Abstract:
A memory includes first memory configured to store first data indicating relationships between logical addresses and respective physical addresses, wherein the physical addresses are arranged in a plurality of different groups, respective statuses of each of the plurality of different groups, and an activity log indicating when any of the respective statuses has changed. A second memory is configured to store second data in memory locations corresponding to the physical addresses and, in response to a respective status of one of the plurality of groups changing, store a portion of the first data corresponding to the one of the plurality of groups. A recovery module is configured to update, in response to the activity log indicating that the respective status of the one of the plurality of groups has changed, the first data with the portion of the first data corresponding to the one of the plurality of groups.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/619,938 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,572,309), filed Nov. 17, 2009, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/159,775, filed on Mar. 12, 2009. The disclosures of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to protecting and rebuilding metadata. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The background description provided herein is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of the presently named inventors, to the extent the work is described in this background section, as well as aspects of the description that may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neither expressly nor impliedly admitted as prior art against the present disclosure. 
     A computing device may include various removable and non-removable storage devices that store data. The storage devices may include both volatile and non-volatile storage devices including, but not limited to, a hard disk drive (HDD), an optical storage drive, random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), and removable memory. For example, the removable memory may include flash memory. 
     The flash memory may include a flash drive that is used to emulate an HDD. For example, the computing device may store data to the flash memory as if the flash memory is an HDD. The flash drive may store metadata that indicates how user data is stored to the flash drive. For example, the metadata may indicate how logical addresses correspond to actual physical addresses of the flash drive that contain the user data. 
     During operation of the computing device, the metadata is updated and stored in volatile memory when user data is read from and written to the flash drive. The metadata is transferred to the flash drive when the computing device is powered down. 
     SUMMARY 
     A system includes first memory configured to store first metadata to associate logical addresses with physical addresses. Second memory is configured to include the physical addresses, to store first data based on the physical addresses, and to store portions of the first metadata when a status of a predetermined group of the physical addresses is changed. A recovery module is configured to update the first metadata based on the portions of the first metadata stored in the second memory. 
     In other features, the first metadata includes a first lookup table to associate the logical address with the physical addresses. The first metadata includes a second lookup table to associate the physical addresses with the logical addresses. The predetermined group of the physical addresses is a wide erase block unit (WERU). The first metadata includes identifiers for a plurality of WERUs and the identifiers correspond to respective bins. The first metadata includes an activity log to indicate when a first identifier for one of the plurality of WERUs is changed. The second memory stores the portions of the first metadata when the first identifier is changed. 
     In other features, the portions of the first metadata include portions of the second lookup table associated with the one of the plurality of WERUs. The recovery module updates the first lookup table based on the portions of the second lookup table and the activity log. The recovery module retrieves the portions of the second lookup table and the activity log from the second memory when the system powers up. 
     A method includes storing first metadata in a first memory to associate logical addresses with physical addresses, storing first data based on the physical addresses in a second memory that includes the physical address, storing portions of the first metadata in the second memory when a status of a predetermined group of the physical addresses is changed, and updating the first metadata based on the portions of the first metadata stored in the second memory. 
     In other features, the method further includes associating the logical address with the physical addresses using a first lookup table included in the first metadata. The method further includes associating the physical addresses with the logical addresses using a second lookup table included in the first metadata. The predetermined group of the physical addresses is a wide erase block unit (WERU). The first metadata includes identifiers for a plurality of WERUs, and the identifiers correspond to respective bins. The method further includes indicating when a first identifier for one of the plurality of WERUs is changed using an activity log included in the first metadata. 
     In other features, the method further includes storing the portions of the first metadata in the second memory when the first identifier is changed. The portions of the first metadata include portions of the second lookup table associated with the one of the plurality of WERUs. The method further includes updating the first lookup table based on the portions of the second lookup table and the activity log. The method further includes retrieving the portions of the second lookup table and the activity log from the second memory when the system powers up. 
