Abstract:
A device for generating electrical or mechanical output, comprising a stator coil, a stator assembly, a rotor coil, a rotor assembly rotational about an axis, the rotor assembly at least partially surrounding the rotor coil, rotator extensions capable of induced magnetization and extending from the rotator, each rotator extension having a rotor extension surface, wherein magnetic flux leakage between the rotator extension surfaces is prevented or reduced via permanent magnet elements located at the rotator extension surfaces. Stator and rotor may be reversed in operation.

Description:
This application is a non-provisional of and claims priority to Applicant&#39;s U.S. Provisional Patent Appl. No. 60/924,328 titled “ELECTRICAL OUTPUT GENERATING DEVICES AND DRIVEN ELECTRICAL DEVICES, AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USING THE SAME” filed May 9, 2007, U.S. Provisional Patent Appl. No. 61/064,162 titled “ELECTRICAL OUTPUT GENERATING DEVICES AND DRIVEN ELECTRICAL DEVICES, AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USING THE SAME” filed Feb. 20, 2008, and U.S. Provisional Patent Appl. No. 61/064,161 titled “LAMINATE ROTOR OR STATOR ELEMENTS FOR ELECTRICAL OUTPUT GENERATING DEVICES AND DRIVEN ELECTRICAL DEVICES, AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USING SUCH ELEMENTS AND DEVICES” filed Feb. 20, 2008. This application is also related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/149,931, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,800,275, titled “ELECTRICAL DEVICES USING ELECTROMAGNETIC ROTORS” filed May 9, 2008, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/149,933, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2009/0208771, titled “POWDERED METAL MANUFACTURING METHOD AND DEVICES” filed May 9, 2008, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/149,934, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2009/0206696, titled “ELECTRICAL DEVICES USING DISK AND NON-DISK SHAPED ROTORS” filed May 9, 2008, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/149,936, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2009/0208771, titled “ELECTRICAL DEVICES HAVING TAPE WOUND CORE LAMINATE ROTOR OR STATOR ELEMENTS” filed May 9, 2008. The entirety of each of the foregoing applications is hereby incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     Aspects of the present invention relates to the field of alternator or other electrical output generating devices and to electric motors and other electrically driven devices, and in particular to electrical output generating devices and electrically driven devices, and methods of making and use thereof, that, among other things, improve efficiency of operation, provide higher torque density, and reduce costs and complexity of manufacture, while allowing greater flexibility in operation over related art devices. 
     2. Background of the Technology 
     Related art multipole windings for alternators and electric motors typically require complex winding machines and often complex geometry windings in order to meet size and power needs. This problem is generally higher with greater numbers of poles used. Greater numbers of poles have certain advantages, such as allowing higher voltage per turn, providing higher torque density, and producing voltage at a higher frequency. 
     There is an unmet need in the art for electrical output generating devices and electrically driven devices, and methods of manufacturing and use thereof, that improve efficiency of operation and reduce costs and complexity of manufacture, while allowing greater flexibility in operation over prior art devices. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Particular variations of electrical output generating devices in accordance with aspects of the present application may satisfy one or more of the above identified needs, as well as others, by providing electrical output generating devices and electrically driven devices, and methods of making and use thereof, that, among other things, improve efficiency of operation and reduce costs and complexity of manufacture, while allowing greater flexibility in operation over related art devices. Further, aspects of the present invention provide other advantages, such as enabling higher torque density to be obtained, a wide speed range to be used, and allowing selectability in location of stationary windings (e.g., allowing any windings within the device to be stationary; among other things, this feature may allow or ease use of supercooling features; in addition, this feature may allow the use of slip rings or other similar features to be avoided), while allowing connection convenience for other purposes, such as to facilitate use in conjunction with superconducting windings. 
     Particular aspects of the present invention provide a more economical to manufacture and/or more efficiently operating electrical output generating devices and electrically driven devices over related art devices. Among other things, some variations of the present invention overcome difficulties in manufacturing of many typical electrical output generating devices and electrically driven devices that use high numbers of and/or complex windings. In order to overcome problems with complex windings, among other things, aspects of the present invention provide for methods and features to allow flux paths to be used in operation, via flux conducting materials, rather than using complex winding paths. 
