Abstract:
An intravascular probe includes a sheath with a distal portion and a proximal portion. The intravascular probe includes a first optical waveguide extending along the sheath, the first optical waveguide being configured to carry optical radiation between the distal and proximal portions, and a first beam redirector disposed at the distal portion in optical communication with the first optical waveguide. The intravascular probe also includes an optical detector configured to receive optical radiation from the first optical waveguide, and an ultrasound transducer disposed at the distal portion. The ultrasound transducer is configured to couple ultrasound energy between the intravascular probe and a transmission medium. A wire extends along the sheath in electrical communication with the ultrasound transducer.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD  
       [0001]     The invention relates to devices for luminal diagnostics, and in particular, to devices for vulnerable plaque detection.  
       BACKGROUND  
       [0002]     Atherosclerosis is a vascular disease characterized by a modification of the walls of blood-carrying vessels. Such modifications, when they occur at discrete locations or pockets of diseased vessels, are referred to as plaques. Certain types of plaques are associated with acute events such as stroke or myocardial infarction. These plaques are referred to as “vulnerable plaques.” A vulnerable plaque typically includes a lipid-containing pool separated from the blood by a thin fibrous cap. In response to elevated intraluminal pressure or vasospasm, the fibrous cap can become disrupted, exposing the contents of the plaque to the flowing blood. The resulting thrombus can lead to ischemia or to the shedding of emboli.  
         [0003]     One method of locating vulnerable plaque is to peer through the arterial wall with infrared light. To do so, one inserts a catheter through the lumen of the artery. The catheter includes a delivery fiber for illuminating a spot on the arterial wall with infrared light. A portion of the light penetrates the blood and arterial wall, scatters off structures within the wall and re-enters the lumen. This re-entrant light can be collected by a collection fiber within the catheter and subjected to spectroscopic analysis. This type of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy can be used to determine chemical composition of arterial tissue, including key constituents believed to be associated with vulnerable plaque such as lipid content.  
         [0004]     Another method of locating vulnerable plaque is to use intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) to detect the shape of the arterial tissue surrounding the lumen. To use this method, one also inserts a catheter through the lumen of the artery. The catheter includes an ultrasound transducer to send ultrasound energy towards the arterial wall. The reflected ultrasound energy is received by the ultrasound transducer and is used to map the shape of the arterial tissue. This map of the morphology of the arterial wall can be used to detect the fibrous cap associated with vulnerable plaque.  
       SUMMARY  
       [0005]     The invention is based on the recognition that combining two detection modalities, infrared spectroscopy and IVUS, in the same probe increases the probe&#39;s ability to detect lesions such as vulnerable plaque.  
         [0006]     In one aspect, the invention includes an intravascular probe having a sheath with a distal portion and a proximal portion. The intravascular probe includes a first optical waveguide extending along the sheath, the first optical waveguide being configured to carry optical radiation between the distal and proximal portions, and a first beam redirector disposed at the distal portion in optical communication with the first optical waveguide. The intravascular probe also includes an optical detector configured to receive optical radiation from the first optical waveguide, and an ultrasound transducer disposed at the distal portion. The ultrasound transducer is configured to couple ultrasound energy between the intravascular probe and a transmission medium. A wire extends along the sheath in electrical communication with the ultrasound transducer.  
         [0007]     In some embodiments, the intravascular probe includes a second optical waveguide extending along the sheath. The second optical waveguide is configured to carry optical radiation between the distal and proximal portions. Embodiments of this type also include a second beam redirector disposed at the distal portion in optical communication with the second optical waveguide.  
         [0008]     In some embodiments, the second beam redirector is configured to redirect an axially directed beam of optical radiation incident thereon from the second optical waveguide into a beam propagating along a direction having a radial component.  
         [0009]     In another embodiment, the intravascular probe includes an optical source configured to couple optical radiation into the second optical waveguide.  
         [0010]     In another aspect, the invention includes an intravascular probe having a sheath with a distal portion and a proximal portion. The intravascular probe includes a first optical waveguide extending along the sheath, the first optical waveguide being configured to carry optical radiation between the distal and proximal portions, and a first beam redirector disposed at the distal portion in optical communication with the first optical waveguide. The intravascular probe also includes a second optical waveguide extending along the sheath, the second optical waveguide being configured to carry optical radiation between the distal and proximal portions, and a second beam redirector disposed at the distal portion in optical communication with the second optical waveguide. The intravascular probe also includes an ultrasound transducer disposed at the distal portion. The ultrasound transducer is configured to couple ultrasound energy between the intravascular probe and a transmission medium. A wire extending along the sheath in electrical communication with the ultrasound transducer. An example of an optical waveguide is an optical fiber.  
         [0011]     In one embodiment, the intravascular probe also includes an optical detector configured to receive optical radiation from the first optical waveguide.  
