Abstract:
The present invention provides a system and apparatuses/devices capable of automatically performing the processes of cell treatment preparatory to flow cytometry and similar cytological studies in a fully automated and streamlined manner. The system and apparatuses/devices are being adapted for preparation and (pre)processing of cell samples, e.g. blood and/or bone marrow samples.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The present invention teaches a fully automated instrument and its belonging units or devices, used therein or alone, for preparing cell samples that are to be used thereafter in e.g. flow cytometry analysis. The preparation procedure can comprise some of the following steps: staining, lysing and fixation of cells. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Flow cytometry represents one of the essential tools employed in such fields as cytologic biology, cellular immunochemistry, and cytodiagnosis for cancer detection. Essentially, it aims at the classification of cells according to their sizes, types, contents of intracellular components, and like characteristics. Flow cytometry involves the pigmentation of cells with fluorescent dyes. The pigmented cells are caused to individually fluorescence under laser beam irradiation while flowing through slender tubing. The intensities of fluorescence of the individual cells are measured for the determination of their sizes, relative amounts of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), etc. Flow cytometry analysis can identify and enumerate lymphocyte subsets in human cells in suspension. 
         [0003]    One usage of the system, apparatuses and devices according to the present invention can be found in immunology and pathology laboratories at hospitals all over the world. 
         [0004]    Conventionally, such cell pretreatment has been mostly performed manually at the cost of much time and labor. Manual pretreatment is also undesirable by reasons of unavoidable human errors and the non-uniformity of operations from one individual operator to another. The advent of an apparatus capable of full automation of cell pretreatment has thus been long awaited by the cytologists for the elimination of human toil and for gaining stability and constancy in the operations involved. No such system or apparatus is known, because of the complexities of the processes of cell pretreatment. However, there are several companies trying to partially automate some of the processes. 
         [0005]    Becton-Dickinson (BD) with its BD Facs Lyse Wash Assistant (for automatic lysing, washing and centrifuging) and Beckmann Coulter with its TQ Prep Workstation (for automatic lysing procedure), the PrepPlus 2 Workstation (for pipetting of reagents, patient samples, controls and fluorospheres into daughter tubes), and the Antibody Cocktail Preparation Workstation (for cocktail mixing) offer complementary automation to the manual process. 
         [0006]    The BD Facs Lyse Wash Assistant does not pipette reagents or patient samples. The centrifuge solution is based on a single vial (tube) centrifuge, where the vial rotates around its own axe. The inconvenience with that centrifuge solution is that the cells in the sample won&#39;t gather in the bottom of the vial, but on the walls. One lab engineer interviewed mentioned that there is a problem with losing too many cells in this process. 
         [0007]    EP 0 645 631 B1, assigned to Becton Dickinson, describes an automated system for preparing samples and for loading the samples to an analyzer, wherein the system includes a sample carousel which mixes and indexes a plurality of sample tubes to a sample aspiration station. 
         [0008]    Beckman Coulter offers several instruments in order to automate the complete manual procedure. The unfortunate outcome of using that strategy is that the automated process will still include several manual activities after buying these instruments. After pipetting patient samples and reagents in the PrepPlus 2 Workstation, the sample(s) must be manually moved to the TQ Prep Workstation for lysing procedure. The FP1000 Cell Preparation System is also a part of the Beckman Coulter family and is being used for lysing solutions. 
         [0009]    EP 1 468 266 A1, assigned to Beckman Coulter, relates to an adjustably controllable environment containment system for a flow cytometer to protect both the particles being processed by the flow cytometer from contamination by both biological and non-biological materials and to protect persons using the flow cytometer from being exposed to the particles being processed and the chemistry utilized in the processing of such particles. 
         [0010]    JP 2010133727, assigned to Beckman Coulter, regards a cleaning mechanism for cleaning an approximately cylindrical dispensation nozzle. 
         [0011]    US 2011/017238 A1, assigned to Beckman Coulter, teaches a nozzle cleaning method and a nozzle cleaning device which allow to surely perform cleaning of a dispensing nozzle and which allow reduction in cleaning time. For this purpose, a nozzle cleaning method for cleaning a dispensing nozzle for suctioning and discharging a liquid includes: a first cleaning step in which, after termination of dispensing, an inner wall surface of the dispensing nozzle is cleaned in an upper portion of a storage tank overflowed with a cleaning liquid by discharging a liquid for preload; and a second cleaning step in which at least an outer wall surface is cleaned by lowering and immersing the dispensing nozzle into the storage tank overflowed with the cleaning liquid. 
         [0012]    EP 2 407 791 A1, assigned to Beckman Coulter, relates to an analyzer comprising: a reading section for storing or obtaining specimen information including a sample type of a specimen, and specimen container information; a liquid level detecting section for detecting a liquid level and/or an interface of the specimen; a dispensing apparatus for dispensing a specimen; a washing apparatus for washing a dispensing probe; a calculating section for calculating a contamination adhering range of an external wall surface of the dispensing probe, based on the sample type, specimen suction-position and specimen container information stored or obtained by the reading section, as well as liquid level and/or interface information of the specimen detected by the liquid level detecting section; and a washing control section for controlling a washing range based on the contamination adhering range. 
         [0013]    WO 2010/110265 A1, assigned to Beckman Coulter, describes dispenser comprising a storage section for storing a voltage correction coefficient for each specimen type and voltage correction coefficients based on the type of containers which contain specimens, an information reader for acquiring specimen information and container information, a calculating section for calculating a threshold voltage on the basis of the voltage correction coefficient of a specimen and the voltage correction coefficient of a container, which have been extracted from the storage section, and a determination section for determining to be liquid-level detection when the signal received by a dispensing probe outputs the threshold voltage for a predetermined period or longer. 
         [0014]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,030,554, assigned to Beckman Coulter, discloses a method for rapid preparation of a whole blood sample for photo-optical analysis. 
         [0015]    EP 0 418 026 A2 refers to an apparatus for pretreating cells for flow cytometry. 
         [0016]    WO 2009/150632 A2 discloses an apparatus for preparing controlled amounts of liquid for cytometry, which apparatus comprises a sampler having: motion imparting means for moving a main tray with one or more tubes thereon, each containing a controlled amount of liquid; a support and moving unit for supporting and moving a syringe that transfers preparation liquids into the tubes; a motion imparting mechanism for moving the piston of the syringe. The apparatus further comprises a centrifuge located beside the sampler and having an access opening for receiving the tubes, for selective removal of residues to be discarded from the controlled amounts of liquid. Furthermore, the sampler comprises a motorized gripping mechanism disposed in the support and moving unit and coaxial with the syringe, the support and moving unit being movable to allow the tubes to be carried from the main tray to the centrifuge, and vice versa. 
         [0017]    EP 0 628 822 A2 teaches a blood analysis system or instrument, generally, including an incubator station, a sample and reagent holding station, a pipette assembly, a centrifuge, an analysis station, and a transport assembly. Generally, the incubation station holds containers while reagents and fluids are being dispensed in those containers, and, if desired, for incubating the containers. The sample and reagent holding station holds samples and a plurality of reagents, and the pipette assembly transfers fluids from that sample and reagent holding station to containers in the incubation station. The centrifuge is provided for centrifuging the container, and the analysis station is provided to analyze the containers, optically to identify reactions therein. The transport assembly carries the containers between the incubator station, the centrifuge, and the analysis station. Preferably, the pipette assembly is automatically operated to draw fluids and preselected reagents from the sample and reagent holding station, and to dispense fluids into the containers held in the incubation station to produce predetermined solutions therein. Also, the transport subassembly is automatically operated to carry containers from the incubator station to the centrifuge after the predetermined solutions have been produced in the containers, and then to carry the containers from the centrifuge to the analysis station. 
         [0018]    None of the previously mentioned prior art products teaches a fully automated system as well as its sufficiently developed components/units/devices therein, where the system and its different components/devices are being adapted for cooperating and working together in a streamlined and seamless manner and for preparing of cells that are to be thereafter used in flow cytometry analysis. 
         [0019]    One of the problems left unsolved in the art of flow cytometry is how to expedite the complete process of pretreating cells to be studied. Such pretreatment consists of many steps to be followed strictly in a prescribed order. Among the steps are introduction of reagents into cell samples within sample tubes, centrifugal treatment of the sample-reagent mixtures, removal of the unnecessary liquid tops from the sample tubes, staining of the cells with a fluorescent dye, and filtration of the samples. The actual process is much more complex. 
         [0020]    One aspect of the present invention is to provide a system and improved apparatuses/devices for a fully automated and streamlined, as well as more effective/efficient, preparation or pretreatment procedure of cells preparatory to their flow cytometric or similar cytological studies. 
         [0021]    It is also an aspect of the present invention is to provide for reducing or eliminating any possibility for contamination of cell sample(s) being prepared or pretreated. 
         [0022]    Another aspect of the present invention is to provide for reducing the loss of too many cells during the preparation or pretreatment procedure or process. 
         [0023]    Yet another aspect of the present invention is to provide for full control of antibody and reagent usage, as well as minimizing faulty on analysis due to manual mistakes when e.g. staining. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0024]    The present invention seeks to provide a system and apparatuses/devices capable of automatically performing the processes of cell treatment preparatory to flow cytometry and similar cytological studies in a fully automated and streamlined manner. The system and apparatuses/devices are being adapted for preparation and (pre)processing of blood and/or bone marrow samples. 