     In an exemplary variation, a rotor portion having a plurality of magnetic pole portions for conducting flux encompasses an input coil. The rotor is operated in conjunction with a plurality of flux conducting material portions in a stator portion that nestably encompasses the rotor portion. The relative positions of the stator and rotor may be moved relative to one another to change the gap therebetween, and, thus, to allow adjustment of power generated (for alternator operation, for example) or used/output for motor operation. The stator portion further encompasses an output coil portion. In the first exemplary variation, the rotor portion is moveable, such that corresponding flux conducting material portions may generally be variably located in close proximity to one another. Among other things, this arrangement allows both field and output coils to be small in diameter (e.g., thereby having lower resistance), while allowing the flux conductors to be positioned as far as possible from the rotational center of the device (e.g., thereby allowing larger poles for transmitting greater flux, with wider spacing so as to reduce flux leakage). 
     When operating as an electrical output device, energizing of the input coil portion produces travel of flux in a flux path, as the rotor is rotated, through the flux conducting portions of the rotor and stator, which, in turn, produces electrical output from the output coil portion; or, alternatively, when operated as an electrically driven device, the output coil portion is energized in a manner so as to produce motion of the rotor via the flux traveling in the flux path. Among other things, the use of flux conducting material portions in the stator, rather than wire coils of the related art, allows greater numbers of poles to be used more easily over the related art using coils for transmitting flux, while minimizing complexity and other drawbacks of use of coils for this purpose. 
     Further, for example, the configuration of the first exemplary variation decouples the number of poles from the physical area required for windings. In the related art using multiple windings for poles, for example, if the pole count is increased, the corresponding area available for each phase (e.g., for windings) is decreased. In contrast, with the first exemplary variation of the present invention, the number of poles is not limited by restrictions on physical space for windings. Among other things, aspects of the present invention thereby allow much higher numbers of poles to be used (e.g., where optimal), with corresponding contribution to higher power density over such related art approaches. 
     The configuration of the first exemplary variation also allows the length of the output wire for the windings, for example, to be much shorter than related art multiple winding approaches allow. This advantage is obtainable, for example, because such windings doe not have to thread around each pole, but only around a central pole. Among other things, this additional advantage allows much lower resistance power coils to be achieved, thereby producing higher efficiency and further reducing cost over related art multiple winding devices. 
     A second exemplary variation of the present invention relates to a device similar to that of the first exemplary variation, but includes added magnetic portions and additional flux conducting portions. The added magnetic portions can serve to insulate, at least partially, flux leakage between adjacent flux conducting portions, thereby allowing the air gap present in the device of the first variation to be greatly reduced, thereby increasing output of the device of the second variation, relative to the first variation. Further, the presence of the magnets allows operation at a reduced output without energizing the coil for producing electromagnets in the stator portion. 
     Additional advantages and novel features relating to electrical output generating devices and/or electrically driven devices will be set forth in part in the description that follows, and in part will become more apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following or upon learning by practice of aspects of the present invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
       In the drawings: 
         FIG. 1  shows the internal components of an exemplary electrical output device or electrically driven device in an assembled view, in accordance with a aspects of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a partial cutaway view of the exemplary electrical output device or electrically driven device of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  is a partial cutaway view of the exemplary electrical output device or electrically driven device of  FIG. 1 , with rotated rotor relative to the stator for the view of  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view of an assembled exemplary electrical output device or electrically driven device having the internal components shown in  FIGS. 1-3  and external and other components, in accordance with aspects of the present invention; 
         FIGS. 5 and 6  present views of portions of a device in accordance with a second exemplary variation of the present invention; 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Aspects of the present invention and implementations thereof are not limited to the specific components or assembly procedures disclosed herein. Many additional components and assembly procedures known in the art consistent with the intended electrical output generating devices, electrically driven devices, and/or assembly procedures for electrical output generating devices and/or electrically driven devices will become apparent for use with particular variations and implementations discussed herein. Accordingly, for example, although particular electrical output generating devices and/or electrically driven devices are disclosed, such electrical output generating devices and/or electrically driven devices and implementing components may comprise any shape, size, style, type, model, version, measurement, concentration, material, quantity, and/or the like usable for such electrical output generating devices and/or electrically driven devices and implementing components, consistent with the intended operation of electrical output generating devices and/or electrically driven devices. 
