Abstract:
A refractive optics-based dispersion control structure for a low-noise solid state laser standing-wave resonator has at least one dispersive element, a gain medium, and a frequency doubling element disposed in the resonant beam path. The dispersive element provides geometric-based laser bandwidth control that minimizes the laser output power noise. The dispersive element in certain embodiments may be a prism. The dispersive element in certain other embodiments may be integrally formed with the gain medium. Numerous different architectures using these elements are disclosed.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The present disclosure is related to and claims priority from copending provisional U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 61/589,294, filed on Jan. 20, 2012, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    The present disclosure relates in general to optically pumped solid-state lasers that deliver laser radiation as a continuous wave or as a sequence of pulses. The disclosure in particular relates to systems and methods for providing low noise radiation of laser light through intracavity sum-frequency generation. 
         [0003]    Low noise lasers are essential to progress in cutting edge scientific research such as carrier envelope phase stabilization, high precision optical clocks, and quantum control experiments in physics and chemistry. There are many other fields in which low noise lasers currently, or may in the future, find application. 
         [0004]    Optically pumped, standing-wave, solid-state laser resonators are known in the art. Likewise, lasers using intracavity frequency doubling elements are known. A common problem observed with such lasers is significant noise generation in the output laser light, presumably due to interaction between intra-cavity harmonic and sum frequency generation. This chaotic behavior is often referred to as the “green problem” 
         [0005]    One approach to addressing the green problem is limiting operation of the laser to single oscillation frequency. One method for producing single frequency operation is use of traveling wave laser cavity designs. However, such designs significantly increase the complexity and hence cost and challenges of manufacturing the lasers. Another approach to limiting operation to a single oscillation frequency is use of wavelength limiting elements in a standing wave oscillator. However, such wavelength limiting elements significantly reduce laser efficiency. 
         [0006]    Another known approach to addressing the green problem is encouraging a relatively large number of longitudinal modes (operating wavelengths), such as on the order of 10 or more, and averaging the output to obtain a reduced-noise output beam. However, to generate large number of axial modes a relatively long resonator cavity is required, limiting the compactness of the laser design. The nature of the noise averaging depends on the randomness of the phase relationship of the axial modes. Typically, these types of lasers perform much worse than single frequency laser. 
         [0007]    Still other approaches to addressing the green problem, but with a shorter laser resonator and a smaller number of modes, have been demonstrated. However, these approaches all suffer from stability issues, in that a low noise output may be provided for a relatively short period of time, after which the noise level varies significantly with time. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0008]    Accordingly, the present disclosure is directed to systems and methods providing reliable generation of low-noise laser light through intracavity sum-frequency generation in a standing wave, frequency doubled solid-state laser oscillators. In certain embodiments, generation of low-noise green light at or near 532 nm is disclosed. 
         [0009]    According to one aspect of the disclosure a optically pumped solid-state laser system comprises: a first reflective element forming a first termination of a resonant beam path; a second reflective element forming a second termination of the resonant beam path; a gain medium element disposed within the resonant beam path between the first reflective element and the second reflective element; a frequency doubling element disposed within the resonant beam path between the first reflective element and the second reflective element; and, a dispersion control element disposed within the resonant beam path between the first reflective element and the second reflective element, the dispersion control element having a surface which is highly reflective to a selected component of light, to separate the selected component of light from a resonant light beam in the resonant beam path and provide the separated component of light as an output. A laser fundamental beam may travel within the resonant beam path, resonate therein and thereby be amplified by the gain medium, be frequency doubled by the frequency doubling element, and be frequency limited by the dispersion control element to form a resonant light beam prior to output by the laser system. 
         [0010]    According to another aspect of the disclosure an optically pumped solid-state laser system comprises: a first reflective element forming a first termination of a resonant beam path; a second reflective element forming a second termination of the resonant beam path; a gain medium element disposed within the resonant beam path between the first reflective element and the second reflective element, the gain medium comprising first and second facets for receiving and exiting a light beam in the resonant beam path, each first and second facet disposed in a plane, and wherein the plane of the first facet is inclined relative to the plane of the second facet to thereby form a dispersive gain medium with integral dispersion element; a frequency doubling element disposed within the resonant beam path between the first reflective element and the second reflective element; and wherein a source beam may enter the resonant beam path, resonate therein and thereby be frequency doubled by the frequency doubling element and be amplified and frequency limited by the dispersive gain medium, to form a resonant light beam prior to output by the laser system. 
