Abstract:
There is provided a liquid crystal display apparatus that may limit a reduction in the voltage holding ratio (VHR) of a liquid crystal layer and limit an increase in the ion density (ID) in the liquid crystal layer and address issues of faulty display such as white missing pixels, alignment inconsistencies, and burn-in. Having a feature of limiting a reduction in the VHR of a liquid crystal layer and limiting an increase in an ion density (ID) in the liquid crystal layer and thereby reducing occurrence of faulty display such as burn-in, the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention may be particularly suitably used as a VA-mode or PSVA-mode liquid crystal display apparatus for active-matrix driving and may be used as a liquid crystal display apparatus included in a liquid crystal TV, a monitor, a mobile phone, a smart phone, or the like.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display apparatus. 
       BACKGROUND ART 
       [0002]    Liquid crystal display apparatuses have been widely used in clocks, electronic calculators, various home appliances, measuring equipment, panels for automobiles, word processors, electronic personal organizers, printers, computers, TVs, and the like. Common examples of liquid crystal display methods include a TN (twisted nematic) type, a STN (super-twisted nematic) type, a DS (dynamic light scattering) type, a GH (guest-host) type, an IPS (in-plane switching) type, an OCB (optically compensated birefringence) type, an ECB (electrically controlled birefringence) type, a VA (vertical alignment) type, a CSH (color super-homeotropic) type, and a FLC (ferroelectric liquid crystal). There has been a shift in the driving method used from a conventional static driving to a multiplex driving, which has been commonly employed. Simple-matrix liquid crystal displays and, recently, active-matrix (AM) liquid crystal displays, which are driven using a TFT (thin-film transistor), a TFD (thin-film diode), or the like, have been widely employed. 
         [0003]    As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , a common liquid crystal display apparatus includes two substrates ( 1 ) each including an alignment film ( 4 ); a transparent electrode layer ( 3   a ) serving as a common electrode and a color filter layer ( 2 ), which are interposed between one of the alignment film and the corresponding substrate; and a pixel electrode layer ( 3   b ) interposed between the other alignment film and the corresponding substrate. The two substrates are arranged so that the alignment films face each other, and a liquid crystal layer ( 5 ) is held therebetween. 
         [0004]    The color filter layer includes a color filter constituted by a black matrix, a red-colored layer (R), a green-colored layer (G), a blue-colored layer (B), and, as needed, a yellow-colored layer (Y). 
         [0005]    The amount of impurities contained in a liquid crystal material constituting the liquid crystal layer is strictly controlled because any impurities remaining in the liquid crystal material would greatly affect the electrical characteristics of the display apparatus. It is known that the material constituting the alignment film also affects the electrical characteristics of the liquid crystal layer because any impurities remaining in the alignment film, which is in direct contact with the liquid crystal layer, would migrate into the liquid crystal layer. Thus, the characteristics of the liquid crystal display apparatus due to impurities contained in a material of the alignment film is currently being studied. 
         [0006]    As well as a material of the alignment film, a material of the color filter layer, such as an organic pigment, is also considered to affect the liquid crystal layer due to impurities contained in the material of the color filter layer. The direct effect of a material of the color filter layer on the liquid crystal layer has been considered to be very small compared with the effect of a material of the alignment film since the alignment film and the transparent electrode are interposed between the color filter layer and the liquid crystal layer. However, the thickness of the alignment film is generally 0.1 μm or less, and the thickness of the transparent electrode serving as a common electrode disposed on the color-filter-layer side is generally 0.5 μm or less, even in the case where the thickness of the transparent electrode is increased in order to increase electrical conductivity. Therefore, it cannot be said that the color filter layer and the liquid crystal layer are in an environment where they are completely isolated from each other. Consequently, the impurities contained in the color filter layer, which migrate via an alignment film and a transparent electrode, may reduce the voltage holding ratio (VHR) of the liquid crystal layer and may increase the ion density (ID) in the liquid crystal layer, which results in faulty display such as white missing pixels, alignment inconsistencies, and burn-in. 
         [0007]    In order to address the faulty display caused by impurities contained in pigments constituting the color filter, a method of controlling elution of impurities into a liquid crystal by using a pigment such that the proportion of a substance extracted from the pigment with ethyl formate is set to be equal to or less than a specific value (PTL 1) and a method of controlling elution of impurities into a liquid crystal by specifying a pigment contained in a blue colored layer (PTL 2) have been studied. However, there is not a great difference between these methods and a method of simply reducing the amount of impurities contained in a pigment, and these methods provide unsatisfactory improvements in addressing the faulty display in the present situation in which progress has been made in purification techniques for pigments. 
         [0008]    On the other hand, focusing on the relationship between organic impurities contained in the color filter and the liquid crystal composition, a method in which the degree of difficulty in dissolving organic impurities in the liquid crystal layer is represented as a hydrophobicity parameter of liquid crystal molecules contained in the liquid crystal layer and the hydrophobicity parameter is controlled to be equal to or more than a specific value; and, on the basis of the correlation between the hydrophobicity parameter and a —OCF 3  group at the end of the liquid crystal molecule, a method in which the content of a liquid crystal compound having an —OCF 3  group at the end of the liquid crystal molecule in a liquid crystal composition is controlled to a specific value or more have been disclosed (PTL 3). However, the essence of the invention disclosed in the cited document is reducing the effect of impurities contained in a pigment on the liquid crystal layer, and there was no study on the direct relationship between the structure of a pigment used for producing a color filter and the structure of a liquid crystal material. 
         [0009]    It has been disclosed that voltage holding ratio (VHR) may be increased by using a pigment washed with deionized water until the specific electrical conductivity of the filtrate of the deionized water used for the washing treatment reaches 20 μS/cm or less. However, there is no description about the specific electrical conductivity of the pigment, and the voltage holding ratio was about 95% (PTL 4), which was insufficient to address the faulty display of liquid crystal display elements, which are becoming more advanced. 
         [0010]    It is known that the water-soluble content and the specific electrical conductivity of a pigment may affect the anticorrosive effect of an anticorrosive paint and ease of ejecting ink-jet ink (PTL 5 and PTL 6). However, it is not known how the combination of the water-soluble content and specific electrical conductivity of a pigment and the structure of a liquid crystal material constituting a liquid crystal layer affect faulty display of a liquid crystal display element. Thus, the issue of faulty display of liquid crystal display apparatuses, which are becoming more advanced, has not yet been addressed. 
       CITATION LIST 
     Patent Literature 
       [0011]    PTL 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2000-19321 
         [0012]    PTL 2: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2009-109542 
         [0013]    PTL 3: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2000-192040 
         [0014]    PTL 4: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2009-7432 
         [0015]    PTL 5: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2008-144105 
         [0016]    PTL 6: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2010-260997 
       SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     Technical Problem 
       [0017]    The present invention provides a liquid crystal display apparatus including a specific liquid crystal composition and a color filter including a pigment having a certain water-soluble content and/or a certain specific electrical conductivity, which may limit a reduction in the voltage holding ratio (VHR) of a liquid crystal layer and limit an increase in the ion density (ID) in the liquid crystal layer and address issues of faulty display such as white missing pixels, alignment inconsistencies, and burn-in. 
       Solution to Problem 
       [0018]    In order to address the above-described issues, the inventors of the present invention have conducted extensive studies on the combination of the water-soluble content and/or specific electrical conductivity of a pigment constituting a color filter and the structure of a liquid crystal material constituting a liquid crystal layer. As a result, the inventors have found that a liquid crystal display apparatus that includes a liquid crystal material having a specific structure and a color filter prepared using a pigment having a certain water-soluble content and/or a certain specific electrical conductivity may limit a reduction in the voltage holding ratio (VHR) of a liquid crystal layer and limit an increase in the ion density (ID) in the liquid crystal layer and address the issues of faulty display such as white missing pixels, alignment inconsistencies, and burn-in. Thus, the present invention was made. 
         [0019]    Specifically, the present invention provides 
         [0020]    a liquid crystal display apparatus including a first substrate, a second substrate, a liquid crystal composition layer held between the first substrate and the second substrate, a color filter including a black matrix and at least RGB three-color pixel portions, a pixel electrode, and a common electrode. 
         [0021]    The liquid crystal composition layer is composed of a liquid crystal composition including one or more compounds selected from a group consisting of compounds represented by General Formula (LC1) and General Formula (LC2). The amount of the one or more compounds is more than 90% by mass of the total amount of liquid crystal compounds having a dielectric anisotropy of 2 or more. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0022]    (where R 1  each independently represents an alkyl group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms; one or more CH 2  groups of the alkyl group may be replaced by —O—, —CH═CH—, —CO—, —OCO—, —COO—, —C≡C—, —CF 2 O—, or —OCF 2 — in such a manner that an oxygen atom is not directly adjacent to another oxygen atom; one or more hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group may optionally be replaced by a halogen; A 1  and A 2  each independently represent any one of the following structures: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0023]    (in these structures, one or more CH 2  groups of the cyclohexane ring may be replaced by an oxygen atom, one or more CH groups of the benzene ring may be replaced by a nitrogen atom, and one or more hydrogen atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, CF 3 , or OCF 3 ); X 1  to X 5  each independently represent a hydrogen atom, Cl, F, CF 3 , or OCF 3 ; Y each independently represents a hydrogen atom, Cl, F, CF 3 , OCH 2 F, OCHF 2 , or OCF 3 ; Z 1  to Z 3  each independently represent a single bond, —CH═CH—, —CF═CF—, —C≡C—, —CH 2 CH 2 —, —(CH 2 ) 4 —, —OCH 2 —, —CH 2 O—, —OCF 2 —, —CF 2 O—, —COO—, or —OCO—; m 1  and m 2  are each independently an integer of 0 to 3; and m 1 +m 2  is 1, 2, or 3). 
         [0024]    The RGB three-color pixel portions include, as a coloring material, a pigment having a water-soluble content of 0% by mass or more and 1.5% by mass or less and/or a specific electrical conductivity of 10 μS/cm or more and 150 μS/cm or less. 
       Advantageous Effects of Invention 
       [0025]    The liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention includes a specific liquid crystal composition and a color filter including a pigment having a certain water-soluble content and/or a certain specific electrical conductivity, which may limit a reduction in the voltage holding ratio (VHR) of a liquid crystal layer and limit an increase in the ion density (ID) in the liquid crystal layer and address issues of faulty display such as white missing pixels, alignment inconsistencies, and burn-in. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         [0026]      FIG. 1  is a diagram illustrating an example of a common liquid crystal display apparatus of the related art. 
           [0027]      FIG. 2  is a diagram illustrating an example of a liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention. 
       
    
    
     REFERENCE SIGNS LIST 
       [0000]    
       
         
           
               1  Substrate 
               2  Color filter layer 
               2   a  Color filter layer including a specific pigment 
               3   a  Transparent electrode layer (common electrode) 
               3   b  Pixel electrode layer 
               4  Alignment film 
               5  Liquid crystal layer 
               5   a  Liquid crystal layer including a specific liquid crystal composition 
           
         
       