     Description of exemplary variations and implementations of electrical output generating devices and/or electrically driven devices in accordance with aspects of the present invention will now be made with reference to the appended drawings. 
     Device with Reduced Flux Leakage 
     One factor in device performance for electrical output generating devices and/or electrically driven devices in accordance with aspects of the present invention is the amount of flux leakage that occurs. One practical effect of flux leakage is that current can become limited; the device therefore can have the appearance of operating “reactively,” to limit power density. Among other things, in order to reduce this reactive, flux leakage effect, the device of a first exemplary variation of the present invention, as shown in  FIGS. 1-4  includes features in the rotating and fixed portions of the flux conducting material so as to reduce flux leakage. 
       FIG. 1  shows the internal components  500  for a first exemplary device in an assembled view, in accordance with aspects of the present invention. Such a device is likewise usable in many driven rotation applications to produce electrical output, such as for use with an automobile engine. Although variations shown herein generally have an electromagnet or permanent magnets on the rotator portion and flux conducting extensions on the stator, it should be noted that other, unshown configurations are also part of this invention. For example, flux conductive extensions can be mounted onto the rotor and an electromagnet onto the stator portion substantially reversing a configuration shown herein. Alternatively, flux conductive extensions can be mounted onto the rotor and a series of permanent magnets onto the stator portion substantially reversing another configuration shown herein. A number of other relationships between the stator and rotator are possible, not limited to mounting either the stator or the rotor as the exterior-most component or rearranging electromagnets and flux conductive extensions in order to conduct magnetic flux in such a way as to either generate electrical output or to drive the rotator. In addition, flux conductive extensions and either permanent or electromagnets can be mounted to the same component, i.e., to the rotor or stator assembly. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , in this first exemplary variation, a first, rotating portion  501  and a second, stationary portion  502  of the internal components  500  of the device are in some ways similar in design and operation to those of the embodiment of  FIGS. 1-3B  of Applicant&#39;s co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Appl. No. 60/924,328 titled “ELECTRICAL OUTPUT GENERATING DEVICES AND DRIVEN ELECTRICAL DEVICES, AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USING THE SAME” filed May 9, 2007 and application Ser. No. 12/149,931 titled “ELECTRICAL OUTPUT GENERATING DEVICES AND DRIVEN ELECTRICAL DEVICES USING ELECTROMAGNETIC ROTORS, AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USING THE SAME” filed May 9, 2008, and are usable, for example, in many typical automobile alternator and/or electric motor applications, among others. However, in the first embodiment of  FIGS. 1-4  of the present application, the rotating portion  501  does not nestably rotate within (e.g., is not primarily encompassed within) the stationary portion  502 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , the rotating portion  501  includes first magnetic pole portions (e.g., north magnetic poles)  520  and second magnetic pole portions (e.g., south magnetic poles)  530 . The first and second magnetic pole portions  520 ,  530  encompass an internal coil portion  540 , such as a coiled wire. The internal coil portion  540  receives an energizing current (e.g., a fixed current, such as a direct current or DC). As a result of the energizing current in the coil portion  540 , a flux is produced through the center of the coil portion  540  and about the outside of the coil portion, or a flux is otherwise produced, such as through the use or motion of permanent magnets (not shown in this variation). Each of the first and second magnetic pole portions  520 ,  530  includes a plurality of poles  520   a ,  530   a , respectively, such that a multiple pole rotor (e.g.,  18  alternating polarity poles  520   a ,  530   a ) is created by the combination of the first and second magnetic pole portions  520 ,  530 . By using such magnetic poles  520   a ,  530   a , this approach produces an alternating flux when moving past a point (e.g., when operated as an electrical output device). However, among other advantages, the approach shown in  FIGS. 1-4  simplifies manufacturing over a multiple wound coil approach of the related art, since, among other things, many small diameter coils in close proximity to one another are not required. 