         [0011]    Implementations of these aspects may also include the dispersion control element being formed as a prism, a pyramid, a rod, a, birefringent filter (known as Lyot filter), an etalon, etc. disposed in the resonant beam path, to limit the oscillation axial modes to a desired value, such as 5-7 modes, an in one example 5 modes, to enable intracavity second harmonic generation back conversion, which in turn enables elimination of second harmonic generation (SHG) and domination of intracavity sum frequency generation and phase locking. 
         [0012]    The above is a brief summary of a number of unique aspects, features, and advantages of the present disclosure. The above summary is provided to introduce the context and certain concepts relevant to the full description that follows. However, this summary is not exhaustive. The above summary is not intended to be nor should it be read as an exclusive identification of aspects, features, or advantages of the claimed subject matter. Therefore, the above summary should not be read as imparting limitations to the claims nor in any other way determining the scope of said claims. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0013]    In the drawings appended hereto like reference numerals denote like elements between the various drawings. While illustrative, the drawings are not drawn to scale. 
           [0014]      FIG. 1  is a schematic illustration of a diode-pumped solid-state laser system in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure. 
           [0015]      FIG. 2  is an illustration of a dispersion control element for use in a diode-pumped solid-state laser system in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure. 
           [0016]      FIG. 3  is a plot of frequency versus magnitude for a laser beam of a type that may resonate within a diode-pumped solid-state laser system in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure. 
           [0017]      FIGS. 4A through 4F  are illustrations of the state of the resonating beam and output beam through various elements of a diode-pumped solid-state laser system in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure. 
           [0018]      FIGS. 5A through 5  D are further illustrations of the resonating beam and output beam axial mode structure through various stages in a diode-pumped solid-state laser system to reach steady state operation in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure. 
           [0019]      FIGS. 6A and 6B  are plots of RMS noise (in percent) versus time for a prior art diode-pumped solid-state laser and a diode-pumped solid-state laser system in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure, respectively. 
           [0020]      FIGS. 7  A and B are schematic illustrations of a diode-pumped solid-state laser system in accordance with an alternate embodiment of the present disclosure, and a variation thereof, respectively. 
           [0021]      FIG. 8  is a schematic illustration of a diode-pumped solid-state laser system in accordance with a further alternate embodiment of the present disclosure. 
           [0022]      FIG. 9  is a schematic illustration of a diode-pumped solid-state laser system in accordance with another alternate embodiment of the present disclosure. 
           [0023]      FIG. 10  is a schematic illustration of a diode-pumped solid-state laser system in accordance with yet another alternate embodiment of the present disclosure. 
           [0024]      FIG. 11  is a screen-capture of the output spectrum of an optically pumped solid-state laser structure according to the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 1 , highlighting the suppression of the middle mode and hence elimination of second harmonic generation. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0025]    We initially point out that description of well-known starting materials, processing techniques, components, equipment and other well-known details may merely be summarized or are omitted so as not to unnecessarily obscure the details of the present disclosure. Thus, where details are otherwise well known, we leave it to the application of the present disclosure to suggest or dictate choices relating to those details. 
         [0026]    With reference now to  FIG. 1 , there is shown therein a diode-pumped solid-state laser system  10  in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure. System  10  comprises a laser resonator  12  comprising a first reflective element  14  and a second reflective element  16 . First reflective element is highly reflective of light in the wavelengths of interest, such as around 532 nanometers (nm) and 1064 nm. Second reflective element  16  may be transmissive to a source beam at, for example 808 nm, and highly reflective to a resonating beam in the wavelengths of interest, for example 1064 nm, so as to create a resonating beam path  20  with first reflective element  14 . 
         [0027]    A dispersion control element  22  is disposed in resonating beam path  20  between a solid state gain medium  24  and a frequency doubling crystal  26 . Focusing lens  28  is also disposed in resonating beam path  20 , serving to bring the proper laser power density to frequency doubling crystal  26  for conversion efficiency. Solid state gain medium  24  may comprise a rare earth doped crystal (as opposed to semiconductor gain structures), for example, Nd:YAG, Nd:YVO 4 , Yb:YAG, Yb:YVO 4 , etc. In one embodiment, the gain medium provides an upper state lifetime greater than 1 ns. Frequency doubling crystal  26  may, for example, comprise LBO, KTP, etc. 
         [0028]    In operation, laser source  18 , which may for example be a fiber coupled diode laser (emitting at a wavelength of 808 or 880 nm for the example of gain medium being Nd:YVO 4 ), produces a source beam  30 , which is focused by focusing lens  32  to highly reflective mirror structure  34 . Use of mirror structure  34  provides a folded pump beam path to make the laser more compact. 
