Abstract:
A method includes combining at least two separate user information packets into a transmission packet by an information-processing unit, wherein the information-processing unit saves power by eliminating at least one power up cycle and one power down cycle by transmitting the transmission packet.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    This patent application is related to a previously filed patent application, patent application Ser. No. 09/733,545, filed on Dec. 7, 2000, entitled “Portable Communications Device and Method Therefor”, by Bhaktha R. Keshavachar. 
     
    
     
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    The invention relates generally to packet information transmission, and more specifically to maintaining end-to-end Quality of Service (QoS) parameters while time delaying information packets and saving power thereby.  
         BACKGROUND  
         [0003]    A capacity of a wireless communications network (e.g. a number of communication devices that may be supported by the network) is generally determined by an acceptable bit error rate (BER), an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio of the communications devices operating within the network, and the type of service (data rate) required by the communication devices. These parameters are often affected by such factors as the amount of noise and interference within the network, multi-paths, distance between the communication device and a transmitting base station, and the transmission power of the communications device.  
           [0004]    One technique to increase the number of communication devices that may operate within the network is to allow the individual communications devices to determine the acceptable communications parameters, such as a desired quality of service (QoS), required for a particular transmission of information. For example, the communications device may request a connection to a base station that permits an information transfer rate of 100 kilo bits/second and a maximum time delay of 10 milliseconds in between information packets.  
           [0005]    Different kinds of information are transferred through the communications network. Users are aware to varying degrees of a “delay” associated with the transmission of information, as the information, traverses from a first point to a second point within the communications network. Thus, a variety of levels of QoS are provided within the communications network.  
           [0006]    Conversational class known in the art as telephony speech is performed between peers of live users. This class of information transfer is subject to human perception because of the real time characteristic inherent in a conversation between human users. Thus, the transfer delay needs to be low because of the conversational nature of this scheme. The limit for acceptable delay is given by the human perception of video and audio conversation. Failure to provide a low enough delay will result in an unacceptable lack of quality. Thus conversational class transmissions have the most stringent requirements for QoS time delay.  
           [0007]    Streaming class refers to the transmission of information that occurs when a user is looking at or listening to a real time video or audio broadcast. This is a one way transport of information. It is important that the time alignment between entities (i.e. samples, packets) in the broadcast stream be preserved, however, the streaming class transmission does not have a QoS requirement for a low time delay as does the conversational class.  
           [0008]    Interactive class describes the situation that occurs when a user, either machine or human, is requesting information from equipment at a remote site. Some examples of human interaction with the equipment at the remote site are: web browsing, data base retrieval, and server access. Round trip delay time is a key attribute of this type of information transfer. Interactive class information transfer is characterized by the request response pattern of the user, thus the QoS delay requirement is important, approaching the kind of delays users find acceptable with conversational class information transfer.  
           [0009]    Background class information transfer occurs when information is sent or received in the background, typically by a computer. Examples of this type of information transfer are E-mails, downloads of data bases, etc. Background transfer of information is characterized by the fact that the destination is not expecting the information within a certain time. Background class information transfer is, in general, time insensitive. However, when multiple classes of information transfer are initiated by a user, such as conversational class and background class (E-mail), it is possible for a large delay in background class information transfer to be perceived as annoying by the user.  
           [0010]    In many cases the communication devices are mobile and are powered by a battery. The battery will operate for a finite time before needing to be recharged. What is needed therefore, is a way of extending battery life by reducing the power required to transmit information from the communication device within the constraints imposed by QoS requirements on the transfer of information.  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0011]    [0011]FIG. 1 displays a power verses time relationship for a user information packet.  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 2 shows a relationship resulting when a plurality of user information packets is combined into a transmission packet.  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an arrangement of hardware that forms a transmission packet.  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 4 shows a time delay introduced by one end of a communications system.  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 5 displays an end-to-end QoS requirement on a transmission packet.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0016]    In the following detailed description of embodiments of the invention, reference is made to the accompanying drawings in which like references indicate similar elements, and in which is shown by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those of skill in the art to practice the invention. The following detailed description is, therefore not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the invention is defined only by the appended claims.  
         [0017]    Portions of the detailed description, which follows, are presented in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data bits or binary digital signals within a computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions and representations may be the techniques used by those skilled in the data processing arts to convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art.  
