Abstract:
An optoelectronic (OE) package or system and method for fabrication is disclosed which includes a silicon layer with a wiring layer. The silicon layer has an optical via for allowing light to pass therethrough. An optical coupling layer is bonded to the silicon layer, and the optical coupling layer includes a plurality of microlenses for focusing and or collimating the light through the optical via. One or more first OE elements are coupled to the silicon layer and electrically communicating with the wiring. At least one of the first OE elements positioned in optical alignment with the optical via for receiving the light. A second OE element embedded within the wiring layer. A carrier may be interposed between electrical interconnect elements and positioned between the wiring layer and a circuit board.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    The present patent application is a divisional application of copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/544,710, filed Aug. 20, 2009. Further, the present patent application is related to the following commonly-owned, co-pending U.S. patent application filed on even date herewith, the entire contents and disclosure of which is expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety: U.S. patent application Ser. No. (24252A), for “3D OPTOELECTRONIC PACKAGING”. Additionally, the present patent application is related to the following commonly-owned, co-pending United States patent application filed on Aug. 20, 2009, the entire contents and disclosure of which is expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/544,696, for “SILICON CARRIER OPTOELECTRONIC PACKAGING”. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    The present invention relates generally to the field of integrated circuits and silicon chip technology, and more particularly, relates to a packaging system or packaging assembly and method thereof for optoelectronic devices in integrated circuits and silicon chip technology. 
         [0003]    Computer system performance is increasingly important in current computer systems and data centers, including for example, personal computers, servers and server farms. Computer performance is measured by, for example, system availability, speed of computation, processor speed, among other measurable aspects. The communication bandwidth between computers and within a computer is important in a computer system&#39;s overall performance. The current trend towards multi-core processors and multiple processors per machine requires an increase in communication between processors, and between a processor and its memory. Current use of electrical data links perform best over short distances, but they reach a performance limit as the link distance and frequency increases. Optical data links over fiber are capable of high speed communication with low loss over large distances, however, current optical transceivers are bulky and expensive compared with their electrical counterparts. 
         [0004]    Therefore, there is a need for a system or assembly/package and a method for reducing the size of optical transceivers used in computers, integrated circuits and chips. It would also be desirable for a system or assembly/package and method to lower the cost of using optical transceivers in computers, integrated circuits and chips. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY 
       [0005]    In an aspect of the invention, an optoelectronic (OE) assembly for a semiconductor or computer chip includes a silicon layer including a wiring layer. The silicon layer defines at least one optical via for allowing light to pass therethrough. An optical coupling layer is bonded to the silicon layer, and the optical coupling layer includes a plurality of microlenses for focusing and or collimating the light through the optical via. At least one first OE element is coupled to the silicon layer and electrically communicating with the wiring layer. The first OE element is positioned in optical alignment with the optical via for receiving the light, and a second OE element embedded within the wiring layer. In a related aspect, the first OE element is attached beneath the silicon layer and electrically communicating with the wiring, and the first OE element is positioned in optical alignment with the optical via for receiving the light. In another related aspect, the assembly further comprises VCSELs (vertical cavity surface emitting lasers) and/or photodiodes as the first OE element. The assembly may further include a plurality of interconnect elements electrically communicating with the wiring layer for attaching the assembly to an additional element providing an additional level of packaging. In a related aspect, the first OE element includes a vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSEL) and/or a photodiode (PD) array. The VCSEL and/or PD array may includes circuitry connected to the wiring layer, the VCSEL and/or PD array being positioned between the wiring layer and a carrier. The assembly may further include a heat spreader between the first OE element and the carrier. In a related aspect, the second OE element includes a laser diode driver (LDD) and/or a trans-impedance amplifier (TIA) including a chip having LDD/TIA circuitry. The LDD/TIA circuitry may include a circuitry pitch that is a multiple of an OE pad pitch. The assembly may further include a carrier positioned between the wiring layer of the silicon layer and a circuit board. The carrier may be electrically connecting first interconnect elements connected to the wiring layer of the silicon layer and second interconnect elements connected to the circuit board. Additionally, the assembly may include a carrier for interposing between a plurality of electrical interconnect elements including C4s and compressions bond pads. The carrier may include one or more recessed portions for housing at least one of the first OE elements. The carrier may be positioned between the wiring layer of the silicon layer and a circuit board and electrically connecting first interconnect elements connected to the wiring layer and second interconnect elements connected to the circuit board. The assembly may further include a spacer electrically connecting one or more first OE elements to a PCB. A thermal heat spreader may be positioned above one or more first OE elements and in thermal contact with the first OE elements. The assembly may also include a carrier interposer positioned over the OE elements and in thermal contact with the OE elements providing a thermal sink, and the carrier including an alignment feature for positioning the carrier in mating relation with the optical coupling layer. In a related aspect, at least one semiconductor element may be attached to the wiring layer of the silicon layer. In another related aspect, the semiconductor element is selected from a group comprising: a processor, and an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) chip. The assembly may further include at least one additional silicon layer including active devices connected to the wiring layer of the silicon layer and connected to a carrier, and the carrier electrically connected to the wiring layer and a circuit board using through vias. In a related aspect, the assembly includes a plurality of silicon spacer layers forming a frame around a bottom of the silicon layer defining a central region on the bottom of the silicon layer. In a related aspect, the silicon spacer layers thermally communicate with at least one of the first and/or second OE devices as a thermal sink. 
