 
                 112.12 
               
               
                 11 
                 0.0 
                 28.6 
                 63.5 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 3.5 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.015 
                 164.07 
                 95.5 
                 111.77 
               
               
                 12 
                 0.0 
                 31.5 
                 69.8 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 3.8 
                 10.5 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.017 
                 164.56 
                 95.2 
                 112.18 
               
               
                  12a 
                 35.7 
                 0.0 
                 79.2 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 4.3 
                 11.9 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.019 
                 149.12 
                 93.4 
                 106.28 
               
               
                     12as 
                 33.5 
                 0.0 
                 74.3 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 4.1 
                 11.1 
                 0.9 
                 0.0 
                 0.018 
                 149.15 
                 93 
                 106.24 
               
               
                     12s 
                 0.0 
                 37.5 
                 83.1 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 4.5 
                 12.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.0 
                 0.020 
                 170.12 
                 95.6 
                 112.03 
               
               
                 12s-R     
                 0.0 
                 22.6 
                 100.3 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 5.5 
                 15.0 
                 0.5 
                 0.0 
                 0.024 
                 160.47 
                 94.5 
                 108.25 
               
               
                 13 
                 0.0 
                 64.4 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.000 
                 142.69 
                 92.2 
                 103.35 
               
               
                 15 
                 65.8 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 5.3 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.000 
                 151.99 
                 93.6 
                 109.11 
               
               
                 16-2     
                 92.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 16.5 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 20.4 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.000 
                 142.35 
                 92.5 
                 108.35 
               
               
                 16 
                 78.8 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 14.2 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 17.4 
                 0.6 
                 0.0 
                 0.000 
                 138.71 
                 92.2 
                 109.53 
               
               
                  16d 
                 73.8 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 13.3 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 16.3 
                 0.6 
                 0.0 
                 0.029 
                 146.29 
                 92.6 
                 107.86 
               
               
                 19 
                 64.1 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 5.2 
                 14.2 
                 0.6 
                 0.0 
                 0.000 
                 145.85 
                 92.5 
                 108.08 
               
               
                  19d 
                 76.3 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 6.2 
                 16.9 
                 0.6 
                 0.0 
                 0.030 
                 151.78 
                 92.2 
                 107.67 
               
               
                 22 
                 0.0 
                 59.4 
                 0.0 
                 16.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 19.7 
                 0.8 
                 0.0 
                 0.000 
                 166.047 
                 94.9 
                 114.32 
               
               
                  22d 
                 0.0 
                 41.5 
                 0.0 
                 11.2 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 13.8 
                 0.5 
                 0.0 
                 0.022 
                 171.42 
                 94.6 
                 113.06 
               
               
                 22d-R  
                 0.0 
                 28.7 
                 0.0 
                 15.5 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 19.1 
                 0.7 
                 0.0 
                 0.030 
                 167.32 
                 93.9 
                 111.54 
               
               
                 22d-R2 
                 0.0 
                 55.4 
                 0.0 
                 7.5 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 18.4 
                 0.7 
                 0.0 
                 0.029 
                 175.71 
                 93.5 
                 109.69 
               
               
                 22d-R2 
                 0.0 
                 48.8 
                 0.0 
                 3.3 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 16.2 
                 0.6 
                 0.0 
                 0.004 
                 168.39 
                 94.5 
                 112.35 
               
               
                 23 
                 0.0 
                 73.6 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 8.9 
                 24.5 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.000 
                 164.53 
                 94.2 
                 113.1 
               
               
                 24 
                 0.0 
                 68.2 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 8.3 
                 22.7 
                 0.8 
                 0.0 
                 0.000 
                 163.8 
                 94.5 
                 112.73 
               
               
                 25 
                 0.0 
                 65.4 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 7.9 
                 21.7 
                 0.9 
                 0.0 
                 0.006 
                 165.72 
                 94.2 
                 112.35 
               
               
                 26 
                 0.0 
                 41.4 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 10.0 
                 27.5 
                 1.1 
                 0.0 
                 0.007 
                 160.49 
                 94.1 
                 110.78 
               
               
                 27 
                 0.0 
                 43.1 
                 0.0 
                 11.6 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 14.3 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.000 
                 165.69 
                 94.8 
                 114.47 
               
               
                 28 
                 0.0 
                 29.1 
                 0.0 
                 7.9 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 9.7 
                 0.3 
                 0.0 
                 0.000 
                 164.95 
                 94.2 
                 114.1 
               
               
                 29 
                 0.0 
                 49.6 
                 0.0 
                 13.4 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 16.5 
                 0.6 
                 0.0 
                 0.013 
                 166.7 
                 95.7 
                 113.95 
               
               
                 30 
                 0.0 
                 40.8 
                 0.0 
                 22.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 27.1 
                 1.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.022 
                 164.74 
                 95.7 
                 113.76 
               
               
                 31 
                 60.3 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 7.9 
                 0.0 
                 13.3 
                 0.5 
                 0.0 
                 0.000 
                 118.76 
                 90.9 
                 103.21 
               
               
                 32 
                 57.3 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 7.5 
                 0.0 
                 12.7 
                 0.4 
                 0.0 
                 0.010 
                 122.81 
                 90 
                 103.82 
               
               
                 33 
                 0.0 
                 35.7 
                 79.1 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 4.3 
                 11.9 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.009 
                 164.16 
                 96.8 
                 113.74 
               
               
                 34 
                 0.0 
                 36.1 
                 80.1 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 4.4 
                 12.0 
                 0.4 
                 0.0 
                 0.010 
                 164.92 
                 96.9 
                 113.99 
               
               
                 35 
                 0.0 
                 26.9 
                 119.1 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 6.5 
                 17.8 
                 0.6 
                 0.0 
                 0.014 
                 162.66 
                 96.8 
                 113.68 
               
               
                 36 
                 51.0 
                 0.0 
                 75.5 
                 9.2 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 11.3 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.009 
                 144.73 
                 94.2 
                 108.35 
               
