Abstract:
A methodology for administering topical formulations of olopatadine for treatment of allergic or inflammatory disorders of the nose in children is disclosed. Moreover, an ophthalmic product is provided for practicing the methodologies.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of Ser. No. 12/836,834 filed Jul. 15, 2010 which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/226,469, filed Jul. 17, 2009, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    The present invention relates to topical formulations used for treating allergic and inflammatory diseases. More particularly, the present invention relates to formulations of olopatadine and their use for treating and/or preventing allergic or inflammatory disorders of the nose in children. 
         [0004]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0005]    As taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,871,865 and 4,923,892, both assigned to Burroughs Wellcome Co. (“the Burroughs Wellcome Patents”), certain carboxylic acid derivatives of doxepin, including olopatadine (chemical name: Z-11-(3-dimethylaminopropylidene)-6,1′-dihydrodibenz[b,e]oxepine-2-acetic acid), have antihistamine and antiasthmatic activity. These two patents classify the carboxylic acid derivatives of doxepin as mast cell stabilizers with antihistaminic action because they are believed to inhibit the release of autacoids (i.e., histamine, serotonin, and the like) from mast cells and to inhibit directly histamine&#39;s effects on target tissues. The Burroughs Wellcome Patents teach various pharmaceutical formulations containing the carboxylic acid derivatives of doxepin, including nasal spray and ophthalmic formulations. See, for example, Col. 7, lines 7-26, and Examples 8 (H) and 8 (I) of the &#39;865 patent. 
         [0006]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,116,863, assigned to Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd., (“the Kyowa patent”), teaches that acetic acid derivatives of doxepin and, in particular, olopatadine, have anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory activity. Olopatadine is the cis form of the compound having the formula: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    Medicament forms taught by the Kyowa patent for the acetic acid derivatives of doxepin include a wide range of acceptable carriers; however, only oral and injection administration forms are mentioned. 
         [0007]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,805, assigned to Alcon Laboratories, Inc. and Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd., teaches topical ophthalmic formulations containing olopatadine for treating allergic eye diseases. According to the &#39;805 patent, the topical formulations may be solutions, suspensions or gels. The formulations contain olopatadine, an isotonic agent, and “if required, a preservative, a buffering agent, a stabilizer, a viscous vehicle and the like.” See Col. 6, lines 30-43. “[P]olyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyacrylic acid or the like” are mentioned as the viscous vehicle. See Col. 6, lines 55-57. 
         [0008]    PATANOL® (olopatadine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution) 0.1% is a commercially available olopatadine product for ophthalmic use. According to its labelling information, it contains olopatadine hydrochloride equivalent to 0.1% olopatadine, 0.01% benzalkonium chloride, and unspecified amounts of sodium chloride, dibasic sodium phosphate, hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide (to adjust pH) and purified water. 
         [0009]    PATANASE® (olopatadine hydrochloride nasal spray) 0.6% olopatadine is a commercially available olopatadine product for nasal use. According to its labelling information, it contains olopatadine hydrochloride equivalent to 0.1% olopatadine, 0.01% benzalkonium chloride, and unspecified amounts of sodium chloride, edetate disodium, dibasic sodium phosphate, hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide (to adjust pH) and purified water. United State Patent Publication No. 20070142458 discloses olopatadine nasal spray formulations and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes. 
         [0010]    Unexpectedly, it has been discovered that olopatadine nasal spray can provide improved alleviation of allergy symptoms for children when the nasal spray is administered in smaller doses relative to larger doses, which are traditionally administered to adults. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0011]    The present invention provides a method of administering olopatadine nasal spray that is particularly desirable for children. The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical product desirable for administering the nasal spray to children. The formulations of the present invention are aqueous solutions that comprise approximately 0.6% olopatadine and are effective as products for treating allergic or inflammatory disorders of the nose. 
         [0012]    According to the method, a first amount of olopatadine is administered to nostrils of a child during a first time period. A second amount of olopatadine is then administered to the nostrils of the child during a second time period. The first amount and second amount are each at least about 0.9 mg but no more than about 1.5 mg. Moreover, the first time period and the second time period of administration are separated by an intermediate time period that is at least four hours but is less than twenty four hours. Typically, the first time period and second time period are both less than two minutes. The term “child” can mean any individual under the age of 12, but preferably means an individual that is at least 2 years of age, more preferably at least 6 years of age but is no more than 11 years of age or less than 12 years of age. The first amount and the second amount are typically administered from a nasal spray bottle to the nostrils. Additionally, the first amount and second amount are typically each delivered to the nostrils of the child using a single spray from the nasal spray bottle in each nostril. This first amount and second amount of olopatadine can each be administered on a daily basis (i.e., the first amount and second amount can each be administered in consecutive 24 hour periods) for multiple days (e.g., at least 15, 30, 45 or more days). For example, the amounts can be delivered daily through an allergy season. 
         [0013]    The olopatadine pharmaceutical product typically comprises a nasal sprayer containing an olopatadine nasal spray composition and instructions for administration of the nasal spray to a child provided therewith. Administration of the nasal spray according to the instructions results in administration of olopatadine in accordance with the following regimen:
       i) administration of a first amount of olopatadine to nostrils of a child during a first time period wherein the first time period is less than two minutes and wherein the child is at least 4 years of age but is no more than 11 years of age or less than 12 years of age and wherein the first amount is at least about 0.9 mg but is no more than about 1.5 mg; and   ii) administration of a second amount of olopatadine to the nostrils of the child during a second time period wherein the second time period is less than two minutes and wherein the first time period and the second time period are separated by an intermediate time period that is at least four hours but is less than twenty four hours and the second time period is less than two minutes and wherein the second amount is at least about 0.9 mg but is no more than about 1.5 mg.
 
