Abstract:
A method of measuring with high accuracy the composition of shape memory alloy elements that are sputter deposited in thin film form. An element of known composition is polished with a flat surface. An element of unknown composition is sputter deposited onto the surface. Miniature openings are made by photography in the unknown layer, exposing an area of the known substrate. With adjacent areas of the two samples then only microns apart, accurate measurements of the compositions are made by comparing the X-ray spectra resulting from an electron beam scanning across the two areas.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates in general to optical switching for information and data transmission systems using light signals, such as optical fiber systems. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Conventional optical fiber systems transmit information and data by laser beams through optical fibers that are bundled together. These optical fiber systems have been developed to the extent that they can efficiently and with high capacity transmit various forms of information such as voice, television and data packets. 
     The bandwidth of signals being transmitted through conventional fiber optic systems is growing due to increasing consumer and business demand and technological developments. The optical fibers are capable of transmitting large volumes of information over long distances, and optical fiber cables can contain large numbers of individual fibers, with as many as a thousand fibers in a single cable. These systems require methods for switching the light channels so that individual light signals are properly routed through the information networks. Switching is required where a given channel may become overloaded, where components may become damaged, or where sub-systems may require replacement. 
     One conventional method of switching optical channels is to convert each optical signal to an electronic signal. The electronic signal is then redirected along a different path and reconverted to an optical signal which is inserted back into an optical fiber. However, this switching method is relatively expensive and has limitations in speed and bandwidth. Another drawback is that these expensive systems require frequent replacement. Digital Wavelength Multiplexing (DWM) technology has been developed by which several wavelengths of light can be transmitted in a single fiber. Where DWM has been installed, single-frequency electronic circuits must be replaced with more expensive electronics capable of handling the multiple frequencies. This new DWM technology means that a user&#39;s existing equipment must be upgraded to the new technology, which is very expensive. 
     It would be desirable to provide an optical switching system and method which would enable the switching of a large number of channels in an optical information network without the requirement of optical-to-electronic conversion and which would also not require system upgrades for handling the multiple frequencies of DWM transmissions. 
     OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
     It is a general object of the present invention to provide new and improved devices and methods for the switching of optical light signals. A further object is to provide methods of making optical switching devices which preserve optical alignment throughout the life of the devices. A further object is to provide devices and methods for the optical switching of light signals by the movement of mirrors. A further object is to provide optical light switching devices of the type described which can be fabricated sufficiently small to be a part of a micro-electrical mechanical system (MEMS). 
     The foregoing and additional objects and features of the invention will appear from the following description of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a top plan view of pre-assembled components of an optical switching device in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. 
     FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross sectional view taken along the line  2 — 2  of FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 3 is a top plan view showing the optical switching device of FIG. 1 with the components assembled and with the actuator and mirror in their neutral positions. 
     FIG. 4 is a top plan view similar to FIG. 3 showing the components in their activated positions. 
     FIG. 5 is an enlarged cross sectional view taken along the line  5 — 5  of FIG. 3 showing the input and output paths of two light beams incident on opposite sides of the mirror when the device is neutral. 
     FIG. 6 is an enlarged cross sectional view taken along the line  6 — 6  of FIG. 4 showing the paths of two light beams which pass through an aperture in the mirror when the device is activated. 
     FIG. 7 is a top plan view of an optical switch device in accordance with another embodiment providing an array of mirrors for use with one or more actuator assemblies. 
     FIG. 8 is a top plan view of an optical switch in accordance with another embodiment having a latch which is shown in a first bistable position. 
     FIG. 9 is cross sectional view taken along the line  9 — 9  of FIG. 8 showing details of the latch. 
     FIG. 10 is an enlarged cross sectional view taken along the line  10 — 10  of FIG.  9 . 
     FIG. 11 is a top plan view similar to FIG. 8 showing the switch in a second bistable position. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The various embodiments of the invention are for typical use in optical fiber systems for transmitting video, voice and data information. Optical signals comprising light beams are transmitted through individual fibers which are bundled together into optical fiber cables. A single fiber can transmit multiple frequencies or wavelengths of light using Digital Wavelength Multiplexing. 
     The several embodiments of the invention provide method and apparatus for optically switching light signals. In its broadest form, one preferred embodiment of the invention provides an optical switch method and device in which a high degree of optical alignment is preserved throughout the life of the device. The method is carried out by the device  12  described to FIGS. 1-6. 
