Abstract:
A displacer rod for use in a mechanical spectral shift pressurized water nuclear reactor comprises a sectioned substantially hollow low neutron absorbing metal rod capable of displacing reactor coolant without absorbing a high amount of neutrons. The tubular sections can be made of stainless steel or Zircaloy tubing and may contain pellets for weighting the displacer rod.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is related to copending applications Ser. No. 217,060 entitled &#34;Mechanical Spectral Shift Reactor&#34; by W. J. Dollard et al.; Ser. No. 217,056 entitled &#34;Latching Mechanism&#34; by L. Veronesi; Ser. No. 217,054 entitled &#34;Spectral Shift Reactor Control Method&#34; by A. J. Impink, Jr.; Ser. No. 217,061 entitled &#34;Spectral Shift Reactor&#34; by W. R. Carlson et al.; Ser. No. 217,053 entitled &#34;Mechanical Spectral Shift Reactor&#34; by D. G. Sherwood et al.; Ser. No. 217,275 entitled &#34;Mechanical Spectral Shift Reactor&#34; by J. F. Wilson et al.; Ser. No. 217,055 entitled &#34;Hydraulic Drive Mechanism&#34; by L. Veronesi et al.; Ser. No. 217,059 entitled &#34;Fuel Assembly For a Nuclear Reactor&#34; by R. K. Gjertsen; and Ser. No. 217,051 entitled &#34;Fuel Assembly For a Nuclear Reactor&#34; by R. K. Gjertsen et al. all of which are filed Dec. 16, 1980 and to Ser. No. 228,007 entitled &#34;Self-Rupturing Gas Moderator Rod For A Nuclear Reactor&#34; by G. R. Marlatt, filed Jan.  23, 1981 all of which are assigned to the Westinghouse Electric Corporation. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to spectral shift reactor control and more particularly to displacer elements for use in spectral shift reactor control. 
     In typical nuclear reactors, reactivity control is accomplished by varying the amount of neutron absorbing material (poisons) in the reactor core. Generally, neutron absorbing control rods are utilized to perform this function by varying the number and location of the control rods with respect to the reactor core. In addition to control rods, burnable poisons and poisons dissolved in the reactor coolant can be used to control reactivity. 
     In the conventional designs of pressurized water reactors, an excessive amount of reactivity is designed into the reactor core at start-up so that as the reactivity is depleted over the life of the core the excess reactivity may be employed to lengthen the core life. Since an excessive amount of reactivity is designed into the reactor core at the beginning of core life, neutron absorbing material such as soluble boron must be placed in the core at that time in order to properly control the excess reactivity. Over the core life, as reactivity is consumed, the neutron absorbing material is gradually removed from the reactor core so that the original excess reactivity may be used. While this arrangement provides one means of controlling a nuclear reactor over an extended core life, the neutron absorbing material used during core life absorbs neutrons and removes reactivity from the reactor core that could otherwise be used in a more productive manner such as in plutonium fuel production. The consumption of reactivity in this manner without producing a useful product results in a less efficient depletion of uranium and greater fuel costs than could otherwise be achieved. Therefore, it would be advantageous to be able to extend the life of the reactor core without suppressing excess reactivity with neutron absorbing material thereby providing an extended core life with a significantly lower fuel cost. 
     One such method of producing an extended core life while reducing the amount of neutron absorbing material in the reactor core is by the use of &#34;Spectral Shift Control&#34;. As is well understood in the art, in one such method the reduction of excess reactivity (and thus neutron absorbing material) is achieved by replacing a large portion of the ordinary reactor coolant water with heavy water. This retards the chain reaction by shifting the neutron spectrum to higher energies and permits the reactor to operate at full power with reduced neutron absorbing material. This shift in the neutron spectrum to a &#34;hardened&#34; spectrum which causes more of the U 238  to be converted to plutonium that is eventually used to produce heat. Thus, the shift from a &#34;soft&#34; to a &#34;hard&#34; spectrum results in more neutrons being consumed by U 238  in a useful manner rather than by poisons. As reactivity is consumed, the heavy water is gradually replaced with ordinary water so that the reactor core reactivity is maintained at a proper level. By the end of core life, essentially all the heavy water has been replaced by ordinary water while the core reactivity has been maintained. Thus, the reactor can be controlled without the use of neutron absorbing material and without the use of excess reactivity at start-up which results in a significant uranium fuel cost savings. The additional plutonium production also reduces the U 235   enrichment requirements. While the use of heavy water as a substitute for oridinary water can be used to effect the &#34;spectral shift&#34;, the use of heavy water can be an expensive and complicated technology. 