Again, this first amount and second amount of olopatadine can be administered on a daily basis for multiple days.
       
 
         [0016]    In a preferred embodiment, the nasal spray composition typically includes or consists essentially of the following:
       a) 0.54-0.62% (w/v) olopatadine free base or an equivalent amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of olopatadine;   b) a phosphate salt in an amount equivalent to 0.2-0.8% (w/v) dibasic sodium phosphate, wherein the phosphate salt selected from the group consisting of monobasic sodium phosphate; dibasic sodium phosphate; tribasic sodium phosphate; monobasic potassium phosphate; dibasic potassium phosphate; and tribasic potassium phosphate;   c) 0.3-0.6% (w/v) NaCl;   d) a pH-adjusting agent in an amount sufficient to cause the composition to have a pH of 3.6-3.8;   e) 0.005-0.015% (w/v) benzalkonium chloride;   f) 0.005-0.015% (w/v) edetate disodium; and   g) water.       
 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0024]    The present invention is predicated upon the unexpected discovery that, for children, lower doses of olopatadine nasal spray can perform better in alleviating allergy symptoms, particularly nasal allergy symptoms, than higher doses of olopatadine. This is particularly the case for children of ages four to eleven. Accordingly, a regimen for nasal administration of olopatadine nasal spray to children has been developed. 
         [0025]    Unless indicated otherwise, all component amounts are presented on a % (w/v) basis and all references to amounts of olopatadine are to olopatadine free base. 
         [0026]    Olopatadine is a known compound that can be obtained by the methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,116,863, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in the present specification. The solution formulations of the present invention contain 0.54-0.72% olopatadine. Preferably, the solution formulations contain 0.6% olopatadine. 
         [0027]    Olopatadine has both a carboxylic functional group (pKa 1 =4.18) and a tertiary amino group (pKa 2 =9.79). It exists in different ionic forms depending upon the pH of the solution. Olopatadine exists predominantly as a zwitterion in the pH range between the two pKa values with a negatively-charged carboxylic group and a positively-charged tertiary amino group. The iso-electric point of the olopatadine zwitterion is at pH 6.99. At a pH lower than pKa 1 , cationic olopatadine (with ionized tertiary amino group) is dominant. At a pH higher than pKa 2 , anionic olopatadine (with ionized carboxylic group) is dominant. 
       Acid-Base Equilibrium of Olopatadine 
       [0028]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0029]    In many zwitterionic molecules, such as various amino acids, intra-molecular ionic interactions are not significant or do not exist. But the structure of olopatadine is such that intra-molecular interactions exist and are significant, possibly due to the distance and bonding angle between the oppositely charged functional groups. This interaction effectively reduces the ionic and dipole character of the molecule. The net effect of the intra-molecular interactions between the oppositely charged functional groups is the reduction of aqueous solubility of olopatadine. Olopatadine has the pH-solubility profile shown in FIGS. 1A (theoretical) and 1B (obtained using phosphate buffer). 
         [0030]    Generally, olopatadine will be added in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. Examples of the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of olopatadine include inorganic acid salts such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulfate and phosphate; organic acid salts such as acetate, maleate, fumarate, tartrate and citrate; alkali metal salts such as sodium salt and potassium salt; alkaline earth metal salts such as magnesium salt and calcium salt; metal salts such as aluminum salt and zinc salt; and organic amine addition salts such as triethylamine addition salt (also known as tromethamine), morpholine addition salt and piperidine addition salt. The most preferred form of olopatadine for use in the solution compositions of the present invention is the hydrochloride salt of (Z)-11-(3-dimethylaminopropylidene)-6,11-dihydro-dibenz-[b,e]oxepin-2-acetic acid. When olopatadine is added to the compositions of the present invention in this salt form, 0.665% olopatadine hydrochloride is equivalent to 0.6% olopatadine free base. Preferably the compositions of the present invention comprise approximately 0.665% olopatadine hydrochloride. 