         [0018]    An algorithm is herein, and generally, considered to be a self-consistent sequence of acts or operations leading to a desired result. These include physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient to refer to these signals as bits values, elements, symbol, characters, terms, numbers, or the like. It should be understood, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities.  
         [0019]    Unless specifically stated otherwise, as apparent from the following discussions, it is appreciated that throughout the detailed description discussions utilizing terms such as “processing,” “computing,” “calculating,” “determining,” or the like, refer to the action and/or processes of a computer or computing system, or similar electronic computing device. Such a device manipulates and/or transforms data represented as physical, such as electronic quantities within the computing system&#39;s registers and/or memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computing system&#39;s memories, registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices.  
         [0020]    Embodiments of the invention may include apparatuses for performing the operations herein. These apparatuses may be specially constructed for the desired purposes, or they may comprise a general purpose-computing device selectively activated or reconfigured by a program stored in the device. Such a program may be stored on a storage medium, such as, but is not limited to, any type of disk including floppy disks, optical disk, CD-ROMs, magnetic-optical disks, read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), electrically programmable read only memories (EEPROMs), magnetic or optical cards, or any other type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions, and capable of being coupled to a system bus for a computing device.  
         [0021]    In addition, embodiments of the invention are not described with reference to any particular programming language. It will be appreciated that a variety of programming languages may be used to implement the teachings of the invention as described herein.  
         [0022]    In one embodiment, the invention decreases power usage during transmission of information packets by combining at least two user information packets into a transmission packet. Thereby saving power relative to an amount of power that would be required to transmit each information packet individually.  
         [0023]    One embodiment finds general applicability to systems utilizing circuit switched voice (both analogue and digital voice), and packet switched data transmission. The systems intended to be within the scope of the invention include, but are not limited to: Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) cellular radiotelephone communications systems; Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) cellular radiotelephone systems; North American Digital Cellular (NADC) cellular radiotelephone systems; Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems; Extended-TDMA (E-TDMA) cellular radiotelephone systems, third generation ( 3 G) systems such as Wide-band CDMA (WCDMA); CDMA ( 2000 ); and the like. Others may incorporate one embodiment without departing from the invention.  
         [0024]    In one embodiment, the invention may be applied to the systems mentioned above which envisage connectionless packet based information transmission with different QoS requirements. The different QoS requirements arise from the different types of information that may be transferred through the information system. In one embodiment, an information-processing unit may be a communications device, such as a cellular telephone or a personal data assistant (PDA). For example, a cellular telephone communication between two users would require a different QoS maximum time delay than an email being sent as packet data from the PDA. The QoS requirement for the cellular telephone communication may require that the time delay not exceed 80 milliseconds, whereas the QoS time delay requirement for the E-mail may be measured in seconds, minutes, or even hours.  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 1 displays a power verses time characteristic  100  common to a user information packet. With reference to FIG. 1, a vertical axis displays power  104  and a horizontal axis displays time  102 . A user information packet  108  contains the information that is useful and required by a user for transmission. The user information packet  108  may represent speech resulting from a cellular telephone conversation, or it may represent data from the E-mail message. A pre-transmission system activity PRE-TSA  106  is used to denote expenditure of power during system overhead functions which may include; processor wakeup, preparation of data, negotiation of QoS requirements, including bandwidth allocation from the network, and authentication, etc. In one embodiment, during the time required for PRE-TSA  106 , power is being expended while no user information is being transferred. Once the bandwidth has been allocated and a channel has been secured, the user information packet  108  is transmitted. Following the transmission of the user information, a POST-TSA  110  phase expends power while bandwidth is de-allocated and the transmitter and associated system components are powered down. Similar to the PRE-TSA  108  phase, during the POST-TSA  110  phase no user information is being transmitted. These PRE-TSA  108  and POST-TSA  110  phases represent a form of transmission overhead with respect to information transmission and waste battery power. It is desirable to minimize the PRE-TSA  108  and POST-TSA  110  phases during transmission of multiple user information packets in order to save battery power. In one embodiment, saving battery power extends the time between battery charging cycles for a rechargeable battery. In another embodiment, saving battery power extends the life of a non-rechargeable battery.  
