Abstract:
The invention relates to a semiconductor device with a semiconductor body comprising a CMOS image sensor with a plurality of active pixels arranged in rows and columns each pixel comprising a pinned photodiode and a plurality of transistors for operating the pixel in the image forming process and including reset means. 
     According to the invention the semiconductor device comprises also precharge means by which the photodiode can be precharged by a fixed amount of charge carriers after it has been reset by the reset means. In this way the sensors has a highly linear response, in particular at low light/radiation level, and a very low noise. The sensor is very suitable for X-ray/medical applications.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The invention relates to a semiconductor device comprising a CMOS image sensor as being recited in the preamble of claim  1 . It is to be noted that in this application C-MOS image sensor means that the sensor is based on CMOS (=Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) technology or on NMOS technology or on PMOS technology. In CMOS technology both NMOS and PMOS technology is used. 
         [0002]    Such sensors have been in use for imaging transmission patterns from ionizing radiation, that without limitation are used in medical diagnostics. A high charge capacity and a low noise are essential for such a sensor in general but in particular for said application. Prior art, in particular US Patent Application US 2005/0017245 to Manabe et al. that has been published on Jan. 27, 2005 uses CMOS image sensor having a so-called 4 T pixel which means that it comprises a photodiode and four transistors, in this case a transfer transistor, a source follower transistor, a reset transistor, and a select transistor. The photodiode is pinned. That means that its structure is such that at a certain voltage, the so-called pin voltage (Vpin), the surface potential of the np-diode (i.e. the upper pn junction) is “pinned” to the p-well or p-substrate through the presence of a (thin) p+ region above the np-diode. Both the surface state shielding by pinning the photodiode and the low maximum electrical field in such a photodiode with two junctions (pnp structure) results in a low leakage current and low shot-noise. Such a device also has a very low reset noise provided that the diode is completely depleted after reset. 
         [0003]    On the other hand, such a device has the disadvantage that its photodiode does not have a very high charge capacity. This is mainly related to the capacity limitation of the sense node in such a 4 T configuration. Moreover, also the relatively large number of transistors, i.e. 4 pro pixel, requires more surface area and contributes to some extend to a lower charge capacity of the known device. In particular for the envisaged medical application of X-ray imaging, a high charge capacity for each pixel is very desirable. Furthermore in a 4 T configuration a so-called nondestructive readout is not possible since the detected charge is necessarily transferred from the photodiode to a sense node and thus is lost for further detection. The present inventors have recognized that these disadvantages can be overcome in a manner implying that also the noise is low and a linear response is obtained. 
       SUMMARY TO THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    In consequence, amongst other things, it is an object of the present invention to provide a CMOS image sensor that shows a highly linear response and has a low noise. 
         [0005]    Now therefore, according to one of its aspects, the semiconductor device according to the invention is characterized according to the characterizing part of Claim  1 . Such charge can be introduced in various manners. A preferred way to introduce said precharge is to position a preset gate close to the photodiode. Such a preset gate can be provided with charge on a suitable moment by collecting a fixed charge from the photodiode in a special reset state. At another suitable moment said preset gate can be triggered by changing the gate voltage to discharge its charge to the photodiode in order to precharge the latter before the start of obtaining a signal in the pixel, i.e. the imaging and integration stage. The value of the predetermined pre-charge below the preset gate can be varied in a simple and effective manner by adjusting the preset gate voltage. 
         [0006]    The invention is based on the following recognitions. Firstly, that the use of such a preset gate enables the use of a 3 T (=three transistor) without introducing other disadvantages like a high noise or non-linearity. By using a 3 T configuration for a pixel the charge capacity is considerably increased. Moreover, such a 3 T architecture is a suitable non-destructive read-out since in such a structure the read-out is directly from the photodiode and the collected charge thus remains available for further processing. 