     While there exist in the prior art numerous ways of controlling a nuclear reactor, what is needed is a displacer element for use in controlling reactor core moderation in a manner that provides for reduced uranium fuel costs and for an extended reactor core life. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A displacer rod for use in a mechanical spectral shift pressurized water nuclear reactor comprises a sectioned substantially hollow low neutron absorbing metal rod capable of displacing reactor coolant without absorbing a high amount of neutrons. The tubular sections can be made of stainless steel or Zircaloy-4 tubing and may contain pellets for weighting the displacer rod. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     While the specification concludes with claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter of the invention, it is believed the invention will be better understood from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
     FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view in elevation of the reactor vessel; 
     FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view in elevation of the top portion of the fuel assembly; 
     FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view in elevation of the bottom portion of the fuel assembly; 
     FIG. 4 is a view in perspective of displacer rods and their respective fuel assembly; 
     FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view in elevation of a displacer rod guide structure; 
     FIG. 6 is a view along line VI--VI of FIG. 5; 
     FIG. 7 is a diagram of a quarter core of the reactor; 
     FIG. 8 is an enlarged view of a portion of the quarter core; 
     FIG. 9 is an enlarged view of a portion of the quarter core; 
     FIG. 10 is cross-sectional diagram of a typical fuel assembly; 
     FIG. 11 is a diagram of a section of the core; 
     FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view in elevation of the displacer rod; 
     FIG. 13 is a view along line XIII--XIII of FIG. 12; and 
     FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view in elevation of an alternate displacer rod. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     In the operation of a commercial pressurized water reactor it is desirable to be able to prolong the life of the reactor core to better utilize the uranium fuel thereby reducing the fuel costs. The invention described herein provides a displacer element for use in extending reactor core life by controlling reactor core moderation. 
     Referring to FIG. 1, the nuclear reactor is referred to generally as 20 and comprises a reactor vessel 22 with a removable closure head 24 attached to the top end thereof. An inlet nozzle 26 and an outlet nozzle 28 are connected to reactor vessel 22 to allow a coolant such as water to circulate through reactor vessel 22. A core plate 30 is disposed in the lower portion of reactor vessel 22 and serves to support fuel assemblies 32. Fuel assemblies 32 are arranged in reactor vessel 22 and comprise reactor core 34. As is well understood in the art, fuel assemblies 32 generate heat by nuclear fissioning of the uranium therein. The reactor coolant flowing through reactor vessel 22 in heat transfer relationship with fuel assemblies 32 transfers the heat from fuel assemblies 32 to electrical generating equipment located remote from nuclear reactor 20. A plurality of control rod drive mechanisms 36 which may be chosen from those well known in the art are disposed on closure head 24 for inserting or withdrawing control rods (not shown) from fuel assemblies 32. In addition, a plurality of displacer rod drive mechanisms 38 are also disposed on closure head 24 for inserting or withdrawing displacer rods 40 from fuel assemblies 32. Displacer rod drive mechanism 38 may be similar to the one described in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 217,055, filed Dec. 16, 1980 the name of L. Veronesi et al. entitled &#34;Hydraulic Drive Mechanism&#34; and assigned to the Westinghouse Electric Corporation. For purposes of clarity, only a selected number of displacer rods 40 are shown in FIG. 1. However, it should be understood, that the number of displacer rods 40 are chosen to correspond to the number of displacer rod guide tubes in fuel assemblies 32. A plurality of displacer rod guide structures 42 are located in the upper section of reactor vessel 22 with each being in alignment with a displacer rod drive mechanism 38 for guiding the movement of displacer rods 40 through the upper section of reactor vessel 22. A calandria 44 may be arranged between fuel assemblies 32 and displacer rod guide structures 42 and comprises a multiplicity of hollow stainless steel tubes arranged in colinear alignment with each displacer rod and control rod for providing guidance of the displacer rods and control rods through the calandria area and for minimizing flow induced vibrations in the displacer rods and control rods. 
