Abstract:
A meta-attention trainer for enhancing the meta-attention of a user. The trainer includes a processor coupled to a display device. The display device presents the user with a cognitive task that includes a stimuli. The cognitive task specifies a desired response to the stimuli. The processor assesses attentional control of the user in relation to the cognitive task, and generates an instruction and/or a feedback, based on the attentional control assessment, to the user, thereby enabling the user to reflect on the meta-attention of the user.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This non-provisional application claims the benefit of provisional application No. 61/667,413 filed on Jul. 2, 2012, entitled “Systems and Methods for Training Meta-Attention”, which application and is incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    The present invention relates in general to the field of cognitive training, and more specifically to a computer program for cognitive training techniques for training Meta-attention. Meta-attention can be described as knowledge of the factors that influence one&#39;s attention and an awareness of one&#39;s attentional processes as they occur. Control over attentional processes can only be improved if one has Meta-attention. The actual control mechanisms exist in the brain, and if an individual is made aware of these mechanisms, then the individual becomes capable of using them. The individual&#39;s self does not become conscious, but the individual can apply the controls consciously. Thus, it is essential to be able to bring one&#39;s mind to a state, in which one notices attentional processes, and to do so repeatedly, in order to observe the results of attentional control and gradually learn to use them when needed. This invention would allow individuals the opportunity to train their Meta-attention and achieve higher attentional control. Such an invention would be useful to normal populations as well as individuals with a wide-range of attention related cognitive disorders including but not limited to stress, anxiety, social anxiety disorder, depression, ADHD, Autism-Asberger&#39;s, Schizophrenia, TBI, PTSD and stroke. 
         [0003]    It is therefore apparent that an urgent need exists for training Meta-attention. This invention allows for an individual to determine one&#39;s Meta-attention level. Moreover, an individual can use this invention to train one&#39;s Meta-attention. This invention is designed to provide cognitive training to alleviate disorders of attention by helping users gain control of their attention through Meta-attention. This invention is designed to both teach and train users how to approach control and release from attention for the benefit of one&#39;s well-being. The benefits of this invention are not limited to individuals with attention disorders. Individuals without attention disorders could benefit from this invention by training their attentional control or a person&#39;s ability to volitionally control and direct their selective and sustained attention. 
         [0004]    Cognitive training relates to how experiences and training cause change in the neurology and behavior of individuals. Neuroscience has shown that minimal repetitive and directed activities can have significant impact on the human maladies and performance. That impact not only appears on pre- and post-tests administered to individuals to measure behavioral changes but also through modern imaging techniques such as fMRI and EEG. 
         [0005]    Our everyday activities also drive cognitive changes. Those activities might be intentional, like learning how to play tennis or how to speak a new language, but also unintentional such as the formation of habits. It is the intention of our training to bring a specific set of skills related to attention and attentional control back to a normal range of intentional control with the goal to enhance health and performance. 
         [0006]    Cognitive training exists in many different forms including simple practice and repetition of activity with intentional goals in a therapeutic or coaching setting to computer directed tasks that are highly controlled, systematic, and adaptive to the individual. Tasks are any set of stimuli and related cognitive activities that require cognitive or behavioral responses by an individual. With the advent of mobile computing systems, many software programs for cognitive training are now available to individuals as they progress through their day, also known as in situ availability. 
         [0007]    Many cognitive training programs focus on specific recognition tasks or memory tasks. Focus is the quality of a person&#39;s attentional control to appropriately accomplish a task. It is the objective of this invention to train higher level of cognitive skills commonly referred to as executive function. Specifically the invention directs cognitive training techniques at Meta-attention. Such knowledge and awareness are required for improving these processes through training 
         [0008]    Attentional control can be described as an individual&#39;s ability to control at least three specific components of attention. The first is selective attention, or the ability to focus cognitive resources on a specific object or task. More specifically, selective attention is the preferential cognitive processing of relevant information over irrelevant information without distraction. Selective attention can be thought of as being focused on one thing to the exclusion of other external events or internal thoughts. Selective attention is transient and requires effort to maintain, with or without the presence of competing distracters. Control of selective attention allows an individual to direct their energies and resources intentionally. 