         [0007]    Furthermore, the invention is based on the recognition that a non linear response at low light/radiation condition that may be occur can be avoided if the last steep part of a CV (=Capacitance Voltage) curve of the photodiode towards the minimum capacitance can be avoided. The inventors further have realized that on the one hand said steep part of the CV curve can be avoided by introducing a fixed and predetermined charge package into the photodiode after full reset. In this way, the region of the CV curve corresponding with the non-linear response is avoided. On the other hand, said introduction can be done in a manner introducing relatively little noise. The latter can be illustrated as follows. The (minimal) reset capacitance of the photodiode Creset can be as low as 1.7 fF. A preset gate will introduce a capacitance Cpreset of about  4  fF. The noise associated herewith can be obtained from: Noise=SQRT (kT (Creset+Cpreset)/Q which is about 30 e − . A photodiode, of a normal 3 T pixel sensor device, has a capacitance C of about  60  fF, which implies that the noise is about 100 e − . This is considerably higher. Remark: the numbers above form an example. It is not specific to this invention. Thus, in summary the present invention allows for the use of a 3 T pixel structure with the advantages of a high-charge capacity and a non-destructive read-out while at the same time a linear response, in particular at low light/radiation level, and low noise, in particular associated with the reset, are obtained. 
         [0008]    The doping concentration and the thickness of the charge-collecting region of the photodiode, i.e. the n-type region in case of a pnp photodiode, are chosen such that the charge capacity is maximum and the pin voltage (Vpin) is about equal to the reset voltage (Vreset). In this way, on the one hand the sensitivity of the image sensor is maximal and on the other hand the advantages of the pinning are available up to and during reset. Said collecting region is preferably formed by implantation, e.g. an implantation of n-type impurities into a p-type substrate. Dose and energy of said implantation are to be selected according to the above criteria. The surface p +  region is preferably formed by a shallow implantation. 
         [0009]    In a preferred embodiment a device according to the invention comprises three transistors. Such a 3 T (=three transistors) pixel has among others the advantage that it enables a very high charge capacity of the photodiode. This is particularly desirable for the envisaged application. 
         [0010]    Preferably the amount of pre-charge carriers is such that it corresponds with the integral in the capacitance-voltage characteristic of the photodiode from a voltage after reset at which the capacitance is substantially zero to a voltage substantially equal to the reference voltage and with a non-zero capacitance lying just before the onset of non-linearity in said capacitance-voltage characteristic. 
         [0011]    The invention also comprises a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device as described in claim  10 . 
     
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
         [0012]    These and further features, aspects and advantages of the invention will be discussed more in detail hereinafter with reference to the disclosure of a preferred embodiment of the invention, and in particular with reference to the appended Figures that illustrate: 
           [0013]      FIG. 1 , an overall arrangement of a preferred apparatus of which the invention forms part; 
           [0014]      FIG. 2 , a circuit arrangement of a pixel of a device of the embodiment; 
           [0015]      FIG. 3 , a relevant part of the semiconductor body comprising the photodiode; 
           [0016]      FIG. 4 , the effect of the doping concentration in the photodiode; 
           [0017]      FIG. 5 , the size of the precharge in function of the preset gate voltage Vpg; 
           [0018]      FIG. 6 , the effect of the precharge on the response of the photodiode 
           [0019]      FIG. 7 , a time-diagram of the various operations. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0020]      FIG. 1  illustrates an overall embodiment of an apparatus in which a semiconductor device according to the present invention may be applied. Herein, a source  22  of irradiation, such as X-ray, is made to temporarily irradiate an object  26 , such as a human person or a part thereof. The purpose of irradiation can be diagnostic, which will be considered to be the case here. In principal, other purposes are feasible, such as recognized by persons skilled in the art. The transmission pattern of the radiation (X-rays being first converted to photons) is measured by a C-MOS array  28 , and upon termination of the irradiation period, read out for use by a radiologist or other. 
         [0021]    Now, the operation is started by a start command on control terminal  20 . At this instant, a reset command will be given to measuring CMOS array  28  and to the combining or arithmetic means  30 . Furthermore, the irradiation of object  26  will commence, and the irradiation will lead to charge accumulation in the cells of CMOS array  28 . A subset of multiple distributed C-MOS cells across the array may be targeted for contributing to a dose measurement. This contribution is effected by repeated non-destructive readout thereof to arithmetic means  30 . The readout of array  28  is effected in relatively brief intervals wherein the irradiation can be paused if necessary. If necessary, a certain calibration factor can be applied for converting the reading acquired to an actual dose figure. Now, if the right dose has been attained, a termination signal can appear on line  34 . On the one hand, this will signal irradiation facility  22  to stop more or less immediately. On the other hand, this will signal evaluation device  32  to read out all CMOS for outputting the measured transmission image on line  36  for further usage. 
