Abstract:
A method of designing an electronic circuit system with multiple Field Effect Transistors (FETs) made by a variety of nonstandard industrial processes is presented. With this method, the circuit parameters of the various components of the individual functional building blocks of the circuit system are systematically adjusted to minimize the many deteriorating effects resulting from system-level interactions among these functional building blocks. In one embodiment, the method is applied to a Silicon On Insulator (SOI) CMOS IC that is a Divide-by-16 divider where the functional building blocks are four Divide-by-2 dividers. The resulting drastic improvement of output signal ripple from each divider stage is graphically presented. In another embodiment, the method is applied to another SOI CMOS IC that is a Bang Bang Phase Detector where the functional building blocks are three Master Slave D-Type Flip Flops. The resulting drastic improvement of output signal ripple is also graphically presented.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part application of a prior U.S. application of Ser. No. 09/947,643, filed Sep. 5, 2001 by the same inventors, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,433,595. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to the field of data communication. More particularity, the present invention concerns a generic design methodology of a new family of Field Effect Transistor (FET) Integrated Circuits (IC) made of a nonstandard industrial process. Thus, its direct applications include a variety of subsystem and system functions such as Master Slave D-type Flip Flop (MS-DFF), Divider, Bang Bang Phase Detector (BBPD), Frequency Detection (FD), Phase and Frequency Detection (PFD), Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) and Phase Locked Loop (PLL) in an optical switch IC for data communication. 
     Optical Fiber has been used in voice and data communication for some time now due to its high bandwidth and excellent signal quality resulting from its immunity to electromagnetic interference. The inherent optical data rate from a modulated single-mode laser beam travelling through an optical fiber is expected to well exceed 1000 Gbit/sec. However, short of a completely optical communication system, the practically realizable bandwidth of fiber optical communication systems has been limited by the need of signal conversion between optical and electrical domain and the associated electronics hardware. While the usage of standard industrial CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) ICs, having a moderate speed capability, has already migrated into the electronics hardware for optical communication systems due to their advantage of low manufacturing cost, low operating power consumption, low supply voltage requirement and fairly good circuit density, FETs made of a nonstandard industrial process should still be employed for a variety of niche or as yet unforeseen future applications. For example, an IC made of a nonstandard CMOS process, called CMOS Silicon On Insulator (CMOS SOI), with an insulating substrate such as Sapphire, although quite expensive, processes the unique advantage of extremely low parasitic capacitance thus the potential of an operating speed even higher than that of a Bipolar IC made of a standard industrial process. 
     Notwithstanding the potential of these nonstandard FET ICs, to approach their fundamental speed capability in real circuits for such ultra high speed applications, a balanced systems design methodology must be developed. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to a new family of FET ICs made with nonstandard industrial processes and a corresponding generic design methodology. 
     The first objective of this invention is to achieve a generic design methodology for a family of FET ICs made with nonstandard industrial processes with a reduced amount of signal ripple after the respective logic signal levels are reached following a switching operation. 
    
