Abstract:
A semiconductor chip for use in fabricating pressure transducers, including: a semiconductor wafer having a top and a bottom surface, a layer of an insulating material formed on the top surface, the bottom surface having at least two recesses of substantially equal dimensions and spaced apart, the recesses providing first and second substantially equal thin active areas, which areas deflect upon application to a force applied to the top surface, a first plurality of piezoresistive devices arranged in a given pattern and positioned on the insulating material and located within the first area, a second equal plurality of piezoresistive devices arranged in the identical pattern and located on the insulating material within the second active area, first connecting means for connecting the first plurality of piezoresistive devices in a first array, second connecting means for connecting the second plurality of piezoresistive devices in a second array corresponding to the first array.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11,258,787, entitled, High Accuracy, High Temperature, Redundant Media Protected Differential Transducers, filed Oct. 26, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,258,018 the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference as being set forth in its entirety herein. 

   FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention relates generally to pressure transducers and more particularly to environmentally protected, differential pressure transducers. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   There is a need for differential pressure transducers in general, and especially differential pressure transducers capable of operating at high pressures and high temperatures. U.S. Pat. No. 4,695,817, entitled “Environmentally Protected Pressure Transducers Employing Two Electrically Interconnected Transducer Arrays” by A. D. Kurtz, et al., issued on Sep. 22, 1987 and assigned to the assignee herein, Kulite Semiconductor Products Inc., evidences the need for such pressure transducers, especially for use in external environments, which impose difficult operating conditions for transducer structures. The entire disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 4,695,817 is hereby incorporated by reference herein. 
   For example, differential pressure transducers have uses in aircraft, automobiles and other vehicles. In such implementations, the transducer is typically exposed to moisture, fuel, solvents, hydraulic fluids and the elements in general. These transducers are often associated with pressure ports, as well as with internal cavities. During operation, the cavities, as well as the ports, may accumulate excessive amounts of water. Water can harm silicon and metal elements employed in conventional transducers. Metal diaphragms which are conventionally employed either as isolation diaphragms or with strain gauges mounted on an interior surface provide the required media isolation. Such an approach is satisfactory for absolute or sealed gate transducers, however, for gauge or differential transducers, severe problems arise. 
   The &#39;817 patent describes devices utilizing oil filled sensing cavities for performing differential measurements. These devices rely on the use of PN junction based sensing elements, with cup shaped deflecting membranes. Such a device can be seen, for example, in FIG. 6 of the &#39;817 patent. Basically, a metal diaphragm is used on a front side, behind which a piezoresistive pressure sensor is located within a hollow region filled with oil. The oil acts as an incompressible fluid transmitting the stress applied to the metallized isolation diaphragm to the sensing element. One transducer structure contains a half bridge intended to measure pressure applied to a positive port, while the second transducer structure is comprised of the half bridge intended to measure the negative pressure applied to the negative port. A full bridge is realized by electrically combining the half bridges from the positive and negative ports. Such a device has inherent limitations though. 
   For example, such a device may be limited to use in relatively low temperatures, such as temperatures below 175° C., due to the inherent temperature limitations of the PN junction. Also, there is no provision for preventing excessive deflection of the sensing membrane, in the event of an overpressure, which could lead to failures in actual use. Even under normal operating conditions, the performance of the PN junction based sensing element is limited due to thermal errors associated with the changes in zero offset and in sensitivity as a function of temperature. 
