Abstract:
A tunable modulator includes an epitaxial structure formed on a substrate. The epitaxial structure includes a waveguide for light guiding, generally in form of a ridge, a trench for thermal insulation and an integrated heating element which, when a current is passed therethrough, heats the modulator and in turn changes the effective bandgap. This alters the wavelength that is best modulated resulting in a tunable modulator in accordance with the present invention.

Description:
LITERATURE  
         [0001]    [1] Beck Mason, Greg A. Fish, Steven P. DenBaars, Larry A. Coldren, “Widely Tunable Sampled Grating DBR Laser with Integrated Electroabsorption Modulator,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 11, no. 6 pp. 4-6, June 1999, FIG. 4.  
           [0002]    [2] Lucent/Agere Application Note TN00008 on electro-absorption modulators (EML), May  2000   
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0004]    This invention relates generally to optical modulators. More particularly, the present invention relates to electro-absorption modulators. And even more particularly, the present invention relates to a tunable electro-absorption modulator and method of use thereof.  
           [0005]    2. Brief Description of the Related Art  
           [0006]    A laser transmitter for fiber optic networks must emit signals, at a given stable wavelength, modulated at a desired rate with low chirp and an appropriate power, that are then launched into an optical fiber. Current networks have as many as 100 wavelength channels with one laser&#39;s output devoted to each channel, and each laser having an external modulator. Significantly greater efficiencies could be realized with a laser transmitter and a modulator included on a chip, wherein the modulated laser is capable of being tuned to cover every channel of a system.  
           [0007]    Photonic integration can be used to provide a laser transmitter on a chip, as is well understood in the art. While photonic integration is well known in the art, prior art efforts have been focused on the integration of lasers that are not widely tunable. Kobayashi, N.; Noda, A.; Watanabe, T.; Miura, S.; Odagawa, T.; Ogita, S. “2.5-Gb/s-1200-km transmission of electroabsorption modulator integrated DFB laser with quarter-wavelength-shifted corrugation,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 11, (no.8), IEEE, August 1999. p.1039-41; Delprat, D.; Ramdane, A.; Silvestre, L.; Ougazzaden, A.; Delorme, F.; Slempkes, S. “20-Gb/s integrated DBR laser-EA modulator by selective area growth for 1.55-mu m WDM applications,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol.9, no.7, IEEE, July 1997. p.898-900. Large tuning ranges make achieving adequate performance of these functional blocks non-obvious with respect to the teachings of the prior art in general, and the prior art related to narrowly tunable devices in particular. What is needed are photonic integration techniques to construct a widely tunable laser apparatus including an integrated modulator that may be effectively tuned according to the selected output wavelength of the laser output.  
           [0008]    Laser diodes with integrated electro-absorption modulators (EAM) are becoming important for modem high-speed optical transmission systems. One advantage of the modulator is the higher bandwidth compared to directly modulated lasers. Another is the lower chirp of the modulated signal.  
           [0009]    An electrical field is applied across the waveguide of the modulator to change the absorption characteristics of the semiconductor material. Normally the waveguide is embedded in a pin-junction of semiconductor material to apply the field. The waveguide itself is either undoped or slightly p- or n-type doped. If the semiconductor material is reasonably thick the Franz-Keldysh effect applies. In the case of quantum well material, the Quantum Confined Stark effect causes the change in the absorption behavior. In both cases, the electrical field causes an increased absorption for wavelengths below the bandgap energy. This effect is employed in an electro-absorption modulator. The amount of absorption increase depends on the applied electric field strength and the energy separation of the incoming light to the bandgap energy of the semiconductor.  
           [0010]    Due to the coupling of the real part of the refractive index to the imaginary part through the Kramers-Kronig Relation also the refractive index of the semiconductor changes when an electrical field is applied. This causes chirp to the light passing through the modulator. The amount of chirp also depends on the applied electrical field strength and the energy separation of the incoming light to the bandgap energy of the semiconductor. Normally, the chirp of the modulator is lower than directly modulated lasers and can even be negative.  