     As further shown in  FIGS. 1-4 , in this first exemplary variation, the second, stationary portion  502  of the internal components  500  of the device  800  includes a first laminated steel or other flux conducting material portion  550  and an output coil  570 . As shown, for example, in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , in a first rotated position of the rotating portion  501  relative to the stationary portion  502 , the first flux conducting portion  550  aligns with a corresponding pole  520   a  of the first magnetic pole portion  520 . As shown in the partial cutaway view of  FIG. 2 , the first flux conducting portion  550  partially wraps around a first portion of the output coil  570  to form a portion of flux path A′, having flux, for example, in the direction of the arrowheads, that continues from the aligned first magnetic pole portion  520 . Note that the first flux conduction portion  550  abuts a second flux conducting portion  560 , as shown in  FIG. 2 , at an abutting junction J. Flux path A is such that the magnetic flux is directed through the abutting junction J. The second flux conducting portion  560  continues the flux path A′ through the center of the output coil  570 . In the position of the rotating portion  501  shown in  FIG. 2 , the flux path A′ then continues from the second flux conducting portion  560 , which is aligned with the second magnetic pole portion  530 , into the first magnetic pole portion  520 , the first and second magnetic pole portions  520 ,  530  partially encircling the internal coil portion  540 , and the first magnetic pole portion  520  continuing the flux path A′ back into the first flux conducting portion  550 , such that a completed flux path A′ is formed. 
     In further operation, as shown in  FIG. 3 , as the rotating portion  501  rotates, the first flux conducing portion  550  eventually aligns with the second magnetic pole portion  530 , and, due to the opposite polarity of the second magnetic pole portion  530  to the first magnetic pole portion  520 , the direction of the flux path A″ reverses, as shown by the arrowheads, relative to the direction of the flux path A′ shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     The rotation of the rotating portion  501  and the travel of the flux about the flux paths A′, A″ formed by the aligning portions of the rotating portion  501  and the stationary portion  502  produces a varying flux through the output coil portion  570 , such that a varying output is produced from the coil portion  570 . This output, when the device is operated, for example, as an electrical output device, may be generally sinusoidal or otherwise alternating in character. The output may be produced, for example, though wire leads connected to the coil portion  570  to provide an alternating current (AC) output for use in a selected application, such as to assist in operating an automobile engine and/or charge a battery (e.g., by rectifying the AC output into DC current). 
     In addition to other advantages, implementing the principles of this particular variation of the present invention may include minimizing flux leakage between the adjacent magnetic pole portions  520 ,  530  and flux conducting material portions  550 ,  560 . This result is due at least in part to the reduced length of closely proximate overlapping adjacent magnetic pole portions  520 ,  530  and flux conducting material portions  550 ,  560  generally in a direction parallel to the direction D-D′ of the axis of the shaft  580  of the device  500  relative to some embodiments shown in Applicant&#39;s co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Appl. No. 60/924,328 titled “ELECTRICAL OUTPUT GENERATING DEVICES AND DRIVEN ELECTRICAL DEVICES, AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USING THE SAME” filed May 9, 2007 and application Ser. No. 12/149,936 titled “ELECTRICAL OUTPUT GENERATING DEVICES AND DRIVEN ELECTRICAL DEVICES HAVING TAPE WOUND CORE LAMINATE ROTOR OR STATOR ELEMENTS, AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USE THEREOF” filed May 9, 2008. For example, as shown in  FIG. 2 , flux through the first flux conducting material portion  550  does not travel along an adjacent path to flux through the second flux conducting material portion  560 . In addition, neither the first flux conducting material portion  550  nor the second flux conducting material portion  560  is aligned with and overlapping along its length with either the first magnetic pole portion  520  or the second magnetic pole portion  530 . 
       FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view of an assembled exemplary device  800  having the internal components shown in  FIGS. 1-3  and external and other components. As shown in the view of  FIG. 4 , the fully assembled device  800  includes one or more housing portions  810 ,  815 ; an input rotational power pulley  820  for producing rotation of the rotating portion  501 , in turn attached to a shaft  580  (the rotational power to rotate the input pulley  820  can be provided, for example, by a combustion engine having an output pulley operatively coupled, such as via a belt, to the input pulley  820 ); one or more friction reducing portions  840 ,  845 , such as bearings and/or bushings, for rotationally slidably allowing the shaft  580  to rotate within the housing portions  810 ,  815 ; and fan components and/or other features, such as brush related portions and features  850 . 