         [0009]    Secondly, attentional control requires the ability to suppress the misdirection of attentional resources to distraction. This skill relates to an individual&#39;s ability to recognize interruptions and new alternate demands for attentional resources and then to intentionally direct their attention and focus to the desired task. 
         [0010]    Thirdly, attentional control relates to an individual&#39;s ability to sustain their selective attention and distraction suppression over time. The ability to sustain attention is a cognitive control issue that relates to a person&#39;s awareness of their waxing and waning of attentional resources over time, i.e., lethargy; excitation; switching . . . . 
         [0011]    Attentional control is directly useful in everyday life where individuals focus on accomplishing tasks in the face of new information constantly arising and acting as a distraction. Certain individuals may naturally deal with these circumstances without significant impact and will live generally happy lives in full control. However, many individuals cannot directly manage the control and experience aspects of cognitive disorders such as stress, anxiety and depression. 
         [0012]    Other cognitive training companies have produced software that attempt to train various aspects of cognition. All of these software programs use computers to train certain aspects of cognition such as response to specific situations. 
         [0013]    Certain training simulators such as police academy training and flight trainers rely on vigilance by the individual to successfully complete their tasks. These simulators present vigilant tasks in conjunction with recognition activities to train individuals&#39; specific skills when confronted with specific situations. 
         [0014]    Computer games provide rewarding tasks that require the user to play for lengths of time. The rewards create a continuous game play situation. Games such as Tetris provide incentives for the individual to play continuously. The incentives include increasing difficulty, faster game play, and better score. 
         [0015]    Meditation and mindfulness training often begin by training a person&#39;s attention through focus on environmental noises, including breathing and then to recognize distractions and cognitive functions. These training techniques are introspective, meaning coaches and teachers cannot directly or objectively determine the skills and abilities of the trainees. 
         [0016]    Psychological testing also measures attention using continuous performance tasks related to the recognition of stimuli and response inhibition. Stimuli are objects in any sensory domain that can be perceived by an individual. Continuous performance tasks are psychological tasks that measure a person&#39;s sustained attention, or ability to maintain consistent focus on an activity or task without being distracted, and selective attention and impulsivity, or inclination of an individual to initiate behavior without adequate forethought as to the consequences of their actions. A person performs the task for a sustained period (usually several minutes) while stimuli are delivered “continuously” without a break. Each stimulus is evaluated according to either a user&#39;s response or withholding of response. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0017]    By using computer driven behavioral activities linked with feedback, our invention directly improves a user&#39;s awareness of attentional control, or Meta-attention, and increases their attentional control and ability to suppress distraction. The computer driven behaviors require the user to fully engage their attention on the activity at a high level while the computer closely monitors their behavior. Feedback is used to reinforce a user&#39;s understanding and awareness of their performance and abilities. Attentional control derives from an individual&#39;s awareness of their capabilities and practice and improvement at control from trial and error. 
         [0018]    In one embodiment of the invention, we use difficult to perceive stimuli that a user may not perceive if their attention wanders. By putting this type of stimulus in a computer game that requires constant vigilance by the user, the user brings all of their attention resources to maintaining focus on the training task. This use of attentional control exercises the executive control function related to attention directly and gives the user the understanding for what it means to obtain control of their attention. The invention also includes multiple levels of feedback that provide real-time, immediately post-play, and later-reflective data on the user&#39;s performance. Feedback is how the user learns about their ability to control attention. Training an individual to use a combination of the abilities to focus and to suppress distraction using self-directed behavior is the objective of the invention. Self-directed behavior is when an individual specifically exercises attentional control. This invention can also be used to diagnose attentional problems such as ADHD or other specific issues related to attentional control. 
         [0019]    It is a goal of this invention to provide a computer driven activity that directly improves an individual&#39;s ability to control aspects of their attention through self-directed behavior. Self-directed behavior relates to a person&#39;s ability to control their emotions, stress, anxiety, depressive tendencies, and recovery among other health and wellness related functions through their own activities. Further, the invention provides objective absolute and relative scores (longitudinal and normative) that can be used to rate and better understand the attentional abilities of individuals and groups. The embodiment is further designed to be effective at improving attention when used in repetitive single sessions approaching 30 seconds. In the end, the user&#39;s increased attentional awareness (meta-attention) will enable them to generalize, or the ability of an individual to apply the attentional control developed through training on one set of tasks to other non-trained tasks throughout the individual&#39;s daily life. 