         [0029]    In the present embodiment, dispersion control element  22  comprises a prism. Other dispersion control elements are also contemplated herein, such as a pyramid, grating, rod, etalon, birefringent element (Lyot filter), etc. Element  22  may be coated with a harmonic separating thin film coating  38 , that is highly transmissive at the fundamental lasing wavelength of 1064 nm but highly reflective at the second harmonic of the lasing wavelength, 532 nm. In this way, dispersion control element  22  permits fundamental mode energy at 1064 nm to resonate in the resonating beam path, while reflecting and ultimately emitting a beam  36  of the desired output laser energy at 532 nm to exit the laser resonator  12 . 
         [0030]    Proper cooling of the gain medium and temperature control of the nonlinear crystal are also implemented to ensure the laser performance. 
         [0031]    With reference to  FIG. 2 , we provide a detailed view and discussion of dispersion control element  22 . In the embodiment of  FIG. 1 , dispersion control element  22  is a prism. As an alternative to prisms, in various embodiment dispersion control elements may take the form of pyramids, gratings, rods, and other discrete or composite elements, including embodiments discussed further below capable of dispersing incident light into constituent elements. As is well known, a prism resolves incoming light into its constituent wavelengths due to wavelength-based refraction, and will therefore be used as an example for illustrating the concepts disclosed herein. Prismatic dispersion is used to resolve the beam in resonating beam path  20  into a plurality of single-wavelength paths  20 ,  20   a ,  20   b ,  20   c ,  20   d , etc. Snell&#39;s law permits the calculation of angle α, which represents the orientation of the primary axis A (or alternatively the facet angle β) with respect to the desired beam path B. This in turn permits placement, in terms of path length and relative angles, of mirror  14  such that only the desired wavelength is reflected back towards prism  22  along beam path  20 . While an optional stop may be employed, the present disclosure provides a structure and method obviating the need for such a stop. That is, dispersion is used to control the number of modes operating in resonating beam path  20 . 
         [0032]    With reference to  FIG. 3 , the wavelength distribution of a sample resonating beam along beam path  20  is shown. As will be understood by one skilled in the art, the beam is comprised of oscillating axial modes. The fundamental wavelength or axial mode is represented by ω 1 , ω 2 , ω 3 , ω 4 , and ω 5 , etc. 
         [0033]      FIGS. 4A-4F  are schematic illustrations of certain of the elements comprising the embodiment of  FIG. 1 , presented for a discussion of the operation of that embodiment and others described herein. In general, operation proceeds with reference to the figures in order, in which in:
         FIG. 4A , lasing begins when the pump source (element  18 ,  FIG. 1 ) drives oscillation above the threshold power for the device, the pump beam (element  30 ,  FIG. 1 ) itself comprising a wavelength packet that is absorbed by the gain medium,  24 ;     FIG. 4B , dispersion control element  22  limits the composition of the beam in resonating beam path  20  to  5  modes;     FIG. 4C , doubling crystal  26  generates second harmonics from the beam in resonating beam path  20 ;     FIG. 4D , due to the concentration of energy within the limited number of modes in the second harmonic and proper phase match condition, back conversion occurs that converts the second harmonic light back into the fundamental infrared wavelength that is in oscillation.     FIG. 4E , upon reflection by reflective element  14  back into doubling crystal  26 , certain portion of the back converted light that carries the same phase starts seeding the fundamental oscillating beam and synchronizing with the phase of the wave traveling toward the gain medium and the reflective element  16 ; the beam in beam resonating beam path  20  returns through gain medium  24 , is reflected by reflective element  16 , passes again through gain medium  24 , thereby amplifying the phase-synchronized beam (photons); and     FIG. 4F , the phase synchronized fundamental oscillating beam then starts the generation of sum-frequency of doubled light and suppression (cancellation) of the second harmonic frequencies in the doubling crystal, ultimately resulting in phase-locked, steady-state output at the desired low noise wavelength of 532 nm. The mode spacing of the 532 nm light that is exactly the same as the fundamental IR mode spacing, as well as the diminishing of the center mode in the laser output spectrum shows sum-frequency generation with elimination of the second harmonic generation.       
