Abstract:
An apparatus and method for guiding a fish into engagement with a latch mechanism on a fishing tool, by hydraulically expanding the ends of a set of fingers into contact with a bore hole. The ends of the fingers surround the fish and guide the fish and the latch mechanism together, as the tool is lowered, until the latch mechanism latches onto the fish.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
         [0001]    Not Applicable  
         STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT  
         [0002]    Not Applicable  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0004]    The present invention is in the field of tools used to retrieve lodged or stuck items, called fish, from a well bore or casing.  
           [0005]    2. Background Art  
           [0006]    In the art of well drilling and workover, it is common to have a need to retrieve a stuck tool or other item from the well bore or casing. For the purposes of describing the invention herein, the terms casing and bore hole should be understood to mean any well bore, casing, or other tubing within which items may be lodged or stuck. Stuck items are commonly called fish. The fish may be a broken tool which has inadvertently stuck in the casing, or it may be a tool such as a whipstock, which is intentionally installed in the casing, to be removed or fished out later. Some types of fish have specially designed fishing tools which are suitable for latching onto a fishing contour on the uphole end of the fish. Others may be retrievable with a more general purpose fishing tool which is designed to latch onto many different configurations of fish. One example is a latch mechanism made up of a collet and a central spear, in which the central spear assists the collet in latching onto the fish.  
           [0007]    Regardless of whether the fish is to be retrieved with a specially designed fishing tool or with a general purpose fishing tool, it is necessary for the tool to align with the fish, to a greater or lesser degree, depending upon the particular fish and the particular fishing tool. In some cases, as the fishing tool is run into the hole, the latch mechanism may be generally aligned with the center of the casing or bore hole, and the upper end of the fish may be aligned to one side, or vice versa. Such misalignment can make it very difficult to latch onto the fish with the fishing tool.  
           [0008]    The possibility for such misalignment is even more likely to occur when the fish lies in a highly deviated or horizontal hole. In such situations, the operator usually relies upon gravity to deflect the fishing tool toward the same side of the casing as the uphole end of the fish. However, where an inflation element or whipstock is lodged in a highly deviated bore hole or casing, the uphole end of the fish may be positioned in the center of the hole, or even near the upper side of the deviated hole. Where gravity deflects the latch mechanism of the fishing tool toward the lower side of the deviated hole, latching onto this type of fish may be impractical at best. Since the present invention addresses the alignment of fish and fishing tools in deviated holes as well as vertical holes, the terms uphole and downhole will generally be used herein, it being understood that these terms mean the same as the terms upper and lower, respectively, in a vertical hole.  
           [0009]    The fishing tool may have bow centralizers installed to position the latch mechanism, or bent subs may be used to orient the latch mechanism properly via a trial and error type operation. These methods can be less than satisfactory, and they can consume valuable time.  
         BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0010]    The present invention provides a method and apparatus for guiding a latch mechanism and a fish into engagement, regardless of their relative positions in the bore hole or casing. The fishing tool is lowered downhole on a work string, until it is positioned just above a fish. In the running position, a plurality of guide fingers on the downhole end of the tool are retracted radially inwardly, minimizing the overall diameter of the tool. This can be accomplished with a sleeve at least partially surrounding the guide fingers, for example, contacting the outer edges or surfaces of the fingers to hold them radially inwardly. When the tool is just above the fish, a piston is hydraulically driven longitudinally, in either the uphole or downhole direction relative to the mandrel of the tool, to shift the sleeve longitudinally and expand the downhole ends of the guide fingers until the fingers contact the casing. The sleeve can have slots which contact radially extending tangs on the upper ends of the fingers to rotate the lower ends of the fingers radially outwardly.  