     
       DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
       [0036]      FIG. 2  illustrates an example of the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention, which includes two substrates ( 1 ), namely, a first substrate and a second substrate, each including an alignment film ( 4 ); a transparent electrode layer ( 3   a ) serving as a common electrode and a color filter layer ( 2   a ) including a specific pigment, which are interposed between one of the alignment films and the corresponding substrate; and a pixel electrode layer ( 3   b ) interposed between the other alignment film and the corresponding substrate. The two substrates are arranged so that the alignment films face each other, and a liquid crystal layer ( 5   a ) including a specific liquid crystal composition is held therebetween. 
         [0037]    The two substrates of the display apparatus are bonded together using a sealant and an encapsulant disposed in the periphery of the substrates. In many cases, granular spacers or resin spacer pillars formed by photolithography are disposed between the substrates in order to maintain a certain distance between the substrates. 
       (Liquid Crystal Layer) 
       [0038]    The liquid crystal layer included in the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention is composed of a liquid crystal composition including one or more compounds selected from a group consisting of compounds represented by General Formula (LC1) and General Formula (LC2). The amount of the compounds is more than 90% by mass of the total amount of liquid crystal compounds having a dielectric anisotropy of 2 or more. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0039]    (where R 1  each independently represents an alkyl group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms; one or more CH 2  groups of the alkyl group may be replaced by —O—, —CH═CH—, —CO—, —OCO—, —COO—, —C≡C—, —CF 2 O—, or —OCF 2 — in such a manner that an oxygen atom is not directly adjacent to another oxygen atom; one or more hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group may optionally be replaced by a halogen; A 1  and A 2  each independently represent any one of the following structures: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0040]    (in these structures, one or more CH 2  groups of the cyclohexane ring may be replaced by an oxygen atom, one or more CH groups of the benzene ring may be replaced by a nitrogen atom, and one or more hydrogen atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, CF 3 , or OCF 3 ); X 1  to X 5  each independently represent a hydrogen atom, Cl, F, CF 3 , or OCF 3 ; Y each independently represents a hydrogen atom, Cl, F, CF 3 , OCH 2 F, OCHF 2 , or OCF 3 ; Z 1  to Z 3  each independently represent a single bond, —CH═CH—, —CF═CF—, —C≡C—, —CH 2 CH 2 —, —(CH 2 ) 4 —, —OCH 2 —, —CH 2 O—, —OCF 2 —, —CF 2 O—, —COO—, or —OCO—; m 1  and m 2  are each independently an integer of 0 to 3; and m 1 +m 2  is 1, 2, or 3). 
         [0041]    R 1  is preferably each independently an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, or an alkenyl group having 2 to 7 carbon atoms and is more preferably each independently an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms. 
         [0042]    A 1  and A 2  are preferably each independently any one of the following structures: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0043]    Y is preferably each independently F, CF 3 , or OCF 3  and is particularly preferably F. 
         [0044]    Z 1  to Z 3  are preferably each independently a single bond, —CH 2 CH 2 —, —COO—, —OCO—, —OCH 2 —, —CH 2 O—, —OCF 2 —, or —CF 2 O— and are more preferably each independently a single bond, —CH 2 CH 2 —, —OCF 2 —, or —CF 2 O—, and 
         [0045]    m 1  and m 2  are preferably each independently 1 or 2. 
         [0046]    The above-described liquid crystal composition preferably further includes one or more compounds represented by General Formula (LC5) below: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0047]    (in General Formula (LC5), R 3  and R 4  each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms; one or more CH 2  groups of the alkyl group may be replaced by —O—, —CH═CH—, —CO—, —OCO—, —COO—, —C≡C—, —CF 2 O—, or —OCF 2 — in such a manner that an oxygen atom is not directly adjacent to another oxygen atom; one or more hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group may optionally be replaced by a halogen; B 1  to B 3  each independently represent any one of the following structures: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0048]    (in these structures, one or more CH 2 CH 2  groups of the cyclohexane ring may be replaced by —CH═CH—, —CF 2 O—, or —OCF 2 — and one or more CH groups of the benzene ring may be replaced by a nitrogen atom); Z 4  and Z 5  each independently represent a single bond, —CH═CH—, —CF═CF—, —C≡C—, —CH 2 CH 2 —, —(CH 2 ) 4 —, —COO—, —OCH 2 —, —CH 2 O—, —OCF 2 —, or —CF 2 O—; and m 3  is 0 to 3). 
         [0049]    R 3  and R 4  are preferably each independently an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 7 carbon atoms, or an alkenyloxy group having 2 to 7 carbon atoms and are more preferably each independently an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms. 
         [0050]    B 1  to B 3  are preferably each independently any one of the following structures: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0051]    Z 4  and Z 5  are preferably each independently a single bond, —CH 2 CH 2 —, —COO—, —OCH 2 —, —CH 2 O—, —OCF 2 —, or —CF 2 O— and are more preferably each independently a single bond or —CH 2 CH 2 —, and 
         [0052]    m 3  is preferably 0, 1, or 2. 
         [0053]    The compound represented by General Formula (LC1) is preferably one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of the compounds represented by General Formula (LC1)-1 to General Formula (LC1)-4 below: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0054]    (in General Formulae (LC1)-1 to (LC1)-4, R 1  each independently represents an alkyl group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms; one or more CH 2  groups of the alkyl group may be replaced by —O—, —CH═CH—, —CO—, —OCO—, —COO—, —C≡C—, —CF 2 O—, or —OCF 2 — in such a manner that an oxygen atom is not directly adjacent to another oxygen atom; X 2  and X 6  each independently represent a hydrogen atom, Cl, F, CF 3 , or OCF 3 ; when a plurality of X 6 &#39;s are present, they may be identical or different; and Y each independently represents Cl, F, CF 3 , OCH 2 F, OCHF 2 , or OCF 3 ). 
         [0055]    R 1  is preferably each independently an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, or an alkenyl group having 2 to 7 carbon atoms and is more preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms. 
         [0056]    X 2  and X 6  are preferably each independently a hydrogen atom or F. 
         [0057]    Y is preferably each independently F, CF 3 , or OCF 3 . 
         [0058]    The compound represented by General Formula (LC1) is preferably one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of the compounds represented by General Formula (LC1)-5 to General Formula (LC1)-24 below: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0059]    (in General Formulae (LC1)-5 to (LC1)-24, R 1  each independently represents an alkyl group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms; one or more CH 2  groups of the alkyl group may be replaced by —O—, —CH═CH—, —CO—, —OCO—, —COO—, —C≡C—, —CF 2 O—, or —OCF 2 — in such a manner that an oxygen atom is not directly adjacent to another oxygen atom; one or more hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group may optionally be replaced by a halogen; X 2  and X 7  each independently represent a hydrogen atom, Cl, F, CF 3 , or OCF 3 ; when a plurality of X 7 &#39;s are present, they may be identical or different; Z 1  each independently represents a single bond, —CH═CH—, —C≡C—, —CH 2 CH 2 —, —(CH 2 ) 4 —, —OCH 2 —, —OCH 2 O—, —OCF 2 —, or —CF 2 O—; Y each independently represents Cl, F, CF 3 , OCH 2 F, OCHF 2 , or OCF 3 ; and 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0060]    A 1  each independently represents any one of the above structures). 
         [0061]    R 1  is preferably each independently an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, or an alkenyl group having 2 to 7 carbon atoms and is more preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms. 
         [0062]    X 2  and X 7  are preferably each independently a hydrogen atom or F. 
         [0063]    Y is preferably each independently F, CF 3 , or OCF 3 . 
         [0064]    The compound represented by General Formula (LC2) is preferably one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of the compounds represented by General Formula (LC2)-1 to General Formula (LC2)-11 below: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0065]    (in General Formulae (LC2)-1 to (LC2)-11, R 1  each independently represents an alkyl group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms; one or more CH 2  groups of the alkyl group may be replaced by —O—, —CH═CH—, —CO—, —OCO—, —COO—, —C≡C—, —CF 2 O—, or —OCF 2 — in such a manner that an oxygen atom is not directly adjacent to another oxygen atom; X 4  and X 8  each independently represent a hydrogen atom, Cl, F, CF 3 , or OCF 3 ; when a plurality of X 8 &#39;s are present, they may be identical or different; Y each independently represents Cl, F, CF 3 , OCH 2 F, OCHF 2 , or OCF 3 ). 
         [0066]    R 1  is preferably each independently an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, or an alkenyl group having 2 to 7 carbon atoms and is more preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms. 
         [0067]    X 4  and X 8  are preferably each independently a hydrogen atom or F. 
         [0068]    Y is preferably each independently F, CF 3 , or OCF 3 . 
         [0069]    The compound represented by General Formula (LC5) is more preferably one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of the compounds represented by General Formula (LC5)-1 to General Formula (LC5)-15 below: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0070]    (in General Formulae (LC5)-1 to (LC5)-15, R 3  and R 4  each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 7 carbon atoms, or an alkenyloxy group having 2 to 7 carbon atoms). R 3  and R 4  are more preferably each independently an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms. 
         [0071]    The above-described liquid crystal composition layer may include one or more polymerizable compounds. 
         [0072]    Specifically, the above-described liquid crystal composition layer preferably includes one or more polymerizable compounds represented by General Formula (PC1) below: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0073]    (in General Formula (PC1), P 1  represents a polymerizable functional group; Sp 1  represents a spacer group having 0 to 20 carbon atoms; Q 1  represents a single bond, —O—, —NH—, —NHCOO—, —OCONH—, —CH═CH—, —CO—, —COO—, —OCO—, —OCOO—, —OOCO—, —CH═CH—, —CH═CH—OCO—, —OCO—CH═CH—, or —C≡C—; n 1  and n 2  represent 1, 2, or 3; MG represents a mesogenic group or a mesogenic supporting group; R 10  represents a halogen atom, a cyano group, or an alkyl group having 1 to 25 carbon atoms, and one or more CH 2  groups of the alkyl group may be replaced by —O—, —S—, —NH—, —N(CH 3 )—, —CO—, —COO—, —OCO—, —OCOO—, —SCO—, —COS—, or —C≡C— in such a manner that an oxygen atom is not directly adjacent to another oxygen atom; and, in another case, R 10  represents P 2 —Sp 2 -Q 2 - (where P 2 , Sp 2 , Q 2  independently represent the same things as P 1 , Sp 1 , Q 1 , respectively)). 
         [0074]    In General Formula (PC1), more preferably, MG represents the following structure: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0075]    (where C 1  to C 3  each independently represent a 1,4-phenylene group, a 1,4-cyclohexylene group, a 1,4-cyclohexenyl group, a tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl group, a 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl group, a tetrahydrothiopyran-2,5-diyl group, a 1,4-bicyclo(2,2,2)octylene group, a decahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl group, a pyridine-2,5-diyl group, a pyrimidine-2,5-diyl group, a pyrazine-2,5-diyl group, a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl group, a 2,6-naphthylene group, a phenanthrene-2,7-diyl group, a 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene-2,7-diyl group, a 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10a-octahydrophenanthrene 2,7-diyl group, or a fluorene 2,7-diyl group; the 1,4-phenylene group, the 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl group, the 2,6-naphthylene group, the phenanthrene-2,7-diyl group, the 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene-2,7-diyl group, the 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10a-octahydrophenanthrene 2,7-diyl group, and the fluorene 2,7-diyl group may include, as a substituent, one or more F atoms, Cl atoms, CF 3  groups, OCF 3  groups, cyano groups, alkyl groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, alkoxy groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, alkanoyl groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, alkanoyloxy groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, alkenyl groups having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, alkenyloxy groups having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, alkenoyl groups having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, or alkenoyloxy groups having 2 to 8 carbon atoms; Y 1  and Y 2  each independently represent —COO—, —OCO—, —CH 2 CH 2 —, —OCH 2 —, —CH 2 O—, —CH═CH—, —C≡C—, —CH═CHCOO—, —OCOCH═CH—, —CH 2 CH 2 COO—, —CH 2 CH 2 OCO—, —COOCH 2 CH 2 —, —OCOCH 2 CH 2 —, —CONH—, —NHCO—, or a single bond; and n 5  is 0, 1, or 2). Sp 1  and Sp 2  are more preferably each independently an alkylene group, which may be substituted by one or more halogen atoms or cyano groups. One or more CH 2  groups of the alkylene group may be replaced by —O—, —S—, —NH—, —N(CH 3 )—, —CO—, —COO—, —OCO—, —OCOO—, —SCO—, —COS—, or —C≡C— in such a manner that an oxygen atom is not directly adjacent to another oxygen atom. P 1  and P 2  are preferably each independently any one of the structures represented by Formula (R-1) to Formula (R-15) below: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0076]    Such polymerizable groups can be cured by radical polymerization, radical addition polymerization, cationic polymerization, or anionic polymerization. In the case where polymerization is performed by ultraviolet light polymerization, the structures represented by Formulae (R-1), (R-2), (R-4), (R-5), (R-7), (R-11), (R-13), and (R-15) are preferably employed. The structures represented by Formulae (R-1), (R-2), (R-7), (R-11), and (R-13) are more preferably employed. The structures represented by Formulae (R-1) and (R-2) are more preferably employed. 
         [0077]    An example of a polymerizable compound including one polymerizable functional group in the molecule is the compound represented by General Formula (PC1)-0 below: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0078]    (in Formula (PC1)-0, R 11  represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; the six-membered rings T 1 , T 2 , and T 3  each independently represent any one of the following structures: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0079]    (where m represents an integer of 1 to 4); 
         [0080]    n 4  represents an integer of 0 or 1; 
         [0081]    Y 0 , Y 1 , and Y 2  each independently represent a single bond, —O—, —OCH 2 —, —OCH 2 —, —C 2 H 4 —, —COO—, —OCO—, —CH═CH—, —CO—, —OCOO—, —NH—, —NHCOO—, —OCONH—, —OCOCH 2 —, —CH 2 OCO—, —COOCH 2 —, —CH 2 COO—, —CH═CH—COO—, —OCO—CH═CH—, —CH═CH—OCO—, —COO—CH═CH—, —CH═CCH 2 —COO—, —COO—CCH 2 ═CH—, —COOC 2 H 4 —, —OCOC 2 H 4 —, —C 2 H 4 OCO—, —C 2 H 4 COO—, —C≡C—, —CF 2 O—, or —OCF 2 —; 
         [0082]    Y 3  represents a single bond, —O—, —COO—, or —OCO—; and 
         [0083]    R 12  represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a cyano group, an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms). At least one polymerizable compound selected from the group is preferably used. 
         [0084]    Examples of a polymerizable compound including two or more polymerizable functional groups in the molecule include the compounds represented by General Formula (PC1)-1 and General Formula (PC1)-2 below: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0085]    (where P 1 , Sp 1 , Q 1 , P 2 , Sp 2 , Q 2 , and MG represent the same things as in General Formula (PC1), and n 3  and n 4  are each independently 1, 2, or 3). 
         [0086]    Specifically, the compound represented by General Formula (PC1) is preferably one or more polymerizable compounds selected from the group consisting of the compounds represented by General Formula (PC1)-3 to General Formula (PC1)-11 below: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0087]    (in General Formula (PC1)-3 to General Formula (PC1)-11, P 1 , P 2 , Sp 1 , Sp 2 , Q 1 , and Q 2  represent the same things as in General Formula (PC1); W 4 &#39;s each independently represent F, CF 3 , OCF 3 , CH 3 , OCH 3 , an alkyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, COOW 2 , OCOW 2 , or OCOOW 2  (where W 2  each independently represents a straight-chain or branched chain alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms); n 3  each independently represents 1, 2, or 3; n 4  each independently represents 1, 2, or 3; n 6 &#39;s each independently represent 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; and, in the same ring, n 3 +n 6  and n 4 +n 6  are 5 or less). 
         [0088]    In General Formula (PC1) and General Formula (PC1)-1 to General Formula (PC1)-11, Sp 1 , Sp 2 , Q 1 , and Q 2  are preferably a single bond. The value of n 3 +n 4  is preferably 1 to 3 and is preferably 1 or 2. P 1  and P 2  are preferably the polymerizable group represented by Formula (R-1) or (R-2). W 1  is preferably F, CF 3 , OCF 3 , CH 3 , or OCH 3 . The value of n 6  is 1, 2, 3, or 4. 
         [0089]    Specifically, the polymerizable compound represented by General Formula (PC1) is preferably one or more polymerizable compounds selected from the group consisting of the following compounds: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0090]    Optionally, a hydrogen atom of the benzene rings of (PC1-3a) to (PC1-3i) may be replaced by a fluorine atom. 
         [0091]    It is also preferable that the polymerizable compound is the disc-shaped liquid crystal compound represented by General Formula (PC1)-12 below: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0092]    (in General Formula (PC1)-12, R 7 &#39;s each independently represent P 1 —Sp 1 -Q 1  or a substituent represented by General Formula (PC1-e), where P 1 , Sp 1 , and Q 1  represent the same things as in General Formula (PC1), R 81  and R 82  each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or a methyl group, R 83  represents an alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and at least one hydrogen atom of the alkoxy group is replaced by any one of the substituents represented by Formulae (R-1) to (R-15)). 
         [0093]    The amount of the polymerizable compound used is preferably 0.05% to 2.0% by mass. 
         [0094]    The above-described liquid crystal composition may be used alone for the above-described purpose. Optionally, the above-described liquid crystal composition may include one or more types of antioxidants or may further include one or more types of UV absorbents. 
       (Color Filter) 
       [0095]    The color filter used in the present invention includes a black matrix and at least RGB three-color pixel portions. The RGB three-color pixel portions includes, as a coloring material, a pigment having a water-soluble content of 0.001% by mass or more and 1.5% by mass or less and/or a specific electrical conductivity of 10 μS/cm or more and 150 μS/cm or less. 
         [0096]    The water-soluble content of the pigment is preferably 0% by mass or more and 1.2% by mass or less, is more preferably 0% by mass or more and 1.0% by mass or less, and is particularly preferably 0% by mass or more and 0.8% by mass or less. 
         [0097]    The specific electrical conductivity of the pigment is preferably 10 μS/cm or more and 120 μS/cm or less, is more preferably 10 μS/cm or more and 100 μS/cm or less, and is particularly preferably 10 μS/cm or more and 80 μS/cm or less. 
         [0098]    More specifically, it is preferable that the water-soluble content of the pigment is 0% by mass or more and 1.2% by mass or less and the specific electrical conductivity of the pigment is 10 μS/cm or more and 120 μS/cm or less. 
         [0099]    It is more preferable that the water-soluble content of the pigment is 0% by mass or more and 1.0% by mass or less and the specific electrical conductivity of the pigment is 10 μS/cm or more and 100 μS/cm or less. 
         [0100]    It is particularly preferable that the water-soluble content of the pigment is 0% by mass or more and 0.8% by mass or less and the specific electrical conductivity of the pigment is 10 μS/cm or more and 80 μS/cm or less. 
         [0101]    The term “water-soluble content of the pigment” used herein refers to the content of a constituent of the pigment which dissolves in water. Specifically, the water-soluble content of a pigment can be calculated in accordance with JIS K5101-16-1 (Test methods for pigments-Part 16: Matter soluble in water-Section 1: Hot extraction method), that is, in the following manner: 
         [0102]    1. Into a 500-mL rigid beaker, 5.00 g of an accurately weighed pigment is charged. To the beaker, 200 mL of ion-exchange water (electrical conductivity: 5 μS/cm or less, pH: 7.0±1.0) is added. The ion-exchange water is added in small amounts at a time. After 5 mL of first-grade reagent methanol is added to the beaker to soak the pigment in the ion-exchange water to a sufficient degree, the remaining ion-exchange water is added to the beaker. The resulting liquid mixture is boiled for 5 minutes. 
         [0103]    2. The liquid mixture is cooled to room temperature, and transferred to a 250-mL graduated cylinder. To the graduated cylinder, the above-described ion-exchange water is added until the volume of the liquid mixture becomes 250 mL. The liquid mixture is vigorously stirred and then filtered through a filter paper No. 5C produced by ADVANTEC. 
         [0104]    3. Initially, about 50 mL of the filtrate is removed, and 100 mL of the remaining filtrate is weighed using a graduated cylinder and transferred to an evaporation pan of known mass. The filtrate adhering to the graduated cylinder is washed off with a small amount of ion-exchange water into the evaporation pan. 
         [0105]    4. The evaporation pan is placed in a water bath, and evaporation to dryness is performed. The evaporation pan is dried for 2 hours in a drying machine kept at 105° C. to 110° C. and subsequently charged into a desiccator. After the evaporation pan is left to cool, the mass of the evaporation pan is measured. Thus, the amount of substance that remained after evaporation is determined. 
         [0106]    5. The water-soluble content of the pigment is calculated using the following formula. 
         [0000]      Water-soluble content of the pigment(%)=Amount of substance remaining after evaporation(g)×2.5/Mass of the pigment(g)×100
 
