Abstract:
A method for fabricating a conductor includes providing a plurality of conductive nano-scale material elements, dispersing the nano-scale material elements within a resin to provide a resin-nano-scale material mixture, aligning the nano-scale material elements within the resin-nano-scale material mixture, and curing the resin-nano-scale material mixture.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/938,603, filed May 17, 2007, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates generally to electrical conductors, and more specifically, to highly conductive electrical wires and strips, collectively conductors, that are reduced in weight as compared to copper and aluminum wire conductor implementations that are equivalent in conductivity. 
     It is a continuing goal to reduce the weight of aircraft, spacecraft, and many other devices that include one or more electrical functions. In the aircraft example, any reduction in weight typically results in a corresponding reduction in fuel consumption, and may also allow for an increase in payload capacity. In other electrical devices, a reduction in weight may result in an increase in portablilty or ease of use. Finally, weight reduction in many applications will result in reduced costs. 
     In most existing applications, electrical power, current, and electrical/electronic signals are typically conducted through wires or cables using copper or aluminum as the conductive medium. In these applications, the amount of power, current, and signal strength are inherently limited by the electrical resistivity of the conducting materials, such as copper and aluminum, used to implement the electrical path. Finally, since copper and aluminum conductors include a resistance, current flowing therethrough will cause the wire to become a source of heat. A conductor with a lower resistance per unit area will tend to reduce the amount of heat generated within a system. 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In one aspect, an electrical conductor is provided that includes a plurality of nano-scale material elements and a resin matrix where the nano-scale material elements are aligned within the resin matrix. 
     In another aspect, a method for fabricating a conductor includes providing a plurality of conductive nano-scale material elements, dispersing the nano-scale material elements within a resin to provide a resin-nano-scale material mixture, aligning the nano-scale material elements within the resin-nano-scale material mixture, and curing the resin-nano-scale material mixture. 
     In still another aspect, an electrical conductor is provided that includes a plurality of nano-scale material elements each comprising a surface, at least one of a nano metal film and a plurality of nano metal particulates on the surface of the nano-scale material elements, and a resin matrix. The nano-scale material elements are aligned within the resin matrix. 
     In yet another aspect, a method for fabricating a conductor is provided. The method includes separating a plurality of nano-scale material elements, based on conductivity into metallic nano-scale material elements and semi-conducting nano-scale material elements, collecting the metallic nano-scale material elements at one or more electrodes, dispersing the metallic nano-scale material elements within a resin to provide a resin-nano-scale material mixture, and aligning the nano-scale material elements within the resin-nano-scale material mixture through at least one of extrusion of the resin-nano-scale material mixture and application of an electric field to the resin-nano-scale material mixture. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a side view of an electric conductor incorporating a plurality of nano-scale material elements embedded within a resin. 
         FIG. 2  is diagram illustrating a nano-scale material conductor fabrication process. 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating a process for separating semi-conductive nano-scale material elements from metallic nano-scale material elements. 
         FIG. 4  is an illustration of a process for placing nano metal particulates on a surface of nano-scale material elements. 
         FIG. 5  is a partial power system wiring diagram for an aircraft. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The embodiments described herein are related to an electrical current conducting apparatus. However, the apparatus is capable of conducting the electricity while exhibiting less resistance and loss than conventional, equivalent, current carrying devices, for example, copper and aluminum wire, when compared at the same weight level. As will be appreciated after the following description, wires, strips, and other conductors fabricated from nano-scale material elements embedded into polymeric resin is different from other electrical current media currently utilized. Specifically, currently utilized media is typically based on and fabricated using metallic materials (e.g. copper or aluminum). 
     As a result, systems that incorporate the described electrical current carrying apparatus can be reduced in weight. In non-limiting examples, platforms such as airplane and spacecraft, systems such as radar and communication networks, electronic devices such as computer and personal hand held devices, and many electrical appliances can be reduced in weight. Further, any type of product, equipment, and apparatus, for example, printed circuit boards that incorporate the described embodiments to conduct current, for the purpose of transmitting power, current, and signal, may be reduced in weight. 
       FIG. 1  is a side view of a portion of a conductor  10  that incorporates a plurality of nano-scale material elements  14  (e.g., carbon nanotube elements) embedded within a polymeric resin  20  matrix. The polymeric resin  20  is utilized to achieve an adequate structural integrity for conductor  10 . As is further described herein, to fabricate the conductor  10 , the nano-scale material elements  14  are aligned, for example, utilizing one or more of shear/elongational processing and an electric field. The resin  20  is then applied and any excess or unwanted resin matrix is removed from the conductor  10  before the resin  20  is cured. 
     More specifically, conductor  10  utilizes nano-scale material, for example, carbon nanotube elements which have shown a superb electrical conductivity. The nano-scale material elements  14  (e.g., carbon nanotubes) are embedded into a polymeric resin  20  which provides structural integrity. Since electrical conductivity is mainly achieved through utilization of the nano-scale material, it is preferable when fabricating a conductor  10  to use the smallest amount of polymeric resin  20  that is feasible while still retaining the structural integrity of the conductor  10 . 
