Abstract:
In an exemplary embodiment, a phased array solid-state architecture has dual-polarized feeds and is manufactured, for example, on highly flexible silicon germanium (SiGe). The implementation of dual-polarized feeds facilitates the operation of phased arrays where the polarization can be statically or dynamically controlled on a subarray or element basis. In an exemplary embodiment, the sub-component control is configured to optimize a performance characteristic associated with polarization, such as phase or amplitude adjustment. An active phased array architecture may replace traditional distributed and GaAs implementations for the necessary functions required to operate electronically steerable phased array antennas. The architecture combines active versions of vector generators, power splitters, power combiners, and RF hybrids in a novel fashion to realize a fully or substantially monolithic solution for a wide range of antenna applications that can be realized with radiating elements having single-polarized or dual-polarized feeds,

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 12/759,130, filed on Apr. 13, 2011 and entitled “ACTIVE PHASED ARRAY ARCHITECTURE,” The &#39;130 application is a non-provisional of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/237,967, entitled “ACTIVE BUTLER AND BLASS MATRICES,” which was filed on Aug. 28, 2009. The &#39;130 application is also a non-provisional of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/259,375, entitled “ACTIVE HYBRIDS FOR ANTENNA SYSTEMS,” which was filed on Nov. 9, 2009. The &#39;130 application is a non-provisional of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/234,513, entitled “ACTIVE FEED FORWARD AMPLIFIER,” which was filed on Aug. 17, 2009. The &#39;130 application is a non-provisional of U.S. Provisional Application No, 61/222,354, entitled “ACTIVE PHASED ARRAY ARCHITECTURE,” which was filed on Jul. 1, 2009. The &#39;130 application is a non-provisional of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/168,913, entitled “ACTIVE COMPONENT PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA,” which was filed on Apr. 13, 2009. The &#39;130 application is also a non-provisional of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/259,049, entitled “DYNAMIC REAL-TIME POLARIZATION FOR ANTENNAS,” which was filed on Nov. 6, 2009. The &#39;130 application is a non-provisional of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/234,521, entitled “MULTI -BAND MULTI-BEAM PHASED ARRAY ARCHITECTURE,” which was filed on Aug. 17, 2009. The &#39;130 application is a non-provisional of U.S. Provisional Application No, 61/265,605, entitled “HALF-DUPLEX PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA SYSTEM,” which was filed on Dec. 1, 2009. The &#39;130 application is a non-provisional of U.S. Provisional Application No, 61/222,363, entitled “BIDIRECTIONAL ANTENNA POLARIZER,” which was filed on Jul. 1, 2009. All of the contents of the previously identified applications are hereby incorporated by reference for any purpose in their entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    A phased array antenna uses multiple radiating elements to transmit, receive, or transmit and receive radio frequency (RE) signals, Phase shifters are used in a phased array antenna in order to steer the beam of the signals by controlling the respective phases of the RE signals communicated through the phase shifters. Phased array antennas are used in various capacities, including communications on the move (COTM) antennas, satellite communication (SATCOM) airborne terminals, SATCOM mobile communications, and SATCOM earth terminals. The application of mobile terminals typically requires the use of automatic tracking antennas that are able to steer the beam in azimuth, elevation, and polarization to follow the satellite&#39;s position while the terminal is in motion. Moreover, a phased array antenna is typically desired to be “low-profile”, small and lightweight, thereby fulfilling the stringent aerodynamic and mass constraints encountered in the typical mounting. 
         [0003]    One well known type of phased array antenna is an electronically steerable phased array antenna. The electronically steerable phased array antenna has full electronic steering capability and is more compact and lower profile than a comparable mechanically steered antenna. The main drawback of fully electronic steering is that the antenna usually requires the integration of numerous expensive analog RF electronic components which may prohibitively raise the cost for commercial applications. 
         [0004]    In a typical prior art embodiment, a phased array antenna comprises a radiating element that communicates dual linear signals to a hybrid coupler with either a 90° or a 180° phase shift and then through low noise amplifiers (LNA). Furthermore, the dual linear signals are adjusted by phase shifters before passing through a power combiner. 
         [0005]    In the prior art, a typical digital phase shifter uses a switched delay line that is physically large and operates over a narrow band of frequencies due to its distributed nature. Another typical digital phase shifter implements a switched high-pass low-pass filter architecture, which has better operating bandwidth compared to a switched delay line but is still physically large. Also, the phase shifter is often made on gallium arsenide (GaAs). Though other materials may be used, GaAs is a higher quality material designed and controlled to provide good performance of electronic devices. However, in addition to being a higher quality material than other possible materials, GaAs is also more expensive and more difficult to manufacture. The typical phased array components take up a lot of area on the GaAs, resulting in higher costs. Furthermore, a standard phase shifter has high RF power loss, which is typically about n+1 dB of loss, where n is the number of phase bits in the phase shifter. Another prior art embodiment uses RF MEMS switches and has lower power loss but still consumes similar space and is generally incompatible with monolithic solutions. Furthermore, the typical components in a phased array antenna are distributed components that are frequency sensitive and designed for specific frequency bands. 
         [0006]    Quadrature hybrids or other differential phase generating hybrids are used in a variety of RF applications, including phased array antennas. For example, quadrature hybrids are used for generating a circular polarization signals, power combining, or power splitting. Generally, the outputs of a quadrature hybrid have equal amplitude and a 90° phase difference. The quadrature hybrid is often implemented as a distributed structure, such as a Lange coupler, a branchline coupler, or a ring hybrid. Other RF hybrids, such as a magic tee or a ring hybrid, result in 180° phase shift, in general, an RF hybrid uses distributed components, limited in frequency band and requires significant physical space inversely proportional to an operating frequency. Moreover, the quadrature hybrid is typically made of GaAs and has associated RF power loss on the order of 3-4 dB per hybrid when used as a power splitter. 
         [0007]    An in-phase hybrid may be configured as a power combiner or power splitter in a variety of RF applications, including phased array antennas. In an exemplary embodiment, the outputs of an in-phase hybrid have equal amplitude and a substantially zero differential phase difference. in another exemplary embodiment, the inputs of an in-phase hybrid configured as a power combiner encounter substantially zero differential phase and amplitude summation of the two input signals. In a typical embodiment of a power combiner, the in-phase hybrid is implemented as a distributed structure such as a Wilkinson hybrid. In general, an in-phase hybrid is limited in frequency band and requires significant physical space that is inversely proportional to the operating frequency, Like the quadrature hybrid, the in-phase hybrid is typically made on GaAs. Moreover, the in-phase hybrid generally has associated RF power loss on the order of 3-4 dB per hybrid when used as a power splitter and an associated RF power loss of about 1 dB when used as a power combiner. 