           [0011]    In general, the wavelength of the modulator is adjusted to the lasing wavelength by choosing the right composition of the modulator waveguide. The adjustment of the lasing light to the bandgap energy of the modulator determines the absorption of the modulator at zero bias, the absorption as function of the applied reverse bias voltage (and the extinction ratio if an Rf signal is added to the bias voltage) [1], and the chirp of the modulated signal introduced by the associated change in refractive index [2]. For optimum performance this adjustment needs to be very precise. For relaxed tolerances in the fabrication process it would be advantageous to adjust the bandgap energy of the modulator after fabrication.  
           [0012]    In the case of tunable lasers the lasing light wavelength is intended to change, but the modulator waveguide bandgap energy can only be adjusted to a fixed wavelength. Therefore any adjustment of the modulator wavelength to the laser wavelength can only offer a compromise. Although the absorption can be adjusted by adjusting the bias voltage, the amount of absorption change with applied voltage varies. Thus, the applied Rf signal magnitude would need to be adjusted. Additionally, the amount of chirp introduced into the signal cannot be controlled by simply adjusting the bias voltage or the Rf signal, because the chirp depends on the wavelength relative to the bandgap energy of the modulator.  
           [0013]    Therefore, what is required in the art is a modulator that may be adjustably configured to substantially maximize the absorption of varying wavelengths of coherent light while minimizing chirp and other unwanted effects on the light.  
         SUMMARY  
         [0014]    Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a tunable electro-absorption modulator that provides for wide tuning.  
           [0015]    Another object of the present invention is to provide a diode laser assembly having a tunable electro-absorption modulator formed integrally therewith.  
           [0016]    A further object of the present invention is to provide a widely tunable diode laser assembly with an integrated modulator.  
           [0017]    Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a diode laser assembly including a tunable electro-absorption modulator with the elements fabricated on a single wafer by common process steps.  
           [0018]    Still another object of the present invention enables the wavelength of the modulator in accordance with the present invention to be adjusted independently of any other optical devices on the same substrate or chip, in particular, a laser diode or a tunable laser diode. This enables the optimization of absorption and/or chirp of the modulator. The change of absorption with voltage relates to the Rf extinction ratio, which can then also be adjusted.  
           [0019]    Another object of the present invention is to provide a modulator, the bandgap wavelength adjustment of which enables optimization of transmission and chirp of the modulator.  
           [0020]    And still another object of the present invention is to provide a modulator portion that may be tuned to more effectively modulate one of a plurality of wavelengths of output light, received at the modulator from the laser resonator portion.  
           [0021]    These and other objects of the present invention are achieved in a laser assembly that includes an epitaxial structure formed on a substrate. A laser resonator portion and a modulator portion are formed in the epitaxial structure.  
           [0022]    The present invention will be more clearly understood with reference to the accompanying drawings and the following detailed description, in which like reference numerals refer to like parts and where: 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES  
       [0023]    [0023]FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a laser assembly that illustrates different functional elements of a laser assembly including a widely tunable laser portion and a modulation portion.  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 2 is a plan top-down view of one embodiment of a tunable electro-absorption modulator in accordance with the present invention in combination with a widely tunable laser.  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view of an electro-absorption modulator having an insulating area disposed beneath a waveguide layer.  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view of an electro-absorption modulator having an insulating area disposed beneath a waveguide layer. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0027]    [0027]FIGS. 1 and 2 depict the present invention, a tunable electro-absorption modulator  14 . The modulator  14  is depicted in combination and integrally formed with a widely tunable laser  20 . The modulator  10 , whether in combination with a widely tunable laser  20 , is always formed on a substrate  16 . The substrate may be Indium Phosphide, Gallium Arsenide, or some other substrate providing for the formation of active components thereupon.  
         [0028]    The modulator  10  and the laser  20  are each part of an epitaxial structure formed on the substrate  16 . For purposes of this specification, a widely tunable laser is defined as a laser whose output wavelength can be tuned over a wider wavelength range than achievable by conventional index tuning, i.e. whose wavelength selective elements are within the same optical waveguide, i.e. not a parallel array of DFB lasers.  
