Abstract:
An anchoring implant to be screwed into a hole and self-lock therein with secure stability. The implant, which may be used in dental, orthopedic or any of several non-medical applications, has a conically tapered profile with an aggressively-threaded, self-tapping apical end. A central region of the implant is formed with a plurality of burnishing edges each configured to apply a circumferentially sweeping compressive strain to the interior surface of the hole with a burnishing action while the implant is being screwed into position. A coronal end of the implant includes a corking feature to avert mushrooming around the perimeter of the hole. A central thread profile may extend through and intersect the burnishing edges to provide either enhanced self-tapping or enhanced corking functionality. The extreme coronal end comprises a platform for receiving an abutment or other fastening element via an internal connect feature.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to Provisional Patent Application No. 61/735,558 filed Dec. 11, 2012, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference and relied upon. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    The invention relates generally to implants intended to provide anchorage in a relatively soft or fragile material for a fastener, and more particularly to bone anchorage implants having a combination of features designed to produce bone condensation concurrently with insertion. 
         [0004]    2. Description of Related Art 
         [0005]    A dental implant (also known as an endosteal implant or fixture) is a surgical device, used to replace one or more missing teeth by fusing to bone and supporting a crown, bridge of teeth, denture, facial prosthetic or to act as an orthodontic anchor. Typically, such implants are designed as threaded, tapered implants that are not loaded immediately after setting in order that full stability may be reached over time as the surrounding bone grows into the crevices of and around the implant. Several months are typically required for bone ingrown until the implant reaches sufficient stability to be put into full service. 
         [0006]    Somewhat similar to the dental applications, orthopedic implants are used in other medial situations to replace a missing joint or bone or to support a damaged bone or to provide an anchor point for a fastener. Among the most common types of medical implants are pins, rods, screws and plates used to anchor fractured bones while they heal. Types of internal fixators include bone screws and metal plates, pins, rods, Kirschner wires and intramedullary devices such as the Kuntscher nail and interlocking nail. 
         [0007]    In both dental and orthopedic applications, reaching full (or at least sufficient) implant stability to enable loading is a key consideration. The faster an implant can reach sufficient stability, the better. And implants that possess sufficient stability at the time of initial placement are highly valued. The prior art is composed of a great many different designs and concepts aimed at improving implant stability—both initial and long-term. Prior art approaches toward this end have included attention to thread shape, surface texture, coatings to promote osseo-integration, and the like. Implant stability is thus a long-felt need in the art with improvements readily embraced as a testimony to the need for continued improvement. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    According to one aspect of this invention, a bone implant is provided of the type that is screwed into an osteotomy. The implant has a body with a conically tapered profile. The body includes an apical end and a coronal end. A central region of the body extends between the apical end and the coronal end. The apical end has an apical thread profile configured to advance the body progressively deeper into the osteotomy as the body is forcibly turned in a first rotary direction. The central region includes at least one longitudinally extending burnishing edge configured to apply a circumferentially sweeping compressive strain to the interior surface of the osteotomy with a burnishing action while the implant is being screwed into position. 
         [0009]    According to another aspect of this invention, an implant for any type of application that is screwed into a hole is provided. The implant comprises a body having a conically tapered profile. The body has an apical end and a coronal end. A central region of the body extends between the apical end and the coronal end. The apical end has an apical thread profile defined by a helical twist in a first rotary direction for advancing the body progressively deeper into the hole as the body is forcibly turned in the first rotary direction. The central region includes a plurality of burnishing edges each configured to apply a circumferentially sweeping compressive strain to the interior surface of the hole with a burnishing action while the implant is being screwed into position. 
         [0010]    According to yet another aspect of this invention, a method is provided for screwing an implant into an osteotomy. The method comprises the steps of: inserting an apical end of an implant body into the opening of an osteotomy, screwing the body progressively deeper into the osteotomy, and applying a circumferentially sweeping compressive strain to the interior surface of the osteotomy with at least one burnishing edge while concurrently with the screwing step. 
         [0011]    As the one or more burnishing edges drag across the inner surface of the hole, stresses applied through the burnishing edges accumulate in the side walls. When the implant reaches full depth in the hole and stops rotating, the built-up stresses begin to fill in around the burnishing edges. This almost immediate elastic response of the bone or other material surrounding the hole provides a favorable high initial implant stability. Continued adaptation of the bone or other material into the crevices of the implant effectively self-locks the implant in position so that it cannot be easily removed by unscrewing. Furthermore, the burnishing edges condense and densify the surrounding walls of the hole, thereby enhancing initial implant stability. A still further advantage provided by the one or more burnishing edges is its ability to strengthen the surrounding material or bone through the introduction of stresses between the material&#39;s yield point and its ultimate tensile strength, thereby provoking strain hardening, which occurs because of dislocation movements and dislocation generation within the crystal structure of the material. And yet another benefit of this implant with burnishing edges when used in bone applications is its ability to activate natural bone re-generation. In bone, a permanent change in shape is believed to be associated with micro-cracks that allow energy release, a natural defense mechanism of living bone. This energy release naturally activates bone regeneration for successful long-term implant stability. 