     As mentioned above, one example of nano-scale material includes carbon nanotube elements, which have recently become more readily available. One embodiment of a carbon nanotube has a tubular shape of a one-dimensional nature which is obtained by rolling one or more graphene sheets composed of six membered rings of carbon atoms into a tube. In general, carbon nanotube elements are constructed of a single graphene sheet is referred to as a single-wall nanotube. On the other hand, a carbon nanotube element that is fabricated from a plurality of graphene sheets is referred to as a multiple wall, or multi-wall, nanotube. A carbon nanotube constructed of two graphene sheets is then referred to as a double wall, or dual wall, nanotube. Therefore, double-wall or multi-wall carbon nanotubes have a structure resembling concentric cylinders of two or more layers. While one embodiment of a single wall nanotube element is about one nanometer in diameter, embodiments of double-wall and multi-wall carbon nanotube elements measure from about two to about 100 nanometers in diameter. 
     Among the various kinds of carbon nanotube elements  14  that are currently available, only the carbon nanotube elements  14  that exhibit metallic properties (e.g. having an appropriate chirality) are utilized in the fabrication of conductor  10 , though other kinds are currently being, or are likely to be, developed. Therefore, in order to fabricate conductor  10 , and to ensure it has the desired conductivity, sorting of commercially available nano-scale material elements  14  is performed as part of the fabrication process. Additionally, uniform dispersion and alignment of the nano-scale material elements  14  received from the sorting process is necessary within conductor  10  in order to get the desired higher conductivity. 
     In one embodiment, application of an electric field is employed to enhance dispersion characteristics and alignment of the nano-scale material elements  14 . Repetitive application of the electric field further increases alignment of the nano-scale material elements  14 , further increasing conductivity. After these metallic nano-scale material elements  14  are impregnated into a polymer resin, appropriate curing is performed to build the conductor  10 . In another embodiment, a step of removing excess and unwanted portions of the polymeric resin  20  is added to the fabrication process to achieve an even higher value of conductivity per weight ratio. 
     The nano-scale material elements  14  (e.g., carbon nanotube elements) utilized in conductor  10  exhibit something close to superconducting behavior at an individual level. However, their density is extremely low when compared to the conventional metals. When nano-scale material elements  14  are sorted for an appropriate chirality, and these high conductivity nano-scale material elements  14  are grouped together and aligned into a desired direction a high conductivity is provided. As a result, these nano-scale material elements  14  produce a conductor with a high electrical conductivity having a significantly reduced weight, as compared to existing copper and aluminum wire implementations. 
     Conductor  10  is then fabricated, in one embodiment, by utilizing a polymeric resin  20  is added as binder and structural support eventually to build application specific products. One recent set of test results indicates that the current value of the specific resistivity (resistivity multiplied by density) is reduced by approximately 50% as compared to copper and aluminum conductors. For a numeric example, a specific resistivity associated with at least one of the herein described embodiments is believed to be about 3.6 g-ohm-cm-2 which represents a significant improvement over the resistivity values associated with copper (15.3) or aluminum (7.2). 
       FIG. 2  is an illustration of an overall processing flow that might be utilized to fabricate the conductor  10  illustrated in  FIG. 1 . Referring specifically to  FIG. 2 , nano-scale material elements are prepared  50  by removing amorphous carbon and metal catalyst residue from the commercially manufactured nano-scale material elements. In one embodiment, the nano-scale material elements utilized are single walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) elements having a high purity. SWNT elements are utilized in the embodiment based on at least one of material availability and maturity, degree of electrical conductivity, processing amenability, cost, and weight reduction potential. Embodiments that include the above described double walled carbon nanotube elements, multiple walled carbon nanotube elements, and many walled carbon nanotube elements, and various combinations thereof are also contemplated. 
     Dieletrophoresis field flow fractionation is utilized in one embodiment for metallic nanotube separation  52 , and is further described with respect to  FIG. 3 . Commercially available nano-scale material elements  14  are produced in a variety of different conducting levels, including semi-conducting nanotubes, which degrade electrical conductivity if included within conductor  10  (shown in  FIG. 1 ), and metallic nanotubes which are preferred within conductor  10 . Separation of the nano-scale material elements  14 , based on conductivity, is carried out by applying a negatively biased electric field associated with an AC voltage  54 . Application of the electric field causes “metallic” nano-scale material elements  56  to be collected at one or more electrodes  58  while “semi-conducting” nano-scale material elements  60  pass through the electric field. All the metallic nano scale material elements  56  captured at the electrodes  58  are collected and moved to the next processing step, which is referred to as wire processing  70 . 