         [0107]    The term “specific electrical conductivity of the pigment” used herein refers to a difference between the specific electrical conductivity of a filtrate obtained by filtering an aqueous solution prepared by hot extraction of the pigment using ion-exchange water and the specific electrical conductivity of the ion-exchange water used, that is, specifically, a difference between the specific electrical conductivity of a filtrate obtained in accordance with JIS K5101-16-1 (Test methods for pigments-Part 16: Matter soluble in water-Section 1: Hot extraction method) and the specific electrical conductivity of the ion-exchange water used. 
         [0000]      Specific electrical conductivity of the pigment=Specific electrical conductivity of the filtrate−Specific electrical conductivity of the ion-exchange water used
 
         [0108]    The above-described RGB three-color pixel portions preferably include an R pixel portion including, as a coloring material, a diketopyrrolopyrrole-based red pigment; a G pixel portion including, as a coloring material, a halogenated metal phthalocyanine pigment; and a B pixel portion including, as a coloring material, an ∈-type phthalocynian pigment and/or a triarylmethane pigment. 
         [0109]    The diketopyrrolopyrrole pigment included in the R pixel portion is preferably one or more pigments selected from C.I. Pigment Red 254, C.I. Pigment Red 255, C.I. Pigment Red 264, and C.I. Pigment Red 272, C.I. Pigment Orange 71, and C.I. Pigment Orange 73, is more preferably one or more pigments selected from C.I. Pigment Red 254, C.I. Pigment Red 255, C.I. Pigment Red 264, and C.I. Pigment Red 272, and is particularly preferably C.I. Pigment Red 254. 
         [0110]    The halogenated metal phthalocyanine pigment included in the G pixel portion preferably includes a metal selected from the group consisting of Al, Si, Sc, Ti, V, Mg, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Cu, Ga, Ge, Y, Zr, Nb, In, Sn, and Pb as a central metal. When the central metal of the halogenated metal phthalocyanine pigment is trivalent, one group selected from a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, and a sulfonic group is preferably bonded to the central metal or the central metal is preferably oxo-cross-linked or thio-cross-linked. When the central metal of the halogenated metal phthalocyanine pigment is a tetravalent metal, one oxygen atom or two identical or different groups selected from a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, and a sulfonic group are preferably bonded to the central metal. Examples of such a halogenated metal phthalocyanine pigment include halogenated metal phthalocyanine pigments belonging to the following two groups. 
       (Group 1) 
       [0111]    Halogenated metal phthalocyanine pigments including a metal selected from the group consisting of Al, Si, Sc, Ti, V, Mg, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Cu, Ga, Ge, Y, Zr, Nb, In, Sn, and Pb as a central metal, wherein 8 to 16 halogen atoms per phthalocyanine molecule are bonded to the benzene rings of the phthalocyanine molecule and, when the central metal is trivalent, one group selected from a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, and a sulfonic group (—SO 3 H) is bonded to the central metal or, when the central metal is a tetravalent metal, one oxygen atom or two identical or different groups selected from a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, and a sulfonic group are bonded to the central metal. 
       (Group 2) 
       [0112]    Pigments that are halogenated metal phthalocyanine dimers having a structural unit constituted by two halogenated metal phthalocyanine molecules each including a trivalent metal selected from the group consisting of Al, Sc, Ga, Y, and In as a central metal and 8 to 16 halogen atoms bonded to the benzene rings of the phthalocyanine molecule, the central metals in the structural unit being bonded to each other via a divalent atomic group selected from the group consisting of an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a sulfinyl (—SO—), and a sulfonyl (—SO 2 —). 
         [0113]    In the halogenated metal phthalocyanine pigment, the halogen atoms bonded to the benzene rings may be all identical or different. Different halogen atoms may be bonded to one benzene ring. 
         [0114]    When 9 to 15 bromine atoms of 8 to 16 halogen atoms per phthalocyanine molecule are bonded to the benzene rings of the phthalocyanine molecule, such a halogenated metal phthalocyanine pigment appears yellowish-light green and is most suitably used for green pixel portions of the color filter. The halogenated metal phthalocyanine pigment is insoluble or hardly soluble in water and organic solvents. The halogenated metal phthalocyanine pigment may be a halogenated metal phthalocyanine pigment that has not yet been subjected to the finishing treatment described below (referred to also as “crude pigment”) or may be a halogenated metal phthalocyanine pigment that has been subjected to the finishing treatment. 
         [0115]    The halogenated metal phthalocyanine pigments belonging to Group 1 or 2 above can be represented by General Formula (PIG-1) below: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0116]    In General Formula (PIG-1), the halogenated metal phthalocyanine pigments belonging to Group 1 are as follows. 
         [0117]    In General Formula (PIG-1), X 1i  to X 16i  represent a hydrogen atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, or an iodine atom. The four X atoms bonded to one benzene ring may be identical or different. Among X 1i  to X 16i  bonded to the four benzene rings, 8 to 16 X&#39;s are chlorine atoms, bromine atoms, or iodine atoms. M represents a central metal. Among halogenated metal phthalocyanine pigments having the same Y, which is described below, and the same m, which is the number of Y&#39;s, a pigment in which, among 16 X&#39;s of X 1i  to X 16i , the total number of chlorine atoms, bromine atoms, and iodine atoms is less than 8 appears blue. In the same manner, among pigments in which, among 16 X&#39;s of X 1i  to X 16i , the total number of chlorine atoms, bromine atoms, and iodine atoms is 8 or more, the greater the total number of chlorine atoms, bromine atoms, and iodine atoms, the higher the degree of yellow. Y bonded to the central metal M is a monovalent atomic group selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom that is any one of a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, and an iodine atom; an oxygen atom; a hydroxyl group; and a sulfonic group, and m represents the number of Y&#39;s bonded to the central metal M and is an integer of 0 to 2. 
         [0118]    The value of m is determined on the basis of the valence of the central metal M. When the central metal M is trivalent as is the case for Al, Sc, Ga, Y, and In, m=1. In this case, one group selected from the group consisting of a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, an iodine atom, a hydroxyl group, and a sulfonic group is bonded to the central metal. When the central metal M is tetravalent as is the case for Si, Ti, V, Ge, Zr, and Sn, m=2. In this case, one oxygen atom is bonded to the central metal, or two groups selected from the group consisting of a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, an iodine atom, a hydroxyl group, and a sulfonic group are bonded to the central metal. When the central metal M is divalent as is the case for Mg, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Cu, Zr, Sn, and Pb, Y is absent. 
         [0119]    In General Formula (PIG-1) shown above, the halogenated metal phthalocyanine pigments belonging to Group 2 are as follows. 
         [0120]    In the General Formula (PIG-1), X 1i  to X 16i  are the same as defined above, the central metal M represents a trivalent metal selected from the group consisting of Al, Sc, Ga, Y, and In, and m is 1. Y represents the following atomic group: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0121]    In the chemical structure of the atomic group Y, the central metal M is the same as defined above, and X 17i  to X 32i  are the same as the above-described definition of X 1i  to X 16i  in General Formula (PIG-1). A represents a divalent atomic group selected from the group consisting of an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a sulfinyl (—SO—), and a sulfonyl (—SO 2 —). M of General Formula (PIG-1) and M of the atomic group Y are bonded to each other via the divalent atomic group A. 
         [0122]    In other words, the halogenated metal phthalocyanine pigments belonging to Group 2 are halogenated metal phthalocyanine dimers having a structural unit constituted by two halogenated metal phthalocyanine molecules bonded to each other via the divalent atomic group. 
         [0123]    Specific examples of the halogenated metal phthalocyanine pigments represented by General Formula (PIG-1) include (1) to (4) described below. 
         [0124]    (1) Halogenated metal phthalocyanine pigments including a divalent metal selected from the group consisting of Mg, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Cu, Zr, Sn, and Pb as a central metal, in which 8 to 16 halogen atoms are bonded to 4 benzene rings per phthalocyanine molecule, such as a halogenated copper phthalocyanine pigment, a halogenated tin phthalocyanine pigment, a halogenated nickel phtalocyanine pigment, and a halogenated zinc phtalocyanine pigment. Among such pigments, in particular, a chlorinated and brominated zinc phtalocyanine pigment, that is, C.I. Pigment Green 58, is preferably used. 
         [0125]    (2) Halogenated metal phthalocyanine pigments including a trivalent metal selected from the group consisting of Al, Sc, Ga, Y, and In as a central metal, in which one group selected from a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, and a sulfonic group is bonded to the central metal and 8 to 16 halogen atoms are bonded to 4 benzene rings per phthalocyanine molecule, such as halogenated chloroaluminum phthalocyanine. 
         [0126]    (3) Halogenated metal phthalocyanine pigments including a tetravalent metal selected from the group consisting of Si, Ti, V, Ge, Zr, and Sn as a central metal, in which one oxygen atom or two identical or different groups selected from a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, and a sulfonic group are bonded to the central metal and 8 to 16 halogen atoms are bonded to 4 benzene rings per phthalocyanine molecule, such as halogenated oxytitanium phthalocyanine and halogenated oxyvanadium phthalocyanine. 
         [0127]    (4) Pigments that are halogenated metal phthalocyanine dimers having a structural unit constituted by two halogenated metal phthalocyanine molecules including a trivalent metal selected from the group consisting of Al, Sc, Ga, Y, and In as a central metal and 8 to 16 halogen atoms bonded to 4 benzene rings per phthalocyanine molecule, the central metals in the structural unit being bonded to each other via a divalent atomic group selected from the group consisting of an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, sulfinyl, and sulfonyl, such as a halogenated μ-oxo-aluminium phthalocyanine dimer and a halogenated μ-thio-aluminium phthalocyanine dimer. 
         [0128]    Specifically, the halogenated metal phthalocyanine pigment included in the G pixel portion is preferably one or more pigments selected from C.I. Pigment Green 7, C.I. Pigment Green 36, and C.I. Pigment Green 58 and is more preferably one or more pigments selected from C.I. Pigment Green 36 and C.I. Pigment Green 58. 
         [0129]    The ∈-type phthalocynian pigment included in the B pixel portion is preferably C.I. Pigment Blue 15:6. The triarylmethane pigment included in the B pixel portion is preferably C.I. Pigment Blue 1 and/or a triarylmethane pigment represented by General Formula (1) below: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0130]    (in General Formula (1), R 11j  to R 16j  each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms which may be substituted, or an aryl group which may be substituted; when R 11j  to R 16j  represent an alkyl group which may be substituted, adjacent R 11j  and R 12j , adjacent R 13j  and R 14j , and adjacent R 15j  and R 16j  may be bonded to each other to form a ring structure; X 11j  and X 12j  each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms which may be substituted; Z −  is at least one anion selected from a heteropolyoxometalate anion represented by (P 2 Mo y W 18-y O 62 ) 6− /6 where y is an integer of 0, 1, 2, or 3, a heteropolyoxometalate anion represented by (SiMoW 11 O 40 ) 4− /4, and a lacunary Dawson-type phosphotungstic acid heteropolyoxometalate anion; and, when one molecule includes a plurality of structures represented by Formula (1), the structures may be identical or different). 
         [0131]    In General Formula (1), R 11j  to R 16j  may be identical or different. Thus, —NRR (RR represents any one combination of R 11j R 12j , R 13j R 14j , and R 15j R 16j ) group may be symmetrical or asymmetrical. 
         [0132]    When adjacent R&#39;s (R represents any one of R 11j  to R 16j ) are bonded to each other to form a ring, the ring may be formed by cross-linking of hetero atoms. Specific examples of such a ring include the following rings, which may be substituted: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0133]    R 11j  to R 16j  are preferably each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group which may be substituted, or an aryl group which may be substituted from the viewpoint of chemical stability. 
         [0134]    In particular, R 11j  to R 16j  are more preferably each independently a hydrogen atom; an alkyl group such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a cyclopropyl group, a butyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a hexyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a heptyl group, an octyl group, or a 2-ethylhexyl group; or an aryl group such as a phenyl group or a naphthyl group. 
         [0135]    When R 11j  to R 16j  represent an alkyl group or an aryl group, the alkyl group or the aryl group may further include an optional substituent. Examples of the optional substituent that can be included in the alkyl group or the aryl group include the following [Substituent Group Y]. 
       [Substituent Group Y] 
       [0136]    Alkyl groups such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a cyclopropyl group, a butyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a hexyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a heptyl group, an octyl group, and a 2-ethylhexyl group; aryl groups such as a phenyl group and a naphthyl group; halogen atoms such as a fluorine atom and a chlorine atom; a cyano group; a hydroxyl group; alkoxy groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, such as a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, and a butoxy group; amino groups which may be substituted, such as an amino group, a diethylamino group, a dibutylamino group, and an acetylamino group; acyl groups such as an acetyl group and a benzoyl group; and acyloxy groups such as an acetyloxy group and a benzoyloxy group. 
         [0137]    R 11j  to R 16j  are further preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms which may be substituted, that is, more specifically, any one of the following alkyl groups: alkyl groups which is not substituted, such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, and a 2-ethylhexyl group; alkoxyalkyl groups such as a 2-methoxyethyl group and a 2-ethoxyethyl group; acyloxy groups such as a 2-acetyloxyethyl group; cyanoalkyl groups such as a 2-cyanoethyl group; and fluoroalkyl groups such as a 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl group and a 4,4,4-trifluorobutyl group. 
         [0138]    When X 11j  and X 12j  are any one of these alkyl groups, X 11j  and X 12j  may further include an optional substituent. Examples of the optional substituent include halogen atoms such as a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, and an iodine atom; and alkoxy groups such as a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, and a propoxy group. Specific examples of X 11j  and X 12j  include haloalkyl groups such as a fluoromethyl group, a trifluoromethyl group, a trichloromethyl group, and a 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl group; and alkoxyalkyl groups such as a methoxymethyl group. 
         [0139]    X 11j  and X 12j  are preferably a substituent that causes an appropriate degree of steric hindrance which does not affect torsion to occur, such as a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, a chlorine atom, or a trifluoromethyl group. X 11j  and X 12j  are most preferably a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, or a chlorine atom from the viewpoints of color tone and heat resistance. 
         [0140]    Z −  is at least one anionic triarylmethane compound selected from a heteropolyoxometalate anion represented by (P 2 Mo y W 18-y O 62 ) 6− /6, where y is an integer of 0, 1, 2, or 3; a heteropolyoxometalate anion represented by (SiMoW 11 O 40 ) 4− /4; and a lacunary Dawson-type phosphotungstic acid heteropolyoxometalate anion. Specifically, the lacunary Dawson-type phosphotungstic acid is preferably a 1-lacunary Dawson-type phosphotungstic acid heteropolyoxometalate anion (P 2 W 17 O 61 ) 10− /10 from the viewpoint of durability. 
         [0141]    Specific examples of the triarylmethane pigment represented by General Formula (1) include the compounds shown in Tables 1 to 7 below. However, the present invention is not limited to these compounds as long as the idea of the present invention is not impaired. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 No. 
                 R 11j   
                 R 12j   
                 R 13j   
                 R 14j   
                 R 15j   
                 R 16j   
                 X 11j   
                 X 12j   
                 Z— 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 1 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (P2W18O62)6— 
               