         [0012]    In dental and orthopedic applications, an implant according to this invention is capable of reaching sufficient implant stability at the time of initial placement. Furthermore, because of its unique ability to promote bone regeneration, long-term implant stability is both enhanced and accelerated. The unique burnishing attributes of this invention are compatible with many of the prior art variations in thread shape, surface texture and/or special coatings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0013]    These and other features and advantages of the present invention will become more readily appreciated when considered in connection with the following detailed description and appended drawings, wherein: 
           [0014]      FIG. 1  depicts an exemplary application of the present invention at an edentulous (without teeth) jaw site that needs expansion to receive an implant; 
           [0015]      FIG. 2  is a view as in  FIG. 1 , but showing the resulting fully prepared osteotomy as achieved through a progressive series of expansion steps; 
           [0016]      FIG. 3  is a view as in  FIG. 1  showing a progressive expansion step with a rotary osteotome; 
           [0017]      FIG. 4  is a view as in  FIG. 2  in which an installed implant is poised to receive an abutment or base for subsequent prosthetic (not shown); 
           [0018]      FIG. 5  is a front elevation of an implant according to one embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0019]      FIG. 6  is cross-section through the coronal end of the implant body taken generally along lines  6 - 6  in  FIG. 5 ; 
           [0020]      FIG. 7  is cross-section through the central region of the implant body taken generally along lines  7 - 7  in  FIG. 5 ; 
           [0021]      FIG. 8  is cross-section through the apical end of the implant body taken generally along lines  8 - 8  in  FIG. 5 ; 
           [0022]      FIG. 9  is an enlarged view of a burnishing edge and associated land as circumscribed at  9  in  FIG. 7 ; 
           [0023]      FIG. 10  is an enlarged and somewhat exaggerated view of a burnishing edge as it wipes across the inner surface of a hole displacing a semi-elastic surrounding material; 
           [0024]      FIG. 11  is cross-section though an osteotomy in a human mandible with an implant according to one embodiment of this invention fully seated; 
           [0025]      FIG. 12  is cross-section taken generally along lines  12 - 12  of  FIG. 11 ; 
           [0026]      FIG. 13  is cross-section taken generally along lines  13 - 13  of  FIG. 11 ; 
           [0027]      FIG. 14  represents a cross-section through an osteotomy after a typical prior art implant has been fully inserted therein, thereby leaving its impression in the bone; 
           [0028]      FIG. 15A  represents a cross-section through an osteotomy after an implant according to one embodiment of this invention has been fully inserted therein, thereby leaving its distinctive impression in the bone; 
           [0029]      FIG. 15B  is a cross-section as in  FIG. 15A  showing the impression left by the same implant approximately 1-day after insertion to emphasize the beginnings of bone adaptation and in-growth into crevices; 
           [0030]      FIG. 15C  is a cross-section as in  FIG. 15A  showing the impression left by the same implant approximately 2-4 weeks after insertion and showing essentially complete bone in-growth into crevices; 
           [0031]      FIG. 16  is a front elevation of an implant according to a first alternative embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0032]      FIG. 17  is cross-section taken generally along lines  17 - 17  of  FIG. 16 ; 
           [0033]      FIG. 18  is a front elevation of an implant according to a second alternative embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0034]      FIG. 19  is cross-section taken generally along lines  19 - 19  of  FIG. 18 ; 
           [0035]      FIG. 20  is a front elevation shown in quarter-section of an implant according to a third alternative embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0036]      FIG. 21  is a simplified depiction of a human skeleton highlighting some examples of the many possible areas in which the novel implant of this invention might be effectively applied; 
           [0037]      FIG. 22  is an enlarged view of a human vertebrae shown in partial cross-section with a rotary osteotome disposed to enlarge an osteotomy therein to receive an implant according to the present invention; and 
           [0038]      FIG. 23  is a perspective view of a foam metal product having a hole formed therein and poised to receive an anchoring implant exemplifying at least one non-bone commercial application of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0039]    Referring to the figures, wherein like numerals indicate like or corresponding parts throughout the several views,  FIGS. 1-4  show the example of a dental implant, in which preparation of an osteotomy is required to receive a bone implant ( FIG. 4 ). It will be understood that this invention is not limited to dental applications, but may be applied across a wide spectrum of orthopedic applications. Furthermore, the invention is not even limited to bone or orthopedic applications, but may be used to prepare holes in metal foam and other cellular materials for industrial and commercial applications, to name but a few. Nevertheless, dental applications represent a convenient example, and so a significant portion of the following description will make use of the dental context for chiefly illustrative purposes only. 