         [0008]    Thus, a need exists for a phased array antenna architecture that is not frequency limited or polarization specific. Furthermore, the antenna architecture should he able to be manufactured on a variety of materials and with little or no associated RF power loss. Also, a need exists for a phased array antenna that uses less space than a similar capability prior art architecture, and is suitable for a monolithic implementation. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0009]    In an exemplary embodiment, a phased array solid-state architecture has dual-polarized feeds and is manufactured, for example, on highly flexible silicon germanium (SiGe). The implementation of dual-polarized feeds facilitates the operation of phased arrays where the polarization can be statically or dynamically controlled on a subarray or element basis. in an exemplary embodiment, the sub-component control is configured to optimize a performance characteristic associated with polarization, such as phase or amplitude adjustment. 
         [0010]    An active phased array architecture may replace traditional distributed and GaAs implementations for the necessary functions required to operate electronically steerable phased array antennas. The architecture combines active versions of vector generators, power splitters, power combiners, and RF hybrids in a novel fashion to realize a fully or substantially monolithic solution for a wide range of antenna applications that can be realized with radiating elements having single-polarized or dual-polarized feeds. 
         [0011]    In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, a phased array antenna is in communication with a radiating element, and the phased array antenna comprises a 90° hybrid configured to receive dual linearly polarized RF signals from the radiating element, a first vector generator, and a second vector generator. The 90° hybrid is configured to inject a 90° phase shift and generate a RHCP intermediate signal and a LHCP intermediate signal. The first vector generator is configured to receive the RHCP intermediate signal, phase adjust the RHCP intermediate signal for beam steering, and output a first RF signal. The second vector generator configured to receive the LHCP intermediate signal, phase adjust the LHCP intermediate signal for beam steering, and output a second RF signal. 
         [0012]    In an exemplary embodiment, a phased array antenna is in communication with a radiating element, and the phased array antenna comprises a first vector generator, a second vector generator, and a hybrid. The first vector generator is configured to receive a first signal from the radiating element, provide phase and amplitude adjustment of the first signal for polarization tracking and beam steering, and output a first intermediate signal. The second vector generator is configured to receive a second signal from the radiating element, provide phase and amplitude adjustment of the second signal for polarization tracking and beam steering, and output a second intermediate signal. The hybrid is configured to receive the first intermediate signal and the second intermediate signal and generate two RF output signals with a phase difference. Furthermore, the two RF output signals are each a composite of the first intermediate signal and the second intermediate signal. 
         [0013]    In another exemplary embodiment, a phased array antenna is in communication with a radiating element, and the phased array antenna comprises a first vector generator, a second vector generator, and a combiner. The first vector generator is configured to receive a first signal from the radiating element, provide phase and amplitude adjustment of the first signal for polarization tracking and beam steering, and to output a first intermediate signal. The second vector generator is configured to receive a second signal from the radiating element, provide phase and amplitude adjustment of the second signal for polarization tracking and beam steering, and to output a second intermediate signal. The combiner is configured to receive the first intermediate signal and the second intermediate signal, and combine the two signals into an RF output signal. 
         [0014]    In yet another exemplary embodiment, a phased array antenna is in communication with a radiating element, and the phased array antenna comprises a hybrid, a first vector generator, a second vector generator, and a combiner. The hybrid is configured to receive dual linearly polarized RF signals from the radiating element, inject a phase shift, and generate a MCP intermediate signal and a LHCP intermediate signal. The first vector generator is configured to receive the RHCP intermediate signal, phase adjust the RHCP intermediate signal for beam steering, and output a first RF intermediate signal. The second vector generator is configured to receive the LHCP intermediate signal, phase adjust the LCHP intermediate signal for beam steering, and output a second RF intermediate signal. Furthermore, in the exemplary embodiment, the combiner is configured to receive the first RF intermediate signal and the second RIF intermediate signal, and combine the two signals into an RF output signal. 
         [0015]    Furthermore, in an exemplary embodiment, a phased array antenna is in communication with a radiating element, and the phased array antenna comprises a hybrid, a first vector generator, a second vector generator, and an output hybrid. The hybrid is configured to receive dual linearly polarized RF signals from the radiating element, inject a phase shift, and generate a RHCP intermediate signal and a LHCP intermediate signal. The first vector generator is configured to receive the RHCP intermediate signal, phase adjust the RHCP intermediate signal for beam steering, and output a first RF intermediate signal. The second vector generator is configured to receive the LHCP intermediate signal, phase adjust the LHCP intermediate signal for beam steering, and output a second RF intermediate signal. Furthermore, the output hybrid is configured to receive the first RF intermediate signal and the second RF intermediate signal and generate two RF output signals with a phase difference. The two RF output signals are a composite of the first and second RF intermediate signals. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES 
         [0016]    A more complete understanding of the present invention may be derived by referring to the detailed description and claims when considered in connection with the drawing figures, wherein like reference numbers refer to similar elements throughout the drawing figures, and: 
           [0017]      FIG. 1  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of an active power splitter; 
           [0018]      FIG. 2  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of an active power combiner; 
           [0019]      FIG. 3  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of an active RF hybrid; 
           [0020]      FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of an active vector generator; 
           [0021]      FIG. 5  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of an active antenna signal polarizer; 
           [0022]      FIG. 6  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a phased array antenna comprising an active combiner and configured for phase adjustment; 
           [0023]      FIG. 7  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a phased array antenna comprising a passive power combiner and configured for phase adjustment; 
           [0024]      FIG. 8  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a phased array antenna comprising an active RF hybrid configured for 90° operation and an active combiner, the phased array antenna being configured for phase adjustment; 
           [0025]      FIG. 9  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a phased array antenna comprising an active RF hybrid configured for 180° operation and an active combiner, the phased array antenna being configured for phase adjustment; 
           [0026]      FIG. 10  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a phased array antenna comprising an active RF hybrid configured for 90° operation and a passive power combiner, the phased array antenna being configured for phase adjustment; 
           [0027]      FIG. 11  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a phased array antenna comprising an active RF hybrid configured for 180° operation and a passive power combiner, the phased array antenna being configured for phase adjustment; 
           [0028]      FIG. 12  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a phased array antenna comprising a passive 90° hybrid and an active combiner and configured for phase adjustment; 
           [0029]      FIG. 13  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a phased array antenna comprising a passive 180° hybrid and an active combiner and configured for phase adjustment; 
           [0030]      FIG. 14  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a phased array antenna comprising a passive 90° hybrid and a passive power combiner and configured for phase adjustment; 
           [0031]      FIG. 15  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a phased array antenna comprising a passive 180° hybrid and a passive power combiner and configured for phase adjustment; 
           [0032]      FIG. 16  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a phased array antenna comprising an active RF hybrid and configured for phase adjustment; 
           [0033]      FIG. 17  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a phased array antenna comprising a passive hybrid and configured for phase adjustment; 
           [0034]      FIG. 18  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a phased array antenna comprising two active RF hybrids and configured for phase adjustment; 
           [0035]      FIG. 19  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a phased array antenna comprising an active RF hybrid and a passive hybrid and configured for phase adjustment; 
           [0036]      FIG. 20  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a phased array antenna comprising an active RF hybrid and a passive hybrid and configured for phase adjustment; 
           [0037]      FIG. 21  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a phased array antenna comprising two passive hybrids and configured for phase adjustment; 
           [0038]      FIG. 22  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a phased array antenna comprising an active. RF hybrid and configured for phase adjustment; 
           [0039]      FIG. 23  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a phased array antenna comprising a passive hybrid and configured for phase adjustment; and 
           [0040]      FIG. 24  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a multi-beam architecture. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0041]    While exemplary embodiments are described herein in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention, it should be understood that other embodiments may be realized and that logical material, electrical, and mechanical changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, the following detailed description is presented for purposes of illustration only. 
