Abstract:
A process for the manufacture of chocolate crumb and chocolate crumb and confectionery products made using the process. The process comprises: a) providing a milk and sugar mixture or mixing together, milk and sugar so as to form a mixture; b) evaporating liquid from the mixture so as to form sweetened condensed milk; c) adding and mixing cocoa mass/liquor to the sweetened condensed; d) subjecting the sweetened condensed milk and cocoa mass/liquor mixture to conditions effective to bring about sugar crystallisation in the mixture; e) drying the mixture so as to form chocolate crumb; and f) seeding the mixture with sugar during and/or between one or more of steps (c) to (e). The mixture is seeded with sugar so as to promote crystallisation prior to and/or during and/or after sugar crystallisation.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to a process for chocolate crumb manufacture. In particular, the present invention relates to a more efficient and reliable process for manufacturing chocolate crumb whereby the crumb mixture is seeded with sugar so as to promote crystallisation prior to and/or during and/or after sugar crystallisation. 
       BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The use of chocolate crumb in the manufacture of milk chocolate is well known in the chocolate industry. In particular, the low water content, and the presence of sugar and cocoa (which contains antioxidants) ensure that chocolate crumb has a far greater shelf life than the fresh milk from which it is made. This in turn removes the need for final chocolate production to take place at a location with plentiful access to milk. 
         [0003]    However, it can be difficult to achieve an efficient production process giving consistent quality and taste of crumb. A key feature of crumb production is the Maillard reaction between proteins (present in milk and cocoa), water and reducing sugars (such as lactose, present in milk), which is responsible for the generation of caramel flavours in the crumb. Overexposure to conditions which promote this reaction (such as prolonged heat and moisture) will lead to the crumb having an unwanted flavour profile, and so must be avoided. 
         [0004]    Generally speaking, the manufacture of crumb involves a number of steps comprising mixing the ingredients and processing the mixture under certain conditions so as to produce the crumb product. One of the most critical stages of the production of crumb is the “phase change” stage—whereby the mass of the material is converted from a “doughy” paste to a powder by sucrose or sugar crystallisation. The right conditions and parameters are essential for the phase change to occur in the correct manner and even slight variations can result in problems associated with inappropriate fat expression in the crumb and the texture of the crumb being too powdery resulting to an inferior crumb and fouling of the crumb processing equipment. 
         [0005]    It is an object of the present invention to provide a process for producing chocolate crumb having an improved handling and texture profile. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0006]    In accordance with a first embodiment of the invention, there is provided a process for preparing chocolate crumb comprising:
       a) mixing together, milk and sugar so as to form a mixture, or providing a milk and sugar mixture;   b) evaporating liquid from the mixture so as to form sweetened condensed milk;   c) adding and mixing cocoa mass/liquor to the sweetened condensed milk;   d) subjecting the sweetened condensed milk and cocoa mass/liquor mixture to conditions effective to bring about sugar crystallisation in the mixture;   e) drying the mixture so as to form chocolate crumb; and   f) seeding the mixture with sugar during and/or between one or more of steps (c) to (e).       
 
         [0013]    The invention provides a process in which the mixture is seeded with sugar so as to promote crystallisation. It has been advantageously found that seeding with sugar provides an improved crumb having desirable handling properties and texture profiles. Seeding reduces overall process time. It also enables seeding with the correct crystal form so as to encourage a preferred crystallisation form of the sugar already present in the mixture. Furthermore, seeding reduces the amount of un-crystallised sugar which can make the crumb easier to dry (as the water activity is higher), reduce the bound fat, reduce the air mixed in the crumb particles, and results in a chocolate which is less sticky and having a faster melt and flavour release in the mouth. 
         [0014]    The mixture is seeded with potentially any sugar to have the desired effect. The mixture may be seeded with crystalline sugar. The sugar may be any monosaccharide or disaccharide, including sucrose, fructose, glucose, dextrose, lactose, galalactose, mannose and may also be a polyol. 
         [0015]    Step (f) may take place during step (c). The mixture may be seeded between step (c) and step (d), at step (d), between step (d) and step (e), at step (e) or any combination thereof. 
         [0016]    In one series of embodiments step (f) comprises seeding the mixture with up to 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, or 5% of the total sugar in the chocolate crumb. In another embodiment step (f) comprises seeding the mixture with sugar in the range of 5 to 25%, or 10 to 20%, or 12 to 18% of the total sugar in the chocolate crumb. 
         [0017]    Step (b) may comprise subjecting the mixture to heat and additionally at a lowered pressure. A “lowered pressure”, will be one which is lower than the pressure commonly regarded as normal atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa). 