         [0040]    In  FIG. 1 , an edentulous (without teeth) jaw site  30  is shown that needs expanded and prepared as an osteotomy  32  ( FIG. 2 ) in order to receive an implant, generally shown at  34  in  FIG. 4 . The series of steps include first boring a pilot hole or dimple into the recipient bone and then expanding the osteotomy to final size and depth using any suitable drilling or osteotome technique. One such technique comprises the use of progressively wider rotary osteotomes, generally indicated at  36 , as shown in  FIG. 3 . The procedure of forming an osteotomy using progressively wider rotary osteotomes is described, generally, in US 2013/0004918 published Jan. 3, 2013 to Huwais, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Also incorporated herein by reference, and relied upon, is the entire disclosure of Applicant&#39;s international patent application number PCT/US13/55539 filed Aug. 19, 2013, published ______, 2014 as WO ______. Once the osteotomy has been prepared, again by any suitable technique, the implant  34  is screwed into place as illustrated in  FIG. 4 . An abutment  38  is threaded into an internal connect, and is thereby secured in position to receive a subsequent restoration or crown (not shown). The implant  34  is perhaps ideally suited for placement in bone, yet non-bone applications are contemplated. Although the illustrated embodiments depict the implant  34  in the form of an anchor or receptor for a subsequently installed abutment feature  38 , it must be appreciated that the implant  34  may be re-configured as a bone screw or other bone fixation element as may be used for example in other orthopedic applications. 
         [0041]    Turning now to  FIGS. 5-9 , the implant  34  is shown in one embodiment comprising a truncated body formed with a conically tapered outer profile. The body has an apical end  40  and a coronal end  42 . The terms “apical” and “coronal” are selected primarily for their dental association. “Apical” means a direction toward the root tip(s) of a tooth; and “coronal” means a direction toward the crown of a tooth. Applicant&#39;s use of these terms and perhaps others in this document, however, must not be construed narrowly as to limit the application of the implant  34  to the dental fields of use, or even to the medical fields of use. The apical end  40  forms the leading end of the implant  34  and in use is inserted first into the prepared osteotomy  32 . A central region  44  of the body extends between the apical end  40  and the coronal end  42 . In practice, the longitudinal lengths of the apical end  40 , coronal end  42  and central region  44  can vary relative to the entire longitudinal length of the body. For example, in the illustrated embodiment of  FIG. 5 , the apical end  40  is shown extending approximately ⅕ the entire longitudinal length of the body. Likewise, the coronal end  42  also extends approximately ⅕ the entire longitudinal length of the body. And the central region  44  in this example extends about ⅗ the entire longitudinal length of the body. 
         [0042]    These dimensional relationships can be altered to suit the application and/or as to achieve specific performance attributes. For one alternative example, the apical end  40  could be changed to approximately ¼ the length of the body; the coronal end  42  shortened to ⅛ the overall length, and the central region  44  made approximately ⅝ the overall body length. In another alternative example, the apical end  40  is approximately ⅓ the length of the body; the central region  44  occupies the remaining ⅔ overall body length, and the length of the coronal end  42  made effectively negligible. Of course, many still further alternatives will become apparent to the skilled person in these arts. Notwithstanding the variable relative lengths, the outer (i.e., radial) dimensions of the sections  40 - 44  form a generally conical taper that enlarges toward the coronal end  42 . Tapers in the range of 1°-5° are considered generally suitable for dental applications, with 2° 36′ considered more or less preferred. For non-dental orthopedic applications, a somewhat larger taper range may be desired. For non-medical applications, still larger taper ranges may be considered. A conical, root-shaped geometry is believed to support superior primary stability and loading protocols. Although not shown, the extreme apex of the apical end  40  may be domed to help prevent over-insertion and/or to otherwise contribute to safer implant placement. 
         [0043]    The apical end  40  is formed with an apical thread profile  46 . The apical thread profile  46  has a right-hand twist for advancing the implant  34  progressively deeper into the osteotomy  32  as the body is forcibly turned in a clockwise direction. That is, the apical thread profile  46  forms a lead screw feature that simultaneously cuts and forges downward path in the walls of the osteotomy  32 . The apical thread profile  46  has an apical pitch and an apical lead as these terms are generally understood in the context of screw threads. That is, lead is the distance along the longitudinal axis of the implant  34  that is covered by one complete rotation (360°) of the implant  34 . Pitch is the distance from the crest of one thread to the next. If the apical thread profile  46  is designed as a single-start thread form, the apical lead and the apical pitch will be the same length. However, in the depicted embodiment, the apical thread profile  46  is formed as a two-start (or double-start) thread pattern, meaning that there are two non-intersecting ridges of thread profile  46  wrapped around the implant body. Each time that the implant  34  rotates one turn (360°), it advances axially by the width of two ridges, i.e., by the apical lead distance. In this case, the apical thread profile has an apical lead which is equal to twice its apical pitch, and which increases the speed at which the implant  34  is advanced into the osteotomy  32 . 