         [0042]    A phased array antenna generally comprises multiple radiating elements, with each radiating element having a polarization component. in an exemplary embodiment, the radiating element has spatially orthogonal linear polarizations, spatially and electrically orthogonal circular polarizations, or spatially orthogonal and electrically non-orthogonal elliptical polarizations. 
         [0043]    The polarization component of each radiating element may have one or more signals fed to the ports. In an exemplary embodiment, each radiating element has two feed ports and results in an unbalanced feed system. In yet another exemplary embodiment, each radiating element has three feed ports and results in a partially balanced feed system. In another exemplary embodiment, each radiating element has four feed ports and results in a fully balanced feed system. 
         [0044]    In an exemplary embodiment, a phased array antenna with two feed ports is configured to generate and control different polarizations. Exemplary polarization states include a single circular polarization state, a single elliptical polarization state, a single linear polarization state, and two orthogonal polarization states. 
         [0045]    The radiating elements may be in communication with an RF integrated circuit (RFIC). In an exemplary embodiment, the RFIC is configured to divide, alter, and re-mix the component RF signal to produce or detect various polarization states. For receiver applications, the RE signal corresponding to the detected polarization state in the RFIC may additionally be combined in a beam-forming network of the array. Conversely, for transmitter applications, the RFIC can receive input signals from a beam-forming network of the array and produce any desired polarization state. 
         [0046]    In an exemplary embodiment, a phased array antenna comprises various components. The various components may include a vector generator, an active power splitter, an active power combiner, an active RE hybrid, or the like. 
         [0047]    Active Splitter:  FIG. 1  illustrates a schematic of an exemplary active power splitter. In an exemplary embodiment, an active power splitter  100  comprises a differential input subcircuit  110 , a first differential output suhcircuit  120 , and a second differential output subcircuit  1300  The differential input subcircuit  110  has paired transistors  111 ,  112  with a common emitter node and is constant current biased, as is typical in a differential amplifier. An input signal is communicated to the base of paired transistors  111 ,  112  in the differential input subcircuit  110 . Both the first and second differential output subcircuits  120 ,  130  comprise a pair of transistors with a common base node and each common base is connected to ground. 
         [0048]    The first differential output subcircuit  120  has a first transistor  121  emitter connected to the collector of one of the input subcircuit transistors  112 . The emitter of the second output subcircuit transistor  122  is connected to the collector of the other input subcircuit transistor  111 . In the exemplary embodiment, the first output is drawn from the collectors of transistors  121 ,  122  of the first differential output subcircuit  120 . Furthermore, the second differential output subcircuit  130  is similarly connected, except the transistor  131 ,  132  emitters are inversely connected to the input subcircuit transistor  111 ,  112  collectors with respect to transistors  121 ,  122 . 
         [0049]    By inverting the input subcircuit transistor collector connections between the first and second differential output subcircuits, the first output and the second output are approximately 180° out of phase with each other. In another exemplary embodiment, transistor  131 ,  132  emitters are non-inversely connected to input subcircuit transistor  111 ,  112  collectors, causing the first output and the second output to be approximately in phase with each other. In general, the absolute phase shift of the output signals through the power splitter is not as important as the relative phasing between the first and second output signals. 
         [0050]    In an exemplary embodiment, active power splitter  100  converts an input RF signal into two output signals. The output signal levels may be equal in amplitude, though this is not required. For a prior art passive power splitter, each output signal would be about 3 dB lower in power than the input signal. In contrast, an exemplary active splitter, such as active power splitter  100 , can provide gain and the relative power level between the input signal and the output signal is adjustable and can he selectively designed. In an exemplary embodiment, the output signal is configured to achieve a substantially neutral or positive power gain over the input signal. For example, the output signal may achieve a 3 dB signal power gain over the input signal. In an exemplary embodiment, the output signal may achieve a power gain in the 0 dB to 5 dB range. Moreover, the output signal may be configured to achieve any suitable power gain. 
         [0051]    In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, active power splitter  100  produces output signals with a differential phase between the two signals that is zero or substantially zero. The absolute phase shift of output signals through the active power splitter may not be as important as the differential phasing between the output signals. 
         [0052]    In another exemplary embodiment, active power splitter  100  additionally provides matched impedances at the input and output ports. The matched impedances may be 50 ohms, 75 ohms, or other suitable impedances. Furthermore, in an exemplary embodiment, active splitter  100  provides isolation between the output ports of the active power splitter. In one exemplary embodiment, active power splitter  100  is manufactured as a MMIC with a compact size that is independent of the operating frequency due to a lack of distributed components. 
         [0053]    Active Combiner: In an exemplary embodiment and with reference to  FIG. 2 , an active power combiner  200  comprises a first differential input subcircuit  210 , a second differential input subcircuit  220 , a single ended output subcircuit  230 , and a differential output subcircuit  240 , Each differential input subcircuit  210 ,  220  includes two pairs of transistors, with each transistor of each differential input subcircuit  210 ,  220  having a common emitter node with constant current biasing, as is typical in a differential amplifier. 
         [0054]    A first input signal is communicated to the bases of the transistors in first differential input subcircuit  210 . For example, a first line of input signal In 1  is provided to one transistor of each transistor pair in first differential input subcircuit  210 , and a second line of input signal In 1  is provided to the other transistor of each transistor pair. Similarly, a second input signal is communicated to the bases of the transistors in second differential input subcircuit  220 . For example, a first line of input signal In 2  is provided to one transistor of each transistor pair in first differential input subcircuit  220 , and a second line of input signal In 2  is provided to the other transistor of each transistor pair. Furthermore, in an exemplary embodiment, a differential output signal is formed by a combination of signals from collectors of transistors in first and second differential input subcircuits  210 ,  220 . 