               
                 2 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (P2MoW17O62)6— 
               
               
                 3 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (P2Mo2W16O62)6— 
               
               
                 4 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (P2Mo3W15O62)6— 
               
               
                 5 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (SiMoW11O40)4— 
               
               
                 6 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (P2W17O61)10— 
               
               
                 7 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (P2W18O62)6 
               
               
                 8 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (P2MoW17O62)6— 
               
               
                 9 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (P2Mo3W15O62)6— 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 No. 
                 R 11j   
                 R 12j   
                 R 13j   
                 R 14j   
                 R 15j   
                 R 16j   
                 X 11j   
                 X 12j   
                 Z— 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 10 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (P2Mo3W15O62)6 
               
               
                 11 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (SiMoW11O40)4— 
               
               
                 12 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (P2W17O61)10— 
               
               
                 13 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 Ph— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (P2W18O62)6— 
               
               
                 14 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 Ph— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (P2MoW17O62)6— 
               
               
                 15 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 Ph— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (P2Mo2W16O62)6— 
               
               
                 16 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 Ph— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (P2Mo3W15O62)6— 
               
               
                 17 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 Ph— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (SiMoW11O40)4— 
               
               
                 18 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 Ph— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (P2W17O61)10— 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 No. 
                 R 11j   
                 R 12j   
                 R 13j   
                 R 14j   
                 R 15j   
                 R 16j   
                 X 11j   
                 X 12j   
                 Z— 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 19 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 Ph— 
                 CH3— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (P2W18O62)6— 
               
               
                 20 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 Ph— 
                 CH3— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (P2MoW17O62)6— 
               
               
                 21 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 Ph— 
                 CH3— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (P2Mo2W16O62)6— 
               
               
                 22 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 Ph— 
                 CH3— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (P2Mo3W15O62)6— 
               
               
                 23 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 Ph— 
                 CH3— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (SiMoW11O40)4— 
               
               
                 24 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 Ph— 
                 CH3— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (P2W17O61)10— 
               
               
                 25 
                 n-C3H7— 
                 n-C3H7— 
                 n-C3H7— 
                 n-C3H7— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (P2W18O62)6— 
               
               
                 26 
                 n-C3H7— 
                 n-C3H7— 
                 n-C3H7— 
                 n-C3H7— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (P2MoW17O62)6— 
               
               
                 27 
                 n-C3H7— 
                 n-C3H7— 
                 n-C3H7— 
                 n-C3H7— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (P2Mo2W16O62)6— 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 No. 
                 R 11j   
                 R 12j   
                 R 13j   
                 R 14j   
                 R 15j   
                 R 16j   
                 X 11j   
                 X 12j   
                 Z— 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 28 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 CH3— 
                 H 
                 (P2W18O62)6— 
               
               
                 29 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 CH3— 
                 H 
                 (P2MoW17O62)6— 
               
               
                 30 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 CH3— 
                 H 
                 (P2Mo2W16O62)6— 
               
               
                 31 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 CH3— 
                 H 
                 (P2Mo3W15O62)6— 
               
               
                 32 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 CH3— 
                 H 
                 (SiMoW11O40)4— 
               
               
                 33 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 CH3— 
                 H 
                 (P2W17O61)10— 
               
               
                 34 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 (P2W18O62)6 
               
               
                 35 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 (P2MoW17O62)6— 
               
               
                 36 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 (P2Mo3W15O62)6— 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 No. 
                 R 11j   
                 R 12j   
                 R 13j   
                 R 14j   
                 R 15j   
                 R 16j   
                 X 11j   
                 X 12j   
                 Z— 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 37 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 (P2Mo3W15O62)6— 
               
               
                 38 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 (SiMoW11O40)4— 
               
               
                 39 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 CH3— 
                 CH3— 
                 (P2W17O61)10— 
               
               
                 40 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 Cl 
                 H 
                 (P2W18O62)6— 
               
               
                 41 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 Cl 
                 H 
                 (P2MoW17O62)6— 
               
               
                 42 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 Cl 
                 H 
                 (P2Mo2W16O62)6— 
               
               
                 43 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 Cl 
                 H 
                 (P2Mo3W15O62)6— 
               
               
                 44 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 Cl 
                 H 
                 (SiMoW11O40)4— 
               
               
                 45 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 Cl 
                 H 
                 (P2W17O61)10— 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 No. 
                 R 11j   
                 R 12j   
                 R 13j   
                 R 14j   
                 R 15j   
                 R 16j   
                 X 11j   
                 X 12j   
                 Z− 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 46 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (P2W18O62)6− 
               
               
                 47 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (P2MoW17O62)6− 
               
               
                 48 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (P2Mo2W16O62)6− 
               
               
                 49 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (P2Mo3W15O62)6− 
               
               
                 50 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (SiMoW11O40)4− 
               
               
                 51 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (P2W17O61)10− 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 52 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (P2W18O62)6− 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 53 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (P2MoW17O62)6− 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 54 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (P2Mo2W16O62)6− 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 No. 
                 R 11j   
                 R 12j   
                 R 13j   
                 R 14j   
                 R 15j   
                 R 16j   
                 X 11j   
                 X 12j   
                 Z− 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 55 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (P2Mo3W15O62)6− 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 56 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (SiMoW11O40)4− 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 57 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (P2W17O61)10− 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 58 
                 4,4,4- 
                 4,4,4- 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (P2W18O62)6− 
               
               
                   
                 trifluorobutyl 
                 trifluorobutyl 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 59 
                 4,4,4- 
                 4,4,4- 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (P2MoW17O62)6− 
               
               
                   
                 trifluorobutyl 
                 trifluorobutyl 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 60 
                 4,4,4- 
                 4,4,4- 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 H 
                 H 
                 (SiMoW11O40)4− 
               
               
                   
                 trifluorobutyl 
                 trifluorobutyl 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 61 
                 4,4,4- 
                 4,4,4- 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 CH3— 
                 H 
                 (P2W18O62)6− 
               
               
                   
                 trifluorobutyl 
                 trifluorobutyl 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 62 
                 4,4,4- 
                 4,4,4- 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 CH3 
                 H 
                 (P2MoW17O62)6− 
               
               
                   
                 trifluorobutyl 
                 trifluorobutyl 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 63 
                 4,4,4- 
                 4,4,4- 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 C2H5— 
                 H 
                 CH3 
                 H 
                 ((SiMoW11O40)4− 
               
               
                   