         [0022]    It is to be noted that a device according to the present invention can be applied however in another apparatus used in or suitable for medical X-ray applications. In fact, the device according to the present invention can also be applied advantageously outside the field of (medical) X-ray applications. 
         [0023]      FIG. 2  illustrates a circuit arrangement of a pixel of a device of a preferred embodiment of a semiconductor device according to the invention. The circuit is a so-called 3 T circuit which has been extended with a preset gate PG. It contains, apart from the photodiode PD and said preset gate PG not more than three transistors T 1 ,T 2 ,T 3 . At the beginning of a read cycle, a pulse is applied on the gate  21  of the reset transistor T 1  to set the photodiode PD on a fixed reference voltage (Vref, at node  25 ) derived from the voltage on node  27 . The integration starts when the reset pulse is disabled. Furthermore, the preset gate PG functions as a capacitance for a preset charge. At a suitable stage during reset said preset charge can be deducted from the charge in the photodiode PD. At another suitable moment during reset, said well determined charge below the preset gate PG will be brought into the photodiode PD. For more detail in this respect, we refer here to  FIG. 7  and the corresponding part of the description. The photo-diode PD is exposed to light and discharges the node voltage at a given rate depending on the light intensity and the integration time. A source follower T 2  buffers the node voltage on the photo-diode. The gate voltage on this source follower T 2  is copied to the source of the transistor T 2 . With the select transistor T 3 , the signal of the source follower T 2  is dumped on the column  29  where it is amplified and send to the data path for further data processing. 
         [0024]      FIG. 3  illustrates in particular a relevant part of the semiconductor body comprising the photodiode. The semiconductor device  10  comprises a semiconductor body  1  with a substrate  11 , in this example a p-type substrate with a doping concentration of about 10 18  at/cm 3 . On top thereof a p-type epitaxial layer  12  is present with a doping concentration of about 10 15  at/cm 3 . In the latter, an n-type charge collecting region  2  of the photodiode PD is formed, here by ion implantation. In this example dose and energy for said phosphor implantation are 1.5×10 12  at/cm 2  and 180 keV respectively. Above said region  2 , a shallow p +  region  13  is formed also by ion implantation, thus completing the pnp structure of the pinned photodiode PD. The charge collecting/radiation sensitive region  2  is provided with a contact region  3 . On top of the surface of the semiconductor body  1  a p +  region  14  is present bordering the preset gate structure PG surrounded by spacers and on top of a gate dielectric and which is positioned close to the photodiode PD. Also present is reset gate structure RG which is positioned between the contact region  3  of the photodiode PD and a sunken n-type region  4  on which the reset voltage is available. 
         [0025]      FIG. 4  illustrates the effect of the doping concentration in the photodiode. Curves  40 , 42 , 44 , 46  are CV (=Capacitance Voltage) curves of a photodiode PD. Plotted is the capacitance C in electron/Volt as a function of the Voltage for various energy/dose values for the ion implantation by which the n-type region  2  of the photodiode PD is formed. The implantation energy was always 180 keV. The fluxes are 7×10 11  at/cm 2  for curve  40 , 1×10 12  at/cm 2  for curve  42 , 1.5×10 12  at/cm 2  for curve  44  and 2×10 12  at/cm 2  for curve  46 . The integral of each curve represents the total charge that can be collected for each photodiode PD in question. Obviously curve  46  corresponds with a maximum. However, the requirement that both reset voltage Vreset and pin voltage Vpin are around 2.5 to 3 Volt implies that for this example curve  44  represents the optimal situation. The cross-hedged area  41  below this curve between about 2.5 and 3.0 Volt corresponds with the total charge Q that is to be used for precharging the photodiode after complete reset at 3 Volt. In this way, a non-linear response of the photodiode PD at low light/radiation level condition is effectively and in a simple way avoided since integration is started after the charge injection by the preset gate. Said preset charge Q can be adjusted by adjusting the voltage Vpg on the preset gate PG. It is to be noted here that for Vpg is preferably selected as high as possible. Thus for a given precharge desired, the area of the preset gate is accordingly preferably selected to be minimal, this in view of obtaining a low capacitance. 
