Abstract:
Utilization of information in a closed loop data system further augments modeling while at the same time enabling customization of offers based on spend patterns. Data mining techniques are leveraged to identify rules to determine higher response rate populations. These rules are referred to herein as “triggers,” in that the presence of particular attributes will trigger a cardholder as being more likely to respond to a particular offer. The benefit yielded by this approach is a greater acceptance rate to an offer provided by a transactional account company. To identify the triggers, records of cardmembers who already utilize a given product are analyzed to determine their spend patterns. The spend histories of customers who are eligible to use the product are analyzed according to the identified triggers. Customers whose spend patterns most closely correspond to the triggers are then targeted with offers for the given product.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of, and claims priority to, U.S. Ser. No. 11/618,329 filed on Dec. 29, 2006 and entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR TARGETING TRANSACTION ACCOUNT PRODUCT HOLDERS TO RECEIVE UPGRADED TRANSACTION ACCOUNT PRODUCTS,” which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    This invention is related to marketing, specifically to targeting consumers to improve marketing. 
         [0004]    2. Background Art 
         [0005]    As the transactional card industry becomes more competitive, the average number of solicitation offers to customers has risen. This has resulted in declining response rates to offers across the industry. The traditional approach to solving the problem rests on econometric modeling. Typically banks offer a customer a product simply based on a particular credit profile using primarily internal credit performance data (for existing customers) or external credit bureau information. What is needed is a system and method for targeting customers that have a demonstrated need, allowing product offers to be made at the appropriate time and improving response rates for the offers. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0006]    Utilization of information in a closed loop data system further augments modeling while at the same time enabling customization of offers based on spend patterns. Data mining techniques are leveraged to identify rules to determine higher response rate populations. These rules are referred to herein as “triggers,” in that the presence of particular attributes will trigger a cardholder as being more likely to respond to a particular offer. The benefit yielded by this approach is a greater acceptance rate to an offer provided by a transactional account company. 
         [0007]    To identify the triggers, records of cardmembers who already utilize a given product are analyzed to determine their spend patterns. The spend histories of customers who are eligible to use the product are analyzed according to the identified triggers. Customers whose spend patterns most closely correspond to the triggers are then targeted with offers for the given product. 
         [0008]    Further embodiments, features, and advantages of the present invention, as well as the structure and operation of the various embodiments of the present invention, are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS/FIGURES 
         [0009]    The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and form a part of the specification, illustrate the present invention and, together with the description, further serve to explain the principles of the invention and to enable a person skilled in the pertinent art to make and use the invention. 
           [0010]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram for implementing a product targeting method. 
           [0011]      FIG. 2  is a flowchart of an example method for targeting customers for an elite card upgrade. 
           [0012]      FIG. 3  is a chart illustrating the logic behind life event triggers. 
           [0013]      FIG. 4A  illustrates the supplementary charge card take rate for various age ranges for an exemplary presence of extended family trigger. 
           [0014]      FIG. 4B  illustrates the supplementary charge card take rate for various age ranges for an exemplary education records of charge trigger. 
           [0015]      FIG. 4C  illustrates the supplementary charge card take rate for various age ranges for an exemplary indicators of family trigger. 
           [0016]      FIG. 4D  illustrates the supplementary charge card take rate for various age ranges for an exemplary opposite gender sale trigger. 
           [0017]      FIG. 5A  illustrates the supplementary lending card take rate for various age ranges for an exemplary presence of extended family trigger. 
           [0018]      FIG. 5B  illustrates the supplementary lending card take rate for various age ranges for an exemplary education records of charge trigger. 
           [0019]      FIG. 5C  illustrates the supplementary lending card take rate for various age ranges for an exemplary opposite gender sale trigger. 
           [0020]      FIG. 5D  illustrates the supplementary lending card take rate for various age ranges for an exemplary indicators of family trigger. 
           [0021]      FIG. 6  is a block diagram of an exemplary computer system useful for implementing the present invention. 
           [0022]      FIG. 7  is a chart illustrating the correlation between existing elite card enrollment and a rate of conversion to an elite card. 
           [0023]      FIG. 8  is a diagram illustrating exemplary triggers for various life events. 