                 trifluorobutyl 
                 trifluorobutyl 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0142]    The R pixel portion of the RGB three-color pixel portions preferably further includes, as a coloring material, at least one organic pigment selected from the group consisting of C.I. Pigment Red 177, C.I. Pigment Red 242, C.I. Pigment Red 166, C.I. Pigment Red 167, C.I. Pigment Red 179, C.I. Pigment Orange 38, C.I. Pigment Orange 71, C.I. Pigment Yellow 150, C.I. Pigment Yellow 215, C.I. Pigment Yellow 185, C.I. Pigment Yellow 138, and C.I. Pigment Yellow 139. 
         [0143]    The G pixel portion of the RGB three-color pixel portions preferably further includes, as a coloring material, at least one organic pigment selected from the group consisting of C.I. Pigment Yellow 150, C.I. Pigment Yellow 215, C.I. Pigment Yellow 185, and C.I. Pigment Yellow 138. 
         [0144]    The B pixel portion of the RGB three-color pixel portions preferably further includes, as a coloring material, at least one organic dye or pigment selected from the group consisting of C.I. Pigment Blue 1 and C.I. Pigment Violet 23. 
         [0145]    In the case where the color filter is constituted by a black matrix, RGB three-color pixel portions, and a Y pixel portion, the Y pixel portion preferably includes, as a coloring material, a pigment having a water-soluble content of 1.5% or less and/or a specific electrical conductivity of 150 μS/cm or less. The water-soluble content of the pigment is more preferably 1.0% or less. The specific electrical conductivity of the pigment is more preferably 100 μS/cm or less. It is more preferable that the water-soluble content of the pigment is 1.0% or less and the specific electrical conductivity of the pigment is 100 μS/cm or less. 
         [0146]    The Y pixel portion preferably includes, as a coloring material, at least one yellow organic dye or pigment selected from the group consisting of C.I. Pigment Yellow 150, C.I. Pigment Yellow 215, C.I. Pigment Yellow 185, C.I. Pigment Yellow 138, and C.I. Pigment Yellow 139. 
         [0147]    The chromaticity of each of the above-described pixel portions can be controlled by changing the types of the dyes and pigments used or the mixing ratio of the dyes and pigments. For example, the chromaticity of an R pixel can be controlled by adding a yellow dye or pigment and/or an orange pigment to a red dye or pigment in an appropriate amount, the chromaticity of a G pixel can be controlled by adding a yellow dye or pigment to a green dye or pigment in an appropriate amount, and the chromaticity of a B pixel can be controlled by adding a purple dye or pigment to a blue dye or pigment in an appropriate amount. The chromaticity of the pixels can also be controlled by appropriately changing the diameter of the particles of a pigment. 
         [0148]    The pixel portions of the color filter may be formed by a publicly known method. A common method for forming pixel portions is photolithography. In photolithography, the photo-curable composition described below is applied to a surface of a transparent substrate for color filters on which a black matrix is disposed and then dried by being heated (pre-baked). Subsequently, the surface of the transparent substrate is irradiated with ultraviolet rays through a photomask to perform pattern exposure to cure portions of the photo-curable compound corresponding to pixel portions. Unexposed portions are developed with a developing solution. Non-pixel portions are removed, and the pixel portions are fixed on the transparent substrate. In this method, pixel portions formed of a cured, colored coating film composed of the photo-curable composition are formed on the transparent substrate. 
         [0149]    For each colored pixels of R pixels, G pixels, B pixels, and, as needed, other color pixels such as Y pixels, the photo-curable compositions described below are prepared and the above-described operations are repeated. Thus, a color filter including colored pixel portions of R pixels, G pixels, B pixels, and Y pixels formed at the respective predetermined positions can be produced. 
         [0150]    Spin coating, roll coating, an ink-jet method, and the like can be employed for applying the photo-curable composition described below to a transparent substrate composed of glass or the like. 
         [0151]    The conditions for drying the coating film composed of the photo-curable composition applied to a transparent substrate vary depending on, for example, the types of and proportions of the constituents of the photo-curable composition, but are generally at 50° C. to 150° C. for about 1 to about 15 minutes. Light used for photo-curing of the photo-curable composition is preferably ultraviolet rays in the wavelength range of 200 to 500 nm or visible light. Any light source that emits light in this wavelength range can be used. 
         [0152]    Examples of a developing method include a liquid application method, a dipping method, and a spraying method. After the exposure and development of the photo-curable composition, the transparent substrate on which the pixel portions of the desired colors are formed is washed with water and then dried. The resulting color filter is subjected to a heat treatment (post-baking) at 90° C. to 280° C. for a predetermined time using a heating device such as a hot plate or an oven. This removes volatile constituents contained in the colored coating film and causes an unreacted portion of the photo-curable compound remaining in the cured, colored coating film composed of the photo-curable composition to heat-cure. Thus, a color filter is formed. 
         [0153]    By using the coloring material for color filters according to the present invention in combination with the liquid crystal composition according to the present invention, a liquid crystal display apparatus that limits a reduction in the voltage holding ratio (VHR) of the liquid crystal layer and limits an increase in the ion density (ID) of the liquid crystal layer, which addresses faulty display issues such as white missing pixels, alignment inconsistencies, and burn-in, can be provided. 
         [0154]    In general, the photo-curable composition can be prepared in the following manner. Essential components, that is, the dye and/or pigment composition for color filters according to the present invention, an organic solvent, and a dispersing agent are mixed together, and the resulting mixture is stirred so as to uniformly disperse these components. Thus, a pigment dispersion used for forming pixel portion of a color filter is prepared. Then, a photo-curable compound and, as needed, a thermoplastic resin, a photopolymerization initiator, and the like are added to the pigment dispersion. Thus, the photo-curable composition is prepared. 
         [0155]    Examples of the organic solvent used above include aromatic compound solvents such as toluene, xylene, and methoxybenzene; acetic acid ester solvents such as ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, butyl acetate, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, propylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol methyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol ethyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol propyl ether acetate, and diethylene glycol butyl ether acetate; propionate solvents such as ethoxyethyl propionate; alcohol solvents such as methanol and ethanol; ether solvents such as butyl cellosolve, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol ethyl ether, and diethylene glycol dimethyl ether; ketone solvents such as methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, and cyclohexanone; aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents such as hexane; nitrogen compound solvents such as N,N-dimethylformamide, γ-butyrolactam, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, aniline, and pyridine; lactone solvents such as γ-butyrolactone; and carbamic acid ester such as a 48:52 mixture of methyl carbamate and ethyl carbamate. 
         [0156]    Examples of the dispersing agent used above include DISPERBYK 130, DISPERBYK 161, DISPERBYK 162, DISPERBYK 163, DISPERBYK 170, DISPERBYK 171, DISPERBYK 174, DISPERBYK 180, DISPERBYK 182, DISPERBYK 183, DISPERBYK 184, DISPERBYK 185, DISPERBYK 2000, DISPERBYK 2001, DISPERBYK 2020, DISPERBYK 2050, DISPERBYK 2070, DISPERBYK 2096, DISPERBYK 2150, DISPERBYK LPN21116, and DISPERBYK LPN6919 produced by BYK-Chemie; EFKA 46, EFKA 47, EFKA 452, EFKA LP4008, EFKA 4009, EFKA LP4010, EFKA LP4050, LP4055, EFKA 400, EFKA 401, EFKA 402, EFKA 403, EFKA 450, EFKA 451, EFKA 453, EFKA 4540, EFKA 4550, EFKA LP4560, EFKA 120, EFKA 150, EFKA 1501, EFKA 1502, and EFKA 1503 produced by EFKA; Solsperse 3000, Solsperse 9000, Solsperse 13240, Solsperse 13650, Solsperse 13940, Solsperse 17000, 18000, Solsperse 20000, Solsperse 21000, Solsperse 20000, Solsperse 24000, Solsperse 26000, Solsperse 27000, Solsperse 28000, Solsperse 32000, Solsperse 36000, Solsperse 37000, Solsperse 38000, Solsperse 41000, Solsperse 42000, Solsperse 43000, Solsperse 46000, Solsperse 54000, and Solsperse 71000 produced by Lubrizol Corporation; and AJISPER PB711, AJISPER PB821, AJISPER PB822, AJISPER PB814, AJISPER PN411, and AJISPER PA111 produced by Ajinomoto Co., Inc. In addition, synthetic resins that are insoluble in water and liquid at room temperature may also be used. Examples of such synthetic resins include an acrylic resin; a urethane resin; an alkyd resin; natural rosins such as a wood rosin, a gum rosin, and a tall rosin; modified rosins such as a polymerized rosin, a disproportionated rosin, a hydrogenated rosin, an oxidized rosin, and a maleated rosin; and rosin derivatives such as a rosin amine, a lime rosin, alkylene oxide adducts of a rosin, alkyd adducts of a rosin, and a rosin-modified phenol. Addition of the above-described dispersing agents and the above-described resins also contributes to reduction in flocculation, improvement of the dispersion stability of the pigments, and improvement of the viscometric property of the dispersion solutions. 
         [0157]    An organic pigment derivative such as a phthalimidemethyl derivative, a sulfonic acid derivative, an N-(dialkylamino)methyl derivative, or an N-(dialkylaminoalkyl)sulfonic acid amide derivative may also be added as a dispersing aid. Needless to say, two or more different types of these derivatives may be used in combination. 
         [0158]    Examples of the thermoplastic resin used for preparing the photo-curable composition include a urethane resin, an acrylic resin, a polyamide resin, a polyimide resin, a styrene-maleic acid-based resin, and a styrene-maleic anhydride-based resin. 
         [0159]    Examples of the photo-curable compound include difunctional monomers such as 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, ethylene glycol diacrylate, neopentyl glycol diacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, bis(acryloxyethoxy)bisphenol A, and 3-methylpentanediol diacrylate; multifunctional monomers having a relatively low molecular weight, such as trimethylolpropatone triacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, tris[2-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl]isocyanurate, dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate, and dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate; and multifunctional monomers having a relatively high molecular weight, such as polyester acrylate, polyurethane acrylate, and polyether acrylate. 
         [0160]    Examples of the photopolymerization initiator include acetophenone, benzophenone, benzildimethylketanol, benzoyl peroxide, 2-chlorothioxanthone, 1,3-bis(4′-azidobenzal)-2-propane, 1,3-bis(4′-azidobenzal)-2-propane-2′-sulfonic acid, and 4,4′-diazidostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid. Examples of commercially available photopolymerization initiators include “Irgacure (trade name)-184”, “Irgacure (trade name)-369”, “Darocur (trade name)-1173”, and “Lucirin-TPO” produced by BASF, “KAYACURE (trade name) DETX” and “KAYACURE (trade name) OA” produced by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., “Vicure 10” and “Vicure 55” produced by Stauffer Chemical Co., “Trigonal PI” produced by Akzo Nobel N.V., “Sandrey 1000” produced by Sand, “Deep” produced by Upjohn Company, and “Biimidazole” produced by KUROGANE KASEI Co., Ltd. 
         [0161]    Publicly known, commonly used photosensitizers may be used in combination with the above-described photopolymerization initiators. Examples of the photosensitizers include amines, ureas, compounds containing a sulfur atom, compounds containing a phosphorus atom, compounds containing a chlorine atom, nitriles, and other compounds containing a nitrogen atom. These compounds may be used alone or in combination of two or more. 
         [0162]    The mixing proportion of the photopolymerization initiator is preferably, but is not particularly limited to, 0.1% to 30% by mass relative to the amount of compounds including a photo-polymerizable or photo-curable functional group. If the mixing proportion of the photopolymerization initiator is less than 0.1%, the photographic sensitivity during photo-curing may decrease. If the mixing proportion of the photopolymerization initiator exceeds 30%, the crystal of the photopolymerization initiator may precipitate when a pigment-dispersed resist coating film is dried, which may deteriorate the physical properties of the coating film. 
         [0163]    Using the above-described materials, by mass, 100 parts of the dye and/or pigment composition for color filters according to the present invention is mixed with 300 to 1000 parts of an organic solvent and 1 to 100 parts of a dispersing agent, and the resulting mixture is stirred so as to uniformly disperse the components. Thus, the above-described dye and pigment liquid can be prepared. Subsequently, a thermoplastic resin, a photo-curable compound, a photopolymerization initiator, and, as needed, an organic solvent are added to the pigment dispersion in such a manner that the total amount of the thermoplastic resin and the photo-curable compound is 3 to 20 parts relative to 1 part of the pigment composition for color filters according to the present invention and the amount of the photopolymerization initiator is 0.05 to 3 parts relative to 1 part of the photo-curable compound. The resulting mixture is stirred so as to uniformly disperse the above components. Thus, a photo-curable composition for forming pixel portions of the color filter is prepared. 
         [0164]    Publicly known and commonly used organic solvents and aqueous alkaline solutions may be used as a developing solution. In particular, when the photo-curable composition includes a thermoplastic resin or a photo-curable compound and at least one of them has an acid value and alkali-solubility, washing with an aqueous alkaline solution may be effective in forming pixel portions of the color filter. 
         [0165]    A method for producing pixel portions of the color filter by photolithography is described above in detail. Alternatively, the pixel portions of the color filter, which are prepared using the pigment composition for color filters according to the present invention, may be formed by another method such as an electrodeposition method, a transfer method, a micelle electrolysis method, a PVED (photovoltaic electrodeposition) method, an ink-jet method, a reverse printing method, or a thermosetting method. The pixel portions are formed for each color to produce a color filter. 
       (Alignment Film) 
       [0166]    In the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention, when an alignment film is provided in order to align a liquid crystal composition, the alignment film is disposed between the color filter and the liquid crystal layer on a surface of the first substrate and a surface of the second substrate which are brought into contact with the liquid crystal composition. The thickness of the alignment film is small, that is, 100 nm or less at most. Thus, the alignment film does not completely block the interaction between coloring agents such as pigments constituting the color filter and a liquid crystal compound constituting the liquid crystal layer. 
         [0167]    In a liquid crystal display apparatus that does not include the alignment film, the interaction between coloring agents, such as pigments, constituting the color filter and a liquid crystal compound constituting the liquid crystal layer becomes stronger. 
         [0168]    The alignment film may be composed of, for example, a transparent organic material such as polyimide, polyamide, BCB (benzocyclobutene polymer), or polyvinyl alcohol. In particular, a polyimide alignment film formed by imidization of a polyamic acid prepared by synthesizing a diamine such as an aliphatic or alicyclic diamine (e.g., p-phenylenediamine or 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane) with an aliphatic or alicyclic tetracarboxylic acid anhydride (e.g., butanetetracarboxylic acid anhydride or 2,3,5-tricarboxycyclopentyl acetic acid anhydride) or with an aromatic tetracarboxylic acid anhydride (e.g., pyromellitic dianhydride) is preferably used. In this case, generally, alignment is performed by rubbing. When the film serves as a vertical alignment film or the like, alignment is not necessarily performed. 
         [0169]    The alignment film may be composed of a material including chalcone, cinnamate, cinnamoyl, or an azo group in the compound. Such a material can be used in combination with polyimide, polyamide, or the like. In such a case, the alignment film may be formed by rubbing or using a photo-alignment technology. 
         [0170]    In order to form the alignment film, in general, the above-described material of the alignment film is applied to a substrate by spin coating to form a resin film. Alternatively, a uniaxial stretching method, the Langmuir-Blodgett method, and the like may be employed. 
       (Transparent Electrode) 
       [0171]    In the liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention, the transparent electrode may be composed of a conductive metal oxide. Examples of the metal oxide include indium oxide (In 2 O 2 ), tin oxide (SnO 2 ), zinc oxide (ZnO), indium tin oxide (In 2 O 2 —SnO 2 ), indium zinc oxide (In 2 O 2 —ZnO), niobium-doped titanium dioxide (Ti 1-x Nb x O 2 ), fluorine-doped tin oxide, graphene nanoribbon, and metal nanowire. Zinc oxide (ZnO), indium tin oxide (In 2 O 2 —SnO 2 ), and indium zinc oxide (In 2 O 2 —ZnO) are preferably used. These transparent conductive films can be patterned by, for example, photo-etching or using a mask. 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0172]    A part of the preferred embodiment of the present invention is described below in detail with reference to Examples, which do not limit the present invention. When referring to a composition in Examples and Comparative Examples, “%” always denotes “% by mass”. 
         [0173]    The physical properties of a liquid crystal composition are represented as follows. 
         [0174]    T N-I : Nematic phase-isotropic liquid phase transition temperature (° C.) as an upper limit temperature of liquid crystal phase 
         [0175]    Δ∈: Dielectric anisotropy 
         [0176]    Δn: Refractive index anisotropy 
         [0177]    η: Viscosity (mPa·s) at 20° C. 
         [0178]    d gap : Gap (μm) between a first substrate and a second substrate of a cell 
         [0179]    VHR: Voltage holding ratio (%) at 70° C. 
         [0180]    (the ratio (%) of a voltage measured when a voltage of 5 V was applied to a cell having a thickness of 3.5 μm, in which the liquid crystal composition had been injected, at a frame time of 200 ms and a pulse width of 64 μs relative to the initially applied voltage) 
         [0181]    ID: Ion density (pC/cm 2 ) at 70° C. 
         [0182]    (an ion density measured with MTR-1 (produced by TOYO Corporation) when a voltage of 20 V was applied to a cell having a thickness of 3.5 μm, in which the liquid crystal composition had been injected, at a frequency of 0.05 Hz) 
         [0183]    The following abbreviations are used to describe compounds. 
         [0184]    n (numeral) at the end C n H 2n+1 — 
         [0185]    -2- —CH 2 CH 2 — 
         [0186]    -1O— —CH 2 O— 
         [0187]    —O1- —OCH 2 — 
         [0188]    —V— —CO— 
         [0189]    —VO— —COO— 
         [0190]    —CFFO— —CF 2 O— 
         [0191]    —F —F 
         [0192]    —Cl —Cl 
         [0193]    —CN —C≡N 
         [0194]    —OCFFF —OCF 3    
         [0195]    —CFFF —CF 3    
         [0196]    —OCFF —OCHF 2    
         [0197]    —On —OC n H 2n+1    
         [0198]    -T- —C≡C— 
         [0199]    ndm- C n H 2n+1 —HC═CH—(CH 2 ) m-1 — 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0200]    The liquid crystal display apparatus was evaluated in terms of burn-in in the following manner. A predetermined fixed pattern was displayed in a displaying area for 1000 hours. Subsequently, uniform display over the entire screen was performed, and the level of a residual image of the fixed pattern was visually inspected and rated on the following four-point scale. 
         [0201]    Excellent: A residual image was absent. 
         [0202]    Good: A slight residual image was present, but at an acceptable level. 
         [0203]    Poor: A residual image was present at an unacceptable level. 
         [0204]    Failure: A strong residual image was present. 
       [Preparation of Color Filter] 
     [Preparation of Coloring Composition] 
       [0205]    [Red Pigment Coloring Composition 1] 
         [0206]    Into a plastic bottle, 10 parts of a red pigment 1 (C.I. Pigment Red 254, water-soluble content: 0.3%, specific electrical conductivity: 30 μS/cm) was charged. Into the plastic bottle, 55 parts of propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, 7.0 parts of DISPERBYK LPN21116 (produced by BYK-Chemie), and 0.3-to-0.4-mmφ SEPR beads were added. These components were dispersed for 4 hours using Paint Conditioner (produced by Toyo Seiki Kogyo Co., Ltd.). The resulting mixture was filtered through a 5-μm filter to prepare a pigment dispersion. Then, 75.00 parts of the pigment dispersion was mixed with 5.50 parts of a polyester acrylate resin (ARONIX (trade name) M7100, produced by TOAGOSEI CO., LTD.), 5.00 parts of dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate (KAYARAD (trade name) DPHA, produced by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.), 1.00 parts of benzophenone (KAYACURE (trade name) BP-100, produced by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.), and 13.5 parts of UCAR ester EEP under stirring using a dispersion stirrer. The resulting mixture was filtered through a filter having a pore size of 1.0 μm. Thus, a red pigment coloring composition 1 was prepared. 
         [0207]    Note that the water-soluble content of the pigment was calculated in accordance with JIS K5101-16-1 (Test methods for pigments-Part 16: Matter soluble in water-Section 1: Hot extraction method), that is, in the following manner: 
         [0208]    1. Into a 500-mL rigid beaker, 5.00 g of an accurately weighed pigment is charged. To the beaker, 200 mL of ion-exchange water (electrical conductivity: 5 μS/cm or less, pH: 7.0±1.0) is added. The ion-exchange water is added in small amounts at a time. After 5 mL of first-grade reagent methanol is added to the beaker to soak the pigment in the ion-exchange water to a sufficient degree, the remaining ion-exchange water is added to the beaker. The resulting liquid mixture is boiled for 5 minutes. 
         [0209]    2. The liquid mixture is cooled to room temperature, and transferred to a 250-mL graduated cylinder. To the graduated cylinder, the above-described ion-exchange water is added until the volume of the liquid mixture becomes 250 mL. The liquid mixture is vigorously stirred and then filtered through a filter paper No. 5C produced by ADVANTEC. 
         [0210]    3. Initially, about 50 mL of the filtrate is removed, and 100 mL of the remaining filtrate is weighed using a graduated cylinder and transferred to an evaporation pan of known mass. The filtrate adhering to the graduated cylinder is washed off with a small amount of ion-exchange water into the evaporation pan. 
         [0211]    4. The evaporation pan is placed in a water bath, and evaporation to dryness is performed. The evaporation pan is dried for 2 hours in a drying machine kept at 105° C. to 110° C. and subsequently charged into a desiccator. After the evaporation pan is left to cool, the mass of the evaporation pan is measured. Thus, the amount of substance that remained after evaporation is determined. 
         [0212]    5. The water-soluble content of the pigment is calculated using the following formula. 
         [0000]      Water-soluble content of the pigment(%)=Amount of substance remaining after evaporation(g)×2.5/Mass of the pigment(g)×100
 
         [0213]    The specific electrical conductivity of the pigment was calculated in the following manner. The specific electrical conductivity of the ion-exchange water used was measured using a conductivity meter (e.g., Model: CM-30V produced by DKK-TOA CORPORATION). The specific electrical conductivity of the 100 mL of filtrate, which was weighed using a graduated cylinder in the above step 3, was measured using the conductivity meter. Then, the specific electrical conductivity of the pigment was calculated by correcting the measured value by using the following formula. 
         [0000]      Specific electrical conductivity of the pigment=Specific electrical conductivity of the filtrate−Specific electrical conductivity of the ion-exchange water used
 