    
     Other objectives, together with the foregoing are attained in the exercise of the invention in the following description and resulting in the embodiment illustrated in the accompanying drawings. 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
     The current invention will be better understood and the nature of the objectives set forth above will become apparent when consideration is given to the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments. For clarity of explanation, the detailed description further makes reference to the attached drawings herein: 
     FIG. 1 shows a typical circuit architecture of a Divide-by-2 divider with current mode switching; 
     FIG. 2A shows a logic functional block representation of the Divide-by-2 divider shown in FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 2B is a logic functional block diagram of a typical Divide-by-16 divider using the Divide-by-2 divider from FIG. 1; 
     FIG.  2 C and FIG. 2D respectively illustrates a standard CMOS transistor structure and a nonstandard CMOS transistor structure for the implementation of the Divide-by-16 divider of FIG.  2 B. 
     FIG.  2 E and FIG. 2F respectively illustrates the capacitance model of a standard CMOS transistor structure and a nonstandard CMOS transistor structure for the implementation of the Divide-by-16 divider of FIG.  2 B. 
     FIG. 3A compares the output signal ripple between a typical practice and the current invention of a first building block of Divide-by-2 divider for the Divide-by-16 divider in FIG. 2B; 
     FIG. 3B compares the output signal ripple between a typical practice and the current invention of a second building block of Divide-by-2 divider for the Divide-by-16 divider in FIG. 2B; 
     FIG. 3C compares the output signal ripple between a typical practice and the current invention of a third building block of Divide-by-2 divider for the Divide-by-16 divider in FIG. 2B; 
     FIG. 3D compares the output signal ripple between a typical practice and the current invention of a fourth building block of Divide-by-2 divider for the Divide-by-16 divider in FIG. 2B; 
     FIG. 4 shows a typical circuit architecture of an MS-DFF with current mode switching; 
     FIG. 5A shows a logic functional block representation of the MS-DFF as shown in FIG. 4; 
     FIG. 5B is a logic functional block diagram of a typical BBPD using the MS-DFF from FIG. 4 as its logic building block; 
     FIG.  6 A and FIG. 6B compare the output signal ripple between a typical practice and the current invention of the BBPD in FIG. 5B; and 
     FIG.  7 A and FIG. 7B respectively illustrates a standard CMOS transistor structure and another nonstandard CMOS transistor structure for the implementation of the Divide-by-16 divider of FIG.  2 B and the BBPD of FIG.  5 B. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     In the following detailed description of the present invention, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will become obvious to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well known methods, procedures, components, and circuitry have not been described in detail to avoid unnecessary obscuring aspects of the present invention. The detailed description is presented largely in terms of logic blocks and other symbolic representations that directly or indirectly resemble the operations of signal processing devices coupled to networks. These descriptions and representations are the means used by those experienced or skilled in the art to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. 
     Reference herein to “one embodiment” or an “embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristics described in connection with the embodiment can be included in at least one embodiment of the invention. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, nor are separate or alternative embodiments mutually exclusive of other embodiments. Further, the order of blocks in process flowcharts or diagrams representing one or more embodiments of the invention do not inherently indicate any particular order nor imply any limitations of the invention. 
     FIG. 1 shows a typical circuit architecture of a Divide-by-2 DIVIDER  1  with current mode switching. In this exemplary illustration the supply voltage AVDD is shown to be 1.8 Volt although other values could be used just as well, for example 2.5 Volt. AGND designates “analog ground” and VCS is a bias voltage applied to the gates of transistors Mc 1  and Mc 2  to set up a corresponding amount of source current flowing through them. Through DIVIDER  1 , the frequency of a differential signal between CLK  11  and CLK  12  will be divided in half as the differential signal between Q  13  and Q  14 . The various active NMOS transistors are designated as Mc 1 , Mc 2 , M 1 , M 2 , . . . , and M 16 . The four pull-up resistors are designated R 3 , R 4 , R 13  and R 14 . For those skilled in the art, this type of circuitry is manufacturable with a standard CMOS IC as well as a variety of nonstandard CMOS IC processes. In addition, if DIVIDER  1  could be quantitatively designed to provide a high quality signal output at a high CLK frequency, such as 2.5 GHz for OC-48 communication, then DIVIDER  1  can be used as one of the fundamental building blocks of a low cost optical switch for an optical network. For convenience, the associated logic functional block representation is shown in FIG.  2 A. 
     FIG. 2B is a logic functional block diagram of a typical Divide-by-16 DIVIDER  60  using the Divide-by-2 divider from FIG. 1 as its logic building block. Specifically, the replicated logic building blocks are labeled as DIVIDER  20 , DIVIDER  30 , DIVIDER  40  and DIVIDER  50 . For those skilled in the art, it can be easily seen that the frequency of INPUT CLOCK  21  gets divided by two (2) as differential signal Q−Q=DOUT 1  at the output of DIVIDER  20 . Likewise, the frequency of INPUT CLOCK  21  gets divided by four (4) as differential signal Q−Q=DOUT 2  at the output of DIVIDER  30 . The frequency of INPUT CLOCK  21  gets divided by eight (8) as differential signal Q−Q=DOUT 3  at the output of DIVIDER  40 . Finally, the frequency of INPUT CLOCK  21  gets divided by sixteen (16) as differential signal Q−Q=DOUT 4  at the output of DIVIDER  50 . 
     FIG.  2 C and FIG. 2D respectively illustrates the cross sections, with some typical dimensions shown, of a standard CMOS transistor structure and a nonstandard CMOS transistor structure that will be used for the implementation of the Divide-by-16 divider of FIG.  2 B. The standard CMOS structural substrate of FIG. 2C comprises an N substrate  31  and a P-well  32 . The N substrate  31  is biased at a voltage VBB. Within the N substrate  31  are built-in P source and drain  35 . Within the P-well  32  are built-in N+source and drain  34 . On top of the P-well  32  are formed a number of Silicon Dioxide  37  which in turn are selectively deposited with another number of metal  39 . Additionally, a selected number of the Silicon Dioxide  37  are embedded with a corresponding number of Polysilicon gate  38  forming the gates of their respective NMOS and PMOS transistors. The complete standard CMOS circuit is driven by a gate voltage Gate and powered with voltages VSS and GND. 
     The nonstandard CMOS transistor structure of FIG. 2D, to be used for the implementation of the Divide-by-16 divider of FIG. 2B, is called a Silicon On Insulator (SOI) structure having an insulating sapphire substrate  41  of thickness 27 mm, or 27000 μm. The insulating sapphire substrate.  41  is biased at a voltage VBB. Similar to the standard CMOS transistor structure, the various CMOS circuit components are formed with a number of N+ source and drain  44 , a number P source and drain  45 , a number of Silicon Dioxide  47  with selectively embedded Polysilicon gate  48  and deposited metal  49 . Likewise, the complete nonstandard CMOS circuit is driven by a gate voltage Gate and powered with voltages VSS and GND. 
     FIG.  2 E and FIG. 2F respectively illustrates the capacitance model of a standard CMOS transistor structure and a nonstandard CMOS transistor structure for the implementation of the Divide-by-16 divider of FIG.  2 B. The standard CMOS capacitance model  51  of FIG. 2E comprises various capacitive components for each externally accessible node. For example, for the node Gate the corresponding capacitive components are: 
     Cgs, Cgd and Cgb. 
     For another example, for the node VBB, a substrate connection, the corresponding capacitive components are: 
     Cgb, Csb and Cdb, etc. 
     Qualitatively, the SOI CMOS capacitance model  52  of FIG. 2F is, as shown, really the same as the standard CMOS capacitance model  51 . However, quantitatively the capacitance values are seen to be quite different between the standard CMOS structure and the SO CMOS structure. For convenience, the following tables relist the approximate value of various capacitive components relevant to the operational speed of both the standard CMOS and the SOI CMOS transistor structure: 
     Standard CMOS Transistor Structure Capacitances 
     Cd=1.4 fF/μm 2  (10 −15  Farad/μm 2 ) 
     Cg=7.8 fF/μm 2  (10 −15  Farad/μm 2 ) 
     Cs=5.0 fF/μm 2  (10 −15  Farad/μm 2 ) 
     Cb=2.0 fF/μm 2  (10 −15  Farad/μm 2 ) 
     SOI CMOS TRANSISTOR STRUCTURE CAPACITANCES 
     Cd=0.6 fF/μm 2    
     Cg=2.4 fF/μm 2    
     Cs=1.6 fF/μm 2    
     Cb=0.2 fF/μm 2    
     Notice that, for the case of the standard CMOS structure of FIG. 2C, the various N+ source and drain  34  within the P-well  32  are only separated from the conductive N substrate  31  by a distance less than 1-2 μm in thickness. Additionally, the various P source and drain  35  are in direct contact, although through a correspondingly formed reverse-biased diode structure, with the conductive N substrate  31 . Therefore, the value of capacitance Cb under the standard CMOS structure is significant. However, for the case of the SOI CMOS structure of FIG. 2D, the various N+ source and drain  44  and P source and drain  45  are in direct contact with the insulating sapphire substrate  41  that is huge in thickness (27000 μm). Therefore, the value of capacitance Cb under the SOI CMOS structure has become drastically smaller than the case of standard CMOS transistor structure. Additionally, the other capacitances Cd, Cg and Cs have all become significantly smaller than their values under the standard CMOS structure. Therefore, under an otherwise identical circuit topology, the associated quantitative signal waveforms from an SOI CMOS structure will in general be drastically different from those generated with a standard CMOS structure. Thus, the just described circuit architecture will be quantitatively adjusted for the SOI CMOS structure to realize a new circuit design capable of producing higher levels of output signal quality especially suitable for high CLK frequency for optical communications and this will be presently illustrated. 
     It is well known in the art that, at the IC-design level for a given wafer process, the conductance of an MOS transistor is primarily determined by the following parameter: 
     W/L, where W=channel width and L=channel length. 
     For convenience, the following parameter is defined: 
     Electrically Equivalent Channel Geometry (EECG)=W/L. 
     Given the above definition, TABLE 1A shows a tabulated design comparison between a typical practice and the current invention of a first building block of Divide-by-2 DIVIDER  20  for the Divide-by-16 DIVIDER  60  as shown in FIG.  2 B. For example, with typical practice, transistors Mc 1  and Mc 2  both have an EECG of 60 while transistors M 1 , M 2 , M 11  and M 12  all have an EECG of 120, etc. Likewise, with the current invention, transistors Mc 1  and Mc 2  both have an EECG of 60 while transistors M 1 , M 2 , M 11  and M 12  all have an EECG of 180, etc. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1A 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Design of EECG for DIVIDER 20 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 TYPICAL PRACTICE 
                   