         [0044]      FIG. 8  is a cross-section (taken from  FIG. 5 ) through the apical end  40 . Here, the two-start thread pattern is clearly shown, along with the V-thread shape of the apical thread pattern which is one of several suitable alternative shapes. The apical end  40  is preferably designed so as to make the implant  34  self-tapping. Self-tapping indicates the ability for the implant  34  to advance when turned, while creating its own thread. This self-tapping ability may be facilitated by at least one self-tapping cutting edge  48 . The self-tapping cutting edges  48  may be created by grinding a gap in the continuity of the threads in the apical thread profile  46 . These self-tapping cutting edges  48  help cut complementary threads in the surrounding walls of the osteotomy  32  as the implant  34  is screwed in the clockwise direction. The cutting edges  48  may be considered to slice into the bone material, leaving a clean path for the screw threads to follow. In the illustrated embodiment, the apical end  40  is formed with a pair of diametrically opposed self-tapping cutting edges  48 , each formed by a cut disposed in a generally helical pattern extending longitudinally toward the central region  44 . These features collect and amass bone chips in the course of insertion, further supporting efficient osseointegration and long-term implant  34  stability. 
         [0045]    Turning now to the coronal end  42 , reference is made to  FIGS. 5 ,  6 ,  11  and  13 . The coronal end  42  comprises a platform  50  disposed centrally as a distal-most feature. In use, the platform  50  remains exposed once the implant  34  is fully seated in the osteotomy  32 , as perhaps best shown in  FIGS. 4 and 11 . An internal connect  52  extends through the platform  50  down into the body of the implant  34 . The internal connect  52  is a standard, cavity-like feature found in many prior art implant designs, and is composed of a counter bore section directly adjacent the platform  50  which extends down to an internally threaded section that is adapted to receive the threaded post of the abutment member  38  ( FIG. 4 ). The depth of the internal connect  52  may vary, but in some dental applications typically extends to about the mid-length point of the implant  34 . 
         [0046]    The external features of the coronal end  42  may be formed in any number of different shapes. In  FIGS. 5 and 6 , the coronal end  42  is shown including an optional corking element  54 . The corking element  54  is designed to improve bone-to-implant contact at the crestal zone, and to help reduce, if not eliminate, instances of volcanoing or mushrooming in the bone material surrounding the osteotomy  32 . The corking element  54  thus enables the installed coronal end  42  to sit neatly at or near the surface of the bone, thus yielding a better installation. The corking element  54  is mentioned as optional in that one may envision an implant  34  in which no such corking feature is incorporated into the design but which enjoys other attributes and advantages of this invention. The corking element  54  can be formed in a variety of ways to achieve similar—although perhaps somewhat varied—results. In the illustrated example of  FIGS. 5 ,  6 ,  11  and  13 , the corking element  54  includes a coronal thread profile having a right-hand twist. Here, the coronal thread profile is a one-start thread pattern having a pitch that is generally equal to the apical pitch. However, because in this example the coronal thread profile is a one-start formation and the apical thread profile is a two-start, the coronal lead will be only ½ the length of the apical lead. Or said another way, the coronal lead is equal to the coronal pitch. 
         [0047]    The coronal thread profile may be configured with a buttress shape. In machinery, the buttress thread form is designed to handle extremely high axial thrust in one direction. The load-bearing thread face is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis or at a slight slant (usually no greater than 7°). The other face is slanted at 45°. As shown in  FIG. 13 , when the implant  34  is screwed into the osteotomy  32  to a sufficient depth, the coronal thread profile engages the inner wall of the osteotomy and begins displacing bone material in a downward (apical) wiping direction. It should be noted that because the coronal lead in this example is only ½ the apical lead, the coronal thread profile will be pulled by apical threads into the osteotomy at twice the rate at which they would otherwise tend to advance with clock-wise rotation. This action causes the helical crest of the coronal thread profile to pull or scrape the bone material, including any bone material that may have already begun to mushroom up around the edges of the osteotomy  32 , down into the osteotomy  32  resulting in a smoother, less disrupted surface around the osteotomy  32 . As will be described below in connection with alternative embodiments, the coronal thread pattern may take many different shapes and forms. 
         [0048]    Turning now to the central region  44 , reference is made to  FIGS. 5 ,  7  and  9 - 12 . The central region  44  is characterized by one or more, and preferably a plurality of, trough-like flutes disposed about the body. As perhaps best illustrated by the cross-section of  FIG. 7 , ten flutes are shown in this example. The flutes may be equally circumferentially arranged about the body to help maintain stability during insertion. Although the flutes could be straight axial, in the preferred embodiment the flutes having a long-lead helical twist in a left-hand direction. That is to say, the flutes preferably do not have a right-hand helical twist about said body. 
