Abstract:
An inductively coupled plasma charged particle source for focused ion beam systems includes a plasma reaction chamber with a removably attached source electrode. A fastening mechanism connects the source electrode with the plasma reaction chamber and allows for a heat-conductive, vacuum seal to form. With a removable source electrode, improved serviceability and reuse of the plasma source tube are now possible.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to inductively coupled plasma charged particle sources used in focused charged particle beam systems and more particularly, to a plasma ion source having a removable source electrode. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) sources have advantages over other types of plasma sources when used with a focusing column to form a focused beam of charged particles, i.e., ions or electrons. An inductively coupled plasma source, such as the one described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,241,361, to Keller et al. for “Magnetically Enhanced, Inductively Coupled Plasma Source for a Focused Ion Beam System,” which is assigned to the assignee of the present invention, is capable of providing charged particles within a narrow energy range, thereby reducing chromatic aberrations and allowing the charged particles to be focused to a small spot. 
     The charged particles extracted from an inductively coupled plasma system emerge from a small (˜0.2 mm diameter) hole located in one bounding wall of the plasma reaction chamber. This particular wall is typically metal and is called the “source” electrode. However, in order not to shunt the magnetic fields around the reaction chamber, the majority of the chamber walls are made from insulating materials such as ceramic or quartz. 
     In current ICP ion sources, the source electrode is fixedly attached and cannot be removed after mounting. The attachment method is typically gluing (epoxy) of the source electrode into the lower opening of the source tube. In a first step, a thin metal layer is applied directly to the source tube at the locations where the source electrode will be glued. The source electrode is then glued onto the metallization layer with the assistance of a precisely positioned fixture, the glue forming the vacuum seal and none of the glue facing the plasma reaction chamber. 
     It has been observed that the plasma degrades the epoxy in some modes of operation, causing significant operational difficulties. One such difficulty is the plasma source being contaminated by the epoxy, leading to a redistribution of carbon from the epoxy to the reaction chamber sidewalls, shunting the inductive coupling of energy around the reaction chamber. Once a source tube has become contaminated from use, it cannot be cleaned and must be discarded, and the expense of replacing the source tube increases the cost of operation for the ICP source. Another such difficulty is due to the heating of the epoxy by the elevated source electrode temperature from plasma bombardment and eddy current heating. If the heating of the epoxy is not well compensated by active cooling, the epoxy can thermally decompose, leading to epoxy bond failure. Another such difficulty is when the vacuum seal between the source tube and the FIB column develops leaks due to openings in the epoxy seal, thereby reducing the achievable gas pressures within the source tube, leading to decreased ion generation. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the invention is to provide a system for removable attachment of an electrode onto an inductively coupled plasma ion source for use in a focused ion beam system. 
     Embodiments of the invention provide systems and methods for removably attaching a source electrode to a plasma reaction chamber used in a focused ion beam system. The source electrode, capable of being removably attached to the plasma chamber, is preferably vacuum tight, thermally conductive, precisely positioned, robust in strong electric fields, and is easily detached for reconfiguration and maintenance. 
     The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the conception and specific embodiments disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. It should also be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For a more thorough understanding of the present invention, and advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1A  shows a cross-sectional view of a portion of an inductively coupled plasma charged particle source in which the source electrode is press fit into the source. Some background lines are omitted to clarify features in the plane of the cross section. 
         FIG. 1B  shows a cross-sectional view from the perspective of section line A-A in  FIG. 1A . 
         FIG. 2A  shows a cross-sectional view of a portion of an inductively coupled plasma charged particle source in which the source electrode is attached to the source by a screw-clamp. Some background lines are omitted to clarify features in the plane of the cross section. 
         FIG. 2B  shows a cross-sectional view from the perspective of section line B-B in  FIG. 2A . 
         FIG. 3A  shows cross-sectional view of a portion of an inductively coupled plasma charged particle source in which the source electrode is attached to the source by a cam-clamp. Some background lines are omitted to clarify features in the plane of the cross section. 