       Combining Input Signals  
       [0026]    In one embodiment, the invention may be applied to an input signal  200   a,  as shown in FIG. 2. With reference to FIG. 2, a data window  204  contains three user information packets  108   a,    108   b,  and  108   c.  The user information packet  108   a  has a pre-transmission system activity  106   a  associated with it and a post transmission system activity  110   a.  Similarly, the user information packet  108   b  has a pre-system activity  106   b  associated with it and a post transmission system activity  110   b,  and the user information packet  108   c  has a pre-transmission activity  106   c  associated with it and a post transmission system activity  110   c.  A transmission delay  202   a  separates the user information packet  108   b  from the user information packet  108   a  and a transmission delay  202   b  separated the user information packet  108   c  from the user information packet  108   b.    
         [0027]    The invention delays transmission of the user information packets within a QoS  214  requirement as shown in an output signal  200   b.  The output signal  200   b  contains all three user information packets,  108   a,    108   b,  and  108   c,  however the user information packets have been combined into a transmission packet  212 . The transmission packet  212  requires only the single pre-transmission activity  106   a  and the single post transmission activity  110   c,  thereby saving the power that would have been required by transmitting the user information packets individually. Individual transmission of the user information packets incurs the overhead power expenditures of associated with  110   a,    106   b,    110   b,  and  106   c.  In this example, only the transmission packet  212  is actually transmitted by a transmitter as shown in the output signal  200   b.    
         [0028]    The data window  204  has allowed the transmission delays  202   a  and  202   b  to sum together forming a data window delay  210 . In order to stay within a QoS time delay requirement, the data window delay  210  must not substantially exceed the QoS  214  time delay. The data window  204  may be flexibly chosen and is related to the particular QoS requirements corresponding to the information being transferred. The data window has a start  206  and an end  208 . The data window  204  could have been chosen to be smaller if the maximum time delay (determined from the QoS requirements), allocated to processing the signal, was smaller than that shown by the QoS  214  time delay. For example, the data window  204 , has resulted in the data window delay  210  which does not substantially exceed the QoS  214  time delay. Thus, QoS requirements are not violated. In this example, the data window delay  210  is actually less than the QoS  214  time delay. However, the QoS requirements could have resulted in a QoS  216  time delay. In this case, the data window delay  210  is larger than the QoS  216  time delay. Whether the data window delay  210  is substantially greater than the QoS  216  time delay is a matter of a particular design of service to which the QoS pertains. Therefore, in some designs of service, the data window delay  210  is not substantially greater than the QoS time delay  216 .  
         [0029]    The transmission packet  212  is shown approximately equivalent, in duration, to the user information packets, however, the information-processing unit may perform additional processing on the user information packets. This additional processing may consist of encryption, compression, encoding, and/or interleaving the user information packet with other information that the information-processing unit may be transferring. Thus, the transmission packet  212  may be smaller than or larger than the combination of the user information packets within the data window  204 . It is anticipated that additional power may be saved by compressing the user information packets and/or the transmission packet, thus, requiring less time for transmitting data in the data window and saving power thereby.  
         [0030]    It is anticipated that many configurations of hardware may be used by those skilled in the art to practice the invention. In one embodiment, of the invention, FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an arrangement of hardware that forms the transmission packet. With reference to FIG. 3, the input signal  200   a  is processed by processor  302  to produce the output signal  200   b.  The processor  302  processes the input signal  200   a  according to the QoS requirement  304 . A memory/data buffer  306  may be used to store the user information packets  108   a,    108   b,    108   c,  and the transmission packet  212  (FIG. 2) during the processing of the input signal  200   a  and outputting of the output signal  200   b.    
       System QoS Budget  
       [0031]    The information-processing unit may be constrained by the system in which it is operating. For example, a particular system QoS requirement may result in a reduced time delay available to the information-processing unit due to time delays introduced by other parts of the system. With reference to FIG. 4, a first end of an information transmission system is shown as  400   a.  The output signal  200   b  (transmitted from the information-processing unit) is received by a Base Transceiver (BTS) where a time delay  402  may be introduced. Additional time delay may be introduced by a Base Station Controller (BSC), introducing a time delay  406 . A Mobile Switching Center (MSC) may introduce a time delay  408 . In one embodiment where the information-processing unit is a cellular telephone, the first end of the information transmission system may have enhanced services  410  and a billing &amp; provisioning  412  unit attached, these system components may or may not introduce additional time delay. The exact system design is not important and does not limit the invention. The combined time delay present in the first end of the information transmission system results in a system time delay  418 .  
