Abstract:
In digital communications, a multi-mode block-coded modulation/demodulation method carries out adaptive one-way transmission of a multi-mode digital signal by using, between at least two different modes, different settings for level number, level code, set-partitioning method and modulation method that are component elements of a multi-level block-coded modulation system.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   The present invention relates to a digital communications method that enables one-way multi-mode data transmission with low error characteristics. It particularly relates to a multi-mode block-coded modulation/demodulation method that utilizes unequal and equal error protection in order to send transmissions in which most-significant bits are mixed with other bits. 
   2. Description of the Prior Art 
   A first example of the prior art is shown in  FIG. 1 , which is a block diagram of a conventional one-way adaptive transmission method. In  FIG. 1 , the preamble carries information such as the number of transmission bits and the data transmission rate. On the receiving side the preamble is read and the necessary number of bits decoded. In the one-way adaptive transmission method of  FIG. 1 , the preamble is used to adaptively change how the data portion is modulated and decoded. Thus, the method requires the addition to the preamble of information such as the data partition system and the like. If 1) there are errors in the coded information, the data part cannot be correctly decoded even if it is received normally; 2) if preamble coding is used to avoid this, it increases the length of the preamble, decreasing the transmission efficiency; and 3) on the receiving side, in order to decode the received data, it is necessary to provide a plurality of modulators to decode the preamble and switch decoders. 
     FIG. 2  shows a second example of the prior art. This is a one-way adaptive method in which, depending on the location of the signal points, the modulation system is adaptively changed. In this case, quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM) and quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) signal points are used simultaneously to enable series of different bit numbers to be transmitted depending on whether the transmission symbols are sent as 16QAM or as QPSK points, and does not require preamble insertion. In this system, however, the Euclidean distance (d 1 , d 2 ) between pluralities of adjacent signal points becomes d 1 &lt;d 2 , so that in the case of two-bit transmissions, there is a marked degradation in the bit error rate compared to QPSK, so the system has the drawback of lacking practical utility. 
   Moreover, while not illustrated, as a third example of the prior art, there is the conventional multi-level coded modulation system in which a fixed transmission system is used in designated communications. There are also mobile station communication systems used in mobile unit communications that use a type of phase modulation such as QPSK and fixed data transmission rates. 
   As described above, the prior art includes problems such as: 1) if there are errors in the coded information the data portion cannot be correctly decoded even if it is received normally; 2) using preamble coding to prevent this happening increases the length of the preamble, thereby decreasing the transmission efficiency; and 3) on the receiving side, in order to decode the received data, it is necessary to provide a plurality of modulators to decode the preamble and switch decoders, resulting in a complex configuration. Also, in the case of a one-way adaptive system in which the modulation method is adaptively changed according to the location of the signal points, a problem is that with two-bit transmissions there is a marked degradation in the bit error rate compared to QPSK, making the system impractical. Moreover, in the case of a multi-level encoding system, a fixed transmission system is used even for mobile station transmission systems, and so a problem is that, in order to maintain the bit error rate, it is not possible to switch communication systems according to the transmission route. 
   To resolve the above problems, an object of the present invention is to provide a multi-mode block-coded modulation/demodulation method that can be used in the fields of coding systems, modulation systems and coded modulation systems to adaptively change transmission characteristics. 