   Hence there is a need for an improved pressure transducer which does not utilize PN junction based devices, and which is capable of operating at high temperatures and high pressures. It is a further desire to produce such a transducer which is capable of withstanding high overpressures while maintaining extremely high resolution capability. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   A semiconductor chip for use in fabricating pressure transducers, including: a semiconductor wafer having a top and a bottom surface, a layer of an insulating material formed on the top surface, the bottom surface having at least two recesses of substantially equal dimensions and spaced apart, the recesses providing first and second substantially equal thin active areas, which areas deflect upon application of a force applied to the top surface, a first plurality of piezoresistive devices arranged in a given pattern and positioned on the insulating material and located within the first area, a second equal plurality of piezoresistive devices arranged in the identical pattern and located on the insulating material within the second active area, first connecting means for connecting the first plurality of piezoresistive devices in a first array, second connecting means for connecting the second plurality of piezoresistive devices in a second array corresponding to the first array. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
     Understanding of the present invention will be facilitated by considering the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like numerals refer to like parts, and: 
       FIG. 1  is a cross sectional view of a silicon on insulator (SOI) transducer assembly according to an aspect of the present invention; 
       FIG. 2  is a perspective view of the transducer assembly including two transducer units (sensors), side-by-side, on a single substrate according to an aspect of the present invention; 
       FIGS. 3-7  depict circuit diagrams capable of being implemented by the configuration depicted in  FIG. 2 , according to aspects of the present invention; and, 
       FIG. 8  depicts a circuit configuration which can be implemented utilizing the resistor configuration shown in  FIG. 7 . 
       FIG. 9  is a cross-sectional view of a differential transducer and a housing for the same. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   It is to be understood that the figures and descriptions of the present invention have been simplified to illustrate elements that are relevant for a clear understanding of the present invention, while eliminating, for the purpose of clarity, many other elements found in typical flow and pressure sensing systems and methods of making and using the same. Those of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that other elements and/or steps are desirable and/or required in implementing the present invention. However, because such elements and steps are well known in the art, and because they do not facilitate a better understanding of the present invention, a discussion of such elements and steps is not provided herein. 
   Referring to  FIG. 1 , there is shown a cross-sectional view of a transducer unit, or sensor,  10  employed according to an aspect of the present invention. The sensor  10  shown in  FIG. 1  basically takes the form of a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) device. 
   Such a SOI structure may be fabricated using the methodology described in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,286,671, entitled “Fusion Bonding Technique for Use in Fabricating Semiconductor Devices”, issued on Feb. 15, 1994, to A. D. Kurtz et al. The &#39;671 patent shows a method of bonding a first silicon wafer to a second silicon wafer. The disclosed method includes: diffusing a high conductivity pattern into a surface of a first semiconductor wafer, etching a portion of the surface to raise at least a portion of the pattern, providing a second semiconductor wafer having an insulating layer of a silicon compound disposed thereon, contacting the surface of the pattern to the insulating layer, and bonding the first and second semiconductor wafers at an elevated temperature. The entire disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 5,286,671 is hereby incorporated by reference herein. 
   Commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 6,330,829, entitled “Oil Filled Pressure Transducers”, issued on Dec. 18, 2001 to A. D. Kurtz et al. and assigned to the assignee hereof, shows, in  FIG. 1  thereof, a top view of a transducer which can be employed according to an aspect of the present invention. The entire disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 6,330,829 is also hereby incorporated by reference herein. The transducer of present  FIG. 1  may be fabricated using the methodology described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,330,829. In the present invention, sensor devices  16  and  17  are electrically insulated from semiconductor substrate  14  by an oxide layer, such as a layer of silicon dioxide  15 . For purposes of completeness, it may be noted that a pedestal, or wafer,  26  of present  FIG. 1 , has no aperture that corresponds to the aperture in the glass wafer 15 of the &#39;829 patent. In any event the &#39;829 patent shows a “leadless” transducer which can be employed with this invention. 
   Referring again to  FIG. 1 , device  10  generally includes a pressure responsive diaphragm  12  and a support  26 . The diaphragm generally includes a semiconductor substrate  14  having thinned portion(s)  12 . The semiconductor substrate  14  has disposed on a surface thereof an oxide layer  15 , such as a layer of silicon dioxide  15 . Upon the layer of silicon dioxide  15  are fabricated P++ sensing piezoresistors (e.g.  16  and  17 ). Piezoresistors  16 ,  17  are electrically insulated from the wafer  14  by the layer of silicon dioxide  15 . 