         FIG. 3B  shows a cross-sectional view from the perspective of section line C-C in  FIG. 3A . 
         FIG. 4A  shows a cross-sectional view of a portion of an inductively coupled plasma charged particle source in which the source electrode is held in by a screw. Some background lines are omitted to clarify features in the plane of the cross section. 
         FIG. 4B  shows a cross-sectional view from the perspective of section line D-D in  FIG. 4A . 
         FIG. 5A  shows cross-sectional view of a portion of an inductively coupled plasma charged particle source in which the source electrode is attached to the source by screws from inside the plasma chamber. Some background lines are omitted to clarify features in the plane of the cross section. 
         FIG. 5B  shows a cross-sectional view from the perspective of section line E-E in  FIG. 5A . 
         FIG. 6A  shows a cross-sectional view of a portion of an inductively coupled plasma charged particle source in which the source electrode is attached to the source by biasing pins. Some background lines are omitted to clarify features in the plane of the cross section. 
         FIG. 6B  shows a cross-sectional view from the perspective of section line F-F in  FIG. 6A . 
         FIG. 7  is a flowchart showing a method of the making and using a removable source electrode. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Various embodiments of the present invention include a number of mounting methods for a source electrode in an ICP charged particle source. A source electrode performs several functions within the plasma source, including: providing high voltage to the plasma (which determines the ion or electron energies at the work piece), providing a pumping barrier to preserve sufficient pressure levels within the reaction chamber to enable plasma generation while simultaneously maintaining high vacuum within the FIB or electron column below the source, and serving as the first element of the first lens in the focusing column, which requires high positioning precision to maintain concentricity and parallelism to the extraction electrode in order to prevent lens distortions. 
     The joint between the source electrode and the rest of the reaction chamber should satisfy the following requirements: the joint must form a vacuum seal so that a maximum pressure difference can be maintained between the reaction chamber and the downstream volume; the joint must conduct heat as efficiently as possible because the source electrode will absorb heat from the plasma and from inductively coupled eddy currents, and the reaction chamber serves as the heat sink; the joint must remain robust even in contact with the plasma discharge; the joint must precisely position the source electrode, both location and orientation, to ensure a high performance ion beam; and the joint must remain stable despite the high voltage fields between the source electrode and nearby parts at other electric potentials to avoid arc discharge. 
     To provide high voltage to the plasma, it is necessary to provide an electrical connection to the source electrode. To provide the pumping barrier, it is necessary that the mounting scheme maintains a good vacuum seal after installation of the source electrode. To provide a first element of the lens, it is necessary that the mounting system maintains good concentricity and parallelism with respect to the focusing column. 
     A source electrode system is preferably composed of a material, such as molybdenum or a nickel-based super-alloy such as Hastelloy C2000, that is compatible with the harsh environment of a plasma chamber. The source electrode system must also have a thermal coefficient of expansion that is compatible with that of the ceramic or quartz plasma chamber, since the plasma chamber cycles between a high operating temperature and room temperature. “Compatible” means that neither the individual components nor the assembly will be damaged or weakened over the range of temperatures encountered during manufacture and operation. Many materials that are compatible with the harsh environment have poor thermal coefficient of expansion matches to ceramic, making the design of the electrode attachment system difficult. 