   Here, multi-mode transmission refers to transmission effected by changing the component elements of the multi-level coded modulation system according to transmission mode; such elements include the number of code levels, the symbols at each level, the set-partitioning method, modulation method, and so forth. In addition to multi-mode transmission, by combining the block-coded modulation system with Viterbi decoding, the present invention enables the achievement of a high coding gain and good transmission quality. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   For achieving the aforesaid object, the invention provides a multi-mode block-coded modulation/demodulation method that performs one-way transmission of a multi-mode digital signal by using, between at least two different modes, different settings for level number, level code, set-partitioning method and modulation method that are component elements of a multi-level block-coded modulation system. 
   In one aspect of the invention, modes are changed for each block code frame. 
   In another aspect of the invention, on the receiving side maximum-likelihood decoding is carried out by a single Viterbi decoder which uses a trellis diagram that includes all modes. 
   In another aspect of the invention, on the receiving side, mode selection and decoding are carried out simultaneously by performing Viterbi decoding. 
   In another aspect of the invention, transmission mode information is inserted as an encoded mode index of one or more level codes and other levels are changed in accordance with said mode. 
   In another aspect of the invention, a mode-index code is used as the highest level code and the code information is used for the first bifurcation in the bit partitioning method. 
   In another aspect of the invention, a multi-mode system is composed by assigning different bit series to modulation signal points having identical coordinates in a signal space diagram. 
   In another aspect of the invention, on the encoding side a multi-mode system is composed by assigning different bit series to modulation signal points having identical coordinates in a signal space diagram, and on the decoding side the mode decoding result is used to determine multiple bit series assignments to identical signal points on the signal space diagram. 
   In another aspect of the invention, multi-mode transmission is carried out in which numbers of transmission symbols are identical to numbers of block code bits. 
   In another aspect of the invention, a mode-index code is used as the highest level code and on the receiving side the mode is determined by using a multi-level decoding method to decode the highest level, and the decoded signal is used for lower-level decoder switching. 
   In another aspect of the invention, error-protected transmissions at each level comprise an unequal error protection portion that differs according to mode, and an equal error protection portion. 
   In another aspect of the invention, when a transmission is from a mobile station in a wireless communications system, transmission modes are switched in accordance with a movement status of the mobile station. 
   In another aspect of the invention, when a transmission is from a mobile station of a mobile wireless communications system, transmission modes are switched in accordance with a noise environment of the mobile station. 
   Further features of the invention, its nature and various advantages will be more apparent from the accompanying drawings and following detailed description of the invention. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a first example of the prior art. 
       FIG. 2  is a diagram of a second example of the prior art. 
       FIG. 3  is a block diagram of a multi-mode encoder. 
       FIG. 4(   a ) is a diagram of a multi-mode Viterbi decoder, and  FIG. 4(   b ) is a trellis diagram used by the decoder. 
       FIG. 5  shows the structure of a two-mode block code for unequal error protection and equal error protection. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates a hybrid set-partitioning method. 
       FIG. 7  is a code 1 trellis diagram. 
       FIG. 8  shows a four-mode code. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates set-partitioned, multiple-assigned 16QAM signal points, for modes 1 and 3 in the case of  FIG. 9(   a ) and for modes 2 and 4 in the case of  FIG. 9(   b ). 
       FIG. 10  illustrates the set-partitioning method in modes 1 and 3. 
       FIG. 11  is code 2 trellis diagram. 
       FIG. 12  is a block diagram of a multistage decoder. 
       FIG. 13  is a block diagram of an equivalent baseband system for Gaussian noise environments ( FIG. 13(   a )) and for fading noise environments ( FIG. 13(   b )). 
       FIG. 14  shows simulation results for code 1 bit error rate characteristics in modes 1 and 2. 
       FIG. 15  shows simulation results for code 2 bit error rate characteristics in a Gaussian noise environment. 
       FIG. 16  shows simulation results for code 2 bit error rate characteristics in a fading noise environment. 
   

   DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
   Details of embodiments of the invention are described below with reference to the drawings. First, an example of a preferred configuration of the invention will be described, followed by an explanation of the noise and fading characteristics thereof, based on simulation results. 
   In accordance with the present invention, there is no need for the preamble used in the above-described first example of the prior art to combine transmission mode index information and data, and the need for extracting and decoding the preamble on the receiving side is also eliminated. Moreover, since a single Viterbi decoder is used for decoding all modes, the present invention also does away with the need to use a plurality of decoders. 
   In addition, because the invention is a multi-mode transmission method that uses a block-coded modulation system, it can provide the high coding gain that comes from using block-coded modulation, and it also avoids degradation in transmission characteristics such as that described with reference to the above-described second example of the prior art. 
   Since, moreover, the method of this invention imparts multi-mode characteristics to the block-coded modulation system, unlike in the example of the third prior art described above, the transmission method is not fixed. Instead, the transmission mode can be changed to adapt to various states. 
   To explain these points in more detail,  FIG. 3  shows a multi-mode encoder that is a type of multi-level encoder. The coding gain is based on the encoder at each level and signal point assignment by the set-partitioning method. In order to generate a transmission series, first the transmission mode is determined, based on the transmission data content, the amount of data, the required transmission quality, and so forth. Based on the mode, changes are made to the number of code levels following serial/parallel (S/P) conversion, the encoder, the modulation system, and the signal point assignment method. The data is then encoded accordingly, to obtain a sending signal. Some or all of the illustrated components can be changed. It is also possible for a transmission mode-index code to be generated and inserted into the transmission series. Doing this extends the Hamming distance between modes, improving the bit error rate (BER) characteristics. 
     FIG. 4  shows a Viterbi decoder used on the receiving side, and the trellis diagram the Viterbi decoder uses for the decoding. Thus, maximum-likelihood decoding is carried out when all transmission series modes and generated bit probability are equal. The number of trellis states is determined by the multi-level code depth and each multi-level code. When code words include a transmission mode-index code, the trellis diagram can be divided into sub-trellis areas by index code word, as shown in  FIG. 4(   b ). 
   In accordance with the code word composition, there may be separation, conjunction and crossover between the sub-trellis areas. If there is no mode-index code, the trellis will have the same configuration used in a normal multi-level coded modulation system. Except for the fact that the modulation system and signal point assignment method have the same plurality of modes as on the transmitting side, the Viterbi decoding method of this system is the same as a conventional such method. 
   One-way multi-mode adaptive transmission is realized by means of the above system. Since this system is substantially the same as a configuration comprising a conventional multi-level block-coded modulation system and Viterbi decoder, it can be readily achieved. 
   Next, this method will be described with reference to two code modes, one with stronger error protection at certain levels and one with equal error protection.  FIG. 5  shows a multi-level code defined by length L, hereinafter referred to as code 1. Code 1 is a four-level code with two modes. Code l1 is a mode-index code that is a repetition code of zeros or ones with Hamming distance L. Using (N, K, d) to describe the number of bits (N), the number of information bits (K) and the Hamming distance (d), code l2 is a (L, L-1, 2) parity check code, and codes l3 and l4 are uncoded (L, L, 1) codes.  FIG. 6  shows the set-partitioning method used for multi-mode transmission implanted with equal error protection and unequal (stronger) error protection for code l2. A 16QAM system is used. Because l 1  is a mode-index code, the first bifurcation corresponds to the mode. After l 1 , the set-partitioning method is divided into SP 1  for mode 1 and SP 2  for mode 2. SP 1  is a conventional set-partitioning in which the Euclidean distance between signal points doubles in proportion to the code level, which SP 2  is set to extend the average distance between signal points of l 2 . Therefore, unequal error protection can be achieved by sending the mode-2 code. Table 1 below lists the code distance characteristics, where Δ is the distance between the 16QAM signal points shown is  FIG. 6 . MSED is Minimum Squared Euclidean Distance; a higher MSED indicates better bit error characteristics in a white noise environment. MSED, and the MSD. Minimum Symbol Distance, and MPD, Minimum Product Distance, are referred to herebelow. In Table 1 below, the average MSED of l2 is in the same mode when the generation of codes is equally likely. The mode-2 value is 1.5 times as large as that in mode 1. From here, the improvement in the l2 transmission characteristics of mode 2 will be understood. 
   