         [0020]    Note that the various features of the present invention described above may be practiced alone or in combination. These and other features of the present invention will be described in more detail below in the detailed description of the invention and in conjunction with the following figures. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0021]    In order that the present invention may be more clearly ascertained, some embodiments will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0022]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a desktop computer, tablet, Smartphone, and laptop connected through the internet to remote servers, in accordance with some embodiment; 
           [0023]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram showing a system and method for training Meta-attention, in accordance with some embodiment; 
           [0024]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram showing a system and method of non-compelling attention training, in accordance with some embodiment; 
           [0025]      FIG. 4  is a block diagram showing a system and method for continuous performance during attention training, in accordance with some embodiment; 
           [0026]      FIG. 5  is a block diagram showing a system and method for inhibition of response in a Cognitive Task, in accordance with some embodiment; 
           [0027]      FIG. 6  is a block diagram showing a system and method of low variance of response time in a Cognitive Task, in accordance with some embodiment; 
           [0028]      FIG. 7  is a block diagram showing a system and method of timing specificity in a Cognitive Task, in accordance with some embodiment; 
           [0029]      FIG. 8  is a block diagram showing a system and method for determining the feedback post a Cognitive Task, in accordance with some embodiment; 
           [0030]      FIG. 9  is a block diagram showing a system and method for evaluating the inhibition of response results from a Cognitive Task, in accordance with some embodiment; 
           [0031]      FIG. 10  is a block diagram showing a system and method for evaluating the low variance of response results from a Cognitive Task, in accordance with some embodiment; 
           [0032]      FIG. 11  is a block diagram showing a system and method for evaluating the timing specificity results from a Cognitive Task, in accordance with some embodiment; 
           [0033]      FIG. 12  is simulated screen shots of the inhibition of response in a Cognitive Task; 
           [0034]      FIG. 13  is simulated screen shots of the low variance of response time in a Cognitive Task; and 
           [0035]      FIG. 14  is simulated screenshots of the timing specificity in a Cognitive Task. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0036]    The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to several embodiments thereof as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art, that embodiments may be practiced without some or all of these specific details. In other instances, well known process steps and/or structures have not been described in detail in order to not unnecessarily obscure the present invention. The features and advantages of embodiments may be better understood with reference to the drawings and discussions that follow. 
         [0037]    The present invention relates to systems and methods for training an individual&#39;s Meta-attention. Cognitive Tasks are designed to improve a person&#39;s Meta-attention and attentional control. The training program uses the techniques enumerated below to drive a user to experience all forms of attentional state change and control. The user&#39;s performance can be monitored through real-time and/or periodically and feedback can be provided relative to the user&#39;s history and/or compared to other users. 
         [0038]    Referring to  FIG. 1 , a training system  100  is shown for executing a computer program to train, or retrain a cognitive training program according to the present invention. The training system  100  contains a server  110 , which allows a user to remotely access the Cognitive Tasks and results over the cloud. The servers  110  maybe connected through local area network (LAN) (not shown), a wide area network (WAN)  120  or via modern connections, directly or through the internet; however, connection to the internet or a server is not required for the invention to be effective. The user may use any of the following devices but training is not limited to the following: 1) a desktop computer system  130 , 2) a tablet computer  140 , 3) Smartphone or other small portable handheld device  150 , and 4) laptop computer  160 . The desktop computer  130  contains a mouse, keyboard, and monitor attached to a computer containing a computer processing unit (CPU), hard disk, and CD ROM (not shown). The laptop computer  160  contains a display screen, internal CPU, keyboard, and touchpad. The monitor in  130  and displays screens of  140 ,  150 , and  160  allow the user to see the stimuli. The mouse in  130  and touchpad of  160  allow the user to select the stimuli according to the specific Cognitive Task. While the display screens of the tablet computer  140  and handheld device  150  allow the user to directly select the stimuli according to the specific Cognitive Task. The computer network  100  allows information such as the training, test scores, statistics, and other information to flow from any device  130 ,  140 ,  150 , and  160  to a server  110 . Although a number of different computer platforms are applicable to the present invention, embodiments of the present invention execute on tablet computers or handheld devices running the Android operating system. 