     Various embodiments of the invention solve this problem and include multiple means for attachment of a source electrode to a plasma reaction chamber that is vacuum tight, thermally conductive, precisely positioned, stable in strong electric fields, and is easily detached for reconfiguration. In some embodiments of this invention, the surfaces of an attaching portion of the insulating reaction chamber, that is, the portion facing the source electrode, are coated with a thin interface layer, typically of metal. In one embodiment, the reaction chamber is made of alumina ceramic and the interface layer is a metallization layer made by a two-part process, the first step being the sintering of a molybdenum-manganese layer to the ceramic, and the second step being the electrochemical or mechanical plating of nickel on top of the first layer. The nickel layer provides a suitable mechanical attachment for a ring that is brazed to the thin metal layer. The thin metal layer also provides that the electric fields outside of the source electrode region are expelled out of the vacuum chamber and into the insulating sidewalls. Molybdenum-manganese is preferred for the base layer because the molybdenum diffuses into the alumina to some extent after a high temperature fire process, thereby ensuring excellent, conformal bonding with the alumina surface. The invention is not limited to any specific materials. Alternative materials can be selected, based on the examples and guidance provided herein, for various components and the interface layer. A metal mounting ring is brazed or otherwise permanently attached to the interface layer, and then the source electrode is preferably removably attached to the metal mounting ring. In some embodiments, the mounting ring incorporates a flexible region such as a bellows to enhance its pliability and better accommodate differences in thermal expansion of the ring and the reaction chamber sidewalls. In any of the embodiments above, the contact interface or joint between the mounting ring or source electrode and the attaching portion of the chamber is preferably heat conductive since the source electrode will absorb heat from the plasma and from inductively coupled eddy currents. 
       FIG. 1A  is a side cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the invention including a portion of an inductively coupled plasma charged particle source  100  in which the source electrode is attached by being press fit into the source assembly. An insulating source chamber  102  is shown with a mounting ring  104  fixedly attached, typically by brazing or gluing against a mounting tab  124  portion of the insulating source chamber  102 . The attachment surface of the chamber has a thin metallization layer  122  in order to manage the large electric fields surrounding the electrode system. A source electrode  106  is removably attached to the mounting ring  104 , by a press-fit into the inner diameter of the mounting ring  104 , forming a vacuum seal. The source electrode  106  preferably comprises a metal on the plasma facing surface which is resistant to the corrosive properties of the plasma. For example, nickel-based super alloys such as Hastelloy C2000 resist the strongly corrosive effects of oxygen plasmas and therefore maintain their performance for longer than materials which oxidize readily. The contact interface layer on the attaching portion of the reaction chamber wall where the mounting ring  104  attaches is preferably an interface layer metalized with molybdenum-manganese which is further coated with nickel, for example. In other embodiments, the interface layer includes a soft metal, such as gold, indium, or aluminum. The contact interface is preferably heat conductive since the source electrode will absorb heat from the plasma and from inductively coupled eddy currents. 
     In the event the source electrode  106  become damaged, for example due to corrosion or erosion from the plasma within the source tube  102 , the ICP source  100  can be repaired by removal of the source electrode  106  from the mounting ring  104 . This is beneficial because the source tube  102  is typically an expensive precision component, and it is therefore desirable to be able to reuse the source tube  102  in the event that the source electrode  106  needs replacement. A source contact electrode  112  provides an electrical connection to the source electrode  106  through a plurality of connection pins  110  (one shown) which protrude up from the source contact electrode  112  and press against the lower surface of the source electrode  106  as shown. Below the source electrode, the upper portion of a source extractor  114  is shown. The hole  108  in the source electrode  106  permits an ion beam to be extracted from the interior of the source tube  102  by an electric field between the source electrode  106  and the source extractor  114 —this electric field also forms part of the first focusing lens field for the ion beam generated by the ICP ion source  100 . For the optimum operation of the first focusing lens, the concentricity of holes  108  and  120  should be held to within at most 4% of the diameter of hole  108 .  FIG. 1B  shows an upward looking view at the bottom of the source electrode from the perspective of section line A-A  150  in  FIG. 1A . 