   Semiconductor substrate  14  also includes a boss  18 , which is located and fabricated in a central region of the semiconductor substrate  14  using conventional techniques. Boss  18  operates to stop the thinned, deflecting portions  12  of the diaphragm upon application of pressures P in excess of a desired amount or predetermined threshold. Referring still to  FIG. 1 , a stop is formed between a surface  20  of boss  18  and surface  21  of glass pedestal or wafer  26  serving as the support. In one embodiment, the stop is manifested by a step or indentation  30  impressed in the surface of glass wafer  26  facing boss  18 . The recess  30  can be etched or otherwise formed in the glass pedestal  26 , and the glass pedestal  26  electrostatically bonded to the silicon or semiconductor wafer  14  using conventional methodologies. 
   Upon a pressure P exerted to the diaphragm in excess of the predetermined threshold, the surface  20  of boss  18  will contact surface  21  of the glass pedestal  26 , thereby preventing the diaphragm  12  from deflecting any further. This in essence formulates a mechanical stop which prevents rupture of the diaphragm based on excessive forces. 
   Because the sensor  10  has a stop boss  18  the thinned diaphragm portion  12  of the sensor is capable of withstanding extremely high overpressures while maintaining high resolution capability. This high resolution capability manifests itself in the transducer&#39;s ability to measure very small pressure differences. The sensing membrane (e.g., thinned portion  12 ) deflects as a function of pressure P until it bottoms out on the underlying mechanical stop established via cavity  30  in the underlying support  26 . The distance between the boss  20  and stop  21  indicates how much pressure sensor  10  will tolerate, e.g., how much pressure can be applied before it bottoms out. Once the deflecting membrane reaches the stop it can handle additional overpressure without damaging the sensor network. The stop capability allows one to make very sensitive, or thin, diaphragms that can handle extreme overpressures. Another advantage associated with using the SOI sensing elements is that it enables the transducer to operate at significantly high temperatures not limited by the inherent limitations of PN junction isolation. 
   As one can thus ascertain, the sensor  10  is a silicon on insulator (SOI) structure that is capable of extremely high temperature and high pressure operation, with high resolution. 
   According to an aspect of the present invention, such a structure may be used to realize differential transducers capable of high temperature operation, even with truly media isolated oil filled configurations by using higher temperature silicon oils. Again, the use of an oil filled diaphragm is known and for example is shown in the above noted U.S. Pat. No. 4,695,817 as well as other patents. The sensor may be filled with oil, such as a silicon oil. In this manner, utilizing the sensor device shown and depicted in  FIG. 1 , one can utilize higher temperature oils to obtain extremely high temperature operation. 
   As one can ascertain, the above noted U.S. Pat. No. 6,330,829 enables one to utilize leadless type SOI sensors. Such leadless sensors enable a reduction of the volume of oil, based on a substantial reduction in the cavity size between the isolation diaphragm and the sensing element. The reduction in the cavity size comes as a result of the elimination of typical wire bonds, which enables one to move the isolation diaphragm closer to the sensing chip, as the leadless sensor takes up most of the volume in the oil cavity. 
   According to an aspect of the present invention, the thermal error of the transducer that was typically associated with oil expansion as a function of temperature in the &#39;817 patent may be substantially eliminated, as both positive and negative pressure ports may exhibit substantially the same (i.e. equal) thermal effects due to the expansion of oil. Therefore, by subtracting one bridge response from the other through forming a full bridge, the effects of oil expansion are virtually eliminated. 
   In a PN junction isolated transducer, there are random and considerable variations with temperature because of different characteristics of each PN junction. Using SOI chips as shown in  FIG. 1 , there is no PN junction and therefore no PN junction leakage with temperature, this is an unanticipated advantage obtained by using SOI chips. 
   Further, by using very degenerate P++ doping, experienced zero shifts by themselves are much lower. In addition, because of the degenerative P++ doping utilized in the elements, the inherent output and the temperature coefficient of gauge factor (TCGF) is more uniform from sensor to sensor, thus making it easier to match sensors before the assembly into the respective pressure ports of the transducer. This leads to further reduction of thermal errors. 