         [0049]    Each flute is defined between a leading face  56  and an opposite trailing face  58 . A land  60  is formed between every two adjacent flutes. As perhaps best shown in the enlarged  FIG. 9 , each land  60  joins or spans the trailing face  58  of one the flute and a leading face  56  of an adjacent the flute to form a ridge-like feature. At the intersection of each land  60  and the respective leading face is a burnishing edge  62 . The burnishing edge  62  may be substantially margin-less, meaning that the entire portion of each land  60  falls away behind the burnishing edge  62  to provide complete clearance during rotation. In prior art drills for boring holes, for example, margins are commonly incorporated behind the cutting edges to stabilize the drill in the hole and maintain the desired drill diameter. In the preferred embodiment of this invention, such margins are not used. Instead, the land  60  tilts into the rotational direction and serves as a ramp or wedge leading the burnishing edge so that bone material is not cut from the inner wall of the osteotomy  32 . The burnishing edge  62 , therefore, is positioned in a non-cutting direction, meaning that its associated land  60  engages the wall of the osteotomy  32  before the burnishing edge  62 . The primary taper clearance angle, i.e., the angle between a tangent of the burnishing edge  62  and each land  60  as shown in  FIG. 9 , may fall anywhere between about 1° and 30° depending upon the application. 
         [0050]    Returning to  FIG. 5 , the burnishing edges  62  are shown extending generally the full distance between the apical thread profile  46  and the coronal thread profile, i.e., corking element  54 . Like the intervening flutes, the burnishing edges  62  also preferably have a left-hand helical twist, although straight axial configurations are also possible. Long leads, on the order of 1-to-3 times the overall length of the implant body, are contemplated for the lay of the burnishing edges  62 . The radial measure of each burnishing edge  62 , i.e., the distance from a central axis of the implant body to the arc of the burnishing edge  62 , is a function of the implant  34  taper. In this illustrated example, a substantially aligned conical taper meets the outer crests of the apical thread profile  46  and also the burnishing edges  62  and also the outer crests of the coronal thread profile. In another example, the radial measure of each burnishing edge  62  may be slightly inset from the conical taper passing through the outer crests of the apical thread profile  46  and coronal thread profile. In a still further example, the radial measure of each burnishing edge  62  may stand slightly proud of the conical taper passing through the outer crests of the apical thread profile  46  and coronal thread profile. 
         [0051]    In use, an osteotomy  32  is prepared to receive the implant  34  when its opening at the surface of the bone has a diameter that is approximately as large as the root diameter of the extreme apex of the apical end  40 . When the implant  34  is initially screwed into an osteotomy  32 , its apical thread profile  46  immediately bites into the inner surface of the bone and cuts a downwardly spiraling path to quickly draw the remaining body of the implant  34  toward full seated depth. As soon as the burnishing edges  62  enter the osteotomy  32 , they begin to apply a circumferentially sweeping compressive strain to the interior surface of the osteotomy  32  with a burnishing action. The further into the osteotomy  32  the implant  34  descends, the greater the degree to which the burnishing edges  62  wipe and rub against the bone to force and expansion of its inner diameter. However, because bone has elastic properties, there will be some “spring back” after the burnishing edge  62  passes by. This is illustrated in somewhat exaggerated fashion in  FIG. 10 . The plurality of burnishing edges  62  wiping one after another in a progressively widening manner, i.e., as the implant  34  is pulled deeper into the osteotomy  32 , helps to create a compression wave ahead of the point of contact, loosely akin to spreading butter on toast. Downward pressure applied by the advancing apical thread profile  46  keeps the burnishing edges  62  in contact with the bone surface of the osteotomy  32  to maintain pressure on the compression wave. This is aided by the taper interface of the osteotomy  32  and implant  34  to create lateral pressure (i.e., in the intended radial direction of expansion). 
         [0052]    As the burnishing edges  62  drag across the bone, the forces on each burnishing edge  62  can be decomposed into two component forces: one normal to the bone&#39;s surface, pressing it outwardly, and the other tangential, dragging it along the inner surface of the osteotomy  32 . It may be noted as well that due to the left-hand helical twist, the burnishing edges  62  will also generate a slight opposing axial reaction force when concurrently forcibly advanced into the osteotomy  32 . This opposing axial reaction force works against the axial advancing direction of the implant  34  insertion by applying force in a direction that urges—but is unable due to the overwhelming grip of the apical thread profile  46 —to push the implant  34  out of the osteotomy  32 . As the tangential component is increased through clockwise rotation, the burnishing edges  62  slide along the bone. At the same time, the normal (i.e., radial) forces along the burnishing edges  62  will deform the softer bone material. The stresses in the bone&#39;s surface will exceed its yield strength, allowing the burnishing edges  62  to plow through the surface and create a trough behind it. The plowing action of the burnishing edges  62 , as depicted in  FIG. 10 , thus progressively enlarges the osteotomy  32 . 
         [0053]    Stresses applied through the burnishing edges  62  continue to accumulate in the bone as the implant  34  progresses toward full seating depth in the osteotomy  32 . As soon as the implant  34  reaches full depth and stops rotating, the built-up stresses in the bone begin to fill into the flutes and around the burnishing edges  62  as graphically depicted in  FIG. 12 . This almost immediate elastic response of the bone to the pre-loading of stress (from the action of the burnishing edges  62 ), provides a favorable high initial implant stability. Furthermore, the adapted bone into the flutes effectively self-locks the implant  34  in position so that it cannot be removed by unscrewing. Another benefit of this implant  34  with burnishing edges  62  is observed by its ability to condense and densify the surrounding bone walls of the osteotomy, thereby still further enhancing initial implant stability. A still further advantage of this implant  34  with burnishing edges  62  is its ability to strengthen the bone fabric. When bone (or wood or foam, etc.) is subjected to stress in the region between its yield point and its ultimate tensile strength, the material experiences strain hardening. Strain hardening, also known as work hardening or cold working, is the strengthening of a ductile material by plastic deformation. This strengthening occurs because of dislocation movements and dislocation generation within the crystal structure of the material. And yet another benefit of this implant  34  with burnishing edges  62  is its ability to activate natural bone re-generation through mechano-biology bone healing, where generated energy activates faster bone healing. 
         [0054]      FIG. 14  is a cross-section through an osteotomy after an exemplary prior art threaded-body implant has been fully inserted therein. Impressions in the bone form a more-or-less exact negative space representation around the implant. Very little space around the implant is available for bone ingrowth, such that the same cross-section taken 1-day will look essentially the same. And similarly a cross-section taken 2-4 weeks after insertion will look essentially the same as well. 
         [0055]    In contrast,  FIG. 15A  represents a cross-section through an osteotomy  32  immediately after the implant  34  of this invention has been fully seated therein. Its distinctive impression in the bone is unmistakable, particularly in the relatively smooth-walled surface formed by the sweeping rotary action of the burnishing edges  62 .  FIG. 15B  is a cross-section as in  FIG. 15A  showing the impression left by the same implant  34  approximately 1-day after placement. In this view, the beginnings of bone swelling and in-growth into crevices between the lands  60  and crestal thread forms of the corking element  54  are evident. Bone swelling around the central region  44  of the implant  34  effectively self-locks the implant  34  within the osteotomy  32  even at this very early stage of placement thus making even a little loosening of the implant  34  virtually impossible. At least some load-carrying capacity of the implant  34  should be possible.  FIG. 15C  shows the impression left by the same implant  34  approximately 2-4 weeks after insertion. In normal, healthy bone, nearly complete bone in-growth into the crevices of the implant  34  will occur. The implant  34  is fully mechanically locked in the bone at this stage; healing is effectively complete. 
         [0056]      FIGS. 16 and 17  show a first alternative embodiment of the present invention. In this example, features of the implant corresponding to those described above are identified with like reference numerals but offset by 100. According, in this embodiment, the implant  134  is shown having a generally similar truncated body formed with a conically tapered outer profile. The body has an apical end  140  and a coronal end  142  and a central region  144 . An apical thread profile  146  is characterized by an aggressive, self-tapping V-shaped two-start design, whereas a corking element  154  is included in the form of a coronal thread profile having a one-start thread pattern in a buttress style. A plurality of burnishing edges  162  extend with a left-hand helical twist along the central region  144 . Of unique detail in this embodiment is a central thread profile  164  that intersects the burnishing edges  162 . The central thread profile  164  is shown in these views as a continuation of the buttress style coronal thread profile of the corking element  154 . The combined coronal thread profile and central thread profile  164  extend, generally uninterrupted, from the coronal end  142  to the apical thread profile  146  but without overlapping the apical thread profile  146 . As a continuation of the coronal thread profile, the central thread profile  164  also has a right-hand twist, and a central lead which is equal to its central pitch which is also generally equal to the coronal pitch. 
         [0057]    The conically tapered outer profile of the implant  134  is defined by the crests, i.e., outermost helical ridges, of the apical thread profile  146  and the central thread profile  164  and the coronal thread profile. That is, in this embodiment the crests of the coronal, central and apical thread profiles are generally aligned along a conical taper that defines the overall conical taper of the implant  134 . As perhaps best shown in  FIG. 17 , the radial measure of each burnishing edge  162  is slightly inset from the conical taper established by the outer crest of the central thread profile  164 . As such, the central thread profile  164  stands slightly proud of the burnishing edges so that, in use, the above-described corking action is performed by the central thread profile  164  as well as the coronal thread profile. In this example, the lead of the apical thread profile  146  remains approximately twice that of the lead of the integrated coronal and central  164  thread profiles so the latter thread profiles are pulled into an osteotomy at twice the rate at which they would otherwise tend to advance with clock-wise rotation of the implant  134 . This fast-pulling action causes the helical crest of the coronal and central  164  thread profiles to displace bone material in a downward (apical) wiping direction. 
