Abstract:
Because reprocessing or refurbishing of physiological sensors reuses large portions of an existing sensor, the material costs for refurbishing sensors is significantly lower than the material costs for making an entirely new sensor. Typically, existing reprocessors replace only the adhesive portion of an adhesive physiological sensor and reuse the sensing components. However, re-using the sensing components can reduce the reliability of the refurbished sensor and/or reduce the number of sensors eligible for refurbishing due to out-of-specification sensor components. It is therefore desirable to provide a process for refurbishing physiological sensors that replaces the sensing components of the sensor. While sensing components are replaced, generally, sensor cable and/or patient monitor attachments are retained, resulting in cost savings over producing new sensors.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/311,668, filed Mar. 8, 2010, titled REPROCESSING OF A PHYSIOLOGICAL SENSOR, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE 
       [0002]    The present disclosure relates to medical sensors and specifically to reprocessing or refurbishing of medical sensors. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE 
       [0003]    Patient monitoring of various physiological parameters of a patient is important to a wide range of medical applications. Oximetry is one of the techniques that has developed to accomplish the monitoring of some of these physiological characteristics. It was developed to study and to measure, among other things, the oxygen status of blood. Pulse oximetry—a noninvasive, widely accepted form of oximetry—relies on a sensor attached externally to a patient to output signals indicative of various physiological parameters, such as a patient&#39;s constituents and/or analytes, including for example a percent value for arterial oxygen saturation, carbon monoxide saturation, methemoglobin saturation, fractional saturations, total hematocrit, billirubins, perfusion quality, or the like. A pulse oximetry system generally includes a patient monitor, a communications medium such as a cable, and/or a physiological sensor having light emitters and a detector, such as one or more LEDs and a photodetector. The sensor is attached to a tissue site, such as a finger, toe, ear lobe, nose, hand, foot, or other site having pulsatile blood flow which can be penetrated by light from the emitters. The detector is responsive to the emitted light after attenuation by pulsatile blood flowing in the tissue site. The detector outputs a detector signal to the monitor over the communication medium, which processes the signal to provide a numerical readout of physiological parameters such as oxygen saturation (SpO2) and/or pulse rate. 
         [0004]    High fidelity pulse oximeters capable of reading through motion induced noise are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,096,054, 6,813,511, 6,792,300, 6,770,028, 6,658,276, 6,157,850, 6,002,952 5,769,785, and 5,758,644, which are assigned to Masimo Corporation of Irvine, Calif. (“Masimo Corp.”) and are incorporated by reference herein. Advanced physiological monitoring systems can incorporate pulse oximetry in addition to advanced features for the calculation and display of other blood parameters, such as carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO), methemoglobin (HbMet), total hemoglobin (Hbt), total Hematocrit (Hct), oxygen concentrations, glucose concentrations, blood pressure, electrocardiogram data, temperature, and/or respiratory rate as a few examples. Typically, the physiological monitoring system provides a numerical readout of and/or waveform of the measured parameter. Advanced physiological monitors and multiple wavelength optical sensors capable of measuring parameters in addition to SpO2, such as HbCO, HbMet and/or Hbt are described in at least U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/367,013, filed Mar. 1, 2006, titled Multiple Wavelength Sensor Emitters and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/366,208, filed Mar. 1, 2006, titled Noninvasive Multi-Parameter Patient Monitor, assigned to Masimo Laboratories, Inc. and incorporated by reference herein. Further, noninvasive blood parameter monitors and optical sensors including Rainbow™ adhesive and reusable sensors and RAD-57™ and Radical-7™ monitors capable of measuring SpO2, pulse rate, perfusion index (PI), signal quality (SiQ), pulse variability index (PVI), HbCO and/or HbMet, among other parameters, are also commercially available from Masimo Corp. 
         [0005]    In order reduce costs, some hospitals or medical institutions choose to purchase refurbished or reprocessed sensors. Typically, these sensors are single-use sensors and are meant to be used by a single patient. Refurbishers receive used sensors, usually from the hospitals, and replace adhesive portions of the sensor while keeping the sensing components unchanged. However, such re-use of the sensing components can decrease reliability of the readings of the sensors as the sensing components of the sensor suffer from wear, damage, misalignment, or the like due to use. 