     In still other features, the systems and methods described above are implemented by a computer program executed by one or more processors. The computer program can reside on a computer readable medium such as but not limited to memory, nonvolatile data storage, and/or other suitable tangible storage mediums. 
     Further areas of applicability of the present disclosure will become apparent from the detailed description, the claims and the drawings. The detailed description and specific examples are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
       The present disclosure will become more fully understood from the detailed description and the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is a functional block diagram of a computing device according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a metadata lookup table according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 3  is illustrates wide erase block unit (WERU) bins according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a reverse lookup table according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 5  is a functional block diagram of a processor module according to the present disclosure; and 
         FIG. 6  is a flow diagram of a metadata recovery method according to the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION 
     The following description is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the disclosure, its application, or uses. For purposes of clarity, the same reference numbers will be used in the drawings to identify similar elements. As used herein, the phrase at least one of A, B, and C should be construed to mean a logical (A or B or C), using a non-exclusive logical OR. It should be understood that steps within a method may be executed in different order without altering the principles of the present disclosure. 
     As used herein, the term module may refer to, be part of, or include an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), an electronic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group) that execute one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logic circuit, and/or other suitable components that provide the described functionality. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 1 , a computing device  10  includes a flash memory module  12 . The computing device  10  may include, but is not limited to, a computer, media player, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, or any other device that may include the flash memory module  12 . The flash memory module  12  may be a removable memory module such as a memory card or a USB flash drive. 
     The flash memory module  12  includes a processor module  14 , flash memory  16 , non-volatile memory  18 , and main memory  20 . The processor module  14  executes instructions of software and firmware of the flash memory module  12 . For example, the processor module  14  may execute instructions of firmware stored in the non-volatile memory  18 . The processor module  14  may also read and execute instructions stored in the main memory  20 . For example, the main memory  20  may include volatile memory such as random access memory (RAM). 
     The flash memory module  12  communicates with a host  22  of the computing device  10 . The host  22  communicates with input devices  24  and output devices  26 , and may communicate with secondary storage such as HDD  28 . The input devices  24  include, but are not limited to, a keyboard or keypad, a mouse, a touch screen, a touch pad, a microphone, and/or other input devices. The output devices  26  include, but are not limited to, a display, a speaker, and/or other output devices. 
     The computing device  10  stores data in the flash memory module  12 . The flash memory module  12  may emulate an HDD. For example, data is stored in the HDD  28  according to a logical block address (LBA), which corresponds to a physical block address (PBA) of the HDD  28 . Typically, an HDD LBA is 512 bytes. In other words, the host  22  references the data in the HOD  28  according to the LBA, while the HDD  28  references the data according to the PBA. 
     Conversely, data is stored in the flash memory module  12  (i.e. in the flash memory  16 ) according to a logical allocation address (LAA), which corresponds to a physical allocation address (PAA) of the flash memory  16 . For example only, the LAA is 4096 bytes. A flash allocation unit (AU) corresponds to a read or write unit of the flash memory  16  and may be equivalent to one LAA. A wide erase block unit (WERU) is an erase operation unit and corresponds to multiple (e.g. 2048) PAAs. 
     When the computing device  10  writes data to an LAA, the flash memory module  12  (e.g. firmware of the flash memory module  12 ) selects a corresponding PAA, which is referred to as “allocation.” For example, the processor module  14  processes commands according to firmware stored in the non-volatile memory  18  to read and write data to the flash memory  16 . The flash memory module  12  stores the data to the PAA of the flash memory  16  and stores metadata in the main memory  20  that indicates the relationship between the LAA and the corresponding PM. For example, the metadata may include a lookup table (LUT) that associates LAAs with PAAs. The LUT associates each allocated LAA with a PAA. If a particular LAA is not allocated, the LAA may be associated with a recognizable invalid PM value. 