       
    
    
       [0024]    The present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. The drawing in which an element first appears is typically indicated by the leftmost digit(s) in the corresponding reference number. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     I. Overview 
       [0025]    While specific configurations and arrangements are discussed, it should be understood that this is done for illustrative purposes only. A person skilled in the pertinent art will recognize that other configurations and arrangements can be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. It will be apparent to a person skilled in the pertinent art that this invention can also be employed in a variety of other applications. 
         [0026]    The terms “user,” “end user,” “consumer,” “customer,” “participant,” and/or the plural form of these terms are used interchangeably throughout herein to refer to those persons or entities capable of accessing, using, being affected by and/or benefiting from the tool that the present invention provides for improving customer marketing. 
         [0027]    Furthermore, the terms “business” or “merchant” may be used interchangeably with each other and shall mean any person, entity, distributor system, software and/or hardware that is a provider, broker and/or any other entity in the distribution chain of goods or services. For example, a merchant may be a grocery store, a retail store, a travel agency, a service provider, an on-line merchant or the like. 
       1. Transaction Accounts and Instrument 
       [0028]    A “transaction account” as used herein refers to an account associated with an open account or a closed account system (as described below). The transaction account may exist in a physical or non-physical embodiment. For example, a transaction account may be distributed in non-physical embodiments such as an account number, frequent-flyer account, telephone calling account or the like. Furthermore, a physical embodiment of a transaction account may be distributed as a financial instrument. 
         [0029]    A financial transaction instrument may be traditional plastic transaction cards, titanium-containing, or other metal-containing, transaction cards, clear and/or translucent transaction cards, foldable or otherwise unconventionally-sized transaction cards, radio-frequency enabled transaction cards, or other types of transaction cards, such as credit, charge, debit, pre-paid or stored-value cards, or any other like financial transaction instrument. A financial transaction instrument may also have electronic functionality provided by a network of electronic circuitry that is printed or otherwise incorporated onto or within the transaction instrument (and typically referred to as a “smart card”), or be a fob having a transponder and an RFID reader. The primary transaction instrument associated with a transaction account is typically referred to as a “basic” instrument, while additional instruments corresponding to the same account are typically referred to as “supplementary” instruments. 
       2. Open Versus Closed Cards 
       [0030]    “Open cards” are financial transaction cards that are generally accepted at different merchants. Examples of open cards include the American Express®, Visa®, MasterCard® and Discover® cards, which may be used at many different retailers and other businesses. In contrast, “closed cards” are financial transaction cards that may be restricted to use in a particular store, a particular chain of stores or a collection of affiliated stores. One example of a closed card is a pre-paid gift card that may only be purchased at, and only be accepted at, a clothing retailer, such as The Gap® store. 
       3. Stored Value Cards 
       [0031]    Stored value cards are forms of transaction instruments associated with transaction accounts, wherein the stored value cards provide cash equivalent value that may be used within an existing payment/transaction infrastructure. Stored value cards are frequently referred to as gift, pre-paid or cash cards, in that money is deposited in the account associated with the card before use of the card is allowed. For example, if a customer deposits ten dollars of value into the account associated with the stored value card, the card may only be used for payments together totaling no more than ten dollars. 
       4. Use of Transaction Accounts 
       [0032]    With regard to use of a transaction account, users may communicate with merchants in person (e.g., at the box office), telephonically, or electronically (e.g., from a user computer via the Internet). During the interaction, the merchant may offer goods and/or services to the user. The merchant may also offer the user the option of paying for the goods and/or services using any number of available transaction accounts. Furthermore, the transaction accounts may be used by the merchant as a form of identification of the user. The merchant may have a computing unit implemented in the form of a computer-server, although other implementations are possible. 
         [0033]    In general, transaction accounts may be used for transactions between the user and merchant through any suitable communication means, such as, for example, a telephone network, intranet, the global, public Internet, a point of interaction device (e.g., a point of sale (POS) device, personal digital assistant (PDA), mobile telephone, kiosk, etc.), online communications, off-line communications, wireless communications, and/or the like. 
       II. Customizing Offers 
       [0034]    Collaborative filtering is the process of computing personalized recommendations by finding users with similar tastes. When the product is a transactional card, cardmember shopping/spend data can be used to derive product affinity among cardmembers with similar shopping/spend behaviors so that cardmembers having the highest product affinity can be targeted with offers for that product. For example, cardmembers shopping at merchants with high conversion rates for a given product will be more likely to respond to an offer for that product. 