         [0029]    Laser  12  includes front and back mirror sections  18 , 20  each of which comprises a mirror, such as a distributed Bragg reflector (“DBR”) or some other well-known mirror material used in the art. A gain section  22  is positioned in laser  12  as is a mode selection section  24 . Mode selection or phase section  24  can be a lateral mode selection element, a longitudinal mode selection element, a controllable phase shifting element, and the like. Such a laser is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,896,325 issued Jan. 23, 1988 to Larry A. Coldren and is incorporated herein by reference.  
         [0030]    Laser  12  is preferably widely tunable to produce laser emission with the desired spectral properties, e.g. linewidth, SMSR, wavelength, over the entire wavelength band, or at least a significant fraction, to be used in a WDM optical communication system. In one embodiment, the wavelength bands of interest lie within 1300-1600 nm range and typically have a bandwidth determined by the gain characteristics of optical fiber amplifiers. The laser  12  is preferably an SG/SSG-DBR laser that includes two SG/SSG-DBR mirrors  18  and  20 , gain section  22 , and phase section  24 . Jayaraman, V.; Chuang, Z.-M.; Coldren, L. A. “Theory, design, and performance of extended tuning range semiconductor lasers with sampled gratings.”, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol.29, (no.6), June 1993, p. 1824-34.  
         [0031]    In this embodiment, the bandgap of the gain section  22  is chosen to provide gain over the wavelength band of interest. The bandgap of SG/SSG-DBR mirrors  18  and  20  and phase section  24  is selected to provide wavelength coverage over the desired wavelength band with the lowest loss and tuning currents. Other embodiments that can be used for laser  12  include but are not limited to the GCSR laser (Oberg, M.; Nilsson, S.; Streubel, K.; Wallin, J.; Backbom, L.; Klinga, T. “74 nm wavelength tuning range of an InGaAsP/InP vertical grating assisted codirectional coupler laser with rear sampled grating reflector,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol.5, (no.7), July 1993, p.735-7) in which the output is taken from the SGISSG-DBR mirror side, allowing the integration of the other elements as illustrated in FIG. 1. Another embodiment for the widely tunable laser  12  is a series connected, gain coupled DFB laser. Hong, J.; Kim, H.; Shepherd, F.; Rogers, C.; Baulcomb, B.; Clements, S., “Matrix-grating strongly gain-coupled (MC-SGC) DFB lasers with 34-nm continuous wavelength tuning range,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol.11, (no.5), IEEE, May 1999, p. 515-17.  
         [0032]    Modulator  14  encodes data onto the optical carrier produced by widely tunable laser  12 . The characteristics of the modulation that are desired are: suitable on/off ratio, control of the instantaneous wavelength such as chirp, low drive voltage, and high saturation power. For analog modulation it is desirable to have very linear response, as well.  
         [0033]    Tunable modulator  14  is preferably an electro-absorption modulator  30 . In accordance with the present invention, the bandgap wavelength of the modulator  14  is changed by locally heating the device. As shown in FIG. 2, a heating element  32  is integrated with the modulator  14  to achieve locally restricted heating. The integrated heating element  32  can be designed as a metal strip over or next to the modulator waveguide  34 . An electrical current passed through the metal strip causes heating due to the ohmic resistance of the element.  
         [0034]    When the local temperature of the electro-absorption modulator  14  changes, the bandgap energy of the waveguide changes as well. A higher temperature causes a decrease in the bandgap energy. A lower temperature causes an increase in the bandgap energy. The fundamental absorption of the waveguide  34  shifts accordingly to the change in bandgap energy. A temperature increase causes the absorption edge of the waveguide  34  to shift towards longer wavelengths. The applied electric field causes an increase in the absorption below the bandgap energy. The amount of this increase is the highest at the bandgap energy and smaller for lower energies. The applied electrical field causes quasi-periodic slight increase and decreases of the absorption in the semiconductor for photon energies above the bandgap energy. These oscillations are called Franz-Keldysh oscillations and they are superimposed to the fundamental absorption of the semiconductor. The increase in the absorption below the bandgap energy moves with changing temperature according to the change in the bandgap energy of the waveguide. The shape of the absorption over wavelength function remains basically unchanged.  