     The metadata also includes WERU description data, including, but not limited to a PM validity map, WERUs link information, and erase information. Each WERU includes an identifier that associates the WERU with a particular bin. For example, a WERU may be associated with a free bin, a valid bin, a partial bin, or a working bin. Free bins include WERUs whose PAAs are all ready to be written to. Valid bins include WERUs whose PAAS are all valid data. Partial bins include WERUs that include both PAAs with valid data and PAAs with invalid data (i.e. PAAs whose LAA data is subsequently written elsewhere). Working bins include WERUs that are currently being written to. 
     The metadata also includes data that corresponds to internal operations of the flash memory module  12 , which includes, for example only, wear leveling, cleanup, and static management data. 
     When the computing device  10  reads from an LAA, the lookup table stored in the main memory  20  indicates which PAA to read the data from and the flash memory module  12  retrieves the data accordingly. Conversely, when the computing device  10  writes to a previously written LAA, the flash memory module  12  allocates an unused PAA to the LAA. The data is stored in the new PAA and the LUT is updated accordingly. Thus, the metadata stored in the main memory  20  enables allocation and retrieval of data from the proper PAAs in the flash memory  16 . 
     The metadata stored in the main memory  20  is updated as data is written to the flash memory module  12 . Before the computing device  10  (and therefore the flash memory module  12 ) is powered down, the metadata is transferred from the main memory  20  to the flash memory  16 . When the computing device  10  is powered up, the metadata is transferred from the flash memory  16  to the main memory  20  to establish proper associations between the LAAs and the PAAs. For example, the metadata may be transferred to the main memory  20  during a power up procedure of the computing device  10 . 
     Any changes made to the metadata stored in the main memory  20  during operation of the computing device  10  after power up are not made to the flash memory module  12  until power down, or in response to internal metadata save commands that may be generated periodically by the firmware of the flash memory module  12 . When power is lost unexpectedly during operation of the computing device  10 , the changes made to the metadata stored in the main memory  20  may be lost. Accordingly, the metadata stored in the flash memory  16  is not updated (i.e. the metadata is old) and corresponds to a previous proper power down of the computing device  10 . At a subsequent power up, the old metadata is transferred from the flash memory  16  to the main memory  20 , leading to improper allocation and retrieval of the data in the flash memory  16 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 2 , a metadata LUT  100  stored in the main memory  20  associates LAAs  102  with PAAs  104  of the flash memory module  12 . For example, when a read command requests data associated with LAA  106 , the data is actually retrieved from a corresponding PAA  108 . For example only, as shown in  FIG. 2 , solid blocks indicate the LAAs  102  that are associated with one of the PAAs  104  and empty blocks indicate the LAAs  102  that are not associated with one of the PAAs  104 . Similarly, with respect to the PAAs  104 , solid blocks indicate the PAAs  104  that store data and are allocated to one of the LAAs  102 . Empty blocks indicate the PAAs  104  that do not contain data. 
     For example, LAA  106  corresponds to PAA  108 . Accordingly, data requested from the LAA  106  will be retrieved from the PAA  108 . Similarly, data requested from LAA  110  will be retrieved from PAA  112 . Conversely, when data is to be written to an empty LAA  114 , a PAA (e.g. PAA  116 ) that is empty or does not contain valid data is selected during allocation. Accordingly, the data written to the LAA  114  will actually be written to the PAA  116  or another one of the PAAs  104  in a working WERU. 
     For example only, each of WERUs A-G may include a group of three of the PAAs  104 . For example, the WERUs A and E are working WERUs (i.e. WERUs that are currently being written to). The WERUs B and D are partial WERUs. The WERU C is a valid WERU. The WERUs F and G are free WERUs. 
     When data is written to an LAA  120  that already is associated with a PAA  122 , a second PAA  124  is allocated to the LAA  120 . When data is again written to the LAA  120 , a third PAA  126  is allocated to the LAA  120 . In other words, the PAAs  122  and  124  store old or stale data previously associated with the LAA  120  and the PM  126  stores new data. 
     LUT  130  represents, the lookup table stored in the flash memory  16 . The LUT  130  is transferred to the main memory  20  as the lookup table  102  during power up. Any changes made to the LUT  102  are not reflected in the LUT  130  stored in the flash memory  16 . For example, the LUT  130  may not indicate subsequent changes made to LAAs  132  and  134 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , the metadata including the LUT  100  stored in the main memory  20  is updated as data is written to the PAAs  104  but is not updated in the flash memory  16 . For example, the metadata stored in the flash memory  16  is indicative of a status of the LUT  100  at a most recent power up of the computing device  10 . Accordingly, the metadata stored in the flash memory  16  may indicate that the LAA  120  is still associated with the PM  122 . 
     If the computing device  10  loses power unexpectedly, the metadata stored in the main memory  20  is lost. At the next power up, the metadata stored in the flash memory  16  is transferred to the main memory  20 . Accordingly, requests to read data from one of the LAAs  102  that was written to before the loss of power will retrieve old data from one of the PAAs  104 . For example, for a request to read data from the LAA  120 , data will be retrieved from the PM  122  instead of from the PM  126 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 3 , the metadata stored in the main memory  20  includes data that associates each WERU with a particular one of bins  200 . For example, the WERUs A and E are associated with a working bin  202 . The WERUs B and D are associated with a partial bin  204 . The WERU C is associated with a valid bin  206 . The WERUs F and G are associated with a free bin  208 . 
     The metadata stored in the main memory  20  includes a WERU activity log (WAL). The WAL indicates when a particular WERU changes status. For example, the WAL indicates when a WERU moves from one of the bins  200  to another of the bins  200 . For example, as data is written to the free WERU F, the free WERU F moves to the working bin  202 , and then to the partial bin  204 . When the WERU F is filled with valid data, the WERU F moves to the valid bin  206 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 4 , the metadata stored in the main memory  20  includes a reverse lookup table (RLUT)  300 . The RLUT  300  associates PAAs  302  of the flash memory  16  with LAAs  304 . A portion of the RLUT  300  is periodically stored in the flash memory  16 . For example, when a particular WERU moves from the working bin  202  to the valid bin  206 , a portion of the RLUT  300  corresponding to the WERU that moved to the working bin  202  is stored in the flash memory  16 . The most recent (i.e. correct) associations between the PAAs  302  and the LAAs  304  (and the LAAs  102  and the PAAs  104  as shown in  FIG. 2 ) can be recovered after an unexpected power loss using the LUT  100 , the RLUT  300 , and the WAL. 
     For example only, as shown in  FIG. 4 , solid blocks indicate PAAs  302  that store data and are allocated to one of the LAAs  304 . Empty blocks indicate the PAAs  302  that do not contain data. With respect to the LAAs  304 , solid blocks indicate the LAAs  304  that are associated with one of the PAAs  302  and empty blocks indicate the LAAs  304  that are not associated with one of the PAAs  302 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 5 , the processor module  14  includes a recovery module  400 . For example only, the recovery module  400  may include or execute firmware stored in non-volatile memory  18 . At power up, the computing device  10  transfers the metadata stored in the flash memory  16  to the main memory  20  and the recovery module  400  determines whether to perform metadata recovery. For example, after a normal (i.e. scheduled or intentional) power down, the metadata may indicate that a user initiated a power down. If the metadata does not indicate that the user initiated a power down, the recovery module  400  may determine that an unexpected loss of power occurred and therefore perform the metadata recovery. 
     During metadata recovery, the recovery module  400  identifies WERUs that were written to and/or erased prior to the power loss based on the WAL. The WAL indicates when a particular WERU moves from one of the bins  200  to another of the bins  200 . The WAL includes a time (e.g. a timestamp) for each WERU that indicates when the WERU was written to or erased. Therefore, the WAL indicates which of the WERUs were written to (i.e. moved to the working bin  202 ) and/or erased (i.e. moved to the free bin  208 ). 