         [0039]    Now referring to  FIG. 2 , the block diagram shows a system and method for attaining Meta-attention  200 . Meta-attention is defined as knowledge of the factors that influence one&#39;s attention and an awareness of one&#39;s attentional processes as they occur. Such knowledge and/or awareness of attention are required for improving these processes through training Meta-attention is trained through being presented with a Cognitive Tasks while the training system assesses the user&#39;s attentional control  210  and receiving instructions and/or feedback  220 . The assessment of the user&#39;s attentional control can occur continuously or periodically. Moreover, the non-compelling Cognitive Tasks  210  are any type of computer controlled and goal driven training tasks that require the user to focus on a Cognitive Task according to the prescribed rules. The instructions and/or feedback results  220  are the reactions and responses to a particular non-compelling Cognitive Task. Moreover, the instructions and/or feedback results  220  can include, but are not limited to real-time scoring, post-training play scoring, historical statistics, and guidance for reflecting on the meaning of the feedback with respect to meta-attention. 
         [0040]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram detailing a non-compelling Cognitive Task  210 . Each non-compelling Cognitive Task proceeds in the same fashion, 1) the user is prompted to select a Cognitive Task  310 , 2) a continuous performance task is presented to the user  320 , and 3) the responses to the stimuli are recorded  330 . The Cognitive Tasks  310  are any computer controlled, goal driven training task. The Cognitive Tasks  310  are computer controlled meaning they run on any of the computer platforms described above in  FIG. 1 . The Cognitive Tasks  310  are also goal driven. The activity produces a score that represents to the user their skill at attentional control and then links that score to the user&#39;s desire to be in better control of their attention. The Cognitive Tasks  310  are best accomplished through continuous performance tasks  320 . A continuous performance task  320  is one that does not allow the user to disengage from the Cognitive Task without incurring a performance/score decline. A continuous performance task  320  is important because it continuously engages the parts of the brain that are central to the Meta-attention training. 
         [0041]      FIG. 4  is a block diagram specifically describing the continuous performance task  320 . Each continuous performance task occurs in the same manners. First, the Cognitive Task displays a stimulus  410 . The stimuli displayed  410  can occur according to, but is not limited to three specific manners; 1) inhibition of response, 2) low variance of response time, or 3) timing specificity. Then the user responds or does not respond according to the prescribed directions or based upon the type of Cognitive Task  310  chosen. No response by the user could be due to several situations. The first is as previously described; the stimulus does not require a response as per the prescribed directions. On the other hand, no response could be due to a failure to respond because of various uncontrolled behaviors such as excitation  420 , lethargy  430 , mind wandering  440 , and distraction  450 . While  FIG. 4  has these four states (excitation  420 , lethargy  430 , mind wandering  440 , and distraction  450 ) listed in this particular order, no specific order is required in the continuous performance task  320 . Excitation  420  occurs when the focus of attention drifts away from the Cognitive Task to successive specific thoughts or external stimuli, such that the user&#39;s attention is continuously changing from one thought to another. Lethargy  430  is a state of mind that includes sluggishness, inactivity and/or apathy. Lethargy  430  afflicts individuals when the activity they should be doing becomes boring and repetitive. Mind wandering  440  is where the focus of attention drifts away from the Cognitive Task to another specific set of thoughts or set of externalities. Distractions  450  are external stimuli that cause the user to lose focus on the continuous performance task. More specifically, distractions are the unintentional movement of attention away from the intended focus that is caused by task irrelevant thoughts (internal distracters) or environmental events (external distracters). During the continuous performance task  320 , the training task may prompt the user to regain focus  425  because the user has failed to respond to multiple stimuli. The Cognitive Task can repeat displaying stimuli  460  until the prescribed time period has occurred; however, the continuous performance tasks are not limited to the prescribed times. The continuous performance tasks may conclude after a predetermined number of correct and/or incorrect responses. 