         [0214]    [Red Pigment Coloring Composition 2] 
         [0215]    A red pigment coloring composition 2 was prepared as described above, except that a pigment (water-soluble content: 0.4%, specific electrical conductivity: 30 μS/cm) prepared by mixing 6 parts of the red pigment 1 with 2 parts of a red pigment 2 (C.I. Pigment Red 177, water-soluble content: 0.5%, specific electrical conductivity: 40 μS/cm) and 2 parts of a yellow pigment 1 (C.I. Pigment Yellow 139, water-soluble content: 0.4%, specific electrical conductivity: 40 μS/cm) was used instead of 10 parts of the red pigment 1 used for preparing the red pigment coloring composition 1. 
         [0216]    [Red Pigment Coloring Composition 3] 
         [0217]    A red pigment coloring composition 3 was prepared as described above, except that 10 parts of a red pigment 3 (C.I. Pigment Red 255, water-soluble content: 0.6%, specific electrical conductivity: 60 μS/cm) was used instead of 10 parts of the red pigment 1 used for preparing the red pigment coloring composition 1. 
         [0218]    [Red Pigment Coloring Composition 4] 
         [0219]    A red pigment coloring composition 4 was prepared as described above, except that a pigment (water-soluble content: 0.2%, specific electrical conductivity: 30 μS/cm) prepared by mixing 8 parts of a red pigment 4 (C.I. Pigment Red 264, water-soluble content: 0.2%, specific electrical conductivity: 25 μS/cm) with 2 parts of the yellow pigment 1 (C.I. Pigment Yellow 139, water-soluble content: 0.4%, specific electrical conductivity: 40 μS/cm) was used instead of 10 parts of the red pigment 1 used for preparing the red pigment coloring composition 1. 
         [0220]    [Red Pigment Coloring Composition 5] 
         [0221]    A red pigment coloring composition 5 was prepared as described above, except that 10 parts of a red pigment 5 (C.I. Pigment Red 48:1, water-soluble content: 1.6%, specific electrical conductivity: 170 μS/cm) was used instead of 10 parts of the red pigment 1 used for preparing the red pigment coloring composition 1. 
         [0222]    [Green Pigment Coloring Composition 1] 
         [0223]    A green pigment coloring composition 1 was prepared as described above, except that a pigment (water-soluble content: 0.4%, specific electrical conductivity: 50 μS/cm) prepared by mixing 6 parts of a green pigment 1 (C.I. Pigment Green 36, water-soluble content: 0.3%, specific electrical conductivity: 40 μS/cm) with 4 parts of a yellow pigment 2 (C.I. Pigment Yellow 150, water-soluble content: 0.6%, specific electrical conductivity: 70 μS/cm) was used instead of 10 parts of the red pigment 1 used for preparing the red pigment coloring composition 1. 
         [0224]    [Green Pigment Coloring Composition 2] 
         [0225]    A green pigment coloring composition 2 was prepared as described above, except that a pigment (water-soluble content: 0.2%, specific electrical conductivity: 30 μS/cm) prepared by mixing 4 parts of a green pigment 2 (C.I. Pigment Green 7, water-soluble content: 0.2%, specific electrical conductivity: 30 μS/cm) with 6 parts of a yellow pigment 3 (C.I. Pigment Yellow 138, water-soluble content: 0.2%, specific electrical conductivity: 30 μS/cm) was used instead of 6 parts of the green pigment 1 and 4 parts of the yellow pigment 2 used for preparing the green pigment coloring composition 1. 
         [0226]    [Green Pigment Coloring Composition 3] 
         [0227]    A green pigment coloring composition 3 was prepared as described above, except that a pigment (water-soluble content: 0.2%, specific electrical conductivity: 30 μS/cm) prepared by mixing 6 parts of a green pigment 3 (C.I. Pigment Green 58, water-soluble content: 0.2%, specific electrical conductivity: 25 μS/cm) with 4 parts of the yellow pigment 3 (C.I. Pigment Yellow 138, water-soluble content: 0.2%, specific electrical conductivity: 30 μS/cm) was used instead of 6 parts of the green pigment 1 and 4 parts of the yellow pigment 2 used for preparing the green pigment coloring composition 1. 
         [0228]    [Green Pigment Coloring Composition 4] 
         [0229]    A green pigment coloring composition 4 was prepared as described above, except that a pigment (water-soluble content: 0.7%, specific electrical conductivity: 80 μS/cm) prepared by mixing 6 parts of the green pigment 3 (C.I. Pigment Green 58, water-soluble content: 0.2%, specific electrical conductivity: 25 μS/cm) with 3.6 parts of the yellow pigment 3 (C.I. Pigment Yellow 138, water-soluble content: 0.2%, specific electrical conductivity: 30 μS/cm) and 0.4 parts of the sulfonic acid derivative of YELLOW 138 which is described in Production Example 2 of Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2004-292785 was used instead of 6 parts of the green pigment 1 and 4 parts of the yellow pigment 2 used for preparing the green pigment coloring composition 1. 
         [0230]    [Green Pigment Coloring Composition 5] 
         [0231]    A green pigment coloring composition 5 was prepared as described above, except that a pigment (water-soluble content: 1.8%, specific electrical conductivity: 190 μS/cm) prepared by mixing 6 parts of a green pigment 4 (C.I. Pigment Green 4, water-soluble content: 1.7%, specific electrical conductivity: 180 μS/cm) with 4 parts of a yellow pigment 4 (C.I. Pigment Yellow 62, water-soluble content: 1.9%, specific electrical conductivity: 190 μS/cm) was used instead of 6 parts of the green pigment 1 and 4 parts of the yellow pigment 2 used for preparing the green pigment coloring composition 1. 
         [0232]    [Blue Pigment Coloring Composition 1] 
         [0233]    A blue pigment coloring composition 1 was prepared as described above, except that a pigment (water-soluble content: 0.3%, specific electrical conductivity: 30 μS/cm) prepared by mixing 9 parts of a blue pigment 1 (C.I. Pigment Blue 15:6, water-soluble content: 0.2%, specific electrical conductivity: 20 μS/cm) with 1 part of a purple pigment 1 (C.I. Pigment Violet 23, water-soluble content: 0.7%, specific electrical conductivity: 80 μS/cm) was used instead of 10 parts of the red pigment 1 used for preparing the red pigment coloring composition 1. 
         [0234]    [Blue Pigment Coloring Composition 2] 
         [0235]    A blue pigment coloring composition 2 was prepared as described above, except that a pigment (water-soluble content: 0.5%, specific electrical conductivity: 50 μS/cm) prepared using the blue pigment 1 whose water-soluble content was changed to 0.5% and whose specific electrical conductivity was changed to 50 μS/cm, that is, namely, a blue pigment 2, was used. 
         [0236]    [Blue Pigment Coloring Composition 3] 
         [0237]    A blue pigment coloring composition 3 was prepared as described above, except that 10 parts of a triarylmethane pigment represented by General Formula (1) (Compound No. 5 in Table 1, water-soluble content: 1.1%, specific electrical conductivity: 114 μS/cm) was used instead of 9 parts of the blue pigment 1 and 1 part of the purple pigment 1 used for preparing the blue pigment coloring composition 1. 
         [0238]    [Blue Pigment Coloring Composition 4] 
         [0239]    A blue pigment coloring composition 4 was prepared as described above, except that 10 parts of a blue pigment 3 (C.I. Pigment Blue 1, water-soluble content: 1.3%, specific electrical conductivity: 160 μS/cm) was used instead of 9 parts of the blue pigment 1 and 1 part of the purple pigment 1 used for preparing the blue pigment coloring composition 1. 
         [0240]    [Blue Pigment Coloring Composition 5] 
         [0241]    A blue pigment coloring composition 5 was prepared as described above, except that 10 parts of a blue pigment 4 (C.I. Pigment Blue 61, water-soluble content: 1.8%, specific electrical conductivity: 200 μS/cm) was used instead of 9 parts of the blue pigment 1 and 1 part of the purple pigment 1 used for preparing the blue pigment coloring composition 1. 
         [0242]    [Yellow Pigment Coloring Composition 1] 
         [0243]    A yellow pigment coloring composition 1 was prepared as described above, except that a pigment (water-soluble content: 1.6%, specific electrical conductivity: 120 μS/cm) prepared by mixing 9 parts of a yellow pigment 5 (C.I. Pigment Yellow 138, water-soluble content: 0.5%, specific electrical conductivity: 50 μS/cm) with 1 part of the sulfonic acid derivative of YELLOW 138 which is described in Production Example 2 of Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2004-292785 was used instead of 10 parts of the red pigment 1 used for preparing the red pigment coloring composition 1. 
         [0244]    [Yellow Pigment Coloring Composition 2] 
         [0245]    A yellow pigment coloring composition 2 was prepared as described above, except that 10 parts of the yellow pigment 2 (C.I. Pigment Yellow 150, water-soluble content: 0.6%, specific electrical conductivity: 70 μS/cm) was used instead of the yellow pigment 2 used for preparing the yellow pigment composition 1. 
         [0246]    [Preparation of Color Filter] 
         [0247]    A specific one of the red coloring compositions was applied to a glass substrate, on which a black matrix was deposited, by spin coating so as to form a coating film having a thickness of 2 μm. After being dried at 70° C. for 20 minutes, the coating film was exposed to ultraviolet rays through a photomask using an exposure machine including an extra-high pressure mercury lamp to form a striped pattern. The patterned coating film was subjected to spray development using an alkali developing solution for 90 seconds, then washed with ion-exchanged water, and air-dried. Subsequently, post-baking was performed in a clean oven at 230° C. for 30 minutes. Thus, red pixels constituted by a colored layer having a striped pattern were formed on the transparent substrate. 
         [0248]    In the same manner, a specific one of the green coloring compositions was applied to the glass substrate by spin coating so as to form a coating film having a thickness of 2 μm. After being dried, the coating film was exposed to light using the exposure machine so that a colored layer having a striped pattern was developed at a position displaced from that of the red pixels. Thus, green pixels adjacent to the red pixels were formed. 
         [0249]    In the same manner, a specific one of the blue coloring compositions was applied to the glass substrate by spin coating so as to form a coating film having a thickness of 2 μm. Thus, blue pixels adjacent to the red pixels and the green pixels were formed. In the above-described manner, a color filter including three-colored pixels of red, green, and blue having a striped pattern formed on the transparent substrate was prepared. 
         [0250]    Optionally, in the same manner, a specific one of the yellow coloring compositions was also applied to the glass substrate by spin coating so as to form a coating film having a thickness of 2 μm. Thus, blue pixels adjacent to the red pixels and the green pixels were formed. As a result, a color filter including four-colored pixels of red, green, blue, and yellow having a striped pattern formed on the transparent substrate was prepared. 
         [0251]    Color filters 1 to 4 and a comparative color filter 1 were prepared using the dye coloring compositions and the pigment coloring compositions shown in Table 8. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 8 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
                 color filter 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 R pixel 
                 Red pigment 
                 Red pigment 
                 Red pigment 
                 Red pigment 
                 Red pigment 
               
               
                 portion 
                 coloring 
                 coloring 
                 coloring 
                 coloring 
                 coloring 
               
               
                   
                 composition 1 
                 composition 2 
                 composition 3 
                 composition 4 
                 composition 5 
               
               
                 G pixel 
                 Green pigment 
                 Green pigment 
                 Green pigment 
                 Green pigment 
                 Green pigment 
               
               
                 portion 
                 coloring 
                 coloring 
                 coloring 
                 coloring 
                 coloring 
               
               
                   
                 composition 1 
                 composition 2 
                 composition 3 
                 composition 4 
                 composition 5 
               
               
                 B pixel 
                 Blue pigment 
                 Blue pigment 
                 Blue pigment 
                 Blue pigment 
                 Blue pigment 
               
               
                 portion 
                 coloring 
                 coloring 
                 coloring 
                 coloring 
                 coloring 
               
               
                   
                 composition 1 
                 composition 2 
                 composition 3 
                 composition 4 
                 composition 5 
               
               
                 Y pixel 
                 None 
                 Yellow pigment 
                 None 
                 Yellow pigment 
                 Yellow pigment 
               
               
                 portion 
                   
                 coloring 
                   
                 coloring 
                 coloring 
               
               
                   
                   
                 composition 1 
                   
                 composition 2 
                 composition 2 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Examples 1 to 4 
       [0252]    An electrode structure was formed on the first and second substrates, and an alignment film having a vertical alignment was formed on surfaces of the first and second substrates which faced each other. Subsequently, a rubbing treatment was performed to form a TN cell. The liquid crystal composition 1 shown in Table 9, which had a positive dielectric anisotropy, was held between the first and second substrates. Then, liquid crystal display apparatuses of Example 1 (d gap =3.5 μm, alignment film: AL-1051) were each prepared using a specific one of the color filters 1 to 4 shown in Table 8. The VHR and ID of each liquid crystal display apparatus were measured. Each liquid crystal display apparatus was evaluated in terms of burn-in. Table 10 summarizes the results. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 9 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Liquid crystal 
               
               
                   
                 composition 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 5-Cy-Ph—F 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 7-Cy-Ph—F 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 2-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                 11 
               
               
                   
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                 3-Cy-Ph—Ph1—OCFFF 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                 4-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 5-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 
                 9 
               
               
                   
                 5-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                 5-Cy-Ph—Ph3—F 
                 11 
               
               
                   
                 Total composition 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 proportion 
               
               
                   
                 Tni/° C. 
                 91.8 
               
               
                   
                 Δn (20° C.) 
                 0.093 
               
               
                   
                 Δε (20° C.) 
                 11.3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 10 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 1 
                 Example 2 
                 Example 3 
                 Example 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 compos- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 ition 
                 tion 1 
                 tion 1 
                 tion 1 
                 tion 1 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.6 
                 99.5 
                 99.1 
                 99.1 
               
               
                 ID 
                 17 
                 25 
                 58 
                 80 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0253]    The liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 1 to 4 had a high VHR and a small ID. Furthermore, a residual image was absent in the burn-in evaluation. Even when a residual image was present, it was very slight and at an acceptable level. 
       Comparative Examples 1 to 8 
       [0254]    The comparative liquid crystal composition 1 or 2 shown in Table 11, which had a positive dielectric anisotropy, was held inside the TN cell used in Example 1. Then, liquid crystal display apparatuses of Comparative Examples 1 to 8 were each prepared using a specific one of the color filters 1 to 4 shown in Table 8. The VHR and ID of each liquid crystal display apparatus were measured. Each liquid crystal display apparatus was evaluated in terms of burn-in. Tables 12 and 13 summarize the results. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 11 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                 liquid crystal 
                 liquid crystal 
               
               
                   
                 composition 1 
                 composition 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 5-Cy-Ph—F 
                 5 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 7-Cy-Ph—F 
                 6 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 2-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                 11 
                 11 
               
               
                   
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph1—OCFFF 
                   
                 12 
               
               
                   
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                 12 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                 3-Cy-Ph—Ph1—OCFFF 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                 4-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                 10 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 5-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 
                   
                 9 
               
               
                   
                 5-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                 12 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                 5-Cy-Ph—Ph3—F 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 3-Ph—VO—Ph1—CN 
                   
                 11 
               
               
                   
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph3—CN 
                   
                 8 
               
               
                   
                 3-Cy-Ma-Ph3—CN 
                 10 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 Total composition 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 proportion 
               
               
                   
                 Tni/° C. 
                 91.1 
                 92.1 
               
               
                   
                 Δn (20° C.) 
                 0.097 
                 0.094 
               
               
                   
                 Δε (20° C.) 
                 12.5 
                 11.7 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 12 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 Comparative 
                 Comparative 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                 example 1 
                 example 2 
                 example 3 
                 example 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Comparative 
                 Comparative 
                 Comparative 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 liquid 
                 liquid 
                 liquid 
                 liquid 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 tion 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                   
                 tion 1 
                 tion 1 
                 tion 1 
                 tion 1 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 98.5 
                 98.4 
                 98.2 
                 98.0 
               
               
                 ID 
                 120 
                 128 
                 144 
                 160 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Poor 
                 Failure 
                 Failure 
                 Failure 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 13 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 Comparative 
                 Comparative 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                 example 5 
                 example 6 
                 example 7 
                 example 8 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Comparative 
                 Comparative 
                 Comparative 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 liquid 
                 liquid 
                 liquid 
                 liquid 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 tion 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                   
                 tion 2 
                 tion 2 
                 tion 2 
                 tion 2 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 98.4 
                 98.4 
                 98.1 
                 97.8 
               
               
                 ID 
                 125 
                 131 
                 150 
                 168 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Failure 
                 Failure 
                 Failure 
                 Failure 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0255]    The liquid crystal display apparatuses of Comparative Examples 1 to 8 had a lower VHR and a higher ID than the liquid crystal display apparatuses according to the present invention. Furthermore, occurrence of a residual image was observed in the burn-in evaluation, which was not at an acceptable level. 
       Comparative Example 9 
       [0256]    The liquid crystal composition 1 shown in Table 9, which had a positive dielectric anisotropy, was held inside the TN cell used in Example 1. Then, a liquid crystal display apparatus of Comparative Example 9 was prepared using the comparative color filter 1 shown in Table 8. The VHR and ID of the liquid crystal display apparatus were measured. The liquid crystal display apparatus was evaluated in terms of burn-in. Table 14 summarizes the results. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 14 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                 example 9 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Liquid crystal 
                 Liquid crystal 
               
               
                   
                 composition 
                 composition 1 
               
               
                   
                 Color filter 
                 Comparative color 
               
               
                   
                   
                 filter 1 
               
               
                   
                 VHR 
                 97.2 
               
               
                   
                 ID 
                 215 
               
               
                   
                 Burn-in 
                 Failure 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0257]    The liquid crystal display apparatus of Comparative Example 9 had a lower VHR and a higher ID than the liquid crystal display apparatuses according to the present invention. Furthermore, occurrence of a residual image was observed in the burn-in evaluation, which was not at an acceptable level. 
       Examples 5 to 16 
       [0258]    A specific one of the liquid crystals shown in Table 15, which had a positive dielectric anisotropy, was held between the first and second substrates as in Example 1. Then, liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 5 to 12 were each prepared using a specific one of the color filters shown in Table 8. The VHR and ID of each liquid crystal display apparatus were measured. Each liquid crystal display apparatus was evaluated in terms of burn-in. Tables 16 to 18 summarize the results. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 15 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                   
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                   
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                   
                 tion 2 
                 tion 3 
                 tion 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 5-Cy-Ph—F 
                 5 
                 5 
                 6 
               