               
                 37 
                 49.9 
                 0.0 
                 73.7 
                 9.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 11.0 
                 0.4 
                 0.0 
                 0.009 
                 145.28 
                 94.2 
                 108.6 
               
               
                 38 
                 50.9 
                 0.0 
                 75.2 
                 0.0 
                 6.7 
                 0.0 
                 11.3 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.009 
                 126.08 
                 91.9 
                 104.71 
               
               
                 39 
                 38.3 
                 0.0 
                 56.7 
                 0.0 
                 5.0 
                 0.0 
                 8.5 
                 0.3 
                 0.0 
                 0.007 
                 124.52 
                 91.7 
                 103.65 
               
               
                 40 
                 0.0 
                 45.1 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 8.9 
                 0.0 
                 15.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.000 
                 165.66 
                 95.3 
                 114.05 
               
               
                 41 
                 0.0 
                 46.1 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 9.1 
                 0.0 
                 15.3 
                 0.5 
                 0.0 
                 0.000 
                 165.47 
                 95 
                 114.02 
               
               
                 42 
                 69.9 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 12.6 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 15.5 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.000 
                 143.34 
                 93.4 
                 109.06 
               
               
                 43 
                 44.4 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 8.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 9.8 
                 0.0 
                 0.65 
                 0.000 
                 140.56 
                 92.7 
                 108.04 
               
               
                 44 
                 33.9 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 6.1 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 7.5 
                 0.0 
                 0.50 
                 0.006 
                 145.21 
                 92.9 
                 108.99 
               
               
                 45 
                 39.4 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 5.9 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 7.3 
                 0.0 
                 0.46 
                 0.006 
                 148.04 
                 93.7 
                 109.35 
               
               
                 46 
                 43.2 
                 14.4 
                 0.0 
                 15.5 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 19.1 
                 0.7 
                 0.0 
                 0.015 
                 159.31 
                 94.8 
                 112.22 
               
               
                 47 
                 0.0 
                 41.5 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 8.2 
                 0.0 
                 13.8 
                 0.5 
                 0.0 
                 0.011 
                 161.25 
                 94.9 
                 113.25 
               
               
                 48 
                 50.3 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 13.6 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 11.1 
                 0.0 
                 0.72 
                 0.009 
                 103.35 
                 86.3 
                 96.95 
               
               
                 49 
                 61.8 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 16.7 
                 11.4 
                 0.0 
                 0.69 
                 0.009 
                 143.36 
                 94 
                 107.85 
               
               
                     49R 
                 56.5 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 3.8 
                 10.4 
                 0.0 
                 0.67 
                 0.008 
                 144.64 
                 92.1 
                 106.58 
               
               
                 50 
                 55.0 
                 18.3 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 14.5 
                 0.0 
                 24.4 
                 0.9 
                 0.0 
                 0.019 
                 133.79 
                 91.9 
                 106.24 
               
               
                 51 
                 52.6 
                 13.1 
                 0.0 
                 14.2 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 17.5 
                 0.6 
                 0.0 
                 0.014 
                 157.55 
                 93.5 
                 111.2 
               
               
                 52 
                 0.0 
                 53.2 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 10.5 
                 0.0 
                 17.7 
                 0.6 
                 0.0 
                 0.014 
                 161.65 
                 95.3 
                 113.57 
               
               
                 53 
                 33.5 
                 11.2 
                 99.0 
                 12.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 14.8 
                 0.5 
                 0.0 
                 0.012 
                 158.6 
                 96.1 
                 113.17 
               
               
                 54 
                 31.1 
                 10.4 
                 92.0 
                 0.0 
                 8.2 
                 0.0 
                 13.8 
                 0.5 
                 0.0 
                 0.011 
                 134.07 
                 93.2 
                 107.92 
               
               
                 55 
                 40.8 
                 13.6 
                 120.5 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 26.4 
                 18.1 
                 0.6 
                 0.0 
                 0.014 
                 142.27 
                 93.9 
                 108.84 
               
               
                     55R 
                 42.1 
                 14.0 
                 124.5 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 6.8 
                 18.6 
                 0.7 
                 0.0 
                 0.015 
                 137.75 
                 93.4 
                 102.69 
               
               
                 56 
                 47.5 
                 15.8 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 30.8 
                 21.1 
                 0.7 
                 0.0 
                 0.017 
                 137 
                 90.7 
                 105.95 
               
               
                     56R 
                 60.3 
                 20.1 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 9.8 
                 26.7 
                 0.9 
                 0.0 
                 0.021 
                 158.17 
                 93.6 
                 110.2 
               
               
                 57 
                 24.0 
                 8.0 
                 0.0 
                 8.6 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 10.6 
                 0.0 
                 0.83 
                 0.008 
                 158.14 
                 94 
                 111.56 
               
               
                 58 
                 20.1 
                 6.7 
                 59.5 
                 7.2 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 8.9 
                 0.0 
                 0.51 
                 0.007 
                 157.77 
                 95.5 
                 112.34 
               
               
                 59 
                 25.6 
                 8.5 
                 37.8 
                 9.2 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 11.3 
                 0.0 
                 0.72 
                 0.009 
                 158.45 
                 95.3 
                 112.44 
               
               
                 60 
                 20.7 
                 6.9 
                 15.3 
                 7.4 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 9.2 
                 0.0 
                 0.63 
                 0.007 
                 159.1 
                 94.8 
                 112.18 
               
               
                 61 
                 0.0 
                 52.3 
                 0.0 
                 14.1 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 17.4 
                 0.6 
                 0.0 
                 0.014 
                 166.99 
                 95 
                 114.07 
               
               
                 62 
                 0.0 
                 43.6 
                 0.0 
                 5.9 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 14.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.0 
                 0.012 
                 165.35 
                 94.6 
                 112.67 
               