         [0018]    It will be apparent that the process could be employed for producing chocolate crumb from powdered milk, liquid milk, or a mixture thereof. Step (a) may further comprise the addition of water. If powdered milk is used in the process, it may be mixing with water initially. If the milk is liquid milk, it may comprise concentrated liquid milk. If desired, the process may further comprise adding milk solids, prior to undertaking step (e). 
         [0019]    At least steps (a) to (e) may be undertaken in a single reaction vessel. Alternatively, at least one of steps (a) to (e) may be undertaken in different reaction vessels. 
         [0020]    The process may further comprise the step of adding a fat to the mixture before or during step (f). The fat may be cocoa butter, butterfat, a cocoa butter equivalent (CBE), a cocoa butter substitute (CBS), a vegetable fat that is liquid at standard ambient temperature and pressure (SATP, 25° C. and 100 kPa) or any combination of the above. CBEs are defined in Directive 2000/36/EC. Suitable CBEs include illipe, Borneo tallow, tengkawang, palm oil, sal, shea, kokum gurgi and mango kernel. CBE&#39;s may be used in combination with cocoa butter. The addition of fat to the mixture will result in increasing the overall fat content of the crumb and assisting in the drying step. It will also be evident that increasing the fat content may be desirable so that the chocolate confectionery produced with the crumb will have an increased mouth feel and desirable melt characteristics. 
         [0021]    The process may further comprise the step of:
       g) forming the chocolate crumb into briquettes.       
 
         [0023]    Briquettes, allow the crumb to be handled and transported with ease. Of course, other ways of reducing the size of the crumb into manageable pieces, may also be apparent to the skilled addressee. 
         [0024]    In a second embodiment of the invention, there is provided a chocolate crumb formed using the process as herein above described. 
         [0025]    In a third embodiment of the invention, there is provided a confectionery product formed using a chocolate crumb herein above described. 
     
    
     
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
         [0026]    A specific embodiment of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0027]      FIG. 1  shows a cut-away diagram of the apparatus used in accordance with the present invention; and 
           [0028]      FIG. 2  shows a schematic flow diagram illustrating the various steps used in the process of the present invention. 
       
    
    
       [0029]    With reference to  FIG. 1 , there is shown a reactor  10  briefly comprising a generally cylindrical reaction vessel  12  having a single horizontal shaft  14  which is rotatable through the centre of the vessel. A number of agitator paddles  16 , extend outwardly from the shaft  14 , to a position close to the interior surface of the vessel  12  so that when the shaft rotates, the paddles run close to the interior surface and sweeps across the whole inner surface of the vessel. The exterior surface of the vessel  12  is covered by a number of jackets  18  which are divided into different sections, through which fluids can flow so as to heat and cool the vessel during operation. 
         [0030]    The vessel  12  has a condensation tower  20  extending vertically upright from a central location in the vessel. The tower  20  is formed from a large cylindrical extension which is of a diameter approximately ¼ the size of the diameter, of the vessel  12  itself. The tower  20  terminates with a removable cover plate  22  and has an outlet  24  which connects to the vapour handling system (not shown) for the processing of vapour  28  and the tower  20  also accommodates inlet valves  26  for liquid. 
         [0031]    At the base of vessel  12 , there is provided a discharge valve  30  which is used to discharge of finished product. 
         [0032]    The shaft  14  is driven by a high-powered motor  32  capable of a speed ratio of approximately 100 rpm. The rotation of the shaft  14  is permitted by means of mechanical shaft seals  34 , 36  located within end caps  38 , 40  disposed at either end of the vessel  12 . The mechanical shaft seals  34 , 36  have water flowing through them under pressure, so as to cool and lubricate the seal faces. The seals are protected by temperature, pressure and may also include flow level switches if desired. 
         [0033]    The vessel  12  also has an additional powder inlet  42 , extending vertically from the vessel, through which powdered constituents  44  can be inserted into the vessel  12  if required. 
         [0034]    In use, the reactor  10  is used to produce chocolate crumb from the various constituents. Generally speaking, the milk, sugar and cocoa mass and/or liquor are added to the vessel via the inlet valve  26  and/or the powder inlet  42 . The inlet used for a particular constituent will be dependent upon whether they are in a liquid or powder form  44  and in some instances—only the liquid inlet valve will be used. The constituents can be added at the same time, or added sequentially if desired. During addition, the motor  32  is used to rotate the shaft  14  and in doing so, the agitator blades  16  thoroughly mix the constituents together. The vessel  12  is substantially sealed during mixing as it is sealed at both ends via the end caps  38 , 40  and the shaft  14  freely rotates within the mechanical face seals  34 , 36 . 
