Abstract:
A display device for displaying a first view and a second view incorporates: a color generating layer; a barrier layer (SB 3 ); and a light source; the color generating layer includes a plurality of color elements arranged as pixel elements, the pixel elements being arranged in a horizontal direction and in a vertical direction; each color element having a pitch (Py) in the vertical direction; the light source being arranged such that, during use, light generated by the light source passes through the barrier layer and the plurality of color elements of the color generating layer; the barrier layer, comprising a stepped barrier pattern of blocking structures and openings extending in the horizontal and the vertical directions, being arranged for defining a viewing angle of the first view and a viewing angle of the second view; and the light source being arranged for generating collimated light.

Description:
FIELD 
     The present invention relates to dual view pixel matrix display devices. 
     BACKGROUND 
     A flat panel display such as an liquid crystal (LC) pixel matrix display or an organic light emitting diode (OLED) pixel matrix display can function as a dual view display, in which in a horizontal direction a first view can be generated along a first viewing angle range and a second view can be generated along a second viewing angle range. Such a dual view display is capable of generating two different views at the same time by assigning one half of the pixels of the pixel matrix to the first view and another half of the pixels of the pixel matrix to the second view. 
     A well known method to obtain two views from a single pixel matrix display is the application of a single straight barrier, which incorporates vertical openings in an otherwise opaque barrier layer. The vertical openings extend substantially continuous along the vertical length of the pixel matrix. However, such a solution to obtain Dual view from a single pixel matrix is adversely affected by a relatively poor horizontal resolution. To solve the poor resolution so-called stepped barriers are applied. A particular application is the so-called double stepped barrier arrangement (double barrier). Such a double barrier comprises a first barrier layer below and a second barrier layer above the pixel matrix. The barrier layers comprise two-dimensional patterns that allow that the first and second views to be generated by the pixel matrix while using a single light source. However, it has been found that the use of two barrier layers adversely affects the construction of the dual view display since a variation of the thickness of the glass substrates carrying the barrier layers and the pixel matrix display can affect the quality of a produced image. 
     Dual view displays are used, for example, in automotive applications as displays that can be used simultaneously by a driver and a passenger. The driver will see the first view, which for example shows a display that relates to parameters of the automobile such as a route navigation display. The passenger may see a second view, for example a TV broadcast or a video. 
     For reasons of safety, the driver should not see the second view while driving. Therefore, cross-talk of the first view and the second view, i.e., a (partial) perception of the second view (for the passenger) within the viewing angle of the first view (for the driver), should be avoided. 
     It is recognized that cross-talk between first and second views may occur not only in the horizontal direction but also the vertical direction. In particular, at relatively large oblique angles in the vertical direction an undesired second view may be visible to the driver either directly or through a reflection of the undesired second view in a front windscreen of the automobile. In displays from the prior art, an undesired viewing in the vertical direction is suppressed by a Louvre film (or Light Control film (LCF)) to avoid reflection in the windscreen. Such a Louvre film is relatively expensive. Moreover, the Louvre film reduces a brightness of the display by about 30%. 
       FIG. 1  depicts a horizontal cross-section of a dual view display D 1  using a double barrier. The dual view display D 1  of the prior art shown here, using a double stepped barrier, is an LCD type display. The display comprises a color filter plate CF, a first barrier layer LR 1 , a second barrier layer LR 2  and a backlight BL. The cross-section shown here is taken along a horizontal direction X of the display. For ease of explanation, the polarizers and liquid crystal elements are not indicated here. 
     The first barrier layer LR 1  is arranged in a height direction Z between the backlight BL and a side of the color filter plate CF facing the backlight. The first barrier layer LR 1  comprises a transparent carrier plate (such as a glass plate) on which blocking elements BS are arranged. The blocking elements BS are separated from each other by openings WO. 
     Above the color filter plate CF (along direction Z), i.e., at a side of the color filter plate not facing the backlight, the second barrier layer LR 2  is arranged. The color filter plate CF comprises a transparent carrier plate on which a sequence of transparent color elements are arranged. The color elements comprise red elements R, green elements G and blue elements B, that are configured to generate light of a red color (R), green color (G) or blue (B) color, respectively, when, during use, light from the backlight BL passes through the respective color element. Next to the color filter plate CF, an array plate (not shown) is arranged, comprising array metals M 2  (i.e., metallic connection line M 2  and/or metallic light shield). 