           [0011]    In this expanded configuration, the guide fingers are arrayed in a basically frusto-conical array, with the base of the frusto-conical array downhole and the apex of the frusto-conical array uphole. A latch mechanism, such as a collet and spear assembly, is mounted on the fishing tool near the downhole end of the mandrel, and near the uphole ends of the guide fingers. Other types of latch mechanisms may also be used. The guide fingers are spaced as close together as possible to improve the guiding performance of the conical array, and minimize the likelihood of the uphole end of the fish passing between two guide fingers.  
           [0012]    When the fingers are expanded, further lowering of the tool causes the conical array of expanded guide fingers to guide the uphole end of the fish and the latch mechanism into engagement with each other. More specifically, the combined inner surfaces of the guide fingers form a substantially conical guide cage for guiding the fish and the latch mechanism into engagement with each other. This may involve guiding the downhole end of the fishing tool toward the location of the uphole end of the fish, or vice versa, or a combination of both. After engagement of the fish with the latch mechanism, the fishing tool may be pulled uphole, retrieving the fish. During retrieval, hydraulic pressure on the piston may be reduced, allowing the fingers to be retracted to some extent by a return spring shifting the sleeve relative to the mandrel, depending upon the type of latch mechanism used and upon the type of fish.  
           [0013]    The novel features of this invention, as well as the invention itself, will be best understood from the attached drawings, taken along with the following description, in which similar reference characters refer to similar parts, and in which: 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0014]    [0014]FIG. 1 is a longitudinal section view of the tool of the present invention, in the running configuration;  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 2 is a longitudinal section view of the tool shown in FIG. 1, with the guide fingers in the expanded configuration;  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 3 is an elevation view of the downhole end of the running configuration of the tool shown in FIG. 1;  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 4 is an elevation view of the downhole end of the expanded configuration of the tool shown in FIG. 2;  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 5 is an enlarged section view of the downhole portion of the expanded configuration of the tool shown in FIG. 2;  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 6 is an enlarged section view of the expanded configuration of the tool shown in FIG. 5, engaging the uphole end of a fish in the casing; and  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 7 is an enlarged section view of the expanded configuration of the tool shown in FIG. 6, with the uphole end of a fish guided into engagement with the latch mechanism. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0021]    As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the fishing tool  10  of the present invention includes a mandrel assembly  12 , a hollow piston  14  longitudinally movable relative to the mandrel assembly  12 , a finger sleeve  16  fixedly attached to the piston  14 , and a plurality of guide fingers  18  pivotably attached to the downhole end of the mandrel assembly  12 . In FIG. 1, the piston  14  and the finger sleeve  16  are shown in their respective downhole positions relative to the mandrel assembly  12 . In FIG. 2, the piston  14  and the finger sleeve  16  are shown in their respective uphole positions relative to the mandrel assembly  12 . The mandrel assembly  12  includes a hollow elongated mandrel  19  and a hollow finger cage  20 , joined together by a hollow mandrel skirt  21 . The finger cage  20  is mounted to the downhole end of the mandrel skirt  21 , which is attached at the downhole end of the mandrel  19 , placing the finger cage  20  at the downhole end of the mandrel assembly  12 . A spring  22 , such as a coil spring, can bias the piston  14  longitudinally in the downhole direction relative to the mandrel assembly  12 , by abutting a top sub  24  attached to the uphole end of the mandrel  19 . The top sub  24  is adapted to attach to a work string (not shown), such as by being threaded thereto. Pivot points, which can include a plurality of pivot pins  26 , are spaced annularly around the finger cage  20 . The uphole ends  28  of the guide fingers  18  pivot about the pivot pins  26 . The downhole ends  30  of the guide fingers  18  are free ends, as better seen in FIG. 2, in that they are not attached to another portion of the tool. A latch mechanism, such as a combination of a collet  32  and a spear  34 , is mounted adjacent the downhole end of the mandrel assembly  12 , above the finger cage  20 , and within the mandrel skirt  21 . Other types of latch mechanisms, such as a grapple or a spear, could be used instead of the collet and spear combination, depending upon the type of fish to be retrieved.  