               
                 63 
                 0.0 
                 51.7 
                 0.0 
                 3.5 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 17.2 
                 0.6 
                 0.0 
                 0.014 
                 160.91 
                 94.2 
                 110.56 
               
               
                 64 
                 32.7 
                 10.9 
                 0.0 
                 5.9 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 14.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.0 
                 0.012 
                 158.15 
                 93.7 
                 111.64 
               
               
                 65 
                 15.4 
                 5.1 
                 5.7 
                 2.8 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 5.1 
                 0.0 
                 0.54 
                 0.005 
                 162.93 
                 94.8 
                 111.86 
               
               
                 66 
                 29.7 
                 9.9 
                 8.1 
                 5.3 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 9.9 
                 0.0 
                 0.90 
                 0.010 
                 163 
                 94.8 
                 111.9 
               
               
                 67 
                 8.0 
                 23.9 
                 8.8 
                 4.3 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 7.9 
                 0.0 
                 0.71 
                 0.008 
                 162.33 
                 95 
                 111.56 
               
               
                 68 
                 0.0 
                 73.7 
                 0.0 
                 19.9 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 49.0 
                 1.7 
                 0.0 
                 0.039 
                 168.61 
                 95 
                 {grave over ( )} 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 7 
       [0066]    Table 6 shows a list of formulations using different ColorLok chemicals and different sizing agents. These formulations were used to determine the effect each chemical had on whiteness and brightness. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of Sizing Agents and Dye on Whiteness 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 ColorLok chemicals and different sizing agents 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 OBA 
                 Coat 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Hexa 
                 Weight 
                   
                 D65 
                 CIE 
               
               
                 Cond # 
                   
                 Wet #/t 
                 gsm 
                 TAPPI 
                 Brightness 
                 Whiteness 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Base Sheet 
                   
                 NA 
                 92 
                 102.01 
                 138 
               
               
                  4 
                 Hexa + Starch 
                 50 
                 3.7 
                 93 
                 110 
                 155 
               
               
                 16-2 
                 Hexa + Starch + Calcium Chloride 
                 50 
                 5.8 
                 93 
                 108 
                 142 
               
               
                 16 
                 Hexa + Starch + Calcium Chloride + 
                 50 
                 5 
                 92 
                 110 
                 139 
               
               
                   
                 SP AE76 
               
               
                 17 
                 Hexa + Starch + Calcium Chloride + 
                 50 
                 4.1 
                 92 
                 107 
                 139 
               
               
                   
                 SP AE29 
               
               
                 18 
                 Hexa + Starch + Calcium Chloride + 
                 50 
                 4.5 
                 92 
                 108 
                 140 
               
               
                   
                 SP AE32 
               
               
                  16d 
                 Hexa + Starch + Calcium Chloride + 
                 50 
                 4.7 
                 93 
                 108 
                 146 
               
               
                   
                 SP AE76 + Dye 
               
               
                 42 
                 Hexa + Starch + Calcium Chloride 
                 50 
                 4.4 
                 93.4 
                 109 
                 143 
               
               
                 43 
                 Hexa + Starch + Calcium Chloride + 
                 50 
                 4.6 
                 92.7 
                 108 
                 141 
               
               
                   
                 SP 50 
               
               
                 44 
                 Hexa + Starch + Calcium Chloride + 
                 50 
                 3.5 
                 92.9 
                 109 
                 145 
               
               
                   
                 SP 50 + 1.5 ml dye 
               
               
                 45 
                 Hexa + 110#/t Starch + Calcium 
                 50 
                 3.7 
                 93.7 
                 109 
                 148 
               
               
                   
                 Chloride + SP 50 + 1.5 ml Dye 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0067]    The following observations were made for the coatings listed in Table 6: the base sheet was used as a control; condition 4 showed good compatibility with increased B and W; condition 16-2 (ColorLok formulation without size) showed increase in W compared to base, but lower than condition 4; conditions 16-18 showed no increase in W; condition 16d increased W 7 points compared to 16; condition 42 gave similar results to 16-2; condition 43 did not decrease W significantly compared to 42; conditions 44 and 45 increased W compared to 43. 
         [0068]    Table 6 shows that when calcium chloride was added to Hexa and starch (16-2) the whiteness decreased 13 points from 155 to 142. That is, the main chemical for the ColorLok technology decreased whiteness significantly when added to the starch and the 3V OBA Hexa. When any of the sizing agents were added to the ColorLok formulation the whiteness also decreased. However, whiteness increased when dye was added to the formulation as in conditions 16d, 44, and 45. The data shows that the highest whiteness level was 148. All formulations listed in Table 6 had starch as one of the components and none of the formulations had PVOH. 
       Example 8 
       [0069]    Table 7 shows a list of formulations using different ColorLok chemicals and different OBAs. These formulations were used to determine the effect each OBA had on whiteness and brightness. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of Replacing 3V Hexa OBA with Clariant&#39;s Leucophor CE Tetra (Leu Ce) OBA 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Condition 
                   
                 OBA 
                 Coat 
                   
                 D65 
                 CIE 
               
               
                 # 
                 Chemicals 
                 wet #/t 
                 Weight 
                 TAPPI 
                 Brightness 
                 Whiteness 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 CONTROL 
                 Hexa + Starch + Calcium 
                 (HEXA 
                 5 
                 92 
                 110 
                 139 
               
               
                 # 16 
                 Chloride + SP AE76 
                 OBA) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 50 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Leucophor 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CE Tetra 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Wet #/t 
               
               
                 19 
                 Leu Ce + Starch + Calcium 
                 21.8 
                 3.8 
                 93 
                 108 
                 146 
               
               
                   
                 Chloride + SP AE76 
               
               
                  19d 
                 Leu Ce + Starch + Calcium 
                 21.8 
                 4.5 
                 92 
                 108 
                 152 
               
               
                   
                 Chloride + SP AE76 + Dye 
               
               
                 20 
                 Leu Ce + Starch + Calcium 
                 21.8 
                 4.8 
                 93 
                 108 
                 146 
               