         [0035]    A customer spend model can be developed using spend records of customers who converted to a different product (e.g., upgraded to a higher status transaction card). The spend records are analyzed to identify patterns of spending behavior that are common across a number of cardmembers. A “trigger” is identified based on those patterns. For example, if a high number of customers of a retail establishment convert to the product within a few months after shopping at the retail establishment, purchases made at that retail establishment will be identified as a trigger. 
         [0036]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating how an exemplary product targeting method is implemented. As shown in  FIG. 1 , triggers  100  for a particular financial product are identified. The financial product may be, for example and without limitation, a high status card, a card with a special rewards program (such as a card linked to an education savings account), or a card with special benefits (such as reduced-fee cards for family members). Triggers  100  may be determined based on the spend patterns of customers who have recently converted to the particular financial product. To determine triggers for transactional cards, for example, the affinity level for users of a given card product (such as an American Express® Blue card or an American Express® Platinum card) to a given merchant can be identified. Additionally, the records of those who recently converted to the given card product can be analyzed to determine a product conversion rate for customers shopping at the given merchant. Purchases made at the merchant are thus triggers for the given card product. Such a process for determining triggers will be described in further detail with respect to  FIG. 2 . 
         [0037]    Additionally, customer data  102  is analyzed to determine spend patterns  104  of potential converters to the particular financial card product. Spend patterns  104  of potential converters are analyzed with respect to triggers  100  to identify consumers  106  who have spend patterns that most closely match triggers  100 . Since the spend patterns of triggered population  106  are similar to recent converters, it is likely that consumers  106  would also be interested in the product. Consumers  106  are thus included in a triggered population  108 . Triggered population  108  is compared to a list  110  of the population eligible to receive an offer for the product. Members of triggered population  108  who are eligible for the product offer are input into a final list of consumers  112  who should be targeted with offers related to the product. Consumers  112  are then targeted with offers to convert to the financial product via, for example and without limitation, direct mail  114 , telemarketing calls  116 , and/or Internet notices  118 . Identifying in this manner the consumers who are most likely in need of the new financial product results in a higher response rate than with targeting methods previously used. 
         [0038]    One example of an offer that may be extended to eligible customers is an offer for a higher status transaction card. An individual may already have a regular transaction card (e.g., American Express® Blue) with a transaction account company. However, the transaction account company may offer a higher status card (e.g, American Express® Platinum) that has a higher cost but offers more perks to the card holder. Such a higher status card will be referred to herein as an “elite card,” while the lower status card will be referred to herein as a “regular card.” Upgrade offers are used to encourage regular card holders to switch to elite card products. Targeting upgrade offers only to those regular card holders having a high likelihood of response results in reduced cost to the transaction card company. 
         [0039]    Another example of an offer that may be extended to eligible customers is an offer for supplemental cards linked to existing transaction accounts. An individual may already have a transaction card with a transaction account company. However, other people (e.g., family members) use the individual&#39;s card on a regular basis. Targeting individuals who share their card with others with an offer to add a supplemental card to their account also results in a higher likelihood of response and reduced cost to the transaction card company. 
         [0040]      FIG. 2  illustrates an example method  200  for targeting customers for a given card product (such as an elite card upgrade or a supplemental card for an existing transaction card account). As illustrated in  FIG. 7 , there is a high correlation between purchases made by existing cardholders and consumers who convert to a given card product, so the conversion rates of particular merchants can be used to determine product affinity within industry categories. So, returning to  FIG. 2 , in step  202  the records of recent converters to the given card product are analyzed to identify merchants that are commonly visited by the converters. Supplemental card spend may also be analyzed. 
         [0041]    In step  204 , a shortlist of potentially premium merchants is created. This shortlist may include, for example, merchants associated with a high percentage of converters to the given card product. 
         [0042]    In step  206 , this shortlist is analyzed to determine the volume of total transactors (e.g., customers making purchases) for each merchant that convert to the given card in a given time period (e.g., three months) following the transaction. A “take rate” is calculated based on this analysis. The take rate is the percentage of offerees who actually accept a product offer. 
         [0043]    In step  208 , premium merchants for the card product are selected using various take rate cut-offs. 