         [0025]    The present invention provides an instrument or system for automated preparing or pretreating of a cell sample or samples ahead of flow cytometry analysis, comprising a main test sample rack arrangement or means for a certain number of sample containers; a carousel/centrifuge arrangement or means comprising several holder means for one or several secondary sample containers; an antibody/stabilizer container and cooler arrangement or means for a predetermined number of stabilizes or the like, such as at least one of the following: antibodies, reagents, cocktail mixtures, and providing for sustaining a desired temperature range therein; a robot arrangement or means arranged for mechanically or physically serving the system; and a computer means comprising at least one CPU and provided for controlling and/or operating of all components, apparatuses or devices of the system in order to achieve full automation of the entire cell pretreating process. 
         [0026]    The system or instrument can further comprise a reagent rack arrangement adapted to accommodate one or more reagent bottles. 
         [0027]    The main test sample rack arrangement can comprise, in its proximity, means for automated removing of and/or putting on one or more sample container caps. The main test sample rack arrangement can further comprise an additional sample container holding means for holding one or more sample containers of a different type. 
         [0028]    The robot arrangement or means comprises three axes (x,y,z) and together with its elements/components can allow and/or provide for movement(s) in all directions within the x,y,z or 3D area or space of the system. The robot arrangement can further comprise at least one arm arrangement and at least one needle or syringe arrangement or means comprising at least one needle or cannula and at least one syringe having a plunger. The plunger therein can be operated by at least one motor driven mechanism. 
         [0029]    Said at least one needle or syringe arrangement or means can comprise two syringes placed substantially vertically and parallel with each other, where one syringe is adapted for small volumes of liquid(s) within the microliter (μl) range and the other syringe is adapted for big or large volumes of liquid(s) within the milliliter (ml) range. 
         [0030]    Said system or instrument can further comprise a cleansing or rinsing arrangement or station, where said at least one syringe of the needle or syringe arrangement can be cleansed or rinsed with the help of at least one cleansing or rinsing fluid or liquid or solution and/or chemical. 
         [0031]    The system or instrument can further comprises a waste station. The exceeding liquid wasting means can be connected to said waste station. The waste station can have pumping means and be adapted for collecting waste fluid(s), liquid(s), stabilizer(s), reagent(s), antibodies and/or sample(s). 
         [0032]    The computer means can comprise output interface and input interface, such as at least one of the following: a screen or display, a keyboard, and a keyset of button(s). The computer means can further comprise storage or memory means. 
         [0033]    The system can further comprise means for wired and/or wireless and/or Bluetooth communication with external devices. 
         [0034]    The system or instrument can further comprise a housing and a lid. Said housing and lid can be made of light reductive and/or non-transparent material, wherein, when the lid is in a closed position with respect to the housing, both the lid and housing can be arranged to provide for incubation and/or lysing in the dark and/or excluding damaging UV-rays of the processed or pretreated cell samples 
         [0035]    The carousel/centrifuge arrangement or means in the instrument can comprise a motor drive arrangement or means allowing for movement or centrifuging in clockwise and/or counterclockwise direction. The carousel/centrifuge arrangement or means can be arranged for functioning as a centrifuge and for applying “swinging bucket” principle. The carousel/centrifuge arrangement or means can further comprise a titrating or shaking arrangement driven by a motor driven arrangement in order to shake and/or vortex the contents of said secondary sample container in the holder means. The titrating or shaking arrangement can be adapted to lift up the holder means in order to empty or pour out exceeding liquid within said secondary sample container into exceeding liquid wasting means further connectable to the waste station. 
         [0036]    The carousel/centrifuge arrangement therein can be made detachable. 
         [0037]    The system or instrument can further comprise a cell density detection means for detecting the cell density of the cells in a certain main or mother test tube or sample container. The cell density detection means can comprise an optical fiber means arranged to send or emit light through the cells being on or into a suitable transparent plate/slide or container, and a light receiving or detection means arranged on the opposite side or end thereof and adapted to receive the emitted light for further processing and/or estimating of the cell density. 
         [0038]    The system can further comprise a hose or pipe arrangement connecting or coupling different container(s) and/or chamber(s) and/or bottle(s) therein. 
         [0039]    The system can further comprise a fluid level measuring means for measuring and/or controlling/checking of the fluid level in a container or chamber arranged in at least one of the following: the antibody and cooler arrangement; the reagent rack arrangement with said at least one bottle; cleansing or rinsing arrangement; and the main test sample rack arrangement, where the fluid level measuring means is arranged in an electronic circuit with at least one of the needle(s) of the needle or syringe arrangement or means, so that the electronic circuit registers when the needle tip touches the fluid surface in the container or chamber that is to be checked, and, based on the liquid or fluid height from the bottom of the container or chamber to the fluid surface therein and in the vertical or z axis direction, the remaining fluid volume or amount is being calculated. 
         [0040]    The antibody/stabilizer container and cooler arrangement or means can comprise a housing and a cover having a number of holes placed over a plurality of specially designed tubes or containers adapted for antibodies/stabilizers/reagents, or ready mixed cocktails, etc. and/or a number of bottles or containers, of at least one type, from at least one antibody fluid supplier, where each hole is adapted for a needle to come therethrough and further into the tube or container and/or supplier bottle or container thereunder in order to suck up liquid therefrom without removing the cover, thus avoiding temperature changes within said antibody/stabilizer container and cooler arrangement or means. The antibody/stabilizer container and cooler arrangement can further comprise a cooling means comprising at least one inlet circulation fan, at least one outlet circulation fan, and a heat sink having a number of Peltier elements, for securing the sustainment of the desired temperature range therein. The antibody/stabilizer container and cooler arrangement can further comprise at least two cartridges or cassettes for a plurality of specially designed tubes or containers for antibodies/stabilizers/reagents, or ready mixed cocktails, etc. and/or for a number of bottles or containers, of at least one type, from at least one antibody fluid supplier, wherein at least one of said cartridges or cassettes is made detachable. 
         [0041]    As mentioned above, the invention teaches an antibody/stabilizer container and cooler arrangement or means being arranged for a predetermined number of stabilizes or the like, such as at least one of the following: antibodies, reagents, cocktail mixtures, wherein said antibody/stabilizer container and cooler arrangement or means is provided for sustaining a desired temperature range therein. The antibody/stabilizer container and cooler arrangement can further comprise a housing and a cover having a number of holes placed over a plurality of specially designed tubes or containers adapted for antibodies/stabilizers/reagents, or ready mixed cocktails, etc. and/or a number of bottles or containers, of at least one type, from at least one antibody fluid supplier, where each hole is adapted for a needle to come therethrough and further into the tube or container and/or supplier bottle or container thereunder in order to suck up liquid therefrom without removing the cover, thus avoiding temperature changes within said antibody/stabilizer container and cooler arrangement or means. The antibody/stabilizer container and cooler arrangement can further comprise a cooling means comprising at least one inlet circulation fan, at least one outlet circulation fan, and a heat sink having a number of Peltier elements, for securing the sustainment of the desired temperature range therein. The antibody/stabilizer container and cooler arrangement can further comprise at least two cartridges or cassettes for a plurality of specially designed tubes or containers for antibodies/stabilizers/reagents, or ready mixed cocktails, etc. and/or for a number of bottles or containers, of at least one type, from at least one antibody fluid supplier, wherein at least one of said cartridges or cassettes is made detachable. The antibody/stabilizer container and cooler arrangement can be adapted for use in the system or instrument of the present invention. 
         [0042]    As mentioned above, the invention teaches a carousel/centrifuge arrangement or means comprising several holder means for one or several sample containers, wherein said carousel/centrifuge arrangement or means is arranged for functioning as a centrifuge and for applying “swinging bucket” principle. The carousel/centrifuge arrangement or means can further comprise a motor drive arrangement or means allowing for movement or centrifuging in clockwise and/or counterclockwise direction. The carousel/centrifuge arrangement or means according can further comprise a titrating or shaking arrangement driven by a motor driven arrangement in order to shake and/or vortex the contents of said sample container in the holder means. The titrating or shaking arrangement therein is adapted to lift up the holder means in order to empty or pour out exceeding liquid within said sample container into exceeding liquid wasting means. The exceeding liquid wasting means can further be connectable to a waste station. The carousel/centrifuge arrangement or means can further comprise a cell density detection means for detecting the cell density of the cells in a certain main or mother test tube or sample container. The cell density detection means therein can comprise an optical fiber means arranged to send or emit light through the cells being on or into a suitable transparent plate/slide or container, and a light receiving or detection means arranged on the opposite side or end thereof and adapted to receive the emitted light for further processing and/or estimating of the cell density. The carousel/centrifuge arrangement or means can in addition be arranged to be detachable. The carousel/centrifuge arrangement or means can be adapted for use in the system or instrument of the present invention. 
         [0043]    The motor drive arrangement of the carousel/centrifuge arrangement (adapted for the instrument) can further be arranged for centrifuging with different speeds. 
         [0044]    The carousel/centrifuge arrangement or means (adapted for the instrument) can further comprise a housing and a lid. Said housing and lid can be made light reductive and/or of non-transparent material, wherein, when the lid is in a closed position with respect to the housing, both the lid and housing can be arranged to provide for incubation and/or lysing in the dark and/or excluding damaging UV-rays of the processed or pretreated cell samples. 
         [0045]    The present invention provides a software product stored on a readable and/or recordable media that is provided for control and/or management and/or operation of the system or instrument of the present invention and/or each of its components or apparatuses or devices therein or thereof. The software product can comprise a certain number of software modules comprising at least one set of executable instruction(s) for enabling the computer means of the system to control and/or manage and/or operate the system and/or each of its components or apparatuses or devices therein or thereof. 
         [0046]    The main features of this invention are given in the independent claims. Additional features of the present invention are given in the dependent claims. 
         [0047]    The preparation of a liquid cell sample (in most cases whole blood) in an immunology or pathology laboratory is similar. The process of wash or non-wash of the whole blood offers two alternative procedures on how to perform the preparation method or procedure. In immunology labs the non-wash procedure is most often used, while in pathology labs the wash procedure is used in majority. In some cases a test sample must be centrifuged, in other cases not. Either way, the cell (pre)treating system or instrument according to the present invention can be used with great success, due to elaborate software for the computer means of the system, which opens up a flexibility of use. 
         [0048]    The fact that the cell treating system or instrument, also called “FlowStainer” or “Flow Stainer”, is a 4-in-1 system (1. cocktail mixer means, 2. carousel/centrifuge means, 3. lysing/washing assistant means, 4. means for pipetting of reagents and cell samples into daughter tubes) will make a normal size laboratory save between 1.000-3.000 work hours annually by using the present cell treating system. 
         [0049]    The work routines of a lab engineer or lab assistant will also change dramatically using the FlowStainer by the fact that they can place a regular blood sample in the cell treating system and collect the test sample for direct placement in the Flow Cytometer without visiting the system once during its run time. Assistants working with pipetting of antibodies and other reagents will also find that work related health problems (such as e.g. shoulder and/or arm aches or pains) will dramatically decrease. 
         [0050]    The features and advantages of the invention and the manner of realizing them will become more apparent, and the invention itself will best be understood, from the following detailed description and appended claims, with reference to the attached drawings showing some preferred embodiments of the invention. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0051]    These and other aspects of the invention are apparent from and will be further elucidated, by way of example(s), with reference to the drawings, wherein: 
           [0052]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view of the cell treating system embodying the principles of the present invention; 
           [0053]      FIG. 2  is another perspective view of the system shown in  FIG. 1  without some elements or parts of the system housing; 
           [0054]      FIG. 3  shows one embodiment of a main test sample rack arrangement or means with a cap removing means; 
           [0055]      FIG. 4A  shows the main test sample rack arrangement or means of  FIG. 3  with the cap removing means holding the caps in order to penetrate a certain cap by a needle of a needle or syringe arrangement; 
           [0056]      FIG. 4B  shows the main test sample rack arrangement or means of  FIG. 3  with the cap removing means, wherein the caps are removed; 
           [0057]      FIG. 5A-5D  show different embodiments of a carousel/centrifuge arrangement or means comprising a number of sample container holders; 
           [0058]      FIG. 6A-6B  show two embodiments of one sample container holder arrangement of the carousel/centrifuge arrangement or means; 
           [0059]      FIG. 7A-7D  show two embodiments of said one sample container holder arrangement of the carousel/centrifuge arrangement or means ( FIG. 7A-7B ), and some elements ( FIG. 7C-7D ) thereof, in a different position from what is shown in  FIG. 6A-6B ; 
           [0060]      FIG. 8A-8D  show different embodiments of an antibody/stabilizer container and cooler arrangement or means; 
           [0061]      FIG. 9A-9B  show different embodiments of a needle or syringe arrangement or means the according to the present invention; 
           [0062]      FIG. 10  shows one embodiment of a waste station with indicated pumping means and a reagent rack arrangement or means; and 
           [0063]      FIG. 11A-11P  show screenshots of an exemplary operational procedure of the system according to the present invention; 
           [0064]      FIG. 12  shows a possible embodiment of a cleaning or rinsing arrangement or station with a determined heating part or station thereof. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0065]    One embodiment of a compact cell treating system according to the present invention is generally designated by reference numeral  1  in  FIGS. 1 and 2 . The system  1  comprises a main test sample rack arrangement or means  2 , a carousel/centrifuge arrangement or means  4 , an antibody/stabilizer container and cooler arrangement or means  6 , a robot arrangement or means  7 , and a computer means  8 . The system further comprises a reagent rack arrangement or means  12 , wherein the reagent rack arrangement or means  12  is arranged to accommodate one or more reagent bottles  13 , e.g. according to one with their necks and/or open-tops upside down. The system can also comprise a housing or case  11  having a lid or door or cover  111  moveably (providing for pivoting or sliding thereof) fastened to the housing  11  by a suitable hinging or fastening means. 
         [0066]    The fully automated instrument or system  1  according to the present invention comprises specially designed and developed components/units/devices, such as e.g. the main test sample rack arrangement  2 , the carousel/centrifuge arrangement  4 , the antibody/stabilizer container and cooler arrangement  6 , the robot arrangement  7 , the computer means  8 , different stations, etc. The full automatization of the pretreating cell sample process(es) is achieved with the help of the improved components/units/devices within the instrument that are cooperating and working together. For example, the robot arrangement  7  with the help of its arm and syringe arrangement provides for taking different cell samples from the main test sample rack arrangement  2  and putting them in the carousel/centrifuge arrangement  4  for treatment as well as for taking e.g. different stabilizers and/or antibodies from the antibody/stabilizer container and cooler arrangement  6  for adding to the different cell samples in the carousel/centrifuge arrangement  4 . The multifunctional carousel/centrifuge arrangement  4  allows simultaneous pretreatment of several different cell samples and has several functionalities. The antibody/stabilizer container and cooler arrangement  6  not only holds the different stabilizers and/or antibodies and/or reagents and/or cocktails, but also provides for a desired environment (e.g. temperatures) in order to provide for storing for a long time without getting them ruined or changing some of their properties. All the processes and/or components/devices in the instrument or system  1  are controlled and operated by the computer means  8  having the appropriated for that software. Due to all that, the fully automated instrument or system  1  will provide for keeping all time limits connected with the preparation of the different cell samples, for reduced manpower working hours and for increased quality of the prepared cell samples, thus better results. Furthermore, as previously mentioned, the instrument  1  will provide for much time and labor saving compared to the time and labor consuming manual or partial/semi-automated cell pretreatment processes. The system or instrument  1  will also provide for cost optimization and/or logging of the use of expensive antibodies and/or reagents in the different cell preparation processes. The system or instrument  1  provides for standardization and/or reproducibility of desired procedures that are to be repeated in different and independent cell preparation operations or runs or procedures or protocols of the instrument. Finally, system or instrument  1  provides for minimizing or removing errors and non-uniformity of operation(s). 
         [0067]    The reagent rack arrangement or means  12  can be adapted for big or great volumes of liquid(s), wherein the liquid(s) or fluid(s) can be at least one of the following: PBS (Phosphate Buffered Saline) liquid, lyse or lysing solution or liquid, physical saline water or solution, distilled water, rinsing or cleansing liquid(s) or fluid(s) or agent(s), etc. 
         [0068]    The main test sample rack arrangement or means  2 , shown in  FIG. 3 , can be detachable and is arranged for holding one or more sample containers  3 , wherein the sample container has an open-top and can preferably be a test tube having its open-top locked or covered by a cap or cork or cover  30 . The main test sample rack arrangement or means  2  further comprises, in its proximity, means  9  for automated removing of one or more sample container caps  30 . The cap removing means  9  can further comprise a cap grabbing or holding means  92  for grabbing and/or holding at least one sample container cap or cover  30 . The cap removing means  9  and/or its components (such as e.g. the cap grabbing or holding means  92 ) is operated and/or driven by at least one motor device  91  comprising suitable gearing and/or reduction means (not shown). The main test sample rack arrangement or means  2  can further comprise an additional sample container holding means  25  for holding one or more sample containers of a different type, such as e.g. small test tubes. The cap removing means  9  can further be adapted to put or set back the caps or corks or covers  30  onto the sample containers  3 , e.g. after test sampling or sucking up blood sample. 
         [0069]      FIG. 4A  shows the embodiment of the main test sample rack arrangement or means  2  from  FIG. 3 , wherein the caps or covers  30  are being held by the cap removing means  9 ,  91 ,  92 , so that a needle of at least one needle or syringe arrangement or means would be able to penetrate a certain cap  30  in order to suck up blood from the mother sample tube or container  3 , and then the needle will be able to retract without removing or separating the cap  30  from the certain test tube or container  3  and getting it stuck on said needle. With other words, the so-called holding or cap removing means  9 ,  91 ,  92  is thus able to hold the cap  30  during the whole above-mentioned process in order not to get it separated from the certain test tube or container  3 . 
         [0070]      FIG. 4B  shows the embodiment of the main test sample rack arrangement or means  2  from  FIG. 3 , wherein the caps or covers  30  are removed from the sample containers  3  by the cap removing means  9 ,  91 ,  92 . One different type sample container  3 ′″, that is being held in said additional sample container holding means  25 , is also shown in  FIG. 4B . 
         [0071]    As shown in  FIGS. 1 ,  2  and  9 , the robot arrangement or means  7  is adapted or arranged for mechanically or physically serving the system or instrument  1  and comprises at least one arm arrangement  72  and at least one needle or syringe arrangement or means  71  that can be mounted on said at least one arm arrangement  72  and can comprise at least one of: syringe, needle, plunger. In one embodiment the needle or syringe arrangement or means  71  can comprise: i) two syringes  73 S,  73 L placed substantially vertically and parallel with each other and operated by at least one motor driven mechanism  76 , wherein one syringe  73 S is adapted for small volumes of liquid(s) (within e.g. the microliter (μl) range) and the other syringe  73 L is adapted for big or large volumes of liquid(s) (within e.g. the milliliter (ml) range): and ii) one common needle  74  arranged and adapted for servicing and working with both syringes  73 S,  73 L ( FIG. 9A ). Alternatively, there can be arranged a separate needle for each syringe in the arrangement ( FIG. 9B ). In another embodiment each syringe  73 S,  73 L can be operated independently by its own motor driven mechanism  76 . The robot arrangement or means  7  can comprise three axes (x,y,z) and together with its elements/components allows and provides for movement of said at least one needle or syringe arrangement or means  71  in all directions within the x,y,z or 3D (three dimensional) area or space of the system  1 . The plunger  75  of the syringe in the syringe arrangement or means  71  can be operated, e.g. pushed up or down, by said at least one motor driven mechanism  76 . 
         [0072]    The system  1  can further comprise a rinsing or rinse arrangement or station  10 , shown in  FIG. 2 , wherein said at least one needle of said at least one needle or syringe arrangement or means  71  can be cleansed or rinsed with the help of at least one cleansing or rinsing fluid or liquid or solution and/or chemical, such as e.g. distilled water, but not limited only thereto. The cleansing or rinsing arrangement  10  can comprise at least one or a predetermined number of chambers and/or bottles having automated supply of said at least one cleansing or rinsing fluid or liquid or solution and/or chemical for internal and external cleansing of the syringes and/or needle(s)/cannula(s). The cleansing or rinsing arrangement  10  can further comprise at least one wasting chamber or bottle or container, wherein the test sample syringes can pump out the used cleansing or rinsing fluid(s) and/or chemical(s). The cleansing or rinsing arrangement  10  can further comprise pumping means  90  for pumping waste fluid(s) into at least one waste bottle or chamber or container  95  (of a waste station  95 ), shown in  FIG. 10 . At least one bottle  13  with rinsing liquid or chemical from the reagent rack arrangement or means  12  can be connected to the cleansing or rinsing arrangement or station  10 . In addition the waste station comprising said at least one waste bottle or chamber or container  95  can further comprise sensor means for detecting liquid level in said at least one waste bottle or chamber  95  and for sending the liquid level data to the computer means  8  so that when said at least one waste bottle or chamber  95  is full with liquid the computer means  8  will produce and send to the lab assistant or operator a message asking and/or requiring emptying of the full waste bottle or chamber  95  or replacing it with an empty one. 
         [0073]    The computer means  8  comprises at least one CPU (not shown) and is provided for control and/or operation and/or management of all components, apparatuses or devices in the system  1 . The computer means  8  can further comprise a screen or display  80  (output interface) and/or a keyboard or a keyset of button(s) (input interface). In one embodiment said screen or display  80  is a touch screen, wherein a keyboard or at least one button can be visualized on the touch screen. 
         [0074]    A suitable software product that can comprise a certain number of software modules and be stored on a readable or recordable media (not shown) and can further comprise at least one set of instruction(s) to enable the computer means  8  to provide for control and/or management and/or operation of the system  1  and/or each of its components or apparatuses or devices therein or thereof, e.g. by executing at least one instruction. 
         [0075]    The computer means  8  can comprise memory means (not shown) for storing different kinds of software modules, various information and/or data, etc., such as e.g. current positions, volume amounts and expiration dates for antibodies/stabilizers/reagents in e.g. the antibody and cooler arrangement  6  and/or the reagent rack arrangement  12 . 
         [0076]    The system or instrument  1  can have means (not shown) for wired and/or wireless and/or Bluetooth communication with external devices, such as, but not limited to, a printer e.g. for printing a protocol list or an antibody/reagent list, etc., or an external PC or tablet or notebook or cell phone. It can also be possible to send a message to the external PC or tablet/notebook or cell phone, or the like, in order to inform the lab assistant or engineer that a certain test sample preparation has been completed, give him/her some other warning or result messages, etc. 
         [0077]    The two embodiments of the carousel/centrifuge arrangement or means  4 , shown in  FIG. 5A-5B , comprise a certain number of holder means  5  for secondary or daughter test or sample containers  3 ′. Said two embodiments disclose two different alternatives of the test tube holder means  5 . Within the holder housing  50 , shown in  FIG. 6A-7D , of each holder means  5  having titrating and/or shaking functions, there can be arranged an optical fiber detection means (not shown) for detecting whether a secondary or daughter test or sample container  3 ′ has been placed in the holder means  5  when in its rest or down or lowest position. Additionally, the carousel/centrifuge arrangement or means  4  can further comprise a housing  45  and a mechanically or motor driven or operated lid or lock  44 . 
         [0078]      FIGS. 6A-6B  and  7 A- 7 D show the two embodiments of the carousel/centrifuge arrangement or means  4  according to the present invention, which illustrate and give several details than what is shown in  FIG. 5A-5B . 
         [0079]    The carousel/centrifuge arrangement or means  4  further comprises a motor drive arrangement or means  41  allowing for movement or centrifuging in clockwise and/or counterclockwise direction. The carousel/centrifuge arrangement or means  4  can function as a centrifuge and further apply the “swinging bucket” principle (that can allow the cells to get gathered on the bottom of the daughter sample containers or test tubes  3 ′). In some cases it can be estimated that the cell volume in a sample can be small and/or that the cells can be weakened and would not manage to take or bear a hard spin (i.e. centrifuging at high speed(s) providing for great or big G-forces). In order to ensure that sample cells would tolerate or endure the treatment and that enough cell population would be provided for the later analyzing in the flow cytometer, the lab engineer or assistant can in some cases select a more careful centrifugation. There is a hypothesis that larger or heavier cells and smaller or lighter cells will be sorted if the centrifuging speed is increased gradually. In the above cases, it is important that the centrifuge arrangement has default and/or desired centrifuging speed rate(s). In some cases, washing a blood or cell sample can, for example, be selected where centrifugation is included in this process. Therefore, it can be important and/or desired to use a carousel/centrifuge arrangement  4  designed and constructed with the possibilities to provide for different G-forces for different cases in one and same preparation procedure or protocol. As there can be different cell samples within the different daughter sample containers or test tubes  3 ′ and/or different cell types within one cell sample in one daughter sample containers or test tubes  3 ′, possibly requiring different pretreatments, the motor arrangement  41  of the carousel/centrifuge arrangement  4  can be adapted and/or arranged for centrifuging with different speeds, depending on the cell types of the samples. Centrifuging with different speeds can be necessary in order not to damage the different sample cells, to achieve better separation of the different sample cells, to provide for each lab to chose a desired centrifuging speed e.g. due to different requirements, regulations or practices in the different countries and/or labs. This will thus provide for achieving better results and can for example be provided by the motor arrangement  41  further comprising, but not limited only to, a servomotor. The centrifugation speed can be changed during one centrifugation step or period, and/or one centrifugation speed can be used under one centrifugation step or period and another different centrifugation speed can be used during another subsequent centrifugation step or period, and/or any possible combination thereof. For example, during one and same preparation procedure or protocol, under a first centrifugation period a first centrifugation speed can be used, under a second centrifugation period a second centrifugation speed can be used, and under a third centrifugation period at least two centrifugation speeds can be used and/or the centrifugation speed can be gradually increased, etc. Of course, the centrifugation periods and the centrifugation speeds can be combined and/or varied in any suitable way or manner for the pretreatment process(es). There can also be different time intervals providing for states of rest inbetween the different centrifugation periods. The motor drive arrangement  41  can be arranged to provide for G-forces over 200 g (and preferably under 1000 g, and most preferably under 600 g during the centrifugation(s). All movements and/or rotations and/or centrifugation speeds of the carousel/centrifuge arrangement or means  4  can be programmed and/or stored in the computer means  8 . It can be important to be able to quickly pick up a desired application in order to use it again, without having to program it again. In order to detect any differences in the sample results in retrospect, it can in addition be important to be able to log all these data. For example the mixing and/or shaking of the test samples can be done by short and quick rotational movements in clockwise and/or anticlockwise direction. According to the first embodiment ( FIG. 5A ,  6 A,  7 A) the carousel/centrifuge arrangement or means  4  can further comprise titrating or shaking arm or means  51  that can be driven by a motor arrangement or device  52  in order to shake and/or vortex the contents of the test tube or sample container  3 ′. In  FIG. 6A  two opposite (up and down) movements of the titrating or shaking arm or means  51  are shown with arrows. According to the second embodiment ( FIG. 5B ,  6 B,  7 B- 7 D) the titrating or shaking function of the carousel/centrifuge arrangement or means  4  can alternatively be performed or executed by a pitch rack or pinion means  53  operated by a motor driven gear-wheel means  54 . In  FIG. 6B  two opposite (up and down) movements of the titrating or shaking pitch rack or pinion means  53  are shown with arrows. In addition the titrating or shaking arm or means  51  of the first embodiment can be adapted to lift up, as shown in  FIG. 7A , the test tube holder means  5  in order to empty or pour out exceeding liquid from the secondary or daughter test tube or sample container  3 ′ into an exceeding liquid wasting means  42  ( FIG. 7C-7D ), which can be connected to the waste station  95 . Alternatively, the titrating or shaking pitch rack or pinion means  53  of the second embodiment can be adapted to lift up, as shown in  FIG. 7B-7C , the test tube holder means  5  in order to empty or pour out exceeding liquid from the secondary or daughter test tube or sample container  3 ′ into an exceeding liquid wasting means  42  ( FIG. 7C-7D ), which can be connected to the waste station  95 . As it is evident from  FIG. 7A-7B , in order to pour out the unnecessary liquid, the daughter test tube or sample container  3 ′ placed within the test tube holder means  5  can be rotated over 90° around the open top (side or end) of the daughter test tube or sample container  3 ′ and wherein the substantially vertical position of the daughter test tube or sample container  3 ′ is regarded to be positioned at approximately 0°. In other words, the arm  51  or the pinion  53  of the titrating and/or shaking arrangement  51 ;  53  provides for rotating and/or lifting up of the daughter test tube or sample container  3 ′ placed within the test tube holder means  5 , so that the bottom (side) of the daughter test tube or sample container  3 ′ will get over or above the open top (side) of the daughter test tube or sample container  3 ′, considered with respect to the horizontal line, thus providing for emptying or spilling or pouring out of the unnecessary liquid within or into the liquid wasting means  42  of the carousel/centrifuge arrangement  4 . The titrating or shaking arm  51  and the titrating or shaking pitch rack or pinion means  53 , respectively the motor arrangement or device  52  and motor driven gear-wheel means  54 , of said two embodiments can be summarized and called for a titrating or shaking arrangement  51 ;  53 , and a motor driven arrangement  52 ;  54 , respectively. The exceeding liquid wasting means  42  can be a kind of a chamber or compartment or room/cavity within the holder housing  50  and above the motor driven arrangement  52 ;  54  and having an outlet  43  ( FIG. 7D ) for facilitating coupling or connecting with the help of suitable means to said waste station  95 . 
         [0080]    Furthermore, the carousel/centrifuge arrangement or means  4  can be made detachable. The carousel/centrifuge arrangement or means  4  can additionally comprise a handle  4 H, shown in  FIG. 5A-5B , in order to be easily taken out from the system  1 . In order to secure the centrifuging process of the carousel/centrifuge arrangement or means  4  a sensor means, e.g. but not limited to reflecting laser sensor means, are used for confirming locked position of the carousel/centrifuge device and/or its handle  4 H. The same or additional sensor means can be used to determine that the mechanically or motor driven or operated lid or lock  44  of the carousel/centrifuge arrangement or means  4  is in its closed or locked position. Should the operator attempt to open the carousel/centrifuge lid or lock  44  during the centrifuging process, an alarm means will warn the operator at the same time as the carousel/centrifuge device is being quickly stopped and controlled, and the operator will have no possibility to reach any moving parts. 
         [0081]    Below there are described two possible embodiments providing incubation and/or lysing in the dark. Incubation and/or lysing should preferably be done in the dark, because light can have negative effect(s) on the sample(s). UV rays can also affect the reaction(s) negatively. Moreover, time and temperature can in addition affect the incubation and/or lysing process(es). Incubation (in the dark) is usually used to create a reaction between the cells and the reagent(s) and/or antibodies supplied to the cell sample. 
         [0082]    Furthermore, in an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the lid  44  and housing  45  of the carousel/centrifuge arrangement or means  4  can be made of light reductive and/or non-transparent material, so that when the lid  44  is in a closed position with respect to the housing  45 , both the lid  44  and the housing  45  will be arranged to thus provide for incubation and/or lysing (of the processed or (pre)treated cell samples) in the dark and/or excluding damaging UV-rays within the carousel/centrifuge arrangement  4  (of the instrument  1 ). This means that light will not be allowed within the carousel/centrifuge arrangement  4  when the lid  44  is in a closed position with respect to the housing  45 . 
         [0083]    In a further embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 5C-5D , the lid can be provided with at least one hole  444  (and  445 ) being adapted for and substantially small, but only big enough, for a needle to come therethrough. This will allow the needle or syringe arrangement  71  (with the help of the robot arrangement  7  and the computer means  8 ) to be able to add, through a dosing or dose hole  444 , to at least one of the cell samples within a daughter sample container or test tube  3 ′, that is(are) being pretreated or prepared, reagent(s), such as one antibody or at least two antibodies, cocktail(s), stabilizer(s), and even extra cells from a certain sample container or test tube  3  of the main test sample rack arrangement  2  corresponding to the sample cells in the respective daughter sample container or test tube  3 ′ of the carousel/centrifuge arrangement  4 , when the lid  44  is in a closed position. This adding process can also be done during the incubation and/or lysing in the dark. The dose hole  444  will also allow the needle or syringe arrangement  71  (with the help of the robot arrangement  7  and the computer means  8 ) to be able to take from the cell sample unnecessary and/or exceeding liquid that is to be drained or wasted. The small dosing hole  444  is placed on the lid  44  in such a way so that a desired daughter sample container or test tube  3 ′ of the carousel/centrifuge arrangement  4  can be placed thereunder thus providing for carrying on of the adding process, and thereafter another desired daughter sample container or test tube  3 ′ of the carousel/centrifuge arrangement  4  can be placed thereunder thus providing for carrying on of another adding process, and so on. In addition, another waste hole  445 , shown in  FIG. 5D , can be placed on the lid  44  in such a way so that an exceeding or unnecessary liquid wasting means  42  of the carousel/centrifuge arrangement  4  can be placed thereunder so that a needle or syringe of the needle or syringe arrangement  71  will be able to suck up unnecessary liquid, e.g. in case when the liquid wasting means  42  is not further connected to the waste station  95 . All this is controlled by the computer means  8  and being executable with the help of needle or syringe arrangement  71  and the robot arrangement  7 . The (x,y,z) coordinates and/or the positions of the small hole(s)  444 ,  445  can be preprogrammed and/or stored in the computer means  8 . This second waste hole  445  will ease the function of the robot arm  72 , because the arm  72  with the syringe arrangement  71  will then have a very short way to drain or waste into the liquid wasting means  42  unnecessary and/or exceeding liquid taken from the cell sample via the first dosing hole  444  and will not have to travel to the rinsing arrangement or station  10  in order to do so. 
         [0084]    As shown in  FIG. 5C-5D , the small hole(s)  444 ,  445  can have different positions on the lid  44  (see particularly the different placements of the dosing hole  444 ), and the coordinates and/or the positions thereof can be preprogrammed and/or stored in the computer means  8  so that the above-mentioned operations could be controlled by the computer means  8  and executed by the needle or syringe arrangement  71  and the robot arrangement  7  (the robot arm  72  therein). In an alternative embodiment, the dosing hole  444  can be concurrent with an initial position of a daughter sample container or test tube  3 ′. 
         [0085]    In yet another embodiment of the invention, incubation and/or lysing in the dark can also be provided by having the housing or case  11  and lid or cover  111  of the entire system or instrument  1  made of non-transparent material, so that when the lid  111  is in a closed position with respect to the housing  11 , both the lid  111  and the housing  11  of the instrument  1  will be arranged or adapted to thus provide for incubation and/or lysing (of the processed or (pre)treated cell samples) in the dark within the entire instrument  1 . This means that light will not be allowed within the system or instrument  1  when the lid  111  is in a closed position with respect to the housing  11 . 
         [0086]      FIG. 8A-8D  show different embodiments of an antibody/stabilizer container and cooler arrangement or means  6  according to the present invention. It is arranged for sustaining a desired temperature or temperature range therein and comprises a box-shaped housing  61  and a cover  62  having a number of holes  63  placed over a plurality of specially designed tubes or containers  3 ″ for antibodies/stabilizers/reagents, or ready mixed cocktails, etc. and/or a number of bottles or containers, of at least one type, from at least one antibody fluid supplier, wherein each hole  63  is adapted for and is substantially small but big enough for a needle to come therethrough and further into the test tube or container  3 ″ and/or supplier bottle or container thereunder in order to suck up liquid from the specially designed tube or container  3 ″ or the supplier bottle or container without removing the cover  62 , thus avoiding temperature changes, such as e.g. increase of temperature, within the antibody container and cooler arrangement  6 . The desired temperature range within the antibody/stabilizer container and cooler arrangement or means  6  is from about 0.1° C. to about 15° C., and more particularly from about 1° C. to about 12° C., and even more particularly between about 2° C. and about 8° C. The antibody container and cooler arrangement  6  can further comprise at least two cartridges or cassettes  64 ,  65  for a plurality of specially designed tubes or containers  3 ″ for antibodies/stabilizers/reagents, or ready mixed cocktails, etc. and/or for a number of bottles or containers, of at least one type, from at least one antibody fluid supplier. The plurality of specially designed tubes or containers  3 ″ for antibodies/stabilizers/reagents, or ready mixed cocktails, etc. and/or the number of bottles or containers in each cartridge or cassette  64  or  65  can be practically or suitably arranged and chosen by the system  1  producer or supplier. In addition at least one of said cartridges or cassettes  64 ,  65  can be made detachable in order to be changed with another one having different arrangements and placements of the tubes or containers  3 ″ and/or the supplier bottles or containers; which tube and/or supplier bottle arrangements and placements for each cartridge or cassette  64  or  65  can be preprogrammed in advance (by the system  1  producer or supplier and before initial use of the system or instrument  1 ), or alternatively, before initial cartridge or cassette use, they can be programmed or changed thereafter by the system user or maintenance responsible, as required or desired. In an alternative embodiment each cartridge or cassette  64  or  65  can be comprise an aluminium sleeve or casing for each specially designed tube or container  3 ″ and/or supplier bottle or container in order to keep a substantially even temperature therein (thus avoiding big temperature differences between the fluid temperature at the top and at the bottom thereof). In yet another alternative embodiment each supplier bottle or container in each cartridge or cassette  64  or  65  can be held therein slightly tilted, thus allowing for the needle of the needle or syringe arrangement or means  71  to be able to come through the bottle neck and be able to suck fluid from the bottom corner or edge of said supplier bottle or container. 
         [0087]    For each cartridge or cassette  64  or  65  one contact indicating means  66  comprising at least two, and preferably at least three contact indicating devices for producing a “contact” or a “no-contact” signal, e.g. but not limited to reed contact means, can be arranged in the antibody container and cooler arrangement  6 . The three contact indicating devices allow for nine different combinations for the cartridges or cassettes  64  or  65 . Each cartridge or cassette  64  or  65  can have a certain combination of pins or contacts or reeds, so that when placed in the antibody container and cooler arrangement  6  the certain combination of pins or contacts or reeds on the certain cartridge or cassette  64  or  65  will get in contact with the contact indicating means  66  comprising contact indicating devices, and then a special signal (depending on the contact/pin/reed combination) will be produced by the contact indicating means  66  and sent the special signal to the computer means  8 , so that said certain cartridge or cassette  64  or  65  will easily be recognized by the computer means  8  in the system  1 . This means that the computer means  8  in the system  1  will know the exact place or placement (that has been preprogrammed) of each antibody/stabilizer/reagent, or ready mixed cocktail or the like in the certain cartridge or cassette  64  or  65  that has been placed in the antibody/stabilizer container and cooler arrangement or means  6 . Alternatively, each contact indicating device can send its “contact” or “no-contact” signal to the computer means  8 , and the computer means  8  will on the basis of these signals be able to recognize said certain cartridge or cassette  64  or  65 . 
         [0088]    In an alternative embodiment each cartridge or cassette  64  or  65  can comprise at least one guiding means  67 , e.g. but not limited to a guiding pin, allowing for only one possible placement of the cartridge or cassette  64  or  65  into the antibody/stabilizer container and cooler arrangement or means  6 , and not allowing the cartridge or cassette  64  or  65  to be turned e.g. 90 or 180 degrees and thereafter put into the antibody/stabilizer container and cooler arrangement or means  6  (incorrect positioning). 
         [0089]    The antibody container and cooler arrangement  6  comprises a cooling means  68  comprising at least one inlet circulation fan  681  and at least one outlet circulation fan  682 . Alternatively, the cooling means  68  can comprise at least one inlet circulation fan  681  or at least one outlet circulation fan  682 , depending on the circulation need and/or requirements. According to yet another embodiment, shown on  FIG. 8D , the cooling means  68  can comprise two parallel inlet circulation fans  681  arranged or mounted beside each other on one side of the antibody container and cooler arrangement  6 . The cooling means  68  can further comprise a heat sink  69  with a number of Peltier elements or heat sink elements (e.g. from one and above). In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 8B  there are four such elements. 
         [0090]    Additionally, each cartridge or cassette  64  or  65  can respectively comprise a handle  64 H or  65 H in order to be easily taken out from the antibody container and cooler arrangement  6 . 
         [0091]    According to an alternative embodiment of the invention, a part of the antibody container and cooler arrangement  6  and/or a part of one of said cartridges or cassettes  64 ,  65  can be insulated with suitable heat insulation (e.g. insulation plates) from the rest of the container and cooler arrangement  6 . Said part thereof can comprise heating element(s) and temperature sensor(s) (not shown) being arranged to be able to sense and/or regulate the temperature (for said one or several sensors) and warm up (for said one or several heating elements) e.g. PBS and/or other liquid(s) to about 37° C. and/or over this temperature. Said part thereof can also comprise all necessary elements further needed for the above purpose (also discussed below in connection with another embodiment of said part, also called as heating part). 
         [0092]    Alternatively, heating or warming up of e.g. PBS and/or other liquid(s) can be done in the cleaning or rinsing arrangement or station  10 , as shown in  FIG. 12 , wherein said predetermined number of chambers  110  (in this case: six) of the cleaning or rinsing arrangement or station  10 , with the respective inlet  150  (connectable to the reagent rack arrangement or means or stations  12  for big volumes of reagent(s) and/or chemical(s) and/or rinsing or cleansing liquid(s) or solution(s), e.g. distilled water and/or cleansing product) and outlet  160  (connectable to the waste station  95 ) and possible pumping means  90  thereof, can be separated from the heating part of the rinsing station  10  with the help of an insulation plate  120 . The heating part of the cleaning arrangement  10  can comprise a radiator  140  containing at least one  170  chamber or tube or holder or even compartment that can allow for a test tube to be placed therein (in this case: two) so that only the open top (side) can be visible, wherein e.g. PBS and/or other liquid(s) can be heated or warmed to about 37° C. and/or over this temperature by at least one heating element  130 , such as but not limited to effect or power resistor(s) and/or Peltier element(s) and/or heat sink element(s). The warmed up liquid can thereafter be used for washing samples in the carousel/centrifuge arrangement  4  with respect to a certain protocol or procedure or operation that requires washing. A temperature sensor  135  can be adapted to sense and/or regulate the temperature, possibly with the help of the computer means  8 . As it is evident from  FIG. 12  there can be power  136  and/or signal  137  line(s) (in this solution and/or the previously mentioned alternative) being adapted respectively for supplying power to and/or control or regulation of said heating element(s)  130  as well as for communication(s) of input and/or output signals to and/or from the temperature sensor  135  that can be in contact with the computer means  8  for regulating or controlling of the temperature in the heating part of the cleaning or rinsing arrangement or station  10 . As previously mentioned at least one specially designed tube or container  3 ″ within the antibody container and cooler arrangement  6  can be used for keeping or holding a mixed cocktail. The cocktail(s) in said specially designed tube(s) or container(s)  3 ″ can be readily made and/or can be prepared in the cocktail mixer means in the system or instrument  1 . In one embodiment, the cocktail mixer means can for example be at least one dedicated tube or container  3 ″ within the antibody container and cooler arrangement  6 , and the cocktail can be prepared by adding or putting all needed ingredients into said at least one dedicated tube or container  3 ″, wherein the needed ingredients can be taken from other tubes or containers  3 ″ within the antibody container and cooler arrangement  6  and/or possibly from the reagent rack arrangement  12  (e.g. possibly via a certain chamber of the cleaning or rinsing arrangement or station  10 ) with the help of the needle or syringe arrangement  71  and the robot arrangement  7  (the robot arm  72  therein), and the mixing itself can be done by the needle or syringe arrangement  71 , wherein the content or mixture within the dedicated tube or container  3 ″ can be sucked up into said at least one syringe  73 S,  73 L of the needle or syringe arrangement  71  and then poured back into the dedicated tube or container  3 ″ at least one time, and preferably several times, thus providing for good mixing of all ingredients within the dedicated tube or container  3 ″. It is also possible to thereafter move the prepared cocktail into another tube or container  3 ″ of the antibody container and cooler arrangement  6  that is acquired for cocktails, and the cocktail and its placement or position within the antibody container and cooler arrangement  6  can be stored in the computer means  8  for later use. One alternative possibility is to throw away or waste the cocktail (into the waste station  95 , e.g. via a certain chamber of the cleaning or rinsing arrangement or station  10 ) after the preparation of the cell samples is completed, and the dedicated tube or container  3 ″ can thereafter be cleaned or rinsed with the help of the needle or syringe arrangement  71  and the robot arrangement  7  (the robot arm  72  therein). 
         [0093]    All tubes, bottles and containers can be made of glass, plastics or another suitable for the purpose material. 
         [0094]    In one embodiment of the invention the reagent or antibody containers  3 ″ can be designed to have a pointed bottom, so that remaining small volumes can easily be sucked or pumped out therefrom by the needle or syringe arrangement or means  71 . In addition a small volume of an expired reagent or antibody or mixture/cocktail or the like in a certain reagent or antibody container  3 ″ can for example be sucked or pumped out therefrom by the needle or syringe arrangement or means  71 , and thereafter the needle or syringe arrangement or means  71  can optionally wash or rinse said certain reagent or antibody container  3 ″ with the help of the needle or syringe arrangement or means  71 . Finally, fresh reagent or antibody can be filled into said certain container  3 ″. Alternatively, the certain reagent or antibody container  3 ″ and/or supplier bottle or container, containing an expired reagent or antibody or the like, can be replaced by a new one containing fresh reagent or antibody or the like. Alternatively, since the computer means  8  is keeping track of all fluids/liquids in the system  1 , a certain reagent or antibody container  3 ″ and/or supplier bottle or container containing a small remaining volume of reagent or antibody or mixture/cocktail or the like, that is to expire soon, can be filled up with respective fresh reagent or antibody or mixture/cocktail or the like, and the new expiration date would be remembered by the storage or memory means in the computer means  8 . 
         [0095]    The system or instrument  1  can further comprise a cell density detection means for detecting and/or measuring the cell density of the cells in a certain main or mother test tube or sample container  3  e.g. in order to calculate and/or estimate, with the help of the computer means  8 , the reagent or antibody fluid volume/amount needed to be added, and/or whether it is necessary to adjust or correct the reagent or antibody fluid volume/amount, and/or whether it is necessary to dispense more blood from the source or mother test tube or sample container  3  placed in the main test sample rack arrangement  2 . The cell density detection means can comprise: a) an optical fiber means comprising a light source or emitter and arranged to send or emit light through a suitable plate or slide (having thereon the cells), e.g. a thin transparent glass or plastic plate or slide, or a suitable container (containing therein the cells), e.g. the daughter test tube  3 ′ or one of the syringes from the needle or syringe arrangement or means  71  (e.g. the one  73 S for small volumes, shown in  FIG. 9 ), being able to hold thereon or contain therein the cells to be examined by the cell density detection means; and b) a light receiving or detection means arranged on the opposite side or end and adapted to receive the emitted light for further processing and/or estimating (via analog signal measurement, e.g. with the help of an analog signal amplifier) with the help of the computer means  8 . The cell density detection means can further be mounted on the robot arrangement or means  7  in order to be able to be moved in all directions within the x,y,z or 3D area or space of the system or instrument  1 . If a thin glass or plastic plate or slide is to be used for the above process, the system  1  can comprise a storage or stack/pile of several disposable plates or slides. 
         [0096]    The system or instrument  1  can further comprise a fluid level measuring means for measuring and/or controlling/checking, with the help of the computer means  8 , of the current fluid level in a container or chamber, etc. arranged in at least one of the following: the antibody and cooler arrangement  6 ; possibly/optionally the reagent rack arrangement  12  with said at least one bottle  13 ; possibly/optionally the cleansing or rinsing arrangement  10 ; and possibly/optionally the main test sample rack arrangement  2 . The fluid level measuring means can be arranged in an electronic circuit with at least one of the needle(s) of the needle or syringe arrangement or means  71 , wherein the electronic circuit can register when the needle tip touches the fluid surface in the container or chamber that is to be checked. Based on the liquid or fluid height from the bottom of the container or chamber to the fluid surface therein and in the vertical or z axis direction, which fluid height can be defined by the needle tip, the remaining fluid volume or amount can be calculated with the help of the computer means  8  and the container or chamber shape/form and/or capacity or volume information or data assigned to or connected with the predetermined position of this container or chamber, wherein the information or data can be stored or registered in the computer means  8 , and particularly in its storage or memory means. 
         [0097]    The current level in said at least one bottle  13  of the reagent rack arrangement  12  and/or in said at least one waste bottle or chamber or container  95  of the waste station  95  can be controlled or checked visually by the lab assistant or operator. Alternatively, for the reagent rack arrangement  12  and/or the waste station  95  at least one level monitoring means can be arranged, wherein the level monitoring means can comprise at least one sensor placed on or within the respective bottle or container adapted for detecting a certain level, e.g. one minimum and/or one maximum level. Several different known techniques can be chosen for use in this process. 
         [0098]    The computer means  8  can be programmed to control and/or measure the fluid volumes, e.g. the antibody volumes, at e.g. start-up of the system/instrument  1  and/or at or with any predetermined of time interval or period. 
         [0099]    If a refill in a certain antibody or reagent container or the like is needed the lab assistant or operator can be warned, e.g. by visual and/or audio warning message produced by the computer means  8  of the system/instrument  1 , and/or by a wired and/or wireless message sent to a communicating with the system external device, e.g. an external PC or tablet or notebook or cell phone, etc. 
         [0100]    In addition the robot arrangement or means  7 , and particularly its arm arrangement  7 ,  72 , can be steered by the computer means  8  to be correctly placed so that it would be able to show or point the exact container or chamber that is to be refilled or changed (e.g. due to expiration date) by means of at least one of: one of the needle(s); a pointer means (e.g. a kind of an arrow, physical or applied/painted e.g. on one wall or side of the robot arrangement  7 ); and a pointing light beam produced by a LED or light source that can be mounted on the robot arrangement or means  7 , and particularly on its arm arrangement  7 ,  72 . Thus any possibility of making a mistake, when the lab assistant or operator executes the required operation, is minimized or omitted. 
         [0101]    It is also possible to use T-coupling(s) in the system&#39;s hose or pipe arrangement means connecting or coupling different container(s) and/or chamber(s) therein in order to connect together the rinsing or rinse arrangement or station  10  and the exceeding liquid means  42  of the carousel/centrifuge arrangement or means  4  further with the waste station  95 , e.g. possibly via the pumping means  90  (shown in  FIG. 10 ). 
         [0102]      FIG. 9A-9B  show in detail embodiments of a needle or syringe arrangement or means the according to the present invention. As mentioned before, said at least one needle or syringe arrangement or means  71  can be arranged on one arm  72  of the robot arrangement or means  7  and can comprise at least one syringe  73 S,  73 L having a plunger  75  and a needle or cannula  74 . The plunger  75  can be operated, e.g. pushed up or down, by at least one motor driven mechanism  76 . In one embodiment the needle or syringe arrangement or means  71  can comprise two syringes  73 S,  73 L placed substantially vertically and parallel with each other and operated by said at least one motor driven mechanism  76 . In another embodiment each syringe  73 S,  73 L can be operated independently by its own motor driven mechanism  76 . According to one embodiment, the cell density detection means  77  can be arranged together with or within the needle or syringe arrangement or means  71  and can comprise an optical fiber means  78  arranged to send or emit light through the syringe  73 S for small volumes, and a light receiving or detection means  79  arranged on the opposite side or end thereof and adapted to receive the emitted light for further processing and/or estimating of the cell density. Furthermore, in case when two needles or cannulas  74  are being used, i.e. one for each syringe arrangement  73 S,  73 L of the needle or syringe arrangement or means  71 , said needle or syringe arrangement or means  71  together with said at least one motor driven mechanism  76  can be adapted, e.g. with the help of a common transmission belt  761  connected thereto, to be able to synchronize the two needles or cannulas  74 , so that when the first one (e.g. the needle of the syringe arrangement  73 S for small liquid volumes) is going down the other or second one (e.g. the cannula of the syringe arrangement  73 L for large liquid volumes) will be going up. This is shown in  FIG. 9B . The same can also apply for the plungers  75  of said needle or syringe arrangement or means  71 . 
       Theory of Operation of the Instrument or System 
     1) Running a Protocol (Series of Activities or Actions) 
       [0103]    One standard example: The preparation procedure in the so called FlowStainer can have the following steps in e.g. an Enumeration of CD4 (cluster of differentiation 4) levels in e.g. HIV-infected cultures at an immunology lab: 
         [0104]    i) The lab assistant selects, e.g. on the touch screen  80 , the test program that is to be run or executed (see graphical user interface in  FIG. 11A-11P ). 
         [0105]    The FlowStainer can also provide for this step a bar code reader arrangement (not shown) to program tests in the instrument or system  1 . 
         [0106]    ii) The lab assistant places the liquid human cell sample tube(s)  3  in the mother sample rack or main test sample rack arrangement or means  2  (rack  1 ), further places a number of daughter test tubes  3 ′ in the carousel/centrifuge arrangement  4  (rack  2 ) according to the machine&#39;s instructions depending on the programmed number of main test tubes  3  and the programmed test(s) to be performed, locks the main cover or door  111 , and presses the &lt;&lt;RUN TEST&gt;&gt; button. 
         [0107]    iii) Now the instrument/system  1  will automatically run through the rest of the steps. The cap or cork  30  on the test tube or sample container  3  is lifted up automatically (see  FIGS. 3 and 4 ) and the robot arm arrangement  7 ,  72  uses e.g. syringe number one/ 73 L of the needle or syringe arrangement  71 , and dispenses e.g. about 100 μl of whole blood from the mother sample tube or container  3  into a daughter test tube or sample container  3 ′ placed in the carousel/centrifuge arrangement  4  (rack  2 ) (see e.g.  FIGS. 4 and 6 ). 
         [0108]    In a wash procedure an optical light can be used to detect necessary buffer volume to add to the test sample. The optical light can detect low cell count which opens the possibility for the Flow Stainer to dispense more blood into the daughter test tube  3 ′ if necessary. This also optimizes use of expensive antibody or antibodies in a test, and minimizes thus overuse or excessive and unnecessary use of the expensive antibody or antibodies. 
         [0109]    Alternatively, the blood cell density measuring can be performed, using blood from the main test tube or sample container  3 , before blood sample is added or put into at least one daughter test tube or sample container  3 ′ thus giving the operator enough information and good control over the necessary amounts of antibodies, buffer reagents, etc. to be used for that certain blood sample. 
         [0110]    iv) The needle is then cleansed in the rinse station  10 , e.g. with distilled water or other suitable liquid(s) and/or chemical(s). 
         [0111]    v) The robot arrangement  7  with the arm arrangement  72  then uses e.g. syringe number two/ 73 S of the needle or syringe arrangement  71 , and dispenses in the whole blood e.g. about 20 μl of CD4 reagent found in the antibody and cooler arrangement or means  6  (rack  3 ) (see  FIG. 8A-8D ). The needle is then rinsed with e.g. PBS liquid or a liquid similar to the cleansing product at the rinse station  10 . 
         [0112]    vi) While the CD4 reagent is added to the whole blood the titrating or shaking arrangement  51 ;  53  can gently vortex the test sample (see  FIG. 6 ). An incubation time of e.g. approximately 15-45 minutes can then be allowed. This is done at e.g. room temperature (from about 20° C. to about 25° C.) and possibly in the dark. As previously mentioned the incubation and/or lysing in the dark can be provided by the housing  45  and lid  44  of the carousel/centrifuge arrangement  4  or by the housing  11  or lid  111  of the instrument  1 . 
         [0113]    vii) Then syringe number one/ 73 L is used to add e.g. about 2 ml of lysing solution (placed in the reagent rack arrangement or means  12  (rack  4 )) to the daughter tube  3 ′ at e.g. room temperature, followed by centrifuging the test sample at e.g. about 1.500 rpm or more. An incubation period of about 10-12 minutes can follow, being possibly done in the dark and at e.g. room temperature. As previously mentioned the incubation and/or lysing in the dark can be provided by means of the housing  45  and lid  44  of the carousel/centrifuge arrangement  4  or by means of the housing  11  and lid  111  of the instrument  1 . The needle is then taken to the rinse station  10  for cleansing, using at least one cleansing liquid, e.g. Coulter Clenz. 
         [0114]    viii) The titrating arrangement  51 ;  53  can then pour out exceeding liquid into/at the waste station  42 . 
         [0115]    ix) The test is then washed with 1×PBS with e.g. about 0.1% azide, adding e.g. about 0.5 ml of e.g. about 1% paraformaldehyde, by using e.g. syringe number two/ 73 S. This is also used as a carrier liquid that can fixate the cells ahead of going into the Flow Cytometer. The needle is then rinsed with e.g. distilled water at the rinse station  10 . 
         [0116]    x) The Flow Stainer now finishes the automated preparation procedure and send out an alert signal as well as it gives visible information (see also  FIG. 11H ) on the touch screen  80  to unload the instrument or system  1 . The daughter test tube  3 ′ can now be directly transmitted into the Flow Cytometer for complete analysis. 
       2) Running the Test on the Instrument Touch Screen 
       [0117]    The abovementioned exemplary test is easy to run on a ready-to-run programmed FlowStainer instrument or system  1  according to the present invention. The following steps are required to run this exemplary test: 
         [0118]      FIG. 11A  shows a screenshot of the Operating Menu. 
         [0119]    When a FlowStainer instrument or system  1  is at “Operating mode”, the Operating Menu ( FIG. 11A ) is the screenshot that will be default at any time. The software product has a number of already programmed protocols and panels (multiple protocols) that are easy to access at any time. 
         [0120]    i) When the lab engineer/assistant is ready to run a test, he/she checks that the preferred protocol is “green” (e.g., “T-cell 1”, “BBB”, “CCCC” as shown in  FIG. 11A ) which means it&#39;s confirmed ready by the instrument or system  1 . “Red” sign (e.g., “DDDD”, “EEEE”, “FFFF”, “GGGG” as shown in  FIG. 11A ) means “not ready” or “not runnable” or “not executable”, or the like. 
         [0121]    ii) Press the &lt;&lt;Load Main Test Sample&gt;&gt; button. 
         [0122]      FIG. 11B  shows a screenshot of the procedure for choosing a protocol for test tube in position. 
         [0123]    In the screen shown in  FIG. 11B , the lab engineer or lab assistant selects what protocol or panel (multiple protocols) that is to be run or executed. All protocols or panels are programmed in the Main Menu in advance. If no protocols or panels are programmed in advance, there will not be any to choose from in this screen. 
         [0124]    iii) The protocol or panel is chosen by pressing on the text line and then pressing the &lt;&lt;CONFIRM&gt;&gt; button. If the protocol or panel is chosen and an additional protocol is needed, press &lt;&lt;PROTOCOL NAME&gt;&gt; and &lt;&lt;ADD&gt;&gt;, then choose or select an additional protocol and finally press &lt;&lt;CONFIRM&gt;&gt;. In the upper right box there is also shown some information on how many secondary daughter test tubes  3 ′ have to be placed in the carousel/centrifuge arrangement  4 . 
         [0125]    iv) When done, press the &lt;&lt;CONFIRM&gt;&gt; button. 
         [0126]      FIG. 11C  shows a screenshot of the procedure for loading main test tube(s). 
         [0127]    v) An immediate pop-up asks for a liquid human cell sample in the main test sample rack arrangement or means  2  (rack  1 ). At the same time the main door seal  111  is opened. When a sample tube  3  is placed in position, press the &lt;&lt;CONFIRM&gt;&gt; button. 
         [0128]      FIG. 11D  shows a screenshot of the procedure for loading daughter test tube(s). 
         [0129]    vi) The number of daughter or secondary test tubes  3 ′, that are requested to be placed in the carousel/centrifuge rack arrangement  4 , is indicated on the screen shown in  FIG. 11D . The requested daughter or secondary test tubes  3 ′ are put or placed or inserted one by one in the carousel/centrifuge rack arrangement or means  4 , and the inserted tube is detected by means of a suitable detection or sensor device e.g. in order for next tube to be inserted, alternatively or additionally followed by pressing the &lt;&lt;CONFIRM&gt;&gt; button. The Main Cover/Door  111  must then be closed. 
         [0130]      FIG. 11E  shows a screenshot of the procedure for calibration of the instrument. 
         [0131]    vii) A calibration procedure is now initiated in order to find out that the instrument is ready to run the test without errors. 
         [0132]      FIG. 11F  shows a screenshot of the Continue procedure or step. 
         [0133]    viii) When the calibration is done and found approved, the instrument or system  1  will automatically proceed to the next step. A choice to add more test samples  3  is now given, as well as the &lt;&lt;RUN TEST&gt;&gt; option/button. 
         [0134]      FIG. 11G  shows a screenshot of the Running screen process. 
         [0135]    ix) When &lt;&lt;RUN TEST&gt;&gt; is pressed in the screenshot shown in  FIG. 11F , the running screen gives real time, updated information on the operation progress. 
         [0136]      FIG. 11H  shows a screenshot of the Unload step. 
         [0137]    x) When the screenshot shown in  FIG. 11H  is visible on the touch screen  80 , the main cover  111  is unlocked and it is now possible to remove the test sample(s) and the main sample(s) from the racks. The daughter tube(s)  3 ′ is(are) now ready to go directly into the Flow Cytometer for further analysis. 
       3) Programming the Protocol on the Instrument Touch Screen 
       [0138]    In order to be able to run tests in the Flow Stainer instrument  1  there are a number of preprogramming activities to perform in addition to filling of reagents/antibodies in the bottle rack (rack  4 ) and the antibody rack (rack  3 ). 
         [0139]    The programming of protocols and panels is done the following way on the touch screen (start out on the Operating Menu as shown in  FIG. 11A ): 
         [0140]    i) In order to be able to program the system press the &lt;&lt;SETTINGS&gt;&gt; button in the bottom part of the screen  80 . 
         [0141]      FIG. 11I  shows a screenshot of the Main Menu. 
         [0142]    ii) The &lt;&lt;PROTOCOL/PANEL&gt;&gt; button leads to the create page for programming a protocol. 
         [0143]      FIG. 11J  shows a screenshot of the Protocol/Panel window. 
         [0144]    iii) If no protocols or panels are preprogrammed then the boxes therein will be empty. Press the &lt;&lt;CREATE PROTOCOL&gt;&gt; button. 
         [0145]      FIG. 11K  shows a screenshot of the protocol creating procedure (Create Protocol). 
         [0146]    iv) Initially the Create Protocol page can be empty. In order to program a protocol a name is written in the top left box. By using &lt;&lt;ADD STEP&gt;&gt; each and every step in the protocol can be programmed. 
         [0147]      FIG. 11L  shows a screenshot of the step choosing procedure of the protocol creating procedure (Create Protocol—Choose step) 
         [0148]    v) All “activities” or “steps” that the instrument or system  1  can handle are activated by pressing the text line and then the &lt;&lt;CONFIRM&gt;&gt; button. 
         [0149]      FIG. 11M  shows a screenshot of the Volume/Time/Speed input procedure within the step choosing procedure of the protocol creating procedure. 
         [0150]    vi) For the following activities the Volume/Time/Speed pop-up is automatically received when programming a protocol: Retrieve blood, Centrifuge, Incubate, Vibrate, Titrate, and Shake. 
         [0151]      FIG. 11N  shows a screenshot of the Staining/Washing/Lysing input procedure within the step choosing procedure of the protocol creating procedure, wherein antibodies or other reagents can be chosen and regulated, etc. 
         [0152]    vii) For the following activities the Staining/Washing/Lysing pop-up is automatically received when programming a protocol: Staining process, Wash sample, and Lysing solution. 
         [0153]      FIG. 11O  shows a screenshot of the procedure for selection staining solution(s) (Create protocol—Select staining solution). 
         [0154]    xiii) When pressing &lt;&lt;Antibody&gt;&gt; or &lt;&lt;Other reagents&gt;&gt; (as shown in  FIG. 11N ) the Select staining solution window opens up. The difference between the two views is how the list of antibodies/reagents is sorted. Based on the antibody/reagent ID in the left box, shown in  FIG. 11O , the staining solution is selected. By pressing the button called &lt;&lt;SAVE AND CONTINUE&gt;&gt;, the system will return to the screenshot “Create Protocol”, shown in  FIG. 11K , in order to add more steps in the protocol program. 
         [0155]    ix) When the protocol is completed, pressing the &lt;&lt;SAVE PROTOCOL&gt;&gt; button will finalize the programming. 
         [0156]      FIG. 11P  shows a screenshot of the Protocol/Panel window which is similar to the one shown in  FIG. 11J , but having the new programmed protocol (called e.g. T-cell 1) visible on the screen. 
         [0157]    x) The new programmed protocol is now visible in the Protocol/Panel screen or window. Select the &lt;&lt;SETTINGS&gt;&gt; button in order to return to Main Menu. The new programmed protocol, T-cell 1, is now possible to choose in the screenshot, shown in  FIG. 11B , regarding the procedure for choosing a protocol for test tube in position (Choose Protocol for Test Tube in Position). 
         [0158]    As it can also be seen in  FIG. 11P , there are other operations that can be executed, 
         [0159]    such as: printing a protocol list (Print Protocol List), creating a new protocol (Create Protocol), etc. 
         [0160]    Additional steps or operations, e.g. as described outside the “Theory of Operation of the Instrument or System” section herein, connected to the operational, maintenance and programming functions of the system can also be programmed in the software product and run or performed on the system or instrument. 
         [0161]    Additional modifications, alterations and adaptations of the present invention will suggest themselves to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention as expressed and stated in the following patent claims.