     Device  12  is micromachined from a micro-substrate or wafer comprising a single piece of crystalline material, preferably silicon. Such a crystalline material is fabricated by known processes to form polished plane surfaces or facets which remain in perfect alignment as long as no stresses are applied. In the invention mirror surfaces are formed by the facets of the crystal so that optical alignment of the mirror surfaces are maintained with accuracies within a fraction a wavelength. The resulting mirror surfaces are used in the various embodiments of the invention to reflect light beams from input paths to output paths so that optical alignment of the paths is preserved throughout the life of the device. This obviates the need for “tuning” the device after it is fabricated, thus reducing manufacturing costs. The invention also enables the manufacture of arrays with relatively large numbers of individual mirrors for reflecting separate light beams. Each of the reflected beam paths will be perfectly aligned in that all of the mirrors are made from the same surface of a single silicon wafer. 
     FIG. 1 illustrates optical switching device  12  with its components in pre-assembled relationship. Device  12  comprises a mirror assembly  14  and actuator assembly  16 , both of which are micromachined from the same single-crystal substrate of silicon. The micromachining is carried out by the use of known photolithographic patterning and chemical etching techniques in a manner which produces no stresses in the Si substrate. 
     Mirror assembly  14  includes a rectangular mirror  18  comprised of an Si substrate and, on at least one surface, a coating  20  of reflective material such as aluminum to provide an optically flat mirror surface. An aperture  22  penetrates completely through the Si substrate and Al coating. The aperture in the mirror is a form of “optical discontinuity” on the mirror surface. 
     Portions of the Si substrate surrounding mirror  18  are etched away for micromachining four flexural supports  24 - 30 . Vertical sidewalls for the supports are made by using the known deep reaction ion etching (DRIE) process. Each flexural support is formed with a serpentine shape and has one end anchored to a side of the mirror and another end anchored to a U-shaped frame  32  which is also formed from the Si substrate. The shapes of the flexural supports provide sufficient resistance to sidewards forces for holding the mirror in its centered position, but which have less resistance to up and down forces to enable longitudinal movement of the mirror relative to the frame. 
     Mirror assembly  14  further includes an intermediate slider  34  which is also micromachined from the Si substrate. A pair of flexural supports  36 ,  38  micromachined from the substrate are joined at their inner ends with the slider and at their outer ends with the frame. These supports are serpentine shaped so as to center the slider in a sideways direction while enabling longitudinal movement. 
     Actuator assembly  16  is comprised of a frame  40  which is micromachined from the same single-crystal substrate used to make the mirror assembly. A recess  42  is etched away at the top of the frame for seating the lower end of the mirror assembly when the two components are assembled together in the manner shown in FIG. 3. A rectangular cavity  43  is micromachined within frame  40 , and an opening  46  is formed through the top of the frame between the cavity and recess  42 . 
     Cavity  43  contains an SMA actuator  44  which is comprised of a microribbon  48  of shape memory alloy (SMA) film. A suitable SMA material is TiNi, which can be sputter-deposited in an amorphous state as a thin film over the Si substrate. The SMA film is then heat treated to create a crystalline structure. The process for forming such a thin film of SMA material is disclosed in the Busch et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,061,914, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein. 
     Microribbon  48  has opposite ends  50 ,  52  which are anchored in frame  40 . Si material below the microribbon is etched away from the substrate. This enables the microribbon to bend in the plane of the wafer within cavity  43  as the SMA microribbon either contracts or stretches as it is heated through and from its phase change transition temperature. A boss  56  is formed in the center portion of the microribbon. The top and bottom sides of the boss are joined with respective upper and lower sliders  58 ,  60 , which are etched from the Si crystal. Upper slider  58  is sized to slide in reciprocating movement along opening  46  and lower slider  60  is sized to slide in reciprocating movement within a recess  62  in the frame at the bottom of cavity  43 . 
     Mirror  18 , sliders  34 ,  58  and  60  and actuator  44  are shaped and precisely positioned so that when the mirror and actuator assemblies are fitted together boss  56  pushes against upper slider  58  forcing it upwardly against intermediate slider  34  and the resisting force of flexural supports  36 ,  38  until the upper end of the intermediate slider is adjacent to, but not touching, the lower end of mirror  18 . The downward reaction force from the flexural supports causes sliders  34  and  58  to press against boss  56  and move microribbon  48  downwardly to the position shown in FIG.  3 . FIG. 3 shows the neutral positions of the components forming the mirror and actuator assemblies. In this neutral position the SMA actuator is deactivated and the mirror is not subject to any forces, excepting gravity. 
     As long as the mirror stays in this neutral position it will remain in near perfect optical alignment so that input light beams at known angles of incidence will be spectrally reflected off the mirror at precisely aligned output paths. This alignment will be maintained within a fraction of a wavelength throughout the life of the device. Any slight deviation in the mirror due to gravity will be compensated for by the fact that all other mirrors in an array formed from the same substrate will be affected to the same slight extent, and thus any such deviations will be negligible. 
