Abstract:
The multifunctional polymer nano-composite sensor system for detecting various biosignals, such as EKG, includes (1) a polymer nano-composite sensor material that is flexible, elastic, soft, and conductive, (2) a sensor material fabricated into a desired shape or form, and (3) a signal capturing interface for collecting, transmitting and processing the signals. The present invention more specifically reveals a multi-functional nano-composite sensor for detecting biologically generated electrical signals which is comprised of a polymeric composition having an electrically conductive wire embedded therein, wherein the polymeric composition has a dispersion phase and a dispersed phase, wherein the dispersion phase is comprised of a thermoplastic polymer or a thermoset polymer, wherein the dispersed phase includes an electrically conductive filler, wherein the polymeric composition is gel-free, and wherein the electrically conductive wire is adapted for conveying an electrical signal to a signal processing device.

Description:
This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/033,314, filed on Feb. 23, 2011, which claims the benefit of United States Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/307,038, filed on Feb. 23, 2010. The teachings of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/033,314 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/307,038 are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The use of electrodes to sense and measure bio-potential signals is widely practiced in the medical field as part of the various diagnostic tools like electrocardiography (ECG/EKG) for monitoring heart function and electroencephalography (EEG) for studying brain activity and the like. The prior art for these techniques is to use a metal electrode which is in contact with its ionic form through a gel-bound electrolyte which then contacts the skin. A commonly used system of this type is the “wet” electrode which is typically a Ag/AgCl electrode. These systems suffer from many disadvantages documented in literature such as the requirement of skin preparation including removal of hairs by shaving, and removal of the Stratum Corneum by scrubbing. Furthermore, wet electrodes commenly cause skin irritation in persons with sensitive skin. 
     Previous work on biopotential sensors has been done by Licata and Mitchell on the use of soft elastomeric bristles filled with a conductive liquid as a biopotential sensor (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,510,333). The technique of U.S. Pat. No. 6,510,333 art does not require preparation of the skin, however it does require liquid to be in the bristles and also recommends an abrasive scrubbing of the skin in order to eliminate resistance from the surface of the skin. The bristles also require refilling throughout their lifetime which can be an added inconvenience to the user. 
     Previous work on dry electrodes has been done by Dunseath Jr. (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,865,039) on a dry electrode assembly. However, the maximum allowed volume resistivity for these electrodes to be effective it reported to be 200KΩ-cm using a graphite-loaded polyurethane foam material. Moreover, this assembly requires a lead amplifier for improving the signal strength of the bio-potentials. 
     Previous work on dry electrodes has also been done by Schmidt, Lisy, Skebe, and Prince from Orbital Research Inc. (U.S. Pat. No. 7,032,301) on a dry physiological recording electrode that does not require any skin preparation. This prior art assembly requires constant contact with the skin. To ensure constant contact the assembly pierces the skin in order to obtain a biopotential signal which can cause pain and discomfort to the user. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The sensor material of this invention is unique as it does not require skin preparation such as scrubbing or the presence of a gel for signal collection. The said sensor material can be used with or without direct contact with skin. This material offers unique performance characteristics such as it is elastic, flexible, soft, easy to melt process, and conductive. This sensor material can be processed by commercial melt processing techniques such as fiber spinning, sheet extrusion, injection molded, compression molding, etc. The availability of a choice of processing techniques leads to the option of several different sensor assemblies. For example, the material can be spun into fibers that can be woven into cloth to make clothing, sheets, arm bands, etc. The material can also be sheet extruded or injection molded into various shapes and sizes to fit more standard or conventional biopotential sensor assemblies. 
     This sensor material can be incorporated into a sensor system comprised of various modules that enable capturing biosignals, transforming them into a usable format and integrating them into a specific end application. Also, the sensor system of this invention is capable of measuring strain, moisture content etc. This gives our sensor the unique capability to be used as a single universal sensor used to measure multiple parameters used in diagnosis and monitoring using a sequential scan, for example, or to be used as a segmented sensor made out of the same material for parallel measurement of the aforementioned parameters. 
     The present invention relates to a sensor system which is comprised of three components including: (1) a sensor material, (2) a sensor form and (3) a signal capturing interface. This “sensor system” is used for capturing physiological signals, more specifically, the detection and measurement of bio-potentials expressed on the skin surface which arises from the activity of various organs such as heart, brain, nervous system, eyes, muscle etc. In addition to capturing bio-potential signals, other types of signals such as mechanical strain, moisture levels, temperature can be simultaneously detected using the sensor system. 
     The present invention includes a sensor system consisting of a sensor material consisting of a polymer/nano-composite compound. One specific example is a composite of a polymer and carbon nano-tubes. This material can be used to make gel-free/dry sensors without the need for any skin preparation. Also, this material can be used as a non-contact sensor (no direct contact with the skin), specifically used for signal detection and measurement (examples being bio-potentials). 
     The sensor material can be fabricated into one of many forms, using virtually any plastics processing method, so that it can be incorporated into the users&#39; environment. One specific example would be a sheet form used as a liner on mattresses or chair backs. 
     After being fabricated into a suitable form the sensor is attached to a signal capturing interface to capture, transmit and process the signals collected by the sensor material. One specific example is an embedded stranded wire that can be molded into the sheet form sensor to yield a signal sensor system which can be used as a ‘sensor pad’ by capturing signals by connecting to the wire. 
     An example of this sensor system would be a whole day vital signs monitoring system where the user does not have to wear a sensor (like conventional systems), but the sensor can be integrated into the day to day living/working environment of the user, more specifically, a bed liner or a seat back liner. The system can capture, process, transmit, receive, store and apply the data appropriately so the vital signs are captured throughout the day and stored and then relayed to the physician for analysis ( FIG. 7 ). 
     The present invention more specifically reveals a multi-functional nano-composite sensor for detecting biologically generated electrical signals which is comprised of a polymeric composition having an electrically conductive wire embedded therein, wherein the polymeric composition has a dispersion phase and a dispersed phase, wherein the dispersion phase is comprised of a thermoplastic polymer or a thermoset polymer, wherein the dispersed phase includes an electrically conductive filler, wherein the polymeric composition is gel-free, and wherein the electrically conductive wire is adapted for conveying an electrical signal to a signal processing device. 
     The subject invention also reveals a method for monitoring the cardiovascular system of a patient for a prolonged period of time which comprises (1) the patient donning an article of clothing having integrated therein at least one multifunctional nano-composite sensor which is comprised of a polymeric composition having an electrically conductive sensor interface embedded therein, wherein the polymeric composition has a dispersion phase and a dispersed phase, wherein the dispersion phase is comprised of an elastomeric polymer matrix, wherein the dispersed phase includes at least one electrically conductive filler, and wherein the electrically conductive sensor interface is adapted for conveying an electrical signal to a signal processing device, (2) connecting the multifunctional nano-composite sensor to a signal processing device which is adapted for monitoring the cardiovascular system of a human being, and (3) monitoring the cardiovascular system of the patient. 