         [0042]      FIG. 5  is a block diagram describing one version of  410  according to the inhibition of response Cognitive Task. This specific Cognitive Task requires the user to respond to stimuli in a specific differential manner infrequently Inhibition of response Cognitive Task indicates how well a user can control his/her attention. The Cognitive Task occurs in the following manner: 1) the non-responsive stimulus  510  is displayed, 2) the training task begins with a stimulus  520 , 3) the user recognizes whether the stimulus requires a response, responds accordingly, and that response is recorded  530 , 4) a new stimulus is displayed in a specific differential manner  540 , and 5) stimuli are continuously displayed until the performance task is complete  550 . 
         [0043]    The following example describes the inhibition of response Cognitive Task  FIG. 5 . The training system displays a number between 0-9, which is the non-response stimulus  510 . The training task begins and a number between 0-9 is displayed  520 . The user recognizes the number as being either the non-response stimulus or not. The training system can recognize whether the user responds to the stimulus, e.g. touches the screen or does not touch the screen  530 . After the response the training system can show a new number between 0-9  540 . Once again the user responds according to whether the number displayed is the non-responsive stimulus or not. The training continues for a prescribed amount of time or until the user has a prescribed number of incorrect responses  550 . 
         [0044]      FIG. 6  is a second block diagram version of  410  describing the low variance of response time Cognitive Task. Low variance of response time Cognitive Task reveals consistency of focus, which is a critical factor that indicates attentional control. The low variance of response time Cognitive Task occurs in the following manner: 1) a stimulus is displayed  610 , 2) a response is recorded  620 , 3) in real-time, the training system displays the response as early, timely, or late  630 , and 4) the Cognitive Task continues for the prescribed amount of time  640 . 
         [0045]    The following example describes the low variance of response time Cognitive Task  FIG. 6 . An image of a firefly enters from any side of the display screen  610 . The user focuses on the firefly and touches the screen as it passes through a specific, highlighted spot on the display screen  620 . In real-time the training system can inform the user as to whether the user&#39;s response was timely, early, or late  630 . The training system can display a new firefly and repeat until the Cognitive Task is complete  640 . Throughout the Cognitive Task, the firefly can flash on and off, requiring the user to maintain a consistency of response, whether the stimulus is visible or not, and determine when to touch the screen. 
         [0046]      FIG. 7  is a third block diagram version of  410  describing the timing specificity Cognitive Task. The ability of an individual to specifically modify their response time on demand indicates superior control of the Meta-attention. The timing of specificity Cognitive Task occurs in the following manner: 1) a stimulus is displayed  710 , 2) a response is recorded  720 , 3) the timing between the new stimulus and old stimulus varies according to preset parameters  730 , 4) a new stimulus is displayed  740 , and 5) the Cognitive Task is repeated for a prescribed period of time  750 . One embodiment of the timing specificity Cognitive Task is one that utilizes a specific detection task to capture the attention of the user. That Cognitive Task presents a visual Gabor patch on a visual background where the Gabor patch intensity is at or near the user&#39;s perceptual threshold. Perceptual threshold is set at the point where the presented stimuli are slightly above the intensity that would cause the user to not perceive them. Consequently, the user is required to determine if he/she has seen a stimulus and respond accordingly. 
         [0047]    The following example describes the timing specificity Cognitive Task  FIG. 7 . The display screen has a ripple, concentric circle like pattern with slight variation in color from the peaks to the troughs of the waves. The Cognitive Task displays a stimulus which is a patch of light, also known as a Gabor patch, which is slightly brighter than the background  710 . This type of stimulus is called a near-threshold stimulus. The near-threshold stimulus is slightly above a person&#39;s perceptual threshold or the level of stimulus salience that is just enough to be perceived. The user taps anywhere on the screen after the stimulus is displayed and before the next stimulus. The system records whether or not the user responded  720 . The Cognitive Task varies the timing between the old stimulus and the new stimulus  730 . A new stimulus is displayed  740  and the Cognitive Task repeats for three minutes or until the user makes three incorrect responses  750 . 