         [0044]    In step  210 , the premium merchants are grouped into most viable industry types based on the value proposition of the card product. For example, consumers purchasing in the fine dining industry are more likely to convert to an elite card, while consumers purchasing in the fast food industry are more likely to accept an offer for a regular card. Similarly, consumers purchasing in the women&#39;s clothing industry and the club/resort industry are more likely to convert to an elite card, while consumers purchasing in the supermarket industry are more likely to accept an offer for a regular card. Viable industry types for an elite card indicator thus include the fine dining, women&#39;s clothing, and club/resort industries, while viable industry types for a regular card indicator include the fast food and supermarket industries. 
         [0045]    In step  212 , for each viable industry type, different thresholds and frequencies for spend of recent converters are analyzed to determine a typical spend pattern (the trigger) for converters to the card product. Various triggers will now be discussed. 
         [0046]    One type of elite card upgrade trigger targets individuals based on their retail transactions. One example retail trigger is a niche retail trigger. The niche retail trigger identifies individuals who make a purchase above a given amount (e.g., $500) at select jewelry stores, art dealers, antique stores, etc., such as Bulgari S.p.A, headquartered in Rome, Italy; Tiffany &amp; Co., headquartered in New York, N.Y.; or Park West Gallery, headquartered in Southfield, Mich. As previously mentioned, a take rate is the percentage of individuals who accepted a card upgrade offer within a given time (e.g., three months) after making a particular transaction. An example take rate for transactors at niche retailers is approximately 1.17%. Another example retail trigger is a high end retail trigger. The high end retail trigger identifies individuals who visit select high end boutiques, such as Neiman Marcus, Inc., headquartered in Dallas, Tex.; Louis Vuitton SA, headquartered in Paris, France; LaCoste, headquartered in Paris, France; or Brooks Brothers, headquartered in New York, N.Y., more than once in a given time period (e.g., one month). An example take rate for transactors at high end retailers is approximately 1.03%. 
         [0047]    Another type of elite card upgrade trigger targets individuals based on their leisure activities. An example leisure activity trigger is a golf/ski/spa trigger. This trigger identifies individuals who are involved in luxury sports and leisure that are often associated with the affluent. An example take rate for such transactors is approximately 0.99%. Another example leisure activity trigger is a fine dining trigger. The fine dining trigger identifies individuals who visit select fine restaurants, such as Ruth&#39;s Chris Steak House, Inc., headquartered in Heathrow, Fla.; or The French Gourmet of San Diego, Calif.. An example take rate for transactors at fine restaurants is approximately 0.89%. 
         [0048]    Travel and high value record of charge (“ROC”) triggers are other types of elite card upgrade triggers. An example travel trigger is a luxury travel and stay trigger. The luxury travel and stay trigger identifies individuals who travel first class on airlines, travel on cruises, and/or stay at select fine hotels, such as hotels by Marriott International, Inc. of Bethesda, Md.. An example take rate for transactors who spend on luxury travel and stay is approximately 1.21%. Another example travel trigger is a frequent travel trigger. The frequent travel trigger targets individuals who fly a certain number of times in a given time period (e.g., more than two flights in a month). An example take rate for transactors who frequently spend on travel is approximately 0.69%. A high value ROC trigger identifies individuals who make purchases greater than a given amount at any location (e.g., greater than $1000). This trigger targets people who may not be included in other triggers, but who appear to be affluent based on the amount of their purchases. An example take rate for high value ROC transactors is approximately 0.66%. 
         [0049]    Targeting individuals in these example categories allows a transactional card company to increase the number of individuals eligible for an elite upgrade offer, while maintaining a high take rate for the upgrade. 
         [0050]    In addition to the triggers that target cardmembers in need of a product upgrade, “life event” triggers indicate that a cardmember may be in need of a new or supplementary card product to meet new needs resulting from the life event. Spend patterns of the eligible population may be compared to their historical spend patterns to identify changes in spend patterns (the triggers), and to estimate what life event is most possibly associated with the pattern. The life event triggers indicate not only a higher need for the new or supplementary card product so as to target a higher response rate population, but also enables more customized product targeting based on the life event most closely captured by the spend pattern change.  FIG. 8  is a diagram illustrating exemplary triggers for several life events. A basic cardmember  802  may undergo one or more life events  804 . Example life events include, for example and without limitation, the presence of extended family, a recent marriage or significant other, the birth of a child, and a child going off to college. Each of life events  804  can be identified by a trigger  806 . That is, each life even  804  can be associated with a corresponding change in spend pattern by cardmember  802 . Each of life events  804  will now be discussed in turn. 