         [0026]      FIG. 5  shows the size of the precharge charge Q in function of the preset gate voltage Vpg and the photo-diode at zero volt. As expected for a capacitance, curve  50  demonstrates an almost linear relation between Q and Vpg. 
         [0027]      FIG. 6  illustrates the effect of the precharge on the response of the exposed photodiode. Curves  6 , 8  show the response SNV (=Sense Node Voltage) as a function of the time t respectively for a semiconductor device without and with the present invention incorporated. Region  60  corresponds with reset of the photodiode. Region  62  corresponds with the situation where the reset transistor is turned off. At point  64  of curve  6 , the integration starts. The non-linear part of curve  6  immediately after point  64  shows that a photodiode without the invention has a non-linear response at low light/radiation level. 
         [0028]    This is quite contrary to the situation of curve  8  which corresponds with the response of a photodiode PD in a device according to the invention. At point  85  the preset gate PG is charged. Region  80  relates (as period  60 ) with the reset of the photodiode. Region  82  corresponds with region  62 . Now, according to the invention, at point  88  a precharge Q that corresponds with charge  41  in  FIG. 4  is injected into the photodiode resulting in a second voltage drop. The integration starts at point  84  and curve  8  of  FIG. 6  shows that as of that point  84 , the response is perfectly linear, including at the beginning, which corresponds with a low light/radiation level situation. Thus, in a device according to the invention, a non-linearity in the response of the photodiode PD can be completely avoided, while at the same a low reset noise is obtained. These are in practice important advantages. 
         [0029]      FIG. 7 , shows a time-diagram of the various operations. Curves  70 ,  72 ,  74  and  76  show in a qualitative manner the values of Sample/Hold, Vref, Vrg (=the gate voltage of the reset transistor) and Vpg (=the gate voltage of the preset gate) in time. The timing diagram from  FIG. 7  shows the control sequence for the pixel in a device according to the invention. It starts with the end of the (previous) integrate period  71 . At the end of this integrate period  71 , the signal is sampled as indicated in the Sample/Hold sequence  70 . After reading the signal, the photo-diode is set at zero volt as indicated in sequence  72 . This setting is done by activating the gate of the reset transistor (see sequence  74 ) which imposes the Vref voltage on the photo-diode. At this interval  73 , also the Vpg gate voltage is active (see sequence  76 ), attracting electrons from the photo-diode to the preset gate. Next, during the ‘reset’ period  75 , the reference voltage is put to high, emptying the photo-diode well. When the well is emptied and the Vreset is put off again, the Vpg signal is put low again during the ‘discharging preset gate’ period  77  as shown in sequence  76 , injecting the stored electrons under the preset gate into the empty photo-diode well. The resulting voltage of the photo-diode is sampled as being the reference voltage (Vref) at the end of period  77 . 
         [0030]    Thus the net signal voltage, corresponding with the total amount of charge created by the photons impinging on the photodiode, is the difference between the signal sampled during the integrate period and the reference voltage. 
         [0031]    The difference between the above control scheme and a ‘normal’ 3 T pixel operation mode is besides the addition of a preset gate, also that the photo-diode is put to about zero volt, or at least to a low voltage, intermediate before doing the real ‘reset’ operation to a high Vref voltage. 
         [0032]    Another essential difference with a “normal” 3 T pixel device is, apart from the fact that it is pinned by the use of a thin surface p+ region, that the doping concentration and thickness of the charge collecting region of the photodiode are chosen such that the charge capacity is maximal and the pin voltage (=Vpin, the voltage with complete depletion) is about equal to the reset voltage (Vreset). 
         [0033]    Now, the present invention has hereabove been disclosed with reference to preferred embodiments thereof. Persons skilled in the art will recognize that numerous modifications and changes may be made thereto without exceeding the scope of the appended Claims. In consequence, the embodiments should be considered as being illustrative, and no restriction should be construed from those embodiments, other than as have been recited in the Claims. 
         [0034]    As an example it is noted here that the precharge means are not limited to a preset gate. Although the latter is a very much preferred, other preset means than a capacitance like a preset gate are feasible. For an example the amount of preset charge could be delivered by a current source during a well-determined time interval. The latter could be determined using a clock.