     The mirror and actuator assemblies are assembled together when the SMA material is at a temperature below the material&#39;s phase change transition temperature. At this temperature the SMA can be plastically deformed, and in this embodiment the deformation is caused by the combined bias forces of flexure supports  36 ,  38  which act downwardly through the sliders and actuator boss to prestress and stretch the arms of the actuator bridge in the manner shown in FIG.  3 . This is the neutral position where the mirror is not touched by slider  34  and input light beams are accurately reflected off the mirrored surface along output paths as shown in FIG.  5 . 
     Device  12  is activated to switch the output light signal paths from that shown in FIG. 5 by heating actuator  44  through the SMA material&#39;s phase change transition temperature. The actuator can optimally be heated by electrical resistance heating from a source of power in a micro-electric circuit. Current flow would be from one of the anchor ends  50  or  52  across the microribbon to the opposite anchor end. The heating cycles can be controlled by means of a suitable computer. The transition temperature is predetermined in accordance with the particular composition of the allow which is employed. For a material of TiNi alloy, which is nearly equal atomic weights of Titanium and Nickel, the transition temperature is approximate at 100 −  C. As used herein, the phrase “heated through the transition temperature” includes both the case of heating the material to within the relatively narrow temperature range in which the phase change takes place, or heating it to a temperature above that range. 
     As the phase change of the SMA from martensite to austenite occurs, the microribbon  48  changes from its low temperature shape shown in FIG. 3 to its memory shape shown in FIG.  4 . This shape change takes place by contraction so that boss  56  pushes the sliders up until the top end of slider  34  engages and pushes the mirror up to the activated position shown in FIG.  4 . At this position aperture  22  is brought into register with the paths of the input light beams (FIG.  6 ), which are no longer reflected but pass through the aperture along output paths. The light in the output paths can be routed by suitable means, not shown, into the fiber optic network, or the beams could be directed to light sensors, not shown, as required by the particular application. 
     In a broad aspect of the invention, mirror  18  can be moved by any suitable type of actuator, such as piezoelectric, a solenoid, heating a bimetal beam, or by an electrostatic field. Actuation by an SMA material in the manner described is optimum for use in microdevices because of the relatively large strokes and forces that are characteristically achieved from the SMA phase transformation. Piezoelectric systems are fast but do not provide large displacements or forces. Thermal expansion such as from bimetal devices is relatively slow. The scaling down of solenoids or other electromagnetic devices to micro sizes is not feasible because of the difficulty in obtaining sufficient actuation force scaled-down, as well as the complexities of manufacture. 
     The single mirror  18  can be used for switching two light beams along separate input paths by forming reflective coatings  20 ,  64  on both sides of the substrate, as illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6. In the neutral position of the mirror shown in FIG. 5, input light beams from sources A and C are directed toward respective sides of the mirror surface from which they spectrally reflect off along respective output paths to B and D. The beam paths are switched upon activation by heating the SMA actuator through its transition temperature. This moves the mirror to the position shown in FIG. 6 where both beams pass through aperture  22 . This switches input beam A to output D, and simultaneously switches input C to output B. 
     The embodiment of FIG. 7 enables fabrication on a single Si wafer  65  of an N×M array where N is a plurality of input beam channels and M is a plurality of output beam channels. A plurality, shown as two, of mirror substrates  66 ,  66 ′ are etched from the wafer in side-by-side relationship. Also etched from the Si wafer are serpentine-shaped flexure supports  68 ,  70  and  72  which hold the substrates against sideways movement but permit longitudinal movement in the manner explained for the embodiment of FIGS. 1-6. Four spaced-apart apertures  74 - 80  are formed through each substrate, and one or both sides of the substrate have a coating  82 ,  82 ′ of a reflective material such as Al. When combined with one or more actuator assemblies as described for the embodiment of FIGS. 1-6, each mirrored substrate surface can simultaneously switch four light beams so that a total of eight light beams can be switched for the array shown in FIG.  7 . The number of light beams that are switched can be increased by etching additional mirrored substrates on the same wafer, or by providing longer substrates with additional apertures. 
     The matrix of mirrored surfaces and apertures in the embodiment of FIG. 7 enables a single actuator to switch multiple light beams. All of the mirrored surfaces from which the reflections take place remain in perfect optical alignment because they are all made from the same Si crystal. 
     FIGS. 8-11 illustrate an embodiment providing an optical switching device  84  which is bistable in operation. That is, the device can be maintained in a reflective state, or latched in a non-reflective state, without power being required for either state. 