     The recovery module  400  updates the metadata stored in the main memory  20  based on the WAL and the RLUT  300 . For example, the recovery module  400  updates the WERU bins and the LUT  100 . The recovery module  400  moves each of the WERUs to the proper bin. In other words, if the metadata indicates that a WERU is in the free bin  208  and the WAL indicates that the WERU was written to and is filled with valid data, the recovery module  400  moves the WERU to the valid bin  206 . The recovery module  400  moves each WERU to an appropriate one of the bins  200  based on the WAL. 
     When the WERUs are in the proper bins, the recovery module  400  updates the LUT  100  based on the RLUT  300 . Beginning with the WERUs having the most recent activity (i.e. the WERUs that were most recently written to and/or erased based on the timestamp), the recovery module  400  performs reverse allocation for each of the WERUs. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 4 , only portions of the RLUT  300  corresponding to WERUs that moved from one bin to another are stored to the flash memory  16 . For example, no data was written to the WERUs F and G. Accordingly, the WERUs F and G remain associated with the free bin  208  and the portion of the RLUT  300  corresponding to the WERUs F and G are not written to the flash memory  16 . During metadata recovery, the recovery module  400  does not need to update the portions of the LUT  100  that correspond to the WERUs F and G. 
     Conversely, the WERUs A and D moved, for example, from the free bin  208  to the partial bin  204  and the RLUT  300  stored in the flash memory  16  is updated accordingly. Therefore, the data in the LUT  100  stored in the main memory  20  may not reflect changes made to the WERUs A and D before the unexpected power loss. For example, each of PAAs  310 ,  312 , and  314  may be associated with a single LAA  316 . 
     During metadata recovery, the recovery module  400  identifies the WERUs A and D as WERUs that moved from one of the bins  200  to another based on the WAL. The recovery module  400  further determines that the most recent changes were made to the WERU A based on the WAL. Consequently, the recovery module  400  determines that the PM  310  includes the newest data and is properly associated with the LAA  316  based on the WAL, the RLUT  300 , and reverse allocation. The recovery module  400  updates the LUT  100  with the proper association for each WERU. 
     In some circumstances, the recovery module  400  may be unable to determine which of the LAAs  304  that one of the PAAs  302  is associated with. Each of the PAAs in the flash memory  16  includes data that indicates which LAA that the PAA is associated with. The recovery module  400  may read the data stored in the PAA to determine the proper LAA association. 
     The recovery module  400  also updates WERU description data including, but not limited to, a WERU validity map, link information, and erase information (e.g. a number of times each WERU is erased). The WERU description data may include an allocation map that indicates each time a PAA is read for WERUs in the working bin  202 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 6 , a metadata recovery method  500  is shown. At  502 , the computing device  10  is powered on. At  504 , the recovery module  400  transfers the metadata from the flash memory  16  to the main memory  20 . At  506 , the recovery module  400  determines whether the computing device  10  was properly powered down. If true, the method  500  continues to  508 . If false, the method  500  continues to  510 . At  508  the computing device  10  proceeds to normal operation without performing metadata recovery. 
     At  510 , the recovery module  400  moves each WERU to the proper bin based on the WAL. At  512 , the recovery module  400  updates the LUT  100  based on the WAL and the RLUT  300 . At  514 , the recovery module  400  updates the LUT  100  based on LAA association data stored in any remaining PAAs. At  516 , the recovery module  400  updates WERU description data and the computing device  10  proceeds to normal operation. 
     The broad teachings of the disclosure can be implemented in a variety of forms. Therefore, while this disclosure includes particular examples, the true scope of the disclosure should not be so limited since other modifications will become apparent upon a study of the drawings, the specification, and the following claims.