         [0055]    In an exemplary embodiment, active power combiner  200  converts two input RF signals into a single output signal. The output signal can either be a single ended output at single ended output subcircuit  230 , or a differential output at differential output subcircuit  240 . In other words, active power combiner  200  performs a function that is the inverse of active power splitter  100 . The input signal levels can be of arbitrary amplitude and phase. Similar to an active power splitter, active power combiner  200  can provide gain and the relative power level between the inputs and output is also adjustable and can be selectively designed. In an exemplary embodiment, the output signal achieves a substantially neutral or positive signal power gain over the input signal, For example, the output signal may achieve a 3 dB power gain over the sum of the input signals. In an exemplary embodiment, the output signal may achieve a power gain in the 0 dB to 5 d13 range. Moreover, the output signal may achieve any suitable power gain. 
         [0056]    In an exemplary embodiment, active power combiner  200  additionally provides matched impedances at the input and output ports. The matched impedances may be 50 ohms, 75 ohms, or other suitable impedances. Furthermore, in an exemplary embodiment, active power combiner  200  provides isolation between the input ports of the power combiner. 
         [0057]    In yet another exemplary embodiment, the active power combiner  200  implements identical building block components as used in an exemplary active phased array architecture. In one exemplary embodiment, the active power combiner  200  is manufactured as a MMIC with a compact size that is independent of the operating frequency due to a lack of distributed components. Throughout, the active power combiner described in various exemplary embodiments may be similar to the active power combiner described with reference to  FIGS. 6 ,  8 - 9 , and  12 - 13 . 
         [0058]    Active RE Hybrid: In an exemplary embodiment, and with reference to  FIG. 3 , an active RF hybrid  300  comprises a first active power splitter  310 , a second active power splitter  311 , a first vector generator  320 , a second vector generator  321 , a first active power combiner  330 , a second active power combiner  331 , a first digital-to-analog converter (DAC)  340  and a second DAC  341 . In accordance with the exemplary embodiment, first active power splitter  310  receives an input at Port I and communicates the input to first vector generator  320  and second active power combiner  331 . Likewise, second active power splitter  311  receives an input at Port  2  and communicates the input to second vector generator  321  and first active power combiner  330 . Vector generators  320 ,  321  are controlled in part by respective DACs  340 ,  341 . In an exemplary embodiment, a 4-bit DAC is used but any number of bits many be used. 
         [0059]    Furthermore, the output of first vector generator  320  is communicated to first active power combiner  330 , and the output of second vector generator  321  is communicated to second active power combiner  331 . in the exemplary embodiment, first active power combiner  330  receives input from first vector generator  320  and second active power splitter  311 , and outputs a signal to Port  3 . Similarly, second active power combiner  331  receives input from second vector generator  321  and first active power splitter  310 , and outputs a signal to Port  4 . 
         [0060]    Active RF hybrid  300  may be used to replace various distributed components, such as a branch line coupler, Lange coupler, directional coupler, or 180° hybrid. In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, an active RF hybrid provides similar functionality in comparison to a traditional distributed hybrid. For example, active RF hybrid  300  may be dynamically configured to have variable phase differences between the output ports, which could be  90 °, 180°, or some other phase difference. Another example is that active RF hybrid  300  provides port-to-port isolation and matched impedances at the input/output ports. Additional information regarding active RF hybrids is disclosed in the U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/759,043, entitled “ACTIVE HYBRIDS FOR ANTENNA SYSTEMS”, filed Apr. 13, 2010, which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
         [0061]    Furthermore, the active RF hybrid  300  has various advantages over a traditional passive distributed hybrid. In an exemplary embodiment, the active RF hybrid  300  does not result in a loss of power, but instead has a gain or is at least gain neutral. in another exemplary embodiment, the active RE hybrid  300  does not rely on distributed elements and is capable of operating over very wide bandwidths. In yet another exemplary embodiment, the active RE hybrid  300  implements identical building block components as used in an exemplary active phased array architecture. in one exemplary embodiment, the active RE hybrid  300  is manufactured as a MMIC with a compact size that is independent of the operating frequency due to a lack of distributed components. 
         [0062]    Throughout, the active RF hybrid described in various exemplary embodiments may be similar to the active RF hybrid described with reference to  FIGS. 8-11 ,  16 ,  18 - 20 , and  22 . 
         [0063]    Vector Generator: In an exemplary embodiment, a vector generator converts an RF input signal into an output signal (sometimes referred to as an output vector) that is shifted in phase and/or amplitude to a desired level. This replaces the function of a typical phase shifter and adds the capability of amplitude control. In other words, a vector generator is a magnitude and phase control circuit. In the exemplary embodiment, the vector generator accomplishes this function by feeding the RF input signal into a quadrature network resulting in two output signals that differ in phase by about 90°. The two output signals are fed into parallel quadrant select circuits, and then through parallel variable gain amplifiers (VGAs). In an exemplary embodiment, the quadrant select circuits receive commands and may be configured to either pass the output signals with no additional relative phase shift between them or invert either or both of the output signals by an additional 180°. In this fashion, all four possible quadrants of the 360° continuum are available to both orthogonal signals. The resulting composite output signals from the current summer are modulated in at least one of amplitude and phase. 
         [0064]    In accordance with an exemplary embodiment and with reference to  FIG. 4 , a vector generator  400  comprises a passive I/Q generator  410 , a first variable gain amplifier (VGA)  420  and a second VGA  421 , a first quadrant select  430  and a second quadrant select  431  each configured for phase inversion switching, and a current summer  440 . The first quadrant select  430  is in communication with I/Q generator  410  and first VGA  420 . The second quadrant select  431  is in communication with I/Q generator  410  and second VGA  421 . Furthermore, in an exemplary embodiment, vector generator  400  comprises a digital controller  45 ( )that controls a first digital-to-analog converter (DAC)  460  and a second DAC  461 . The first and second DACs  460 ,  461  control first and second VGAs  421 ,  420 , respectively. Additionally, digital controller  450  controls first and second quadrant selects  430 ,  431 . 