     Referring now to FIGS. 2-4, fuel assemblies 32 comprise fuel elements 48, grids 50, bottom nozzle 52, top nozzle 54, and guide tubes 56. Fuel elements 48 may be elongated cylindrical metallic tubes containing nuclear fuel pellets and having both ends sealed by end plugs. Fuel elements 48 may be arranged in a substantially 20×20 rectangular array and are held in place by grids 50. Guide tubes 56 which may number 25 are arranged in a generally 5×5 array within each fuel assembly 32. Each guide tube 56 occupies the space of about four fuel elements 48 and extend from bottom nozzle 52 to top nozzle 54 and provide a means to support grids 50, top nozzle 54 and bottom nozzle 52. Guide tubes 56 may be hollow cylindrical metallic tubes manufactured from Zircaloy and capable of accommodating rods such as displacer rods 40 or control rods. Displacer rods 40 and control rods are manufactured to be approximately the same size so that each guide tube 56 can equally accommodate either a displacer rod or a control rod. When not occupied by a rod, guide tubes 56 are filled with reactor coolant; however, when displacer rods 40 are inserted in guide tubes 56 displacer rods 40 displace the coolant therein. 
     Grids 50 are positioned at various locations along the length of fuel assembly 32 and serve to space fuel elements 48 and guide tubes 56 at appropriate distances from each other and to allow the reactor coolant to circulate in heat transfer relationship with fuel elements 48. A more detailed description of a similar grid may be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,379,617 and 3,379,619, both issued in the name of H. N. Andrews et al. As can be seen in FIG. 4, displacer rods 40 are elongated cylindrical substantially hollow rods. Displacer rods 40 are arranged so as to be in colinear alignment with guide tube 56 so that displacer rods 40 may be inserted in guide tubes 56 when it is desired. Displacer rods 40 are supported from a common attachment known as a spider 58. Spider 58 comprises a body 60 with struts 62 radially extending from body 60. Displacer rods 40 are individually attached to each strut 62 to form an array corresponding to the array of guide tubes 56 into which displacer rods may be inserted. Spider 58 is attached to drive shaft 64 which is connected to displacer rod drive mechanism 38. Activation of displacer rod drive mechanism 38 causes drive shaft 64 to be either lowered or raised thereby inserting or withdrawing displacer rods 40 from fuel assemblies 32 of core 34. 
     It is important to note that each spider 58 is arranged to be able to insert displacer rods 40 into more than one fuel assembly 32. For example, as shown in FIG. 4, spider 58 is capable of inserting 25 displacer rods in center fuel assembly 32 and 4 displacer rods in each of the adjacent 4 fuel assemblies. In this manner displacer rods 40 can be moved in and out of fuel assemblies 32 with increasing the number of spiders and drive mechanisms. 
     Referring now to FIGS. 5 and 6, displacer rod guide structures 42 comprise a plurality of split tube guides 70 which are designed to allow rods such as displacer rods or control rods to pass therethrough. Displacer rod guide structures 42 are located between calandria 44 and closure head 24 as shown in FIG. 1 and are arranged to correspond to each displacer rod drive mechanism 38. A number of spacers 72 are located at various locations along split tube guides 70 and together with split tube guides 70 serve to guide displacer rods 40 through the upper section of reactor vessel 22. As can be seen in FIG. 6, 8 split tube guides 70 may be provided for guiding displacer rods 40. The &#34;split&#34; in split tube guides 70 along with slots 74 in spacers 72 allow spider 58 to pass therethrough while maintaining alignment of the rods with guide tubes 56 in fuel assemblies 32. A center slot 76 is also provided for accommodating drive shaft 64 so that spider 58 may be moved therethrough. 