       FIG. 2A  is a side cross-sectional view of a preferred embodiment of the invention including a portion of an inductively coupled plasma charged particle source  200  in which a screw clamp-type fastening mechanism removably secures the source electrode. An insulating source tube  202  is shown with a mounting ring  204  fixedly attached, typically by brazing or gluing against a mounting tab  224  and portion of the insulating source chamber  202 . The attachment surface of the chamber has a thin metallization layer  222  in order to manage the large electric fields surrounding the electrode system. A source electrode  206  is removably attached to the mounting ring  204 , by a plurality of mounting screws  216 , bolts, or any similar fasteners, threaded into the mounting ring  204 , and clamping the outer edge of the source electrode  206 , pushing the source electrode into tight contact with the mounting ring and forming a vacuum seal. The mounting ring  204  preferably comprises a metal that is thermally compatible with the source tube  202 . The source electrode  206  preferably comprises a metal on the plasma facing surface which is resistant to the corrosive properties of the plasma. The materials for making the components of plasma source  100  are also suitable for making the components of plasma source  200 , as well as the other plasma sources described below. The same considerations of cost and maintainability apply here as for the embodiment  100  in  FIG. 1A . A source contact electrode  212  provides an electrical connection to the source electrode  206  through a plurality of connection pins  210  (one shown) which protrude up from the source contact electrode  212  and press against the lower surface of the source electrode  206  as shown. Below the source electrode, the upper portion of the source extractor  214  may be seen. The hole  208  in the source electrode  206  permits an ion beam to be extracted from the interior of the source tube  202  due to an electric field between the source electrode  206  and the source extractor  214 —this electric field also forms part of the first focusing lens for the ion beam generated by the ICP ion source  200 . For the optimum operation of the first focusing lens, the concentricity of holes  208  and  220  should be held to within at most 4% of the diameter of hole  208 .  FIG. 2B  shows an upward looking view at the bottom of the source electrode from the perspective of section line B-B  250  in  FIG. 2A . 
       FIG. 3A  is a side cross-sectional view of a preferred embodiment of the invention including a portion of an inductively coupled plasma charged particle source  300  using a cam-clamp-type fastening mechanism to removably attach the source electrode. A plurality of cam fasteners  316 , are positioned around the perimeter of the attaching portion of the plasma chamber. The cams are mounted outside of the chamber and beneath the retaining tab  324  of the attaching portion of the chamber wall. Hex head or socket head screws, bolts or similar fasteners attach the cams to the attaching portion wall. As the cams are tightened, the source electrode is pushed into tight contact with the chamber, forming a vacuum seal. In some embodiments, the precise positioning and alignment of the source electrode is accomplished by adjusting the cams of the fastening mechanism. An insulating source tube  302  is shown with a mounting ring  304  fixedly attached, typically by brazing or gluing. The attachment surface of the chamber has a thin metallization layer  322  in order to manage the large electric fields surrounding the electrode system. A source electrode  306  is removably attached to the mounting ring  304 , by a plurality of mounting cams  316 , threaded into the mounting ring  304 , and clamping the outer edge of the source electrode  306 , as shown. Cam  318  is shown rotated so that it is not clamping the source electrode  306 —if cams  316  were to be rotated into this same position, removal of the source electrode  306  from the mounting ring  304  would be enabled. The same considerations of materials, cost, and maintainability apply here as for the first embodiment  100  in  FIG. 1A . A source contact electrode  312  provides an electrical connection to the source electrode  306  through a plurality of connection pins  310  (one shown) which protrude up from the source contact electrode  312  and press against the lower surface of the source electrode  306  as shown. Below the source electrode  306 , the upper portion of the source extractor  314  may be seen. The hole  308  in the source electrode  306  permits an ion beam to be extracted from the interior of the source tube  302  to an electric field between the source electrode  306  and the source extractor  314  this electric field also forms part of the first focusing lens for the ion beam generated by the ICP ion source  300 . For the optimum operation of the first focusing lens, the concentricity of holes  308  and  320  should be held to within at most 4% of the diameter of hole  308 .  FIG. 3B  shows an upward looking view at the bottom of the source electrode from the perspective of section line C-C  350  in  FIG. 3A . 