   Another unanticipated advantage is introduced with a capability of making a redundant SOI differential transducer incorporating dual SOI sensors on a same chip, electrically isolated from each other. Referring now also to  FIG. 2 , there is shown a perspective view of a transducer chip  11  according to an aspect of the present invention. Essentially, the transducer chip  11  contains two individual sensors  10 ,  10 ′ disposed on a single chip, where each sensor  10 ,  10 ′ has an analogous configuration to that presented in  FIG. 1 . 
   The chip of  FIG. 2  includes a glass substrate  31 , affixed to a semiconductor substrate  43 , using electrostatic bonding for example. Semiconductor substrate  43  has a top surface coated with oxide  39 , in turn having P++ piezoresistors  35 ,  36 ,  37 ,  38 ,  50 ,  51 ,  52 ,  53  formed thereon. P++ contacts  33 ,  34 ,  54 ,  55 ,  56 ,  57 ,  58 ,  59  are also provided over oxide  39 . As seen, each of the sensors has its own boss  40  and recess  30  in the glass support  31  forming stop surfaces  45 , respectively. Around each boss  40  are thinned deflecting regions  44  of the diaphragm. 
   Alternatively, each sensor may be akin to that described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,955,771 entitled “Sensors for Use in High Vibrational Applications and Methods for Fabricating the Same” issued on Sep. 21, 1999 or commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,973,590 entitled “Ultra-thin Surface Mount Wafer Sensor Structures and Methods for Fabricating the Same”, issued on Oct. 26, 1999. The entire disclosures of each of these patents are also incorporated herein as being set forth in their entireties. 
   The sensors are separated by an isolation groove  32 . Isolation groove  32  can be formed by etching or other techniques. The isolation groove operates to electrically isolate the left sensor structure  10  (LEFT) from the right sensor structure  10 ′ (RIGHT). The groove goes through the oxide layer  34  into the surface of the substrate  43 . The piezoresistors (e.g.,  35 ,  36  and  37 ,  38 ) are extremely well matched to each other in terms of their performance characteristics, because they are adjacent to each other, their thicknesses and P++ concentration are essentially the same and they are fabricated at the same time by the same processes. Thus, the outputs and the thermal characteristics of all the piezoresistors (e.g.  35 ,  36 ,  37 ,  38 ) will be very well matched, and even essentially be the same. This enables better overall matching using two redundant half-bridge circuits attached to one pressure point, as compared to two independently formed sensors. 
   In the preferred form shown in  FIG. 2 , the piezoresistors of sensors  10 ,  10 ′ each are four in number and series coupled. For example, one terminal of piezoresistor  50  is coupled to contact  34  as is one terminal of piezoresistor  51 . The other terminal of piezoresistor  50  is coupled to a contact  54 , as is one terminal of piezoresistor  36 . The other terminal of piezoresistor  36  is coupled to contact  55 . Also coupled to contact  55  is one terminal of piezoresistor  35 , which has the other terminal connected to contact  33 , which also accommodates the connection of one terminal of piezoresistor  51 . In a similar manner the sensors  37 ,  52 ,  38  and  53  are all series connected in the above noted manner to terminals  56 ,  57 ,  58  and  59 . 
   According to an aspect of the present invention, certain of these connections can be selectively provided or removed to form a number of different bridge configurations. For the sake of explanation,  FIG. 3  depicts a circuit representation of  FIG. 2 .  FIG. 3  illustrates both sensors  10 ,  10 ′, with each of the piezoresistors designated by the same reference numerals as in  FIG. 2 . Again, piezoresistor  50 , for example, is connected to terminal  34  at one end, and terminal  54  at the other end, and piezoresistor  36  is connected to terminal  54  at one end and terminal  55  at the other. As one can ascertain the configurations  10  and  10 ′ of  FIG. 3  are full Wheatstone bridge configurations. The structures in  FIG. 3  can be used to implement redundant absolute devices. 