     Device with Reduced Flux Leakage and Including Permanent Magnet Features 
       FIGS. 5 and 6  present views of portions of a device  1000  in accordance with a second exemplary variation of the present invention. 
     In the view shown in  FIG. 5 , a first, rotating portion  1001  (also interchangeably referred to herein as a “commutating flux switch portion”) and a second, stationary portion  1002  of the internal components of the device  1000  are in some ways similar in design and operation to those of the embodiment of  FIGS. 1-4 . However, in contrast to the variation of  FIGS. 1-4  of the present application, additional magnetic and flux conducting portions are provided within the rotating portion  1001 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , the commutating flux switch portion  1001  includes first induced magnetic pole portions (e.g., north magnetic poles)  1020  and second magnetic pole portions (e.g., south magnetic poles)  1030 . The first and second magnetic pole portions  1020 ,  1030  encompass an internal coil portion  1040 , such as a coiled wire or tape-wound coil. The internal coil portion  1040  receives an energizing current (e.g., a fixed current, such as a DC current). As a result of the energizing current in the coil portion  1040 , a flux is produced through the center of the coil portion  1040  and about the outside of the coil portion. Each of the first and second magnetic pole portions  1020 ,  1030  makes up a multiple pole rotor (e.g.,  18  alternating polarity poles  1020 ,  1030 ). By using such magnetic pole portions  1020 ,  1030 , an alternating flux is created when moving past a point (e.g., when operated as an electrical output device). 
     As further shown in  FIG. 5 , in this second exemplary variation, the second, stationary portion  1002  of the device  1000  includes a first laminated steel or other flux conducting material portion  1050  surrounding an output coil (such as a coil located in the area OC shown in  FIG. 5 ). 
     In operation, when the coil  1040  is energized, rotation of the commutating flux switch portion  1001  causes the pole portions  1020 ,  1030  alternately to be aligned with the flux conducting material portions  1050  of the stationary portion  1002  of the device  1000 . This operation produces alternating flux travel through a flux path that varies with position. 
     In addition to the features and operation described above, the second exemplary variation further includes permanent magnet portions  1080 ,  1090  that separate each pair of adjacent pole portions  1020 ,  1030  and are oriented so as to enhance flux therethrough. For example, as shown in the closeup view of  FIG. 6 , if the pole portion  1020  is a north pole (as indicated by the “N” markings within the pole portion  1020 ) and the pole portion  1030  is a south pole (as indicated by the “S” markings within the pole portion  1030 ), as a function of the energized coil  1040 , the magnet portions  1080 ,  1090 , are each sandwiched between the pole portions  1020 ,  1030  and oriented such that the surface adjacent the pole portion  1020  is of a first polarity (e.g., “N”) and the surface adjacent the pole portion  1030  is of a second polarity (e.g., “S”), so as to enhance flux in the direction induced by the coil  1040 . 
     It should be noted that, although the magnetic pole portions  1080 ,  1090  are shown in  FIG. 5  are a particular variation of the invention, they can also be added to minimize flux leakage on other variations of the invention and to other devices electrical output generating and driven electrical devices as well. For example, magnetic pole portions such as  1080  and  1090  can be added to the corresponding portions of each embodiment shown in of Applicant&#39;s co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Appl. No. 60/924,328 titled “ELECTRICAL OUTPUT GENERATING DEVICES AND DRIVEN ELECTRICAL DEVICES, AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USING THE SAME” filed May 9, 2007 and application Ser. No. 12/149,931 titled “ELECTRICAL OUTPUT GENERATING DEVICES AND DRIVEN ELECTRICAL DEVICES USING ELECTROMAGNETIC ROTORS, AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USING THE SAME” filed May 9, 2008. Such magnetic pole portions can be used with any of the variations of this invention discussed in this or in related applications, as well as similar devices in which minimizing flux loss is advantageous. 