         [0022]    A longitudinal fluid bore  13  within the mandrel  19  and one or more main ports  15  through the spear  34  form a fluid passage provided to conduct pressurized fluid, from a pump (not shown) at the well site, through the tool  10  to the space below the lower end of the mandrel  19 . The main ports  15  could alternatively be provided through other latch mechanisms or through the lower end of the mandrel  19  itself. The bore  13  and one or more actuation ports  36  through the wall of the mandrel  19  also form a fluid passage to conduct pressurized fluid into an annular space or chamber  38  between the mandrel  19  and the hollow piston  14 . A tell-tale hole  40  can also be provided through the spear  34 , or alternatively through the lower end of the mandrel  19 , from the bore  13  to the space below the lower end of the mandrel  19 . A spring such as a wave spring  42  can be provided in a space between the uphole end of the collet  32  and the downhole end of the mandrel  19 , to force the collet  32  downwardly against the fluid backpressure, into abutment with the uphole end of the finger cage  20 . This keeps the collet  32  longitudinally aligned with the tell-tale hole  40  regardless of increased fluid pressure, to block the tell-tale hole  40  until latching occurs, as described below.  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 1 shows the tool  10  in the running configuration, with the free downhole ends  30  of the guide fingers  18  pivoted radially inwardly to their retracted positions. In this configuration, the return spring  22  exerts sufficient force to hold the piston  14  and the finger sleeve  16  in their respective downhole positions against the backpressure of fluid in the annular space  38 . It can be seen that the finger sleeve  16  contacts the outer edges or surfaces of the fingers  18  to hold their free downhole ends  30  inwardly. FIG. 3 shows an elevation view of the downhole end of the tool  10  in this running configuration. As shown here, the guide fingers  18  are configured to lie as closely together as possible, with their side edges abutting each other when the fingers  18  are in their fully retracted positions. This minimizes the diameter of the lower portion of the tool  10  in the running configuration, in which the tool  10  is run into the hole on the work string.  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 2 shows the tool  10  with the free downhole ends  30  of its guide fingers  18  in their fully expanded positions. FIG. 4 shows an elevation view of the downhole end of the tool  10  in this expanded configuration. As shown here, the downhole ends  30  of the guide fingers  18  are expanded by a radial distance which is designed to contact the wall of a given diameter bore hole or casing, as seen better in FIG. 6. Since the fingers  18  are configured to lie as closely together as possible when the fingers  18  are in their fully retracted positions, the likelihood is minimized that the upper end of a fish can pass between the fingers  18  in this expanded configuration.  
         [0025]    When the tool  10  has been lowered into the bore hole in the running configuration shown in FIGS. 1 and 3, to a position just above a fish, the tool  10  is shifted into its expanded configuration shown in FIGS. 2 and 4 through  7 . To shift the tool  10  from the running configuration to the expanded configuration, fluid pressure in the mandrel bore  13  is increased until backpressure caused by flow of fluid through the main ports  15  rises to a sufficient level in the annular space  38  to overcome the force generated by the spring  22 . When the backpressure reaches this level, it causes the piston  14  to shift longitudinally in the uphole direction relative to the mandrel  19 , carrying with it the finger sleeve  16 . This places both the piston  14  and the finger sleeve  16  in their respective uphole positions relative to the mandrel assembly  12 .  
         [0026]    As better seen in FIG. 5, the uphole end  28  of each guide finger  18  has a tang  44  which extends radially outwardly, above the pivot pin  26 . Each finger tang  44  extends into a longitudinal slot  46  in the finger sleeve  16 . When the piston  14  and the sleeve  16  are shifted in the uphole direction by hydraulic pressure, two things happen. One, the finger sleeve  16  shifts a sufficient distance so that it no longer surrounds the guide fingers  18 , making it possible for the fingers  18  to pivot. Two, the lower ends of the finger sleeve slots  46  contact the finger tangs  44  and force them in the uphole direction relative to the finger cage  20 . This forcibly pivots the fingers  18  and forcibly drives the downhole ends  30  of the fingers  18  radially outwardly until they contact the wall of a bore hole or casing C, as shown in FIG. 6.  