                 CURRENT INVENTION 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 RATIO 
                   
                   
                 RATIO 
               
               
                   
                 EECG 
                 of EECG 
                   
                 EECG 
                 of EECG 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Mc1 
                  60 
                 1 
                 Mc1 
                  60 
                 1.00 
               
               
                 Mc2 
                  60 
                 1 
                 Mc2 
                  60 
                 1.00 
               
               
                 M1 
                 120 
                 2 
                 M1 
                 180 
                 3.00 
               
               
                 M2 
                 120 
                 2 
                 M2 
                 180 
                 3.00 
               
               
                 M11 
                 120 
                 2 
                 M11 
                 180 
                 3.00 
               
               
                 M12 
                 120 
                 2 
                 M12 
                 180 
                 3.00 
               
               
                 M3 
                 120 
                 2 
                 M3 
                 200 
                 3.33 
               
               
                 M4 
                 120 
                 2 
                 M4 
                 200 
                 3.33 
               
               
                 M5 
                 120 
                 2 
                 M5 
                 240 
                 4.00 
               
               
                 M6 
                 120 
                 2 
                 M6 
                 240 
                 4.00 
               
               
                 M13 
                 120 
                 2 
                 M13 
                 200 
                 3.33 
               
               
                 M14 
                 120 
                 2 
                 M14 
                 200 
                 3.33 
               
               
                 M15 
                 120 
                 2 
                 M15 
                 240 
                 4.00 
               
               
                 M16 
                 120 
                 2 
                 M16 
                 240 
                 4.00 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     For the purpose of explanation, a separate column called “RATIO of EECG” is further defined to be the simplest possible ratio of EECG amongst the complete set of transistors for each case of design. Thus, the RATIO OF EECG for each case of design forms a separate data column. For example, under current invention of TABLE 1A the following is seen: 
     RATIO of EECG of M 3 :M 5 :M 13 =3.33:4.00:3.33, etc. 
     In this way, the salient characteristics of a quantitative design can be more easily revealed and this is illustrated respectively in TABLE 1B, TABLE 1C and TABLE 1D where a tabulated design comparison between a typical practice and the current invention of a second, a third and a fourth building block of the Divide-by-16 DIVIDER  60  is respectively shown. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1B 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Design of EECG for DIVIDER 30 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 TYPICAL PRACTICE 
                   