               
                 7-Cy-Ph—F 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
               
               
                 2-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                 11 
                 11 
                 11 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph1—F 
                 12 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph1—OCFFF 
                   
                   
                 9 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph3—OCFFF 
                   
                 12 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                 12 
                 12 
                 12 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Ph—Ph1—F 
                   
                   
                 14 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Ph—Ph1—OCFFF 
                 12 
                 12 
               
               
                 4-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                 10 
                 10 
                 10 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Cy-Ph1—F 
                 9 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Cy-Ph1—OCFFF 
                   
                   
                 10 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Cy-Ph3—OCFFF 
                   
                 9 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                 12 
                 12 
                 10 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Ph—Ph1—F 
                   
                   
                 12 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Ph—Ph1—OCFFF 
                 11 
                 11 
                   
               
               
                 Total composition 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 proportion 
               
               
                 Tni/° C. 
                 96.1 
                 98.9 
                 97.6 
               
               
                 Δn (20° C.) 
                 0.091 
                 0.096 
                 0.096 
               
               
                 Δε (20° C.) 
                 10.4 
                 10.5 
                 8.6 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 16 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 5 
                 Example 6 
                 Example 7 
                 Example 8 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 2 
                 tion 2 
                 tion 2 
                 tion 2 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.5 
                 99.3 
                 99.2 
                 99.1 
               
               
                 ID 
                 18 
                 32 
                 57 
                 75 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 17 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 9 
                 Example 10 
                 Example 11 
                 Example 12 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 3 
                 tion 3 
                 tion 3 
                 tion 3 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.7 
                 99.5 
                 99.2 
                 99.1 
               
               
                 ID 
                 15 
                 26 
                 52 
                 71 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 18 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 13 
                 Example 14 
                 Example 15 
                 Example 16 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 3 
                 tion 3 
                 tion 3 
                 tion 3 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.6 
                 99.4 
                 99.3 
                 99.1 
               
               
                 ID 
                 18 
                 28 
                 39 
                 75 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Good 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0259]    The liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 5 to 16 had a high VHR and a small ID. Furthermore, a residual image was absent in the burn-in evaluation. Even when a residual image was present, it was very slight and at an acceptable level. 
       Examples 17 to 28 
       [0260]    A specific one of the liquid crystals shown in Table 19, which had a positive dielectric anisotropy, was held between the first and second substrates as in Example 1. Then, liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 17 to 28 were each prepared using a specific one of the color filters shown in Table 8. The VHR and ID of each liquid crystal display apparatus were measured. Each liquid crystal display apparatus was evaluated in terms of burn-in. Tables 20 to 22 summarize the results. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 19 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                   
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                   
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                   
                 tion 5 
                 tion 6 
                 tion 7 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 5-Cy-Ph—F 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
               
               
                 7-Cy-Ph—F 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
               
               
                 2-Cy-Cy-Ph1—F 
                   
                 12 
                 12 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph1—F 
                 12 
                 10 
                 10 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph1—OCFFF 
                 12 
                 12 
                 12 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                 12 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Ph—Ph1—OCFFF 
                 12 
                 12 
                 12 
               
               
                 4-Cy-Cy-Ph1—F 
                   
                 12 
                 12 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Cy-Ph1—F 
                 11 
                 11 
                 11 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Cy-Ph1—OCFFF 
                 9 
                 9 
                 9 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                 10 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Ph—Ph1—OCFFF 
                 11 
                 11 
                 11 
               
               
                 Total composition 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 proportion 
               
               
                 Tni/° C. 
                 91.1 
                 83.5 
                 86.8 
               
               
                 Δn (20° C.) 
                 0.092 
                 0.089 
                 0.092 
               
               
                 Δε (20° C.) 
                 9.9 
                 8.3 
                 7.9 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 20 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 17 
                 Example 18 
                 Example 19 
                 Example 20 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 5 
                 tion 5 
                 tion 5 
                 tion 5 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.7 
                 99.6 
                 99.3 
                 99.1 
               
               
                 ID 
                 15 
                 21 
                 49 
                 72 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 21 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 21 
                 Example 22 
                 Example 23 
                 Example 24 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 6 
                 tion 6 
                 tion 6 
                 tion 6 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.6 
                 99.4 
                 99.2 
                 99.0 
               
               
                 ID 
                 12 
                 31 
                 50 
                 73 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 22 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 25 
                 Example 26 
                 Example 27 
                 Example 28 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 7 
                 tion 7 
                 tion 7 
                 tion 7 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.6 
                 99.5 
                 99.2 
                 99.1 
               
               
                 ID 
                 17 
                 22 
                 59 
                 74 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0261]    The liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 17 to 28 had a high VHR and a small ID. Furthermore, a residual image was absent in the burn-in evaluation. Even when a residual image was present, it was very slight and at an acceptable level. 
       Examples 29 to 40 
       [0262]    A specific one of the liquid crystals shown in Table 23, which had a positive dielectric anisotropy, was held between the first and second substrates as in Example 1. Then, liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 29 to 40 were each prepared using a specific one of the color filters shown in Table 8. The VHR and ID of each liquid crystal display apparatus were measured. Each liquid crystal display apparatus was evaluated in terms of burn-in. Tables 24 to 26 summarize the results. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 23 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                   
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                   
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                   
                 tion 8 
                 tion 9 
                 tion 10 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 5-Cy-2-Ph1—F 
                   
                 5 
                   
               
               
                 5-Cy-Ph—F 
                   
                 10 
               
               
                 5-Ph1—Ph—OCFFF 
                 8 
               
               
                 7-Cy-2-Ph1—F 
                   
                 5 
               
               
                 7-Cy-Ph3—F 
                   
                   
                 8 
               
               
                 7-Cy-Ph—F 
                   
                 15 
               
               
                 7-Ph1—Ph—OCFFF 
                 7 
               
               
                 2-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                 13 
                 9 
               
               
                 3-Cy-2-Cy-Ph3—F 
                   
                   
                 10 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Cy-2-Ph3—F 
                   
                   
                 10 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 
                 12 
                   
                 6 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                 15 
                 12 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Ph1—Ph—OCFF 
                   
                 7 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Ph—CFFO—Ph3—F 
                   
                   
                 5 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Ph—CFFO—Ph—OCFFF 
                   
                   
                 5 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Ph—Ph1—F 
                   
                 13 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Ph—Ph1—OCFF 
                   
                 8 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Ph—Ph3—F 
                 9 
                   
                 5 
               
               
                 4-Cy-2-Cy-Ph3—F 
                   
                   
                 6 
               
               
                 4-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 
                   
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 4-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                 13 
               
               
                 5-Cy-2-Cy-Ph3—F 
                   
                   
                 6 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Cy-2-Ph3—F 
                   
                   
                 5 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 
                 9 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                 14 
                 12 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Ph—CFFO—Ph1—F 
                   
                   
                 5 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Ph—CFFO—Ph3—F 
                   
                   
                 10 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Ph—CFFO—Ph—CF3 
                   
                   
                 5 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Ph—Ph3—F 
                   
                   
                 5 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Cy-2-Ph—Ph3—F 
                   
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph1—Ph—F 
                   
                 4 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph—Ph3—F 
                   
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 Total composition 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 proportion 
               
               
                 Tni/° C. 
                 79.8 
                 65.1 
                 61.7 
               
               
                 Δn (20° C.) 
                 0.0876 
                 0.0995 
                 0.0827 
               
               
                 Δε (20° C.) 
                 8.7 
                 7.6 
                 7.3 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 24 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 29 
                 Example 30 
                 Example 31 
                 Example 32 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 8 
                 tion 8 
                 tion 8 
                 tion 8 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.7 
                 99.5 
                 99.2 
                 99.0 
               
               
                 ID 
                 13 
                 19 
                 55 
                 74 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Good 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 25 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 33 
                 Example 34 
                 Example 35 
                 Example 36 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 9 
                 tion 9 
                 tion 9 
                 tion 9 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.5 
                 99.5 
                 99.3 
                 99.2 
               
               
                 ID 
                 20 
                 22 
                 37 
                 52 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Good 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 26 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 37 
                 Example 38 
                 Example 39 
                 Example 40 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 10 
                 tion 10 
                 tion 10 
                 tion 10 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.6 
                 99.4 
                 99.3 
                 99.2 
               
               
                 ID 
                 18 
                 29 
                 42 
                 56 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0263]    The liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 29 to 40 had a high VHR and a small ID. Furthermore, a residual image was absent in the burn-in evaluation. Even when a residual image was present, it was very slight and at an acceptable level. 
       Examples 41 to 56 
       [0264]    A specific one of the liquid crystals shown in Tables 27 and 28, which had a positive dielectric anisotropy, was held between the first and second substrates as in Example 1. Then, liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 41 to 56 were each prepared using a specific one of the color filters shown in Table 8. The VHR and ID of each liquid crystal display apparatus were measured. Each liquid crystal display apparatus was evaluated in terms of burn-in. Tables 29 to 32 summarize the results. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 27 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                   
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                   
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                   
                 tion 11 
                 tion 12 
                 tion 13 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 3-Cy-2-Ph1—Cl 
                 5 
                   
                   
               
               
                 3-Cy-Ph1—Cl 
                   
                   
                 11 
               
               
                 5-Cy-2-Ph1—Cl 
                 5 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Ph1—Cl 
                   
                   
                 10 
               
               
                 2-Cy-Cy-Ph3—Cl 
                   
                 10 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph3—Cl 
                   
                 9 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Cy-Ph3—Cl 
                   
                 11 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Ph—F 
                 11 
                 7 
               
               
                 6-Cy-Ph—F 
                   
                 4 
               
               
                 7-Cy-Ph—F 
                 13 
                 6 
                 10 
               
               
                 2-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                 9 
                 9 
                 9 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                 12 
                 11 
                 12 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Ph1—Ph—CFFF 
                 5 
                   
                 5 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Ph1—Ph—F 
                   
                   
                 10 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Ph1—Ph—OCFFF 
                   
                 12 
               
               
                 4-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                 7 
                   
                 7 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                 12 
                 12 
                 12 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Ph1—Ph—CFFF 
                 5 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Ph1—Ph—OCFFF 
                   
                 9 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Ph—Ph1—F 
                 13 
                   
                 8 
               
               
                 2-Cy-Cy-Ph1—Ph—F 
                 3 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph1—Ph—F 
                   
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Cy-Ph1—Ph—F 
                   
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 Total composition 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 proportion 
               
               
                 Tni/° C. 
                 65.8 
                 86.2 
                 70.7 
               
               
                 Δn (20° C.) 
                 0.0825 
                 0.0923 
                 0.0992 
               
               
                 Δε (20° C.) 
                 7.5 
                 6.2 
                 6.9 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 28 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Liquid crystal 
               
               
                   
                 composition 14 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph—Cl 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 5-Cy-Cy-Ph—Cl 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 2-Cy-Ph—Ph1—F 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 2-Cy-Ph—Ph—F 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 3-Cy-2-Cy-Ph3—F 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 3-Cy-Cy-2-Ph3—F 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 3-Cy-Ph—CFFO—Ph—OCFFF 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 3-Cy-Ph—Ph1—F 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 3-Cy-Ph—Ph3—F 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 3-Cy-Ph—Ph—F 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 4-Cy-2-Cy-Ph3—F 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 4-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 5-Cy-2-Cy-Ph3—F 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 5-Cy-Cy-2-Ph3—F 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 5-Cy-Ph—CFFO—Ph3—F 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 5-Cy-Ph—CFFO—Ph—CF3 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 5-Cy-Ph—Ph1—F 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 5-Cy-Ph—Ph3—F 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 Total composition 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 proportion 
               
               
                   
                 Tni/° C. 
                 82.4 
               
               
                   
                 Δn (20° C.) 
                 0.0998 
               
               
                   
                 Δε (20° C.) 
                 10.9 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 29 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 41 
                 Example 42 
                 Example 43 
                 Example 44 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 11 
                 tion 11 
                 tion 11 
                 tion 11 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.7 
                 99.6 
                 99.4 
                 99.3 
               
               
                 ID 
                 12 
                 18 
                 33 
                 45 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 30 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 45 
                 Example 46 
                 Example 47 
                 Example 48 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 12 
                 tion 12 
                 tion 12 
                 tion 12 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.7 
                 99.7 
                 99.5 
                 99.3 
               
               
                 ID 
                 11 
                 13 
                 34 
                 51 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Good 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 31 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 49 
                 Example 50 
                 Example 51 
                 Example 52 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 13 
                 tion 13 
                 tion 13 
                 tion 13 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.6 
                 99.5 
                 99.3 
                 99.2 
               
               
                 ID 
                 13 
                 16 
                 36 
                 54 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Good 
                 Excellent 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 32 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 53 
                 Example 54 
                 Example 55 
                 Example 56 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 14 
                 tion 14 
                 tion 14 
                 tion 14 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.8 
                 99.6 
                 99.4 
                 99.4 
               
               
                 ID 
                 10 
                 18 
                 39 
                 37 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0265]    The liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 41 to 56 had a high VHR and a small ID. Furthermore, a residual image was absent in the burn-in evaluation. Even when a residual image was present, it was very slight and at an acceptable level. 
       Examples 57 to 72 
       [0266]    A specific one of the liquid crystals shown in Table 33, which had a positive dielectric anisotropy, was held between the first and second substrates as in Example 1. Then, liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 57 to 72 were each prepared using a specific one of the color filters shown in Table 8. The VHR and ID of each liquid crystal display apparatus were measured. Each liquid crystal display apparatus was evaluated in terms of burn-in. Tables 34 to 37 summarize the results. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 33 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                   
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                   
                 compo- 
                 compo- 
                 compo- 
                 compo- 
               
               
                   
                 sition 
                 sition 
                 sition 
                 sition 
               
               
                   
                 15 
                 16 
                 17 
                 18 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 3-Cy-Ph—Cl 
                   
                   
                   
                 4 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Ph—Cl 
                   
                   
                   
                 4 
               
               
                 7-Cy-Ph—Cl 
                   
                   
                   
                 5 
               
               
                 2-Cy-Cy-Ph—Cl 
                   
                   
                   
                 6 
               
               
                 3-Cy-2-Cy-Ph1—Cl 
                   
                   
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph—Cl 
                   
                   
                   
                 7 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Cy-Ph—Cl 
                   
                   
                   
                 6 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                 3-Ph—Ph—OCFFF 
                   
                   
                 8 
               
               
                 4-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                 6 
                 6 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                 7 
                 7 
               
               
                 5-Ph—Ph—OCFFF 
                   
                   
                 13 
               
               
                 7-Ph—Ph—OCFFF 
                   
                   
                 13 
               
               
                 2-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                   
                   
                 8 
               
               
                 2-Cy-Ph—Ph1—F 
                 8 
                 8 
                   
                 6 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                   
                   
                 13 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Ph1—Ph—CFFF 
                   
                 9 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Ph1—Ph—F 
                 12 
                 12 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Ph1—Ph—OCFFF 
                 9 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Ph—CFFO—Ph3—F 
                   
                   
                   
                 5 
               
               
                 3-Cy- 
                   
                   
                   
                 5 
               
               
                 Ph—CFFO—Ph—OCFFF 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Ph—Ph1—F 
                   
                   
                 14 
                 6 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Ph—Ph3—F 
                 12 
                 12 
                   