     The magnet portions  1080 ,  1090  serve several purposes, including the following. First, the orientation of the magnet portions  1080 ,  1090  can enhance flux through the pole portions  1020 ,  1030 . Alternatively, if the coil  1040  is not energized, the magnet portions  1080 ,  1090  may alone induce flux through the pole portions  1020 ,  1030  so as to induce some degree of output from the device  1000 . Second, the magnet portions  1080 ,  1090  serve to hinder flux leakage between pole portions  1020 ,  1030  and fully or partially insulate the pole portions  1020 ,  1030  with respect to flux leakage. Without the magnet portions  1080 ,  1090 , flux leakage between adjacent pole portions  1020 ,  1030  can lead to substantial loss of efficiency in the device and potential problems such as over-heating. Similarly, in other variations in which the stator contains an electromagnet (not shown) the stator may have magnet portions that, like magnet portions  1080 ,  1090  of the rotor in  FIG. 5 , are placed between pole portions in order to hinder flux leakage. Although not shown, magnetic portions such as those in the variation of the invention in  FIG. 5  can also be used to prevent flux leakage between flux conducting components in the device or other devices that are not necessarily part of an electromagnet. 
     Among other things, the flux insulating properties of the magnet portions  1080 ,  1090  allow more extensive use of flux conducting materials in the commutating flux switch portion  1001  than, for example, the embodiment of  FIGS. 1-4 , thereby allowing greater potential flux to be transmitted therethrough, and, as a result, greater output to be produced by the device  1000 . 
     For example, as shown in  FIG. 1 , each of the plurality of poles  520   a ,  530   a  is physically separated from adjacent poles by an air gap AG, of varying dimensions as indicated, so as to reduce flux leakage between adjacent poles (e.g., between poles  520   a  and  530   a , as shown in  FIG. 1 ). The air gap AG thereby essentially reduces the amount of flux conducting material making up the magnetic pole portions  520 ,  530 , thereby potentially reducing the flux therethrough and the potential output of the device  800 . In contrast, as shown in  FIGS. 5 and 6 , little or no air gap exists between pole portions  1020  and  1030 ; the magnet portions  1080 ,  1090  serve the air gap purpose and can even add to flux conducted through the pole portions  1020 ,  1030  by creating a greater diameter path. Since no significant air gap is needed, greater flux conducting material is incorporated (e.g., in commutating flux switch portion  1001 ), allowing greater flux and potentially greater output for a similarly sized device  1000  to the device  500  shown in  FIGS. 1-3 . 
     Operation of the exemplary device of  FIGS. 5 and 6  will now be further described. In a first operational mode, the coil  1040  is not energized. Output from the device  1000  is produced via the magnet portions  1080 ,  1090  inducing flux through the pole portions  1020 ,  1030  and the flux conducting material portions  1050  when proximate thereto. In this operational mode, relatively modest output may be produced, such as electrical alternator output for low demand vehicle electrical operations (e.g., normal, low demand vehicle electrical loads). 
     In a second operational mode, an energizing DC current is supplied to the coil  1040 , thereby producing a flux through the pole portions  1020 ,  1030  and the flux conducting material portions  1050 , when proximate thereto, in addition to the flux produced by the magnet portions  1080 ,  1090 . When the coil  1040  is fully energized, for example, the device  1000  may function as a full power alternator for all vehicle operations (including providing sufficient output for all vehicle electrical demands, including high demand functions (e.g., vehicle headlights)). 
     In addition, a variable output between that produced by the magnet portions  1080 ,  1090  alone and that of the fully energized coil may be produced by energizing the coil  1040  at less than a full power level. Among other things, the variable output approach can produce increased operational efficiency (e.g., for a vehicle) by only providing electrical power as needed, thereby only requiring a load to produce the output as needed (e.g., rather than requiring a continuous load, such as is needed for many existing types of alternators). 
     Example variations and implementations of aspects of the present invention have now been described in accordance with the above advantages. It will be appreciated that these examples are merely illustrative of the invention. Many variations and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art. 
     In places where the description above refers to particular implementations of electrical output generating devices and/or electrically driven devices, it should be readily apparent that a number of modifications may be made without departing from the spirit thereof and that these aspects, implementations, and variations may be applied to other electrical output generating devices and/or electrically driven devices. The presently disclosed aspects, implementations, and variations are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive.