Abstract:
Sulfur oxides are removed from a flue gas stream with an upflow quench reactor, a dry venturi and a baghouse. The lime slurry used in the quench reactor is doped which enhances the neutralization reaction in the dry venturi and the bag filter. The use of the dry venturi allows a substantial buildup of solids on the filter wherein the baghouse functions as a fixed bed reactor.

Description:
FIELD OF INVENTION 
     The invention relates to a process for the removal of sulfur oxides from flue gases. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The prior art has recognized two distinct processes for the removal of sulfur oxides from gases: scrubbing with lime or neutralization with sodium alkalis. The use of a lime slurry for direct dry scrubbing in a quench reactor results in the vaporization of the slurry water and the formation of dry salt reaction products. The effluent stream leaving the quench reactor contains the reaction products (salts of acid gases), unreacted reagent, particulates and unreacted gases. This scrubbing is typically conducted at low stack temperatures. The efficiency of lime slurry neutralization utilizing economic levels of reagent is relatively low, typically on the order of 70 to 80% SO x  capture and neutralization. It has been determined that on an experimental basis the capture and neutralization of SO x  can be increased when a limestone slurry is `doped` with an alkali salt (see Air Pollution Control Association, January 1983, Vol. 33, No. 1, &#34;Activated Wet-Dry Scrubbing of SO 2  &#34;, Karlsson et al). The neutralization reaction continues after the effluent gas leaves the quench reactor. 
     The efficiency of SO x  capture and neutralization by sodium alkalis, is somewhat higher than that achieved with lime slurry, typically on the order of 85 to 95%. However, when using sodium alkalis, the products are water-soluble salts which present a major disposal problem. 
     In these prior art processes a baghouse is commonly employed to remove the dry products formed in the quench reactor. The dry products are retained as filter cake and the filtered gases are discharged to the atmosphere. The filters are periodically cleaned by shaking, reverse air flow or by pulsed air jets. The adhesive-like characteristics of the dry product (non free flowing) necessitates that the filters be cleaned frequently, and if this is not done, the dry products blind the filter fabric, causing an unacceptably high pressure drop across the baghouse. 
     The present invention stems from the discovery that the efficiency of SO x  removal in a lime slurry neutralization process can be increased to over 90% by the interposition of a dry venturi between the quench reactor and the baghouse without resorting to a reduction of temperature close to the dew point. The calcium based reagent used in the quench reactor is doped. The dry venturi allows the filter cake in the baghouse to be accumulated to a sufficient depth such that the baghouse functions as a secondary (fixed bed) reactor. 
     The filter cake contains unreacted reagent due to the normal excess reagent fed to the system. This unreacted reagent neutralizes the residual acid gases flowing through the baghouse. 
     The filter cake (dry reaction products) accumulated in the baghouse is substantially non-tacky. Thus, the cake buildup in the baghouse may be severalfold over that which can be tolerated in prior art processes. This in turn makes it possible to extend the duration between cleaning cycles to as much as 50 times that of conventional processes. This increase in cycle time permits the accumulation of a fixed bed cake in the baghouse. 
     Broadly, the invention comprises a method for the removal of sulfur oxides from a gaseous stream with greater efficiencies than conventional processes. The method avoids the necessity for dangerous conditions of operating a baghouse at a temperature close to the dew point. The gaseous stream containing sulfur oxides is introduced into a quench reactor and is contacted with a calcium-based reagent containing between about 3 to 30% by weight of a hygroscopic alkaline metal cation salt, based on the total weight percent of the calcium compound in the reagent. Such salts include CaCl 2 , MgCl 2 , FeCl 3 , MnCl 2 , ZnCl 2 , CrCl 2 , CdCl 2 , FeO 2 . The effluent stream from the reactor contains particulates, salts of acid gases containing unreacted reagent, and residual acid gases. The effluent stream flows through a dry venturi. A separate stream containing sorptive material and/or fly ash from the baghouse product stream is introduced into the dry venturi to contact the effluent stream to remove submicron particulates therefrom. The effluent stream from the dry venturi flows into a separator where the solids in the stream are collected and form a filter cake. The acid gases in the stream have interfacial contact with the cake and a substantial portion of the SO x  entering the separator is neutralized. The total SO x  removed from the gaseous stream is at least 90%. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 are graphs of neutralization efficiencies; and 
     FIG. 4 is a process flow diagram of a system embodying the invention. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     The process of the present invention results in a capture and neutralization efficiency of SO x  removal from a flue gas stream of at least 90% and generally greater than 95%. This capture and neutralization efficiency can be achieved at a doped calcium reagent feed rate on the order of one to three times the stoichiometric amount based on the inlet gas content of hydrochloric acid and sulfur oxides. The reaction of the SO x  occurs sequentially in a quench reactor, in a dry venturi and in a separator which preferably comprises a baghouse. The dry reaction products are accummulated in the baghouse to form a filter cake which functions as a fixed bed reactor. 
     The effect of the interpositioning of the dry venturi coupled with the baghouse, now with an extended capture cycle prior to cleaning is indicated in FIGS. 1, 2, and 3. 
     Where a conventional baghouse configuration is employed after a spray drier, the efficiency of the baghouse is nonreproducible with efficiencies ranging from 9% to 41.5% (FIG. 1). The statistical average efficiency is of the order of 25% with little or no variation as a function of the residual α (the ratio of unreacted lime to the quantity of SO 2  after the spray drier). Thus, in order to achieve an overall efficiency of 75%, the spray drier efficiency must be a minimum of 67% based on the statistical average efficiency of the baghouse. However, based on the wide variation in baghouse efficiency for reaction with SO 2 , resulting from the short residence time of the cake, for the objective of safety, the spray drier should have an efficiency, continuously, of 70% or greater. 
     With no prereaction at a low α, the dry venturi provides an SO 2  recovery of about 20% (FIG. 2). With prereaction, in the range of residual α=2, (about 50% Reactor efficiency), the dry venturi provides an efficiency of 28% and the baghouse, an efficiency of 56% (FIG. 3). Without prereaction, the baghouse provides an efficiency of about 20%. 
     Based on an initial feed of lime equivalent to α=1.4, the system efficiencies are compared. 
     