         [0006]    Typically, for adhesive physiological sensors, reprocessors simply replace the adhesive tape on the sensors without replacing additional components. This could potentially lead to sensors with degraded sensing performance. On the other hand, if the reprocessor institutes strict functional testing procedures, sensors can be disposed of even if a large portion of a sensor, other than the sensing component, is still within specification. 
       SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
       [0007]    Because reprocessing or refurbishing of physiological sensors reuses large portions of an existing sensor, the material costs for refurbishing sensors is significantly lower than the material costs for making an entirely new sensor. Typically, existing reprocessors replace only the adhesive portion of an adhesive physiological sensor and reuse the sensing components. However, re-using the sensing components can reduce the reliability of the refurbished sensor and/or reduce the number of sensors eligible for refurbishing due to out-of-specification sensor components. It is therefore desirable to provide a process for refurbishing physiological sensors that replaces the sensing components of the sensor. While sensing components are replaced, generally, sensor cable and/or patient monitor attachments are retained, resulting in cost savings over producing new sensors. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0008]      FIG. 1A  illustrates an example non-invasive physiological sensor which can be used with a sensor refurbishing process according to embodiments of the disclosure; 
           [0009]      FIGS. 1B and 1C  illustrate the attachment of a new sensor assembly to a reused sensor cable of  FIG. 1A ; 
           [0010]      FIG. 2  illustrates a perspective view of a sensor embodiment having a detachable sensor assembly usable in a refurbishing process; 
           [0011]      FIG. 3A  illustrates an exploded perspective view of a disposable sensor assembly usable in a refurbishing process; 
           [0012]      FIG. 3B  illustrates the disposable sensor of  FIG. 3A  attached to a tissue site and a cable assembly 
           [0013]      FIG. 4  illustrates a perspective view of a neonate sensor assembly with a detachable sensor portion usable in a refurbishing process; 
           [0014]      FIGS. 5A and 5B  illustrate flow charts for embodiments of a refurbishing process for replacing sensor components; 
           [0015]      FIG. 6  illustrates another embodiment of a refurbishing process for sensors comprising replaceable modular assemblies; 
           [0016]      FIG. 7  illustrates a perspective view of one embodiment of reusable sensor usable in a refurbishing process according to embodiments of the disclosure; 
           [0017]      FIG. 8A  illustrates an exploded perspective view of an embodiment of a disposable sensor  800  usable in a refurbishing process according to embodiments of the disclosure; 
           [0018]      FIG. 8B  illustrates a perspective view of the bottom side of the sensor portion of  FIG. 8A ; and 
           [0019]      FIGS. 9A and 9B  illustrate embodiments of mechanical sensor component holders. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0020]    Reprocessing includes operations performed to render a used reusable or single-use device patient-ready or to allow an unused product that has been opened to be patient-ready. Reprocessing can be done in-house or by a third-party reprocessor. Whether reprocessesing is done in-house or through a third party, reprocessing generally involves cleaning, sterilization, function testing and/or replacement of components. 
         [0021]    In this context, cleaning can mean removal of visible contaminants and environmental debris (including microscopic particles of tissue, body waste, body fluids, dirt, and/or dust). Function testing verifies that a device will perform as intended. Sterilization in the context of reprocessing can mean meeting domestic and/or international sterilization standards, such as meeting a sterility assurance level of 10-6 (i.e. a theoretical one in a million chance that an organism could survive). 
         [0022]      FIG. 1A  illustrates a top view of an example non-invasive physiological sensor  100  which can be used with a sensor refurbishing process according to embodiments of the disclosure. In certain embodiments, the sensor  100  may allow for the measurement of blood constituents and related parameters, including oxygen saturation, HbCO, HBMet and/or pulse rate. The sensor  100  may advantageously be a non-invasive optical sensor capable of emitting light and outputting one or more signals indicative of attenuation of that light by body tissue. For example, the sensor  100  may be a pulse oximeter sensor including, for example, a red emitter, an infrared emitter, and a photodiode detector. The sensor  100  may be attached to a patient&#39;s finger, earlobe, or foot. For a finger, the sensor can be configured so that the emitters project light from one side of the finger, through the outer tissue of the finger, and into the blood vessels and capillaries contained inside. The photodiode can be positioned at the opposite side of the finger to detect the emitted light as it emerges from the outer tissues of the finger. The photodiode can generate a signal based on the emitted light and relay that signal to the sensor  100 . The sensor  100  can determine blood oxygen saturation by, for example, computing the differential absorption by the arterial blood of the two or more wavelengths emitted by the sensor. 