         [0012]     In another embodiment, the intravascular probe includes an optical source configured to couple optical radiation into the first optical waveguide. The optical source can be configured to emit infrared radiation.  
         [0013]     In one embodiment, the first beam redirector includes an optical reflector. However, the first beam redirector can also include a prism or a bend in a distal tip of the first optical waveguide.  
         [0014]     In another embodiment, the ultrasound transducer includes a piezoelectric transducer.  
         [0015]     In another embodiment, the sheath includes a material that is transparent to infrared radiation.  
         [0016]     In some embodiments, the first beam redirector is rigidly connected to the ultrasound transducer. In other embodiments, the first beam redirector is flexibly connected to the ultrasound transducer.  
         [0017]     In some embodiments, the first beam redirector is configured to emit light from a first axial location with respect to a longitudinal axis of the sheath, and the ultrasound transducer is configured to emit ultrasound energy from the first axial location. In other embodiments, the first beam redirector is configured to emit light from a first axial location with respect to a longitudinal axis of the sheath, and the ultrasound transducer is configured to emit ultrasound energy from a second axial location different from the first axial location.  
         [0018]     In some embodiments, the intravascular probe includes a rotatable cable surrounding the first optical waveguide and the wire, the rotatable cable being configured to coaxially rotate the first beam director and the ultrasound transducer. In other embodiments, the intravascular probe includes a plurality of beam redirectors circumferentially disposed about a longitudinal axis of the sheath, a plurality of optical waveguides in optical communication with the plurality of beam redirectors, and a plurality of ultrasound transducers circumferentially disposed about the longitudinal axis.  
         [0019]     As used herein, “infrared” means infrared, near infrared, intermediate infrared, far infrared, or extreme infrared.  
         [0020]     Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.  
         [0021]     Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description, and from the claims. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS  
       [0022]      FIG. 1A  is a cross-sectional view of an intravascular probe with an guidewire lumen in a distal end of a catheter.  
         [0023]      FIG. 1B  is another cross-sectional view of the intravascular probe of  FIG. 1A  with a rotating core and a rigid coupling between an optical bench and an ultrasound transducer.  
         [0024]      FIG. 1C  is a cross-sectional view of an implementation of the intravascular probe of  FIG. 1B  with a single optical fiber.  
         [0025]      FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of an intravascular probe with a rotating core and a flexible coupling between an optical bench and ultrasound transducer.  
         [0026]     FIGS.  3 A-B show top and side cross-sectional views of laterally adjacent unidirectional optical bench and ultrasound transducer in an intravascular probe with a rotating core.  
         [0027]      FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view of an intravascular probe with a rotating core and laterally adjacent opposing optical bench and ultrasound transducer.  
         [0028]      FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view of an intravascular probe with a fixed core, an optical bench with a radial array of optical fibers, and a radial array of ultrasound transducers.  
         [0029]     FIGS.  6 A-B compare transverse cross-sectional views of catheters with rotating and fixed cores. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0030]     The vulnerability of a plaque to rupture can be assessed by detecting a combination of attributes such as macrophage presence, local temperature rise, and a lipid-rich pool covered by a thin fibrous cap. Some detection modalities are only suited to detecting one of these attributes.  
         [0031]      FIGS. 1A-1B  show an embodiment of an intravascular probe  100  that combines two detection modalities for identifying vulnerable plaque  102  in an arterial wall  104  of a patient. The combination of both chemical analysis, using infrared spectroscopy to detect lipid content, and morphometric analysis, using IVUS to detect cap thickness, enables greater selectivity in identifying potentially vulnerable plaques than either detection modality alone. These two detection modalities can achieve high sensitivity even in an environment containing blood.  
         [0032]     Referring to  FIG. 1A , an intravascular probe  100  includes a catheter  112  with a guidewire lumen  110  at a distal end  111  of the catheter  112 . Referring to  FIG. 1B , the intravascular probe  100  can be inserted into a lumen  106  of an artery using a guidewire  108  that is threaded through the guidewire lumen  110 . An outer layer of the catheter  112  is a sheath  114  is composed of a material that transmits infrared light (e.g., a polymer). A housing  116  is located at the distal end of the catheter  112  and includes an optical bench  118  to transmit and receive infrared light and an ultrasound transducer  120  to transmit and receive ultrasound energy. A delivery fiber  122  and a collection fiber  123  extend between proximal and distal ends of the catheter  112 , and have distal ends seated in the optical bench  118 . A light source (not shown) couples light into a proximal end of the delivery fiber  122 , and a delivery mirror  124  redirects light  125  emitted from a distal end of the delivery fiber  122  towards the arterial wall  104 . A collection mirror  126  redirects light  127  scattered from various depths of the arterial wall  104  into a distal end of the collection fiber  123 . Other beam redirectors can be used in place of delivery mirror  124  and collection mirror  126  (e.g., a prism or a bend in the optical fiber tip). A proximal end of collection fiber  123  is in optical communication with an optical detector (not shown). The optical detector produces an electrical signal, indicative of the light intensity in the collection fiber  123 , that contains a spectral signature indicating the composition of the arterial wall  104 , and in particular, whether the composition is consistent with the presence of lipids found in a vulnerable plaque  102 . The spectral signature in the electrical signal can be analyzed using a spectrum analyzer (not shown) implemented in hardware, software, or a combination thereof.  