     The present invention further discloses a polymeric composition which is comprised of a thermoplastic polyurethane, a styrenic polymer, and at least one electrically conductive filler wherein the styrenic polymer is present in the composition at a level which is within the range of 10 weight percent to 50 weight percent and wherein the electrically conductive filler is present at a level which is within the range of 0.5 weight percent to 40 weight percent, based on the total weight of the polymeric composition. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Various aspects of the present invention are illustrated by the accompanying drawings. 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a cross-sectional view of complete sensor which is made of a molded polymer nano-composite of this invention and which includes an embedded snap connector. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a complete sensor which is made with a molded polymer nano-composite of this invention wherein the complete sensor has a copper wire embedded therein. 
         FIG. 3  is an exploded view illustrating a sensor interface having pin contacts piercing a sensor sheet to collect multiple bio-signal data. 
         FIG. 4  shows the circuit utilized in the sensor interface illustrated in  FIG. 3 . 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a general schematic of a grid of sensor modules in a sensor system. 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic drawing showing the flow of data through interconnected modules in the sensor system for bio-signal capturing, processing, transmission, and monitoring. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates multiple signal data collected from the sensor interface. 
         FIGS. 8 and 8A  illustrate 12 lead ECG data. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates a plurality of sensors with are in contact with a human subject for monitoring the cardiovascular system of the human subject. 
         FIGS. 10-10F  illustrate the bio-signal data collected in Examples 4-27. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The polymer nano-composite used as a sensor material in accordance with this invention includes a dispersion phase and a dispersed phase. The dispersion phase is typically a thermoplastic polymer system and the dispersed phase is typically a functional nano and/or micro scale electrically conductive filler system. 
     The dispersion phase of the thermoplastic polymer system can be a single polymer or a blend/alloy. Typically, this thermoplastic polymer system will be chosen from the list of polymer systems such as: polyethylene, polypropylene, polyether block polyamides, polyester block co-polymers, styrenic block co-polymers, styrene based co and ter polymers (such as ABS, HIPS, ASA, SIBS, SEBS, SBS, etc), polyesters (such as PET, PTT, PETG, PBT), polycarbonates, polyphylene sulfide, polysulfones, thermoplastic elastomers, acrylate polymers (specifically ethylene methacrylate), thermoplastic urethanes and their blends/alloys thereof. Additionally the polymer system may contain polymeric modifiers and other additives. 
     The dicarboxylic acid which can be used in the hard polyesters that are useful in the practice of this invention are typically selected from the group consisting of terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, diphenyldicarboxylic acid or a mixture of 2 or more thereof. The diol used for the polyester is typically an alkylene glycol that contains 2-10 carbon atoms, 1,6-cyclohexanediol, 1,6-dimethanolcyclohexane or a mixture of two or more thereof. In general, it is preferred that a polyester having a more crystalline structure be used. These polyesters include poly (butylenes terephthalate) (PBT), poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly (trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT), poly (butylenes isophthalate) (PBI), poly (cyclohexylene-dimethylene terephthalate) (PCT), poly (ethylene naphthalate) (PEN), poly (trimethylene naphthalate) (PTN), and poly (butylenes naphthalate) (PBN). 
     The polyurethanes that are useful in the practice of this invention will typically consist of prepolymers and/or the thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) of the formula of —R 1 OCONHR 2 —NHCOO—) as hard segments, where R 1  is an alkylene group containing 2-6 carbon atoms and R 2  is an aromatic group, and the soft segments having polyalkylene oxide, polyester, polycaprolactone or a copolymer of two or more thereof. The preference is MDI-based polyether, polyester, polycaprolactone, ether-ester and ester-polycaprolactone TPU. The copolyester is polyether-polyester multiblock copolymer, where polyester is aromatic dicarboxylic acid incorporating with alkylene glycols having 2-6 carbon atoms. The preferred copolyester is using polytetrahydrofuran as soft segments and poly (butylenes terephthalate) as hard segments. 
     Another optional agreement is CBT®100, a low molecular weight thermoplastic resin of Cyclics Corporation, Schenectady N.Y. It is a blend of polybutylene terephthalate oligomers without a polymerization catalyst. It melts into a low viscosity liquid and is believed to not polymerize further into PBT. 
     To increase cold temperature impact characteristics it can be advantageous in one embodiment of this invention for the composition to contain a rubbery impact modifier composition component which could be one or more rubbery impact modifiers. The type of rubber impact modifier is a polymeric material which, at room temperature, is capable of recovering substantially in shape and size after removal of a force. However, the rubbery impact modifier should have a glass transition temperature of less than 0° C. Better performance normally attained when the glass transition temperature (Tg) is less than −5° C., −10° C., −15° C., with a Tg of less than −30° C. even better. The Lotader® resins from Arkema, Corporation (France) are some representative examples of such rubbery impact modifiers that can be included in one embodiment of this invention. These particular impact modifiers are functionalized polyolefin ethylene-acrylate terpolymers, such as ethylene-acrylic esters-maleic anhydride (MAH) or glycidyl methacrylate (GMA). 
     The rubbery impact modifier composition which can optionally be used is preferably a functionalized rubbery impact modifier and can be an ethylene copolymer that functions as a compatibilizing agent or surfactant, in that it forms a covalent bond and/or physical interaction with at least one polyester component and compatibly blends with the polyester component. In most cases, to get the high level of compatibility and physical properties, such as low temperature impact strength, a covalent bond will form between the polyester component and the functionalized rubbery impact modifier. The functionalized rubbery impact modifier component of the thermoplastic resin composition will normally represent from 2.0 weight percent to 50 weight percent of the composition, with 10 to 45 weight percent more preferable and 15 to 40 percent most preferable. The functionalized rubbery impact modifier is preferably present in the composition at a level which is within the range of 10 weight percent to 40 weight percent. 
     The functionalized rubbery impact modifier will often be a compatibilizing ethylene copolymer of the formula E/X/Y, where E is about 55-75%, X is about 15-35%, and Y is about 2-15% by weight of the compatibilizing ethylene copolymer, and E is ethylene. 
     X is an α,β-ethylenically unsaturated monomer derived from at least one of alkylacrylate, alkylmethacrylate, alkyl vinyl ether, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, or mixtures thereof, where the alkyl groups contain 1-12 carbon atoms, such as vinyl acetate, methylacrylate, butylacrylate, and methyl vinyl ether. X can, for example, be a moiety derived from at least one of alkyl acrylate, alkyl methacrylate, alkyl vinyl ether, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, or mixtures thereof. More specifically, X can, for example, contain up to about 35 weight percent of a moiety derived from at least one alkyl acrylate, alkyl methacrylate, or mixtures thereof where the alkyl groups contain 1-8 carbon atoms. 
     Y is an α,β-ethylenically unsaturated monomer containing a reactive group, such as epoxide, maleic anhydride, isocyanate, or oxazoline, for example. In one embodiment, Y is selected from the group consisting of glycidyl methacrylate and glycidyl acrylate, maleic anhydride, and isocyanato-ethylmethacrylate. 
     The functionalized rubbery polymer will typically contain repeat units that are derived from an acrylate monomer of the structural formula: 
                                