         [0023]    In certain embodiments, the sensor  100  can be adapted to attach to a tissue site. The sensor  100  can include a sensor assembly  105 , a patient monitor connector  110 , a sensor cable  115  operatively connecting the sensor assembly  105  and a monitor connector  110 . The monitor connector  110  can be adapted to connect to a patient monitor which may include a display providing readouts of measured parameters, such as oxygen saturation, pulse rate, HbCO and/or HbMet to name a few. The sensor assembly  105  can comprise one or more emitters  120  and a detector  125 . In certain embodiments, the sensor  100  utilizes an adhesive attachment mechanism  130 , such as an adhesive layer, for attaching the sensor  100  to a tissue site. In some embodiments, the sensor can be disposable, re-usable, or partially re-usable and partially disposable. 
         [0024]    After the sensor  100  is used on a patient, the used sensor can be refurbished through a refurbishing process. Typically, refurbishing or reprocessing of medical sensors can include disassembling sensors into sub-components, testing sensor components, replacing sensor components, reassembly of the components, testing of the sensor and/or sterilization of the sensor. In some embodiments of the reprocessing process, the entire sensor assembly  105  can be replaced, reusing only the cable  115  and monitor connector  110 . In certain embodiments, the cable  115  and/or monitor connector  110  can also be replaced. In some embodiments, only portions of the sensor assembly  105 , such as the sensing components,  120 ,  125  are replaced. 
         [0025]    In some embodiments, the whole sensor assembly  105  is replaced. Replacing the whole sensor assembly  105  can reduce or eliminate the need to disassemble the sensor and/or test components during the refurbishing process. For example, the replacement sensor can be pre-tested and/or calibrated beforehand, such as during production, so that testing the sensor components is not required. During reprocessing, the old sensor assembly  105  can be detached from the cable  115 , for example, by cutting along a section of the cable  140 . The cable  115  can be cut along any section, but preferably is cut near the sensor assembly  105  so that a larger portion of the cable  115  can be reused. After the old sensor assembly  105  is removed, a new sensor assembly is attached to the old cable and tested to determine whether the sensor  100  operates correctly. 
         [0026]    In some embodiments, the new sensor assembly includes a cable portion, typically of short length, for attachment to a reprocessed cable. In some embodiments, the cable portion can terminate in a connector for simplified attachment to the reprocessed cable. 
         [0027]      FIGS. 1B and 1C  illustrate the attachment of a new sensor assembly to a reused sensor cable  115  of  FIG. 1A . The sensor cable  115  having a number of wires  145  is attached to a new sensor assembly having a number of wires  155 . In one embodiment, the sensor assembly  150  includes a cable portion extending from the sensor assembly containing the sensor assembly wires  155 . In one embodiment, at least part of the cable covering the wires  145 ,  155  is removed to expose the wires  145 ,  155  for easier access. 
         [0028]    In  FIG. 1C , the wires  145 ,  155  are attached to operatively connect the sensor cable  115  and the sensor assembly  150 . The connection can be both mechanical and electrical. Attachment of the wires  145 ,  155  can be through soldering, pressure, tying, adhesive and/or the like. A cable covering  160  can be applied over the connection area to cover exposed wires and/or strengthen the mechanical connection between the cable  115  and the sensor assembly  150 . 
         [0029]    Although disclosed with reference to the above sensor  100 , an artisan will recognize from the disclosure herein a wide variety of oximeter sensors, optical sensors, noninvasive sensors, medical sensors, disposable sensors, reusable sensors or the like that may benefit from embodiments of the refurbishing process disclosed herein. 