         [0058]    Meanwhile, the burnishing edges  162  apply a circumferentially sweeping compressive strain to the interior surface of the osteotomy with the above-described burnishing action. As the implant  134  descends into the osteotomy, the burnishing edges  162  wipe and rub against the bone with a progressively greater effect, interrupted at regular intervals by the central thread profile  164 , as the central thread profile  164  concurrently displaces bone material in a downward wiping direction. When the burnishing edges  162  are formed with a left-hand helical twist as shown in  FIG. 16 , i.e., as opposed to a straight axial (infinite lead) shape, a slight opposing axial reaction force will be generated by the burnishing edges  162  dragging across the bone surface. The combination of reaction force components (normal, tangential and axial) cooperate to stress the bone material beyond its yield strength, allowing the burnishing edges  162  to plow through the surface and progressively enlarge the osteotomy while concurrently accumulating stresses in the bone. By somewhat imperfect analogy, one may think of a propeller placed in water and rotated rapidly enough to displace all water from around the propeller blades. But once the propeller stops rotating, the surrounding water rushes in to fill the spaces around the blades. In the present case, the burnishing edges  164  are like the propeller blades pushing the bone material outwardly. When the implant  134  reaches full depth and stops rotating, accumulated stresses in the bone begin to fill into the flutes and around the burnishing edges  62 ; not to the speed or degree that water would in the suggested analogy, but more like that illustrated in  FIG. 12 . This almost immediate elastic response of the surrounding bone self-locks the implant  34  in position so that it cannot be unscrewed thereby providing the implant  134  with high initial stability. And naturally, all of the other aforementioned benefits of the burnishing edges  162  also persist. 
         [0059]      FIGS. 18 and 19  show a second alternative embodiment of the present invention. In this example, features of the implant corresponding to those described in the preceding example are identified with like reference numerals but with a 2-prefix rather than a 1-prefix. According to this second alternative embodiment, the implant  234  is shown having a generally similar truncated body formed with a conically tapered outer profile. The body has an apical end  240  and a coronal end  242  and a central region  244 . The apical thread profile  246  is again characterized by an aggressive, self-tapping V-shaped two-start design, whereas a corking element  254  is included in the form of micro-grooves having a stacked-annular (i.e., non-threaded) pattern. A plurality of burnishing edges  262  extend with a left-hand helical twist along the central region  244 . A central thread profile  264  intersects the burnishing edges  262 . The central thread profile  264  is shown in this example as a partial continuation of the apical thread profile  246 . More specifically, the apical thread profile  246  remains a two-start formation, but only one of its two thread wraps are continued into the central region  244  as the central thread profile  264 . The one shared thread profile extends from the apical end  240  into the central region  244  generally uninterrupted. As a continuation of one apical thread profile  246 , the central thread profile  264  also has a right-hand twist, and a central lead which is equal to its central pitch but double that of the apical pitch formed by a two-start thread wrap. Said another way, the central lead is generally equal to the apical lead, but the central pitch is twice that of the apical pitch. 
         [0060]    In this second alternative embodiment, the conically tapered outer profile of the implant  234  is defined by the crests of the apical thread profile  246  and the burnishing edges  262  and the micro-grooves of the corking element  254 . That is, in this embodiment the crests of the apical thread profiles  246  and the burnishing edges  264  and the crests of the micro-grooves are generally aligned along a conical taper that defines the overall conical taper of the implant  234 . As perhaps best shown in  FIG. 19 , the radial measure of each burnishing edge  262  is slightly outset from the outer crest of the central thread profile  264 . As such, the burnishing edges  262  stand slightly proud of the central thread profile  264  so that, in use, the burnishing edges  262  apply a circumferentially sweeping compressive strain to the interior surface of the osteotomy with the above-described burnishing action, interrupted at intervals by the central thread profile  264 . Also, the above-described corking action is performed by the micro-grooves of the coronal corking element  254 . In this example, the lead of the apical thread profile  146  is equal or generally equal to the lead of the integrated central thread profile  264  so the latter thread profile follows a track cut by the apical thread profile  246  as the implant  234  is pulled into an osteotomy with clock-wise rotation. Accordingly, the central thread profile  264  helps the apical thread profile  246  to advance the implant  234  deeper into the osteotomy. As the implant  234  descends into the osteotomy, the burnishing edges  262  wipe and rub against the bone with a progressively greater effect akin the preceding examples. Also, the corking element  254  in the form of micro-grooves provides the aforementioned corking function for the implant  234  during its final approach to full seating depth. 
         [0061]      FIG. 20  shows a third alternative embodiment of the present invention. In this example, features of the implant corresponding to those described in the preceding example are identified with like reference numerals but with a 3-prefix rather than a 2-prefix. Also,  FIG. 20  depicts the implant  334  in quarter-section so that the internal connect  352  is clearly visible. This third alternative embodiment again shows an implant  334  having a generally similar truncated body formed with a conically tapered outer profile. The body has an apical end  340  and a coronal end  342  and a central region  344 . The apical thread profile  346  in this embodiment is shown with an aggressive, self-tapping square-shaped, semi-buttress two-start design. The corking element  354  is shown here as micro-threads. A plurality of burnishing edges  362  extend with a left-hand helical twist along the central region  344 . A central thread profile  364  intersects the burnishing edges  362 . As in the immediately preceding example, the central thread profile  364  is a natural continuation from the apical thread profile  346 . However, unlike the preceding example both of the thread wraps from the two-start apical thread profile  246  are continued, uninterrupted, through the central region  344 . That is to say, the apical thread profile  346  remains a two-start formation throughout the central region  344 . As a continuation of apical thread profile  346 , the central thread profile  364  also has a right-hand twist, and a central lead which is equal to two-times its central pitch. The central lead is generally equal to the apical lead. 