               
                   
                 Chloride + SP AP29 
               
               
                 21 
                 Leu Ce + Starch + Calcium 
                 21.8 
                 4.7 
                 93 
                 108 
                 147 
               
               
                   
                 Chloride + SP AE32 
               
               
                  21d 
                 Leu Ce + Starch + Calcium 
                 21.8 
                 4.2 
                 93 
                 108 
                 154 
               
               
                   
                 Chloride + SP AE32 + Dye 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0070]    The following observations were made for the coatings listed in Table 6: condition 16 from Table 6 was used as a control; condition 19 increased whiteness 7 points compared to 16; condition 19-d increased whiteness another 6 points compared to 19; conditions 20 and 21 showed similar whiteness to 19; and condition 21d increased whiteness compared to 21. 
         [0071]    Table 7 shows that Clariant Leucophor CE Tetra increased the whiteness using less than half the amount of the 3V Hexa OBA. The addition of Dye also increased whiteness significantly. Condition 19d shows Leucophor and Dye increased the whiteness 13 points compared to the formulation currently used by the mill for high brightness ColorLok technology. This shows that B and W can be maintained with a reduction of 28 wet #/ton of OBA, if a tetra OBA is used. 
         [0072]    This set of experiments shows that 3Vs Hexa OBA can be replaced with ClariantL Tetra OBA and increase whiteness. It also shows that addition of dye to the formulation increased the whiteness significantly. Although conditions 19d and 21d had the highest whiteness (152 and 154 respectively), these conditions failed to reach target whiteness of 157. All formulations in this set contained starch and none of them contained PVOH. 
       Example 9 
       [0073]    Table 8 show a list of coating formulations using PVOH in place of starch. These formulations were used to determine the effect PVOH had on whiteness and brightness. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of replacing Pearl Enzyme Modified Starch with PVOH 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 OBA 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Condition 
                   
                 Hexa 
                 Coat 
                   
                 D65 
                 CIE 
               
               
                 # 
                 Chemicals 
                 wet #/t 
                 Weight 
                 TAPPI 
                 Brightness 
                 Whiteness 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Control 
                 Hexa + Starch + Calcium 
                 50 
                 5 
                 92 
                 110 
                 139 
               
               
                 16 
                 Chloride + SP AE76 
               
               
                 22 
                 Hexa + PVOH + Calcium 
                 50 
                 4.3 
                 95 
                 114 
                 166 
               
               
                   
                 Chloride + SP AE76 
               
               
                  22d 
                 Hexa + PVOH + Calcium 
                 50 
                 3 
                 95 
                 113 
                 171 
               
               
                   
                 Chloride + SP AE76 + Dye 
               
               
                 27 
                 Hexa + PVOH + Calcium 
                 50 
                 3.1 
                 95 
                 114 
                 166 
               
               
                   
                 Chloride 
               
               
                 28 
                 Hexa + PVOH + Calcium 
                 50 
                 2.1 
                 94 
                 114 
                 165 
               
               
                   
                 Chloride + SP AE76 
               
               
                 29 
                 Hexa + PVOH + Calcium 
                 50 
                 3.6 
                 96 
                 114 
                 167 
               
               
                   
                 Chloride + SP AE76 + 
               
               
                   
                 ¼ dose Dye 
               
               
                 30 
                 Hexa + 30#/t dose PVOH + 
                 50 
                 4.1 
                 96 
                 114 
                 165 
               
               
                   
                 Calcium Chloride + SP AE76 + 
               
               
                   
                 ¼ dose Dye 
               
               
                 46 
                 Hexa + 15#/t PVOH + 45#/ton 
                 50 
                 4.2 
                 95 
                 112 
                 159 
               
               
                   
                 Starch + Calcium Chloride + 
               
               
                   
                 SPAE76 + ¼ dose Dye 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0074]    The following observations were made for the coatings listed in Table 8: condition 16 from Table 6 was used as a control; conditions 22, 22d, 27 and 28 increased whiteness significantly compared to 16, and 22d was slightly blue; condition 29 retained high whiteness and eliminated slight blue color compared to 22d; condition 30 only showed a slight decrease in whiteness compared to 29; and condition 46 decreased whiteness compared to 30. 
         [0075]    Table 8 shows the significant effect that replacing Pearl enzyme modified starch with PVOH had on whiteness. All the formulations in this set of experiments apart from the control (#16) had PVOH. The Table shows that the whiteness of all the conditions that contained PVOH was above 159. 
         [0076]    Table 8 shows that by substituting PVOH for starch in the ColorLok formulation, it is possible to: 1) Achieve whiteness above 159; 2) Reduce whiteness loss due to sizing agent addition (conditions 27 vs. 28); and 3) Achieve high whiteness by mixing a lower dosage of PVOH mixed with starch (condition 46). 
       Example 10 
       [0077]    Table 9 shows a list of coating formulations using different OBA and using PVOH in place of starch. These formulations were used to determine the effect on whiteness and brightness. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Combined Effect on Whiteness by Replacing 3V&#39;s Hexa 
               
               
                 with 3V&#39;s Tetra OBA and Replacing Starch with PVOH 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 3V 
                 3V 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Condition 
                   
                 OBA 
                 OBA 
                 Coat 
                   
                 D65 
                 CIE 
               
               
                 # 
                 Chemicals 
                 Hexa 
                 Tetra 
                 Weight 
                 TAPPI 
                 Brightness 
                 Whiteness 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Control 
                 3V Hexa + Starch + Calcium 
                 50 
                   
                 5 
                 92 
                 110 
                 139 
               
               
                 16 
                 Chloride + SP AE76 
               
               
                 31 
                 3V Tetra + Starch + Calcium 
                   
                 35 
                 3.7 
                 91 
                 103 
                 119 
               
               
                   
                 Chloride + SP AE76 
               
               
                 32 
                 3V Tetra + Starch + Calcium 
                   
                 35 
                 3.5 
                 90 
                 104 
                 123 
               