         [0048]      FIG. 8  is a block diagram describing the second step of a system for attaining Meta-attention  200 , the feedback mechanism  220 . The feedback is important because it provides information to the user so that the user may better understand one&#39;s attentional abilities including attentional control as compared to oneself and compared to all those that have participated in the Cognitive Tasks. The feedback mechanism  220  occurs in a three step process. The first step requires evaluating the responses from the different Cognitive Tasks  810 . Second, the training system computes the relative and objective scores (longitudinal and normative)  820 . Third, the training system displays any real-time and historical feedback  830 . 
         [0049]      FIG. 9  is a block diagram of the feedback evaluation  810  describing the inhibition of response results evaluation. The training system categorizes each response according to the stimulus previously displayed  910 . For each inhibition of response stimulus, the training system determines whether a responsive or non-responsive stimulus was displayed  920 . If a responsive stimulus was displayed  930 , the training system determines if a response was recorded  950 . If a response was recorded then the training system marks that response as correct  970  and repeat evaluating the remainder of responses  990 . If the training system did not record a response and a responsive stimulus were displayed  930 , then the training system marks that response as incorrect  975 . Once again, the training system continues evaluating the remainder of the responses till all responses are categorized  990 . If the training system displays a non-responsive stimulus  940 , the training system determines if a response was recorded  960 . If a response was recorded then the training system marks that response as incorrect  980  and repeat evaluating the remainder of responses  990 . If the training system did not record a response and a non-responsive stimulus was displayed  940 , then the training system marks that response as correct  985 . Once again, the training system continues evaluating the remainder of the responses till all responses are categorized  990 . 
         [0050]      FIG. 10  is a block diagram of the feedback evaluation  810  describing the low variance of response results evaluation. The training system categorizes each response according to the low variance response parameters  1010 . For each low variance of response recorded, the training system determines if the response recorded followed the prescribed parameters  1020 . If the response recorded follows the low variance of response parameters, then the training system marks the response as correct  1050  and the training system continues evaluating the remainder of the responses till all responses are categorized  1070 . If the recorded response was not according to the low variance of response parameters, then the training system determines if the response was impulsive  1030  or delayed  1040 . An impulsive response is a behavior in which the user does not have the forethought as to the consequences of one&#39;s actions, acting on the spur of the moment. If the response was before the low variance of response parameters, then the training system records the response as impulsive  1060 . The training system continues evaluating the remainder of the responses till all responses are categorized  1070 . If the response was after the low variance of response parameters, then the training system records the response as delayed  1040 . The training system continues evaluating the remainder of responses till all the responses are categorized  1070 . 
         [0051]      FIG. 11  is a block diagram of the feedback evaluation  810  describing the timing specificity results evaluation. The training system categorizes each response according to the timing of specificity task parameters  1110 . The training system determines whether or not a stimulus was displayed  1120 . If a stimulus was displayed and the user responded, then the training system records the response as correct  1130 . The training system continues evaluating the remainder of the responses till all the responses are categorized  1150 . If a stimulus was displayed and the user did not response, then the training system records the response as incorrect  1140 . The training system continues evaluating the remainder of the responses till all the responses are categorized  1150 . On the other hand if no stimulus was displayed and the user responded to what he/she perceived as a stimulus, then the networks system records the response as incorrect  1140 . This occurs because the user did not follow the prescribed timing specificity parameters. The training system continues evaluating the remainder of the responses till all the responses are categorized  1150   
         [0052]      FIG. 12  is a collection of screenshots of the inhibition of response Cognitive Task. In  FIG. 12A , the user is presented with the non-response stimulus  1210  with the dotted box designating that the number  9  is the non-response stimulus. Attentional control training commences after the user is presented with the non-response stimulus  1210 . In  FIG. 12B , the user is presented with a stimulus  1220 . In this particular screenshot  FIG. 12B , the user is presented with a stimulus  1220  which requires the user to recognize the stimulus as requiring action and tap the screen. The training system then displays a new stimulus as shown in  FIG. 12C . In this particular screenshot  FIG. 12C , the user is presented with the non-response stimulus  1230  which requires the user to recognize the stimulus as not requiring action and not tap the screen.  FIG. 12D  completes the collection of screenshots. In this particular screenshot  FIG. 12B , the training system again displays a stimulus  1240  which requires the user to recognize the stimulus as requiring action and tap the screen. 