         [0035]    During the mixing, the jackets  18  are heated with a hot fluid (such as water or steam) to a particular temperature so as to evaporate excess liquid from the mixture into vapour. The vapour forms in the tower  20  and the vapour  28  is removed via the outlet  24  for further processing by means of the vapour handling system (which will be described in greater detail below). The jackets  18  are subjected to different heating and cooling parameters which are dictated by the particular chocolate crumb protocol which is employed. After sugar crystallisation, the crumb is dried and is discharged via the discharge valve  30  for further processing/storage/shipment. To facilitate cleaning and servicing, the cover plate  22  on the tower is removable so as to allow entry to the interior of the vessel  12 . 
         [0036]    The Reactor  10  is an extremely effective mixer and the incorporation of ingredients is accomplished in a shorter time when compared to conventional apparatus which requires separate mixing vessels for evaporating excess liquid from the initial mixture. The tower  20  reduces the gas velocity and solids carry-over during the low-pressure high gas flow stage, occurring during crystallisation. The motor  32  is sized to cope with the power required at the peak of crystallisation. The shaft  14  speed can also be automatically reduced by the motor  32  if the drive rating is exceeded for a certain period of time. 
         [0037]    With reference to  FIG. 2 , there is shown a schematic flow diagram and process chart illustrating the overall steps used in the process of the present invention. The key to the letters used in the  FIG. 2  is as follows:
       A. Liquid Milk;   B. Concentrated Milk;   C. Milk Solids &amp; Sugar;   D. SCM;   E. Initial Crystallisation;   F. Final Crystallisation;   G. Dry Material;   H. Crumb;   I. Heat &amp; Vacuum   J. Evaporation;   K. Water as steam &amp; condensate;   L. Heat;   M. Cocoa Liquor/Mass;   N. Vacuum;   O. Evaporation;   P. Water as steam/condensate;   Q. Water as steam/condensate;   R. Water as steam/condensate; and   S. Heat &amp; Vacuum.   T.S. Total Solids       
 
         [0058]    If liquid milk (A) is used, then it is first placed in the reactor and heated under vacuum (I) conditions, so that evaporation (J) of the excess liquid takes place. The excess liquid is expelled as water as steam and condensate (K). If concentrated milk (B) is used, then this is mixed with milk solids and sugar (C) so as to form SCM (D). The mixture is heated (L) and cocoa liquor/mass (M) is added. A vacuum (N) is applied during the heating so as to initiate crystallisation and excess liquid is subjected to evaporation (O) and disposed of as water as steam/condensation (P). Water as steam/condensate (Q) is released during the initial crystallisation (F). Finally, heat and vacuum (S) is applied to the mixture, so as to dry the material (G)—again resulting in the removal of water as steam/condensate (R), so as to produce the crumb (H) product. 
         [0059]    The vapour handling system which effects the removal of the water as steam/condensate after evaporation relies upon a vacuum system. There are three stages of the Reactor Crumb process when the vacuum system is critical: (i) during low pressure evaporation of condensed milk; (ii) during the crystallisation stage at low pressure; and (iii) during the drying process. 
         [0060]    The water evaporates through the tower  20  and passes through the following components: 
         [0061]    Condenser—The condenser is a large shell and tube heat exchanger mounted vertically with the process vapours on the tube side. Tubes are used to avoid blockage by any solids carried over from the Reactor. A large surface area is required to condense the very high vapour load at low pressure during and immediately after Crystallisation. 
         [0062]    Condensate Receiver—Where applicable, condensate is collected in a vessel below the condenser. In liquid milk Reactors, measurement of the condensate weight that has been collected is used during the milk evaporation phase to identify the end of the evaporation process and to trigger the next stage of the process. 
         [0063]    Vacuum Pump—The vacuum pump achieves a pressure 50-90 mbar. Charging of liquids (milk and liquor/mass) into the reactor  10  is generally through butterfly valves mounted on the tower  20 . Powders (milk powder, sugar) are loaded through the main body of the machine. 
         [0064]    Milk powder wetting is required if the milk constituent is at least partially formed from powder. Water is either added to milk powder, or after milk powder and sugar have been mixed together. This powder and water is mixed for a short time before heating starts. 
         [0065]    Heating—Heating is controlled with steam pressure/temperature and vacuum. The application of vacuum reduces the boiling temperatures and the use of low pressure steam for heating will reduce surface temperatures and so help control burn-on. Typically the agitator is run at high speed during heating. 