         [0006]    In another aspect of the invention, an optoelectronic (OE) package or system for semiconductor fabrication includes a silicon layer with a wiring layer. The silicon layer defines at least one optical via for allowing light to pass therethrough. An optical coupling layer is bonded to the silicon layer, and the optical coupling layer including a plurality of microlenses for focusing and or collimating the light through the optical via. At least one first OE element coupled to the silicon layer and electrically communicating with the wiring layer. The first OE element positioned in optical alignment with the optical via for receiving the light. A second OE element is embedded within the wiring layer. A carrier interposes between electrical interconnect elements. The carrier is positioned between the wiring layer of the silicon layer and a circuit board and the carrier electrically connecting first interconnect elements connected to the wiring layer and second interconnect elements connected to the circuit board. In a related aspect, at least one of the second OE elements is a laser diode driver and transimpedance amplifier (LDD/TIA) element, the LDD/TIA element includes a chip having circuitry. In another related aspect, the package further includes a thermal sink interposer positioned over the first OE element and in thermal contact with the first OE element, and the carrier including an alignment feature for positioning the carrier in mating relation with the optical coupling layer. The package may also include at least one additional silicon layer including active devices connected to the wiring layer of the silicon layer and the carrier. 
         [0007]    In an aspect of the invention, a method for assembling or packaging a semiconductor or chip includes: fabricating a silicon layer with a wiring layer, the silicon layer defining at least one optical via for allowing light to pass therethrough; bonding an optical coupling layer to the silicon layer, the optical coupling layer including a plurality of microlenses for focusing and or collimating the light through the optical via; coupling at least one first OE element to the silicon layer and the first OE element electrically communicating with the wiring layer; positioning the first OE element in optical alignment with the optical via for receiving the light; a second OE element embedded within the wiring layer; and interposing a carrier between electrical interconnect elements and positioning the carrier between the wiring layer of the silicon layer and a circuit board, and electrically connecting first interconnect elements to the wiring of the silicon layer and second interconnect elements to the circuit board. 
         [0008]    In a related aspect, the method includes positioning a thermal sink interposer over the first OE element and in thermal contact with the first OE element. In another relate aspect, the method includes connecting at least one additional silicon layer including active devices connected to the wiring layer of the silicon layer and the carrier. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0009]    These and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments thereof, which is to be read in connection with the accompanying drawings. The various features of the drawings are not to scale as the illustrations are for clarity in facilitating one skilled in the art in understanding the invention in conjunction with the detailed description. In the drawings: 
           [0010]      FIG. 1  is a cross sectional side elevational view of an integrated OE assembly according to an embodiment of the invention, including integrated drivers, OE elements, and optical coupling elements; 
           [0011]      FIGS. 2   a ,  2   b , and  2   c , show a top, bottom and plan view of an integrated OE assembly; also shown are the integrated laser diode drivers and/or transimpedence amplifers (LDD/TIA) circuitry and wiring; 
           [0012]      FIG. 2   a  is a plan view of the integrated OE assembly shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0013]      FIG. 2   b  is a bottom view of the OE assembly shown in  FIG. 1  without the LDD/TIA elements; 
           [0014]      FIG. 2   c  is a detail view of the OE assembly shown in  FIG. 1 , depicting the wiring between the OE active region and their associated contact pads; 
           [0015]      FIG. 3  is a cross sectional side elevational view of an embodiment of an OE package including the OE assembly shown in  FIG. 1 , the OE package includes a chip carrier attached to a printed circuit board using a BGA or LGA interconnect; 