     Referring again to FIG. 1, calandria 44 which comprises a multiplicity of tubes provides guidance for the rods such as displacer rods 40 through the calandria area. In general, the tubes in calandria 44 are not split tubes, as are split tube guides 70, so that spider 58 stops its descent when spider 58 nears the top of the tubes in calandria 44. When stopped at the top of calandria 44 all rods extend through the calandria tubes and are fully inserted in fuel assembly 32. While inserted in the calandria tubes, the rods are protected from the flow of reactor coolant thereby minimizing vibrations that would otherwise be induced by the high velocity of the reactor coolant in that area. 
     At least three different types of rods are capable of being inserted into guide tubes 56. For example, displacer rods, control rods, and gray rods may be arranged to be inserted in guide tubes 56. All of the rods are approximately the same size and configuration, but because of the materials with which they are made serve different purposes. Displacer rods 40 which may be either a hollow thick walled tube or may contain a low neutron absorbing material are used to displace reactor coolant and thereby control reactor moderation. Control rods contain neutron absorbing material as is well understood in the art and serve to control core reactivity in a commonly understood fashion. Gray rods are similar to displacer rods 40 but are made of different an intermediate neutron absorbing material such as stainless steel so that their individual reactivity worth per rod may be higher than individual displacer rods 40. 
     Referring now to FIGS. 7-11, the quarter core arrangement of fuel elements 48, displacer rods 40, control rods 80, gray rods 82, and unrodded locations 84 are shown. It is to be understood that the full reactor core configuration can be established by extrapolating the quarter core shown in FIG. 7. Actually, the quarter core shown in FIG. 7 is a mirror image of the eighth core taken along line A--A of FIG. 7. However, the quarter core of FIG. 7 is being shown for clarity. 
     As can be seen in FIG. 10, each fuel assembly 32 comprises an array of fuel elements 48 and an array of guide tubes 56. Generally, control rods 38 and gray rods 82 are used only in the diagonally arranged guide tubes 56 while displacer rods 40 are generally used in all guide tubes 56 of a given fuel assembly. In addition, an instrument tube 88 is provided near the center of each fuel assembly 32 for accommodating data instrumentation such as movable fission chambers. While each fuel assembly 32 is essentially identical to the one shown in FIG. 10, each fuel assembly 32 can produce a different function depending on whether guide tubes 56 are occupied by reactor coolant, displacer rods 40, control rods 80, or gray rods 82. Displacer rods 40 and gray rods 82 are generally chosen to be approximately the same size so as to displace approximately the same volume of water. However, gray rods 82 can be thick walled stainless steel cylindrical rods which can have higher reactivity worths than do displacer rods 40 so that they may be used to offset the effects of Xenon transients during load follow operations in addition to moderator displacement as described in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 217,061 filed Dec. 16, 1980 in the name of W. R. Carlson et al. entitled &#34;Spectral Shift Reactor&#34; and assigned to the Westinghouse Electric Corporation. 
     Referring now to FIG. 11, a fuel assembly 32 in which no control rods 80 or gray rods 82 are used and in which only displacer rods 40 are used in guide tubes 56 is referred to generally as displacer assembly 90. A fuel assembly 32 in which both displacer rods 40 and control rods 80 are employed (but no gray rods) is referred to as control assembly 92. Similarly, a fuel assembly 32 in which both displacer rods 40 and gray rods 82 are used is called a gray assembly 94. It should be noted that in FIG. 11 fuel elements 48 have been omitted for clarity and that those fuel assemblies are similar to those shown in FIG. 10. 
     Still referring to FIG. 11, each of the control rods 80 and gray rods 82 are attached to a spider (not shown) similar to spider 58 except that the spider for control rods 80 or gray rods 82 generally only effects one fuel assembly. In this manner, all control rods 80 or gray rods 82 in a given fuel assembly can be raised or lowered by a single drive mechanism. Furthermore, since each displacer rod spider 58 can extend into the adjacent fuel assemblies (as illustrated in the center portion of FIG. 11 and in FIG. 4), the displacer rod spider&#39;s 58 movement effects the control on five fuel assemblies and reduces the number of displacer rod drive mechanisms needed. Of course, on the periphery of the quarter core (as shown in FIG. 7) the particular spiders may move less than the usual number of rods because there are no adjacent fuel assemblies or there are unrodded locations 84. 