     Optical switching device  84  is comprised of mirror assembly  86  and actuator assembly  88 , both of which are micromachined from the same single-crystal Si wafer. Mirror assembly  86  is fabricated in accordance with the embodiment of FIG. 1, and includes a mirror  89  formed with an aperture  91 . Actuator assembly  88  is comprised of a frame  90  formed with a cavity  92  in which an actuator comprising SMA microribbon  94  is formed, also in accordance with the embodiment of FIG.  1 . Additionally, the Si substrate in frame  90  is etched to form a narrow channel  96  (FIGS. 9 and 10) which opens into a small cavity  98  in which a lower slider  100  (formed at the lower edge of the SMA actuator) reciprocally slides. 
     Within channel  96  a controllable bimorph latch  102  is fabricated. The latch is in the shape of an elongate tuning fork having a pair of side-by-side arms  104 ,  105  separated by a narrow gap and with the proximal ends  106 ,  108  of the arms anchored in frame  90  (FIG.  11 ). The latch tip  110  joins the two arms together at their distal ends. 
     The latch is fabricated in accordance with the teaching of U.S. Pat. No. 5,825,275 to Wuttig, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein. The latch is a bi-morph actuator and comprises a composite beam of SMA film  112  bonded on top of an Si substrate film  114 . The substrate film has a coefficient of expansion greater than the coefficient of expansion of the SMA film. 
     During the joining of mirror assembly  84  with actuator assembly  88 , latch  102  is actuated so that it bends sufficient to lift its tip and provide clearance from slider  100 . A computer control, not shown, is operated to direct a current into the SMA for resistance heating through the transformation temperature. The current flow through the SMA film is into one of the arms  104 ,  105 , across the tip  110  and back in the other arm to the control circuit. 
     As the martensitic to austenitic phase change of the SMA material occurs, the volume of the SMA film contracts, causing an increase in stress in the Si substrate. This volume change results in bending of the composite beam in a direction out of the plane of the Si wafer, as shown in FIG.  9 . In this position the tip  110  of the composite beam is lifted out of channel  96  so that it does not become engaged with lower slider  100  when the latter is pushed down into cavity  98  as the mirror assembly is seated down into the top of the actuator assembly. Power to the latch is then switched off allowing the composite beam to bend back until tip  110  rests on the top of slider  100 . With the latch not engaged at this stage, and no power to the main actuator, the input light beam reflects off of the mirror at a point above aperture  91 . This is the first bistable position of the switch. 
     For switching to the second bistable position and redirecting the light signal, the computer system first powers main actuator  94  by directing current through the SMA material to heat it through its transition temperature. This causes the microribbon to contract and push the sliders and mirror  89  upwardly to a point where the light beam passes through the aperture (FIG.  11 ). Because the composite beam of latch  102  is not energized, its elastic memory causes tip  110  to slip off the end of the slider and into cavity  98 . Next the main actuator  94  is de-energized so that its SMA material relaxes, permitting the slider to start moving back down under the bias force of the flexure connections. The tip end of the latch prevents the slider from returning all of the way, as shown in FIG. 11, so that the mirror stays in its non-reflective position. The switch will remain in this state with the light beam passing through the aperture and with no power on either the main actuator or latch. 
     For switching to the second bistable position and redirect the light signal, the computer system first powers main actuator  94  by directing current through the SMA material to heat it through its transition temperature. This causes the actuator bridge to contract and push the sliders and mirror  89  upwardly to a point where the light beam passes through the aperture (FIG.  11 ). Because the composite beam of latch  102  is not energized, its elastic memory causes tip  110  to slip off the end of the slider and into cavity  98 . Next the main actuator  94  is de-energized so that its SMA material relaxes, permitting the slider to start moving back down under the bias force of the flexure connections. The tip end of the latch prevents the slider from returning all of the way, as shown in FIG. 11, so that the mirror stays in its non-reflective position. The switch will remain in this state with the light beam passing through the aperture and with no power on either the main actuator or latch. 
     The mirror is returned to its first bistable position of FIG. 8 by first energizing the main actuator so that it begins moving up to remove pressure on the latch tip. Then the latch is energized to move the latch tip out of the path of movement of the slider, and the latch remains energized while power is then removed from the main actuator. This permits the main actuator and sliders to return to their first bistable positions, and enables the flexure supports to move the mirror back down to the reflective state. The latch is then de-energized so that the switch will remain in this state without application of power. 
     While the foregoing embodiments are at present considered to be preferred, it is understood that numerous variations and modifications may be made therein by those skilled in the art and it is intended that the invention includes all such variations and modifications that fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.