               
                   
                 Chloride + SP AE76 + 
               
               
                   
                 1.5 ml dye 
               
               
                 40 
                 3V Tetra + PVOH + Calcium 
                   
                 35 
                 3.1 
                 95 
                 114 
                 166 
               
               
                   
                 Chloride 
               
               
                 41 
                 3V Tetra + PVOH + Calcium 
                   
                 35 
                 3.2 
                 95 
                 114 
                 165 
               
               
                   
                 Chloride + SP AE76 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0078]    The following observations were made for the coatings listed in Table 9: condition 16 from Table 6 was used as a control; conditions 31 and 32 decreased whiteness significantly compared to 16; and conditions 40 and 41 increased whiteness significantly compared to 16. 
         [0079]    Table 9 shows formulations that contain 3Vs OBAs (Hexa and Tetra). 3Vs Tetra OBA is different from Leucophor CE Tetra OBA shown in Table 7. Condition #16 was the control and had 3Vs Hexa OBA. Conditions  31  and  32  show that when the 3Vs Hexa OBA was replaced with 3Vs Tetra OBA, the whiteness decreased significantly (well below the base paper whiteness) when the formulations contained starch. However, using 3Vs Tetra OBA and replacing the starch with PVOH (as in conditions 40 and 41) both brightness and whiteness was increased significantly. 
         [0080]    From experiments in Tables 7 and 9, it shows that OBA tetra from different manufacturers had different effect on whiteness. Comparing condition #19 (Table 7) with condition #32 (Table 9), where the only difference with these formulations was the Tetra OBA manufacturer, the 146 whiteness of condition 19 (Clariant Tetra OBA) is considerably higher than the 123 whiteness of condition 32, i.e., 23 points higher whiteness was obtained by replacing the 3Vs Tetra with Clariants Tetra OBA and at a lower dosage. 
       Example 11 
       [0081]    Table 10 shows a list of coating formulations containing silica. These formulations were used to determine the effect on whiteness and brightness. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of Silica on Whiteness 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Hexa 
                 Tetra 
                 Leuco 
                 Coat 
                 TAPPI 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Cond 
                 Chemicals 
                 OBA 
                 OBA 
                 phor 
                 Wt 
                 B 
                 D65B 
                 CIE W 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Silica Base Conditions (using OBA Tetra (lower dosage) and starch 
               
             
          
           
               
                 38 
                 Silica + starch + dye + Tetra 
                   
                 30 
                   
                 6.5 
                 91.9 
                 105 
                 126 
               
               
                   
                 OBA + Calcium Chloride 
               
               
                 39 
                 Silica + starch + dye + Tetra 
                   
                 30 
                   
                 4.9* 
                 91.7 
                 104 
                 125 
               
               
                   
                 OBA + Calcium Chloride + SP 
               
               
                   
                 AE76 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Silica Based Conditions (using OBA Hexa (lower dosage than for 
               
               
                 formulation without silica) and starch 
               
             
          
           
               
                 36 
                 Silica + starch + dye + Hexa + 
                 29 
                   
                   
                 6.6 
                 94.2 
                 108 
                 145 
               
               
                   
                 Calcium Chloride 
               
               
                 37 
                 Silica + starch + dye + Hexa + 
                 29 
                   
                   
                 6.5 
                 94.2 
                 109 
                 145 
               
               
                   
                 Calcium Chloride + SP AE 76 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Silica Based Conditions (using Leucophor CE Tetra (less than 
               
               
                 half dosage than the other OBA) and starch 
               
             
          
           
               
                  12a 
                 Silica + ⅔ Starch + dye + Leu 
                   
                   
                 11 
                 5.9 
                 93 
                 106 
                 149 
               
               
                   
                 Ce + Calcium Chloride 
               
               
                     12as 
                 Silica + ⅔ Starch + dye + Leu 
                   
                   
                 11 
                 5.6 
                 93 
                 106 
                 149 
               
               
                   
                 Ce + Calcium Chloride + Size 
               
               
                 11 
                 Silica + PVOH 24-203 + dye + 
                   
                   
                 11 
                 4.3 
                 96 
                 112 
                 164 
               
               
                   
                 Leu Ce 
               
               
                 12 
                 Silica + PVOH 24-203 + dye + 
                   
                   
                 11 
                 5.2 
                 95 
                 112 
                 165 
               
               
                   
                 Leu Ce + Calcium Chloride 
               
               
                 33 
                 Silica + PVOH 24-203 + dye + 
                   
                   
                 11 
                 5.9 
                 96.8 
                 114 
                 164 
               
               
                   
                 Leu Ce + Calcium Chloride 
               
               
                 34 
                 Silica + PVOH + dye + Leu Ce + 
                   
                   
                 11 
                 6 
                 96.9 
                 114 
                 165 
               
               
                   
                 Calcium Chloride + SP AE 76 
               
               
                 35 
                 Silica + ½ dose PVOH + 
                   
                   
                 11 
                 7.7 
                 96.8 
                 114 
                 163 
               
               
                   
                 dye + Leu Ce + Calcium 
               
               
                   
                 Chloride + SP AE 76 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0082]    The following observations were made for the coatings listed in Table 10: conditions 37, 12 as and 34 showed no whiteness loss due to sizing, compared to 36, 12a and 33, respectively; condition 11 increased whiteness significantly compared to the starch containing coatings; and condition 35 maintained high whiteness with decreased PVOH. 
         [0083]    When silica was mixed with PVOH the amount of OBA could be reduced significantly and high whiteness was achieved. Silica prevented whiteness loss due to sizing (comparing formulations 16-2 and 16 from Table 6 to 36 and 37 from Table 10). 
         [0084]      FIG. 7  shows four sets of handsheets coated with a silica based surface coating. The handsheets wet end chemicals are listed in Table 11. A review of  FIG. 7  reveals that the surface chemicals increased the whiteness of the paper for conditions 77 and 80 and condition 76 followed closely. The Figure also shows that the mill condition had lower whiteness even with the silica based surface coating. This indicates that the base sheet can affect whiteness. 
       Example 12 
       [0085]    Tables 11(a) and (b) show a list of wet end formulations. These formulations were used to determine the effect on whiteness and brightness. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 (a): Handsheets Made with Different Wet End Chemicals and Sequences 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 ASA/ 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Eka 
                 Eka 
                 Eka 
                 Eka 
                 Eka 
                 CIE 
                 D65 
                   