         [0053]      FIG. 13  is a collection of screenshots describing the low variance of response time training task. In  FIG. 13A , the stimulus, or firefly,  1310  enters from the lower left corner of the screen. The arrow  1320  depicts the path of the firefly  1310  while the firefly is visible on the screen. Although no actual arrow  1320  is displayed during the Cognitive Task training, the firefly  1310  flies along a predetermined path  1320  until it reaches the target area  1330 . When the firefly  1310  reaches the target area  1330 , the user taps the net located in the lower area of the screen  1305 . As the user correctly catches the fireflies  1310  in the target area  1330 , the display at the top of the screen  1308  displays how many fireflies  1310  the user has correctly caught in the target area  1330 .  FIG. 13B  shows the firefly  1310  further along the flight path as depicted by the arrow  1320 . The display at the top of the screenshot  1308  shows that the user has correctly captured one firefly  1310 .  FIG. 13C  depicts another aspect of the low variance of response training task. In this particular screenshot  FIG. 13C  the firefly  1310  had previously disappeared, meaning the stimulus was no longer visible, and was traveling along the path as depicted with a dotted arrow  1340 . The user maintains attention on the Cognitive Task and determines when the firefly  1310  passes through the target area. The screenshot  FIG. 13C  further shows that the user correctly captured the firefly  1310 . The meter located in the upper portion of the screen  1308  shows that the user correctly captured the firefly  1310  by displaying the white dot in the lighter green portion located above the “Got&#39;em!” label.  FIG. 13D  is a screenshot of what happens when the user&#39;s response is too slow. The firefly  1310  was invisible, although visible in  FIG. 13D  for demonstration purposes only and not actually seen during training, and flying along a path as depicted by the dotted arrow  1340 . The firefly  1310  is outside of the target area and has flown past the target area. The meter in the upper portion of the screen  1308  shows what happens when the user does not correctly capture the firefly  1310  and is too slow. The white dot is no longer in the lighter green section but has progressed into the dark green section and closer to the “Too slow” label. 
         [0054]      FIG. 14  is a collection of screenshots describing the timing specificity Cognitive Task.  FIG. 14A  shows the screen of the training task before any stimulus is displayed. The display screen is a contrast between the blue background and the diffuse white dots  1410 ,  1420 , and  1430 . The pattern created by the diffuse white dots  1410 ,  1420 , and  1430  and the blue background produce less eye strain when viewing for extended period of time.  FIG. 14B  depicts what the screen looks like when a near-threshold stimulus, or Gabor patch, is displayed. The arrow  1440  is pointing directly at the near-threshold stimulus, or Gabor patch. When the user perceives a near-threshold stimulus  1440 , the user registers the near-threshold stimulus  1440  and taps the screen. 
         [0055]    In sum, the present invention provides a system and methods for training Meta-attention. The advantages of such a system include the ability to determine an individual&#39;s level of Meta-attention and provide tools for increasing the individual&#39;s control of the Meta-attention. This invention is an invaluable resource for individuals with attention disorders to learn how to better control their attention disorders. 
         [0056]    While this invention has been described in terms of several embodiments, there are alterations, modifications, permutations, and substitute equivalents, which fall within the scope of this invention. Although sub-section titles have been provided to aid in the description of the invention, these titles are merely illustrative and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. 
         [0057]    It should also be noted that there are many alternative ways of implementing the methods and apparatuses of the present invention. It is therefore intended that the following appended claims be interpreted as including all such alterations, modifications, permutations, and substitute equivalents as fall within the true spirit and scope of the present invention. 
         [0058]    For clarity, below is glossary of terms. 
       Glossary 
       [0059]    Continuous Performance Task, or CPT, is a psychological task that measures a person&#39;s sustained and selective attention and impulsivity. A person performs the task for a sustained period (usually several minutes) while stimuli are delivered “continuously” without a break, and each stimulus is evaluated and the person either responds or withholds responses. 