           [0016]      FIG. 4  is a cross sectional side elevational depiction of another embodiment of an integrated OE assembly with two (or more) OE elements, driver/TIA circuitry, and optical coupling elements; 
           [0017]      FIG. 5  is a cross sectional side elevational depiction of an OE package including the OE assembly shown in  FIG. 4 ; 
           [0018]      FIG. 6  is a cross sectional side elevational depiction of another embodiment of an integrated OE assembly using a multidimensional OE array; 
           [0019]      FIG. 7  is a cross sectional side elevational depiction of another embodiment of an optical coupling arrangement attached to a thick silicon wafer/chip with integrated drivers/TIAs and with an attached OE element; 
           [0020]      FIG. 8  is a cross sectional side elevational depiction of another embodiment of an integrated OE assembly with an attached processor or ASIC device; 
           [0021]      FIG. 9   a  is a cross sectional side elevational depiction of an integrated OE assembly with a through via spacer attached; 
           [0022]      FIGS. 9   b  and  9   c  are bottom views of OE assemblies with attached through via spacers; 
           [0023]      FIG. 10  is a cross sectional side elevational depiction of an OE package including an OE assembly, the OE package includes through via spacers attached to an organic, ceramic, or PCB board; and 
           [0024]      FIG. 11  is a cross sectional side elevational depiction of an OE package including an OE assembly, the OE package includes through via spacers and a top side heat spreader. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0025]    Referring to  FIG. 1 , an integrated OE assembly  10  includes a silicon wafer  14  (or thinned silicon) having circuitry/wiring layers  18 . The circuitry/wiring layers  18  drive an OE element embodied as a laser diode array (e.g., vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSEL)) and/or amplifies the signals from a photodiode (PD) array, collectively referred to as a VCSEL/PD or OE array  22 . The OE arrays  22  communicate with laser diode drivers (LDD) and transimpedance amplifiers (TIAs) collectively referred to as LDD/TIA circuitry  50 , shown in  FIG. 2   b . In the embodiment of the invention show in  FIG. 1 , LDD drivers and/or TIAs are integrated in the wiring circuitry, using LDD/TIA circuitry  54 , shown in  FIG. 2   b.    
         [0026]    It is understood that an OE element may be comprised of either active or passive components, and may serve an optical function (send, receive, direct or pass light) and an electrical function (process , amplify signals, wiring, or electrical pads, or contacts). 
         [0027]    In one embodiment of the invention, the silicon wafer  14  may be fabricated using standard CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) processes. During fabrication of the OE assembly  10 , after the circuitry/wiring layers  18  are complete, an optical through hole  30  via is fabricated there through. The OE element through hole  30  enables light to pass from the OE array (VCSEL/PD)  22  to a microlens array  34  positioned over the silicon wafer  14 . The through hole  30 , in one embodiment of the invention, may be about 10 to 200 microns in diameter and may be realized using an etch process such as a Bosch™® etch, or other etch process. The through hole may be larger, and in an alternative embodiment, a slot hole may be used to accommodate many optical ports. 
         [0028]    The microlens array  34  collimate or focuses the light to and from the OE array  22 . The silicon wafer  14  is bumped by attaching C4 balls  46 , or other interconnect elements, for example, pins, or columns. The VSCEL array (laser diode array) and/or a photodiode array  22  is bonded to, and positioned below the silicon wafer  14 . 
         [0029]    During fabrication, in another embodiment of the invention, a silicon wafer is attached to a temporary handling wafer (not shown), and is ground and polished to a thickness of about between 5 to 50 microns. After polishing, the silicon wafer may be further thinned by chemical etching (using TMAH, KOH, or other means) to just leave silicon wiring and silicon circuitry on the glass handler. By removing the bulk silicon and leaving just the silicon wiring the assembly&#39;s high speed electrical performance is improved. Also, by leaving just the silicon wiring and circuitry on the glass handler there is no need to fabricate an optical via or optical window since the bulk silicon is removed. 