         [0030]      FIG. 2  illustrates a perspective view of a sensor embodiment  200  having a detachable sensor assembly  205  usable in a refurbishing process. The sensor  200  includes the sensor assembly  205  and a cable assembly  207 . The sensor assembly  205  includes a sensor, a cable  215  and a connector  220 . The cable assembly includes a connector  245 , a cable  250  and a monitor connector  255 . The sensor connector  220  is attachable to the cable connector  245 . The connectors  220 ,  245  form a releasable mechanical and electrical connection between the sensor assembly and the cable assembly. The connectors  220 ,  245  can include pins  230  and corresponding pin connectors for forming an electrical connection between the sensor portion  205  and cable portion  207 . Connector assemblies are disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 12/248,856 assigned to Masimo Corp. and is incorporated by reference herein. 
         [0031]    During reprocessing, the connectors  220 ,  245  facilitate replacement of either the sensor assembly  205  or the cable assembly  207  of the sensor  200 . For example, the sensor portion  205  can be replaced whole by detaching the old sensor assembly  205  from the cable assembly  207  via the sensor connector  220  and replacing with a new sensor assembly by attaching the new sensor connector to the old cable connector  245 . The use of a connector also allows replacement of the sensor assembly  205  on-site, for example at a hospital. The sensor assembly  205  can then be sent for refurbishing without also sending the cable assembly, thus reducing shipping costs. 
         [0032]      FIG. 3A  illustrates an exploded perspective view of a disposable sensor assembly  300 . The sensor assembly includes one or more tape layers  305 ,  315  and a sensor portion  310 . The sensor portion  310  includes a base material  318 , one or more sensing components  320 ,  325  such as emitters and/or detectors, and an electrical connector  330 . The sensor portion can further include a sensor cover  345  for one or more of the sensing components. Sensor components can be replaced individually or together as part of the sensor portion  310 . 
         [0033]    In one embodiment, the base material  318 , preferably a flexible material, comprises a flex circuit. The flex circuit can comprise a copper/MYLAR™ or copper/Capton™ laminant, or similar material. Alternatively, the flex circuit can be formed by depositing a conductive ink on MYLAR™, polyester, or plastic film. The flex circuit allows electrical communication between the sensing components  320 ,  325  and electrical connector  330  through the conductive material on the flex circuit. 
         [0034]    The sensing components  320 ,  325  can be attached to the base material  318  through pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA), solder, clip holder, pressure fit or the like. In one embodiment, the emitter and detector are placed such that the transmission and detection field of view are through detector and emitter windows formed on the base material. 
         [0035]    In one embodiment, the sensing components  320 ,  325  are attached to the flex-circuit using pressure or thermally sensitive adhesive configured to provide a temporary bond, advantageously allowing the sensing components  320 ,  325  to be detached from the sensor portion  310  by pulling the sensing components from the base material  318 . As will be apparent, other attachment methods can be used that facilitate removal of sensor components in order to simplify the refurbishing process, such as nodular metal paste, mechanical attachments, or the like. 
         [0036]    In another embodiment, the sensing components are attached to the flex-circuit using low temperature solder paste. The sensing components can be desoldered from the flex circuit. The solder can be reheated and reused or new solder can be dispensed on contacts for the detector connections and/or emitter connections in order to attach new sensing components. The solder operation is preferably performed through a direct heat reflow of the low temperature solder. 
         [0037]    The sensor portion  310  can further comprise a flex circuit shield including an insulator film, conductive and/or non-conductive PSA. When attached to a flex circuit, a flex circuit shield can insulate the signal traces of the flex circuit from the metallization of the flex circuit shield to prevent short circuits. The sensor portion  310  can be attached to a base layer  305 . In one embodiment, the base layer comprises Avery base material. Each side of the base layer can be coated with PSA adhesive. 