         [0062]    In this third alternative embodiment, the conically tapered outer profile of the implant  334  is defined by the crests of the apical/central thread profiles  346 ,  364  and the burnishing edges  362  and the micro-threads of the corking element  354 . The radial measure of each burnishing edge  362  is generally equal to the outer crest of the central thread profile  364 . As such, the burnishing edges  362  meet at the crests of the central thread profiles  364 . In use, the burnishing edges  362  apply a circumferentially sweeping compressive strain to the interior surface of the osteotomy with the above-described burnishing action and are interrupted at regular times in the rotation by the central thread profile  364 . Also, the above-described corking action is performed by the micro-threads of the coronal corking element  354 . In this example, the integrated central thread profile  364  follows a track cut by the apical thread profile  346  as the implant  334  drives itself into an osteotomy with clock-wise rotation, and therefore contributes to pulling the implant  334  deeper into the osteotomy. As the implant  334  descends into the osteotomy, the burnishing edges  362  wipe and rub against the bone with a progressively greater effect as previously described. 
         [0063]      FIGS. 21-22  are intended to illustrate, for the benefit of the skilled artisan, that the principles of this invention are not limited to dental applications, but may be readily extended to any bone preparation site within the human (or animal) body with suitable adjustments in scale and/or configuration. Regions shown circled in the human skeleton of  FIG. 21  represent a few of potentially many areas that are likely to benefit from application of the teachings of this present invention. Initial indications reveal that applications in the vertebrae ( FIG. 22 ) are prime candidates for the burnishing implant and techniques of this invention due to its potential for universally applicable increases in implant primary stability and inherent similarity to prior art implant placement techniques. 
         [0064]    Furthermore, as shown in  FIG. 23  the principles of this invention are not limited to bone as the host material. Indeed, the burnishing implant  34  of this invention may be configured to establish an anchor in almost any type of cellular material or non-cellular material that has suitable elastic response characteristics as in the bone example given above so that when the implant  34  reaches full depth and stops rotating, accumulated stresses in the surrounding material begin to fill into the flutes and around the burnishing edges  62  more-or-less like that illustrated in  FIG. 12 . This elastic and/or healing response of the surrounding material self-locks the implant  34  in position so that it cannot be unscrewed thereby providing the implant  34  with high initial stability. For example, the implant  34  may be used as an anchor in wood—both dried and green. When used as an anchor in a live tree, the living cells of the wood will grow into the crevices of the implant  34  in an analogous way to the bone adaptation and in-growth described above to provide a beneficial interlocking characteristic. In  FIG. 12 , a section of metal foam  70  may be of the type used extensively in aerospace, heat shielding and other critical applications. The foam metal  70  is shown including a hole  72  formed by burnishing according to the methods described above or by simple drilling. If the hole  72  is formed by burnishing according to the methods described, the resulting hole  72  is better prepared to receive the implant  34  because its inner walls have been densified by the compressive displacement and/or auto-grafting effects of that specialized technique. The Applicant further contemplates application of the implant  34  to civil engineering scenarios including anchors in earthen holes in soft, loose soils and muck, etc. Indeed many other applications may also present due to the unique burnishing qualities of the implant  34 . 
         [0065]    Throughout this description, reference is made to right-hand and left-hand threads. Right-hand threads advance under clockwise rotation and conversely left-hand threads advance under counter-clockwise rotation. Right-hand threads are by overwhelming proportion most common and therefore such usage has been carried throughout this description. It should be understood, however, that reversal of all thread patterns from right-handed to left-handed and (vise-versa) is possible in this implant  34  and will result in substantially identical performance characteristics with counter-clockwise rotation upon insertion. Left-handed twist for the apical thread profile  46  is thus considered a mere structural equivalent to the disclosed and claimed embodiments herein. Said another way, if one of the clockwise or counter-clockwise directions are deemed a “first” rotatory direction and the other of the clockwise and counter-clockwise directions are deemed a “second” rotary direction, then it would be accurate to say that if the apical thread profile  46 ,  146 ,  246 ,  346  is formed in the first rotary direction, then preferably the helical twist of the burnishing edges  62 ,  162 ,  262 ,  362  are preferably in the second rotary direction or straight (infinite lead) and angled in a non-cutting direction so as not to cut material from the inner wall of the osteotomy  32 . 
         [0066]    The foregoing invention has been described in accordance with the relevant legal standards, thus the description is exemplary rather than limiting in nature. Variations and modifications to the disclosed embodiment may become apparent to those skilled in the art and fall within the scope of the invention.