               
               
                 Condition 
                 PCC- 
                 L- 
                 PCC- 
                 Stalok 
                   
                 Dye- 
                 Starch- 
                   
                 PL 
                 PL 
                 NP 
                 NP 
                 NP 
                 White- 
                 Bright- 
                 TAPPI 
               
               
                 # 
                 a 
                 OBA 
                 b 
                 400 
                 Alum 
                 b 
                 1 
                 PAC 
                 1610 
                 2510 
                 320 
                 BMA-0 
                 442 
                 ness 
                 ness 
                 B 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 76 
                 0 
                 10 
                 400 
                 2 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 116 
                 99 
                 95 
               
               
                 77 
                 0 
                 20 
                 400 
                 2 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 119 
                 100 
                 95 
               
               
                 80 
                 400 
                 20 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2 
                 0.1 
                 10 
                 0 
                 0.3 
                 0 
                 1.25 
                 1.25 
                 0 
                 119 
                 100 
                 95 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 (b): Handsheet Made with Mill Wet End Chemicals and Sequences 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Eka 
                 CIE 
                 D65 
                   
               
               
                 Condition 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Starch- 
                 ACH- 
                 EXP 
                 NP 
                 White- 
                 Bright- 
                 TAPPI 
               
               
                 # 
                 OBA 
                 ACH 
                 PCC 
                 Alum 
                 ASA 
                 1 
                 2 
                 1104 
                 442 
                 ness 
                 ness 
                 B 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Mill 
                 20 
                 2 
                 400 
                 7.8 
                 1.4 
                 8 
                 0.6 
                 1.3 
                 0.25 
                 113 
                 98 
                 94 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0086]    Tables 11(a) and (b) compares three wet end chemical sequences and the mill sequence. The results show that the mills wet end chemicals produced handsheets with lower whiteness and brightness than the other sequences of chemicals. 
         [0087]    A review of Tables 11(a) and (b) reveals that the base sheet with the chemical sequences listed in Table 11(a) had better interaction with the surface chemicals for increased whiteness. 
         [0088]    Based on the above examples, the inventors have found that there are several options for increasing whiteness by using surface additives, with significant factors for increasing whiteness for the ColorLok technology being the use of PVOH, blue pigment (dye), with or without the silica. However, if loss of whiteness due to sizing agent is an issue, silica can be used to prevent whiteness loss. Also, silica formulations require less OBAs, as the above examples show that silica balances the whiteness loss due to incompatibility of the OBA with other chemicals. 
         [0089]    Thus, based on the above, the chemicals for the improvement of whiteness in the presence of calcium chloride are: PVOH, Dye (Premier Blue pigment or other), Silica and a combination of any two of them such as PVOH and Dye or Dye and Silica. 
         [0090]    Further, from the experiments and results listed on Table 5, it can be concluded that the main chemical interaction that contributes to whiteness changes are starch and PVOH.  FIG. 8  shows the trend for starch and PVOH. The Lower X axis shows whiteness in increasing order and it ranges from 109 to 176. The graph shows that as the starch levels are reduced to zero the whiteness increases and as the PVOH level increases from zero to 55 the whiteness increases. There is a small window where both the starch and PVOH overlap and where the whiteness is 158 to 159. The starch dosage varies from 20 to 45 and the PVOH from 7 to 15 (#/ton). 
       Example 13 
       [0091]    Experiments were run using a surface coating formulation, containing the components, if present, added in the following order: PVOH and Pigment premix, OBA, Starch, Sizing and Calcium Chloride. The amounts used were as follows: 4-5 lb/t Hexa OBA, 8 lb/t PVOH, 40-50 lb/t starch (treated with enzme), 1.0 to 1.25 lb/t SPAE76 (sizing), 0.02 lb/t XP3057 (blue pigment), and 20 lb/t Calcium Chloride, based on the dry weight of the paper. 
         [0092]    The surface coating was coated on laser paper supplied by a southern U.S. mill. The results are listed in Tables 12 and 13. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Results from Coating Experiments 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Coating 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 XP 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 HP 
                 HP 
               
               
                 Model 
                 Cond. 
                 Sample 
                   
                   
                   
                 3057 
                   
                   
                 Speed 
                 Coat 
                 CIE 
                   
                 Gamut 
                 Gamut 
               
               
                 Cond 
                 # 
                 # 
                 Starch 
                 OBA 
                 Size 
                 Pigment 
                 PVOH 
                 CaCl2 
                 (fpm) 
                 weight 
                 Whiteness 
                 b* 
                 Volume 
                 Area 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Paper 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 155 
                 −15 
                 173653 
                 6514 
               
               
                 1 
                   
                 Base 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                   
                 0 
                 143 
                 −13 
                 165690 
                 6835 
               
               
                 2 
                 1 
                  1 
                 72 
                 0 
                 0.76 
                 0.00 
                 0 
                 0 
                 750 
                 73 
                 144 
                 −13 
                 171005 
                 6778 
               
               
                 3 
                 92 CL 
                  2 
                 71 
                 0 
                 0.75 
                 0.00 
                 0 
                 15 
                 750 
                 87 
                 145 
                 −13 
                 175191 
                 6560 
               
               
                 4 
                 2 
                  3 
                 81 
                 12 
                 0.81 
                 0.00 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1000 
                 94 
                 157 
                 −16 
                 163690 
                 6634 
               