         [0038]    A face stock  315  can be attached to the base layer  305  such that the sensor portion  310  is secured between the face stock and the base material. In one embodiment, the face stock  315  is advantageously constructed from a non-woven, flexible material, though woven materials can be used. Adhesive can be applied on one side of the face stock. Pressure applied to the face stock  315  bonds the face stock with the base material  305  and/or sensor portion  310 . Preferably, the face stock has an aperture  340  to allow a portion of the cover  345  to protrude through the face stock. A release liner can be placed on the other side of the base material from the face stock in order to protect adhesive on that side. The release liner can be removed when the sensor is attached to a patient. 
         [0039]    During reprocessing, the sensor assembly  300  can be disassembled into its constituent parts. For example, the face stock  315  can be detached from the base material  305  to expose the sensor portion  310 . The sensing components  320 ,  325  on the sensor portion can be replaced individually or together as part of the sensor portion  310 . In one embodiment, the sensing components  320 ,  325  are replaced individually with at least some of the sensor portion  310  retained. After replacing the sensing components, the sensor can be reassembled. The base layer  305 , face stock  315 , and/or cover  345  can be replaced or reused. New adhesive can be applied to the sensor assembly  300  and a release liner attached. Once reassembled, the sensor assembly  300  can be sterilized and then packaged for use. 
         [0040]      FIG. 3B  illustrates the disposable sensor of  FIG. 3A  attached to a tissue site and a cable assembly. The cable assembly  350  comprises a cable and a connector attachable to the sensor assembly  300  via its sensor connector  330 . The cable assembly  350  operatively connects the sensor assembly  300  to a patient monitor. The cable portion  350  can also be reprocessed with the sensor assembly  300  and replaced if defective. However, as the cable portion generally receives less wear than the sensor assembly  300 , the cable portion can likely be reused without replacement of components, reducing the cost of reprocessing the sensor. 
         [0041]      FIG. 4  illustrates a perspective view of a neonate sensor assembly  400  with a detachable sensor portion  405  usable in a refurbishing process. The sensor includes the sensor portion  405 , an elongated body  410 , and a connector portion  412 . The sensor portion  405  incorporates one or more emitters  420 , a detector assembly  425 , and a sensor portion pinout  435 . The sensor portion pinout  430  is configured to connect with a body pinout  430  so as to mechanically and electrically connect the sensor to the body  410 . Connection can be accomplished by solder, adhesive, mechanically such as by tab, sleeve or clip, or by other connection mechanism. The body  410  includes signal traces between the sensor portion pinout  435  and the connector portion  412 . The connector portion  412  has a plug portion configured to insert into a mating patient cable connector so as to mechanically and electrically connect the sensor  400  to a patient cable, for example. The connector portion  412  is configured with a connector tab  415  supporting sensor pinouts  440 . 
         [0042]    As the sensor portion  405  is detachable from the elongate body  410 , reprocessing of the sensor is simplified. For example, the sensor portion  405  can be detached from the elongate body and replaced with a new sensor portion  405 . By incorporating sensing elements, such as the emitters  420  and the detector  410  on the detachable modular portion, the sensing elements can be easily replaced as a whole rather than individually, thus reducing refurbishing costs and refurbishing time. In one embodiment, the sensing elements can be pre-tested in order to eliminate or reduce the need for testing the sensor elements. 
         [0043]      FIGS. 5A ,  5 B and  6  illustrate flow charts for embodiments of a refurbishing process replacing sensor components. The refurbishing process can be used for the sensors described in  FIGS. 1A-4  and  FIGS. 7-9B , as well as other types of sensors. In some embodiments, the refurbishing process may be performed by a computing system comprising one or more computing devices, the one or more computing devices configured to perform one or more of the logical blocks described below. The logical blocks of the refurbishing process can be embodied as software, hardware, or a combination of software and hardware of the computing system. For example, the refurbishing process may be embodied in software stored on non-transitory, physical computer storage such as a hard drive, optical disk or flash memory. In some embodiments, the computing system may be part of a refurbishing system comprising one or more machines configured to dissemble sensors, replace sensor components, test sensors and/or sterilize sensors. In one embodiment, the computing system directs or monitors the operation of the refurbishing machines. In one embodiment, the machines operate automatically. In some embodiments, one or more logical blocks may be performed by or directed by a person. For example, the entire refurbishing process may be performed by or directed by one or more persons. 