         [0035]    The local heating is extremely useful if, as depicted in FIGS. 1 and 2, the modulator  14  is integrated with other elements, such as a widely tunable laser  12 , since the bandgap wavelength of the modulator  14  can be optimized without substantially affecting the other devices. The optimization of the bandgap wavelength of the modulator  14  gives another degree of freedom and enables the setting of transmission and chirp of the modulator  14  during its operation.  
         [0036]    The temperature of the modulator  14  can be controlled by an external thermoelectric cooler (TEC)  40 . TECs are well known in the art. A temperature sensor  42  can also be integrated in proximity to the modulator to monitor the temperature of the locally heated area. Such temperature sensors are well known to those skilled in the art and as such shall not be discussed with addition specificity herein.  
         [0037]    As depicted in FIGS. 2 and 4, at least one trench  44  can be integrated in the chip around a central modulator portion  46  to improve the localization of the heating effect. Although depicted in FIGS. 2 and 4 as two trenches  44 , 44 , it is possible to contain enough current to ensure functioning of the modulator  14  with at least one trench  44 . The trench  44  substantially decreases lateral current flow. Therefore, the amount of dissipated power to achieve a certain temperature increase is lessened and the overall efficiency of the tunable modulator  14  is enhanced. The central modulator portion  46  intersects the waveguide  34  preferable at a substantially right angle thereto. Additionally, the central modulator portion  46  comprises an integrated heating element  48 .  
         [0038]    Alternatively, and as depicted in FIG. 3, the waveguide  34  of the electro-absorption modulator can be selectively underetched. Methods for underetching are well known to those skilled in the art. The light passes through the modulator  14  in the waveguide  34 , which is underetched. The underetched portion  48  of the chip can be refilled with other materials that have a low thermal conductivity. One example is BCB, bisbenzo-cyclo-buthene, manufactured by Dow Chemical Company. Suitable materials having low thermal conductivity are well known in the art.  
         [0039]    Generally, a metal strip  50  can serve as the heating element  32 . Alternatively, the heating element  32  may be formed from a semiconductor material. The heating element  32  can be employed atop, beneath, or beside the waveguide  34  to achieve the heating effect. If a semiconductor is used to serve as the heating element, the semiconductor can consist of a homogeneously doped material or might include a pn-junction. The heating element might only be applied to a portion of the modulator waveguide section or two or more individual heating elements might be employed. This scheme enables a local heating of the modulator waveguide with a different amount along the waveguide. The advantage is that the amount of absorption along the waveguide can be controlled. For example in a normal modulator structure most of the light is absorbed in the beginning section of the modulator since the decay of light intensity in a medium with optical loss is exponential. A self heating effect might occur in the waveguide if the absorbed light intensity is too high. Having a lower absorption in the beginning section of the modulator and a higher absorption towards the end would enable a more uniform absorption of the light power. This could be accomplished by local heating at the end of the modulator section.  
         [0040]    One example of the implementation of the present invention is the integration of the tunable electro absorption modulator  14  with a tunable laser diode  12 . MOCVD is used for the epitaxial growth of the  34  waveguide and optical gain medium  22  layers on the substrate  16 , formed from some III-V material, such as InP. InP or InGaAsP layers of composition y of approximately 2 μm (for a laser in the 1.55 μm wavelength range this layer could vary in thickness between 0.5 μm and 3 μm. Larger thicknesses would technically be possible, but are not necessary and would just degrade device performance) thickness are employed as cladding layers around the approximately about 0.4-0.3 μm thick InGaAsP (the waveguide layer thickness might vary between 0.1 μm and 1 μm) waveguide layer with composition x. The compositions of the layers are adjusted such that all the layers are lattice matched to the InP substrate and the x layer has a smaller bandgap energy, thus a higher refractive index than the layers of composition y. The waveguide layer x composition could be In0.65Ga0.35As0.75P0.25. This composition corresponds to a bandgap wavelength of 1.4 μm. The cladding layer could be InP or another InGaAsP layer where the P content is increased above the above mentioned 25% with an InGa ration to maintain the lattice constant of the InP substrate.  