         [0027]    The embodiment shown in the drawings has a hollow external piston  14  and an external finger sleeve  16 . Alternatively, without departing from the spirit of the present invention, a solid piston and an internal finger sleeve could be used. That is, for instance, the finger sleeve could be positioned radially inwardly from the fingers  18 , and the finger tangs  44  could extend radially inwardly. A solid piston could be driven in the downhole direction, for instance within the mandrel bore  13 , shifting the finger sleeve downwardly to force the tangs  44  downwardly and pivot the fingers  18  outwardly. In such an embodiment, the upper ends of a set of similar but shorter sleeve slots could be appropriately positioned to contact the inwardly extending tangs  44  as the sleeve moves downwardly to force the tangs  44  downwardly and expand the fingers  18 , while the lower ends of the sleeve slots could be positioned to contact the tangs  44  as the sleeve moves upwardly to push the tangs  44  upwardly and retract the fingers  18 . Nevertheless, the expanded and retracted configurations of the fingers  18  would be the same as with the embodiment shown in the Figures.  
         [0028]    Preferably, the inner or outer surfaces of the downhole ends  30  of the fingers  18  can be beveled, so that the downhole ends  30  of the fingers  18  present a low profile as they lie against the casing C. This provides a relatively thin wedge shape to wedge between the casing C and almost any shape of fish F that may be encountered, regardless of the positioning of the fish relative to the casing C. Alternatively, the downhole ends  30  of the fingers  18  could be shaped as appropriate to surround a particular fish that is to be removed. In any case, as shown in FIG. 6, lowering of the expanded tool  10  into the casing C will cause the downhole ends  30  of one or more of the guide fingers  18  to wedge between the casing C and the uphole end of the fish F. Continued lowering of the tool  10  will cause the frusto-conical guide cage formed by the fingers  18  to guide the fish F through the finger cage  20 , until the fish F is securely wedged into the collet  32  by the spear  34 , as seen in FIG. 7. Alternatively, any other type of latch mechanism may be employed, rather than the collet and spear combination.  
         [0029]    As shown in FIG. 7, the fish F is sufficiently engaged so that it can be pulled from the hole. This forcing of the collet  32  downwardly over the fish F pushes the collet  32  upwardly relative to the mandrel  19 , against the downward force exerted on the collet  32  by the wave spring  42 . When the collet  32  has been pushed upwardly a sufficient distance to uncover the tell-tale hole  40 , a fluid pressure drop is seen by the operator, providing positive indication that the fish F has been latched to the tool  10 . The operator can then pull the fish F and the tool  10  from the hole.  
         [0030]    When the fish F is latched, a shoulder on the fish F is captured by one or more shoulders on the interior of the collet  32 , to securely engage the fish F to the collet  32 . During pulling, the weight of the fish F pulls the collet  32  downwardly to abut the upper end of the finger cage  20 , and the weight of the fish F is borne by the mandrel  19 , the mandrel skirt  21 , the finger cage  20 , and the collet  32 . One or more of the fingers  18  may become free to rotate slightly in its respective sleeve slot  46  during pulling, depending upon the angle between the fish F and the tool  10 , and depending upon the relative position of the finger sleeve  16 . Further, fluid pressure may be dropped by the operator during pulling, allowing the piston  14  and the sleeve  16  to be shifted downwardly by the spring  22 , thereby allowing one or more of the fingers  18  to pivot toward its retracted position. The degree to which any of the fingers  18  retract may be determined by the degree of interference, if any, between the fish F, and the fingers  18 .  
         [0031]    While the particular invention as herein shown and disclosed in detail is fully capable of obtaining the objects and providing the advantages hereinbefore stated, it is to be understood that this disclosure is merely illustrative of the presently preferred embodiments of the invention and that no limitations are intended other than as described in the appended claims.