         [0044]    In  FIG. 5A  the process  500  begins at block  505  with disassembling the sensor, in whole or in part, into subcomponents or individual components. Sensors can be disassembled through desoldering, removing adhesive, detaching connectors, or the like. 
         [0045]    At bock  510 , the sensor components can optionally be tested. For example, sensor components can be tested to determine if performance is within specification. Sensor components within specification can be reused. Testing of components can be skipped to reduce cost and/or speed up the refurbishing process. 
         [0046]    In one embodiment, testing can be conducted before disassembly to determine if the sensor as a whole is within specification. Generally, sensors need to meet specified sensor performance criteria determined by the manufacturer or purchaser. By testing before disassembly, out-of-specification sensing components can be detected beforehand and the sensing portion can be replaced as a whole without disassembly. In contrast, by testing after disassembly, a specific out-of-spec component can be identified, allowing reuse of the other parts of the sensing portion that are still in-spec. The timing of the testing can be chosen based on the costs of disassembly versus the savings from reusing still in-specification components. After block  510 , the refurbishing process proceeds to block  515 . 
         [0047]    At block  515 , sensor components are replaced. In one embodiment, sensor components are replaced if determined to be out-of-spec. In another embodiment, no testing is performed and pre-determined sensor components are replaced. For example, as part of the refurbishing process, all or some of the sensing components can be replaced without testing. Advantageously, predetermined replacement of components can eliminate or reduce the need for testing or disassembly. After block  515 , the refurbishing process proceeds to block  520 . 
         [0048]    At block  520 , the sensor is reassembled. Reassembly can comprise soldering, adhesively connecting, and/or mechanically connecting various components together. Typically, the assembled sensor comprises both new components and at least some of the original components. After block  520 , the refurbishing process proceeds to block  525 . 
         [0049]    At block  525 , the assembled sensor is optionally tested to determine if the sensor works and is within specification for the particular sensor type. Testing can include testing of the assembly of the sensor components, testing of the electrical connection between sensor components, testing of sensor performance, and/or the like. If the test fails, the sensor can reenter the refurbishing process at block  505  or can be disposed of. If the sensor passes the test, the refurbishing process proceeds to block  530 . In some embodiments, testing may be unnecessary during reprocessing, such as when the sensor components are pre-tested before assembling the sensor. 
         [0050]    At block  530 , the sensor is sterilized. Sterilization can occur before or after the sensor is packaged for use. The sensor can also be cleaned before sterilization. After sterilization, the sensor can be packaged for use, ending the refurbishing process. 
         [0051]      FIG. 5B  generally illustrates the same process as  FIG. 5A , except that optional block  510 , testing of the sensor components, occurs before block  505 , disassembling the sensor. Testing of the components can be individually, by group, or of the whole sensor. By testing the sensor components before dissembling the sensor, components that need to be replaced can be identified before disassembly, potentially reducing the number of components to be detached. 
         [0052]      FIG. 6  illustrates another embodiment of a refurbishing process  600  for a sensor comprising replaceable modular assemblies. The refurbishing process can be used for the sensors described in  FIGS. 1A-4  and  FIGS. 7-9B , as well as other types of sensors. In one embodiment, the sensor is composed of modules, such as a sensor assembly and a cable assembly. In some embodiments, a sensor assembly comprises a modular sensor portion. The sensor portion can further comprise adhesive portions, a sensor body, and/or electrical or mechanical connectors. During reprocessing, the modular assembly is replaced. By replacing the modular assembly as a whole, the need for testing sensor components can be reduced or eliminated, thus reducing costs. For example, in  FIG. 1A , the sensor assembly  100  can be replaced as whole. Likewise with the sensor assembly  205  of  FIG. 2 , the sensor portion  310  of  FIG. 3 , and the sensor portion  405  of  FIG. 4 . Furthermore, modular assemblies can be pre-tested during their production, simplifying the refurbishing process. 