wherein R represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group containing from 1 to about 8 carbon atoms, or a moiety containing an epoxy group, and wherein R 1  represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group containing from 1 to about 8 carbon atoms. Some representative examples of monomers that can be used include methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, dimethylsiloxane. In many cases, R will represent an alkyl group containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. The moiety containing an epoxy group will typically be of the structural formula:
 
                                
wherein n represents an integer from 1 to about 6. In most cases, n will represent 1. The functionalized rubbery polymer will generally also contain repeat units that are derived from a conjugated diolefin monomer, such as 1,3-butadiene or isoprene, a vinyl aromatic monomer, such as styrene or α-methyl styrene, a monoolefin monomer, such as ethylene or propylene, and/or a dialkylsiloxane monomer, such as dimethylsiloxane.
 
     The functionalized rubbery polymer can optionally contain repeat units in its backbone which are derived from an anhydride group containing monomer, such as maleic anhydride. In another scenario, the functionalized rubbery polymer can contain anhydride moieties which are grafted onto the polymer in a post polymerization step. 
     In addition, reinforcing fibers and fillers may be incorporated into the thermoplastic elastomers according to the invention. The reinforcing fibers include those of glass, carbon, aromatic polyamide, and thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers. The fillers include talc, glass beads, calcium carbonate, carbon black, minerals, silicates and nano-fillers. Further, polyfluorocarbon compounds such as PTFE may be incorporated into the present elastomers, as well as pigments, thermal stabilizers, UV stabilizers, antioxidants, flame retardants and conductive materials (organic or/and inorganic). This invention is illustrated by the following examples that are merely for the purpose of illustration and are not to be regarded as limiting the scope of the invention or the manner in which it can be practiced. Unless specifically indicated otherwise, parts and percentages are given by weight. 
     Another class of rubbery impact modifiers is the olefins grafted with maleic anhydride. One example is polypropylene with 1% maleic anhydride, available as Polybond® 3200 from Crompton Corporation. 
     The dispersed phase primarily consists of a single or a mixture of nano and/or micro scale functional additive that are electrically conductive. These functional additives can be selected from the list: Carbon black powder, Multiwall Carbon nanotubes, single-wall carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, carbon nanofibers, graphites, graphenes, graphite fibers, metal nanoparticles (gold, silver, tungsten, and copper nano particles), metal coated carbon fibers, metal or nano-particle coated organic and inorganic fillers and other conductive type fillers. The current invention uses a single functional filler or a combination of two or more fillers from the above list. In a typical example, the resulting composite sensor material of this invention, consists of, 0.1-35% loading of one or multiple conductive fillers as listed above. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Conductivity of additives and their composite properties. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Additives 
                 Volume Resistivity 
                 Properties of Composites 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Antistatic agents 
                 ~10 11  Ω · cm 
                 Isotropic shrinkage 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Non-sloughing 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Moderate elongation 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Colorable 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Transparent grade 
               
               
                 Inherently 
                 ~10 9 ~10 12  Ω · cm 
                 Isotropic shrinkage 
               
               
                 dissipative polymers 
                   
                 Colorable 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Moderate elongation 
               
               
                 Inherently 
                 ~10 −2 ~10 0  Ω · cm 
                 Isotropic shrinkage 
               
               
                 conductive polymers 
                   
                 Colorable 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Moderate elongation 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EMI/RFI shielding capability 
               
               
                 Carbon black 
                 ~10 −2  Ω · cm 
                 Isotropic shrinkage 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Strength/stiffness unchanged 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Moderate elongation 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sloughing 
               
               
                   
                   
                 High percolation threshold 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EMI/RFI shielding capability 
               
               
                 Carbon fiber 
                 ~10 −3 ~10 −2  Ω · cm 
                 Anisotropic shrinkage 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Increase Strength/stiffness 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Low elongation 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Color option 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Medium percolation threshold 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EMI/RFI shielding capability 
               
               
                 Stainless steel fiber 
                 ~10 −5  Ω · cm 
                 Isotropic shrinkage 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Strength/stiffness unchanged 
               
               
                   
                   
                 FDA compliant 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Moderate elongation 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EMI/RFI shielding capability 
               
               
                 Nickel-coated 
                 ~10 −5  Ω · cm 
                 Anisotropic shrinkage 
               