       FIG. 4A  is a side cross-sectional view of a preferred embodiment of the invention including a portion of an inductively coupled plasma charged particle source  400  in which the source electrode is removably attached to the source  400  using a screw-in fastening mechanism. An insulating source tube  402  is shown with a mounting ring  404  fixedly attached, typically by brazing or gluing, at a mounting tab  424  of tube  402 . The attachment surface of the chamber has a thin metallization layer  422  in order to manage the large electric fields surrounding the electrode system. A source electrode  406  is removably attached to the mounting ring  404 , by a plurality of mounting screws  416 . The screws  416  are routed through the source electrode (unlike screws  216 ) and threaded into the mounting ring  404  such that tightening of the screws pulls the source electrode into tight contact with the mounting ring  404 , forming a vacuum seal. The mounting ring  404  preferably comprises a metal which is thermally compatible with the source tube  402 . The source electrode  406  preferably comprises a metal on the plasma facing surface which is resistant to the corrosive properties of the plasma. In some embodiments, the contact interface on the attaching portion of the reaction chamber wall where the mounting ring  404  attaches is metalized with a soft metal such as gold, indium, or aluminum. The contact interface is preferably heat conductive since the source electrode will absorb heat from the plasma and from inductively coupled eddy currents. The same considerations of materials, cost, and maintainability apply here as for the first embodiment  100  in  FIG. 1A . A source contact electrode  412  provides an electrical connection to the source electrode  406  through a plurality of connection pins  410  (one shown) which protrude up from the source contact electrode  412  and press against the lower surface of the source electrode  406  as shown. Below the source electrode, the upper portion of the source extractor  414  may be seen. The hole  408  in the source electrode  406  permits an ion beam to be extracted from the interior of the source tube  402  due to an electric field between the source electrode  406  and the source extractor  414 —this electric field also forms part of the first focusing lens for the ion beam generated by the ICP ion source  400 . For the optimum operation of the first focusing lens, the concentricity of holes  408  and  420  should be held to within at most 4% of the diameter of hole  408 .  FIG. 4B  shows an upward looking view at the bottom of the source electrode from the perspective of section line D-D  450  in  FIG. 4A . 
       FIG. 5A  is a side cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the invention including a portion of an inductively coupled plasma charged particle source  500  with in which the source electrode is attached to the source by an in-chamber screw-in fastening mechanism. An insulating source tube  502  is shown with a mounting ring  504  fixedly attached, typically by brazing or gluing against a mounting tab  524  portion of the insulating source chamber  502 . The attachment surface of the chamber has a thin metallization layer  522  in order to manage the large electric fields surrounding the electrode system. A source electrode  506  is removably attached to the mounting ring  504 , by a plurality of mounting screws  516 , passing through clearance holes in the mounting ring  504 , and then into tapped holes in the outer edge of the source electrode  506 , as shown. The same considerations of cost and maintainability apply here as for the first embodiment  100  in  FIG. 1A . A source contact electrode  512  provides an electrical connection to the source electrode  506  through a plurality of connection pins  510  (one shown) which protrude up from the source contact electrode  512  and press against the lower surface of the source electrode  506  as shown. Below the source electrode, the upper portion of the source extractor  514  may be seen. The hole  508  in the source electrode  506  permits an ion beam to be extracted from the interior of the source tube  502  due to an electric field between the source electrode  506  and the source extractor  514 —this electric field also forms part of the first focusing lens for the ion beam generated by the ICP ion source  500 . For the optimum operation of the first focusing lens, the concentricity of holes  508  and  520  should be held to within at most 4% of the diameter of hole  508 .  FIG. 5B  shows an upward looking view at the bottom of the source electrode from the perspective of section line E-E  550  in  FIG. 5A . 