         [0032]    A system QoS requirement may result in a QoS  416  time delay. The QoS  416  time delay is larger than a total delay  420 . The total delay  420  is the sum of the data window delay  210 , and the system time delay  418 . In this example, of one embodiment of the invention, the total delay  420  is not substantially greater than the QoS  416  time delay, thus the QoS requirement for this example is maintained. In this example, the total delay  420  is actually less than the QoS  416  time delay.  
         [0033]    Typically, information is transferred between two points. When applied to communication systems, this concept may be referred to as end-to-end. The concept of maintaining the QoS requirement may be extended from the first end of the information transmission system to the second end of the information transmission system. FIG. 5 displays the end-to-end QoS requirement on the transmission packet  212 . A second end of an information transmission system is shown as  500   a,  which is connected to the first end of the information transmission system  400   a,  by a suitable transmission line  501 . The transmission line  501  may be any transmission line well known in the art such as an optical fiber, a coaxial cable, a twisted pair, or a propagation of electromagnetic energy via wireless transmission. The second end of the information transmission system is shown containing an array of components similar to the first end, for convenience, no constraint on the invention is implied. The second end of the information transmission system contains a MSC, which may introduce a time delay  508 , a BSC which may introduce a time delay  506 , and a BTS which may introduce a time delay  502 . An end-to-end output signal  514  is broadcast to a second information-processing unit  515 . A power verses time characteristic of the end-to-end output signal  514 , is displayed as  514   a.  An end-to-end QoS time delay  516  is shown in  514   a.  A total end-to-end time delay  520  is the sum of the time delay associated with the first end of the information transmission system  418 , a time delay associated with the second end of the information transmission system  518 , and the data window delay  210 . The total end-to-end time delay  520  is not substantially greater than the QoS  516  time delay, thereby maintaining the end-to-end system QoS requirement. In this example, the total end-to-end time delay  520  is less than the QoS  516  time delay. In practice, this relationship may exceed the actual requirements for a given level of QoS. Acceptable performance may be achieved as long as the total end-to-end time delay  520  is not substantially greater than the QoS time delay that pertains to the particular class of service.  
         [0034]    The invention may be employed in flexible way within the information transmission system. In one embodiment, the information-processing unit begins a session in which information is transferred to and from the information transmission system, for example, an Internet access session. At the start of the session, a particular QoS and associated time delay is employed for the transfer of information as previously described. During the session, the QoS can be dynamically changed and reassigned as needed, thereby changing the QoS parameters associated with the transfer of information. In this embodiment, the QoS time delay may either increase or decreased as the QoS is changed during the session. Alternatively, the time delay may be changed within a session, while other QoS parameters remain fixed. In another embodiment, the same QoS is maintained throughout the session. Many embodiments of the invention are anticipated when the invention is implemented within the context of the information transmission system.  
         [0035]    Thus, a novel apparatus and method are disclosed which allows the information-processing unit to save power while maintaining QoS requirements both individually, at a system level, and in an end-to-end system perspective, as well as from other perspectives not discussed. Although the invention is described herein with reference to specific embodiments, many modifications therein will readily occur to those of ordinary skill in the art. Accordingly, all such variations and modifications are included within the intended scope of the invention as defined by the following claims.  