               
                 graphite 
                   
                 Increase Strength/stiffness 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Low percolation threshold 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EMI/RFI shielding capability 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The carbon nanotubes used in making the thermoplastic polymer compositions of this invention normally have a diameter which is within the range of 5 to 20 nanometers and have a length which is within the range of 1 to 5 microns. The carbon nanotubes used in making the thermoplastic polymer composition of this invention more typically have a diameter which is within the range of 7 to 15 nanometers and have a length which is within the range of 1 to 3 microns. The carbon nanotubes used in making the thermoplastic polymer compositions of this invention preferably have a diameter which is within the range of 9 to 10 nanometers and have an aspect ratio which is within the range of 80 to 180 and more typically have an aspect ratio which is within the range of 90 to 150. The carbon nanotubes used in making the thermoplastic polymer composition of this invention preferably have an aspect ratio which is within the range of 95 to 120. 
     Specialty carbon nanotubes are also used in making the thermoplastic polymer compositions of this invention normally have a diameter which is within the range of 4 to 12 nanometers and have a length which is within the range of 1 to 5 microns. The specialty multiwall carbon nanotubes used in making the thermoplastic polymer composition of this invention more typically have a diameter which is within the range of 6 to 9 nanometers and have a length which is within the range of 1 to 3 microns. The specialty carbon nanotubes typically have 2 to 10 walls and more typically have 3 to 6 walls. The specialty carbon nanotubes used in making the thermoplastic polymer compositions of this invention typically has an aspect ratio of approximately 1,000. 
     Carbon black is one of the most popular fillers used in conductive polymers because of its low cost. Since its aspect ratio (ratio of length to diameter) is very small due to the particulate shape, and its percolation threshold is very high, the particles can be interconnected to be conductive. The conductive carbon black used in making the thermoplastic polymer compositions of this invention has an average particle size of 30 to 90 microns. More typically, the conductive carbon black used in making the thermoplastic polymer compositions of this invention has an average particle size of 40 to 60 microns. 
     A combination of various conductive fillers can have a synergistic effect on the conductivity of polymer composites. For example, the combination of graphite with regular carbon fiber had higher conductivity than any one of them with the same amount of loading. The combination of carbon black, regular carbon fiber, and graphite also has better EMI shielding effectiveness than any one of them or two of them. The synergistic effects have been also found from the incorporation of ICP (inherently conductive polymers) with conductive fibers. 
     In one embodiment of this invention the polymeric composition employed in making the sensors is comprised of a thermoplastic polyurethane, a styrenic polymer, and at least one electrically conductive filler wherein the styrenic polymer is present in the composition at a level which is within the range of 10 weight percent to 50 weight percent and wherein the electrically conductive filler is present at a level which is within the range of 0.5 weight percent to 40 weight percent, based on the total weight of the polymeric composition. In such compositions the styrenic polymer can be selected from the group consisting of styrene ethylene butadiene styrene block copolymers, styrene isoprene butadiene styrene block copolymers, styrene butadiene styrene block copolymers, styrene isoprene styrene block copolymers, or styrene ethylene propylene styrene block copolymers. The thermoplastic polyurethane polymer is typically a polyether based polyurethane elastomer. The electrically conductive filler is normally a mixture which is comprised of 0.5 weight percent to 10 weight percent carbon nanotubes and 1 weight percent to 20 weight percent carbon black, based on the total weight of the composition. It can be advantageous for the electrically conductive filler to be a mixture which is comprised of 0.5 weight percent to 10 weight percent multiwall carbon nanotubes and 1 weight percent to 20 weight percent carbon black, based on the total weight of the composition. 
     The above defined nano-composite can be prepared by using a co-rotating twin screw extruder; specifically a 25 mm diameter (D) twin-screw extruder of Berstorff, GmbH make was used. The components of the formulation were fed in two schemes; (i.) all from the throat of the extruder, passing it through a length of 44D and (ii.) the conductive filler only fed from the side-feeder, with the other components from the throat. The system is typically degas sed by vacuum. A twin screw extruder can beneficially be utilized in processing the above defined nano-composite material. Pellets were collected by running the strands through a strand-pelletizer. Other melt blending/compounding techniques such as single screw extruders and banbury mixers can also be used. 
     Test Methods 
     The volume resistivity of a molded specimen is measured by direct-current (DC) resistance along the length direction around 40 mm at room temperature. The resistivity is converted to volume resistivity, ρ v  as ρ v =WDR v /L, where W is the width, D the thickness, L the length of the specimen, and Rv is the measured resistance. The data will be the average of 10 specimens with standard deviation to the mean less than 5%. 
     Electrical conductivity is calculated by the following formula: 
             σ   =       (       V   I     ×     π     ln   ⁢           ⁢   2       ×   t     )       -   1             
wherein σ is electrical conductivity, V, I and t are current, voltage, and thickness of the sample, respectively. It should be noted that the thickness is not much smaller than the distance between the probes so that electrical conductivity obtained is not real surface conductivity. The average conductivity of each specimen will be obtained from measurements at four different locations.
 
     The thermal properties will be characterized by thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry, DSC. The mechanical properties (i.e. tensile strength, tensile modulus, elongation, toughness) will be test by Instron. The heat distortion temperature (HDT) is determined by HDT tester. 
     Sensor Forms 
     The polymer nano-composite sensor material can be converted into the required sensor form as per the design. The conversion methods are injection molding, fiber spinning, extrusion, or compression molding and combinations thereof. For injection molded sensors, an over-molding approach can be used in which the wire leads are pre-placed into the mold for attachment to the sensor. Alternatively, a predesigned sensor can be molded and then the wire leads are soldered or welded on the molded sensors. For extruded sensors, the composite can co-extruded along with the wire leads and then diced or cut into predesigned sensor forms. Alternatively, the polymer nano-composite can be extruded into a film or sheet or tape form or foam form and then the wire lead can be welded or soldered on top of it. Also the leads can be produced by metal deposition techniques on the composite film or a molded sensor. Alternatively, where the application warrants, metal snap connectors can be molded into the sheets by lamination, for an alternate method of connection. Alternatively the polymer nano-composite can be melt spun into fibers (filaments) and then woven into a fabric and clothing thereof. Either while making the sensor preforms (like sheets tapes etc.), or after the sensors are prepared, the surface that comes in contact with measuring medium, may be treated (by flame or other techniques) depending upon the requirement of the application. 
     The sensor  2  of  FIG. 1  was made by laminating thin sheets of the polymeric material into the body  1  of the sensor  2  with a snap connector  3  being embedded therein. The sensor in  FIG. 2  can be made by laminating thin sheets of polymeric material onto an electrically conductive wire  4  to embedded the electrically conductive wire into the body  1  of the sensor  2 . 
       FIG. 3  is an exploded view illustrating a sensor interface having pin contacts piercing a sensor sheet to collect multiple bio-signal data. The sensor body  1  is in contact with interface pins  5  with are in electrical communication with a circuit board  6  having connecting wires  7  which are in further electrical communication with a sensor system module  8 . 
       FIGS. 8 and 8A  show 12 lead ECG data which can be collected using the sensors of this invention.  FIG. 9  illustrates a plurality of sensors  2  with are in contact with a human subject  9  for monitoring the cardiovascular system of the human subject. 
     This invention is illustrated by the following examples that are merely for the purpose of illustration and are not to be regarded as limiting the scope of the invention or the manner in which it can be practiced. Unless specifically indicated otherwise, parts and percentages are given by weight and the polymerizations were conducted in a reactor of the type depicted in  FIGS. 1-5 . 
     EXAMPLES 
     In this series of experiments, set of polymeric compositions were prepared and evaluated as materials for utilization in making sensors for detecting biosignals. The individual component materials utilized in making these polymeric compositions are identified in Table 2 as follows: 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Description of the material ingredients used. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 MATERIAL 
                 SUPPLIER 
                 GRADE 
                 SPECIFICATIONS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ABS 
                 CHI MEI 
                 Polyac PA757 
                 General purpose acrylonitrile 
               
               
                   
                 Corporation 
                   
                 butadiene styrene. Melt flow rate = 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 1.8 g/10 min. 
               
