Abstract:
A system and method are disclosed for conducting secure electronic transactions using dual-authentications. A secure server stores security information for a plurality of users and authorizes transactions being conducted by these users. A user computer system having a trusted platform module is used for storing security information relating to at least one user account. Protected environments are created to facilitate secure connections based on at least the security information stored in the trusted platform module. Transactions between the user/electronic merchants and between the user/secure server are conducted within protected environments. When a user conducts an electronic transaction with an electronic merchant, the transaction is authenticated by the secure server before can be completed.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The present invention claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/969,254, filed Aug. 31, 2007, entitled “Apparatus and Method for Conducting Secure Financial Transactions”, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Technical Field 
         [0003]    The present invention relates to electronic transactions and, more particularly, to a system and method for conducting dual-authenticated electronic transactions without the use of a point of sale device. 
         [0004]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0005]    Consumers have become accustomed to conducting electronic transactions using networks such as the Internet. The popularity of electronic transactions has grown such that many consumers purchase more items electronically than in physical store locations. As the popularity of electronic transactions continues to grow, so too has electronic thefts. Hackers have developed numerous techniques to gain access to user account information. Once the account information is obtained, the hacker is able to conduct electronic transactions and charge the costs to the user account. 
         [0006]    Various techniques have been developed in an attempt to prevent such theft by hackers. According to at least one conventional technique, users conduct transactions using the encryption provisions of a selected web browser (e.g., Internet Explorer, Firefox, Netscape, etc.). While offering a certain level of security, such techniques are susceptible to flaws in the browser and operating system themselves. These techniques also do not prevent hackers from implanting Trojans, or other malicious programs, in a user&#39;s computer to access security information stored on the computer or to intercept such information during electronic transactions. 
         [0007]    Dual-factor authentication techniques have been utilized in order to improve security of electronic transactions. A first factor can correspond to something unique or available to a user, such as an automated teller machine (ATM) card, smartcard, etc. The second factor can correspond to something known to, or associated with, the user such as a personal identification number (PIN), fingerprint, retina pattern, etc. 
         [0008]    For example, one current methodology attaches a peripheral PIN entry device (PED) using a data connection, such as a USB connection, to a device (e.g., computer, mobile phone, PDA, etc.) capable of accessing a network such as the internet. The PED is used to read information from a magnetic strip of the ATM card using the conventional “swiping” technique. Next, the PIN is entered into the PED, where it is further encrypted by the PED together with information read form the swiped card. The PED subsequently transmits the encrypted information across the network to a location where the transaction will be processed. 
         [0009]    While this technique can greatly increase the level of security due to added authentication, it is necessary to incorporate additional hardware such as the PED. The additional costs and complications can often act as a deterrent to conventional users seeking additional security for personal transactions. 
         [0010]    Accordingly, there exists a need for increasing the level of security associated electronic transactions. 
         [0011]    There also exists a need for conducting dual-authenticated personal transactions without complicated hardware. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0012]    It is therefore one feature and advantage of the present invention to address at least some of the shortcomings of the prior art in conducting secure electronic transactions. 
         [0013]    It is another optional feature and advantage of the present invention to increase the level of security associated with electronic transactions using dual-authentication. 
         [0014]    It is yet another optional feature and advantage of the present invention to provide a secure platform for conducting dual-authenticated electronic transactions without the need for external hardware. 
         [0015]    The foregoing, and various other needs, are addressed, at least in part, by the present invention, wherein a secure server stores security information from a user, and authenticates the user during electronic transactions between the user and another party. 
         [0016]    According to one embodiment of the invention, a system is provided for conducting secure transactions. The system includes a secure server, an electronic merchant (and/or financial institution), and a user computer. The secure server stores security information for a plurality of users and authorizes transactions being conducted by these users. The electronic merchant functions as a vendor providing various products and/or services for purchase. The user computer includes a trusted platform module (TPM) for storing/sealing security information relating to at least one user account. The user computer system also includes a virtual appliance module for creating at least one protected environment. The processes running in the protected environment are inaccessible to other process or applications running outside of the protected environment. When a user conducts an electronic transaction with an electronic merchant, the transaction is authenticated by the secure server before can be completed. 