                 CURRENT INVENTION 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 RATIO 
                   
                   
                 RATIO 
               
               
                   
                 EECG 
                 of EECG 
                   
                 EECG 
                 of EECG 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Mc1 
                  50 
                 1 
                 Mc1 
                  50 
                 1.00 
               
               
                 Mc2 
                  50 
                 1 
                 Mc2 
                  50 
                 1.00 
               
               
                 M1 
                 100 
                 2 
                 M1 
                 120 
                 2.40 
               
               
                 M2 
                 100 
                 2 
                 M2 
                 120 
                 2.40 
               
               
                 M11 
                 100 
                 2 
                 M11 
                 120 
                 2.40 
               
               
                 M12 
                 100 
                 2 
                 M12 
                 120 
                 2.40 
               
               
                 M3 
                 100 
                 2 
                 M3 
                 120 
                 2.40 
               
               
                 M4 
                 100 
                 2 
                 M4 
                 120 
                 2.40 
               
               
                 M5 
                 100 
                 2 
                 M5 
                 480 
                 9.60 
               
               
                 M6 
                 100 
                 2 
                 M6 
                 480 
                 9.60 
               
               
                 M13 
                 100 
                 2 
                 M13 
                 120 
                 2.40 
               
               
                 M14 
                 100 
                 2 
                 M14 
                 120 
                 2.40 
               
               
                 M15 
                 100 
                 2 
                 M15 
                 480 
                 9.60 
               
               
                 M16 
                 100 
                 2 
                 M16 
                 480 
                 9.60 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1C 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Design of EECG for DIVIDER 40 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 TYPICAL PRACTICE 
                   
                 CURRENT INVENTION 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 RATIO 
                   
                   
                 RATIO 
               
               
                   
                 EECG 
                 of EECG 
                   
                 EECG 
                 of EECG 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Mc1 
                 40 
                 1 
                 Mc1 
                  40 
                 1.00 
               
               
                 Mc2 
                 40 
                 1 
                 Mc2 
                  40 
                 1.00 
               
               
                 M1 
                 80 
                 2 
                 M1 
                 100 
                 2.50 
               
               
                 M2 
                 80 
                 2 
                 M2 
                 100 
                 2.50 
               
               
                 M11 
                 80 
                 2 
                 M11 
                 100 
                 2.50 
               
               
                 M12 
                 80 
                 2 
                 M12 
                 100 
                 2.50 
               
               
                 M3 
                 80 
                 2 
                 M3 
                 100 
                 2.50 
               
               
                 M4 
                 80 
                 2 
                 M4 
                 100 
                 2.50 
               
               
                 MS 
                 80 
                 2 
                 M5 
                 900 
                 22.50 
               
               
                 M6 
                 80 
                 2 
                 M6 
                 900 
                 22.50 
               
               
                 M13 
                 80 
                 2 
                 M13 
                 100 
                 2.50 
               
               
                 M14 
                 80 
                 2 
                 M14 
                 100 
                 2.50 
               
               
                 M15 
                 80 
                 2 
                 M15 
                 900 
                 22.50 
               
               
                 M16 
                 80 
                 2 
                 M16 
                 900 
                 22.50 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1D 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Design of EECG for DIVIDER 50 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 TYPICAL PRACTICE 
                   
                 CURRENT INVENTION 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 RATIO 
                   
                   
                 RATIO 
               
               
                   
                 EECG 
                 of EECG 
                   
                 EECG 
                 of EECG 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Mc1 
                 30 
                 1 
                 Mc1 
                 30 
                 1.00 
               
               
                 Mc2 
                 30 
                 1 
                 Mc2 
                 30 
                 1.00 
               
               
                 M1 
                 60 
                 2 
                 M1 
                 80 
                 2.67 
               
               
                 M2 
                 60 
                 2 
                 M2 
                 80 
                 2.67 
               
               
                 M11 
                 60 
                 2 
                 M11 
                 80 
                 2.67 
               
               
                 M12 
                 60 
                 2 
                 M12 
                 80 
                 2.67 
               
               
                 M3 
                 60 
                 2 
                 M3 
                 80 
                 2.67 
               
               
                 M4 
                 60 
                 2 
                 M4 
                 80 
                 2.67 
               
               
                 M5 
                 60 
                 2 
                 M5 
                 1400  
                 46.67 
               
               
                 M6 
                 60 
                 2 
                 M6 
                 1400  
                 46.67 
               
               
                 M13 
                 60 
                 2 
                 M13 
                 80 
                 2.67 
               
               
                 M14 
                 60 
                 2 
                 M14 
                 80 
                 2.67 
               
               
                 M15 
                 60 
                 2 
                 M15 
                 1400  
                 46.67 
               
               
                 M16 
                 60 
                 2 
                 M16 
                 1400  
                 46.67 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Referring now to TABLEs 2-5, there are further illustrated the difference in quantitative designs of the building blocks between the typical practice and the current invention with respect to the EECG and the ratio of EECG of selected transistors. For example, the EECG and ratio of EECG of transistor M 1  under typical practice would form the following TABLE-2: 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 EECG of transistor M1 - typical practice 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 DIVIDER 20 
                 DIVIDER 30 
                 DIVDER 40 
                 DIVIDER 50 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 EECG 
                 120 
                 100 
                 80 
                 60 
               