     The opaque metallic connection line M 2  and/or metallic light shield M 2  are positioned in such a way that the color elements R, G, B appear to be separated from each other by a non-transparent interface area, which corresponds to the metallic connection line M 2  and/or metallic light shield M 2 . For reasons of clarity, the array plate and color filter plate are shown here in a composition, and not as individual items. Below, the composition of the array plate and color filter plate will be referred to as the color filter plate, unless indicated otherwise. The metallic connection line and/or metallic light shield will be explained in more detail below. 
     The color elements R, G, B extend in columns along a vertical direction Y. The color elements R, G, B relate to sub-pixel elements, which in a combination comprise at least a red, a green and a blue element, are paired as a pixel element of the display. The R-G-B color elements are dedicated to either the first view or the second view. In  FIG. 1 , color elements indicated by R 1 , G 1 , B 1  are dedicated to the first view, while color elements indicated by R 2 , G 2 , B 2  are dedicated to the second view. Note that due to the geometry of the barriers and the required views, pixels are paired in an interleaved order. In  FIG. 1 , red color element R 1  for the first view is adjacent to green element G 2  for the second view. Green element G 2  is next to blue element B 1  for the first view. The blue element B 1  is next to red element R 2  for the second view V 2 . The red color element R 2  for the second view is adjacent to green element G 1  for the first view. Green element G 1  is next to blue element B 2  for the second view. Blue element B 2  is next to a next red element R 1  for the first view V 1 . This pattern R 1 -G 2 -B 1 -R 2 -G 1 -B 2  is repeated along the direction X. 
     A horizontal pitch Px of the color elements and a horizontal width Wmx of one metal connection line M 2  is indicated in  FIG. 1 . Note that the configuration of the double stepped barrier is such that the horizontal width of one blocking structure BS plus one opening WO equals two horizontal pitches Px: WO+BS=2*Px, while the horizontal width of one blocking structure BS equals the horizontal width of one opening WO. 
     The first barrier layer LR 1  comprises openings between the blocking structures BS. The locations of these openings of LR 1  in the horizontal direction X coincide with blocking structures BS of the second barrier layer LR 2 . This will be illustrated in  FIG. 2  in more detail. 
     As illustrated by arrows A 1 , A 2 , color element B 1  contributes to the first view under first viewing angle V 1 . The color element R 2  is adjacent to B 1  to the second view under second viewing angle V 2  as illustrated by arrows A 3 , A 4 . Please note that a gap Gp occurs between the viewing angles V 1  and V 2  (between arrow A 2  and arrow A 3 ). In this manner no cross-talk between the first and second view exists. Note that as illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the construction of the double barrier is substantially similar in both horizontal and vertical directions. Thus, cross-talk between the first and second view in both the horizontal and vertical directions is absent. 
     Not shown in this cross-section, for reasons of clarity, is a light-switching layer which comprises light switching elements that are individually associated with a single color element for controlling transmission of light through that single color element. 
     Light switching elements may be LCD elements which, under control of an electric signal, can set either an opaque state or a transparent state or in one or more intermediate semi-transparent states. Each LCD element typically comprises a layer of liquid crystal material and a thin film transistor (TFT) circuit for controlling the state of the liquid crystal layer. Each light switching element is arranged next to the associated single color element on the color filter plate CF (i.e. in the path of the light passing through the color element). 
     Each metal connection line M (that extends in a vertical direction Y perpendicular to the plane of drawing) is coupled to a row of TFT circuits. Below this will be explained in further detail. 
     Also not shown in this cross-section, for reasons of clarity, are first and second polarizing layers. The first polarizing layer is located as a first outer layer between backlight BL and the first lower barrier layer LR 1 , and the second polarizing layer is located above the second barrier layer LR 2  as a second outer layer. 
       FIGS. 2   a ,  2   b  depict a top-view layout of the barrier layers below and above the pixel matrix layer, respectively, as used in the dual view display D 1  of  FIG. 1 . In particular,  FIGS. 2   a ,  2   b  illustrate the extent of the first and second barrier layers LR 1 , LR 2  in the horizontal direction X and the vertical direction Y. The blocking structures BS of each barrier layer LR 1 , LR 2  are indicated by dark areas while the openings in each of the barrier layers are indicated by the light areas. 
     As mentioned above, the first and second barrier layers are in ‘anti-phase’: a position of an opening in one barrier layer being covered in the perpendicular direction Z by a blocking structure in the other barrier layer. Also note that besides a difference in vertical and horizontal dimensions, the barrier layers are structured similarly in both directions. The difference in horizontal and vertical dimension relates to the aspect ratio of a sub-pixel: a horizontal width of a sub-pixel is about one third of the vertical width of the sub-pixel. Note that this implies that in the direction Y, the vertical width of an opening plus the vertical width of one blocking structure equals two times a pitch in the vertical direction of one color element including the vertical width of one metal connection line running in the horizontal direction. 