         [0030]    The silicon wafer  14  is then transferred and attached to a glass wafer which contains microlenses  34  as shown in  FIG. 1 . The glass microlens array wafer may have a thickness of about 200 to 800 microns. The temporary handling wafer is then removed exposing the silicon circuitry  18  and pads  42 . The silicon wafer  14  is then bumped by attaching C4 balls  46 , or other interconnect elements, for example, pins, or columns. The next step in the fabrication of the OE assembly  10 , is to attach the OE array  22 . The VSCEL array (laser diode array) and/or a photodiode array  22  is bonded to the silicon wafer  14  using standard flip chip bonding tools (such as SUSS® Microtech flip chip bonder Model 150 or Model 250). The OE array  22  to silicon wafer  14  join may consist of, for example, C4s or micro C4s, compression bonds, or other interconnects. Thereby, the resulting OE assembly  10 , as shown in  FIG. 1 , is fabricated. Other embodiments of the fabrication of the OE assembly  10  may include the glass wafer having microlenses of spherical or aspherical shapes. The microlenses can be refractive or diffractive, or a combination of both. Alternatively, instead of glass other optically transparent materials could be used such as InP (indium phosphorus) or GaAs (gallium arsenide) or suitable optical plastic. In one embodiment of the invention, the silicon wafer may be fabricated using standard CMOS processes. Alternatively other device substrates could be used such as substrates made of, for example, SiGe, GaAs, SOI (silicon on insulator). The bonding of the glass lens wafer to the silicon wafer is performed using standard wafer to wafer bonding tools, for example, with an alignment accuracy of about +/−1 micron. 
         [0031]    Referring to  FIG. 2   a , the lens array  34  of the OE assembly  10  is shown in a 1×12 array of microlenses. It is understood that other lens arrangements are possible, such as a 1×4 array or a two dimensional array of lenses. Referring to  FIG. 2   b , the OE assembly  10  is shown with the OE array  22  removed. The interconnect pads  42  (which may be bumped with C4 solder balls) connect the OE assembly  10  and a next level of packaging. High density wiring  18  connects the pads  42  to the laser diode drivers (LDD) and/or trans-impedance amplifiers (TIA) (LDD/TIA) circuitry  54 . The LDD/TIA circuitry  54  is connected to the pads  42  to which the OE devices  22  are mounted. The through hole optical via  30  allows light  32  to pass between the microlenses  34  and the OE array  22 . When using high frequency electrical signals, controlling the electrical impedance, controlling near neighbor electrical signal crosstalk, and balance the timing skew between different channels between the input (interconnect) pads of the LDD/TIA circuitry  54  and the output (OE) pads  42  is considered to manage signal integrity. One way to manage and maintain signal integrity is by minimizing the electrical signal lines length difference between the channels in the layout of the LDD/TIA circuitry  54  layout. Another optimization of the circuitry  54  layout includes minimizing the area of the LDD/TIA circuitry  54  layout which may include placing the individual LDD/TIA channel circuitry  54  on the same pitch as the OE pads  42  or OE diodes. In another embodiment of the invention, the OE assembly  10  has LDD/TIA circuitry including a circuitry pitch that is a multiple of an OE pad pitch. 
         [0032]    Referring to  FIG. 2   c , the VCSEL array  22  contains a source region  58 . The pads  42  interconnect the source region  58  to silicon drive circuitry. The arrangement of pads is similar for photodiode (PD) arrays. It is understood that the OE array  22  may be multidimensional, for example a 2×12, 4×12 or a larger array of active elements. 
         [0033]    Referring to  FIG. 3 , two of the OE assemblies  10  shown in  FIG. 1  are mounted on a carrier  60 . The carrier  60  may be, for example, an organic laminate. The OE arrays  22  on the OE assemblies  10  protrude into cavities  64  in the carrier  60 . C4 solder balls interconnect the OE assemblies  10  to the carrier  60 . The carrier  60  is attached to a printed circuit board (PCB)  72  using a ball grid array (BGA) or land grid array (LGA) interconnect  76  having pads  77  and solder balls  78 , resulting in an OE package  80 . The carrier  60  serves as an electrical and mechanical interposer between the OE assembly  10  and the PCB  72 . 
         [0034]    Referring to  FIG. 4 , another embodiment of an OE assembly  90  includes two OE arrays  22 . Similar elements in the OE assembly  90  to elements in the OE assembly  10  shown in  FIG. 1 , have the same reference numerals. It is understood that the number of OE arrays may be extended beyond two arrays. It is also understood that the combination VCSEL and photodiode arrays  22  may be used on the OE assembly  90  to function as a transceiver. 
         [0035]    Referring to  FIG. 5 , the OE assembly  90  shown in  FIG. 4  is connected to the carrier  60  with the two OE arrays  22  in a recess  65  in the carrier  60 . The carrier is connected to PCB  72  using BGA/LGA interconnect  76  to form an OE package  100 . The carrier  60  also provides an electrical and mechanical interposer between the OE assembly  90  and the PCB  72 . A heat spreader  68  is positioned between the bottom of the recess  65  and the OE arrays  22 . The heat spreader  68  may be used to transfer heat from the OE arrays  22  and CMOS devices such as the integrated LDD drivers/TIA  50 ,  54 , to the side of the package  100  for removal, for example, by an air cooled heat sink, a water cooled heat sink, or by other standard heat removal devices. 