         [0065]    In an exemplary embodiment, vector generator  400  controls the phase and amplitude of an RF signal by splitting the RF signal into two separate vectors, the in-phase (I) vector and the quadrature-phase (Q) vector. In one embodiment, the RF signal is communicated differentially. The differential RF signal communication may be throughout vector generator  400  or limited to various portions of vector generator  400 . in another exemplary embodiment, the RF signals are communicated non differentially. The I vector and Q vector are processed in parallel, each passing through the phase inverting switching performed by first and second quadrant selects  430 ,  431 . The resultant outputs of the phase inverting switches comprise four possible signals: a non-inverted I, an inverted I, a non-inverted Q, and an inverted Q. In this manner, all four quadrants of a phasor diagram are available for further processing by VGAs  420 ,  421 . In an exemplary embodiment, two of the four possible signals non-inverted I, inverted I, non-inverted Q, and inverted Q are processed respectively through VGAs  420 ,  421 , until the two selected signals are combined in current summer  440  to form a composite RF signal. The current summer  440  outputs the composite RF signal with phase and amplitude adjustments. In an exemplary embodiment, the composite RF signal is in differential signal form. In another exemplary embodiment, the composite RF signals are in single-ended form. 
         [0066]    In an exemplary embodiment, control for the quadrant shifting and VGA functions is provided by a pair of DACs. In an exemplary embodiment, reconfiguration of digital controller  450  allows the number of phase bits to be digitally controlled after vector generator  400  is fabricated if adequate DAC resolution and automatic gain control (AUC) dynamic range exists. In an exemplary embodiment with adequate DAC resolution and AGC dynamic range, any desired vector phase and amplitude can be produced with selectable fine quantization steps using digital control, in another exemplary embodiment, reconfiguration of DACs  460 ,  461  can be made after vector generator  400  is fabricated in order to facilitate adjustment of the vector amplitudes. 
         [0067]    Phased Array Architectures 
         [0068]    In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, a phased array antenna comprises active components manufactured on silicon germanium (SiGe) in a monolithic solution. Other materials may be used, such as GaAs, silicon, or other suitable materials now known or hereinafter devised. A monolithic SiGe embodiment using active components results in certain advantages over the distributed/passive network in the prior art, including lower cost, smaller physical size that is independent of operating frequency, wider operating bandwidths, and the ability to provide power gain rather than a power loss. 
         [0069]    Additionally, other advantages over the prior art embodiments are possible, depending on the phased array architecture. Some of the advantages include extensive system flexibility and very compact antenna systems because no distributed structures are required. Furthermore, some embodiments employ differential signaling to improve signal isolation when the RF signal is in analog form. 
         [0070]    Some of the main advantages include that RF signals undergo a neutral or slight positive power gain when being communicated through the antenna system, rather than power losses that occur in the passive prior art systems. Another advantage is that the antenna system is not band limited, in other words, the antenna system is applicable to all frequency bands, including X, K Ku, Ka, and Q bands. In an exemplary embodiment, the antenna system operates over specific frequency ranges, such as 2-20 GHz, 20-40 GHz, or 30-45 GHz. In an exemplary embodiment, multi-band antennas are a practical option as a product. 
         [0071]    Reconfigurability of the antenna system is also an advantage. In an exemplary embodiment, the antenna system includes the ability to reconfigure the number of phase bits in a DAC over full product life. In another exemplary embodiment, the antenna system is able to reconfigure the amplitude taper of the system over full product life. In yet another exemplary embodiment, the antenna system is able to reconfigure the system polarization over full product life. In an exemplary embodiment with adequate DAC resolution and AGC dynamic range, any arbitrary vector phase and amplitude can be produced with arbitrarily fine quantization steps using digital control, 
         [0072]    Throughout, the vector generator described in various exemplary embodiments may be similar to the vector generator described with reference to  FIGS. 5-24 . 
         [0073]    Active Antenna Polarizer: in accordance with an exemplary embodiment, an active antenna polarizer comprises a monolithic, digitally controlled active implementation for processing an RF signal. Two output RF signals communicate with a single radiating element and are digitally controlled, to provide any desired polarization phase or amplitude to the radiating element. In an exemplary embodiment, the active antenna polarizer comprises active components and results in no power loss in the communicated signals. Furthermore, in another exemplary embodiment, the active antenna polarizer is configured to operate over multiple frequency bands. 
         [0074]    In an exemplary embodiment, and with reference to  FIG. 5 , a transmit active antenna polarizer  500  comprises an active power splitter  510 , two vector generators  520 ,  521 , and two DACs  530 ,  531 . An input signal is actively split and transmitted through two vector generators  520 ,  521  in parallel. The vector generators  520 ,  521  are controlled by DACs  530 ,  531 , and each vector generator produces a linear output signal. These two linear outputs are then used to energize the two spatially orthogonal feed ports of a radiating element (not shown). In another exemplary embodiment, the feeds to the radiating element can be differential in nature resulting in four feeds to the radiating element. In yet another exemplary embodiment, one of the feeds to the radiating elements can be differential while the other remains single ended in nature resulting in three feeds to the radiating element. 
         [0075]    The transmit active antenna polarizer  500  may be considered a basic transmit embodiment which is configured to be implemented in a variety of different phased array antenna architectures. In an exemplary embodiment, the basic transmit embodiment is used in any frequency band and with different polarizations. For example, and as described below, the basic transmit embodiment may be used as the basis for phased array antenna transmitting in linear polarization, circular polarization, or elliptical polarization. In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, in order to operate in these different polarizations, vector generators  520 ,  521  control. the phase of the antenna signal. 
         [0076]    In an exemplary embodiment, reconfiguration of DACs  530 ,  531  allows the number of phase bits to be digitally controlled after transmit active antenna polarizer  500  is fabricated if adequate DAC resolution and AGC dynamic range exists, in an exemplary embodiment with adequate DAC resolution and AGC dynamic range, any desired vector phase and amplitude can be produced with arbitrarily fine quantization steps using digital control. In another exemplary embodiment, DACs  530 ,  531  may be operationally reconfigured after transmit active antenna polarizer  500  is fabricated in order to facilitate adjustment of the signal amplitudes. 
         [0077]    A receive active antenna polarizer (not shown) may be considered a basic receive embodiment which is configured to be implemented in a variety of different phased array antenna architectures. In an exemplary embodiment, the basic receive embodiment is used in any frequency band and with different polarizations. For example, and as described below, the basic receive embodiment may be used as the basis for phased array antenna receiving in linear polarization, circular polarization, or elliptical polarization. In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, in order to operate in these different polarizations, the vector generators control the phase of the antenna signal as described herein. 
         [0078]    Described below are various specific phased array antenna system embodiments. The embodiments vary in terms of architecture, use of passive or active components, and whether differential or non-differential signaling is implemented. Though the exemplary embodiments of a phased array architecture are described in terms of a receive architecture, similar architectures could be implemented for transmitting signals in a phased array antenna. For example, RF power splitters would replace RF power combiners in the embodiments to facilitate the transmission of an RF signal. 