   Certain of the connections can be broken, or not provided, and therefore one by adding additional uncouple contacts (A&amp;B) can provide different circuit structures utilizing the configuration shown in  FIG. 3 . In any manner, it should be understood that the illustrated circuit configurations can be implemented by either breaking a connection using laser burning or any other technique, or by not making the connection, in accordance with the particular transducer structure that one desires or by introducing additional contact regions into the device patterns. This can be implemented by the photomasks used in forming the piezoresistors. 
   The connections can be selectively opened using a laser or other technique, whereby a connection to a select one of the piezoresistors can be burned out or otherwise disposed of. Alternatively, the connection does not have implemented in the first place. For example, and referring still to  FIG. 3 , piezoresistors  50  and  51  do not have to be connected together, piezoresistors  51  and  33  do not have to be connected together, and so on. 
   Referring still to  FIG. 3 , where leads are broken, each of the circuit configurations corresponding to sensor  10  and sensor  10 ′ will have four piezoresistors that can be selectively coupled. Different circuit configurations may be employed. Referring again to U.S. Pat. No. 4,695,817, and more particularly to  FIG. 4  thereof, there is shown a housing having a positive input pressure port designated by reference numeral  32  and a negative input pressure port designated by numeral  38  or vice versa. Each pressure port  32 ,  38  thereof is associated with a transducer structure. According to an aspect of the present invention, the herein-described device  11  (as depicted in  FIG. 2  hereof, for example) may be used with the housing of the &#39;817 patent, such that each of the ports  32 ,  38  thereof are associated with one of the sensors  10 ,  10 ′. Of course, other configurations may be used as well though. 
   In the &#39;817 patent, a full bridge is formed by two resistors associated with the positive port and two resistors in the array associated with the other port which is the negative port. 
   Referring now also to  FIG. 4 , the piezoresistors of  FIG. 2  may be selectively coupled to obtain a new relationship of piezoresistors on a single chip  11 . Two such chips can be employed with the pressure transducer configuration depicted in U.S. Pat. No. 4,695,817, with one chip as shown in  FIG. 2  placed at the positive port and the other placed at the negative port. Each chip has the piezoresistor configurations depicted in  FIG. 4 , thus each chip has redundant half bridges as is shown in  FIG. 4 . As seen, a half bridge from each chip can be wired together to form a full bridge according to the teachings of the &#39;817 patent to obtain a sensor output, or each half bridge from each chip can be wired together to obtain a redundant pressure output which can be checked one against the other. The circuits shown in  FIG. 4  can be used to provide a differential device. 
   By selecting a half bridge from each of the two transducers placed at each of the different ports, and connecting these half bridges together to form a full bridge, the composite transducer provides an output which is indicative of the pressure applied to the positive port as modified or corrected by the pressure applied to the negative port. Alternatively, the two pressures may be fed to the two sensor&#39;s  10 ,  10 ′ on a common chip, respectively. 
   As indicated,  FIG. 3  shows a full Wheatstone bridge connection for sensor  10 .  FIG. 3  shows a full Wheatstone bridge connection for sensor  10 ′. As seen, the piezoresistors are configured in a full Wheatstone bridge with terminals  34 ,  55  and  57 ,  58  being the terminals to which a biasing voltage would be applied and with terminals  33 ,  54  and  56 ,  59  being the output. This corresponds to the circuit shown in  FIG. 2 , and provides two full Wheatstone bridge configurations with the arrows depicted in  FIG. 3  showing which piezoresistors of the bridge are in tension and which are in compression. Thus, utilizing the full Wheatstone bridge configurations as depicted in  FIGS. 2 and 3 , and having one chip  10  at the first pressure port or the positive pressure port and having another chip  10  at a negative pressure port, one can obtain redundant differential measurements from the transducer configuration shown. These redundant readings may be compared to indicate possible faulty operation, or circuit failure. Alternatively one may in certain instances, use a tube to transmit a pressure to either the left or right sensor. 