         [0031]    In addition to olopatadine, the aqueous solution compositions of the present invention comprise a phosphate salt. The phosphate salt not only helps maintain the pH of the compositions within the targeted pH range of 3.5-3.95 by contributing to the buffer capacity of the compositions, but also helps solubilize olopatadine. Suitable phosphate salts for use in the compositions of the present invention include monobasic sodium phosphate, dibasic sodium phosphate, tribasic sodium phosphate, monobasic potassium phosphate, dibasic potassium phosphate, and tribasic potassium phosphate. The most preferred phosphate salt is dibasic sodium phosphate. The compositions of the present invention comprise an amount of phosphate salt equivalent (on an osmolality contribution basis) to 0.2-0.8%, preferably 0.3-0.7%, and most preferably 0.4-0.6% of dibasic sodium phosphate. In a preferred embodiment, the phosphate salt is dibasic sodium phosphate at a concentration of 0.4-0.6% (w/v). In a most preferred embodiment, the compositions contain 0.5% (w/v) dibasic sodium phosphate. 
         [0032]    Phosphate buffer is commonly used in aqueous pharmaceutical compositions formulated near neutral pH. Phosphate buffer (pKa 1 =2.12, pKa 2 =7.1, pKa 3 =12.67) would not normally be chosen for an aqueous composition with a target pH range of 3.5-3.95 because it has low buffer capacity in that region. Other buffering agents are commonly used in aqueous pharmaceutical compositions, including acetate, citrate and borate buffers, but are not suitable for use in the topical nasal compositions of the present invention. Borate buffers are not suitable because they do not have any significant buffer capacity in the pH range 3.5-3.95. Though acetate and citrate buffers have buffer capacity in this region, they are not preferred because they have the potential to cause irritation to nasal mucosal tissues and undesirable taste and/or smell. 
         [0033]    In addition to olopatadine and phosphate salt, the compositions of the present invention comprise sodium chloride as a tonicity-adjusting agent. The compositions contain sodium chloride in an amount sufficient to cause the final composition to have a nasally acceptable osmolality, preferably 240-350 mOsm/kg. Most preferably, the amount of sodium chloride in the compositions of the present invention is an amount sufficient to cause the compositions to have an osmolality of 260-330 mOsm/kg. In a preferred embodiment, the compositions contain 0.3-0.6% sodium chloride. In a more preferred embodiment, the compositions contain 0.35-0.55% sodium chloride, and in a most preferred embodiment, the compositions contain 0.35-0.45% sodium chloride. 
         [0034]    The compositions of the present invention also contain a pharmaceutically acceptable pH-adjusting agent. Such pH-adjusting agents are known and include, but are not limited to, hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The compositions of the present invention preferably contain an amount of pH-adjusting agent sufficient to obtain a composition pH of 3.5-3.95, and more preferably, a pH of 3.6-3.8. 