     
       
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
                 
               TABLE 1 
             
             
                 
                 
             
             
                 
               Mode1 
               mode 2 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               code level 
               4 
                 
             
             
                 
               11 code 
               mode-index code 
             
             
                 
               12 code 
               (L, L − 1, 2) 
             
             
                 
               13 and 14 code 
               (L, L, 1) 
             
             
                 
               modulation 
               16QAM 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               signal partition 
               SP1 
               SP2 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               trans. rate (bit/sym) 
               (3L − 1)/L 
                 
             
             
                 
               MSED between different modes 
               LΔ 2   
             
           
        
         
             
                 
               same-mode MSED of 12 
               4Δ 2   
               4Δ 2   
             
             
                 
               average same-mode MSED of 12 
               4Δ 2   
               6Δ 2   
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   Code 1 decoding is carried out by Viterbi decoding using the trellis diagram shown in  FIG. 7 . The output labels of A 1  to A 4  in the diagram are the signal point sets having the same branch rules, as follows.
     A 1 =(0000, 0001, 0011), A 2 =(0100, 0101, 0110, 0111),   A 3 =(1000, 1001, 1011), A 4 =(1100, 1101, 1110, 1111).   

   Because this trellis diagram has all states of modes 1 and 2, multi-mode decoding can be carried out simply by performing the Viterbi decoding. Thus, this method simplifies multi-mode decoding. 
   Next is shown a code with a transmission rate that can be varied according to the mode, and which can be used in Gaussian noise and fading noise environments. Hereinbelow this is referred to as code 2.  FIG. 8  shows a block code with code length L, where L=3L′. This block code has four transmission modes. With the frame using the same L symbols, the number of transmitted bits and the code distance characteristics can be changed. Code characteristics are listed in Table 2 below. 
   
     
       
             
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
           
             
             
           
             
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
                 
               TABLE 2 
             
             
                 
                 
             
             
                 
               Mode 1 
               mode 2 
               mode 3 
               mode 4 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               code level 
               4 
               4 
               2 
               2 
             
           
        
         
             
               I1 code 
               mode-index code 
             
             
               I2 code 
               (L, L-1, 2) 
             
           
        
         
             
               I3 and I4 code 
               (L, L, 1) 
               (L, L-1, 2) 
               — 
               — 
             
           
        
         
             
               modulation 
               16QAM 
               QPSK 
             
           
        
         
             
               signal partition 
               SP1 
               SP2 
               SP1 
               SP2 
             
             
                 
             
             
               trans. rate 
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           3 
                           ⁢ 
                           L 
                         
                         - 
                         1 
                       
                       L 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           3 
                           ⁢ 
                           L 
                         
                         - 
                         3 
                       
                       L 
                     
                   
                 
               
               1 
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         L 
                         - 
                         I 
                       
                       L 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               (bit/sym) 
               2LΔ 2 /3 
             
           
        
         
             
               MSED between different 
               4Δ 2   
               4Δ 2   
               9Δ 2   
               18Δ 2   
             
           
        
         
             
               modes 
               2L/3 
             
           
        
         
             
               MSED between same modes 
               1 
               2 
               1 
               2 
             
           
        
         
             
               MSD between different modes 
               (2LΔ 2 /3) 2L/3   
             
           
        
         
             
               MSD between same modes 
               4Δ 2   
               16Δ 4   
               9Δ 2   
               324Δ 4   
             