     As described above, the double barrier dual view display D 1  of the prior art requires the use of two barrier layers. This adversely affects the construction of the Dual view display since a variation of the thickness of the glass substrates carrying the barrier layers and the pixel matrix display can affect the quality of a produced image. Moreover, such a double glass layer construction requires two relatively thin glass plates, which results in relatively higher costs for the display. Note also that due to the presence of these two thin glass plates, the variations of thickness of each glass plate must be less than for thickness variations of a single glass plate to obtain a view with similar optical properties in both cases. Also, thinner glass plates are more prone to fracture and damage. For these reasons, dual view displays are preferably constructed by means of a single barrier layer. 
       FIG. 3  depicts a top view of first stepped barrier. The first stepped barrier SB 1  is a single barrier layer capable of providing dual view in the horizontal direction. Blocking structures BS are indicated by dark areas and openings in the barrier layer SB 1  are indicated by light areas. 
     The blocking structures are arranged in rows of a vertical width Wy. In each row, the blocking structures and openings are shifted stepwise in the horizontal direction X over half of a horizontal width Wx. The horizontal width Wx corresponds to two times the horizontal pitch Px as described above. 
     The vertical width Wy of a row is substantially equal to the vertical width Py (shown in  FIG. 4 ) of a single color element R 1 , R 2  (sub-pixel) including the vertical width of one intermediate metal connection line (or light shield line) running in the horizontal direction. In  FIG. 3 , the vertical width of the openings WO is substantially equal to the vertical width Wy of a row. Advantageously, this stepwise arrangement of blocking structures may provide an increased (horizontal) resolution of perception by a user in comparison to the vertical line pattern of the straight barrier from the prior art. 
     The color elements R, G, B in the color filter plate CF are arranged in red, green and blue color stripes adjacent to each other in the horizontal direction X, while each color stripe extends along the vertical direction Y. The dimensions and positions of the color stripes relative to the openings will be described in more detail below. 
       FIG. 4  depicts a vertical cross-section of a dual view display using the first stepped barrier. The single stepped barrier SB 1  is arranged at a distance d below the color filter plate CF, of which a color stripe CS is shown, for example a stripe of red color elements R. 
     In this arrangement, the color elements alternately contribute to the first view V 1  and to the second view V 2 : color elements R 1  of the color stripe contribute to the red component of the first view V 1  and the elements R 2  contribute to the red component of the second view V 2 . 
     A pitch Py in the vertical direction is equal to the vertical width of one color element including one metal connection line M. The vertical width WO of the openings of the single barrier layer SB 1  is substantially equal to the vertical width Wy of a row. Thus WO equals Py in this case. 
     Since, as above, in the vertical direction a width Wbs of a blocking structure BS plus the width WO of one opening equals two times the vertical pitch Py, in this case the vertical width of one opening WO equals the vertical width Wbs of one blocking structure BS. 
     It can be seen that the first view V 1  and second view V 2  show an overlap in the vertical direction Y. For one opening in the single barrier layer SB 1 , the first view V 1  has an half viewing angle between arrow A 1  and arrow A 2 , while the second view V 2  has a viewing angle between arrow A 3  and A 4  for the same opening of the barrier layer. An overlapping angle OV occurs between arrow A 3  and A 2 . Thus, this single barrier layer SB 1  exhibits a cross-talk OV between first and second views which for practical purposes may not be acceptable. The usable width of view V 1  in this configuration is limited by arrow A 3  (boundary of second view V 2 ). 
       FIG. 5  depicts a second stepped barrier SB 2  which is a single barrier layer capable of providing dual view in the horizontal direction. Again, blocking structures BS are indicated by dark areas and openings in the barrier layer SB 1  are indicated by light areas. 
     The blocking structures BS are arranged in rows of vertical width Wy. In each row the blocking structures and openings are, in comparison to an adjacent row, shifted stepwise in the horizontal direction X over half of a horizontal width Wx of one blocking structure BS plus one opening. 
     Like the first stepped barrier SB 1 , the second stepped barrier SB 2  advantageously provides stepwise arrangement of blocking structures that may provide an increased (horizontal) resolution of perception by a user in comparison to the straight barrier as mentioned before. To avoid overlap of the first and second view V 1 , V 2 , the vertical width WO of openings in the second stepped barrier SB 2  is chosen smaller than the vertical width Py of a color element (sub-pixel). 
       FIG. 6  depicts a vertical cross-section of a dual view display using the second stepped barrier. The second single stepped barrier SB 2  is arranged at a distance d below the color filter plate CF, of which a color stripe CS is shown, for example a stripe of red color elements R. 
     In this arrangement, the elements R 1  of the color stripe contribute to the red component of the first view V 1  and the elements R 2  contribute to the red component of the second view V 2 . 
     The vertical width WO of the openings of the single barrier layer SB 2  is smaller than the vertical width Py of a single color element R 1 , R 2 . 
     The increase of the vertical width of the blocking structures with respect to SB 1  is indicated by the extensions xb on the blocking structures along line Y. 
     Since, in the vertical direction the width Wbs of a blocking structure BS plus the width WO of one opening equals two times the vertical pitch Py and WO is chosen smaller than Wy, in this case the vertical width Wbs of one blocking structure BS is larger than the vertical pitch Py (note that Wy equals Py). 