       APPENDIX A  
       [0036]    William E. Alford, Reg. No. 37,764; Farzad E. Amini, Reg. No. 42,261; William Thomas Babbitt, Reg. No. 39,591; Carol F. Barry, Reg. No. 41,600; Jordan Michael Becker, Reg. No. 39,602; Lisa N. Benado, Reg. No. 39,995; Bradley J. Bereznak, Reg. No. 33,474; Michael A. Bernadicou, Reg. No. 35,934; Roger W. Blakely, Jr., Reg. No. 25,831; R. Alan Burnett, Reg. No. 46,149; Gregory D. Caldwell, Reg. No. 39,926; Thomas M. Coester, Reg. No. 39,637; Donna Jo Coningsby, Reg. No. 41,684; Florin Corie, Reg. No. 46,244; Mimi Diemmy Dao, Reg. No. 45,628; Dennis M. deGuzman, Reg. No. 41,702; Stephen M. De Klerk, Reg. No. 46,503; Michael Anthony DeSanctis, Reg. No. 39,957; Daniel M. De Vos, Reg. No. 37,813; Justin M. Dillon, Reg. No. 42,486; Sanjeet Dutta, Reg. No. 46,145; Matthew C. Fagan, Reg. No. 37,542; Tarek N. Fahmi, Reg. No. 41,402; Thomas S. Ferrill, Reg. No. 42,532; George Fountain, Reg. No. 37,374; James Y. Go, Reg. No. 40,621; James A. Henry, Reg. No. 41,064; Libby N. Ho, Reg. No. 46,774; Willmore F. Holbrow III, Reg. No. 41,845; Sheryl Sue Holloway, Reg. No. 37,850; George W Hoover II, Reg. No. 32,992; Eric S. Hyman, Reg. No. 30,139; William W. Kidd, Reg. No. 31,772; Sang Hui Kim, Reg. No. 40,450; Walter T. Kim, Reg. No. 42,731; Eric T. King, Reg. No. 44,188; George Brian Leavell, Reg. No. 45,436; Kurt P. Leyendecker, Reg. No. 42,799; Gordon R. Lindeen III, Reg. No. 33,192; Jan Carol Little, Reg. No. 41,181; Robert G. Litts, Reg. No. 46,876; Julio Loza, Reg. No. P47,758; Joseph Lutz, Reg. No. 43,765; Michael J. Mallie, Reg. No. 36,591; Andre L. Marais, Reg. No. P048,095; Paul A. Mendonsa, Reg. No. 42,879; Clive D. Menezes, Reg. No. 45,493; Chun M. Ng, Reg. No. 36,878; Thien T. Nguyen, Reg. No. 43,835; Thinh V. Nguyen, Reg. No. 42,034; Robert B. O&#39;Rourke, Reg. No. 46,972; Daniel E. Ovanezian, Reg. No. 41,236; Kenneth B. Paley, Reg. No. 38,989; Gregg A. Peacock, Reg. No. 45,001; Marina Portnova, Reg. No. 45,750; William F. Ryann, Reg. 44,313; James H. Salter, Reg. No. 35,668; William W. Schaal, Reg. No. 39,018; James C. Scheller, Reg. No. 31,195; Jeffrey S. Schubert, Reg. No. 43,098; George Simion, Reg. No. P47,089; Maria McCormack Sobrino, Reg. No. 31,639; Stanley W. Sokoloff, Reg. No. 25,128; Judith A. Szepesi, Reg. No. 39,393; Edwin H. Taylor, Reg. No. 25,129; John F. Travis, Reg. No. 43,203; Joseph A. Twarowski, Reg. No. 42,191; Mark C. Van Ness, Reg. No. 39,865; Tom Van Zandt, Reg. No. 43,219; Brent E. Vecchia, Reg. No. P48,011; Lester J. Vincent, Reg. No. 31,460; Archana B. Vittal, Reg. No. 45,182; Glenn E. Von Tersch, Reg. No. 41,364; John Patrick Ward, Reg. No. 40,216; Mark L. Watson, Reg. No. 46,322; Thomas C. Webster, Reg. No. 46,154; and Norman Zafman, Reg. No. 26,250; my patent attorneys, and Firasat Ali, Reg. No. 45,715; and Raul Martinez, Reg. No. 46,904, my patent agents, of BLAKELY, SOKOLOFF, TAYLOR &amp; ZAFMAN LLP, with offices located at 12400 Wilshire Boulevard, 7th Floor, Los Angeles, Calif. 90025, telephone (310) 207-3800, and Alan K. Aldous, Reg. No. 31,905; Ben Burge, Reg. No. 42,372; Richard C. Calderwood, Reg. No. 35,468; Paul W. Churilla, Reg. No. P47,495; Jeffrey S. Draeger, Reg. No. 41,000; Cynthia Thomas Faatz, Reg No. 39,973; John N. Greaves, Reg. No. 40,362; Seth Z. Kalson, Reg. No. 40,670; David J. Kaplan, Reg. No. 41,105; John Kacvinsky, Reg. No. 40,040; Peter Lam, Reg. No. 44,855; Charles A. Mirho, Reg. No. 41,199; Paul Nagy, Reg. No. 37,896; Leo V. Novakoski, Reg. No. 37,198; Thomas C. Reynolds, Reg. No. 32,488; Kenneth M. Seddon, Reg. No. 43,105; Mark Seeley, Reg. No. 32,299; Steven P. Skabrat, Reg. No. 36,279; Howard A. Skaist, Reg. No. 36,008; Steven C. Stewart, Reg. No. 33,555; Gene I. Su, Reg. No. 45,140; Calvin E. Wells, Reg. No. P43,256, Raymond J. Werner, Reg. No. 34,752; Robert G. Winkle, Reg. No. 37,474; Sharon Wong, Reg. No. 37,760; Steven D. Yates, Reg. No. 42,242; and Charles K. Young, Reg. No. 39,435; my patent attorneys, and Michael J. Nesheiwat, Reg. No. P47,819, my patent agent of INTEL CORPORATION; and James R. Thein, Reg. No. 31,710, my patent attorney with full power of substitution and revocation, to prosecute this application and to transact all business in the Patent and Trademark Office connected herewith.  