         [0035]    In one embodiment, the aqueous compositions of the present invention consist essentially of olopatadine, phosphate buffer, sodium chloride, a pH-adjusting agent, and water, and have a pH from 3.5-3.95. These compositions can be manufactured as sterile compositions and packaged in multi-dose, pressurized aerosol containers to avoid microbial contamination. In another embodiment, the aqueous compositions of the present invention contain a preservative and a chelating agent such that the compositions pass United States Pharmacopeia/National Formulary XXX criteria for antimicrobial effectiveness, and more preferably the Pharm. Eur. 5 th  Edition criteria for antimicrobial preservation (Pharm. Eur. B preservative effectiveness standard). Suitable preservatives include p-hydroxybenzoic acid ester, benzalkonium chloride, benzododecinium bromide, and the like. Suitable chelating agents include sodium edetate and the like. The most preferred preservative ingredient for use in the compositions of the present invention is benzalkonium chloride (“BAC”). The amount of benzalkonium chloride is preferably 0.005-0.015%, and more preferably 0.01%. The most preferred chelating agent is edetate disodium (“EDTA”). The amount of edetate disodium in the compositions of the present invention is preferably 0.005-0.015%, and more preferably 0.01%. 
         [0036]    The aqueous solution compositions of the present invention do not contain a polymeric ingredient intended to enhance the solubility of olopatadine or the physical stability of the solution. For example, the compositions of the present invention do not contain polyvinylpyrrolidone, polystyrene sulfonic acid, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acrylic acid, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose or xanthan gum. 
         [0037]    The compositions of the present invention are preferably packaged in opaque plastic containers. A preferred container is a high-density polyethylene container equipped with a nasal spray pump. Preferably, the package is designed to provide the spray characteristics described in commonly-assigned, co-pending, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0110328, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
         [0038]    The present invention also relates to a method of treating allergic rhinitis comprising topically administering to the nasal cavities a composition containing approximately 0.6% olopatadine, phosphate buffer, sodium chloride, a pH-adjusting agent, and water. The compositions optionally contain one or more preservative ingredients. Preferably, the compositions are administered such that 600 mcg of olopatadine (e.g., 600/mcg per 100 microliter spray x one spray) is delivered to each nostril twice per day. 
         [0039]    Example 1 below provides a preferred olopatadine nasal spray composition. 
       Example 1 
     Topically Administrable Nasal Solution 
       [0040]      
         [0000]                                TABLE 1                       Ingredient   Amount (%, w/v)                           Olopatadine Hydrochloride       0.665  a             Benzalkonium Chloride   0.01           Edetate Disodium, Dihydrate   0.01           Sodium Chloride   0.41           Dibasic Sodium Phosphate, Anhydrous   0.5            Hydrochloric Acid and/or Sodium   Adjust to pH 3.7 ± 0.1           Hydroxide           Purified Water   qs to 100                         a  0.665% w/v olopatadine hydrochloride (665 mcg/100 microliter spray) is equivalent to 0.6% w/v olopatadine as base (600 mcg/100 microliter spray).            
An exemplary compounding procedure for the nasal composition shown in Table 1 is described as below.
   1. Tare a suitable compounding vessel with magnetic stir bar. Add approximately 80% of the batch weight of purified water.   2. While stirring, add dibasic sodium phosphate (anhydrous), sodium chloride, edetate disodium, benzalkonium chloride and olopatadine HCl.   3. Add equivalent to approximately 0.55 g, 6N hydrochloric acid per 100 ml batch.   4. Allow adequate time between each addition for dissolution of each ingredient.   5. Add purified water to approximately 90% of final batch weight.   6. Measure pH and adjust, if necessary, to 3.7 with 6N (and/or 1N) hydrochloric acid and 1N sodium hydroxide.   7. Adjust to final batch weight with purified water (QS).   8. Measure final pH.   9. Filter through 0.2 μm filtration membrane.   
 