         [0033]     Alternatively, in an implementation shown in  FIG. 1C , an intravascular probe  180  can use a single optical fiber  140  in place of the delivery fiber  122  and the collection fiber  123 . By collecting scattered light directly from the intraluminal wall  104 , one avoids scattering that results from propagation of light through blood within the lumen  106 . As a result, it is no longer necessary to provide separate collection and delivery fibers. Instead, a single fiber  140  can be used for both collection and delivery of light using an atraumatic light-coupler  142 . Referring to  FIG. 1C , the atraumatic light-coupler  142  rests on a contact area  144  on the arterial wall  104 . When disposed as shown in  FIG. 1C , the atraumatic light-coupler  142  directs light traveling axially on the fiber  140  to the contact area  144 . After leaving the atraumatic light-coupler  142 , this light crosses the arterial wall  104  and illuminates structures such as any plaque  102  behind the wall  104 . These structures scatter some of the light back to the contact area  144 , where it re-emerges through the arterial wall  104 . The atraumatic light-coupler  142  collects this re-emergent light and directs it into the fiber  140 . The proximal end of the optical fiber  144  can be coupled to both a light source and an optical detector (e.g., using an optical circulator).  
         [0034]     The ultrasound transducer  120 , which is longitudinally adjacent to the optical bench  118 , directs ultrasound energy  130  towards the arterial wall  104 , and receives ultrasound energy  132  reflected from the arterial wall  104 . Using time multiplexing, the ultrasound transducer  120  can couple both the transmitted  130  and received  132  ultrasound energy to an electrical signal carried on wires  128 . For example, during a first time interval, an electrical signal carried on wires  128  can actuate the ultrasound transducer  120  to emit a corresponding ultrasound signal. Then during a second time interval, after the ultrasound signal has reflected from the arterial wall, the ultrasound transducer  120  produces an electrical signal carried on wires  128 . This electrical signal corresponds to the received ultrasound signal. The received electrical signal can be used to reconstruct the shape of the arterial wall, including cap thickness of any plaque  102  detected therein.  
         [0035]     Inside the sheath  114  is a transmission medium  134 , such as saline or other fluid, surrounding the ultrasound transducer  120  for improved acoustic transmission. The transmission medium  134  is also transparent to the infrared light emitted from the optical bench  118 .  
         [0036]     A torque cable  136  attached to the housing  116  surrounds the optical fibers  122  and the wires  128 . A motor (not shown) rotates the torque cable  136 , thereby causing the housing  116  to rotate. This feature enables the intravascular probe  100  to circumferentially scan the arterial wall  104  with light  124  and ultrasound energy  130 .  
         [0037]     During operation the intravascular probe  100  is inserted along a blood vessel, typically an artery, using the guidewire  108 . In one practice the intravascular probe  100  is inserted in discrete steps with a complete rotation occurring at each such step. In this case, the optical and ultrasound data can be collected along discrete circular paths. Alternatively, the intravascular probe  100  is inserted continuously, with axial translation and rotation occurring simultaneously. In this case, the optical and ultrasound data are collected along continuous helical paths. In either case, the collected optical data can be used to generate a three-dimensional spectral map of the arterial wall  104 , and the collected ultrasound data can be used to generate a three-dimensional morphological map of the arterial wall  104 . A correspondence is then made between the optical and ultrasound data based on the relative positions of the optical bench  118  and the ultrasound transducer  120 . The collected data can be used in real-time to diagnose vulnerable plaques, or identify other lesion types which have properties that can be identified by these two detection modalities, as the intravascular probe  100  traverses an artery. The intravascular probe  100  can optionally include structures for carrying out other diagnostic or treatment modalities in addition to the infrared spectroscopy and IVUS diagnostic modalities.  