 
         [0040]    With reference to  FIGS. 5A-5D , generation of the desired output light energy is illustrated. Light at a fundamental wavelength ω oscillates in the resonator. As shown in the example of  FIG. 5A , the wavelength is 1064 nm, the axial mode spacing 435 MHz. While certain prior art systems and methods seek to increase the number of harmonics for the purpose of noise averaging, according to the present disclosure five modes are present, as illustrated in  FIG. 5A . The laser oscillates at 1064 nm, with mode spacing of 435 MHz. The second harmonic generated is at 2ω, shown in  FIG. 5B . In the example shown, the wavelength for the second harmonic is 532 nm, the axial mode spacing 870 MHz. The second harmonic back conversion into laser oscillation is at 1064 nm, with mode spacing of 435 MHz, as shown in  FIG. 5C . The sum-frequency generation from back-conversion is between the oscillating axial modes. In the example shown in  FIG. 5D , the wavelength is 532 nm, the axial mode spacing becomes 435 MHz. 
         [0041]    The elimination of second harmonic generation is evident as shown in  FIG. 11 .  FIG. 11  is a screen-capture of the output spectrum of an optically pumped solid-state laser structure according to the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 1 , measured from the laser output beam with a scanning Fabry-Perot interferometer. The absence of the middle mode in the 532 nm light represents the energy transfer out in the back conversion process into the dominant sum-frequency generation, resulting in mode phase lock. 
         [0042]    In operation, the output of laser system  10  is not only low noise, the noise that is present in the output is relatively stable over time while the laser is in use. With reference to  FIG. 6A , a plot of RMS noise as a percentage of output signal over a 12 hour period of continuous operation is shown for a prior art multi-mode solid-state optically pumped laser. As can be seen, this representative device begins to produce a relatively high-noise output after a reasonably short period of operation. The noise fluctuates with time. However, with reference to  FIG. 6B , it can be seen that the relatively low initial noise present in the output beam remains virtually constant throughout not only 12 hours of continuous operation but 24 hours of continuous operation. It can therefore be concluded that the device composition and arrangement disclosed herein overcomes the green problem, particularly in comparison to prior art efforts. 
         [0043]    While the above represents one mode of operation for the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 1 , other modes of operation are possible and within the scope of the present disclosure. Any mode of operation described herein is provided by way of example, and no such described mode of operation shall be considered a limitation on the scope of the structures disclosed and claimed here. 
         [0044]    With reference next to  FIG. 7A , there is shown therein a diode-pumped solid-state laser system  40  in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure. System  40  comprises a laser resonator  42  comprising a dispersive solid-state gain medium  44  and a frequency doubling crystal  26  placed in resonating beam path  46 . Beam path  46  terminates at a maximum reflecting mirror  14  for light at both the lasing fundamental wavelength (e.g., 1064 nm) and the frequency doubled wavelength (e.g., 532 nm). Focusing lens  28  serves to bring the proper laser power density to the frequency doubling crystal  26  within resonator  42  to achieve the desired conversion efficiency. A suitable laser source  18 , for example a fiber coupled diode laser delivering at a wavelength of 808 or 880 nm for the example of gain medium being Nd:YVO 4 , through a focusing lens module  32  is disposed for introducing a pump light beam  30  through end mirror  16 , as previously discussed. A highly reflective mirror  34  for the pump laser wavelength is disposed to fold the pump beam to make the laser  40  more compact. 
         [0045]    In one example, gain medium  44  may comprise Nd:YAG, Nd:YVO 4 , Yb:YAG, Yb:YVO 4 , etc. Gain medium  44  is formed to have end facets in non-parallel planes. That is, each facet through which the resonating light beam passes is planar, and the plane of one facet is inclined with respect to the plane of the other facet. A wide variety of different angles are possible to provide the dispersion function. In one example, the plane of the first facet is inclined from parallel with respect to the plane of the second facet by greater than one degree, and in additional examples between 4 degrees and the Brewster angle relative to the resonant beam path. This provides a gain medium that also functions as a dispersion control mechanism, for example in a manner similar to the prism gain medium  38  of  FIG. 1 . Accordingly, in the present embodiment gain medium  44  serves the dual functions of providing optical gain and dispersion control, and a separate dispersion control mechanism is not required. One end facet of gain medium  44  may be coated with a harmonic separating thin film coating  48 , which is transmissive at the fundamental lasing wavelength (e.g., 1064 nm) but is highly reflective at the second harmonic of the lasing wavelength (e.g., 532 nm), allowing the desired output laser energy  36  to exit the laser resonator  42 . 
         [0046]    It will be appreciated that variations of the embodiment described above will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and that the arrangement of elements of this embodiment is for illustration. For example, as shown in  FIG. 7B , in place of harmonic separating thin film coating  48 , a separate element  49  may be introduced into resonating beam path  46  that is transmissive at the fundamental lasing wavelength (e.g., 1064 nm) but is highly reflective at the second harmonic of the lasing wavelength (e.g., 532 nm), allowing the desired output laser energy  36  to exit the laser resonator  42 . 
         [0047]    Another embodiment of the present disclosure is illustrated in  FIG. 8 . The laser system  50  illustrated in  FIG. 8  comprises resonator  52 , in which is disposed first dispersive solid-state gain medium  54  and second dispersive solid-state gain medium  56 , each in resonating beam path  58 . Each of gain medium  54  and gain medium  56  may comprise Nd:YAG, Nd:YVO 4 , Yb:YAG, Yb:YVO 4 , etc. As previously disclosed, each of gain medium  54  and gain medium  56  are formed to have end facets in non-parallel planes. They therefore function as both gain media and dispersion control mechanisms. While both of gain media  54 ,  56  are shown as having end facets in non-parallel planes, and no separate dispersion control mechanism is shown, in alternate embodiments either gain medium  54  or  56  may have parallel end facets, and a separate dispersion mechanism (not shown) associated therewith and disposed in beam path  58 . Gain media  54 ,  56  are arranged relative to one another such that a beam in beam path  58  exits one and enters the other regardless of the direction of that beam (the beam resonates through each, as discussed further below). 
         [0048]    Also disposed within resonator  52  is frequency doubling crystal  60 , focusing lens  62 , and maximum reflecting mirror  64 , each placed in resonating beam path  58 . Focusing lens  62  serves to bring the proper laser power density to the frequency doubling crystal  60  to achieve the desired conversion efficiency. 
         [0049]    Laser system  50  illustrated in  FIG. 8  may be pumped by dual laser light sources  66 ,  68  (although in alternate embodiments only a single source may be employed). Each source  66 ,  68  may be a fiber coupled diode laser delivering at a wavelength of 808 or 880 nm for the example of gain medium being Nd:YVO 4  (as one example). Lens modules  70 ,  72  focus the light from sources  66 ,  68 , respectively, to high-transmissive elements  74 ,  76 , respectively. Elements  74 ,  76  are wavelength-dependent reflective elements that permit light from sources  66 ,  68  to pass through, but are highly reflective of light in the fundamental laser wavelength. The pump light excites the gain media  56  and  54 . In one direction, the generated photons travel though gain medium  56 , through gain medium  54 , are reflected by mirror  76  to an end mirror  78 , where the beam returns along beam path  58 , is reflected by element  76 , travels though gain medium  54 , through gain medium  56 , is reflected by mirror  74 , through output mirror  80 , to lens  62 , through doubling crystal  60 , and reflected by mirror  64  back along beam path  58  once again, and so on such that the laser oscillation begins. Output mirror  80  is selectively transmissive of certain wavelengths and reflective of other wavelengths. In one example, output mirror  80  is transmissive at the fundamental lasing wavelength (e.g., 1064 nm) but is highly reflective at the doubled light of the lasing wavelength (e.g., 532 nm), allowing the desired output laser energy  82  to exit the laser resonator  52 . Optical gain, frequency doubling, and dispersion control are essentially as described above. 
         [0050]    With reference to  FIG. 9 , another embodiment of the present disclosure is illustrated. In  FIG. 9 , a folded-optics laser system  90  comprises a resonator  92  including a first reflective element  94  and a second reflective element  96 . First reflective element  94  is highly reflective of light in the wavelengths of interest, such as around 1064 nm. Second reflective element  96  may be transmissive at wavelengths of a source beam generated by an external source  98 , and highly reflective at the resonant wavelengths, so as to create a portion of a resonating beam path  100 . First reflective element  94  forms a first termination of resonating beam path  100 , and a third reflective element  102  may form the second termination of resonating beam path  100 . A fourth reflective element  104 , in this example a concave mirror, may be reflective at the fundamental resonator wavelength (e.g., 1064 nm), and transmissive at the second harmonic wavelength (e.g., 532 nm) to produce a desired light output  106 . The focusing of the beam in beam path  100  may be achieved by fourth reflective element  104 . A doubling crystal  108 , of a type discussed above, may be disposed in beam path  100 , such as between third reflecting element  102  (which is highly reflective of light in the wavelengths of interest, such as around 532 nanometers (nm) and 1064 nm) and fourth reflecting element  104 . 