             
               MPD between different modes 
             
             
               MPD between same modes 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   Here, l1 is a mode-index code which is a repetitive parity code with a 2L/3 Hamming distance. In all modes, l2 is an (L, L-1, 2) single-parity check code. l3 and l4 are only sent in modes 1 and 2. The transmission rate differs markedly between modes 1 and 2, and modes 3 and 4, because of the difference between l3 and l4. MSD, which is Minimum Symbol Distance, and MPD, which is Minimum Product Distance, are parameters for evaluating a coed in a high- and a low-SNR (Signal/Noise Ratio) fading environment. In each case, a higher value indicates better transmission characteristics. 
   Because, as shown in Table 2, transmission rate and MSD change according to the mode, transmissions with different characteristics are possible. Since the MSD in modes 2 and 4 is 2, in a fading environment the transmission characteristics in those modes will be better than in modes 1 and 3. Thus, modes 2 and 4 would be used for mobile communications. Also, compared to modes 3 and 4, transmission rates are higher in modes 1 and 2, so it would be better to use modes 1 and 2 when a high transmission rate is the object. Conversely, as can be seen from the MSED, in a Gaussian noise environment, better characteristics are achieved in modes 3 and 4 than in modes 1 and 2, so modes 3 and 4 can be used when it is desired to improve the bit error rate (BER) characteristics. 
     FIG. 9  shows 16QAM signal point assignments used for code 2. Because the 16QAM and QPSK signal points are stacked, the overall modulation is carried out using only the 16QAM signal plane. This can also be done using a mode-index code and changing the set-partitioning for each mode. In accordance with this method, by using the mode-index code to extend the distance between different modes and using a different set-partitioning for each mode for that point, it is possible to maintain the distance between code words even in a multiple-assigned signal configuration.  FIG. 10  shows the set-partitioning method used in modes 1 and 3. After l1, branching according to mode is possible. This can also be done with respect to modes 2 and 4. As a result, the set-partitioned, multiple-assigned 16QAM signal point configuration of  FIG. 9  can be obtained. Code 2 deciding is carried out by Viterbi decoding using the trellis diagram show in  FIG. 4(   b ). Because a mode-index code is used, the trellis diagram can be divided into sub-trellis areas for each code. In  FIG. 11 , A 1  and A 2  are the same as in code1, b 1 =(00, 01) and b 2 =(10, 11). 
   In the above description the use of Viterbi decoding is assumed. However, other methods, such as a multistage decoding method or the like, can be used to carry out the multi-level block-coded modulation.  FIG. 12  shows a multistage decoder configuration for that purpose. First, the mode-index code is decoded to determine the mode. Following this, the decoding method for other levels is determined and the decoding carried out. Although this is not maximum-likelihood decoding, the decoder configuration is easy to implement. 
   To examine the noise characteristics of a system using the method of the invention, the l2 characteristics of code 1 in a Gaussian noise environment were obtained by computer simulation using the system shown in  FIG. 13(   a ). On the receiving side, it is assumed that there is perfect symbol timing and frame synchronization. FIG.  14  shows the BER of l2 with an L of 16 and a generation probability of 0.5 for both mode 1 and mode 2. From  FIG. 14 , it can be seen that in mode 2, the BER is improved. The results agree with the above-described distance characteristics. 
   To examine the noise characteristics and fading characteristics of a system using the method of the invention, the BER characteristics of code 2 in an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and fading environment were calculated using the system shown in  FIG. 13(   b ). With an L of 15, it was assumed that the generation probabilities of modes 1 to 4 were, respectively, 0.45, 0.45, 0.05, and 0.05. 
     FIG. 15  shows the BER in an AWGN environment. For calculation purposes, with respect to transmitted series, over-and-short bits at the receiving end arising from mode error were counted as error bits. This meant that the BER could be more than one. With respect to the ratio Eb/NO, where Eb is the transmitted power per information bit (before encoding) and NO is the noise power spectrum density, below a certain Eb/NO, compared to transmission rates of uncoded series, in every mode a coding gain was obtained, indicating the achievement of both the high gain provided by code modulation and multi-mode transmission. As can be seen from  FIG. 15 , in modes 3 and 4 the average transmission rate decreases but the BER characteristics improve. 
   Next, the BER characteristics in a fading environment were calculated.  FIG. 16  shows the BER characteristics in a Rayleigh fading environment in which the normalized fading pitch was set at a relatively fast 1/40. As shown, the transmission characteristics of modes 2 and 4 were greatly improved. Therefore, for uplinks in mobile communication systems, adaptive transmission can be realized such as by using modes 1 and 3 when a mobile station is at rest and modes 2 and 4 when the mobile station is moving. At the same time, transmission rates can be changed by a considerable degree depending on whether modes 1 and 2 or modes 3 and 4 are used. Moreover, modes can be switched according to the length of each code, enabling rapid adaptation to changes in communications environments, ensuring efficient transmissions. 
   With the present invention, there is no need for the preamble used, in the above-mentioned first example of the prior art, to combine transmission mode index information and data, and there is also no need to extract and decode the preamble on the receiving side. Also, a single Viterbi decoder is used for decoding in all modes, eliminating the need to use multiple decoders. In addition, because the invention is a multi-mode transmission method that uses block-coded modulation, it provides the high coding gain of the block-coded modulation method and also avoids the type of degradation in transmission characteristics described with reference to the second example of the prior art. Moreover, the invention imparts multi-mode characteristics to the block-coded modulation, enabling transmission modes to be adaptively changed according to the system states. The invention also utilizes unequal and equal error protection that makes it possible to send transmissions containing a mixture of most-significant bits and other bits.