         [0041]    The epitaxial growth process starts with the growth of the lower n-type doped cladding layer. The next layer is the waveguide layer  34  which also includes optical active quantum wells and barrier layers. The growth process is interrupted at this point. The quantum wells are etched off except for the area of the laser diode  12 .  
         [0042]    Gratings are defined by holography and are etched in the waveguide layer  34  where the mirror sections  18 ,  20  of the tunable laser  12  are located. The front and back mirror sections  18 , 20  of the laser  12  consist of a waveguide  34  with burst of gratings equally spaced over the length of the mirror sections  18 , 20 . The gratings exhibit a period which corresponds to a half wavelength of the laser light in the waveguide. In comparison to a standard DFB laser the bursts generate a periodical reflectivity spectrum.  
         [0043]    After grating formation, a second epitaxial growth process is employed. This regrowth process starts with the growth of the remaining waveguide layer and the upper p-type doped cladding layer. Finally, a highly p-type doped InGaAs layer is grown to facilitate an ohmic contact to the device or chip later on.  
         [0044]    Device processing starts with the formation of a ridge  60 , which is shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. The ridge  60  provides for lateral optical and lateral current confinement. The ridge  60  is defined by standard photolithography and transferred into the semiconductor by a combination of dry and wet chemical etching processes. The depth of the ridge is typically from the surface just above the active/waveguide layer. A passivation material like Si3N4 is deposited on the entire wafer and is subsequently removed on top of the ridge  60  where contact to the laser and modulator will be made. Standard metallizations like TiPtAu can be employed to contact the laser and the modulator sections on the p-side of the wafer. The n-metal is typically deposited after wafer thinning on the substrate side of the wafer and may comprise AuGeNiAu (Please provide a second example of another compound or metal that may be used here). An implantation of hydrogen ions can be incorporated in the wafer processing to electrically insulate the modulator  14  and the laser section  12 , as well as each of the different sections  18 , 20 , 22 , 24  in the laser. The device consists then of a back mirror section, a phase section, a gain section, a front mirror section, and the modulator section.  
         [0045]    At this point the heating element can be added to the modulator  14 . In the simplest approach an electrical resistive metal is evaporated on the wafer. Electrical resistive metals include CrNi and TiW, both of which are well known in the art. Poly-Si is another option. Patterning of the metal is accomplished by a standard and well known lift-off technique. The metal stripe is located just over the ridge of the modulator as shown in FIGS. 2 and 4. A thin insulator  70  such as a dielectric material like Si3N4 is used to electrically insulate the heating element from the electrode metal of the modulator (FIG. 3). A typical example for the heater metal is NiCr.  
         [0046]    As an alternative the metal stripe could also be put on the side of the waveguide. A deep trench can be etched around the modulator section to concentrate the heat in the waveguide of the modulator.  
         [0047]    After all wafer-level processes have been completed the wafer is cleaved into individual chips. An AR coating might be deposited on the facet of the chip to avoid back reflections into the laser. Testing and mounting procedures are performed.  
         [0048]    The wavelength of the tunable laser  12  is selected by changing the currents into the mirror  18 , 20  and the phase  24  sections of the device. According to the lasing wavelength the bandgap wavelength of the modulator  14  is selected to optimize system performance. The bandgap wavelength of the modulator  14  is adjusted by setting the current through the heating element  32 . The heating element  32  dissipates heat energy which increases the temperature of the modulator waveguide  34 . The amount of current which is necessary to achieve a specific bandgap wavelength of the modulator  14  is typically determined in a calibration measurement run. The data is stored in a memory type device and the current will be applied according to the stored data. The time constant until the temperature reaches equilibrium is typically in the order of micro-seconds. Special peak circuit designs can be employed to decrease the time constant for higher wavelength tuning speeds.  
         [0049]    The foregoing description of a preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Obviously, many modifications and variations will be apparent to practitioners skilled in this art. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the following claims and their equivalents.