     It can be seen that the first view V 1  and the second view V 2  show an overlap OV in the vertical direction Y which is strongly reduced in comparison to the overlap observed for a dual view display that uses the first single stepped barrier SB 1 . Note that in comparison to the first stepped barrier only, the vertical width WO of the openings and the vertical width of the blocking structures BS have been changed, all other sizes are the same as shown in  FIG. 3  and  FIG. 4 . 
     Although the second stepped barrier SB 2  strongly reduces the overlap OV of the first and second views V 1 , V 2  in comparison to the overlap OV as shown by the dual view display using the first stepped barrier SB 1 , it is noted that the overlap OV may still be such that the driver may see the second view in a vertical direction above or below the first view. It is, however, possible to design the second stepped barrier SB 2  in such a way that substantially no overlap occurs. A practically complete reduction of overlap or cross-talk by reducing the vertical width WO of an opening in the stepped barrier layer SB 2  may be possible but at the same time this would strongly reduce the transmitted intensity of the first and second views V 1 , V 2  in an undesirable manner. 
     The second stepped barrier has an adverse impact on the transmission of light of the dual view display. In comparison to a transmission of first stepped barrier SB 1  (normalized at 100%), the second stepped barrier has a transmission of only about 60%. Disadvantageously, such a reduction of transmission would require a light source with higher intensity and a higher power consumption. 
     Disadvantageously, such a reduction of transmission would require a light source with higher intensity and a higher power consumption. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Display devices and related methods are provided. An embodiment of such a display device for displaying a first view and a second view incorporates: a color generating layer; a barrier layer (SB 3 ); and a light source; the color generating layer includes a plurality of color elements arranged as pixel elements, the pixel elements being arranged in a horizontal direction and in a vertical direction; each color element having a pitch (Py) in the vertical direction; the light source being arranged such that, during use, light generated by the light source passes through the barrier layer and the plurality of color elements of the color generating layer; the barrier layer, comprising a stepped barrier pattern of blocking structures and openings extending in the horizontal and the vertical directions, being arranged for defining a viewing angle of the first view and a viewing angle of the second view; and the light source being arranged for generating collimated light. 
     An embodiment of a method for manufacturing a display device for displaying a first view and a second view, each of the first view and the second view having a respective horizontal viewing angle and a respective vertical viewing angle; the method comprising: arranging a light source for generating collimated light; and providing a stepped barrier pattern of blocking structures and openings extending in the horizontal and the vertical directions such that the blocking structures provide the viewing angle of the first view and the viewing angle of the second view. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
       Below, the invention will be explained with reference to some drawings, which are intended for illustration purposes only and not to limit the scope of protection which is defined in the accompanying claims. 
         FIG. 1  depicts a cross-section of a dual view display using a double barrier; 
         FIGS. 2   a ,  2   b  depict a layout of the barrier layers below and above the pixel matrix layer, respectively, as used in the dual view display of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  depicts a first stepped barrier; 
         FIG. 4  depicts a vertical cross-section of a dual view display using the first stepped barrier; 
         FIG. 5  depicts a second stepped barrier; 
         FIG. 6  depicts a vertical cross-section of a dual view display using the second stepped barrier; 
         FIG. 7  depicts a third stepped barrier; 
         FIG. 8  depicts a vertical cross-section of an embodiment of a dual view display; 
         FIG. 9  depicts a top view of a portion of a display; 
         FIGS. 10   a ,  10   b  depict a top view of a portion of an embodiment of a display; 
         FIG. 11  depicts schematically a luminance distribution for the vertical and horizontal viewing directions of an embodiment of dual view display; 
         FIGS. 12   a  and  12   b  depict schematically a vertical distribution of viewing angle below a front windscreen of an automobile; 
         FIG. 13  shows a detail of the cross-section of  FIG. 8 ; 
         FIG. 14  shows a detail of a light ray passing a glass carrier, and 
         FIG. 15  shows a cross-section of a further embodiment of a dual view display. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 7  depicts a top view of a third stepped barrier SB 3  which is a single barrier layer capable of providing dual view in the horizontal direction. Again, blocking structures BS are indicated by dark areas and openings are indicated by light areas in the barrier layer SB 1 . 
     The blocking structures BS are arranged in rows of vertical width Wy. In each row, the blocking structures and openings are shifted stepwise in the horizontal direction X over half of a horizontal width Wx of one blocking structure BS plus one opening in comparison to an adjacent row. Like the first stepped barrier SB 1 , the third stepped barrier SB 3  advantageously provides stepwise arrangement of blocking structures that may provide an increased (horizontal) resolution of perception by a user. 