               
                 EMA 
                 ExxonMobil 
                 Optema ™ TC120 
                 Ethylene methyl acrylate 
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                   
                 copolymer intended for 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 extrustion coating, coextrusion 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 coating and extrusion 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 lamination. Melt flow rate = 6 g/ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 10 min. 
               
               
                 Hytrel 
                 DuPont 
                 Hytrel ® 4069 
                 Low modulus grade with a 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 nominal hardness of 40D and 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 melt flow of 8.5 g/10 min. 
               
               
                 LLDPE 
                 Westlake 
                 LF2018AB 
                 Linear low density polyethylene 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 with a melt flow rate = 0.8 g/ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 10 min and density = 0.924. 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Ideal for sheet and tubing. 
               
               
                 Pebax 
                 Arkema 
                 Pebax MH1637 
                 Polyether block amides, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 plasticizer-free, thermoplastic 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 elastomers 
               
               
                 PP 
                 ExxonMobil 
                 ExxonMobil ™ 
                 A homopolymer resin designed 
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 PP3155 
                 for spunbond nonwovens. 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Particularly suited for excellent 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 spinning for uniform, high 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 quality fabrics. Melt flow rate = 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 36 g/10 min. 
               
               
                 PETG 
                 SK 
                 Skygreen ® S2008 
                 General purpose polyethylene 
               
               
                   
                 Chemicals 
                   
                 terephthalate glycol. 
               
               
                 Thermoplastic 
                 Kaneka 
                 Sibstar ® 073T 
                 Thermoplastic elastomer with a 
               
               
                 Elastomer 
                 Corporation 
                   
                 shore hardness = 45A and melt 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 flow rate = 7 g/10 min. 
               
               
                 Thermoplastic 
                 Kaneka 
                 Sibstar ® 103T 
                 Thermoplastic elastomer with a 
               
               
                 Elastomer 
                 Corporation 
                   
                 shore hardness = 46A and a melt 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 flow rate = 0.10 g/10 min. 
               
               
                 TPU 
                 Merquinsa 
                 PearlThane ® 
                 A polycaprolactone copolyester 
               
               
                   
                   
                 11T93 
                 based thermoplastic 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 polyurethane with a shore 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hardness = 93A. 
               
               
                 TPU 
                 Merquinsa 
                 PearlThane ® 
                 A polyether copolymer-based 
               
               
                   
                   
                 15N70 
                 thermoplastic polyurethane with 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 a shore hardness = 72A. 
               
               
                 TPU 
                 Merquinsa 
                 PearlThane ® 
                 A polyether-based thermoplastic 
               
               
                   
                   
                 D15N80 
                 polyurethane with a shore 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hardness = 81A. 
               
               
                 CBT 
                 Cyclics 
                 CBT 100 
                 Melts to water-like viscosity 
               
               
                   
                 Corporation 
                   
                 when heated, then polymerizes 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 into the engineering 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 thermoplastic polybutylene 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 terephthalate. 
               
               
                 Modifier 
                 Polyram 
                 Bondyram ® 6000 
                 Maleic anhydride modified ABS. 
               
               
                   
                 Ram-On 
                   
                 Compatibilizer and coupling 
               
               
                   
                 Industries 
                   
                 agent for styrene compounds 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 with a mass flow rate of 8 g/ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 10 min. 
               
               
                 Modifier 
                 Arkema 
                 Lotader ® 4700 
                 A random terpolymer of 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ethylene, acrylic ester and 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 maleic anhydride with a melt 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 flow rate = 7 g/10 min. 
               
               
                 Modifier 
                 Arkema 
                 Lotader ® 8900 
                 A random terpolymer of 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ethylene, acrylic ester and 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 glycidyl metacrylate with a melt 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 flow rate = 6 g/10 min. 
               
               
                 Coupling 
                 Chemtura 
                 Polybond ® 3200 
                 Maleic anhydride modified 
               
               
                 Agent 
                   
                   
                 homopolymers polypropylene 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 used as a coupling agent. 
               
               
                 Modifier 
                 Kraton 
                 Kraton ® FG 
                 A linear triblock copolymer 
               
               
                   
                 Polymers 
                 1901G 
                 based on styrene and 
               
               
                   
                 LLC 
                   
                 ethylene/butylene with a 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 polystyrene content of 30%. 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Melt flow rate = 14-28 g/10 min 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 and shore hardness = 71A. 
               
               
                 Lubricant 
                 Harwick 
                 Stan-Lube 6056 
                 Processing oil lubricant 
               
               
                   
                 Standard 
                 Mineral 
               
               
                 Additive 
                 Wacker 
                 Genoplast ® Pellet S 
                 Silicone based performance 
               
               
                   
                 Silicones 
                   
                 additive 
               
               
                 Siloxane 
                 Multibase, A 
                 Siloxane 
                 Masterbatch consisting of 50% 
               
               
                   
                 Dow Corning 
                 Masterbatch 
                 ultra-high molecular weight 
               
               
                   
                 Company 
                 MB50-001 
                 siloxane polymer dispersed in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 polypropylene homopolymer. 
               
               
                 Antioxidant 
                 HM Royal 
                 Ethanox ® 310 
                 Tin-free antioxidant 
               
               
                 Antioxidant 
                 Maroon 
                 Sunox 626 
                 Phosphate antioxidant 
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
               
               
                 Antioxidant 
                 Amfine 
                 AO-412S 
                 High molecular weight thioether 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 antioxidant 
               
               
                 Coupling 
                 Kenrich 
                 Kenrich ® Capow 
                 Titanate coupling agent 
               
               
                 Agent 
                 Petrochemicals 
                 L38 
               
               
                 Modifier 
                 Clariant 
                 Licocene ® PE 
                 Maleic-anhydride-modified 
               
               
                   
                 Corporation 
                 4351 
                 polyethylene 
               
               
                 Carbon Black 
                 Cabot 
                 Volcan ® XC-72 
                 High surface area conductive 
               
               
                   
                 Corporation 
                   
                 carbon black 
               
               
                 Carbon 
                 Akrema 
                 Graphistrength ™ 
                 Multi-walled carbon nanotubes 
               
               
                 Nanotubes 
                   
                 C100 
                 with a mean number of walls = 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 5-15, outer mean diameter = 10-15 nm, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 and length = 0.1-10 μm. 
               