         [0051]    Detecting the presence of extended family assumes that when the analysis begins, some people already have a family, and so their spend pattern is already set to include the family. Therefore, there are not any significant and/or sudden changes in spend pattern. This trigger matches card member last names and first names to the name information obtained from, for example, airline ticketing information. Any tickets purchased for a passenger using an existing cardmember&#39;s transaction card, wherein the passenger has the same last name as the cardmember but a different first name, indicates presence of close relatives such as parents and siblings. Since other people utilize the cardmember&#39;s account, the cardmember is likely to benefit from a supplementary card and is thus targeted for a supplementary card offer. An example overall take rate for supplementary card offers to cardmembers with extended family is approximately 0.80%, with an example take rate for supplementary charge cards being approximately 0.83% and an example take rate for supplementary lending cards being approximately 0.75%. 
         [0052]    Cardmembers who have college or education ROCs likely have children going to college. These cardmembers may be in need of a supplementary card for those children, and can be targeted accordingly. An example overall take rate for supplementary card offers to cardmembers with children attending college is 0.95%, with an example take rate for charge cards being 1.08% and an example take rate for lending cards being 0.83%. 
         [0053]    Additions to households in the form of marriage or children show up in the form of current spend deviations from historical spend, and in the form of shift in spend pattern towards purchases typical of people with families and companions. For instance, the presence of a recent marriage or significant other can be determined in various ways. 
         [0054]    In a first example, the records of all merchants are reviewed, and for each merchant the total number of male and female cardmembers making transactions at the merchant in a given period of time is calculated. Each merchant is then given a ratio for (female customers/total customers) transacting and (male customers/total customers) transacting at the merchant. Merchants who have more than 80% of transactions being made by one gender are identified as skewed merchants. Then, a cardmember whose card is used to make a transaction at a merchant skewed towards the opposite gender is identified as a possible supplementary card taker. That is, if a card belonging to a male cardmember is used to make a transaction at a merchant that caters to females, then there is a high probability that the card is being used by the cardmember&#39;s girlfriend or spouse. This identifies a possible need by the cardmember for a supplementary card, and targeted offers for a supplementary card can be made to that cardmember. An example overall take rate for supplementary card offers to cardmembers who are married or have a significant other is approximately 1.39%, with an example take rate for charge cards being approximately 1.48% and an example take rate for lending cards being approximately 1.27%. 
         [0055]    In a second example, airline ticketing data is analyzed to identify same card purchases for travel on the same date and issued together to the same locations. Such attributes indicate companion ticketing. Then, looking at merchants that can be clubbed into timeshare, resorts, and travel agents categories and using the take rate criterion utilized for the elite card upgrade triggers, a list of merchants having travel packages geared towards couples and/or family can be created. Individuals who shop at those merchants likely have spouses or significant others, and may thus be in need of a supplementary card. An example overall take rate for supplementary card offers to individuals who spend on companion ticketing and/or timeshare packages is approximately 1.12%, with an example take rate for charge cards being approximately 1.16% and an example take rate for lending cards being approximately 1.06%. 
         [0056]    Additional indicators of family are determined by first looking at merchants that have a high probability of being visited by existing supplementary cardmembers. These primarily occupy categories such as home improvement and entertainment. Spend and count thresholds for spend at these categories are used to come up with a typical spend pattern for the higher take rate population. Then, time series data is reviewed to come up with indicators for additions to the family in the form of, for example, birth of a child. For this example, the historical spend (e.g., spend over the previous six months) is compared to spend in the current month at toy stores and children&#39;s-only clothing stores. If the ratio is a significant value (e.g., if the current month shows three or more times the amount of purchases as in previous months) then it indicates with a high probability the presence of a newborn. The ratio requirement takes care of the scenario where an individual has made minor purchases in the past for a friend or relative&#39;s child. Time series data can also be used to compare the everyday spend amount (spend in grocery stores, department stores, and other types of spend that are regular purchases) in the current month to spend in the previous months. If the pattern of spend in the current month is significantly different (in that it is substantially higher), which is determined using a statistically derived cutoff, it can be inferred that the card member now has a family or an addition to the family. 