     In the third stepped barrier SB 3 , the vertical width WO of openings is chosen relatively slightly smaller than the vertical pitch Py of a color element (sub-pixel). In fact, the vertical width WO of openings in the third stepped barrier SB 3  is smaller than but still close to the width WO of openings as shown in the first stepped barrier SB 1 . Note that vertical width Wy of the stepped barrier equals the vertical pitch Py of one color element including one metal connection line M. 
     As illustrated by the vertical width of openings shown in  FIGS. 4 and 6 , a dual view display equipped with the third stepped barrier SB 3  would exhibit a cross-talk in the vertical direction between the first and second views (other dimensions being equal, as shown in the cross-sections of  FIGS. 4 and 6 ). 
     It should be recognized that cross-talk can be reduced in a substantially complete manner, by providing in a dual view display the single stepped barrier as shown in  FIG. 7  and at the same time providing light blocking means in the sub-pixel design to block light rays that generate cross-talk in (at least) the vertical direction. 
     In one embodiment, the light blocking means comprises a provision for producing a collimated light beam by the backlight and a provision of non-transparent sub-pixel delineation elements. 
       FIG. 8  depicts a vertical cross-section of a dual view display according to an embodiment of the present invention using the third stepped barrier SB 3  and light blocking means in the sub-pixel design BM. As shown in  FIG. 8 , the third single stepped barrier SB 3  is arranged at the distance d below the color filter plate CF, of which a color stripe CS is shown, for example a stripe of red color elements R. In this arrangement, the elements R 1  of the color stripe contribute to the red component of the first view V 1  and the elements R 2  contribute to the red component of the second view V 2 . 
     As described above with reference to  FIG. 7 , the vertical width WO of the openings of the single barrier layer SB 3  is slightly smaller than the vertical pitch Py. Since, in the vertical direction the width Wbs of a blocking structure BS and the width WO of one opening equals two times the vertical pitch Py and WO is chosen slightly smaller than Wy, in this case the vertical width Wbs of one blocking structure BS is slightly larger than the vertical pitch Py (note that Wy equals Py). 
     In the embodiment of  FIG. 8 , the delineation element BM is covering the non-transparent metal connection line M as a masking element and the delineation element BM has vertical width Wby that is either larger than or equal to a vertical width Wmy of the metal connection line M. The arrangement of the delineation element BM between the sub-pixels is described in more detail with reference to  FIG. 9 . 
     Below the third stepped barrier SB 3 , a collimated backlight BLc is provided. The collimated backlight Blc exhibits a degree of collimation (i.e., a distribution range of preferred directions of backlight radiation distributed around a preferred main direction of the backlight radiation) that can be tuned with the geometry of the third stepped barrier SB 3  in such a way that, beyond the boundary set by arrow A 2  of the viewing angle of the first view V 1 , substantially no light is radiated. Second view V 2  is thus substantially not illuminated and therefore can not be observed. 
     The construction of the viewing angles of the first and second views V 1 , V 2  is shown by arrows A 2 , A 5  and A 3 , A 4 , respectively. Arrows A 2  and A 5  of the viewing angle of the first view V 1  coincide with the degree of collimation of the radiation of the collimated backlight Blc, i.e., the radiation of the collimated backlight Blc that passes through the first color element R 1  has a distribution substantially confined within the viewing angle V 1 . Arrows A 2  and A 5  display the directional boundaries of the collimated radiation. 
     As a consequence, it follows that light that would be radiated through the openings and that would be passing through the second color element R 2 , would have substantially the same directional boundaries as indicated by arrows A 3  and A 4 . As mentioned above, since substantially no light is radiated beyond the range between A 2  and A 5 , second view V 2  is substantially not illuminated. 
     In comparison to the stepped barrier SB 1  as shown in  FIG. 3 , the third stepped barrier has a transmission between about 85 and about 98% depending on the differences in the vertical width WO of the openings and the vertical width Wbs of the blocking structures BS between the first stepped barrier SB 1  and the third stepped barrier SB 3 . 
     It is noted that due to the collimation only, light is substantially radiated in usable viewing directions, i.e., the (horizontal and vertical) viewing directions of the first and second views. Such a collimation is beneficial for reduction of power consumption and heat generation of the dual view display. 
     It is further noted that in comparison to the first and second stepped barriers SB 1 , SB 2 , the vertical width of the non-transparent delineation element BM may be relatively larger for the configuration of the third stepped barrier SB 3 . Typically, this will not or only slightly affect the aperture of a color element due to the presence of the non-transparent array metals and the TFT circuit that partially covers the color element. This will be explained in more detail below with reference to  FIG. 9 . By enlarging the non-transparent delineation element BM, the TFT circuit in at least some embodiments may be located (at least partially) below the delineation element BM. 
     In the arrangement shown in  FIG. 8 , the barrier layer SB 3  is arranged between the collimated backlight BLc and the color filter plate CF. It is noted that, alternatively, the barrier layer SB 3  may be arranged above the color filter plate CF, the color filter plate being between the barrier layer SB 3  and the collimated backlight BLc. 
       FIG. 9  depicts a top view of a display as shown in  FIGS. 4 and 6 . In  FIG. 9 , a portion of the color filter plate CF is shown with the light switching layer or liquid crystal (LC) layer and array plate superimposed. 
     The red color element R is adjacent in the horizontal direction X to the green element G, and the green element is next to the blue element B. In the vertical direction the red, green and blue elements are separated by the horizontal metal connection lines M. 
     In the horizontal direction each color element is separated from vertically adjacent color elements by a vertical metal connection line M 2 . Next to each horizontal line M may run a gate control line GC. 
     On a portion of each color element R, G, B an array metal is located which relates to a TFT circuit that may comprise a transistor (not shown), a storage capacitor SC, and a contact CT to a transparent conductive (e.g. ITO) pixel layer. The transistor comprises a gate, a source and drain (not shown). The transistor is arranged for controlling the state of the LC layer as described above. Note that the LC layer is not shown. 
     Due to the arrangement of metal connection lines M 2  and M and gate control lines GC on the array plate next to the color filter plate CF, a matrix of TFT circuits is created, wherein each TFT circuit may be selectively controlled to address the corresponding sub-pixel. It should be noted that the shown arrangement of array metals is an example. Depending on the design of the TFT circuit (also referred to as array design or pixel design) the arrangement of array metals may be different, as will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art. 
       FIGS. 10   a ,  10   b  depict a top view of a portion of a display in additional embodiments. In  FIG. 10   a , a sub-pixel arrangement is shown that is substantially similar to the sub-pixel arrangement as shown in  FIG. 9 . According to an embodiment of the invention, each sub-pixel is delineated from adjacent sub-pixels by a non-transparent delineation line BM extending in the horizontal direction and by a second non-transparent delineation line BM 2  extending in the vertical direction. The non-transparent delineation line BM extending in the horizontal direction is arranged to reduce the cross-talk in vertical direction as described above with reference to  FIGS. 7 and 8 . In this embodiment, the non-transparent delineation line BM extending in the horizontal direction has a width Wby and is positioned over substantially the sub-pixel area where a portion of the array metals, in this example, the storage capacitor SC and metal connection line M is located. In this embodiment, the width Wby of the non-transparent delineation line BM is at least equal to the width Wmy of the metal connection line M plus the vertical size of the storage capacitor SC. 
     Since the storage capacitor SC and metal connection line M by itself are non-transparent, application of BM reduces the effective vertical aperture only slightly. Similarly, the non-transparent delineation is applied as second non-transparent delineation lines BM 2  in the vertical direction over the vertical metal lines M 2 . The width Wbx of each second non-transparent delineation line BM 2  is substantially equal to the width Wmx of the vertical metal line M 2 . 
     In  FIG. 10   b , a sub-pixel arrangement is shown that is substantially similar to the sub-pixel arrangement as shown in  FIG. 9 . According to another embodiment, each sub-pixel is delineated from adjacent sub-pixels by a non-transparent delineation line BM 3  extending in the horizontal direction and by a second non-transparent delineation line BM 4  extending in the vertical direction. The non-transparent delineation line BM 3  extending in the horizontal direction is arranged to reduce the cross-talk in vertical direction as described above with reference to  FIGS. 7 and 8 . 
     In this embodiment, the non-transparent delineation line BM 3  extending in the horizontal direction has a width Wby 2  and is positioned over substantially the portion of the sub-pixel area where the storage capacitor SC, the contact CT and the gate control line GC are located. In this embodiment, a width Wby 2  of the non-transparent delineation line BM 3  is at least equal to the vertical width of the metal connection line M plus the vertical size of the storage capacitor SC, the contact CT and the gate control line GC. 
     The array metals to be covered may comprise one or more from a group metal connection lines, metal light shields, storage capacitor, storage capacitor lines, gate contact lines and contacts. Since these array metal compounds by them self are non-transparent, application of BM 3  over them reduces the effective (vertical) aperture only slightly. Similarly, the non-transparent delineation is applied as non-transparent delineation lines BM 4  in the vertical direction over the vertical metal lines M 2 . The width Wbx 2  of each non-transparent delineation line BM 4  is substantially equal to the width Wmx of the vertical metal line M 2 . 
     Additionally or alternatively, the application of a layer of non-transparent delineation elements BM in itself may advantageously provide a reduction of reflections of light from a backlight on non-transparent and reflective array metals. These reflections may result in an undesired cross-talk between the first and second views which can be suppressed significantly by covering an area of an array metal with a non-transparent delineation element BM. 
       FIG. 13  shows a detail of the cross-section of  FIG. 8 . In  FIG. 13  entities with the same reference number as shown in the preceding figures refer to the corresponding entities in the preceding figures. 
     The viewing angle of the first view between A 2  and A 5  that is free from overlap with the second view is limited by the boundaries A 3  and A 4  of the second view. Note that in the vertical direction the width Wbs of a blocking structure BS plus the width WO of one opening equals two times the vertical pitch Py. 
     The minimum angle α with the Z direction for the second view V 2  is given by 
     
       
         
           
             α 
             = 
             
               
                 tan 
                 
                   - 
                   1 
                 
               
               ⁡ 
               
                 ( 
                 
                   
                     
                       0.5 
                       ⁢ 
                       Wby 
                     
                     + 
                     xb 
                   
                   d 
                 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     In the glass carrier of the color filter plate the first view is limited between +α and −α. Further, the refraction at the glass-air interface for light rays leaving the panel should be taken into account. This is schematically shown in  FIG. 14 , wherein θ_out is a desired exit angle for light rays (i.e., the vertical boundary angle of the first view). 
       FIG. 14  shows a detail of a light ray passing a glass carrier DR, according to Snell&#39;s
   n   glass sin θ in   =n   air sin θ out    
law:
 
     wherein n glass  is the refraction coefficient of the glass carrier DR, θ in  is the angle within the glass medium, n air  is the refraction coefficient in air and θ out  is the exit angle of the light ray. 
     Using n air =1 and α equal to θ in  yields: 
     
       
         
           
             
               θ 
               out 
             
             = 
             
               
                 sin 
                 
                   - 
                   1 
                 
               
               ⁡ 
               
                 [ 
                 
                   
                     n 
                     glass 
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   sin 
                   ⁢ 
                   
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     As an example, for sub-pixels (color elements) with a vertical size Py of 189 μm and a horizontal size Px of 63 μm including a metal line or light shield M vertical spacing of 17 μm, an angle θ out =30 degrees, n glass ≈1.52 and a distance d=100 μm, results for the embodiment shown in  FIG. 10   a  in: 
     Wby=40 μm, xb=14.8 μm, and WO=159.4 μm (full vertical size of BS=218.6 μm=2*Py−WO). For the embodiment shown in  FIG. 10   b  this results in Wby=66 μm, xb=1.8 μm, and WO=185.4 μm (full vertical size of BS=192.6 μm). 
       FIG. 11  depicts schematically a luminance distribution for the vertical and horizontal viewing directions of an embodiment of a dual view display module. 
     The dual view display module of  FIG. 11  is an arrangement that comprises a collimated backlight BLc and electronic circuitry for driving the display. 
     In  FIG. 11 , the luminance distribution of an exemplary dual view display module is shown as a function of the viewing angle in both horizontal and vertical direction. Along the horizontal axis the viewing angle is plotted, along the vertical axis the luminance of the display module is plotted. 
     Curve C 1  shows a horizontal luminance distribution along the horizontal direction of the dual view display (for example in an automobile). The horizontal luminance distribution C 1  shows a first luminance maximum I 1  at about −30 degrees, which may correspond to the illumination at a desired viewing angle of the first view V 1  for a position of the driver in the automobile (a first user). The horizontal luminance distribution C 1  shows a second luminance maximum I 2  at about +30 degrees, which may correspond to the illumination of a desired viewing angle of the second view V 2  for a position of the passenger in the automobile (a second user). The illumination of the first and second views has a separation at half-width of about 20 degrees (from −10° to +10°). 
     Curve C 2  shows a vertical luminance distribution along the vertical direction of the dual view display at an horizontal viewing angle of −30 or +30 degrees. The vertical luminance distribution C 2  in this example shows a maximum around 0 degrees (i.e., perpendicular to the plane of the display). Due to the collimation of light produced by the collimated backlight BLc, the luminance is confined (in this example) within an opening angle of 60 degrees (from −30 to 30 degrees in vertical direction). 
     It is noted that the angular values shown here are mere examples: a dual view display may be arranged with any viewing angle in both vertical and horizontal direction as required for any given arrangement of the display and/or windscreen and/or positions of driver and passenger. 
       FIGS. 12   a  and  12   b  depict schematically a vertical distribution of viewing angle below a front windscreen of an automobile. In particular, an embodiment of a dual view display D 2  according to the present invention, equipped with the third stepped barrier SB 3 , non-transparent delineation elements BM, BM 2 ; BM 3 , BM 4  and a collimated backlight BLc is schematically depicted below a front windscreen WS of an automobile. The display D 2  may be located on a dashboard or on a console in between the seats of a driver and a passenger. 
       FIG. 12   a  depicts a dual view display with a vertical viewing angle centered around a normal N of a plane DP of the display.  FIG. 12   b  depicts a dual view display with a vertical viewing angle tilted relative to the normal N of the plane DP of the display. 
     A tilt of the vertical viewing angle relative to the normal N of the plane DP can be realized by adjusting the vertical position of the openings in the stepped barrier SB 3  relative to the vertical position of the color elements in the color filter plate CF. Thus, the display can be positioned in a vertically tilted position within the automobile. 
     Likewise, the horizontal luminance distribution C 1  as shown in  FIG. 11  is symmetrical around the normal N of the plane DP of the display, but the horizontal luminance distribution can be shifted to an asymmetrical distribution relative to the normal of the plane of the display, by adjusting the horizontal position of the openings in the stepped barrier SB 3  relative to the horizontal position of the color elements in the color filter plate CF. 
     In  FIGS. 12   a  and  12   b , the first view V 1  intended for the driver is displayed within the boundaries A 1 , A 2 . Above boundary A 1  and below boundary A 2  a reproduction of the second view is unwanted, since this second view may reflect in the windscreen WS or may be directly visible to the driver. Accordingly, the second view is cancelled by the stepped barrier SB 3  in combination with the non-transparent delineation elements BM, BM 2 ; BM 3 , BM 4  and the collimated backlight radiation BLc 
     By canceling the second view as described above, at least some embodiments of a dual view display can be fabricated without a Louvre film (LCF film). Such a Louvre film is intended for avoiding reflection of the display in the windscreen. Advantageously, the Louvre film can be omitted from the dual view display design, by which costs can be reduced. Moreover, since the Louvre film on a display would reduce the brightness of that display by about 30%, a collimated backlight BLc with relatively less intensity can be used, which results in lower power consumption. 
     Further, it is noted that in at least some of the embodiments of such a display, the color filter plate may comprise additional color elements next to the red, green and blue color elements, for example, a white sub-pixel next to the red, green and blue color elements. 
       FIG. 15  is a schematic a cross section of a further embodiment of a dual view display. Specifically, this embodiment incorporates an array of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) indicated below as LED elements L. In the vertical cross-section as shown in  FIG. 15 , entities with the same reference number as shown in the preceding figures refer to the corresponding entities in the preceding figures. 
     In a first light emitting layer OL, the LED elements L are arranged in an array. Between the individual LED elements, metal interconnection lines M may be located that extend in the direction X (perpendicular to the YZ plane of drawing). The LED elements L are each arranged to produce an individual (collimated) light beam and can be addressed individually as a sub-pixel. 
     In this example, the LED elements L are LEDs arranged for emission of ‘white light’ (i.e., an ensemble of light components with various wavelengths that produces at least a perception of white light). Above the light emitting layer OL a color filter plate CF that comprises color elements is located. Similar as in the preceding figures a color stripe of red elements R 1 , R 2  is shown in this cross-section. Note that in this embodiment, the color filter plate is indicated without an array plate. 
     Above the color filter plate, non-transparent delineation elements BM are located on the boundaries between adjacent color elements R 1 , R 2  in the color stripe. Then, above the layer of delineation elements BM, the stepped barrier SB 3  as described above with reference to  FIGS. 7 and 8  is located. 
     Alternatively, instead of white light producing LED elements L, the LED elements L may be LED elements producing a (collimated) light beam of a particular color: e.g., red, green or blue. In that case, the color filter plate may be omitted. The non-transparent delineation elements BM are then located (printed) at the boundaries between adjacent LED elements. Above the layer of delineation elements BM, the stepped barrier SB 3  as described above with reference to  FIGS. 7 and 8  is located. 
     It is noted that the arrangement of OLEDs as shown is a so-called stack-up arrangement, emitting light along direction Z. It is conceivable that OLEDs may be arranged in another arrangements for emitting light along the direction Z. 
     Further it is noted that in a display according to this embodiment of the present invention, OLEDs may comprise additional color elements next to the red, green and blue color elements. Such an additional color element may be for example, a white sub-pixel. 
     In a further embodiment, a dual view display device may be arranged as a switchable display device using barrier technology to create 2D (two-dimensional) imaging in one mode and 3D (three-dimensional) imaging in another mode, the modes being switchable by a mechanism such as one known in the art. In both modes, the dual view of the first view V 1  and the second view V 2  can be generated. 
     In yet a further embodiment, a dual view display device may be arranged as a display device using barrier technology to create 3D (three-dimensional) imaging, the imaging being created by a mechanism such as one known in the art. In the 3D imaging mode, the dual view of the first view V 1  and the second view V 2  can be generated. 
     While specific embodiments of the invention have been described above, it will be appreciated that the invention may be practiced otherwise than as described. The descriptions above are intended to be illustrative, not limiting. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that modifications may be made to the invention as described without departing from the scope of the claims set out below.