               
                 Ratio of EECG 
                  2 
                  2 
                  2 
                  2 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     However, the corresponding EECG and ratio of EECG of transistor M 1  under the current invention would form the following TABLE-3: 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 EECG of transistor M1 - current invention 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 DIVIDER 20 
                 DIVIDER 30 
                 DIVIDER 40 
                 DIVIDER 50 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 EECG 
                 180 
                 120 
                 100 
                 80 
               
               
                 Ratio of EECG 
                  3 
                 2.4 
                 2.5 
                 2.67 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     For another example, the EECG and ratio of EECG of transistor M 13  under typical practice would form the following TABLE-4: 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 EECG of transistor M13 - typical practice 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 DIVIDER 20 
                 DIVIDER 30 
                 DIVIDER 40 
                 DIVIDER 50 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 EECG 
                 120 
                 100 
                 80 
                 60 
               
               
                 Ratio of EECG 
                  2 
                  2 
                  2 
                  2 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     However, the corresponding EECG and ratio of EECG of transistor M 13  under the current invention would form the following TABLE-5: 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 EECG of transistor M13 - current invention 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 DIVIDER 20 
                 DIVIDER 30 
                 DIVIDER 40 
                 DIVIDER 50 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 EECG 
                 200 
                 120 
                 100 
                 80 
               
               
                 Ratio of EECG 
                 3.33 
                 2.4 
                 2.5 
                 2.67 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As revealed by TABLE-2, while there is a general trend of decreasing EECG of transistor M 1  going from DIVIDER  20  to DIVIDER  50 , the respective ratios of EECG, however, remain unchanged throughout DIVIDER  20  to DIVIDER  50 , as a single designed value of 2 for transistor Ml. Likewise, TABLE-4 reveals that, while there is also a general trend of decreasing EECG of transistor M 13  going from DIVIDER  20  to DIVIDER  50 , the ratios of EECG remain unchanged throughout DIVIDER  20  to DIVIDER  50  as a single designed value of 2 for transistor M 13 . In fact, a systematic comparison of the EECGs and the ratios of EECG of the rest of the transistors of the typical practice reveals the same observation. It is therefore apparent that, with typical practice, the quantitative design of all the individual building blocks of DIVIDER  60  is essentially similar. It is understood by those skilled in the art that the general trend of decreasing EECG of all transistors going from DIVIDER  20  to DIVIDER  50  is because, as the CLK frequency gets divided down further and further, the lowered speed of circuit operation would only need correspondingly lowered level of operating current with reduced value of EECG to reduce power consumption. 
     However, referring to the building blocks of the current invention as shown in TABLE-3, which reveals that, while there is a similar general trend of decreasing EECG of transistor M 1  going from DIVIDER  20  to DIVIDER  50 , none of the respective ratios of EECG shares a single designed value common to all the individual building blocks of DIVIDER  60  throughout DIVIDER  20  to DIVIDER  50 . Likewise, TABLE-5 reveals that, while there is a general trend of decreasing EECG of transistor M 13  going from DIVIDER  20  to DIVIDER  50 , none of the respective ratios of EECG of transistor M 13  shares a single designed value common to all the individual building blocks of DIVIDER  60  throughout DIVIDER  20  to DIVIDER  50 . In fact, a systematic comparison of the EECGs and the ratios of EECG of the rest of the transistors with the current invention reveals the same observation. Therefore, with the current invention, the quantitative designs of each of the individual building blocks of DIVIDER  60  are different from the others. For those skilled in the art, the current invention discloses a unique design feature distinctly different from that known to the typical practice in view of the fact that the current invention requires all the individual building blocks of DIVIDER  60  being designed differently to achieve a much higher level of output signal quality which is otherwise unachievable by the art taught by the typical practice. 
     TABLE 1E is a tabulated overall design comparison, in tenns of the ratio of EECG, between a typical practice and the current invention of the Divide-by-16 DIVIDER  60  as shown in FIG.  2 B. It is clearly seen that, while the qualitative design of all the individual building blocks of DIVIDER  60  according to the typical practice is rather similar, the quantitative design of each building block of DIVIDER  60  according to the current invention is different because each of the building blocks needs to be individually adjusted to achieve a much higher level of output signal quality in the presence of such undesirable deteriorating effects like output loading and 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1E 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Overview of Design of EECG for DIVIDER 60 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 TYPICAL PRACTICE 
                   
                 CURRENT INVENTION 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 RATIO 
                 RATIO 
                 RATIO 
                 RATIO 
                   