   Alternatively, a single chip may be used, with one sensor communicating with the positive port and the other communicating with the negative port. In such a case, the sensors  10 ,  10 ′ of a common chip  11  may be arranged according to the configurations of the &#39;817 patent&#39;s separate transducers. 
   Alternatively, one can utilize a full Wheatstone bridge from each transducer to obtain redundant outputs, or in a similar manner utilize full Wheatstone bridges from both units therefore having two full Wheatstone bridges on each transducer to form redundant outputs for each chip  10 . This is extremely advantageous in the event one circuit fails, as an output would still be provided by the other circuit. Optionally, the outputs may be automatically compared to determine whether a difference there-between exceeds a threshold value. In the event it does, the transducer may be characterized as being faulty. This may be accomplished by automatically comparing the outputs, and triggering an indicator if the difference exceeds the threshold. This may be accomplished digitally using a processor and memory, for example, or by electrically comparing the outputs and providing a signal indicative of the difference. In this way a confirmed pressure measurement may be obtained. 
   Referring now also to  FIG. 5 , there is shown still another configuration which can be utilized for redundant absolute pressure measurement. Therein, fixed resistors  60  and  61  shunt the piezoresistors  35  and  36 , while fixed resistors  64  and  65  shunt the piezoresistors  37  and  38 . The fixed resistors may be fabricated on one or more non-active regions of the oxide layer  39  (e.g., other than on thinned regions  44 ) ( FIG. 2 ) or located externally. It should be understood that, in a similar manner, piezoresistors  51  and  50  as well as piezoresistors  52  and  53  can also be shunted by fixed resistors. 
   Referring now also to  FIG. 6 , there is shown another possible circuit implementation for absolute pressure measurement as seen by one port. For example, the device of  FIG. 2  may be configured as is shown in  FIG. 4  and placed at one port of the pressure transducer, while another device of  FIG. 2  may be configured as is shown in  FIG. 6  and placed at the other port.  FIG. 6  also shows representative piezoresistors being shunted by fixed resistors. Thus, in  FIG. 6  there is shown the sensor  10  piezoresistors  51  and  50  being shunted by fixed resistors  70  and  71  having an output between them designated as  72 , where the terminals  34   a  and  34   b  (which correspond to terminal  34  of  FIG. 2 ) are left open to be connected in conjunction with the absolute pressure sensors at the other port which are aligned and configured as that shown in  FIG. 4 . Using this configuration, one can obtain differential and absolute redundant pressure measurements. 
   Such a configuration may be used for absolute pressure or differential (or both) measurement as described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 4,695,817. To reiterate it is clear that an unanticipated advantage of the configurations depicted above as introduced with the capability of making a redundant SOI differential transducer by using specifically designed dual SOI sensors on the same chip which are electrically isolated from each other as depicted for example in  FIGS. 1 and 2 . 
   In any event, both sensors are extremely well matched to each other in terms of their performance characteristics because they are adjacent to each other so their thicknesses are essentially the same and so are their P++ concentrations. Thus both their outputs and their thermal characteristics will be essentially the same. This enables better overall matching of the two redundant half bridge circuits, whether attached to one pressure port or separate pressure ports. 
   Another unanticipated advantage using the above techniques results when one half bridge from each of the diaphragms can be connected to an appropriate half bridge on the other pressure sensing port giving a redundant transducer with better thermal operational linearity. The unused half bridge from each of the deflecting diaphragms can be connected to external resistors making possible the measurement of redundant absolute pressure measurements from each of the two pressure ports. Comparisons between the outputs may be made to confirm proper device operation. 
   Thus, the configuration shown for example in  FIG. 4  can be employed to form sensors as they appear in positive and negative ports with each chip containing two separate half bridges. The remaining figures depict interconnecting schemes of reducing the differential output while others depict interconnecting schemes for producing absolute pressure measurements as seen by each of the two pressure ports. 