       APPENDIX B  
     Title 37, Code of Federal Regulations, Section 1.56 Duty to Disclose Information Material to Patentability  
       [0037]    (a) A patent by its very nature is affected with a public interest. The public interest is best served, and the most effective patent examination occurs when, at the time an application is being examined, the Office is aware of and evaluates the teachings of all information material to patentability. Each individual associated with the filing and prosecution of a patent application has a duty of candor and good faith in dealing with the Office, which includes a duty to disclose to the Office all information known to that individual to be material to patentability as defined in this section. The duty to disclose information exists with respect to each pending claim until the claim is cancelled or withdrawn from consideration, or the application becomes abandoned. Information material to the patentability of a claim that is cancelled or withdrawn from consideration need not be submitted if the information is not material to the patentability of any claim remaining under consideration in the application. There is no duty to submit information which is not material to the patentability of any existing claim. The duty to disclose all information known to be material to patentability is deemed to be satisfied if all information known to be material to patentability of any claim issued in a patent was cited by the Office or submitted to the Office in the manner prescribed by §§1.97(b)-(d) and 1.98. However, no patent will be granted on an application in connection with which fraud on the Office was practiced or attempted or the duty of disclosure was violated through bad faith or intentional misconduct. The Office encourages applicants to carefully examine:  
         [0038]    (1) Prior art cited in search reports of a foreign patent office in a counterpart application, and  
         [0039]    (2) The closest information over which individuals associated with the filing or prosecution of a patent application believe any pending claim patentably defines, to make sure that any material information contained therein is disclosed to the Office.  
         [0040]    (b) Under this section, information is material to patentability when it is not cumulative to information already of record or being made of record in the application, and  
         [0041]    (1) It establishes, by itself or in combination with other information, a prima facie case of unpatentability of a claim; or  
         [0042]    (2) It refutes, or is inconsistent with, a position the applicant takes in:  
         [0043]    (i) Opposing an argument of unpatentability relied on by the Office, or  
         [0044]    (ii) Asserting an argument of patentability.  
         [0045]    A prima facie case of unpatentability is established when the information compels a conclusion that a claim is unpatentable under the preponderance of evidence, burden-of-proof standard, giving each term in the claim its broadest reasonable construction consistent with the specification, and before any consideration is given to evidence which may be submitted in an attempt to establish a contrary conclusion of patentability.  
         [0046]    (c) Individuals associated with the filing or prosecution of a patent application within the meaning of this section are:  
         [0047]    (1) Each inventor named in the application;  
         [0048]    (2) Each attorney or agent who prepares or prosecutes the application; and  
         [0049]    (3) Every other person who is substantively involved in the preparation or prosecution of the application and who is associated with the inventor, with the assignee or with anyone to whom there is an obligation to assign the application.  
         [0050]    (d) Individuals other than the attorney, agent or inventor may comply with this section by disclosing information to the attorney, agent, or inventor.  
         [0051]    (e) In any continuation-in-part application, the duty under this section includes the duty to disclose to the Office all information known to the person to be material to patentability, as defined in paragraph (b) of this section, which became available between the filing date of the prior application and the national or PCT international filing date of the continuation-in-part application.