                 RATIO 
                 RATIO 
                 RATIO 
                 RATIO 
               
               
                   
                 of 
                 of 
                 of 
                 of 
                   
                 of 
                 of 
                 of 
                 of 
               
               
                   
                 EECG 
                 EECG 
                 EECG 
                 EECG 
                   
                 EECG 
                 EECG 
                 EECG 
                 EECG 
               
               
                   
                 DIV1 
                 DIV2 
                 DIV3 
                 DIV4 
                   
                 DIV1 
                 DIV2 
                 DIV3 
                 DIV4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Mc1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 Mc1 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
               
               
                 Mc2 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 Mc2 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
               
               
                 M1 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 M1 
                 3.00 
                 2.40 
                 2.50 
                 2.67 
               
               
                 M2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 M2 
                 3.00 
                 2.40 
                 2.50 
                 2.67 
               
               
                 M11 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 M11 
                 3.00 
                 2.40 
                 2.50 
                 2.67 
               
               
                 M12 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 M12 
                 3.00 
                 2.40 
                 2.50 
                 2.67 
               
               
                 M3 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 M3 
                 3.33 
                 2.40 
                 2.50 
                 2.67 
               
               
                 M4 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 M4 
                 3.33 
                 2.40 
                 2.50 
                 2.67 
               
               
                 M5 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 M5 
                 4.00 
                 9.60 
                 22.50 
                 46.67 
               
               
                 M6 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 M6 
                 4.00 
                 9.60 
                 22.50 
                 46.67 
               
               
                 M13 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 M13 
                 3.33 
                 2.40 
                 2.50 
                 2.67 
               
               
                 M14 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 M14 
                 3.33 
                 2.40 
                 2.50 
                 2.67 
               
               
                 M15 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 M15 
                 4.00 
                 9.60 
                 22.50 
                 46.67 
               
               
                 M16 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 M16 
                 4.00 
                 9.60 
                 22.50 
                 46.67 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     interaction between adjacent building blocks. Typically, these effects become especially pronounced at high CLK frequencies such as those for high speed optical communications presented here. Thus, FIG. 3A compares the output signal ripple, DOUT 1 , between a typical practice and the current invention of the first building block of Divide-by-2 DIVIDER  20  for the Divide-by-16 DIVIDER  60  driven with an INPUT CLOCK  21  of frequency f(CLK)=2.50 GHz. Notice that, with typical practice, the output signal has COMPLETELY failed its divider function with a totally wrong frequency while the current invention signal ripple  62  is just visible. This is obviously a drastic improvement. 
     Similarly, FIG. 3B, FIG.  3 C and FIG. 3D respectively compares the output signal ripple, DOUT 2 , DOUT 3  and DOUT 4 , between a typical practice and the current invention of the building blocks of DIVIDER  30 , DIVIDER  40  and DIVIDER  50  for the Divide-by-16 DIVIDER  60  driven with an INPUT CLOCK  21  of the same frequency f(CLK)=2.50 GHz. Again, the same drastic improvement between a total failure of the typical practice and just visible signal ripple  64 ,  66  and  68  of the current invention are observed. 
     Another exemplary case of application of the current invention is illustrated from FIG. 4 to FIG.  6 . FIG.  4  and FIG. 5A show a typical circuit architecture of an MS-DFF  70  with current mode switching and its associated logic functional block representation. In this exemplary case the supply voltage AVDD is shown to be 1.8 Volt although other values could be used just as well, for example 2.5 Volt. The input clock signals are CLK  71  and CLK  72 . The input data signals are D  73  and  D   74 . The output data signals are Q  75  and  Q   76 . The various active NMOS transistors are designated as Nc 1 , Nc 2 , N 1 , N 2 , . . . , and N 16 . The four pull-up resistors are designated S 3 , S 4 , S 13  and S 14 . For those skilled in the art, this type of circuitry is also manufacturable with a standard CMOS IC as well as a variety of nonstandard CMOS IC processes. In addition, if MS-DFF  70  can also be quantitatively designed to provide a high quality signal output at a high CLK frequency, such as 2.5 GHz for OC-48 communication, then MS-DFF  70  can also be used as one of the fundamental building blocks of a low cost optical switch for an optical network. 
     FIG. 5B is a logic functional block diagram of a typical BBPD  80  using the MS-DFF  70  from FIG. 4 as its logic building block. Specifically, the replicated logic building blocks are labeled as MS-DFF  81 , MS-DFF  82  and MS-DFF  83 . The input signals include VCO  85  and DATA-IN  86 . The output signals include a PHASE  88 . For those skilled in the art, it can be easily seen that the logic state of PHASE  88  will change according to the phase relationship of leading or lagging between the two input signals VCO  85  and DATA-IN  86 . For convenience, the following differential signal is also defined: 
     ΔPHASE=PHASE−PHASE. 
     Like before, while using the same circuit architecture of an MS-DFF  70  with current mode switching, different quantitative design of BBPD  80  also yields quite different level of output signal quality especially for high VCO frequency as in optical communications. This is illustrated, in a manner similar to the first exemplary case of DIVIDER  60 , with TABLE 2A, TABLE 2B, TABLE 2C and TABLE 2D. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2A 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Design of EECG for MS-DFF 81 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 TYPICAL PRACTICE 
                   