   In addition, another unanticipated advantage makes possible measurement of differential pressure for each of the measured pressures extremely high, and for example above 1000 PSI. The devices may take the form of SOI structures. 
   For example reference is made to U.S. Pat. No. 5,614,678 entitled “High Pressure Piezoresistive Transducers”, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. Such transducers can be implemented in the assembly of a differential transducer thus enabling high accuracy and high stability measurements even in extreme pressure and differential pressure environments. It is thus ascertained from the above that the sensor configuration depicted in  FIG. 2 , which is essentially comprised of eight piezoresistors with four piezoresistors on the left and four resistors on the right, can be implemented in many, many useful arrangements. 
   Now turning to  FIG. 7 , it is shown that each of the resistors are separated and as indicated above each has its own terminals.  FIG. 8  depicts a configuration whereby the individual piezoresistors can be utilized for redundant differential measurements. As seen in  FIG. 8 , the piezoresistors  35 P and  50 P are connected in series between terminals  80  and  81 . In a similar manner, piezoresistors  36 P and  51 P are connected in a series between terminals  80  and  82 . Piezoresistors  37 N and  53 N are connected in series between terminal  84  and terminal  85 . While piezoresistors  52 N and  38 N are connected in series between terminals  85  and  86 . 
   In this manner, two chips having those resistors may be provided, and by wiring as depicted in the &#39;678 patent, one may obtain differential measurements with the piezoresistors being connected in series to produce absolute temperature cancellation and zero characteristic cancellation because of the nature of the piezoresistors as connected in the series. This connection will essentially cancel out thermal differences as well as differences in zero offset and so on by connecting the resistors as shown. Most important is the fact that one can obtain high resistances which are typically required for many sensor applications, without implementing any changes in the design and therefore not sacrificing any performance characteristics. 
   It is of course understood that there would be two such chips to provide the configurations depicted thus it is seen that the chip depicted in  FIG. 2  has numerous applicability in regard to the provision of differential and absolute transducers and eliminates all the problems inherent with metal diaphragms and PN junctions as described above. 
   Referring to  FIG. 9  there is shown a mechanical assembly depicting a housing for two separate transducer assemblies as show for example in  FIGS. 1 and 2 . There is shown a housing having a front section  130  of a reduced diameter. The front section  130  has a threaded portion  131  to enable it to be threaded with a suitable aperture so that the input pressure port  132  can interface with a source of pressure to be monitored such as oil pressure in an engine and so on. The input pressure port  132  is the positive port. The housing has an elongated aperture  133  which communicates with port  132  at one end and interfaces with a pressure transducer structure  134  located in a separate cavity within the hollow interior  135  of the transducer assembly. 
   The other end of the elongated aperture  133  communicates directly with an isolation diaphragm  146 . The isolation diaphragm is fabricated to be rather flexible and is typically made from stainless steel and is welded around the peripheral edge of the housing as shown in  FIG. 4 . In general overlapping spot welding may be employed. The pressure transducer structure  134  is a full pressure transducer with a mounting material such as epoxy or Viton rubber to the top surface of a header  161 . The structure of the pressure transducer is depicted above. 
   As indicated, the pressure transducer structure  134  is a device with a full or half bridge array deposited thereon as for example bridge circuits of  FIG. 3  or a full bridge array. Suitable leads from the transducer structure  134  are coupled to pins  144  and are used to effect electrical connections to the array at the negative port, and eventually are directed to the end connector  137 . 
   There is also shown a tube  136 . This tube is brazed or glass-to-metal sealed to the header  166  and enables one to fill the internal cavity  160  associated with the transducer with silicon oil or some other pressure transmitting fluid. After filling the cavity  160  with oil, the tube  136  is sealed off, by soldering, welding or other means, and thus the entire transducer structure  134  is surrounded by a pressure transmitting fluid. The oil filled cavity  160  has one end terminated in the isolation diaphragm  146  and the other end closed by the transistor header structure  161 . 