               
                 5 
                 96 CL 
                  4 
                 68 
                 12 
                 0.68 
                 0.00 
                 0 
                 14 
                 750 
                 94 
                 153 
                 −15 
                 169754 
                 6352 
               
               
                 6 
                 3 
                   5A 
                 29 
                 4 
                 0.73 
                 0.02 
                 1 
                 15 
                 900 
                 50 
                 155 
                 −15 
                 172871 
                 6473 
               
               
                 7 
                   
                  6 
                 29 
                 4 
                 0.73 
                 0.02 
                 4 
                 15 
                 850 
                 52 
                 154 
                 −15 
                 175731 
                 6578 
               
               
                 8 
                   
                  7 
                 31 
                 4 
                 0.77 
                 0.02 
                 5 
                 15 
                 850 
                 56 
                 155 
                 −15 
                 176095 
                 6619 
               
               
                 9 
                   
                  9 
                 37 
                 5 
                 0.91 
                 0.03 
                 14 
                 18 
                 850 
                 74 
                 157 
                 −16 
                 175510 
                 6634 
               
               
                 10 
                 4 
                 10 
                 57 
                 6 
                 1.15 
                 0.017 
                 6 
                 23 
                 600 
                 93 
                 152 
                 −15 
                 178374 
                 6666 
               
               
                 11 
                   
                 11 
                 61 
                 5 
                 1.02 
                 0.015 
                 5 
                 20 
                 600 
                 93 
                 151 
                 −14 
                 178258 
                 6692 
               
               
                 12 
                   
                 12 
                 62 
                 4 
                 0.89 
                 0.013 
                 4 
                 18 
                 600 
                 90 
                 151 
                 −14 
                 179465 
                 6731 
               
               
                 13 
                 5 
                     13A 
                 73 
                 3 
                 1.62 
                 0.048 
                 8 
                 32 
                 650 
                 118 
                 158 
                 −16 
                 173939 
                 6564 
               
               
                 14 
                   
                     13B 
                 57 
                 3 
                 1.27 
                 0.038 
                 6 
                 25 
                 650 
                 93 
                 155 
                 −15 
                 177853 
                 6701 
               
               
                 15 
                   
                 14 
                 54 
                 7 
                 1.21 
                 0.036 
                 6 
                 24 
                 600 
                 93 
                 155 
                 −15 
                 174018 
                 6560 
               
               
                 16 
                   
                 15 
                 52 
                 11 
                 1.15 
                 0.034 
                 6 
                 23 
                 600 
                 93 
                 157 
                 −16 
                 169190 
                 6365 
               
               
                 17 
                   
                 16 
                 55 
                 15 
                 1.23 
                 0.037 
                 6 
                 25 
                 600 
                 102 
                 158 
                 −16 
                 167533 
                 6299 
               
               
                 18 
                 6 
                 17 
                 80 
                 8 
                 1.61 
                 0.024 
                 8 
                 0 
                 600 
                 98 
                 157 
                 −16 
                 164482 
                 6491 
               
               
                 19 
                   
                 18 
                 90 
                 7 
                 1.49 
                 0.022 
                 7 
                 0 
                 600 
                 106 
                 157 
                 −16 
                 167977 
                 6602 
               
               
                 20 
                   
                 19 
                 92 
                 7 
                 1.31 
                 0.020 
                 7 
                 0 
                 600 
                 106 
                 156 
                 −16 
                 170504 
                 6653 
               
               
                 21 
                 7 
                 21 
                 55 
                 0 
                 1.36 
                 0.000 
                 7 
                 27 
                 600 
                 90 
                 143 
                 −13 
                 170881 
                 6611 
               
               
                 22 
                   
                 22 
                 52 
                 0 
                 1.29 
                 0.013 
                 6 
                 26 
                 600 
                 85 
                 145 
                 −13 
                 177765 
                 6679 
               
               
                 23 
                   
                 23 
                 48 
                 0 
                 1.21 
                 0.024 
                 6 
                 24 
                 600 
                 80 
                 146 
                 −14 
                 175552 
                 6664 
               
               
                 24 
                   
                 24 
                 59 
                 0 
                 1.48 
                 0.022 
                 7 
                 30 
                 600 
                 98 
                 145 
                 −13 
                 177788 
                 6702 
               
               
                 25 
                   
                 25 
                 56 
                 0 
                 1.41 
                 0.021 
                 14 
                 28 
                 600 
                 100 
                 146 
                 −14 
                 175865 
                 6670 
               
               
                 26 
                   
                 26 
                 56 
                 0 
                 1.41 
                 0.021 
                 21 
                 28 
                 600 
                 107 
                 147 
                 −14 
                 177581 
                 6753 
               
               
                 27 
                 8 
                 27 
                 70 
                 0 
                 1.41 
                 0.021 
                 7 
                 28 
                 600 
                 107 
                 145 
                 −13 
                 177549 
                 6717 
               
               
                 28 
                   
                 28 
                 70 
                 0 
                 1.16 
                 0.017 
                 6 
                 23 
                 600 
                 100 
                 144 
                 −13 
                 178813 
                 6753 
               
               
                 29 
                   
                 29 
                 73 
                 0 
                 1.04 
                 0.016 
                 5 
                 21 
                 600 
                 100 
                 142 
                 −13 
                 180246 
                 6788 
               
               
                 30 
                 9 
                 30 
                 101 
                 0 
                 2.53 
                 0.038 
                 5 
                 0 
                 600 
                 109 
                 147 
                 −14 
                 167586 
                 6690 
               
               
                 31 
                   
                 31 
                 103 
                 0 
                 2.06 
                 0.031 
                 4 
                 0 
                 600 
                 109 
                 146 
                 −14 
                 170278 
                 6748 
               
               
                 32 
                   
                 32 
                 104 
                 0 
                 1.73 
                 0.026 
                 3 
                 0 
                 600 
                 109 
                 146 
                 −14 
                 171183 
                 6792 
               