                 CURRENT INVENTION 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 RATIO 
                   
                   
                 RATIO 
               
               
                   
                 EECG 
                 of EECG 
                   
                 EECG 
                 of EECG 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Nc1 
                  60 
                 1 
                 Nc1 
                  60 
                 1.00 
               
               
                 Nc2 
                  60 
                 1 
                 Nc2 
                  60 
                 1.00 
               
               
                 N1 
                 120 
                 2 
                 N1 
                 200 
                 3.33 
               
               
                 N2 
                 120 
                 2 
                 N2 
                 200 
                 3.33 
               
               
                 N11 
                 120 
                 2 
                 N11 
                 200 
                 3.33 
               
               
                 N12 
                 120 
                 2 
                 N12 
                 200 
                 3.33 
               
               
                 N3 
                 120 
                 2 
                 N3 
                 200 
                 3.33 
               
               
                 N4 
                 120 
                 2 
                 N4 
                 200 
                 3.33 
               
               
                 N5 
                 120 
                 2 
                 N5 
                 320 
                 5.33 
               
               
                 N6 
                 120 
                 2 
                 N6 
                 320 
                 5.33 
               
               
                 N13 
                 120 
                 2 
                 N13 
                 200 
                 3.33 
               
               
                 N14 
                 120 
                 2 
                 N14 
                 200 
                 3.33 
               
               
                 N15 
                 120 
                 2 
                 N15 
                 320 
                 5.33 
               
               
                 N16 
                 120 
                 2 
                 N16 
                 320 
                 5.33 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2B 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Design of EECG for MS-DFF 82 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 TYPICAL PRACTICE 
                   
                 CURRENT INVENTION 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 RATIO 
                   
                   
                 RATIO 
               
               
                   
                 EECG 
                 of EECG 
                   
                 EECG 
                 of EECG 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Nc1 
                  60 
                 1 
                 Nc1 
                  60 
                 1.00 
               
               
                 Nc2 
                  60 
                 1 
                 Nc2 
                  60 
                 1.00 
               
               
                 N1 
                 120 
                 2 
                 N1 
                 200 
                 3.33 
               
               
                 N2 
                 120 
                 2 
                 N2 
                 200 
                 3.33 
               
               
                 N11 
                 120 
                 2 
                 N11 
                 200 
                 3.33 
               
               
                 N12 
                 120 
                 2 
                 N12 
                 200 
                 3.33 
               
               
                 N3 
                 120 
                 2 
                 N3 
                 320 
                 5.33 
               
               
                 N4 
                 120 
                 2 
                 N4 
                 320 
                 5.33 
               
               
                 N5 
                 120 
                 2 
                 N5 
                 200 
                 3.33 
               
               
                 N6 
                 120 
                 2 
                 N6 
                 200 
                 3.33 
               
               
                 N13 
                 120 
                 2 
                 N13 
                 320 
                 5.33 
               
               
                 N14 
                 120 
                 2 
                 N14 
                 320 
                 5.33 
               
               
                 N15 
                 120 
                 2 
                 N15 
                 200 
                 3.33 
               
               
                 N16 
                 120 
                 2 
                 N16 
                 200 
                 3.33 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2C 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Design of EECG for MS-DFF 83 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 TYPICAL PRACTICE 
                   
                 CURRENT INVENTION 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 RATIO 
                   
                   
                 RATIO 
               
               
                   
                 EECG 
                 of EECG 
                   
                 EECG 
                 of EECG 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Nc1 
                  60 
                 1 
                 Nc1 
                  60 
                 1.00 
               
               
                 Nc2 
                  60 
                 1 
                 Nc2 
                  60 
                 1.00 
               
               
                 N1 
                 120 
                 2 
                 N1 
                 100 
                 1.67 
               
               
                 N2 
                 120 
                 2 
                 N2 
                 100 
                 1.67 
               
               
                 N11 
                 120 
                 2 
                 N11 
                 100 
                 1.67 
               
               
                 N12 
                 120 
                 2 
                 N12 
                 100 
                 1.67 
               
               
                 N3 
                 120 
                 2 
                 N3 
                 100 
                 1.67 
               
               
                 N4 
                 120 
                 2 
                 N4 
                 100 
                 1.67 
               
               
                 N5 
                 120 
                 2 
                 N5 
                 1100  
                 18.33 
               
               
                 N6 
                 120 
                 2 
                 N6 
                 1100  
                 18.33 
               
               
                 N13 
                 120 
                 2 
                 N13 
                 100 
                 1.67 
               
               
                 N14 
                 120 
                 2 
                 N14 
                 100 
                 1.67 
               
               
                 N15 
                 120 
                 2 
                 N15 
                 1100  
                 18.33 
               
               
                 N16 
                 120 
                 2 
                 N16 
                 1100  
                 18.33 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2D 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Overview of Design of EECG for BBPD 80 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 TYPICAL PRACTICE 
                   
                 CURRENT INVENTION 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 RATIO 
                 RATIO 
                 RATIO 
                   