         [0038]      FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of a second embodiment of an intravascular probe  200  in which a flexible coupling  240  links an optical bench  218  and an ultrasound transducer  220 . When a catheter is inserted along a blood vessel, it may be beneficial to keep any rigid components as short as possible to increase the ability of the catheter to conform to the shape of the blood vessel. Intravascular probe  200  has the advantage of being able to flex between the optical bench  218  and the ultrasound transducer  220 , thereby enabling the intravascular probe  200  to negotiate a tortuous path through the vasculature. However, the optical and ultrasound data collected from intravascular probe  200  may not correspond as closely to one another as do the optical and ultrasound data collected from the intravascular probe  100 . One reason for this is that the optical bench  218  and the ultrasound transducer  220  are further apart than they are in the first embodiment of the intravascular probe  100 . Therefore, they collect data along different helical paths. If the catheter insertion rate is known, one may account for this path difference when determining a correspondence between the optical and ultrasound data; however, the flexible coupling  240  between the optical bench  218  and the ultrasound transducer  220  may make this more difficult than it would be in the case of the embodiment in  FIG. 1A .  
         [0039]      FIGS. 3A and 3B  show cross-sectional views of a third embodiment in which the intravascular probe  300  has an optical bench  318  and an ultrasound transducer  320  that are laterally adjacent such that they emit light and ultrasound energy, respectively, from the same axial location with respect to a longitudinal axis  340  of the sheath  314 .  FIG. 3A  shows the top view of the emitting ends of the optical bench  318  and ultrasound transducer  320 .  FIG. 3B  is a side view showing the light and ultrasound energy emitted from the same axial location, so that as the housing  316  is simultaneously rotated and translated, the light and ultrasound energy  350  trace out substantially the same helical path. This facilitates matching collected optical and ultrasound data. A time offset between the optical and ultrasound data can be determined from the known rotation rate.  
         [0040]      FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view of a fourth embodiment in which intravascular probe  400  has a laterally adjacent and opposing optical bench  418  and ultrasound transducer  420  as described in connection with  FIGS. 3A and 3B . However, in this embodiment, light  452  is emitted on one side and ultrasound energy  454  is emitted on an opposite side. This arrangement may allow intravascular probe  400  to have a smaller diameter than intravascular probe  300 , depending on the geometries of the optical bench  418  and ultrasound transducer  420 . A smaller diameter could allow an intravascular probe to traverse smaller blood vessels.  
         [0041]      FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view of a fifth embodiment in which intravascular probe  500  has a fixed core  536 , a radial array of optical couplers  518 , and a radial array of ultrasound transducers  520 . The fifth embodiment, with its fixed core  536 , is potentially more reliable than previous embodiments, with their rotating cores. This is because the fifth embodiment lacks moving parts such as a torque cable. Lack of moving parts also makes intravascular probe  500  safer because, should the sheath  514  rupture, the arterial wall will not contact moving parts.  
         [0042]     The intravascular probe  500  can collect data simultaneously in all radial directions thereby enhancing speed of diagnosis. Or, the intravascular probe  500  can collect data from different locations at different times, to reduce potential crosstalk due to light being collected by neighboring optical fibers or ultrasound energy being collected by neighboring transducers. The radial resolution of spectral and/or morphological maps will be lower than the maps created in the embodiments with rotating cores, although the extent of this difference in resolution will depend on the number of optical fibers and ultrasound transducers. A large number of optical fibers and/or ultrasound transducers, while increasing the radial resolution, could also make the intravascular probe  500  too large to fit in some blood vessels.  
         [0043]     Intravascular probe  500  can be inserted through a blood vessel along a guidewire  508  that passes through a concentric guidewire lumen  510 . Inserting a catheter using a concentric guidewire lumen  510  has advantages over using an off-axis distal guidewire lumen  110 . One advantage is that the guidewire  508  has a smaller chance of becoming tangled. Another advantage is that, since a user supplies a load that is coaxial to the wire during insertion, the concentric guidewire lumen  510  provides better trackability. The concentric guidewire lumen  510  also removes the guidewire  508  from the field of view of the optical fibers and ultrasound transducers.  
         [0044]     The intravascular probes include a catheter having a diameter small enough to allow insertion of the probe into small blood vessels.  FIGS. 6A and 6B  compare transverse cross-sectional views of catheters from embodiments with rotating cores ( FIGS. 1-4 ) and fixed cores ( FIG. 5 ).  
         [0045]     The rotating core catheter  660 , shown in  FIG. 6A , includes a single pair of optical fibers  622 , for carrying optical signals for infrared spectroscopy, and a single pair of wires  628 , for carrying electrical signals for IVUS, within a hollow torque cable  636 . The diameter of the sheath  614  of catheter  660  is limited by the size of the torque cable  636 .  
         [0046]     The fixed core catheter  670 , shown in  FIG. 6B , has four optical fiber pairs  672 , and four wire pairs  674 , for carrying optical signals and electrical IVUS signals, respectively, from four quadrants of the arterial wall. While no torque cable is necessary, the sheath  676  of catheter  670  should have a diameter large enough to accommodate a pair of optical fibers  672  and a pair of wires  674  for each of the four quadrants, as well as a concentric guidewire lumen  610 .  
       OTHER EMBODIMENTS  
       [0047]     It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.