       FIG. 6A  is a side cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the invention including a portion of an inductively coupled plasma charged particle source  600  in which the source electrode is secured to the plasma source using a pin fastening mechanism. An insulating source tube  602  is shown with a mounting step  604  protruding radially inwards, the step having a thin metallization layer  622  in order to manage the large electric fields surrounding the electrode system. A source electrode  606  is removably pressed vertically upwards against the mounting step  604 , by a plurality of connection/mounting pins  610 . One pin  610  is visible, with two pins behind the plane of the cross section omitted for clarity. A source contact electrode  612  provides an electrical connection to the source electrode  606  through the connection/mounting pins  610  which protrude up from the source contact electrode  612  and press against the lower surface of the source electrode  606  as shown. The pins  610  may be, for example, spring loaded or otherwise biased against the source electrode, or the position of the source contact electrode  612  can be adjusted to press the pins  610  against the source electrode  606  to hold it in place. In this embodiment, a mounting ring is not required as the source electrode is pressed directly against the metallization layer on mounting step  602 , although a mounting ring can be used. Below the source electrode, the upper portion of the source extractor  614  may be seen. The hole  608  in the source electrode  606  permits an ion beam to be extracted from the interior of the source tube  602  due to an electric field between the source electrode  606  and the source extractor  614 —this electric field also forms part of the first focusing lens for the ion beam generated by the ICP ion source  600 . For the optimum operation of the first focusing lens, the concentricity of holes  608  and  620  should be held to within at most 4% of the diameter of hole  608 . The same considerations of cost and maintainability apply here as for the first embodiment  100  in  FIG. 1A .  FIG. 6B  shows an upward looking view at the bottom of the source electrode from the perspective of section line F-F  650  in  FIG. 6A . 
     In another embodiment, the source electrode is attached to the plasma chamber at the source attaching portion of the chamber using a bayonet coupling. A plurality of exterior tabs are positioned around the circumference of the cylindrical source electrode which allow for insertion into mating grooves in the walls of the attaching portion of the chamber. With the tabs of the source electrode inserted into the mating grooves, rotating the source electrode causes the tabs to follow the grooves such that the source electrode is pushed into tight contact with the chamber, forming a vacuum seal. Alternately, a mounting ring fixedly attached to the attaching portion of the reaction chamber has mating grooves for bayonet style attachment of the source electrode. The contact interface or joint between the source electrode and attaching portion of the chamber are preferably metalized as described above with respect to other embodiments. The contact interface is preferably heat conductive since the source electrode will absorb heat from the plasma and from inductively coupled eddy currents. 
     In the above embodiments, the source electrode can be removed and replaced as necessary. In order to remove the source electrode, the fastening mechanisms are loosened and removed or the source electrode is forcibly pressed out in the case that it was simply pressed in with no fastener. With the source electrode thus removed, the plasma source tube can be cleaned and reused accordingly. 
       FIG. 7  is a flow chart showing a method of making and using a plasma system having a replaceable source electrode. In step  702 , an insulating plasma chamber, preferably ceramic or quartz, is provided. In step  704 , a thin metal layer, such as nickel, molybdenum-manganese, indium, or aluminum, is coated onto a contact portion of the plasma chamber. The coating could be applied, for example, by sintering to form a metallization layer, painting, or electroplating. A multi-step process, such as the two-step metallization process described above can be used to deposit a multilayer coating of different metals. In optional step  706 , a metal mounting ring, preferably of molybdenum or a nickel-based super-alloy, is permanently attached to the thin metal, for example, by brazing or gluing. In some embodiments, such as that shown in  FIGS. 6A and 6B , a metal ring is not required. In step  708 , the chamber-mounting ring assembly is optionally further machined to provide a mounting surface for the source electrode with suitable mechanical tolerance to prevent lens distortions in the focusing column; such tolerance ensuring, for example, a maximum tilt on the source electrode of 0.05 degrees. In some embodiments, the ring is attached using a fixture that precisely aligns the ring and so machining after installation is unnecessary. Precisely positioning and orienting the mounting ring will precisely position and orient the source electrode when it is installed in the ring. In step  710 , the source electrode is secured in the mounting ring. In some embodiments, the source electrode is press fit into the ring. In some embodiments, the source electrode is fastened using fasteners that can be readily unfastened to remove the source electrode. In step  712 , the plasma source is operated. It will be recognized that steps  704  through  710  are performed before the plasma chamber is mounted in the plasma charged particle source. 
     When it is determined in decision block  714  that the source electrode requires changing or when the plasma tube needs to be opened and cleaned, the fasteners or other attaching means are loosened in step  716  and the source electrode removed in step  718 . The process begins again with step  708 , positioning and fastening a new source electrode in the metal ring and operating the plasma source. The source electrode is preferably replaceable without removing the plasma chamber from the plasma source assembly. 
     Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure of the present invention, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized according to the present invention. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps.