Abstract:
A liquid crystal display is provided including a pair of substrates provided with an electrode arrangement in matrix form. A chiral smectic C phase liquid crystal material is interposed between the substrates. In the liquid crystal layer, each pixel consists of a number of micro-domains which can be compared to polycrystalline structures. Interaction between adjacent pixels through a well ordered liquid crystal structure is suppressed by virtue of the micro-domains.

Description:
This is a continuation application of Ser. No. 07/245,794, filed Sept. 19, 1988, now pending. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a liquid crystal device, and more particularly relates to ferroelectric liquid crystal device. 
     Heretofore, it is known to utilize twisted nematic liquid crystals for devising electro-optical displays. The liquid crystal materials are employed in layer form which is finely divided into a number of pixels by virtue of a matrix electrode arrangement contiguous to the liquid crystal layer. However, due to the occurence of crosstalk between adjacent pixels during operation in a time multiplexing mode, the number or densities of pixels is substantially limited. 
     Switching is performed by means of thin film transistors provided for every pixel, the driving fashion being called an active matrix system. However, because of the complexities of the manufacturing process it is very difficult to produce a display having a large area when reduction of cost is of interest. 
     In an attempt to solve the above shortcomings of prior art devices, Clark et al. proposed a ferroelectric liquid crystal device in their U.S. Pat. No. 4,367,924. FIG. 1 is an explanatory schematic diagram showing the action of liquid crystals molecules in the prior art devices. A ferroelectric liquid crystal is interposed between a pair of glass substrates 11 and 11&#39; which is provided with an electrode arrangement made of In 2  O 3  , SnO 2  or ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) on the inside thereof. The liquid crystal is arranged between the substrates so that each molecular layer 12 is formed normal to the substrates as illustrated in the figure. The phase of the liquid crystal at which the device is driven is chiral smectic C, desirably at room temperature. Each liquid crystal molecule takes two stable positions I and II which make angles θ and -θ with the layer normal as shown in FIG. 2. 
     The position of the molecules switches between the two stable positions in the light of an externally applied electric field normal to the substrates, whereupon visual images can be constructed based on differential birefringence among pixels. One feature of this type of display devices is bistability by virtue of which the position of each liquid crystal molecule is maintained the same as the previous state even after the applied signal is removed until another signal is applied anew in the opposite sense. Namely, they can function as memory elements. 
     To such a ferroelectric liquid crystal device, it has been required to obtain a uniform state of liquid crystal without imperfections throughout the liquid crystal layer between a pair of substrates for uniform drive capability throughout the entire display area. The liquid crystal layer of this condition is referred to as &#34;mono-domain&#34; hereinafter. 
     Imperfections and defects are caused because of small flaws of orientation control films, unevenness of an electrode arrangement formed on the substrates, spacers and other causes. In order to avoid occurrence of such imperfections and defects. mono-domain has been developed by a temperature gradient method in which the crystalline structure of the liquid crystal is one-dimensionally developed inwardly from one end of the display area. 
     However, epitaxial growth of the smectic phase from a spacer edge under an appropriate temperature gradient application of the gradient temperature method is effective only when the display area of devices exceeds several squared centimeters. Furthermore, even if a large area mono-domain is constricted, the crystalline direction is not exactly aligned parallel to the substrates, making a pretilted angle with the substrate plane. For this reason, liquid crystal molecular layers tend to bend causing zig-zag structures. The switching due to external electric fields may take place in reverse senses at the both sides of a folding plane in the zig-zag structure. It has been often observed that uniform display and driving performance are hindered by the zig-zag structure. 
     The inventors have repeated experiments using liquid crystal displays comprising a chiral smectic C liquid crystal (ferroelectric liquid crystal). However, they have failed to satisfactorily drive the displays and to obtain clear images. This failure is supposedly because of interaction between pixels. The main cause of interaction might be quasi-monocrystalline (homogeneously ordered without discontinuity) regions bridging adjacent pixels. In other words, the switching of one pixel might influence an adjacent pixel through the mono-crystalline region bridging therebetween. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide a liquid crystal device which can be driven with pixels distinctly. 
     In order to accomplish the above and other objects, micro-domains are formed in each pixel consisting of a chiral smectic liquid crystal layer. Micro-domains are regions of several microns width and several hundred microns length in which molecules are oriented in mono-crystalline form, but interfaces between the micro-domains constitute discontinuities which hinder the influence of orderliness of one micro-domain upon others. Each pixel comprises a number of micro-domains. The position of liquid crystal molecules can switch individually in each micro-domain by virtue of an electric field exercised thereupon. The interactions between the micro-domains subjected to an applied electric field and neighboring micro-domains free of the field are supressed in the light of the interfaces therebetween. 
     The improved structure is produced by interposing a composite liquid crystal material between a pair of substrates provided with an orientation control surface on the inside, at a relatively high temperature at which the liquid crystal material is in an isotropic phase, and gradually cooling the liquid crystal material so that an ordered arrangement is developed with micro-domains. 
     Unlike conventional structures in which liquid crystal molecules are aligned in a particular direction, liquid crystal molecules in accordance with the present invention are aligned in diverse directions whereby a number of micro-domains are formed. Preferably, the average dimension of said micro-domains with reference to the row direction is one or more order of magnitude smaller than that of said pixel. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is an explanatory view showing the condition of liquid crystal molecules interposed between substrates. 
     FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing two stable positions of a liquid crystal molecule. 
     FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view of a liquid crystal device comprising a chiral smectic liquid crystal material. 
     FIG. 4 is a schematic view showing a micro-domain texture in a liquid crystal layer. 
     FIGS. 5(A) and 5(B) are microscopic photographs of micro-domains taken at two sites in a liquid crystal structure of 20 microns thickness in smectic A phase in accordance with the present invention with magnification of 200 by use of polarizing plates which are arranged normal to each other and sandwich the liquid crystal structure. 
     FIGS. 6(A) and 6(B) are microscopic photographs of micro-domains taken at two sites in a liquid crystal structure of 20 microns thickness in smectic C phase in accordance with the present invention with magnification of 200 by use of polarizing plates which are arranged normal to each other and sandwich the liquid crystal structure. 
     FIGS. 7(A) and 7(B) are microscopic photographs of micro-domains taken at two sites in a liquid crystal structure of 3 microns thickness in smectic C phase in accordance with the present invention with magnification of 200 by use of polarizing plates which are arranged normal to each other and sandwich the liquid crystal structure. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring now to FIG. 3, a liquid crystal display device in accordance with the present invention is illustrated in a cross sectional view. The device comprises a pair of glass substrates 1 and 1, first parallel electrodes strips 3 formed on the substrate 1 and extending in the lateral direction, a second parallel electrode strips 3&#39; formed on the substrate 1, and extending in the normal direction to the plane of the drawing sheet, a first orientation control film 4 made of a polyimide resin, a second orientation control film 4&#39; made of SiO 2 , and an ester ferroelectric liquid crystal layer 5. The ferroelectric liquid crystal material is a composite chiral smectic C phase liquid crystal. The combination of the first and second electrode strips 3 and 3&#39; constitutes an electrode arrangement in a matrix form comprising a number of pixels. By appropriate selection of a suitable resin to form the orientation control films, it is possible to relatively raise the threshold level of the switching signals applied to the liquid crystal layer. The first and second orientation control films 4 and 4&#39; are given, a rubbing treatment. Assuming the scanning of the pixels is to be carried out in the direction parallel to the first electrode strips 3, the rubbing has to be performed in the direction normal to the plane of the drawing sheet. In other words, rubbing is performed along the columns in case of designs adapted for scanning along the rows. The periphery of the substrates is provided with a sealing member 6 for avoiding a loss of liquid crystal. Reference numerals 2 and 7 designate polarizing plates orthogonally arranged. The dimensions of parts of the device shown in the figure are only chosen for illustration but not in accordance with a real design. Although not shown in the figure, when assembled, spacers are interposed between the substrates in order to keep the distance constant. In reality, the distance between the substrate is 3 microns; the width of each electrode strip is 0.36 mm and each strip is separated from an adjacent strip by 0.04 mm. 
     Particularly, in accordance with the present invention, the liquid crystal material is prepared in order to have a broad transition range within which the phase of the liquid crystal is gradually changed from its isotropic phase to its quasi-crystalline phase. In order to obtain such a transition characteristic, the liquid crystal material is prepared by blending several kinds of liquids crystals. The liquid crystal constituents are selected from those having diverse transition temperatures distributed over a wide temperature range. We have obtained a composite liquid crystal material having a wide transition temperature range by blending eight kinds of liquid crystal esters. 