         ______________________________________     System Efficiency            Proposed SystemReactor Efficiency       Conventional                  No Prereaction                              Prereaction______________________________________40          50         63          7960          70         73          8880          85         90          96______________________________________ 
    
     Therefore, with the combination of the dry venturi and baghouse, an improvement of efficiency ranging from 6% to 15% is achieved over the conventional approach, and combined with prereaction, the improvement ranges from 13% to 44%. 
     Most importantly, any reduction in efficiency of the reactor is overcome by the secondary reactions provided by the proposed system, thus providing for improved reliability in fulfilling environmental objectives. 
     A typical example of an operation in accordance with the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawing. A flue gas having a content of 1500 PPM SO 2  is introduced into a quench reactor 10 at a temperature of between about 148° to 235° C. and at a flow rate of 150,000 ACFM at 204° C. The quench reactor 10 comprises a pretreatment zone 12, a throat 14 and a reaction chamber 16. This quench reactor is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,293,524 which patent is incorporated by reference in its entirety in this disclosure. The flue gas flows tangentially into the pretreatment zone 12 which has a cone-shaped inner surface. The larger particulates in the stream are removed by centrifugal force and then dropped from the zone 12. The flue gas passes through the throat 14 and into the reaction chamber 16 where it is contacted with a lime slurry. The lime slurry has a composition of 2000 PPH Ca(OH) 2  in 36 GPM water and is doped with CaCl 2  in an amount of 20% weight based on the weight of CaO in the slurry. The amount of slurry and rate of introduction is such that 65 to 80% of the SO x  is neutralized. The reaction products are entrained in the effluent stream, which stream has a composition of 300-500 PPM SO 2  and the stream is discharged from the reactor 10 at a temperature of between 98° to 105° C. 
     The effluent stream from the reactor 10 flows to a dry venturi 20 such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,319,890 which patent also is incorporated by reference in its entirety in this disclosure. 
     In the dry venturi 20 submicron particulates (including sulfuric acid) are collected on limestone (or equivalent) targets introduced from a source 22. Equivalent targets include alkaline bypass waste from Portland cement manufacture, crystalline phonolites or syenites, recycled fly ash, or other similar crystalline materials. 
     The effluent stream from the venturi then proceeds to a conventional baghouse 24 such as a reverse air bag filter, for example available from American Air Filter or Research Cotterell. This stream having a composition of 200-350 PPM SO 2  enters the baghouse 24 at a temperature of between 95° to 105° C. The solid product from the baghouse 22 is transported to a filter 24, such as a rotary filter, where water equivalent to the system quench reactor requirement(s) is added to dissolve the calcium chloride or equivalent salt in the fly ash. The insoluble calcium product is discharged as a cake. 
     The filtrate or solution is transported from the filter 24 to a hydrated lime mixing tank 26 for recycle into the system. 
     In the process, substantially increased residence time of the solids in the baghouse (or similar collector) is achieved. It has been found where conventional cleaning cycles for a shaker or reverse air baghouse range from 5 to 30 minutes, the dry venturi action prior to the baghouse increases this cycle time from 4 to 8 hours. Where the conventional pulse jet cleaning cycle is normally 1 to 4 minutes, the dry venturi action prior to the baghouse, increases the cycle time to 30 minutes to 2 hours. 
     This increase in the cycle time permits the accumulation of a fixed bed cake on the bags (or other substrate) with no increase in the pressure drop in the baghouse. The cake contains unreacted reagent due to the normal excess reagent fed to the system. 
     With the prior art normal cycle times only 3-9% of the total SO 2  entering the baghouse is removed from the gas by the baghouse cake (see Combustion, page 14, February 1981). That is, the prior art baghouse cake SO x  removal efficiency ranges from 13  to 30% for the SO 2  entering the baghouse with no increase in efficiency with recycle of the baghouse product. 
     With the use of the dry venturi-baghouse combination permitting the residence time in the baghouse to exceed three hours, the efficiency of SO x  removal, for the dry venturi and baghouse including the calcium chloride doping, ranged from 45 to 100% for eight tests conducted with an average SO x  removal efficiency of 80.8% from the inlet of the dry venturi to the outlet from the baghouse. More specifically with fly ash at 2 GR/DSCF and reagent having a composition set forth above and inlet SO 2  in the range of 1500 PPM the following results were obtained. 
     
         ______________________________________         Cleaning Cycle                   Thickness         Minutes   of Cake, mm______________________________________Conventional-Baghouse            5          0.086(Prior Art)      30         0.515Teller System   240         4.1           480         8.2______________________________________ 
    
     The conventional baghouse cake thickness, between 0.1 and 0.5 mm is too low to provide effective fixed bed reaction capability and will also, because of uneven deposition, have low spots where the gas will pass through uneffected by the cake. The present inventive system even with uneven cake provides for effective reaction.