         [0057]    Other indicators of family include consistent spend at family restaurants and family clothing stores (e.g., making purchases in these categories at least twice in a month), significant spend on home improvements (e.g., more than $300 a month), and consistent spend on entertainment such as cinema and operas (e.g., at least once per month). An example take rate for supplementary card offers to cardmembers having additions to the family is approximately 0.95%, with an example take rate for charge cards being approximately 0.98% and an example take rate for lending cards being approximately 0.92%. 
         [0058]      FIG. 3  is a chart detailing the logic behind the triggers for life event indicators.  FIG. 3  plots the cardmember&#39;s current spend against the average spend in the cardmember&#39;s history. Cardmembers who accepted a supplementary card offer are distinguished from cardmembers who did not accept a supplementary card offer. As shown, supplementary card takers have a higher deviation in current spend compared to their historical average than non-takers. This can be used to identify thresholds for determining when a life event occurs for a cardmember. For example, a life event threshold may be set to trigger when the cardmember&#39;s current every day spend (“EDS”) is greater than the cardmember&#39;s average spend in the last six months, added to two times the standard deviation. Similarly, a life event threshold indicating an addition to the family may be set to trigger when the cardmember&#39;s spend on insurance in the current month is greater than two times the cardmember&#39;s average spend on insurance in the previous six months. 
         [0059]    Other information besides the occurrence of a life event can also be used to trigger cardmembers in need of additional card products. Non-ROC information can be used to target members of the residual population of cardmembers who are likely in need of a supplementary card. For example, new cardmembers or cardmembers who recently changed their address may be responsive to a supplementary card offer. An example overall take rate for supplementary card offers to these residual cardmembers is approximately 0.88%, with an example take rate for charge cards being approximately 1.13% and an example take rate for lending cards being approximately 0.77%. 
         [0060]    The age of the cardmember is also a factor in the take rate of supplementary charge card offers.  FIGS. 4A through 4D  are charts showing the supplementary charge card take rate for various age ranges in each of the trigger categories. In each chart, the age range is listed on the horizontal axis. The left vertical axis indicates the total spend volume using charge cards, while the right vertical axis indicates the charge card take rate.  FIG. 4A  illustrates the volumes and take rates for the extended family trigger.  FIG. 4B  illustrates the volumes and take rates for the education ROC trigger.  FIG. 4C  illustrates the volumes and take rates for the family indicator trigger, and  FIG. 4D  illustrates the volumes and take rates for the spend by opposite gender trigger. 
         [0061]    Similarly, the age of the cardmember is a factor in the take rate of supplementary lending card offers.  FIGS. 5A through 5D  are charts showing the supplementary lending card take rate for various age ranges in each of the trigger categories. In each chart, the age range is listed on the horizontal axis. The left vertical axis indicates the total spend volume using lending cards, while the right vertical axis indicates the lending card take rate.  FIG. 5A  illustrates the volumes and take rates for the extended family trigger.  FIG. 5B  illustrates the volumes and take rates for the education ROC trigger.  FIG. 5C  illustrates the volumes and take rates for the family indicator trigger, and  FIG. 5D  illustrates the volumes and take rates for the spend by opposite gender trigger. 
         [0062]    Returning to  FIG. 2 , after the triggers are identified in step  212 , method  200  proceeds to step  214 . In step  214 , potential converters whose spend patterns most closely conform to the trigger are identified. 
         [0063]    In step  216 , customized marketing is created to target the potential converters based on the trigger. 
       III. Example Implementations 
       [0064]    The present invention may be implemented using hardware, software or a combination thereof and may be implemented in one or more computer systems or other processing systems. However, the manipulations performed by the present invention were often referred to in terms, such as adding or comparing, which are commonly associated with mental operations performed by a human operator. No such capability of a human operator is necessary, or desirable in most cases, in any of the operations described herein which form part of the present invention. Rather, the operations are machine operations. Useful machines for performing the operation of the present invention include general purpose digital computers or similar devices. 
         [0065]    In fact, in one embodiment, the invention is directed toward one or more computer systems capable of carrying out the functionality described herein. An example of a computer system  600  is shown in  FIG. 6 . 