         [0066]    Evaporation—Evaporation is effected by heating the mixture to a temperature in the range of 90° C. to 100° C. under a lowered pressure of approximately 24 kPa for approximately 30 minutes. The milk evaporation stage takes place at a reduced pressure to maximise heat transfer. Frothing and boil over of the milk into the condenser can occur if the pressure is reduced to below the boiling pressure at the current mass temperature. The process is most commonly monitored and controlled by measuring the condensate collected although boiling point evaluation can also be used. 
         [0067]    Adjusting the % of Total Solids—It is desirable to modify the mixture so that the total solids present in the sweetened condensed milk is in the range of 75% to 90% of the mixture. 
         [0068]    Heating and Liquor/mass addition—Once the correct solids of the sweetened condensed milk (SCM) are reached, the vacuum is released and the SCM is heated with steam in the jacket  18  to about 85° C. for between 10 to 60 minutes. Cocoa Liquor/mass is then added and the mass is heated, cooled or temperature maintained to between 80° C. and 110° C. At this time, the steam on the jacket  18  is turned off, the jacket vented and vacuum is pulled again to initiate Initial Crystallisation (F). 
         [0069]    Crystallisation (F)—is when the mass of material in the reactor  10  is converted from a liquid, pasty solid to a substantially dry material by sucrose or sugar crystallisation. The process step before Crystallisation has to deliver a mass that has sufficient energy stored within it so that when a vacuum is applied, a sufficient amount of water will evaporate whereby crystallisation (E) can be initiated and develop through the mass. If there is insufficient energy (due to low temperature prior to Crystallisation or high moisture) the mass will not crystallise and break up and may either stall the drive or release fat. If there is too much stored energy, a very rapid rate of sucrose crystallisation will result generating very fine crystals along with a lot of carry over of dust into the condenser. Sugar crystallisation is effected by subjecting the mixture to a of about 100° C., under a lowered pressure in the range of approximately 15 kPa for 10 to 20 minutes. 
         [0070]    Seeding—before, during or after Crystallisation, the mixture/crumb is seeded with sucrose so as to promote the formation of the crystals in the correct form. The sucrose added at this stage will amount to approximately 15% of the total sugars present in the chocolate crumb. 
         [0071]    Drying—Immediately following Crystallisation, the crumb is at about 60° C. and is extremely reactive, rapidly developing flavours due to the reaction of milk protein and lactose (Maillard Reaction). This is in addition to any flavour developed prior to Crystallisation when there is more moisture with cocoa liquor available. Drying is effected at a temperature in the range of 70° C. to 80° C. for about 25. 
         [0072]    The pressure is initially kept low to evaporate some of the remaining moisture thus reducing the temperature of the mass during crystallisation. Evaporative cooling is far more effective than any other form of cooling because it removes heat from the reactive sites (where moisture, lactose and milk protein are concentrated as the sucrose crystallises). 
         [0073]    Once the reactions have been “quenched”, the option exists to either continue drying to achieve the final desired moisture content at low pressure or to allow the pressure to rise slightly, so as to stop evaporation and allow the flavour development reactions to continue. 
         [0074]    Cooling—Once crumb is dry it will hardly change in flavour for an hour or so if the temperature is below about 80° C. If cooling is required, the crumb is cooled to about 30° C. for about 120 minutes. 
         [0075]    Pasting (optional)—In some embodiments, fat is added directly to the material in the Reactor and a paste is discharged, whilst in other embodiments, the dry crumb is discharged for later mixing. 
         [0076]    Discharge—Discharge from the Reactor is generally through a bottom mounted, discharge valve and is generally quite rapid. 
       Example 1 
     Liquid Milk 
     Initial Process: 
       [0077]    The initial ingredients are loaded into the mixing vessel and the shaft rotated at a low speed. The milk and sugar are loaded into reactor and the shaft rotated at a pre-determined speed. The vacuum system is started and evaporation pressure is reduced. Steam and condensate valves are then opened. 
       Evaporation and Heating: 
       [0078]    The milk and sugar mix is evaporated to between 85-88% solids by heating the mixture to between about 85° C. to 95° C. under a lowered pressure of approximately 24 kPa for 30 minutes. The end point is determined by the measurement of the weight of the condensate collected. The vacuum system is stopped so as to break the vacuum, and the condensate is drained into a collection vessel. The loading of molten cocoa liquor (˜50° C.) to liquor weighing vessel is initiated, so that the cocoa liquor is already in the liquor feed vessel above the Reactor. The reactor is heated further to a “liquor addition” temperature, which is typically between 95-105° C. 
       Addition of Liquor: 
       [0079]    The liquor from the weighing vessel is loaded into the reactor and heating is continued to “Vacuum On” temperature. The cocoa liquor is often West African or Asian with a fat content of between 50 to 56% and non-fat cocoa solids in the range of 40 to 48%. 
       Vacuum Ramp and Crystallisation: 
       [0080]    At the vacuum on temperature, the steam and vent jackets are turned off. The motor speed is reduced to about 50% and the vacuum system is started with control valve fully open. The vacuum ramp is initiated at approximately 15 kPar/min and the reactor heated, or cooled to about 100° C. for 10 to 20 minutes. Evaporation starts and the crumb paste cools and thickens. The drive power is increased steadily and then more rapidly as the process continues. Crystallisation is initiated by the mixing action and the mass changes from a paste to a powder with a rapid evolution of vapour. At this point the power is reduced and a pressure “spike” occurs as the vapour evolution briefly overwhelms the condenser and affects the vacuum pump. The process then continues either via flavour development and drying or directly to drying. 
       Seeding 
       [0081]    During the addition of cocoa liquor, about 15% of the total sugar of the chocolate crumb is also added so as to promote the formation of the crystals in the correct form. The sugar used at this stage is sucrose. 
       Final Drying: 
       [0082]    The pressure is adjusted to the drying set point and the crumb is heated to approximately 80° C. for about 25 minutes. Heating is continued under low pressure (3.5-10 kPa) until drying is complete. The steam and vent jackets are then turned off and the vacuum and vent systems released and the condensate vessel drained. 
       Cooling: 
       [0083]    If required, cold water is introduced into the Reactor jacket for about 120 minutes so as to to cool the crumb down to about 30° C. 
       Fat Addition: 
       [0084]    If required, fat is added and mixed with the crumb. 
       Discharge: 
       [0085]    Lastly, the discharge and vent valves are opened and motor at low speed to assist discharge via the discharge valve. 
       Example 2 
     Powdered Milk 
     Initial Process: 
       [0086]    The reactor is started at low speed and powder milk and sugar loaded into the mixing vessel. The mix is allowed to dry and water is then loaded into the reactor and blended at low speed. The reactor is then run at a higher speed and the steam and condensate valves opened. 
       Heating: 
       [0087]    The milk/sugar/water paste is then heated to between 85° C. to 95° C. under a lowered pressure of about 24 kPa for approximately 30 minutes to result in a mixture having between 85-88% solids. The loading of cocoa liquor to liquor weigh vessel is initiated and the reactor heated to the “liquor addition” temperature. 
       Addition of Liquor: 
       [0088]    The liquor from weighing vessel is loaded into the reactor and heating is continued to the “Vacuum On” temperature. 
       Vacuum Ramp and Crystallisation: 
       [0089]    The steam and vent jackets are turned off and speed reduced to 50% at which point the motor has maximum torque. The vacuum system is started with the control valve fully open. The vacuum ramp at 15 kPa/min and the pressure reduced steadily to the Crystallisation set point and the temperature of the reactor raised to 100° C. for 10 to 20 minutes. Evaporation commences and the paste cools and thickens. The drive power increases steadily at first but more rapidly as the process continues. Crystallisation is then initiated by the mixing action and the mass changes from a paste to a powder along with a rapid evolution of vapour. The power is then reduced and evaporation is continued until the end point temperature is reached or drying time has been exceeded. Steam can be applied to obtain the final drying temperature. The process then continues either via flavour development and drying or directly to drying. 
       Seeding 
       [0090]    During the addition of cocoa liquor, about 15% of the total sugar of the chocolate crumb is also added so as to promote the formation of the crystals in the correct form. The sugar used at this stage is sucrose. 
       Final Drying: 
       [0091]    Pressure is reduced and the crumb is heated to approximately 80° C. for about 25 minutes. Heating is continued under low pressure until drying is complete. The steam and vent jackets are turned off and the vacuum and vent system released. The condensate vessel is then drained. 
       Cooling: 
       [0092]    If required, cold water is added to the jacket of the Reactor for about 120 minutes so as to cool the crumb down to about 30° C. 
       Fat Addition: 
       [0093]    If required, the fat is added and mixed with crumb. 
       Discharge: 
       [0094]    The discharge and vent valves are opened and the crumb discharged through the discharge valve. 
         [0095]    The foregoing embodiments are not intended to limit the scope of protection afforded by the claims, but rather to describe examples how the invention may be put into practice.