         [0036]    Referring to  FIG. 6 , an OE assembly  110  includes a multidimensional OE array (VCSEL/PD array)  114 . In the OE assembly  110 , like features with respect to the OE assembly  90  shown in  FIG. 4  have the same reference numerals. The multidimensional array  114  enables dense packing of OE devices, such as VCSELs and PDs, on a single OE chip, such as the thinned silicon wafer  14  of the OE assembly  110 . 
         [0037]    Referring to  FIG. 7 , another embodiment of an OE arrangement  120  includes a silicon wafer  124  which is thicker than in the previous embodiments. However, like features with respect to the OE assembly  10  shown in  FIG. 1  have the same reference numerals. The silicon wafer  124  may be, for example, about 100 to 800 microns thick. An optical coupling glass wafer/lens array  128  is reversed with respect to the previous embodiment of the invention, such that the microlens array  128  faces the OE array  22 . The present embodiment is advantageous because less grinding and polishing of the silicon wafer  124  is required. 
         [0038]    Referring to  FIG. 8 , an OE assembly  130  includes an additional device attached to the silicon wafer  14 , and like features with respect to the OE assembly  10  shown in  FIG. 1  have the same reference numerals. The additional device may be a processor or ASIC (application specific integrated circuit) device as shown in  FIG. 8 . In one embodiment, the additional device  138  is positioned as close as possible to the VCSE 1 /PD  22  to minimize the electrical power and cost by incorporating some or all of the LDD circuitry  154  within the additional device. In another embodiment, it may be desirable to use standard (non-custom) additional device(s) where the needed LDD/TIA circuitry  154  requirements are in the thinned silicon  14 . 
         [0039]    Referring to  FIG. 9   a , an OE assembly  140  includes a through via  148  silicon spacer  144 . In the OE assembly  140 , like features with respect to the OE assembly  90  shown in  FIG. 4  have the same reference numerals. The silicon spacer  144  may also incorporate passive and/or active electrical components  152 , as well as provide the electrical pad  42  interposing between the OE assembly  140  and the PCB  72  as shown in  FIG. 10  resulting in an OE package  160 . The OE assembly  140  also includes underfill  153  as shown in  FIG. 9   a . Referring to  FIG. 10 , a heat spreader  164  is used to transfer heat away from the LDD chip/TIA  50 , and OE devices  22 . 
         [0040]    Referring to  FIGS. 9   b  and  9   c , the silicon spacers  144  may be positioned individually around the periphery of the silicon wafer  14  with the OE arrays  22  centrally positioned, as shown in  FIG. 9   b . Alternatively, the silicon spacer  144  may be a single part with a center opening  156  receiving the OE arrays  22 . 
         [0041]    Referring to  FIG. 10 , the OE assembly shown in  FIG. 9  may be mounted on a further organic, or ceramic, or other suitable substrate. A heat spreader (made of a high thermal conductive material) may be positioned below the OE assembly to aid the removal of heat from the OE devices and drive circuitry. 
         [0042]    Referring to  FIG. 11 , the OE assembly  140  is part of an OE package  170  including an extended silicon spacer  174  and a top side heat spreader  172 . The silicon spacer  174  also serves as a thermal interposer between the thinned silicon  14  and the heat spreader  172 . The top side heat spreader  172  may also incorporate a feature, such as a notch or curvature  173 , to align an optical connector (not shown). The heat spreader  172  may be passively aligned to the lens array by referencing the lens edge or referencing a lithographically defined notch on the top of the lens array. Instead of incorporation the VCSEL drive circuitry in the thinned silicon layer as shown, separate CMOS driver chips (not shown) may be mounted adjacent to the OE devices . 
         [0043]    Thereby, the OE packages and OE assemblies shown in the embodiments of the invention, integrate the OE transceiver elements in a compact space. Thereby, the present invention provides a system and assembly of integrated packaging, and a method of integrated packaging for reducing the size and lowering the cost of optical transceivers. More specifically, the optoelectronic drivers and receivers are processed and packaged with optical coupling elements, and OE (VCSEL and PD) elements using a wafer scale packaging technology, together with 3D stacking, for integrating the elements in a compact space, resulting in improved density of components and lower cost manufacturing or fabrication. 
         [0044]    While the present invention has been particularly shown and described with respect to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that changes in forms and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present application. It is therefore intended that the present invention not be limited to the exact forms and details described and illustrated herein, but falls within the scope of the appended claims.