     Referring again to FIGS. 8 and 9 which comprise FIG. 7, a quarter core arrangement. Each row or partial row is numbered 100-114 and each column or partial column is numbered 116-130 and comprises: 
     
         ______________________________________Fuel Assembly______________________________________(100,116)     quarter displacer assembly(100,118)     half control assembly(100,120)     half displacer assembly(100,122)     half control assembly(100,124)     half displacer assembly(100,126)     half control assembly(100,128)     half displacer assembly(100,130)     half gray assembly(102,116)     half control assembly(102,118)     full displacer assembly(102,120)     full gray assembly(102,122)     full displacer assembly(102,124)     full gray assembly(102,126)     full displacer assembly(102,128)     full control assembly(102,130)     full displacer assembly(104,116)     half displacer assembly(104,118)     full gray assembly(104,120)     full displacer assembly(104,122)     full control assembly(104,124)     full displacer assembly(104,126)     full control assembly(104,128)     full displacer assembly(104,130)     partial control-unrodded assembly(106,116)     half control assembly(106,118)     full displacer assembly(106,120)     full control assembly(106,122)     full displacer assembly(106,124)     full control assembly(106,126)     full displacer assembly(106,128)     full control assembly(106,130)     full displacer assembly(108,116)     half displacer assembly(108,118)     full gray assembly(108,120)     full displacer assembly(108,122)     full control assembly(108,124)     full displacer assembly(108,126)     full control assembly(108,128)     full displacer assembly(110,116)     half control assembly(110,118)     full displacer assembly(110,120)     full control assembly(110,122)     full displacer assembly(110,124)     full control assembly(110,126)     full displacer assembly(110,128)     partial displacer unrodded assembly(112,116)     half displacer assembly(112,118)     full control assembly(112,120)     full displacer assembly(112,122)     full control assembly(112,124)     full displacer assembly(112,126)     partial displacer unrodded assembly(114,116)     half gray assembly(114,118)     full displacer assembly(114,120)     partial control unrodded assembly(114,122)     full displacer assembly______________________________________ 
    
     As can be seen from the above description of the quarter core, the core configuration based on this concept can be illustrated generally as shown in FIG. 11. Basically, the fuel assembly in the center of the full core as represented by fuel assembly (100,116) in FIG. 7 can be chosen to be either a control assembly 92 or preferably a displacer assembly 90. Once this is chosen, the four fuel assemblies immediately adjacent to the flat sides of the center fuel assembly are chosen to be the other type and the fuel assemblies on the diagonal are chosen to be the same type as the center assembly. This pattern is then continued in an alternating fashion. For example, the center fuel assembly (100,116) in FIG. 7 was chosen to be a displacer assembly 90 so that the fuel assemblies on its adjacent flat sides are chosen to be either control assemblies 92 or gray assemblies 94 while those on the diagonal are chosen to be displacer assemblies 90. This pattern is repeated in alternating fashion until the periphery of the core is reached where the end fuel assemblies may be chosen to be hybrid assemblies based on the nuclear physics of the particular core. Whether a particular assembly is chosen to be a control assembly 92 or a gray assembly 94 is determined by first selecting the number and location of control assemblies needed based on conventional core design. The remainder of the assemblies not chosen to be control assemblies 92 are then used as gray assemblies 94. Thus, substantially the entire core can be arranged on an alternating pattern of displacer assemblies and control or gray assemblies with practically all the fuel assemblies being served by at least one displacer rod spider 58 and with each displacer rod spider 58 serving generally 5 fuel assemblies. Moreover, each fuel assembly is served by at least one drive mechanism for either displacer rods, control rods or gray rods. 