               
                 Carbon 
                 Bayer 
                 Baytubes ® 
                 Multi-walled carbon nanotubes 
               
               
                 Nanotubes 
                 Materials 
                 150HP 
                 with a mean number of walls = 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 3-15, outer mean diameter = 13-16 nm, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 and length = 1-&gt;10 μm. 
               
               
                 Carbon 
                 Cnano 
                 Flotubes ™ 9000 
                 Multi-walled carbon nanotubes 
               
               
                 Nanotubes 
                 Technology 
                   
                 with an average diameter = 
               
               
                   
                 Limited 
                   
                 11 nm, and an average length = 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 10 μm. 
               
               
                 Carbon 
                 NANOCYL S. A. 
                 Nanocyl ™ NC 
                 Multi-walled carbon nanotubes 
               
               
                 Nanotubes 
                   
                 7000 
                 with an aspect ratio &gt;150. 
               
               
                 Carbon 
                 SouthWest 
                 SWeNT ® SMW- 
                 Specialty Multiwalled carbon 
               
               
                 Nanotubes 
                 NanoTechnologies 
                 100 
                 nanotbues with a mean number 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 of walls = 3-6, a mean diameter = 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 6.6 nm, and an aspect ratio 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ~1,000. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Tables 3-8 list the resin compositions (experiments 1-28). The compositions were made by combining the listed ingredients in the following manner which is non-limiting. In this series of experiments two of the ingredients were first mixed together and then re-extruded with a third ingredient. For example, a carbon black composition was made first and then carbon nanotubes were added in a second extrusion step. In this series of experiments a wide variety of modifications were made to both the manufacturing process and combination order to prepare the series of compositions. 
     In the procedure normally used compositions were made by reactive extrusion to make engineering thermoplastics. This was normally done by adding a dry blend mixture of the polymers, modifiers, stabilizers, processing aids, and fillers as a single feed into the feed hopper of a twin screw extruder with controlled specific energy input via control of feed rate (15 to 95% torque), RPM (60 to 900 rpm), process temperature and residence time distribution. The specific energy input was typically within the range of 0.2 to 0.4 kilowatt hours per kilogram and was more commonly within the range of 0.25 to 0.35 kilowatt hours per kilogram. It should be noted that some compositions can be prepared employing other suitable mixing devices for melt blending, such as a single screw extruder or a multiple single screw extruders or similar mixing devices. 
     In one of the procedures used the polymer nano-composite sensor material was made by charging the main feeder of a Berstorff ZE-25 twin screw extruder (L/D=44) with the ingredients identified in Tables 3-8. In one of the procedures used, a polymer nano-composite sensor material was compounded by a reactive blending/extrusion process using split-feed technology, wherein in a twin screw extruder (extruder length of 36D to 52D, wherein D is the diameter of the extruder screw), the select ingredient (mainly dispersion polymeric resin or mixture of resins thereof) was premixed and charged from the main feeder and the dispersed phase functional additives were introduced into the melt at a downstream feed port location at a distance of 8D to 30D, from the main feed throat of the extruder. 
     The operating conditions for the reactive extrusions used a screw speed of 200 to 600 RPM, a temperature profile of 30-45° C. (feed), 150-230° C. (Zone 2), 160-255° C. (Zone 3), 160-260° C. (Zone 4), 170-260° C. (Zone 5), 170-260° C. (Zone 6), 170-260° C. (Zone 7), 160-255° C. (Zone 8), and 160-255° C. (die). The product was pelletized and dried between 80-120° C. for 2-4 hours to a moisture content of less than 0.05% by weight. Then, test specimens were made by injection molding and were allowed to condition at a temperature of 23° C. for at least 24 hours before testing. The composition of the sensor materials made for evaluation are identified in Tables 3-8. The electrical and mechanical properties of these sensor materials are listed in Table 9 (experiments 1-28). 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Sensor material compositions 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 EXPERIMENT 
               
             
          
           
               
                 MATERIALS 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Polyace PA757 
                 64.50 
                 55.35 
                 59.20 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Optema ™ TC120 
                 — 
                 11.40 
                 10.00 
                 92.00 
                 88.00 
               
               
                 PearlThane ® 11T93 
                 10.00 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 CBT 100 
                 5.00 
                 5.50 
                 5.00 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Bondyram ® 6000 
                 5.00 
                 4.50 
                 5.00 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Stan-Lube 6056 Mineral 
                 0.50 
                 0.45 
                 0.50 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Siloxane Masterbatch 
                 — 
                 4.50 
                 5.00 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 MB50-001 
               
               
                 Ethanox 310 
                 — 
                 0.15 
                 0.15 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 A0-412S 
                 — 
                 0.15 
                 0.15 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Graphistrength ™ C100 
                 15.00 
                 — 
                   
                 8.00 
                 12.00 
               
               
                 Baytubes ® 150HP 
                 — 
                 — 
                 15.00 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Nanocyl ™ NC 7000 
                 — 
                 18.00 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Total 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Sensor material compositions 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 EXPERIMENT 
               
             
          
           
               
                 MATERIALS 
                 6 
                 7 
                 8 
                 9 
                 10 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Optema ™ TC120 
                 82.60 
                 88.00 
                 88.00 
                 75.00 
                 88.00 
               
               
                 Lotader ® 8900 
                 1.00 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Kenrich ® Capow L38 
                 0.40 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Licocene ® PE 4351 
                 1.00 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Volcan ® XC-72 
                 — 
                 — 
                 12.00 
                 25.00 
                 6.00 
               
               
                 Graphistrength ™ C100 
                 15.00 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 6.00 
               
               
                 SWeNT ® SMW-100 
                 — 
                 12.00 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Total 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Sensor material compositions 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 EXPERIMENT 
               
             
          
           
               
                 MATERIALS 
                 11 
                 12 
                 13 
                 14 
                 15 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Optema ™ TC120 
                 79 
                 69 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Hytrel ® 4069 
                 — 
                 — 
                 91 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Westlake LF2018AB 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 91 
                 — 
               
               
                 Pebax MH1637 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 ExxonMobil ™ PP3155 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 90 
               
               
                 Lotader ® 4700 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                  1 
                 — 
               
               
                 Lotader ® 8900 
                 — 
                 — 
                  1 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Polybond ® 3200 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                  2 
               
               
                 Volcan ® XC-72 
                 18 
                 25 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Graphistrength ™ C100 
                  3 
                  6 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 SWeNT ® SMW-100 
                 — 
                 — 
                  8 
                  8 
                  8 
               