     What follows are eight liquid crystal constituents with respective proportions in parenthesis which constitute a composite liquid crystal in accordance dance with the preseent invention. ##STR1## 
     By blending the above constituents, a liquid crystal material was obtained with its transition characteristics such that Crystal←(4.7° C.-3.5 ° C.)→S C  *←(62.5° C-51.9° C. )→SM A  ←(89.7° C.-75.4° C.)→ISO. 
     It will not be difficult for those skilled in the art to prepare liquid crystal materials which have transition characteristics suitable to the applications. In, accordance with an experiment, we prepared another liquid crystal material whose phase transition was such that isotropic liquid ←(130° C.-98° C. )→smectic A←(73° C.-60° C. )→smectic*C←(10° C.-0° C. )→smectic*I→(-10° C. )→crystal. 
     After interposing such a composite liquid crystal material between the orientation control films provided on the substrates 1 and 1&#39; at a temperature at which the liquid crystal material is in its isotropic phase, the structure is gradually cooled to a temperature at which the entirety of the composite liquid crystal material is in its smectic phase. By the way, liquid crystal molecules form micro-domains which grow as the temperature rises. Each micro-domain can be regarded to have a quasi-monocrystalline structure, the proportion of each constituent being 5-20%. It will be desired in general to limit the maximum proportion of the constituents up to 20% and to use many kinds of liquid crystals at nearly equal proportions respectively. The formation of micro-domains in the liquid crystal layer starts along the oriented surface given rubbing treatment so that the quasi-polycrystalline area consisting of micro-domains gradually grows as the temperature rises. FIG. 4 shows a sketch topologically drafted in accordance with a microscopic photograph of the micro-domains. The width and the length of each micro-domain 8 are about several microns and several hundreds microns respectively. The significant feature of the structure comprising the micro-domains is the absence of zig-zag defects. While the interfaces 9 between the micro-domains 8 are defects, the entirety of the liquid crystal can be regarded approximately as a uniform quasi-crystalline structure except for the interfaces between the domains which are small defects. 
     When a sawtooth pulse having a maximum voltage of ±10 V is applied between the electrode strips 3 and 3&#39;, the molecular state of the pixel just sandwiched by the activated two electrodes is changed. The state change takes place uniformly in every micro-domain 8 within the pixel so that the entirety of the pixel is changed at once. In accordance with experimentation, there was observed no difference in the changing process between a central position and a prepheral position of the pixel. 
     FIGS. 5(A) and 5(B) are microscopic photographs showing micro-domains taken at two sites of a liquid crystal layer in smectic A in accordance with the present invention with magnification of 200 by use of polarizing plates which are arranged normal to each other and supporting the liquid crystal therebetween. The distance between a pair of substrates was selected to be 20 microns rather than 3 microns for taking photographs in which micro-domain textures appear clearly. As shown in the photographs, the liquid crystal is divided into a number of micro-domains. This means that liquid crystal molecules have been oriented uniformly in each micro-domain but adjacent micro-domains have been oriented in different orientation directions. The micro-domains are several microns in width and several hundreds microns in length. The micro-domains are formed approximately parallel to the rubbing direction given to the orientation control films. 
     As the phase of liquid crystal is transformed to smectic C at a descended temperature, stripes appear in each micro-domain as seen from FIGS. 6(A) and 6(B) taken in the same condition as FIGS. 5(A) and 5(B) except for the temperature. The width of each stripe corresponds to one turn of a helix of the chiral smectic C liquid crystal and is about 3 microns. As shown in the photographs, stripes of neighboring micro-domains are aligned at the interfaces. FIGS. 7(A) and 7(B) are photographs in the case that the distance between the substrates is about 3 microns, other conditions being same as FIGS. 5(A) and 5(B). The length of each micro-domain becomes short as compared with FIGS. 6(A) and 6(B). Such a narrow distance between the substrates allows the liquid crystal helices to unwind, and therefore the response speed becomes as fast as 10 microseconds when measured in the same condition as the case of 20 microns. 
     While several embodiments have been specifically described, it is to be appreciated that the present invention is not limited to the particular examples described and that modifications and variations can be made without departure from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.