Abstract:
An apparatus having a variable angle light source characterized by a pivot point, a variable response optical receiver, and a first optical system is disclosed. The variable response optical receiver receives light generated by the light source on a receiving surface, the receiver generating a signal indicative of an intensity of light that impinges on a receiving surface. The first optical system images the pivot point to a fixed point relative to the receiver surface. In one aspect of the invention the first optical system is chosen such that light from the variable angle light source covers more&amp; than half the receiving surface. The variable angle light source can include a gain chip in a semiconductor laser having a pivot point located substantially on a facet of the gain chip.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     Optical instruments based on light sources that exhibit variations in the angle at which the light beam leaves the light source pose problems when position-sensitive detectors are used to monitor the light beam or the light leaving a sample chamber. For example, tunable lasers often exhibit significant pointing errors. Tunable lasers also exhibit power fluctuations. A correction for the power fluctuations can be provided by a detector that monitors the output of the laser. However, detectors, especially in the mid and far infrared wavelength range, are position sensitive. If the beam shifts position on the detector during the measurements, the signal from the detector will vary even if the light intensity does not change. The pointing errors typically result in such shifts in position, and hence, pose challenges when the detector is used to reduce power fluctuation noise. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present invention includes an apparatus having a variable angle light source characterized by a pivot point, a variable response optical receiver, and a first optical system. The variable response optical receiver receives light generated by the light source on a receiving surface, the receiver generating a signal indicative of an intensity of light that impinges on a receiving surface. The first optical system images the pivot point to a fixed point relative to the receiver surface. In one aspect of the invention the first optical system is chosen such that light from the variable angle light source covers more than half the receiving surface. 
     In another aspect of the invention, the variable angle light source includes a gain chip in a semiconductor laser. The pivot point is located within  5  mm of a facet of the gain chip. The gain chip can be part of an external cavity laser. 
     In another aspect of the invention, the variable response optical receiver includes a sample cell that is illuminated by the variable angle light source. The receiving surface includes an input plane associated with the sample cell. The first optical system images the pivot point onto a point that is fixed relative to the input plane. A second optical system images a point on an output plane associated with the sample cell onto the fixed point relative to the receiver surface. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an external cavity laser that utilizes the present invention to reduce pointing-error noise. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates another embodiment of an external cavity laser according to the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a measurement system according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The manner in which the present invention provides its advantages can be more easily understood with reference to  FIG. 1 , which illustrates an external cavity laser that utilizes the present invention to reduce pointing-error noise. Laser  10  includes a gain chip  11  that is mounted on a mount  12 . Light from the front facet  13  of gain chip  11  is reflected from a grating  16 . The angle of grating  16  relative to the light beam from gain chip  11  is chosen to lock the laser on a particular mode. The angle is set by an actuator  15  that rotates the grating around an axis  23  that is chosen such that the reflected wavelength and the length of the cavity are maintained to provide the desired wavelength. Lens  17  expands the output beam to the desired size to provide the output light that is used by the measurement system that utilizes laser  10  as its light source. Lens  22  expands the light leaving front facet  13  of gain chip  11  to a diameter that is set to provide the desired wavelength resolution from grating  16 . Larger beam diameters relative to the spacing of the lines on grating  16  provide narrower wavelength bands in the reflected light that reaches gain chip  11 . 
     In laser  10 , an optional light output  21  is used to monitor the light intensity in the output beam using a photodetector  19 . Light leaving front facet  13  of the gain chip typically exhibits a variation in the angle at which the light leaves that facet. The angle varies in response to mode changes, temperature fluctuations, or other factors. The changes can occur during the course of a measurement that utilizes laser  10  as the light source. 
     The present invention is based on the observation that the light appears to have a pivot point at or near front facet  13  with the light leaving radially in a narrow range of angles on rays that pass through the pivot point. The variations in this angle lead to a variation in the position of the spot formed by the light in optional light output  21  on photodetector  19  in the absence of lens  18 . As noted above, such variations lead to variations in the output of photodetector  19 . The present invention overcomes these variations by using lens  18  whose focal length is set such that the pivot point associated with the pointing deviations is imaged onto the light measuring surface of photodetector  19 . Hence, variations in the angle of the light leaving front facet  13  do change the position at which the light beam strikes photodetector  19 . 
     In the simplest case, the pivot point is imaged to a point on the surface of photodetector  19 . If the pivot point were precisely a point on the surface of the facet, this arrangement would provide the needed immunity for variations in the angle at which the light leaves the pivot point. The resulting detection efficiency would be that of the detector at the point on the detector at which the light strikes the detector. The efficiency of detection at surrounding points on the detector surface would be irrelevant in this case. 