               
                 Total 
                 100  
                 100  
                 100  
                 100  
                 100  
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Sensor material compositions 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 EXPERIMENT 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 MATERIALS 
                 16 
                 17 
                 18 
                 19 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sibstar ® 103T 
                 80 
                 76 
                 92 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 PearlThane ® 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 92 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 15N70 
               
               
                   
                 PearlThane ® 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 88 
               
               
                   
                 16N80 
               
               
                   
                 Lotader ® 8900 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                  2 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 Kraton ® FG 
                  2 
                  3 
                  2 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 1901G 
               
               
                   
                 Volcan ® XC-72 
                 18 
                 18 
                 — 
                 — 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                 Flotubes ™ 9000 
                 — 
                  3 
                  6 
                  6 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 100  
                 100  
                 100  
                 100  
                 100  
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Sensor material compositions 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 EXPERIMENT 
               
             
          
           
               
                 MATERIALS 
                 21 
                 22 
                 23 
                 24 
                 25 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Sibstar ® 073T 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 45 
               
               
                 PearlThane ® 15N70 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 47.1 
               
               
                 PearlThane ® 16N80 
                 88 
                 80 
                 77 
                 92 
                 — 
               
               
                 Lotader ® 8900 
                 — 
                  2 
                  2 
                  2 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 Sunox 626 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 Ethanox ® 310 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 Volcan ® XC-72 
                 — 
                 18 
                 18 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Graphistrength ™ C100 
                 12 
                 — 
                  3 
                  6 
                 — 
               
               
                 Flotubes ™ 9000 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 6 
               
               
                 Total 
                 100  
                 100  
                 100  
                 100  
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Sensor material compositions 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 EXPERIMENT 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 MATERIALS 
                 26 
                 27 
                 28 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Optema ™ TC120 
                 — 
                 — 
                 6.3 
               
               
                   
                 Pebax MH1637 
                 — 
                 — 
                 39.69 
               
               
                   
                 ExxonMobil ™ PP3155 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 Skygreen ® S2008 
                 — 
                 — 
                 30 
               
               
                   
                 Sibstar ® 073T 
                 37.5 
                 44.1 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 PearlThane ® 15N70 
                 38.65 
                 46.158 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 CBT 100 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3.15 
               
               
                   
                 Lotader ® 8900 
                 2.25 
                 1.47 
                 2.89 
               
               
                   
                 Kraton ® FG 1901G 
                 — 
                 — 
                 4.15 
               
               
                   
                 Sunox 626 
                 0.3 
                 0.196 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 Ethanox ® 310 
                 0.3 
                 0.196 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 Stan-Lube 6056 Mineral 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0.32 
               
               
                   
                 Genioplast ® Pellet S 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3.2 
               
               
                   
                 Volcan ® XC-72 
                 18 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 Graphistrength ™ C100 
                 — 
                 — 
                 10.3 
               
               
                   
                 Flotubes ™ 9000 
                 3 
                 5.88 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Electrical and Mechanical properties of the sensor materials compositions made in this series of experiments. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 RESISTANCE 
                 TENSILE 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Surface 
                 Volume 
                 Surface 
                 Volume 
                   
                 Stress at 
                 Stress at 
                 Strain at 
                   
               
               
                 Exp. 
                 Strand 
                 Plaque 
                 Plaque 
                 Sheet 
                 Sheet 
                 Modulus 
                 Yield 
                 Break 
                 Break 
               
               
                 # 
                 (Ω/sq) 
                 (Ω/sq) 
                 (Ω/sq) 
                 (Ω/sq) 
                 (Ω/sq) 
                 (MPa) 
                 (MPa) 
                 (MPa) 
                 (%) 
                 Density 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 4.00E+01 
                 1.12E+05 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2707.2 
                 41.3 
                 41.3 
                 2.0 
                 1.1240 
               
               
                 2 
                 2.40E+01 
                 3.10E+03 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2046.3 
                 21.7 
                 21.8 
                 1.4 
                 1.1047 
               
               
                 3 
                 8.00E+11 
                 1.26E+10 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1889.9 
                 24.8 
                 24.8 
                 2.0 
                 1.0930 
               
               
                 4 
                 7.70E+06 
                 3.00E+10 
                 1.10E+11 
                 1.90E+05 
                 4.80E+04 
                 48.1 
                 8.4 
                 8.1 
                 197.9 
                 0.9587 
               
               
                 5 
                 2.30E+03 
                 2.00E+05 
                 3.80E+05 
                 5.40E+03 
                 5.20E+03 
                 61.4 
                 8.7 
                 8.4 
                 158.6 
                 0.9870 
               
               
                 6 
                 9.20E+01 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 7 
                 5.90E+03 
                 1.00E+06 
                 1.60E+06 
                 5.10E+03 
                 6.50E+03 
                 60.9 
                 9.0 
                 8.8 
                 94.5 
                 0.9973 
               
               
                 8 
                 8.40E+07 
                 1.90E+13 
                 2.00E+13 
                 1.60E+06 
                 1.20E+07 
                 41.5 
                 8.2 
                 8.0 
                 306.3 
                 0.9963 
               
               
                 9 
                 7.00E+02 
                 4.10E+03 
                 6.20E+03 
                 2.00E+03 
                 2.60E+03 
                 66.2 
                 9.8 
                 9.6 
                 231.0 
                 1.0473 
               
               
                 10 
                 1.30E+05 
                 4.00E+10 
                 1.10E+11 
                 1.00E+06 
                 4.00E+05 
                 53.8 
                 8.5 
                 8.2 
                 198.4 
                 0.9940 
               
               
                 11 
                 8.30E+02 
                 3.60E+03 
                 4.30E+03 
                 6.60E+02 
                 1.00E+03 
                 77.3 
                 9.0 
                 8.8 
                 185.7 
                 1.0393 
               
               
                 12 
                 1.20E+02 
                 1.70E+03 
                 7.80E+02 
                 2.60E+02 
                 2.30E+02 
                 114.0 
                 10.6 
                 10.3 
                 129.4 
                 1.0950 
               
               
                 13 
                 — 
                 3.90E+03 
                 2.30E+03 
                 6.60E+03 
                 6.70E+03 
                 109.7 
                 13.9 
                 13.8 
                 69.2 
                 1.1450 
               
               
                 14 
                 — 
                 7.30E+03 
                 7.50E+03 
                 1.70E+03 
                 2.90E+03 
                 595.5 
                 18.4 
                 16.0 
                 57.4 
                 0.9703 
               
               
                 15 
                 — 
                 4.50E+03 
                 4.90E+03 
                 8.20E+02 
                 2.70E+03 
                 2261.0 
                 38.4 
                 38.1 
                 5.4 
                 0.9447 
               
               
                 16 
                 1.40E+05 
                 6.00E+05 
                 4.30E+05 
                 1.90E+06 
                 1.80E+06 
                 34.4 
                 14.2 
                 14.0 
                 320.7 
                 1.0400 
               
               
                 17 
                 2.50E+02 
                 4.10E+03 
                 5.00E+03 
                 8.40E+03 
                 1.20E+04 
                 65.5 
                 13.8 
                 13.5 
                 265.8 
                 1.0590 
               
               
                 18 
                 1.60E+08 
                 1.40E+11 
                 1.60E+11 
                 1.80E+07 
                 1.10E+07 
                 29.0 
                 11.7 
                 11.7 
                 299.1 
                 0.8727 
               
               
                 19 
                 1.20E+04 
                 5.50E+05 
                 5.20E+05 
                 1.00E+04 
                 1.30E+04 
                 21.2 
                 6.9 
                 9.9 
                 261.9 
                 1.1197 
               
               
                 20 
                 1.40E+06 
                 5.20E+10 
                 5.70E+10 
                 1.60E+04 
                 1.40E+04 
                 32.5 
                 11.4 
                 12.4 
                 584.9 
                 1.1507 
               
               
                 21 
                 1.50E+02 
                 1.40E+04 
                 1.20E+04 
                 6.00E+02 
                 2.20E+05 
                 75.1 
                 6.5 
                 6.3 
                 44.8 
                 1.1433 
               
               
                 22 
                 1.30E+04 
                 1.70E+05 
                 1.10E+05 
                 1.30E+04 
                 1.20E+04 
                 45.7 
                 6.2 
                 6.2 
                 157.0 
                 1.1747 
               
               
                 23 
                 5.50E+02 
                 1.60E+03 
                 1.10E+03 
                 1.20E+03 
                 1.20E+03 
                 67.1 
                 7.1 
                 7.1 
                 65.9 
                 1.1933 
               
               
                 24 
                 5.70E+01 
                 2.50E+03 
                 1.70E+03 
                 2.90E+02 
                 3.20E+02 
                 68.3 
                 6.7 
                 6.5 
                 37.1 
                 1.2083 
               
               
                 25 
                 9.30E+03 
                 3.10E+03 
                 5.40E+03 
                 2.10E+03 
                 2.90E+03 
                 21.4 
                 3.8 
                 3.7 
                 153.7 
                 1.0540 
               
               
                 26 
                 4.80E+03 
                 1.20E+03 
                 3.70E+03 
                 8.70E+02 
                 9.30E+02 
                 31.0 
                 3.6 
                 3.6 
                 124.7 
                 1.0850 
               
               
                 27 
                 9.10E+03 
                 9.10E+03 
                 6.90E+03 
                 3.30E+03 
                 3.30E+03 
                 20.3 
                 3.6 
                 3.5 
                 140.3 
                 1.0360 
               
               
                 28 
                 2.10E+04 
                 2.40E+04 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 198.7 
                 9.1 
                 9.1 
                 8.0 
                 — 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As can be seen from Table 9, many of the sensor material compositions made were determined to be highly electrically conductive making them excellent candidates as materials for utilization in manufacturing biosensors. Additionally, many of these compositions also exhibited good mechanical properties which would allow them to be employed in commercial manufacturing of biosensors. These sensor material compositions were subsequently further evaluated to determine their ability to capture biosignals, including both electrical and mechanical signals. 
     Biosignal Measurement Set-Up 
     Two types of evaluation were conducted. The first method used a multi-functional signal capturing interface wherein a sensor testing prototype was used to test the ability of the sensor material (in sheet-form) to acquire multiple signals using just a single interface as shown in  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 . The body  1  of the sensor  2  can have a snap connector  3  embedded therein as illustrated in  FIG. 1 . This interface can utilize pin connectors to pierce the sensor material sheet or can have an electrically conductive wire  4  embedded into the body  1  of the sensor as shown in  FIG. 2 . The signal collected by the pin connector interface was fed to an instrumentation amplifier and was then processed through a Sallen-Key bandpass filtering stage. The resultant heart-wave signal was then digitized and plotted using a USB interface and a graphical-user-interface program. The data values from the digitized wave-form were captured and displayed. This system was used to capture ECG/heart-wave signals, strain signals, and proximity signals as shown in  FIG. 10 . 
     The second method used a ECG Front-End Performance Demonstration Kit (ADS1298ECG-FE) made by Texas Instruments, in conjunction with shielded interface cables and a computer for data collection and analysis of the ECG signals ( FIG. 10 ) captured by the sensor materials fabricated into the form of an electrode. 
     When ECG signals were measured with each electrode made using the sensor materials described in Tables 3-8, another ECG signal was simultaneously measured using a standard electrode from Vermed Corporation. Both sets of data were collected at 500 samples/sec and 10,000 data samples were recorded. A simple high pass filter was applied to both sets of data to remove frequencies below 5 Hz to give baseline-drift-free signals. A simple differentiator was then used to detect the position of each R peak in the Vermed electrode signal, and these R peak time stamps were used to separate the signals into individual “heartbeats”, each of which was 400 data points long (200 points each to the left and right of the R peak time stamp). Cross correlation was then performed for each heartbeat of the sensor data with its corresponding heartbeat of the Vermed electrode data. For cross correlation, data for each pair of heart beats were normalized to have a peak amplitude of 1, and a sliding inner product of the sensor data was computed as a function of a time lag applied to the Vermed electrode data, as shown in the following equation for correlation calculation:
 
 R ( l )=ΣSensor data( n )·Vermed data( n−l )  l= 0,±1,±2, . . . .
 
     The correlation value is expressed as a percentage of unity. The values for each of the material examples are presented in  FIGS. 10-10F . 
     As can be seen from  FIG. 10 , many of electrodes made from the sensor materials evaluated captured ECG signals of excellent signal quality which are comparable to conventional dry electrodes with the advantage of not requiring a wet conductive gel. The sensors of this invention also offer the advantage of not requiring any skin preparation procedure and the resulting skin irritation associated therewith. The sensors of this invention are also highly conformable which makes them more comfortable for human subjects. Under conditions of prolonged exposure the sensors of this invention further offer the additional advantage of not causing skin irritation. 
     While certain representative embodiments and details have been shown for the purpose of illustrating the subject invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in this art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the scope of the subject invention.