         [0066]    The computer system  600  includes one or more processors, such as processor  604 . The processor  604  is connected to a communication infrastructure  606  (e.g., a communications bus, cross-over bar, or network). Various software embodiments are described in terms of this exemplary computer system. After reading this description, it will become apparent to a person skilled in the relevant art(s) how to implement the invention using other computer systems and/or architectures. 
         [0067]    Computer system  600  can include a display interface  602  that forwards graphics, text, and other data from the communication infrastructure  606  (or from a frame buffer not shown) for display on the display unit  630 . 
         [0068]    Computer system  600  also includes a main memory  608 , preferably random access memory (RAM), and may also include a secondary memory  610 . The secondary memory  610  may include, for example, a hard disk drive  612  and/or a removable storage drive  614 , representing a floppy disk drive, a magnetic tape drive, an optical disk drive, etc. The removable storage drive  614  reads from and/or writes to a removable storage unit  618  in a well known manner. Removable storage unit  618  represents a floppy disk, magnetic tape, optical disk, etc. which is read by and written to by removable storage drive  614 . As will be appreciated, the removable storage unit  618  includes a computer usable storage medium having stored therein computer software and/or data. 
         [0069]    In alternative embodiments, secondary memory  610  may include other similar devices for allowing computer programs or other instructions to be loaded into computer system  600 . Such devices may include, for example, a removable storage unit  618  and an interface  620 . Examples of such may include a program cartridge and cartridge interface (such as that found in video game devices), a removable memory chip (such as an erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), or programmable read only memory (PROM)) and associated socket, and other removable storage units  618  and interfaces  620 , which allow software and data to be transferred from the removable storage unit  618  to computer system  600 . 
         [0070]    Computer system  600  may also include a communications interface  624 . Communications interface  624  allows software and data to be transferred between computer system  600  and external devices. Examples of communications interface  624  may include a modem, a network interface (such as an Ethernet card), a communications port, a Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA) slot and card, etc. Software and data transferred via communications interface  624  are in the form of signals  628  which may be electronic, electromagnetic, optical or other signals capable of being received by communications interface  624 . These signals  628  are provided to communications interface  624  via a communications path (e.g., channel)  626 . This channel  626  carries signals  628  and may be implemented using wire or cable, fiber optics, a telephone line, a cellular link, a radio frequency (RF) link and other communications channels. 
         [0071]    In this document, the terms “computer program medium” and “computer usable medium” are used to generally refer to media such as removable storage drive  614 , a hard disk installed in hard disk drive  612 , and signals  628 . These computer program products provide software to computer system  600 . The invention is directed to such computer program products. 
         [0072]    Computer programs (also referred to as computer control logic) are stored in main memory  608  and/or secondary memory  610 . Computer programs may also be received via communications interface  624 . Such computer programs, when executed, enable the computer system  600  to perform the features of the present invention, as discussed herein. In particular, the computer programs, when executed, enable the processor  604  to perform the features of the present invention. Accordingly, such computer programs represent controllers of the computer system  600 . 
         [0073]    In an embodiment where the invention is implemented using software, the software may be stored in a computer program product and loaded into computer system  600  using removable storage drive  614 , hard drive  612  or communications interface  624 . The control logic (software), when executed by the processor  604 , causes the processor  604  to perform the functions of the invention as described herein. 
         [0074]    In another embodiment, the invention is implemented primarily in hardware using, for example, hardware components such as application specific integrated circuits (ASICs). Implementation of the hardware state machine so as to perform the functions described herein will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s). 
         [0075]    In yet another embodiment, the invention is implemented using a combination of both hardware and software. 
       IV. Conclusion 
       [0076]    While various embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example, and not limitation. It will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) that various changes in form and detail can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Thus, the present invention should not be limited by any of the above described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents. 
         [0077]    In addition, it should be understood that the figures and screen shots illustrated in the attachments, which highlight the functionality and advantages of the present invention, are presented for example purposes only. The architecture of the present invention is sufficiently flexible and configurable, such that it may be utilized (and navigated) in ways other than that shown in the accompanying figures. 
         [0078]    Further, the purpose of the foregoing Abstract is to enable the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and the public generally, and especially the scientists, engineers and practitioners in the art who are not familiar with patent or legal terms or phraseology, to determine quickly from a cursory inspection the nature and essence of the technical disclosure of the application. The Abstract is not intended to be limiting as to the scope of the present invention in any way.