               
                 33 
                   
                 33 
                 106 
                 0 
                 1.52 
                 0.023 
                 3 
                 0 
                 600 
                 111 
                 145 
                 −13 
                 169725 
                 6727 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Additional Results From Coating Experiments 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sheffield 
                 Sheffield 
                 Taber 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Roughness 
                 Roughness 
                 abrasion 
               
               
                   
                 Canon 
                 Canon 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Wire 
                 Felt 
                 mg/1000 revs 
               
               
                 Model 
                 Gamut 
                 Gamut 
                 TAPPI 
                 D65 
                   
                 Tensile 
                 Tensile 
                 Lower is 
                 Lower is 
                 Lower is 
               
               
                 Cond 
                 Volume 
                 Area 
                 Brightness 
                 Brightness 
                 HST 
                 MD 
                 CD 
                 better 
                 better 
                 better 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 103373 
                 4790 
                 95 
                 111 
                 103 
                 5 
                 2 
                 149 
                 165 
                 43 
               
               
                 1 
                 127685 
                 5617 
                 93 
                 105 
                 7 
                 4 
                 2 
                 140 
                 167 
                 169 
               
               
                 2 
                 116425 
                 4815 
                 92 
                 104 
                 27 
                 5 
                 2 
                 194 
                 169 
                 57 
               
               
                 3 
                 121414 
                 5305 
                 92 
                 105 
                 30 
                 5 
                 2 
                 178 
                 168 
                 56 
               
               
                 4 
                 124273 
                 4996 
                 93 
                 111 
                 10 
                 5 
                 2 
                 132 
                 133 
                 36 
               
               
                 5 
                 122349 
                 5221 
                 93 
                 110 
                 13 
                 5 
                 2 
                 198 
                 175 
                 54 
               
               
                 6 
                 125455 
                 4904 
                 93 
                 108 
                 8 
                 4 
                 2 
                 171 
                 137 
                 69 
               
               
                 7 
                 109687 
                 4896 
                 93 
                 108 
                 4 
                 5 
                 2 
                 136 
                 121 
                 64 
               
               
                 8 
                 121702 
                 5078 
                 93 
                 108 
                 4 
                 5 
                 2 
                 220 
                 190 
                 64 
               
               
                 9 
                 130023 
                 5138 
                 93 
                 109 
                 3 
                 5 
                 2 
                 213 
                 165 
                 52 
               
               
                 10 
                 132529 
                 5239 
                 93 
                 108 
                 3 
                 5 
                 2 
                 178 
                 165 
                 57 
               
               
                 11 
                 131081 
                 5147 
                 93 
                 108 
                 3 
                 5 
                 2 
                 159 
                 143 
                 44 
               
               
                 12 
                 135832 
                 5340 
                 93 
                 108 
                 3 
                 5 
                 2 
                 163 
                 140 
                 41 
               
               
                 13 
                 123169 
                 5314 
                 93 
                 108 
                 4 
                 5 
                 2 
                 175 
                 154 
                 38 
               
               
                 14 
                 114486 
                 5095 
                 92 
                 108 
                 3 
                 5 
                 2 
                 175 
                 154 
                 39 
               
               
                 15 
                 134746 
                 5299 
                 93 
                 109 
                 3 
                 5 
                 2 
                 167 
                 178 
                 47 
               
               
                 16 
                 125076 
                 5075 
                 93 
                 110 
                 5 
                 5 
                 2 
                 153 
                 158 
                 34 
               
               
                 17 
                 130785 
                 5210 
                 93 
                 110 
                 3 
                 5 
                 2 
                 204 
                 164 
                 33 
               
               
                 18 
                 124786 
                 5154 
                 93 
                 108 
                 5 
                 6 
                 3 
                 162 
                 129 
                 45 
               
               
                 19 
                 131868 
                 5444 
                 93 
                 108 
                 5 
                 6 
                 3 
                 133 
                 148 
                 48 
               
               
                 20 
                 131687 
                 5402 
                 93 
                 108 
                 6 
                 6 
                 3 
               
               
                 21 
                 135799 
                 5371 
                 92 
                 105 
                 3 
                 5 
                 2 
                 129 
                 133 
                 54 
               
               
                 22 
                 133920 
                 5341 
                 92 
                 104 
                 3 
                 5 
                 2 
                 179 
                 152 
                 43 
               
               
                 23 
                 132766 
                 5235 
                 92 
                 104 
                 4 
                 5 
                 2 
                 192 
                 189 
                 50 
               
               
                 24 
                 133984 
                 5266 
                 92 
                 105 
                 3 
                 5 
                 2 
                 188 
                 157 
                 47 
               
               
                 25 
                 131231 
                 5185 
                 92 
                 105 
                 3 
                 5 
                 2 
                 128 
                 129 
                 52 
               
               
                 26 
                 131605 
                 5192 
                 92 
                 105 
                 3 
                 5 
                 3 
                 143 
                 124 
                 94 
               
               
                 27 
                 131945 
                 5165 
                 92 
                 105 
                 4 
                 5 
                 2 
                 155 
                 145 
                 139 
               
               
                 28 
                 132271 
                 5153 
                 92 
                 104 
                 3 
                 4 
                 2 
                 163 
                 154 
                 147 
               
               
                 29 
                 133665 
                 5244 
                 92 
                 104 
                 3 
                 6 
                 2 
                 155 
                 146 
                 134 
               
               
                 30 
                 130145 
                 5434 
                 90 
                 102 
                 6 
                 6 
                 3 
                 153 
                 134 
                 108 
               
               
                 31 
                 129299 
                 5358 
                 91 
                 103 
                 5 
                 6 
                 3 
                 148 
                 141 
                 85 
               
               
                 32 
                 132574 
                 5574 
                 91 
                 103 
                 4 
                 5 
                 3 
                 143 
                 133 
                 76 
               
               
                 33 
                 129414 
                 5321 
                 91 
                 103 
                 5 
                 6 
                 3 
                 133 
                 123 
                 98