     The illustrated core arrangement provides a means by which the neutron spectrum can be controlled in a &#34;spectral shift&#34; fashion by controlling the moderator volume in the core. This can be accomplished by displacing and replacing the water coolant in the core at appropriate times thereby changing the moderation of the core. In the present invention, displacer rods 40 and gray rods 82 can be used to effect this moderation change. 
     Referring now to FIGS. 12 and 13, displacer rods 40 comprise a top end plug 140 which is capable of being attached to spider 58 such as by threads 142. A stainless steel first tube 144 may be welded at one end to top end plug 140 and at its other end mechanically attached to mid rod extension 146. Mid rod extension 146 may be a solid Zircaloy-4 rod which may be of various lengths depending on the overall length needed for displacer rod 40. A plurality of external radial grooves 148 are machined into mid rod extension 146 and serves as an attachment mechanism so that first tube 144 can be mechanically attached to mid rod extension 146 by crimping. A thin walled Zircaloy-4 second tube 150 is welded at one end to mid rod extension 146 and welded at its other end to bottom end plug 152. Bottom end plug 152 which may be bullet shaped to aid in insertion in guide tubes 56 may also be made of Zircaloy-4 material. A plurality of either solid or annular pellets 154 are disposed in second tube 150 and provides structural support under pressure as well as a means to weight displacer rod 40 to aid in its insertion in guide tube 56. The stack of pellets 154 extend from bottom end plug 152 to mid rod extension 146, and may be made from stabilized zirconia (ZrO 2 ) or similar material such as Al 2  O 3 . As an alternative, second tube 150 may be a thick walled Zircaloy tube pressurized with an inert gas to prevent collapse of the rod under reactor pressure. As another alternative, displacer rod 40 may contain a spring 156 such as a Belleville spring stack or coil spring as shown in FIG. 14 instead of pellets 154. The construction of displacer rod 40 is such that it provides a low neutron absorbing rod that is capable of displacing reactor coolant-moderator when inserted into a fuel assembly. 
     In operation, all displacer rods 40 and gray rods 82 are inserted in core 34 at the beginning of the core life. However, none of the control rods 80 need be inserted at that time. The insertion of displacer rods 40 and gray rod 82 is done by activating the appropriate drive mechanism such as displacer rod drive mechanism 38. When the drive mechanism is activated, displacer rods 40 and gray rods 82 fall into the appropriate guide tubes 56 in fuel assemblies 32. The displacer rods and gray rods will displace their volume of coolant (water) thus reducing the volume of moderator in core 34. The reduction of moderator hardens the neutron spectrum of the core and increases plutonium production. This hardening of the neutron spectrum is generally referred to as &#34;spectral shift&#34;. The harder neutron spectrum reduces boron chemical shim requirements, results in a more negative moderator temperature coefficient, and reduces or eliminates burnable poison requirements. As the uranium fuel in the core is depleted over the life of the core, a certain number of displacer rods 40 and/or gray rods 82 may be withdrawn from the core by activating their respective drive mechanisms. The withdrawal of the rods allows more water-moderator into the core region and increases moderation of the core. This, in effect, introduces reactivity worth at a time when fuel depletion is causing a reactivity worth depletion. Thus, the reactivity of the core can be maintained at appropriate levels for a longer time. The withdrawal of the rods can continue at a selective rate (depending on core conditions) until, near the end of core life, all displacer rods 40 and all gray rods 82 have been withdrawn from the core. The selection and manipulation of the displacer rods can be chosen in the manner disclosed in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 217,054 filed Dec. 16, 1980 in the name of A. J. Impink entitled &#34;Spectral Shift Reactor Control Method&#34; and assigned to the Westinghouse Electric Corporation. 
     The displacer rods can be used at start-up to displace approximately 20% of the core water volume and can remain inserted until the boron shim concentration nears zero ppm which is approximately 60% into the fuel cycle. The use of displacer rods in this manner can result in approximately 10% reduction in uranium fuel requirements for a given core life which results in an 10% fuel cost savings. In addition, the use of burnable poison rods can be effectively eliminated, a further cost reduction. 
     Therefore, it can be seen that the invention provides a means to effectively control the reactivity of a nuclear reactor through moderator control by the use of displacer rods.