         [0017]    These, together with other objects of the invention, along with the various features of novelty which characterize the invention, are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming a part of this disclosure. For a better understanding of the invention, its operating advantages and the specific objects attained by its uses, reference should be had to the accompanying drawings and descriptive matter in which there is illustrated preferred embodiments of the invention. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0018]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating an arrangement for conducting secure financial transactions according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0019]      FIG. 2  is a flowchart illustrating the steps performed to register a user&#39;s account to support secure financial transactions; and 
           [0020]      FIG. 3  is a flowchart illustrating the steps performed when conducting a secure financial transaction according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0021]    Reference now will be made in detail to the presently preferred embodiments of the invention. Such embodiments are provided by way of explanation of the invention, which is not intended to be limited thereto. In fact, those of ordinary skill in the art may appreciate upon reading the present specification and viewing the present drawings that various modifications and variations can be made. 
         [0022]    For example, features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment can be used on other embodiments to yield a still further embodiment. Additionally, certain features may be interchanged with similar devices or features not mentioned yet which perform the same or similar functions. It is therefore intended that such modifications and variations are included within the totality of the present invention. 
         [0023]    The detailed descriptions which follow may be presented in terms of program procedures executed on a computer or network of computers. These procedural descriptions and representations are the means used by those skilled in the art to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. 
         [0024]    The present invention also relates to apparatus for performing these operations. This apparatus may be specially constructed for the required purpose or it may include a general purpose computer as selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer. The procedures presented herein are not inherently related to a particular computer or other apparatus. Various general purpose machines may be used with programs written in accordance with the teachings herein, or it may prove more convenient to construct more specialized apparatus to perform the required method steps. The required structure for a variety of these machines will appear from the description given. 
         [0025]    Referring to the drawings, and initially to  FIG. 1 , a system  100  is shown for conducting financial transactions using, in part, a trusted platform module (TPM). According to the system, at least three different parties are able to interact with each other at different times (or simultaneously) across a network such as the internet  150 . The first party is a user who will conduct financial transactions with a financial institution such as a bank  140 . According to one or more embodiments of the invention, the user is also able to conduct transactions with merchants ( 140 ) or other entities from which a purchase will be made. A secure server  130  is provided to store information for authenticating the user and approve or deny the transactions being made. 
         [0026]    The user interacts with a user computer system  110  in order to access the secure server  130  or the bank  140 . As used herein, computer system can be any type of equipment that allows the user to access the network  150  and perform various transactions. For example, the computer system  110  can be a conventional desktop computer, a laptop, a terminal, a mobile phone having network access, etc. Further, network communication can be conducted using conventional data communication cables, power transmission lines, wireless transmission devices, mobile communication networks etc. 
         [0027]    The user computer system  110  includes appropriate hardware and software for establishing a virtual appliance module  114  that runs on the TPM  126 . The virtual appliance module  114  creates a secure program execution space that prevents access from any other processes running on the user computer system  110 . The virtual appliance module  114  includes an encryption engine  116  for encrypting information that has been retrieved or stored, a key management system  118  that manages various keys to perform transactions, and a secure transaction protocol  120  that establishes the appropriate security encryption level for data that is received or transmitted by the virtual appliance module  114 . According to alternative embodiments of the invention, the encryption engine  116  and the key management system  118  can be incorporated within the TPM  126 . 
         [0028]    The user computer system  110  also includes a CPU  112  for executing program code and controlling the operation of peripherals and devices connected thereto. According to the present invention, the user computer system  110  includes a TPM  126  that is embedded at the CPU or bios/chipset level in order to prevent tempering and/or manipulation by external programs. The TPM  126  can include, for example, a non-volatile storage area  122  for storing information necessary to conduct secure transactions such as issuer key information. Alternatively, and in addition to such storage, a separate storage  124  area may be provided to store information pertaining to the user&#39;s card (e.g., check card, credit card, bank card, etc.). 
         [0029]    The user is able to establish a communication link to the bank  140  and/or secure server  130 . The bank  140  can include, for example, one or more computer systems  142  (e.g., PC, server, etc.) as well as one or more data storage devices  144  (e.g., tape, magnetic, optical, etc.). Similarly, the secure server  130  can include one or more computer systems  132  as well as data storage devices  134 . Further, such storage devices ( 134 ,  144 ) can be internal or external. The secure server  130  and bank  140  can also include distributed computer systems that utilize private communication networks for security. 
         [0030]      FIG. 2  is a flowchart illustrating the steps performed for registering security data from the bank with the user in order to enable secure transactions, in accordance with at least one embodiment of the present invention. At step S 210 , the user establishes a communication link with the financial institution over the network. 
         [0031]    At step  212 , the user is prompted to supply authentication information to confirm his/her identity with the financial institution. The authentication information can include, for example, the user&#39;s account number, credit/debit card number, personal information, etc. At step  214 , the financial institution verifies the information supplied by the user in order to confirm the user&#39;s identity and the account being registered. At step  216 , the user receives a password generated by the financial institution. At step  218 , the user establishes a secure connection to the financial institution in order to continue the registration process. At step  220 , the user is prompted to supply the password that has been generated by the financial institution. At step  226 , the financial institution confirms the user&#39;s password so that the secure connection can be authenticated. 
         [0032]    Once the secure connection is authenticated, a conventional secure channel is established between the user computer system and the financial institution. This secure channel can utilize, for example, encryption technology included in the browser or operating system. At step  222 , security data is received from the financial institution. The security data corresponds to specific information that has been generated for the user&#39;s registered account. According to one or more embodiments of the invention, the security data can also be supplied in an encrypted form to further reduce the risk of theft. At step  224 , the security data is embedded in non-volatile storage, such as memory, disk, TPM, chipset, etc., of the computer system. The data is operated upon during online transactions. Prior to embedding the security data, the user may be prompted to resubmit the password information for confirmation of his/her identity. At step  228 , the user terminates the connection with the financial institution. 
         [0033]      FIG. 3  is a flowchart illustrating the steps performed in conducting a transaction in accordance with at least one embodiment of the claimed invention. At step  310 , the user accesses a merchant&#39;s website. As previously discussed, this can be done by establishing a connection to the Internet and browsing to an address registered to the merchant. The user is then able to review various products and/or services offered by the merchant. At step  312 , the user selects an item for purchase and proceeds to the electronic checkout where payment will be submitted. At step  314 , it is determined if the user is authorized to perform secure transactions using the TPM. If the user is authorized, then control passes to step  316 . Otherwise, control passes to step  318  where the user is required to register with a financial institution. As previously discussed, such a registration process involves creation of security information for at least one user account. The security information is subsequently embedded in non-volatile memory of the computer. Once the user has registered with the financial institution, control passes to step  316  where the user establishes a connection to the secure server  130 . At step  320 , the user is prompted to provide authentication information such as a PIN, fingerprint, etc. As can be appreciated, the virtual appliance module with protected graphics is running in the user computer during this process. Accordingly, information displayed within graphics frame buffer is protected from access or compromise by unauthorized software. The authentication information is therefore securely input by the user. 
         [0034]    At step  322 , the virtual appliance module executes an encryption routine to encrypt the security data such as cardholder data, retrieved from a secured storage, and the PIN or other authentication parameters, obtained from secured input, to form an encrypted PIN block or a cryptogram that is necessary in a transaction. The encryption is done either within the processor (e.g. the CPU) in the trusted environment or inside the secure hardware unit (e.g. TPM). 
         [0035]    At step  324 , the virtual appliance module supplies the transaction information and the encrypted PIN block to the secure server  130 . The transaction information can include, for example, the merchant name, item name, item number, price, billing address, etc. According to one or more embodiments of the present invention, the transaction information can include a confirmation number that has been generated by the merchant. 
         [0036]    At step  326 , the transaction information is verified by the secure server  130 , based at least in part, on the password supplied by the user and security data retrieved from the user computer system. If the secure server  130  cannot verify the transaction, a rejection is transmitted to the merchant at step  330 . For example, if the security data retrieved from the user PC does not match the information stored in the secure server&#39;s database, the transaction would not be verified. As another example, if the password supplied by the user cannot be confirmed, the transaction would not be verified. According to one or more embodiments of the invention, the merchant can optionally take appropriate precautions to address such situations. At step  332 , the merchant can initiate appropriate fraud precautions based on internal rules and procedures. At step  334 , the rejection information would be supplied to the user together with, for example, an indication that possible fraud activities may be in progress. 
         [0037]    If the secure server  130  verifies the transaction information, then approval is sent to the merchant at step  328 . The merchant is then free to complete the transaction with the user at step  336 . Depending on the type of network being used, the user may be allowed to maintain a continuous communication link with both the secure server  130  and merchant. The transaction process subsequently ends at step  338 . 
         [0038]    As can be appreciated, the present invention substitutes import of data representative of information in the magnetic stripe of an ATM card from the user&#39;s bank account using a secure bidirectional connection for the peripheral PIN entry device. Once the secure data is transferred from the bank to the user&#39;s web connected device the data can be embedded therein. 
         [0039]    The present invention can be embodied in a client-server model. In such an arrangement, the device is the client and a website where the secure transaction is to occur acts as the server. In order to initiate a secure transaction, an online session is established where the server recognizes communication with a secure web connected device, identifies the secure data, and requests the user to provide a PIN. This fulfills the requirements of two-factor authentication in that the first factor of something available to the user is in the form of data secured from the bank in the web connected device thus replacing the need to swipe the users ATM card because the data is now embedded securely in the invention. To complete the second requirement in the two-factor authentication process, the user enters a PIN which is encrypted and transmitted by the web connected device to the server. 
         [0040]    The present invention advantageously substitutes then need for a tamper resistant peripheral by utilizing tamper resistance in a self-contained module within the Web connected device, and with secured input and output allowing for the securing of bank sensitive data and the entry of a PIN to complete a two-factor authentication without a peripheral. 
         [0041]    According to various embodiments of the invention, a system for creating a secure transaction platform would include a user computer system with a hardware unit for providing a trusted computing environment, sealing of cardholder data and other security information. The hardware unit can be a part of a secure processor, a co-processor, part of a chipset or a secure module such as a TPM. An OS Kernel or processor routine can be used to manage the resources dedicated to the trusted computing environment. A transaction payment application software can be used to perform online transactions. The application can either run as a virtual machine, a standalone application, or within other agents such as a web browser. The system can also include an online merchant/financial institute for providing a plurality of products and/or services for purchase and/or all other kind of transactions including balance inquiry, deposit, transfer, etc. A secure server can subsequently authorize transactions initiated by the plurality of users. The secure server can approve or reject a transaction based on the cardholder data and PIN or other authentication parameters provided. 
         [0042]    According to other embodiments, a transaction payment software running on a trusted computing environment can be used to provide: 
         [0043]    (1) A protected execution environment where no other unauthorized software can access or compromise the information being operated upon. The trusted execution environment ensures the integrity and confidentiality transaction payment software, making it free from attack from other malicious programs. 
         [0044]    (2) A secure network connection mechanism, e.g. trusted network connect (TNC), for mutual authentication of client and server. The secure network connection provides a safe communication channel between the customer and bank/merchant in an online transaction. The bank/merchant knows that it is talking to its intended customer and the customer knows that he is going to the intended, genuine web site but not some phishing sites. 
         [0045]    (3) Protected input channels where input such as keystrokes and mouse clicks are encrypted and thus protected from access or compromise by unauthorized software; and 
         [0046]    (4) Protected graphics where information display within graphics frame buffer are protected from access or compromise by unauthorized software. With protected input and output, a user enters a PIN or inputs other authentication parameters such as fingerprints, etc., free from keyloggers, screen capture programs or other malicious software. 
         [0047]    The present invention is also capable of providing a methodology for storing cardholder data and other secure and sensitive information in a user computer. The data is encrypted and stored in non-volatile storage media (memory, disk, etc.) and operated upon during an online transaction. The actual physical storage of the data can either be inside or outside of the secure processor or TPM. Furthermore, security data such as cardholder data, retrieved from a secured storage, and the PIN or other authentication parameters, obtained from secured input, are encrypted to form a encrypted pin block or a cryptogram that are necessary in a transaction. The encryption is done either within the processor (e.g. the CPU) in the trusted environment or inside the secure hardware unit (e.g. TPM). 
         [0048]    The many features and advantages of the invention are apparent from the detailed specification, and thus, it is intended by the appended claims to cover all such features and advantages of the invention which fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention. Further, since numerous modifications and variations will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation illustrated and described, and accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, falling within the scope of the invention.