         [0053]    At block  605 , the refurbishing process begins by detaching the modular assembly from the sensor. In some embodiments, a sensor portion  405  (in  FIG. 4 ) is detached from a sensor assembly  400 . In some embodiments, a sensor assembly  105  (in  FIG. 1 ) is detached from a cable assembly  140 , for example, by cutting the sensor assembly from the cable. In some embodiments, detaching of the modular assembly can be simplified by using a connector  220  (in  FIG. 2 ),  405  (in  FIG. 4 ). After block  605 , the refurbishing process proceeds to block  610 . 
         [0054]    At block  610 , the modular assembly is attached to the sensor. The attached modular assembly can be a sensor portion attached to a sensor assembly or a sensor assembly attached to a cable assembly. Typically, the assembled sensor comprises both new components and at least some of the original components. Generally, the cable assembly receives less wear and tear during use and is likely to perform within specification without replacement. However, in some situations, the cable assembly can be replaced in addition or instead of the sensor portion or assembly. Reattachment can be accomplished through use of a connecter, splicing of wires, adhesive connection, soldering, or the like. 
         [0055]    As replacement is accomplished by replacing groups of components, such as a sensor assembly, cable assembly, and/or a sensor portion, reassembly of the sensor is simplified in comparison to replacement of individual components. If component costs are cheap relative to assembly and disassembly cost, the simplified reassembly can reduce the costs of refurbishing. After block  610 , the refurbishing process proceeds to block  620 . 
         [0056]    At block  620 , the assembled sensor is optionally tested to determine if the sensor works and is within specification for the particular sensor type. Testing can include testing of the assembly of the sensor components, testing of the electrical connection between sensor components, testing of sensor performance, and/or the like. If the test fails, the sensor can reenter the refurbishing process at block  605  or can be disposed of. If the sensor passes the test, the refurbishing process proceeds to block  625 . In some embodiments, testing during reprocessing may be unnecessary, such as when the sensor portion is pre-tested before assembling the sensor. 
         [0057]    At block  625 , the sensor is sterilized. Sterilization can occur before or after the sensor is packaged for use. The sensor can also be cleaned before sterilization. Once packaged, the sensor can be delivered to an end-user. 
         [0058]      FIG. 7  illustrates a perspective view of one embodiment of reusable sensor  700  usable in a refurbishing process according to embodiments of the disclosure. The reusable sensor can be a clip-type sensor including an upper housing  722 , a lower housing  724  and a hinge element  726 . The upper and lower housings  722 ,  724  house electrical and/or optical components (not shown) of the non-invasive physiological sensor  720 . For example, the upper and lower housings  722 ,  724  can house sensing elements  730 ,  732 , such as one or more light emitters or LEDs and a detector or light sensor. The sensor  720  can be connected to a patient monitor via a cable  728 . For example, the detector outputs a signal to the monitor over the cable  728  which then processes the signal to provide a numerical readout of physiological parameters such as oxygen saturation (SpO2) and pulse rate. 
         [0059]    During refurbishing, one or both the sensing elements  730 ,  732  can be removed and/or replaced from the reusable sensor  700 . The sensor elements can be tested separately or as part of the reusable sensor. Other components of the reusable sensor can also be replaced during the refurbishing process, 
         [0060]      FIG. 8A  illustrates an exploded perspective view of an embodiment of a disposable sensor  800  usable in a refurbishing process according to embodiments of the disclosure. The sensor includes one or more tape layers  805 ,  810 , a cable assembly  815 , and a sensor portion  818 . The cable assembly  815  can terminate at an electric connector  816  and can be attached to one of the tape layers  805 . The sensor portion  818  includes a base material  819 , one or more sensing components  820 ,  825  such as emitters and/or detectors, and an electrical connector  830 . Sensor components can be replaced individually or together as part of the sensor portion  818 . The sensor portion&#39;s electrical connector  830  can attach to the cable assembly&#39;s electrical connector  816  to form an electrical connection between the sensor portion and the cable. The sensor portion  818  can be attached to the cable assembly  815  and/or one or more tape layers  805 ,  810  by various ways, such as adhesive, solder, clip holder, pressure fit and/or the like. In one embodiment, the sensor assembly  815  and sensor portion  818  are sandwiched between a first layer  805  and a second  810  tape layer. 