   The negative pressure port  138  is shown and consists of a vent aperture which is located in the side of the transducer structure and essentially communicates with a source of reference pressure such as atmospheric pressure. If the transducer is to be differential rather than gage, a second port similar to the positive port  132  may be secured at the point where the aperture is placed. 
   The aperture  138  communicates with an internal hollow  139  which interfaces via a second metal isolation diaphragm  165  with a second transducer structure  140 . The transducer structure  140  is very similar to the transducer structure  134  which is placed at the positive port. 
   The transducer structure  140  is also associated with a tube  163  to allow the internal cavity associated with the transducer structure to be filled with oil as for transducer  134 . The internal hollow  139  communicates with the transducer structure by means of a stainless steel diaphragm  165  which is also welded by means of a capacitive discharge or other techniques to a housing section associated with the transducer structure. Thus as can be seen from  FIG. 9 , each pressure transducer assembly is associated with a stainless steel diaphragm as  146  and  165  which diaphragm is welded or otherwise rigidly secured to the housing. In both cases pressure is communicated to the sensor by means of oil or other fluids. 
   A complete pressure sensor which may be silicon device secured to an associated housing is shown. Each transducer structure is associated with a base plate which forms together with the steel diaphragm an internal hollow or cavity which can be then filled with oil to provide a pressure transmitting environment. Thus as is apparent from the structure of  FIG. 4 , the sensors as contained in the respective cavities are only exposed to the oil which is a noncontaminating fluid and the presence of the steel diaphragm prevents the oil from leaking out of the transducer or otherwise affecting the external environment as directed via the pressure ports  132  and  138 . 
   Furthermore, the device is such that any water or external fluid which may enter the respective pressure ports or the internal hollow of the transducer are in contact only with the housing structure and the metal isolation diaphragm and, therefore, cannot damage the transducer structures  134  and  140 . Thus even if water enters the cavities as  139  and the elongated aperture as  133 , it will not permanently damage or contaminate or otherwise affect the transducer operation. All components of the transducer shown are welded and moisture cannot penetrate any port of the structure other than the media compatible areas. This structure is mechanically unique and solves a long standing problem in the use of silicon diaphragms in differential pressure measurement applications. 
   As can be seen from  FIG. 4 , each transducer structure as  134  to  140  contains the necessary piezoresistive array where the piezoresistors are further protected from the pressure transmitting environment as located on the opposite of the diaphragms. All connections between the structures  134  and  140  are implemented via the terminal pins as  143  and  144  emanating from the transducer structure or can be implemented at the connector  137  as is well known. All electrical connections are retained within hermetically sealed portions of the transducer housing. 
   In summary, the present invention depicts differential pressure transducers which employ silicon on insulator (SOI) chips. Each chip includes a first and second array of piezoresistors which are dielectrically isolated from a silicon substrate the resistors formed on each of the chips can be wired in numerous configurations to provide differential and absolute pressure measurements. As indicated each chip has a left and a right portion where each portion contains four piezoresistors which each piezoresistor dielectrically isolated from the substrate. The chip has a stop member associated with each of the piezoresistive arrays to enable the chip to respond to high pressures which when the pressure is exceeded the stop will handle any overpressure without damaging the sensing network. Because of the use of the chip configuration, the entire unit can be used to obtain differential transducers capable of high temperature operability in the presence of, for example isolated oil filled configurations to enable the use of higher temperature silicon oils. The chip is used in transducer housings which have a positive port and a negative port and in this manner one transducer structure can be utilized as a half bridge intended to measure the main pressure applied to the positive port while the second transducer structure contains a half bridge intended to measure the negative pressure applied to the negative port. The whole bridge can be implemented by combining the half bridges from the positive and negative port transducers. In any event other configurations can be implemented. It is also understood that while the techniques and structures can be used for oil filled transducers, they can also apply to other transducers not using oil or metal diaphragms. It should become obvious to one skilled in the art that many alternative embodiments will be available and will be discerned all these embodiments are deemed to be encompassed within the spirit and scope of the claims appended hereto.