         [0060]    Selective attention is the preferential cognitive processing of relevant information over irrelevant information and activation of task-appropriate responses without distraction or interruption. Selective attention can be thought of as being focused on one task to the exclusion of external or internal distractions or interruptions. 
         [0061]    Sustained attention is the ability to maintain a consistent focus on an activity or task (i.e., to maintain selective attention). To maintain a consistent level/quality of selective attention during a task without being distracted. 
         [0062]    Distraction is an unintentional movement of attention away from the intended focus that is caused by task irrelevant thoughts (internal distractors) or environmental events (external distractors). Anything that competes for cognitive resources related to selective attention is considered a distractor. 
         [0063]    Interruption is when thoughts or external events are at sufficient priority to cause an individual to decide if they should switch their focus from their current task to the interruption for a period of time. 
         [0064]    Attentional control refers to a person&#39;s ability to volitionally control task appropriate focus, switching and sustaining of attention. 
         [0065]    Self-directed behavior is when an individual specifically exercises attentional control. This implies a closed-loop control where the individual monitors their actions and the consequences of those actions and can apply attentional control to the task to modify their behavior. 
         [0066]    Switching is when an individual&#39;s task-specific focus is redirected to a different task, either voluntarily or involuntarily. 
         [0067]    Uncontrolled behaviors are those actions where an individual&#39;s specific attentional control lapses and their attention is captured by external or internal inputs with little regard to consequence. Internal inputs include but are not limited to mind wandering and rumination. External inputs include exciting graphics, games, motion pictures, noises and voices, threats, etc. Uncontrolled behaviors can be thought of as open-loop control where the individual is only partially monitoring either their actions or the consequences of those actions and cannot apply attentional control to the task to modify their behavior. 
         [0068]    Impulsivity is the inclination of an individual to initiate behavior without adequate forethought as to the consequences of their actions, acting on the spur of the moment. 
         [0069]    Focus is the quality of a person&#39;s attentional control to appropriately accomplish a task. Focus can be directed to task-related information that can be external, internal or both. Attentional quality can either be narrow, such as attending to a specific object in a scene, or broad, such as attending to multiple objects in a scene. 
         [0070]    Awareness of attention or Meta-attention refers to an individual&#39;s knowledge of the factors that influence their attention and a continuous awareness of their dynamic attentional control. Knowledge and/or awareness, along with training, are required for improving Meta-attention and are driven by experience and reflection in combination with feedback. 
         [0071]    Feedback is any type of information presented to an individual representing or interpreting their activities and may be presented synchronously or asynchronously with respect to those activities. 
         [0072]    Attention altering tasks are those that are designed to move an individual from one state of attention to another. These tasks may be used as an intervention for undesirable attentional states (e.g., rumination). 
         [0073]    Cognitive Tasks are designed to improve a person&#39;s Meta-attention and/or attentional control. 
         [0074]    Generalization is the ability of an individual to apply the attentional control developed through training on one set of tasks to other (non-trained) tasks throughout their daily life. 
         [0075]    Near Threshold Stimulus, or NTS, is a stimulus that is slightly above a person&#39;s perceptual threshold (i.e., the level of stimulus salience that is just enough to be perceived). 
         [0076]    Stimulus is an object in any sensory domain that can be perceived by an individual. 
         [0077]    Task is any set of stimuli and related cognitive activities that require cognitive or behavioral responses by an individual. 
         [0078]    Non-compelling tasks are those that require self-directed behaviors to complete. Typically these tasks are built from stimuli that are not salient enough to capture selective attention through uncontrolled behavior. The tasks or stimuli provided in themselves do not cause an individual to allocate attention. 
         [0079]    Compelling tasks are those tasks or stimuli that capture and drive selective attention through uncontrolled behavior. 
         [0080]    Current state represents the object of an individual&#39;s selective and sustained attention. 
         [0081]    Driven attention tasks have stimuli or activities that are the source of continuously maintaining an individual&#39;s selective attention at a high level on the task. 
         [0082]    TNI attention training uses non-compelling stimulus/task parameters that require the individual to be the primary source of continuously maintaining selective attention at a high level on the task.