         [0061]    As the sensor portion  818  is detachable from the cable assembly  815  and/or tape layers  805 ,  810 , reprocessing of the sensor is simplified. For example, the sensor portion  818  can be detached from the elongate body and replaced with a new sensor portion. By incorporating sensing components  820 ,  825 , such as emitters and/or detectors on the detachable modular portion, the sensing components can be easily replaced as a whole rather than individually, thus reducing refurbishing costs and refurbishing time. In one embodiment, the sensing components can be pre-tested in order to eliminate or reduce the need for testing the sensing components during the refurbishing process. 
         [0062]      FIG. 8B  illustrates a perspective view of the bottom side of the sensor portion  818  of  FIG. 8A . The electrical connector  830  is shown on the bottom side of the sensor portion. However, the electrical connector can also be placed on the top side. 
         [0063]      FIGS. 9A and 9B  illustrate embodiments of mechanical sensor component holders.  FIG. 9A  illustrates a cross-sectional view of a sensor component attached to a sensor via a clip holder. The sensor component  905  is held in place by one or more clip arms  910  extending over the sensor component. The sensor component  905  can be detached for replacement by pushing the clip arms  910  outward and removing the sensor component  905 . 
         [0064]      FIG. 9B  illustrates a cross-sectional view of a sensor component attached to a sensor via a pressure or snug fit holder. The sides of the holder  915  are biased inwards, holding the sensor component together via pressure. The sensor component  905  can be detached for replacement by pushing the sides of the holder  915  outward and removing the sensor component  905 . 
         [0065]    The reusable nature of the mechanical holders allows replacement of the sensor component without requiring new attachment mechanisms, such as replacement adhesive or solder, thus reducing refurbishing costs and/or complexity. As will be apparent, other types of mechanical holders can be used and mechanical holders can be used with both disposable and reusable sensors. 
         [0066]    Depending on the embodiment, certain acts, events, or functions of any of the algorithms described herein can be performed in a different sequence, can be added, merged, or left out all together (e.g., not all described acts or events are necessary for the practice of the algorithms). Moreover, in certain embodiments, acts or events can be performed concurrently, e.g., through multi-threaded processing, interrupt processing, or multiple processors or processor cores or on other parallel architectures, rather than sequentially. 
         [0067]    The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and algorithm steps described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein can be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. The described functionality can be implemented in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the disclosure. 
         [0068]    The various illustrative logical blocks and modules described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein can be implemented or performed by a machine, such as a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general purpose processor can be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor can be a controller, microcontroller, or state machine, combinations of the same, or the like. A processor can also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. 
         [0069]    The steps of a method, process, or algorithm described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein can be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module can reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of computer-readable storage medium known in the art. An exemplary storage medium can be coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium can be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium can reside in an ASIC. The ASIC can reside in a user terminal. In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium can reside as discrete components in a user terminal. Data may be stored in various types of data stores, such as tables, files, databases, directories or the like. 
         [0070]    Conditional language used herein, such as, among others, “can,” “could,” “might,” “may,” “e.g.,” and the like, unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain embodiments include, while other embodiments do not include, certain features, elements and/or states. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements and/or states are in any way required for one or more embodiments or that one or more embodiments necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without author input or prompting, whether these features, elements and/or states are included or are to be performed in any particular embodiment. Also, the term “or” is used in its inclusive sense (and not in its exclusive sense) so that when used, for example, to connect a list of elements, the term “or” means one, some, or all of the elements in the list. 
         [0071]    Various reprocessing and refurbishing processes have been disclosed in detail in connection with various embodiments. These embodiments are disclosed by way of examples only and are not to limit the scope of the claims that follow. Indeed, the novel methods and systems described herein can be embodied in a variety of other forms; furthermore, various omissions, substitutions and changes in the form of the methods and systems described herein can be made without departing from the spirit of the inventions disclosed herein. The claims and their equivalents are intended to cover such forms or modifications as would fall within the scope and spirit of certain of the inventions disclosed herein. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate the many variations, modifications and combinations. For example, the various embodiments of the reprocessing and refurbishing process can be used with sensors that can measure any type of physiological parameter and with both disposable and reusable sensors.