                 RATIO 
                 RATIO 
                 RATIO 
               
               
                   
                 of EECG 
                 of EECG 
                 of EECG 
                   
                 of EECG 
                 of EECG 
                 of EECG 
               
               
                   
                 MS-DFF1 
                 MS-DFF2 
                 MS-DFF3 
                   
                 MS-DFF1 
                 MS-DFF2 
                 MS-DFF3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Nc1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 Nc1 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
               
               
                 Nc2 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 Nc2 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
               
               
                 N1 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 N1 
                 3.33 
                 3.33 
                 1.67 
               
               
                 N2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 N2 
                 3.33 
                 3.33 
                 1.67 
               
               
                 N11 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 N11 
                 3.33 
                 3.33 
                 1.67 
               
               
                 N12 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 N12 
                 3.33 
                 3.33 
                 1.67 
               
               
                 N3 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 N3 
                 3.33 
                 5.33 
                 1.67 
               
               
                 N4 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 N4 
                 3.33 
                 5.33 
                 1.67 
               
               
                 N5 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 N5 
                 5.33 
                 3.33 
                 18.33 
               
               
                 N6 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 N6 
                 5.33 
                 3.33 
                 18.33 
               
               
                 N13 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 N13 
                 3.33 
                 5.33 
                 1.67 
               
               
                 N14 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 N14 
                 3.33 
                 5.33 
                 1.67 
               
               
                 N15 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 N15 
                 5.33 
                 3.33 
                 18.33 
               
               
                 N16 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 N16 
                 5.33 
                 3.33 
                 18.33 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Thus, while the quantitative design of all the individual building blocks of BBPD  80  is similar with typical practice, the quantitative design of each building block of BBPD  80  is individually adjusted with the current invention to achieve a much higher level of output signal quality in the presence of such deteriorating effects like output loading and interaction between functionally connected building blocks. Again, these effects tend to become especially pronounced at high VCO frequencies such as those for high speed optical communications presented here. 
     FIG. 6 compares the output signal ripple, APHASE, between a typical practice and the current invention BBPD  80  with a VCO  85  frequency f(CLK)=2.50 GHz. Notice that, with typical practice, the output signal has COMPLETELY failed its phase detector function with an ultra high frequency noise like output while the current invention output remains totally functional with a just visible signal ripple 91. This is obviously a drastic improvement. 
     FIG.  7 A and FIG. 7B respectively illustrates a standard CMOS transistor structure and another nonstandard CMOS transistor structure, both known in the art, for the implementation of the Divide-by-16 divider of FIG.  2 B and the BBPD of FIG.  5 B. An NMOS FET  100  of FIG. 7A comprises a source  101 , a drain  102  and a gate  103  that is dielectrically isolated from a channel connecting the source  101  and the drain  102 . A Junction FET  110  of FIG. 7B has been mentioned by Schilling and Belove (see P. 134 to P. 137 of Electronic Circuits Discrete and Integrated—Donald Schilling and Charles Belove, published by McGraw-Hill Book Company in 1979). The Junction FET  110  comprises a source  111  a drain  112  and a gate  113  that is isolated, albeit with a small amount of reverse leakage current, with two diodes formed between two P-type gate regions  114  and an N-type channel  115  connecting the source  111  and the drain  112 . To those skilled in the art, it should become obvious by now that the design method of systematic adjustment of each building block of electronic circuits, as illustrated with an SOI CMOS transistor structure, is equally applicable to a Junction FET or any other types of nonstandard FET structures as well. 
     Another important remark for the current invention is that, while the preferred embodiments are all illustrated with systematic adjustment of the active NMOS transistors of the individual building blocks, in reality the value of many or all of the associated passive circuit elements may be correspondingly adjusted as well. For example, in FIG. 1, the resistors R 3 , R 4 , R 13  and R 14  can all be individually adjusted for each building block of DIVIDER  60  in FIG. 2B although these adjustments are not illustrated for simplicity of explanation. For another example, in FIG. 4, the resistors S 3 , S 4 , S 13  and S 14  can all be individually adjusted for each building block of BBPD  80  in FIG. 5B as well although these adjustments are also not illustrated for the same reason. 
     As described with two exemplary cases, by systematically adjusting the circuit parameter of some or all of the components of the individual building blocks of an electronic circuit system, the corresponding quality of output signal is significantly improved. This is especially important for applications with high clock frequency such as in optical communications where such effects of output loading and interaction between functionally connected building blocks tend to become highly pronounced. The invention has been described using exemplary preferred embodiments. However, for those skilled in this field, the preferred embodiments can be easily adapted and modified to suit additional applications without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention. Some of the related applications include, but without limitation to, Optical communication at 2.5 Gbit/sec (OC48) and 10 Gbit/sec (OC192) data rate, Gigabit Ethernet, 10 Gigabit Ethernet, Blue Tooth technology (2.4 GHz) and wireless LAN (5.2 GHz). At such a high data rate, the hardware infrastructure for a multimedia information super highway is also enabled. 
     Thus, it is to be understood that the scope of the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. On the contrary, it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements based upon the same operating principle. The scope of the claims, therefore, should be accorded the broadest interpretations so as to encompass all such modifications and similar arrangements.