     Wire processing  70  includes three substeps which result in a high electrical conductivity for the conductor  10  while also maintaining a structural integrity for the product. In step  72 , sorted, metallic nano-scale material elements  56  are mixed in a polymer of choice (e.g., polymeric resin  20 ), the metallic nano-scale material elements  56  are then aligned  74 , and the resin is cured  76 . One portion of the alignment step  74  includes directing the mixture of metallic nano-scale material elements  56  and resin into a smaller channel  80  and an extrusion effect is naturally achieved, which helps with nano-scale material element alignment. 
     Further alignment and uniform dispersion of nano-scale material elements  14  is achieved by repetitively applying an incrementally increasing electric field  82 . At least one set of test results has indicated the effect of further alignment using the described wire processing technique. Removal of excess resin and appropriate furnace curing  84  completes the wire formation, resulting in conductor  10  (shown in  FIG. 1 ). In this embodiment a portion of the polymeric resin is removed just prior to complete polymer curing. Removal of a portion of the polymeric resin decreases the weight of the conductor product even further and is acceptable as long as removal of the resin does not reduce the structural integrity of conductor  10 . 
       FIG. 3  is a flow diagram  100  further illustrating the process for separating semi-conductive nano-scale material elements  60  from metallic nano-scale material elements  56 . A fluid flow, sometimes referred to as a mobile phase, is utilized and originates from a syringe pump  102 . At an injection port  104 , the nano-scale material elements are added to the fluid flow. Within a dieletrophoresis chamber  106  an electric field is applied and the semi-conducting nano-scale material elements  56  are separated from the semi-conductive nano-scale material elements  60  and attach to the electrodes  58 . The dieletrophoresis chamber  106  includes the electrodes  58  and a electrophoretic sedimentation electrode  108  opposite electrodes  58  inducing a dieletrophoresis field flow. 
     A near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) flow cell  110  is utilized to further separate semi-conducting nano-scale material elements  60  for collection in fraction collector  112 . The metallic nano-scale material elements  56 , which are of primary interest, are collected on the electrodes  58  of dieletrophoresis chamber  106  as described above. 
     Further processing of the metallic nano-scale material elements  56 , after collection in dieletrophoresis chamber  106 , may be incorporated. In an embodiment, illustrated in  FIG. 4 , further improvement in electrical conductivity of a carbon nano-scale material element  150  can be achieved by incorporating a nano metal film (not shown) or nano metal particulates  152  on the surface  154  of the carbon nanot scale material element  150 . Further, by using two different types of nano-scale elements  160  and  162  as particulates  152 , high electrical conductivity is ensured since interface related electron transport is enhanced. In the example process flow of  FIG. 4 , the nano-scale material elements  150  are first dispersed in a solvent within sonicator  170 . Additional processing, for example, to add a sensitization to tin (Sn) to the nano-scale material elements  150  is also accomplished within the sonicator  170 . Within stirrer  172 , a palladium (Pd) activation process is utilized which enhances attachment of nano particles  160  and  162  to the nano-scale material elements  150 . 
       FIG. 5  is a partial power system wiring diagram  200  for a representative aircraft, which illustrates the applicability of the above described embodiments to an aircraft system. Diagram  200  illustrates the preponderance of copper (CU) and aluminum (AL) within an aircraft  202 . In the example application of  FIG. 5 , it is estimated that a reduction in weight of the aircraft system by approximately 1,100 pounds can be achieved, specifically about 600 pounds in power distribution wiring and about 550 pounds in signal distribution wiring . A similar analysis performed for another example commercial aircraft indicated that a reduction of nearly 2,000 pounds in wiring weight is achievable. 
     The described embodiments are believed to have a large number of potential applications, ranging from basic materials companies to utility companies, construction companies, electronics companies, medical instrument and diagnostic companies, automobile manufacturing companies to name just a few. The weight reductions achieved using the describe embodiments will result in fuel savings and operating cost reductions for a wide range of applications, examples of which include aircraft, spacecraft, and other mobile ground vehicle systems. Additional applications are found in electronic system and hand-held devices where weight is sometimes considered to be of significant importance. In still another example, for spacecraft it costs about $10,000 to launch a pound of payload into low earth orbit. As such, any type of weight reduction translates into significant cost savings. 
     The above described embodiments rely on nano-scale material elements (e.g., carbon nanotube elements) that are formed into a desired orientation and shape through a binding that includes, for example, a minute polymeric resin. In one specific embodiment, the carbon nano-scale material elements are sorted so that only highly electrically conductive metallic nano-scale material elements will be utilized in the fabrication of the described conductors. Such nano-scale material elements are sometimes described as having a metallic chirality. In the above described embodiment, utilization of such nano-scale material elements result in a conductor which has an improved (lower) specific resistivity (i.e., electrical resistivity multiplied by density). 
     While the invention has been described in terms of various specific embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced with modification within the spirit and scope of the claims.