         [0051]    Gain medium  110  is disposed in beam path  100 , such as between first reflective element  94  and second reflective element  96 . Gain medium  110  may comprise Nd:YAG, Nd:YVO 4 , Yb:YAG, Yb:YVO 4 , etc. Gain medium  110  is formed to have end facets in non-parallel planes. As previously discussed, this provides a gain medium that also functions as a dispersion control mechanism. Optical gain, frequency doubling, and dispersion control are essentially as described above. 
         [0052]    It is noteworthy with regard to the embodiment shown in  FIG. 9  that doubling crystal  108  is disposed opposite the dispersion control surface of dispersive gain medium  110  in the resonant beam path  100 . While prior embodiments have shown the doubling crystal disposed between the dispersive element and a reflective termination of the beam path, the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 9  serves to demonstrate that such is not a requirement for all embodiments disclosed herein. In general, the embodiments disclosed illustrate general constitutions and operations, which may be rearranged without departing from the spirit and scope of the overall disclosure herein. 
         [0053]    Furthermore, in the examples described above, the gain medium has either been separate from the dispersion element, in which case both are present, or integrated with the dispersion element, in which case only a single combined gain medium-dispersion element is provided. However, in certain embodiments, such as that of  FIG. 10 , both a combined gain medium-dispersion element and a separate dispersion control element may be employed. While many different arrangements of these elements are possible and contemplated herein, according to one example of a laser system  120 , shown in  FIG. 10 , a resonator  122  comprises a dispersive solid-state gain medium  124  with non-parallel end facets as well as a dispersion control element  126  (e.g., a prism). A frequency doubling crystal  128  is disposed in resonating beam path  130 , which terminates at reflective element  132 . Focusing lens  134  serves to bring the proper laser power density to the frequency doubling crystal  128  within resonator  122  to achieve the desired conversion efficiency. A suitable laser source  136 , for example a fiber coupled diode laser delivering at a wavelength of 808 or 880 nm for the example of gain medium being Nd:YVO 4 , through a focusing lens  138  is disposed for introducing a pump light beam  140  through end mirror  142 , as previously discussed. Optical gain, frequency doubling, dispersion control, and harmonic back-conversion are essentially as described above. Harmonic separating film  144 , that is highly transmissive at the fundamental lasing wavelength of 1064 nm but highly reflective at the doubled lasing wavelength, 532 nm, is disposed on one facet of dispersion control element  126 . Harmonic separating film  144  permits fundamental mode energy at 1064 nm to resonate in the resonating beam path, while reflecting and ultimately emitting a beam  146  of the desired output laser energy at 532 nm at the exit of laser resonator  122 . 
         [0054]    The examples described, and hence the scope of the claims below, encompass examples of various arrangements of hardware and methods for use thereof. Both the hardware and methods of use have been described together, although the hardware described may be employed for use in methods different than those described, and likewise, the methods may be employed for use in hardware different than that described in association therewith. 
         [0055]    The physics of modern electrical devices and the methods of their production are not absolutes, but rather statistical efforts to produce a desired device and/or result. Even with the utmost of attention being paid to repeatability of processes, the cleanliness and accuracy of manufacturing facilities and methods, and so forth, variations and imperfections result. Accordingly, no limitation in the description of the present disclosure or its claims can or should be read as absolute. The limitations of the claims are intended to define the boundaries of the present disclosure, up to and including those limitations. To further highlight this, the term “substantially” may occasionally be used herein in association with a claim limitation (although consideration for variations and imperfections is not restricted to only those limitations used with that term). While as difficult to precisely define as the limitations of the present disclosure themselves, we intend that this term be interpreted as “to a large extent”, “as nearly as practicable”, “within technical limitations”, and the like. 
         [0056]    While examples and variations have been presented in the foregoing description, it should be understood that a vast number of variations exist, and these examples are merely representative, and are not intended to limit the scope, applicability or configuration of the disclosure in any way. Various of the above-disclosed and other features and functions, or alternative thereof, may be desirably combined into many other different systems or applications. Various presently unforeseen or unanticipated alternatives, modifications variations, or improvements therein or thereon may be subsequently made by those skilled in the art which are also intended to be encompassed by the claims, below. 
         [0057]    Therefore, the foregoing description provides those of ordinary skill in the art with a convenient guide for implementation of the disclosure, and contemplates that various changes in the functions and arrangements of the described examples may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure defined by the claims thereto.