         [0050]    Unexpectedly, it has been found that administration of relatively lower amounts of olopatadine to children results in more desirable relief of allergy symptoms than higher doses of olopatadine. As such, the present invention provides a particular dosing regimen that can be used to achieve desired allergy relief. As used herein, the term “child” or “children” preferably includes only individuals less than 12 year of age and even more preferably includes only individuals that are at least 2 and more preferably at least 6 years of age but are no more than 11 years of age. 
         [0051]    According to the regimen, a first amount of olopatadine is administered to the nostril of a child during a first time period. Then, during a second time period, a second amount of olopatadine is delivered to the nostrils of that child. The first amount and second amount of olopatadine are typically similar or substantially equivalent to each other. The first and second amounts are typically at least about 0.9 milligrams (mg) and more typically at least about 1.1 mg. The first and second amounts are typically no greater than about 1.5 mg and even more typically no greater than about 1.3 mg. The time periods for delivery of the first and second amounts of olopatadine (i.e., the first and second times periods during which the amounts are actually administered to the nostrils) are typically less than two minutes and more typically less that one minute. It is contemplated that various techniques can be employed to deliver the first and second amounts of olopatadine. However, it is preferable for these amounts to be administered using a nasal sprayer to deliver a single spray of a nasal spray solution to each nostril of the child within the prescribed amount of time. Preferred nasal spray solutions and nasal sprayer have been described herein. 
         [0052]    Administration in accordance with the present invention also requires that a particular amount of time be allowed to pass between administration of the first amount and the second amount of olopatadine (i.e., between the first time period and the second time period). This intermediate time period is typically at least four hours and more typically at least eight hours. This intermediate time period is also typically less than twenty four hours and more typically less than sixteen hours. This intermediate time period can typically be easily achieved by administering the first amount in the morning and the second amount in the evening. The first amount and second amount of olopatadine can each be administered on a daily basis (i.e., the first amount and second amount can each be administered once in consecutive 24 hour periods) for multiple days (e.g., at least 15, 30, 45 or more days). For example, the amounts can be delivered daily through an allergy season. 
         [0053]    The present invention also includes a pharmaceutical product for delivery of the olopatadine in accordance with the preferred dosing regimen. Such a product will typically include a nasal sprayer as described herein that contains an olopatadine nasal spray solution as described herein. The product will also typically include instructions for administration of the nasal spray solution associated with the nasal sprayer. Such instructions may be attached (e.g., adhered) directly to the nasal sprayer or may be provided with the nasal sprayer as part of a package (e.g., provided within a bag or box or attached to a bag or box in which the nasal sprayer is provided). Administration of the olopatadine nasal spray solution in accordance with these instructions will result in the desired first amount and second amount of olopatadine being delivered to the nostrils of a child in accordance with the present invention. For example, instructions to administer a single spray of olopatadine nasal solution having the formulation of Example 1 to each nostril of a child once in the morning and once in the evening will result in administration of the proper first and second amounts of olopatadine being deliver at proper times relative to each other. 
       Study Results 
       [0054]    As suggested earlier, administration of the relatively lower amounts of olopatadine according to the regimen described herein provides unexpectedly better efficacy in decreasing allergy symptoms relative to administration of olopatadine administered in relatively higher amounts. In a clinical study, children were divided into a first group and a second group. The first group received a single spray per nostril each day in the morning and the evening of either olopatadine nasal spray solution according to example 1 or of placebo. The second group received two sprays per nostril each day in the morning and the evening of either olopatadine nasal spray solution according to example 1 or of placebo for a period of at least 14 days and up to 24 days. 
         [0055]    Each of the children in both the first group and the second group was then asked a series of questions related to their allergy symptoms. In particular, each child of each group was asked, amongst other questions, whether they experienced reflective or instantaneous relief from allergy symptoms including stuffy nose, runny nose, itchy nose and sneezing. The questions related to reflective relief asked whether the patient experience relief from a particular symptom since their last symptom assessment. The questions related to instantaneous relief asked whether the patient was feeling relief from their symptoms at the time of the question. 
         [0056]    The responses of the groups of children were statistically analyzed to determine whether administration of the olopatadine nasal spray solution exhibited statistically significant superiority in ameliorating the allergy symptoms relative to placebo. The results are provided below in table 2: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Superiority of 
                 Superiority of 
               