     However, the pivot point is only approximately a point on the surface of the facet. That is, the pivot point itself can move somewhat relative to the surface of the facet. Typically, the pivot point is within 5 mm of the surface of the facet. The size of the pivot point depends on the particular laser and other factors. If the pivot point moves, the spot on the detector could still wander somewhat depending on the point at which the light left the gain chip. The deviations caused by such residual movement of the spot on the surface of photodetector  19  can be reduced by choosing the focal length of the imaging optics so as to keep these variations of the pivot point image position relative to the light detecting surface of photodetector  19  within certain limits. These limits depend on the non-uniformity of the detector response over the detector area and the maximum pivot angle (greater pivot angle and detector non-uniformity require tighter control of the pivot point image position). In practical cases, the area of the light beam on the light detecting surface of photodetector  19  can still be set to be a desired fraction of the photodetector area (for example, the full width at half-maximum of the beam spot on the photodetector  19  can be matched to the detector diameter). The fraction itself can be related to the pivot point position variations and detector non-uniformity. For example, choosing a spot size larger than the diameter of photodetector  19 , while reducing end-to-end system throughput, can reduce the output fluctuations. In one aspect of the present invention, the spot size is between half the area of the light detecting surface and twice the area of the light detecting surface. 
     In the above-described embodiments, the detector utilized the optional auxiliary beam to monitor the output of the laser. However, other arrangements can be utilized. Refer now to  FIG. 2 , which illustrates another embodiment of an external cavity laser according to the present invention. To simplify the following discussion, those elements of laser  20  that serve functions analogous to those served by elements of laser  10  have been given the same numeric designation and will not be discussed further here. In laser  20 , a partially reflecting mirror  25  is used to divert a portion of the output light to a photodetector  29 . In this arrangement, the pivot point of gain chip  11  is located on or near the back facet  14  of gain chip  11 . Lens  28  images this pivot point onto photodetector  29  in a manner similar to that discussed above. 
     The use of a collecting lens to image the pivot point of the laser so as to reduce beam movement can also be applied to other elements in addition to the detectors discussed above. Refer now to  FIG. 3 , which illustrates a measurement system according to one embodiment of the present invention. In this system, a laser having a pivot point on one facet is used to illuminate a sample in a sample cell  42 . The light leaving sample cell  42  is measured by a detector  43 . In the absence of the present invention, the pointing errors introduced by laser  41  would cause the light beam to move with respect to sample cell  42  in a manner that would deleteriously impact the measurements. Sample cell  42  can be modeled as an optical device having an input plane  46  characterized by a spot that the laser light must enter to function properly. This input plane spot is characterized by an input plane spot size. Similarly, light leaving sample cell  42  exits through a spot on an output plane  47 . The spot on the output plane is analogous to the pivot point of the laser in that light leaves the spot in a cone of angles that can vary over time. In the present invention, the pivot point of laser  41  is imaged onto the input plane by lens  44  so that it is contained within the input plane spot. The image spot size is chosen such that a substantial portion of the input plane spot is illuminated while ensuring that the image of the pivot point remains within the input plane spot. Similarly, the output plane spot is imaged onto detector  43  by lens  45  in a manner analogous to that described above. 
     For the purposes of the present discussion, a variable response optical receiver is defined to be a device that generates an electrical signal in response to light impinging on a receiving surface. The signal can be a voltage whose magnitude depends on the intensity of light striking the receiving surface or a current whose magnitude depends on the intensity of light striking the receiving surface. The receiving surface is characterized by a receiving surface area. The conversion of the light intensity to the signal in question depends on the point at which the light strikes the surface, the intensity varying over the surface. The variation in conversion is sufficient to corrupt other processes that depend on the signal to determine the intensity of light in a light signal that is received by the variable response optical receiver. The variations in the response of the receiver with position in some photodetectors can be in the range of 20 percent to 60 percent. 
     A variable angle light source is defined to be a light source that generates an output light beam that varies in angle of emission over time. The change in angle is sufficient to corrupt measurements that utilize the light from the light source as part of a measurement apparatus. A variable angle light source is characterized by a pivot point that defines a small region through which the light beam passes as the angle of emission varies. In one aspect of the invention, the region has a maximum dimension of less than 5 mm. 
     In the above-described embodiments, the detectors shown at  19 ,  29 , and  43  are examples of relatively simple variable response optical receivers. However, the combination of sample cell  42  and detector  43  could also be viewed as a variable response optical receiver. In this case, the input plane  46  of sample cell  42  is the receiving surface. In the absence of lens  44 , the output of detector  43  would vary with respect to the position on the input plane due to the variation in angle of the light emitted by laser  41  even though the light intensity remained constant as the angle varied. Similarly, when sample cell  42  is illuminated by laser  41  in the absence of lens  44 , the light leaving output plane  47  in a region around the output spot would vary in angle in response to the variation in angle introduced by laser  41 . Hence, the combination of laser  41  and sample cell  42  can be viewed as a variable angle light source. 
     In the above-described embodiments, the pivot point is imaged onto the detector by a lens. However, other optical systems that image the pivot point onto a point that is fixed with respect to the detector could be utilized. Such systems can include a plurality of lenses. In addition, reflective optical systems could also be utilized, particularly in broadband and mid-to-far infrared applications. 
     The above-described embodiments of the present invention have been provided to illustrate various aspects of the invention. However, it is to be understood that different aspects of the present invention that are shown in different specific embodiments can be combined to provide other embodiments of the present invention. In addition, various modifications to the present invention will become apparent from the foregoing description and accompanying drawings. Accordingly, the present invention is to be limited solely by the scope of the following claims.