         [0079]    In one exemplary embodiment, a combiner is in communication with two vector generators. The combiner may be either active or passive (see  FIGS. 6 and 7 ). In an exemplary embodiment and with reference to  FIG. 6 , a phased array antenna  600  comprises an active combiner  610 , two vector generators  620 ,  621 , and two DACs  630 ,  631 . A radiating element  601  is in communication with phased array antenna  600 . Two spatially orthogonal feed ports of radiating element  601  transmit two input signals to vector generators  620 ,  621 . The input signals are communicated through the two vector generators  620 ,  621  in parallel and actively summed to generate an RF output signal. The input signals may be linear, right-hand circular, left-hand circular, or elliptically polarized. The linear input signals may also be vertical and horizontal polarized. Vector generators  620 ,  621  enables phased array antenna  600  to have two degrees of freedom to allow the desired polarization to be detected and beam steering to be accomplished. In an exemplary embodiment, vector generator  620  may be used for beam steering while vector generator  621  offsets the phase of vector generator  620  by ±90 degrees to provide detection of RHCP signals or LHCP signals. Similar embodiments allow for the beam steering and polarization tracking of elliptically polarized signals as well. 
         [0080]    Passive components may also be implemented in phased array antennas. In an exemplary embodiment, and with reference to  FIG. 7 , a phased array antenna  700  comprises a passive power combiner  710 , two vector generators  720 ,  721 , and two DACs  730 ,  731 , input signals are communicated through two vector generators  720 ,  721  in parallel and passively combined at passive power combiner  710  to generate an RF output signal. In one embodiment, passive power combiner  710  may be a Wilkinson power divider configured to combine the two vector generator outputs. In another embodiment, passive power combiner  710  may be any suitable power combiner now known or herein after devised. The input signals may be linear, right-hand circular, left-hand circular, or elliptically polarized. The linear input signals may also be vertical and horizontal polarized. Furthermore, phased array antenna  700  is capable of beam steering as described with respect to phased array antenna  600 . 
         [0081]    In an exemplary embodiment, an RF hybrid is combined with two parallel vector generators and a combiner. The addition of an RF hybrid enables detection of LHCP and RHCP signals simultaneously. The combiner can be either active or passive. Similarly, the hybrid can be active or passive. Furthermore, the hybrid may be a 90° hybrid or a 180° hybrid.  FIG. 8  illustrates an exemplary phased array antenna  800  comprising an active RF hybrid  810  with a 90° phase shift, two vector generators  820 ,  821 , two DACs  830 ,  831 , and an active combiner  840 . The output signal is a composite of the two input signals. 
         [0082]    Similarly,  FIG. 9  illustrates an exemplary phased array antenna  900  comprising an active RF hybrid  910  with a 180° phase shift, two vector generators  920 ,  921 , two DACs  930 ,  931 , and an active combiner  940 . In one embodiment, the two outputs of the 180° active RF hybrid  910  have a 90° phase difference. More specifically, the two outputs are +/−45° phase slanted from the inputs of the active RF hybrid  910 . The output signal is a composite of the two input signals. 
         [0083]    In an exemplary embodiment and with reference to  FIG. 10 , a phased array antenna  1000  comprises a 90° active RF hybrid  1010 , two vector generators  1020 ,  1021 , two DACs  1030 ,  1031 , and a passive power combiner  1040 . This embodiment and the components are similar to the embodiment in  FIG. 8 , except the passive power combiner  1040  is implemented instead of an active power combiner. The output signal is a composite of the two input signals. Moreover, phased array antenna  1000  has higher loss and narrower bandwidth compared to phased array antenna  800 . 
         [0084]    As previously mentioned, the active hybrid could also be implemented as a 180° active hybrid. In an exemplary embodiment and with reference to  FIG. 11 , a phased array antenna  1100  comprises a 180° active RF hybrid  1110 , two vector generators  1120 ,  1121 , two DACs  1130 ,  1131 , and a passive power combiner  1140 . As an example, passive power combiner  1140  may be a Wilkinson power divider. In another embodiment, passive power combiner  1140  may be any suitable power combiner now known or herein after devised. In one embodiment, the two outputs of active RF hybrid  1110  have a 90° phase difference. More specifically, the two outputs are +/−45° phase slanted from the inputs of active RF hybrid  1110 . In an exemplary embodiment, the two outputs of active RF hybrid  1110  may be any combination of phase slants that result in a 90° phase difference. The output signal is a composite of the two input signals. 
         [0085]    In addition to passive combiners, a hybrid may also be a passive component.  FIG. 12  illustrates a phased array antenna  1200  comprising a 90° passive hybrid  1210 , two vector generators  1220 ,  1221 , two DACs  1230 ,  1231 , and an active combiner  1240 . The output signals of 90° passive hybrid  1210  may be a right-hand circular, a left-hand circular, or elliptically polarized signal. The 90° passive hybrid  1210  may, for example, be a branchline coupler or a Lange coupler. The output signals of 90° passive hybrid  1210  are each a composite of the two input signals received from a radiating element. The main difference between 90° passive hybrid  1210  and 90° active RF hybrid  1010  is the size of the components, with 90° active RF hybrid  1010  being substantially smaller, in addition to the various advantages of active components as previously described. 
         [0086]    In another exemplary embodiment and with reference to  FIG. 13 , a phased array antenna  1300  comprises a 180° passive hybrid  1310 , two vector generators  1320 ,  1321 , two DACs  1330 ,  1331 , and an active combiner  1340 . In one embodiment, the two outputs of the 180° passive hybrid  1310  have a 90° phase difference. More specifically, the two outputs are +/−45° phase slanted from the inputs of the passive hybrid  1310 . The output signal is a single linearly polarized signal. In an exemplary embodiment, the 180° passive hybrid  1310  may be a ring hybrid or a magic tee. 
         [0087]    With reference now to  FIG. 14 , a phased array antenna  1400  comprises a 90° passive hybrid  1410 , two vector generators  1420 ,  1421 , two DACs  1430 ,  1431 , and a passive power combiner  1440 . The output of passive hybrid  1410  may be a right-hand circular, left-hand circular, or elliptically polarized signal. The 90° passive hybrid  1410  may be a branchline coupler or a Lange coupler. Furthermore, passive power combiner  1440  may be a Wilkinson power divider. In another embodiment, passive power combiner  1440  may be any suitable power combiner now known or herein after devised. As with the other exemplary power combiners, the output of passive power combiner  1440  is a composite of the two input signals. 
         [0088]    Similarly,  FIG. 15  illustrates a phased array antenna  1500  comprising a 180° passive hybrid  1510 , two vector generators  1520 ,  1521 , two DACs  1530 ,  1531 , and a passive power combiner  1540 . In one embodiment, the two outputs of 180° passive hybrid  1510  have a 90° phase difference. More specifically, the two outputs are +/−45° phase slanted from the inputs of 180° passive hybrid  1510 . Additionally, in an exemplary embodiment, 180° passive hybrid  1510  may be a ring hybrid or a magic tee. In one exemplary embodiment, passive power combiner  1540  may be a Wilkinson power divider. In another embodiment, passive power combiner  1540  may be any suitable power combiner now known or herein after devised. Also, the output signal of passive power combiner  1540  is a composite of the two input signals. 
         [0089]    In addition to linearly polarized signals as described above, an active phased array antenna can also be configured for dual linear polarization with polarization tracking and beam steering. With reference to  FIGS. 16 and 17 , a phased array antenna with two parallel vector generators and a hybrid is illustrated. The hybrid may be either active or passive. Furthermore, the hybrid may be a 90° hybrid or a 180° hybrid. In accordance with an exemplary embodiment and with reference to  FIG. 16 , a phased array antenna  1600  comprises two vector generators  1620 ,  1621 , two DACs  1630 ,  1631 , and an active RF hybrid  1640 . Active RF hybrid  1640  may be either a 90° hybrid or a 180° hybrid. The two output signals of the active RF hybrid  1640  are composites of the two input signals, with a phase difference between the output signals. in an embodiment with active RF hybrid  1640  comprising a 90° hybrid, the output signals have an approximate 90° phase difference. In an embodiment with active RF hybrid  1640  comprising a 180° hybrid, the output signals have an approximate 180° phase difference. The vector generators  1620 ,  1621  may be configured to provide phase and amplitude adjustment of RF signals for polarization tracking and beam steering. 
         [0090]    Similarly,  FIG. 17  illustrates a phased array antenna  1700  comprising two vector generators  1720 ,  1721 , two DACs  1730 ,  1731 , and a passive hybrid  1740 . Passive RE hybrid  1740  may be either a 90° hybrid or a 180° hybrid. The passive hybrid  1740  may be at least one of a Lange coupler or a branchline coupler for a 90° hybrid, or at least one of a ring hybrid or a magic tee for a 180° hybrid. Furthermore, the output signals of passive hybrid  1740  are composites of the two input signals, with a phase difference between the output signals. In an embodiment with passive hybrid  1740  comprising a 90° hybrid, the output signals have an approximate 90° phase difference. In an embodiment with passive hybrid  1740  comprising a 180° hybrid, the output signals have an approximate 180° phase difference. The vector generators  1720 ,  1721  may be configured to provide phase and amplitude adjustment of RF signals for polarization tracking and beam steering. 
         [0091]    With reference to  FIGS. 18-21 , a phased array antenna may include two parallel vector generators and two hybrids. The hybrids may be either active or passive. Furthermore, the hybrids may be a 90° hybrid or a 180° hybrid. 
         [0092]    In an exemplary embodiment and with reference to  FIG. 18 , a phased array antenna  1800  comprises a first active RF hybrid  1810 , two vector generators  1820 ,  1821 , two DACs  1830 ,  1831 , and a second active RE hybrid  1840 . First active RF hybrid  1810  may be either a 90° hybrid or a 180° hybrid. Second active RF hybrid  1840  may be either a 90° hybrid or a 180° hybrid. The first active RF hybrid  1810  is configured to receive polarized input signals from a radiating element  1801 . In one embodiment, first active RF hybrid  1810  generates intermediate signals with right-hand and left-hand circular polarizations. In another embodiment, first active RF hybrid  1810  generates intermediate signals that have approximately a 90° phase difference. More specifically, the two outputs are +/−45° phase slanted from the inputs of the active RF hybrid  1810 . The vector generators  1820 ,  1821  may be configured to provide phase adjustment for polarization tracking and beam steering. Also, second active RF hybrid  1840  is configured to generate output signals that are composites of the input signals. 
         [0093]    Similarly,  FIG. 19  illustrates a phased array antenna  1900  comprising an active RF hybrid  1910 , two vector generators  1920 ,  1921 , two DACs  1930 ,  1931 , and a passive hybrid  1940 . Active RF hybrid  1910  may be either a 90° hybrid or a 180° hybrid. Passive hybrid  1940  may be either a 90° hybrid or a 180° hybrid. The active RF hybrid  1910  is configured to receive polarized input signals from a radiating element  1901 . In one embodiment, active RF hybrid  1910  generates intermediate signals with right-hand and left-hand circular polarizations. In another embodiment, active RIF hybrid  1910  generates intermediate signals that have approximately a 90° phase difference. More specifically, the two outputs are +/−45° phase slanted from the inputs of active RF hybrid  1910 . Furthermore, vector generators  1920 ,  1921  may be configured to provide phase adjustment for polarization tracking and beam steering. Also, passive hybrid  1940  is configured to generate output signals that are composites of the input signals. In an exemplary embodiment, passive hybrid  1940  may be at least one of a Lange coupler or a branchline coupler for a 90° hybrid, or at least one of a ring hybrid or a magic tee for a 180° hybrid. 
         [0094]    Furthermore, the hybrid in communication with a radiating element could be a passive hybrid. In an exemplary embodiment and with reference to  FIG. 20 , a phased array antenna  2000  comprises a passive hybrid  2010 , two vector generators  2020 ,  2021 , two DACs  2030 ,  2031 , and an active RI hybrid  2040 . Passive hybrid  2010  may be either a 90° hybrid or a 180° hybrid. Active RF hybrid  2040  may be either a 90° hybrid or a 180° hybrid. The passive hybrid  2010  is configured to receive polarized input signals from a radiating element  2001 . In one embodiment, the passive hybrid  2010  generates intermediate signals with right-hand and left-hand circular polarizations. In another embodiment the passive hybrid  2010  generates intermediate signals that have approximately a 90° phase difference. More specifically, the two outputs are +/−45° phase slanted from the inputs of the passive hybrid  2010 . The passive hybrid  2010  may be at least one of a Lange coupler or a branchline coupler for a 90° hybrid, or at least one of a ring hybrid or a magic tee for a 180° hybrid. Furthermore, the vector generators  2020 ,  2021  may be configured to provide phase adjustment for polarization tracking and beam steering. Also, the active RF hybrid  2040  is configured to generate output signals that are composites of the input signals. 
         [0095]    Another configuration of the phased array antenna may include two passive hybrids. In an exemplary embodiment and with reference to  FIG. 21 , a phased array antenna  2100  comprises a first passive hybrid  2110  with either a 90° or a 180° phase shift, two vector generators  2120 ,  2121 , two DACs  2130 ,  2131 , and a second passive hybrid  2140  with either a 90° or a 180° phase shift. First passive hybrid  2110  may be either a 90° hybrid or a 180° hybrid. Second passive hybrid  2140  may be either a 90° hybrid or a 180° hybrid. The first passive hybrid  2110  is configured to receive the polarized input signals from a radiating element  2101 . In one embodiment, first passive hybrid  2110  generates intermediate signals with right-hand and left-hand circular polarizations. In another embodiment, first passive hybrid  2110  generates intermediate signals that have approximately a 90° phase difference. More specifically, the two outputs are ±/−45° phase slanted from the inputs of first passive hybrid  2110 . In an exemplary embodiment, vector generator  2120  receives a first intermediate signal communicated from first passive hybrid  2110 . Vector generator  2121  receives a second intermediate signal also communicated from first passive hybrid  2110 . Vector generators  2120 ,  2121  are respectively configured to adjust at least one of the phase and amplitude of a received signal and generate an adjusted signal. The second passive hybrid  2140  is configured to receive adjusted signals from vector generators  2120 ,  2121  and configured to generate output signals that are composites of the adjusted signals. The first and second passive hybrids  2110 ,  2140  may be at least one of a Lange coupler or a branchline coupler for a 90° hybrid, or at least one of a ring hybrid or a magic tee for a 180° hybrid. 
         [0096]    In addition to embodiments as described above, an active phased array antenna can also he configured for dual circular polarization with beam steering. With momentary reference to  FIGS. 22 and 23 , in an exemplary embodiment a phased array antenna comprises a 90° hybrid in communication with a radiating element and parallel vector generators. In an exemplary embodiment, the 90° hybrid may be active or passive. In accordance with an exemplary embodiment and with reference to  FIG. 22 , a phased array antenna  2200  comprises an active 90° RF hybrid  2210 , two vector generators  2220 ,  2221 , and two DACs  2230 ,  2231 . The active 90° RF hybrid  2210  is configured receive signals from a radiating element  2201  and to generate intermediate signals with right-hand and left-hand circular polarization. The intermediate signals are each a composite signal of the signals received from radiating element  2201 . The two vector generators  2220 ,  2221  are in communication with active 90° RF hybrid  2210 . Vector generator  2220  and vector generator  2221  individually generate an RF output signal with circular polarization In an exemplary embodiment, vector generators  2220 ,  2221  provide phase adjustment for beam steering. 
         [0097]    Similarly, with reference to  FIG. 23  and in an exemplary embodiment, a phased array antenna  2300  comprises a passive 90° hybrid  2310 , two vector generators  2320 ,  2321 , and two DACs  2330 ,  2331 . The passive 90° hybrid  2310  may be a branchline coupler or a Lange coupler, and/or the like. Additionally, passive 90° hybrid  2310  is configured to receive signals from a radiating element  2301  and to generate intermediate signals with right-hand and. left-hand circular polarization. The two vector generators  2320 ,  2321  are in communication with passive 90° hybrid  2310  and each receive a separate intermediate signal. In an exemplary embodiment, vector generators  2320 ,  2321  individually output an RF output signal that is a composite of the intermediate signals. In an exemplary embodiment, vector generators  2320 ,  2321  provide phase adjustment for beam steering. 
         [0098]    In accordance with an exemplary embodiment and with reference to  FIG. 24 , a multi-beam architecture  2400  comprises multiple radiating elements (RE 1 , RE 2 , . . . RE N ) with each radiating element being in communication with an active polarization control (PC 1 , PC 2 , . . . PC N ). The multi-beam architecture  2400  further comprises at last one beam forming network (BFN 1 , BFN 2 , . . . BFN M ) and at least one phase shifter connected to the active polarization control (PC 1 , PC 2 , . . . , PC N ) per beam forming network (BFN 1 , BFN 2 , . . . BFN M ). In an exemplary embodiment, each radiating element is in communication with M phase shifters, and each phase shifter is in communication with M beam forming networks so that each beam forming network receives a signal from each radiating element. 
         [0099]    In an exemplary embodiment, the phase shifters may be active vector generators, similar to vector generator  400 , or any other component suitable to phase shift the signals. Furthermore, the beam forming networks and summing junctions can be passive or active. Moreover, a multi-beam architecture may similarly be implemented for transmission of RF signals. 
         [0100]    With further reference to  FIG. 24 , the active polarization control functions (PC 1 , PC 2 , . . . PC N ) can be any of the embodiments previously listed herein. Connected to each of the active polarization control functions is a power splitter (for receive applications) or power combiner (for transmit applications). The power splitter or power combiner can be implemented as a passive or active structure as described previously herein. In communication with the power splitter/combiner is a set of vector generators where each vector generator provides a phase shift in support of a particular beam. M vector generators are required to support M independently steerable beams. In an exemplary embodiment, the set of vector generators is in communication with a power combiner (for receive applications) or power splitter (for transmit applications) to complete the beam formation process. The power splitter or power combiner can be implemented as a passive or active structure as described previously herein. 
         [0101]    The following applications are related to this subject matter: U.S. application Ser. No. 12/759,123, entitled “ACTIVE BUTLER AND .BLASS MATRICES,” filed on Apr. 13, 2010; U.S. application Ser. No. 12/759,043, entitled “ACTIVE HYBRIDS FOR ANTENNA SYSTEMS,” filed on Apr. 13, 2010; U.S. application Ser. No. 12/759,064, entitled “ACTIVE FEED FORWARD AMPLIFIER,” filed on Apr. 13, 2010; U.S. application Ser. No. 12/759,059, entitled “MULTI-BEAM ACTIVE PHASED ARRAY ARCHITECTURE,” filed on Apr. 13, 2010; U.S. application Ser. No. 12/758,996, entitled “PRESELECTOR AMPLIFIER,” filed on Apr. 13, 2010; U.S. application Ser. No. 12/759,148, entitled “ACTIVE POWER SPLITTER,” filed on Apr. 13, 2010; U.S. application Ser. No. 12/759,112, entitled “HALF-DUPLEX PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA SYSTEM,” filed on Apr. 13, 2010; U.S. application Ser. No. 12/759,113, entitled “DIGITAL AMPLITUDE CONTROL OF ACTIVE VECTOR GENERATOR,” filed on Apr. 13, 2010; the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference for any purpose in their entirety. 
         [0102]    Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described above with regard to specific embodiments. However, the benefits, advantages, Solutions to problems, and any element(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as critical, required, or essential features or elements of any or all the claims. As used herein, the terms “includes,” “including,” “comprises,” “comprising,” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Further, no element described herein is required to the practice of the invention unless expressly described as “essential” or “critical.”