               
                   
                 Olopatadine Nasal 
                 Olopatadine Nasal 
               
               
                   
                 Spray, 2.4 mg/day, 
                 Spray, 4.8 mg/day, 
               
               
                   
                 (one spray per nostril 
                 (two sprays per nostril 
               
               
                   
                 in the morning and 
                 in the morning and 
               
               
                   
                 evening) compared to 
                 evening) compared to 
               
               
                 Efficacy Parameter 
                 placebo nasal spray 
                 placebo nasal spray 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Reflective itchy nose 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 Instantaneous itchy nose 
                 Yes 
                 No 
               
               
                 Reflective sneezing 
                 Yes 
                 No 
               
               
                 Instantaneous sneezing 
                 Yes 
                 No 
               
               
                 Reflective runny nose 
                 Yes 
                 No 
               
               
                 Instantaneous runny nose 
                 Yes 
                 No 
               
               
                 Reflective stuffy nose 
                 No 
                 No 
               
               
                 Instantaneous stuffy nose 
                 Yes 
                 No 
               
               
                 Superiority on various 
                 7 
                 1 
               
               
                 efficacy parameters 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0057]    In table 2, a “yes” suggests that a statistically significant number of children felt that administration of olopatadine nasal spray at the dose indicated in the column in which the “yes” resides provided relief of the symptom listed in the row in which the “yes” resides. A “no”, however, suggests that such is not the case. As can be seen, a statistically significant difference was more frequent for the lower dose of olopatadine nasal spray. 
         [0058]    Statistical significance was determined using a p value of 0.05 (i.e., a 5% chance of obtaining the outcome observed assuming the null hypothesis is true) as the dividing line between statistically significant and statistically insignificant outcomes. Thus, an outcome showing a p value less than 0.05 is considered statistically significant while outcomes showing a p value greater than 0.05 are considered statistically insignificant. To further illustrate the statistical significance of the ability of the lower dose of olopatadine nasal spray to reduce allergy nasal symptoms, Table 3 is provided below: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Stuffy nose 
                 Runny nose 
                 Itchy nose 
                 Sneezing 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 refl 
                 inst 
                 refl 
                 inst 
                 refl 
                 inst 
                 refl 
                 inst 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Olo 0.6% 1 spray 
                 −17.57 
                 −16.57 
                 −23.18 
                 −17.89 
                 −26.76 
                 −21.69 
                 −30.25 
                 −27.38 
               
               
                 Veh 1 spray 
                 −14.93 
                 −10.64 
                 −16.37 
                 −7.63 
                 −15.84 
                 −9.89 
                 −17.73 
                 −10.56 
               
               
                 p-value 
                 0.2505 
                 0.0144 
                 0.0039 
                 0.0159 
                 0.0012 
                 0.0019 
                 0.0003 
                 0.0001 
               
               
                 Olo 0.6% 2 sprays 
                 −22.14 
                 −16.76 
                 −24.9 
                 −20.98 
                 −27.73 
                 −22.05 
                 −26.36 
                 −24.33 
               
               
                 Veh 2 sprays 
                 −18.87 
                 −17.11 
                 −19.74 
                 −15.59 
                 −19.2 
                 −15.41 
                 −21.34 
                 −15.04 
               
               
                 p-value 
                 0.1762 
                 0.8086 
                 0.0824 
                 0.1597 
                 0.0048 
                 0.0527 
                 0.2828 
                 0.1404 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0059]    As can be seen, the lower dose of olopatadine nasal spray statistically exhibited a relatively high degree of superiority over placebo relative to the higher dose of olopatadine nasal spray. 
         [0060]    This invention has been described by reference to certain preferred embodiments; however, it should be understood that it may be embodied in other specific forms or variations thereof without departing from its special or essential characteristics. The embodiments described above are therefore considered to be illustrative in all respects and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description.