                 13 
               
               
                 4-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                   
                   
                 5 
               
               
                 4-Cy-Ph—Ph3—F 
                 10 
                 10 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                   
                   
                 12 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Ph1—Ph—CFFF 
                   
                 11 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Ph1—Ph—OCFFF 
                 11 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Ph—Ph1—F 
                 10 
                 10 
                 14 
                 12 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Ph—Ph3—F 
                 11 
                 11 
                   
                 13 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Ph1-T-Ph-2 
                   
                   
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Ph1—V—Ph-2 
                   
                   
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 Total composition 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 proportion 
               
               
                 Tni/° C. 
                 65.9 
                 61.7 
                 65.6 
                 89.1 
               
               
                 Δn (20° C.) 
                 0.1116 
                 0.1155 
                 0.117 
                 0.1274 
               
               
                 Δε (20° C.) 
                 5.9 
                 7.3 
                 10.5 
                 6.2 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 34 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 57 
                 Example 58 
                 Example 59 
                 Example 60 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 15 
                 tion 15 
                 tion 15 
                 tion 15 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.6 
                 99.7 
                 99.3 
                 99.2 
               
               
                 ID 
                 18 
                 17 
                 52 
                 62 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 35 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 61 
                 Example 62 
                 Example 63 
                 Example 64 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 16 
                 tion 16 
                 tion 16 
                 tion 16 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.5 
                 99.5 
                 99.2 
                 99.1 
               
               
                 ID 
                 15 
                 19 
                 63 
                 71 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 36 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 65 
                 Example 66 
                 Example 67 
                 Example 68 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 17 
                 tion 17 
                 tion 17 
                 tion 17 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.6 
                 99.4 
                 99.2 
                 99.1 
               
               
                 ID 
                 16 
                 34 
                 58 
                 75 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 37 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 69 
                 Example 70 
                 Example 71 
                 Example 72 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 18 
                 tion 18 
                 tion 18 
                 tion 18 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.5 
                 99.5 
                 99.3 
                 99.1 
               
               
                 ID 
                 20 
                 19 
                 43 
                 67 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Good 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0267]    The liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 57 to 72 had a high VHR and a small ID. Furthermore, a residual image was absent in the burn-in evaluation. Even when a residual image was present, it was very slight and at an acceptable level. 
       Examples 73 to 80 
       [0268]    A specific one of the liquid crystals shown in Table 38, which had a positive dielectric anisotropy, was held between the first and second substrates as in Example 1. Then, liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 73 to 80 were each prepared using a specific one of the color filters shown in Table 8. The VHR and ID of each liquid crystal display apparatus were measured. Each liquid crystal display apparatus was evaluated in terms of burn-in. Tables 39 and 40 summarize the results. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 38 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Liquid crystal 
                 Liquid crystal 
               
               
                   
                 composition 19 
                 composition 20 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 5-Cy-Ph—F 
                 6 
                 5 
               
               
                 7-Cy-Ph—F 
                 6 
                 6 
               
               
                 2-Cy-Ph—Ph1—F 
                 8 
               
               
                 3-Cy-2-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                 8 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Cy-2-Ph—OCFFF 
                 8 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph1—OCFFF 
                   
                 12 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                   
                 12 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Ph—CFFO—Ph3—F 
                 3 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Ph—CFFO—Ph—OCFFF 
                 5 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Ph—Ph1—F 
                 8 
                 12 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Ph—Ph1—OCFFF 
                   
                 12 
               
               
                 5-Cy-2-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                 8 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Cy-2-Ph—OCFFF 
                 8 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Cy-Ph1—OCFFF 
                   
                 9 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                 8 
                 10 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Ph—CFFO—Ph3—F 
                 8 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Ph—Ph1—F 
                 16 
                 11 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Ph—Ph1—OCFFF 
                   
                 11 
               
               
                 Total composition 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 proportion 
               
               
                 Tni/° C. 
                 84.5 
                 89.3 
               
               
                 Δn (20° C.) 
                 0.1004 
                 0.105 
               
               
                 Δε (20° C.) 
                 6.3 
                 9.7 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 39 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 73 
                 Example 74 
                 Example 75 
                 Example 76 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 19 
                 tion 19 
                 tion 19 
                 tion 19 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.6 
                 99.4 
                 99.3 
                 99.2 
               
               
                 ID 
                 14 
                 37 
                 51 
                 72 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 40 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 77 
                 Example 78 
                 Example 79 
                 Example 80 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 20 
                 tion 20 
                 tion 20 
                 tion 20 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.7 
                 99.5 
                 99.4 
                 99.3 
               
               
                 ID 
                 14 
                 23 
                 41 
                 52 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Good 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0269]    The liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 73 to 80 had a high VHR and a small ID. Furthermore, a residual image was absent in the burn-in evaluation. Even when a residual image was present, it was very slight and at an acceptable level. 
       Examples 81 to 88 
       [0270]    A specific one of the liquid crystals shown in Table 41, which had a positive dielectric anisotropy, was held between the first and second substrates as in Example 1. Then, liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 81 to 88 were each prepared using a specific one of the color filters shown in Table 8. The VHR and ID of each liquid crystal display apparatus were measured. Each liquid crystal display apparatus was evaluated in terms of burn-in. Tables 42 and 43 summarize the results. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 41 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Liquid crystal 
                 Liquid crystal 
               
               
                   
                 composition 21 
                 composition 22 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 3-Ph1—Ph—Cl 
                   
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 5-Ph1—Ph—Cl 
                   
                 7 
               
               
                   
                 2-Cy-Ph—Ph3—Cl 
                 5 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 3-Cy-Ph—Ph3—Cl 
                 9 
                 9 
               
               
                   
                 5-Cy-Ph—Ph3—Cl 
                 11 
                 11 
               
               
                   
                 3-Ph—Ph1—F 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 5-Ph—Ph1—F 
                 7 
               
               
                   
                 2-Cy-Ph—Ph1—F 
                 8 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                 3-Cy-2-Ph—Ph1—F 
                 11 
                 11 
               
               
                   
                 3-Cy-Ph—Ph1—F 
                 12 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                 4-Cy-2-Ph—Ph1—F 
                 10 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 5-Cy-2-Ph—Ph1—F 
                 11 
                 11 
               
               
                   
                 5-Cy-Ph—Ph1—F 
                 10 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Total composition 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 proportion 
               
               
                   
                 Tni/° C. 
                 85.3 
                 83.1 
               
               
                   
                 Δn (20° C.) 
                 0.1474 
                 0.1582 
               
               
                   
                 Δε (20° C.) 
                 5.9 
                 5.4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 42 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 81 
                 Example 82 
                 Example 83 
                 Example 84 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 21 
                 tion 21 
                 tion 21 
                 tion 21 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.7 
                 99.6 
                 99.4 
                 99.3 
               
               
                 ID 
                 13 
                 19 
                 39 
                 53 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Good 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 43 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 85 
                 Example 86 
                 Example 87 
                 Example 88 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 22 
                 tion 22 
                 tion 22 
                 tion 22 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.6 
                 99.4 
                 99.2 
                 99.1 
               
               
                 ID 
                 25 
                 37 
                 67 
                 78 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0271]    The liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 81 to 88 had a high VHR and a small ID. Furthermore, a residual image was absent in the burn-in evaluation. Even when a residual image was present, it was very slight and at an acceptable level. 
       Examples 89 to 96 
       [0272]    A specific one of the liquid crystals shown in Table 44, which had a positive dielectric anisotropy, was held between the first and second substrates as in Example 1. Then, liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 89 to 96 were each prepared using a specific one of the color filters shown in Table 8. The VHR and ID of each liquid crystal display apparatus were measured. Each liquid crystal display apparatus was evaluated in terms of burn-in. Tables 45 and 46 summarize the results. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 44 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Liquid crystal 
                 Liquid crystal 
               
               
                   
                 composition 23 
                 composition 24 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 5-Cy-Cy-1 
                 6 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 0d1-Cy-Cy-3 
                 24 
                 35 
               
               
                   
                 1d1-Cy-Cy-3 
                 5 
                 9 
               
               
                   
                 0d1-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 0d1-Cy-Ph—Ph-3 
                 5 
                 9 
               
               
                   
                 5-Cy-Ph—F 
                 3 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 7-Cy-Ph—F 
                 4 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 2-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                 7 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                 7 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 4-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                 6 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 5-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                 7 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 
                 7 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 5-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 
                 5 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 3-Cy-Ph—Ph1—OCFFF 
                 7 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 5-Cy-Ph—Ph3—F 
                 7 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 Total composition 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 proportion 
               
               
                   
                 Tni/° C. 
                 75.7 
                 75.0 
               
               
                   
                 Δn (20° C.) 
                 0.087 
                 0.084 
               
               
                   
                 Δε (20° C.) 
                 4.7 
                 3.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 45 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 89 
                 Example 90 
                 Example 91 
                 Example 92 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 23 
                 tion 23 
                 tion 23 
                 tion 23 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.7 
                 99.6 
                 99.4 
                 99.3 
               
               
                 ID 
                 14 
                 22 
                 41 
                 52 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 46 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 93 
                 Example 94 
                 Example 95 
                 Example 96 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 24 
                 tion 24 
                 tion 24 
                 tion 24 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.6 
                 99.7 
                 99.3 
                 99.2 
               
               
                 ID 
                 16 
                 14 
                 50 
                 66 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0273]    The liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 89 to 96 had a high VHR and a small ID. Furthermore, a residual image was absent in the burn-in evaluation. Even when a residual image was present, it was very slight and at an acceptable level. 
       Examples 97 to 104 
       [0274]    A specific one of the liquid crystals shown in Table 47, which had a positive dielectric anisotropy, was held between the first and second substrates as in Example 1. Then, liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 97 to 104 were each prepared using a specific one of the color filters shown in Table 8. The VHR and ID of each liquid crystal display apparatus were measured. Each liquid crystal display apparatus was evaluated in terms of burn-in. Tables 48 and 49 summarize the results. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 47 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Liquid crystal 
                 Liquid crystal 
               
               
                   
                 composition 25 
                 composition 26 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 5-Cy-Cy-1 
                 5 
                   
               
               
                 0d1-Cy-Cy-3 
                 12 
                 31 
               
               
                 1d1-Cy-Cy-3 
                 12 
                 11 
               
               
                 0d1-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 
                 9 
                 9 
               
               
                 0d3-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 
                 5 
               
               
                 0d1-Cy-Ph—Ph-3 
                 5 
                 9 
               
               
                 7-Cy-Ph—F 
                 5 
                 3 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 
                 4 
                 3 
               
               
                 4-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 
                 2 
               
               
                 3-Cy-2-Cy-Ph3—F 
                 6 
                 4 
               
               
                 4-Cy-2-Cy-Ph3—F 
                 3 
                 2 
               
               
                 5-Cy-2-Cy-Ph3—F 
                 3 
                 2 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Cy-2-Ph3—F 
                 6 
                 4 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Cy-2-Ph3—F 
                 3 
                 2 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Ph—Ph3—F 
                 3 
                 2 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Ph—Ph3—F 
                 3 
                 2 
               
               
                 5-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph—CF3 
                 3 
                 2 
               
               
                 5-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph1—F 
                 3 
                 2 
               
               
                 3-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 
                 3 
                 2 
               
               
                 5-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 
                 6 
                 4 
               
               
                 3-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph—OCFFF 
                 3 
                 2 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph—Ph3—F 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Cy-2-Ph—Ph3—F 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 Total composition 
                 108 
                 100 
               
               
                 proportion 
               
               
                 Tni/° C. 
                 75.2 
                 75.3 
               
               
                 Δn (20° C.) 
                 0.087 
                 0.081 
               
               
                 Δε (20° C.) 
                 4.7 
                 3.0 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 48 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 97 
                 Example 98 
                 Example 99 
                 Example 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 25 
                 tion 25 
                 tion 25 
                 tion 25 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.7 
                 99.5 
                 99.3 
                 99.2 
               
               
                 ID 
                 14 
                 34 
                 62 
                 71 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Good 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 49 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 101 
                 Example 102 
                 Example 103 
                 Example 104 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 26 
                 tion 26 
                 tion 26 
                 tion 26 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.8 
                 99.6 
                 99.4 
                 99.4 
               
               
                 ID 
                 15 
                 19 
                 37 
                 34 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0275]    The liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 97 to 104 had a high VHR and a small ID. Furthermore, a residual image was absent in the burn-in evaluation. Even when a residual image was present, it was very slight and at an acceptable level. 
       Examples 105 to 112 
       [0276]    A specific one of the liquid crystals shown in Table 50, which had a positive dielectric anisotropy, was held between the first and second substrates as in Example 1. Then, liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 105 to 112 were each prepared using a specific one of the color filters shown in Table 8. The VHR and ID of each liquid crystal display apparatus were measured. Each liquid crystal display apparatus was evaluated in terms of burn-in. Tables 51 and 52 summarize the results. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 50 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Liquid crystal 
                 Liquid crystal 
               
               
                   
                 composition 27 
                 composition 28 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 5-Cy-Cy-1 
                 5 
                 5 
               
               
                 0d1-Cy-Cy-3 
                 21 
                 31 
               
               
                 1d1-Cy-Cy-3 
                 5 
                 10 
               
               
                 0d1-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 
                   
                 5 
               
               
                 0d1-Cy-Ph—Ph-3 
                 9 
                 9 
               
               
                 2-Cy-Cy-Ph—F 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph—Cl 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Cy-Ph—Cl 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 4-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 
                 2 
               
               
                 3-Cy-2-Cy-Ph3—F 
                 3 
                 2 
               
               
                 4-Cy-2-Cy-Ph3—F 
                 3 
                 2 
               
               
                 5-Cy-2-Cy-Ph3—F 
                 3 
                 2 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Cy-2-Ph3—F 
                 7 
                 4 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Cy-2-Ph3—F 
                 4 
                 2 
               
               
                 2-Cy-Ph—Ph—F 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Ph—Ph—F 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 2-Cy-Ph—Ph1—F 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Ph—Ph1—F 
                 4 
                 2 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Ph—Ph3—F 
                 4 
                 2 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Ph—Ph3—F 
                 4 
                 2 
               
               
                 5-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph—CF3 
                 3 
                 2 
               
               
                 5-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 
                 6 
                 4 
               
               
                 3-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph—OCFFF 
                 3 
                 2 
               
               
                 Total composition 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 proportion 
               
               
                 Tni/° C. 
                 75.3 
                 75.0 
               
               
                 Δn (20° C.) 
                 0.095 
                 0.089 
               
               
                 Δε (20° C.) 
                 4.9 
                 3.2 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 51 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 105 
                 Example 106 
                 Example 107 
                 Example 108 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 27 
                 tion 27 
                 tion 27 
                 tion 27 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.6 
                 99.6 
                 99.5 
                 99.3 
               
               
                 ID 
                 12 
                 15 
                 36 
                 66 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Good 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 52 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 109 
                 Example 110 
                 Example 111 
                 Example 112 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 28 
                 tion 28 
                 tion 28 
                 tion 28 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.7 
                 99.5 
                 99.3 
                 99.2 
               
               
                 ID 
                 16 
                 27 
                 53 
                 72 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0277]    The liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 105 to 112 had a high VHR and a small ID. Furthermore, a residual image was absent in the burn-in evaluation. Even when a residual image was present, it was very slight and at an acceptable level. 
       Examples 113 to 120 
       [0278]    A specific one of the liquid crystals shown in Table 53, which had a positive dielectric anisotropy, was held between the first and second substrates as in Example 1. Then, liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 113 to 120 were each prepared using a specific one of the color filters shown in Table 8. The VHR and ID of each liquid crystal display apparatus were measured. Each liquid crystal display apparatus was evaluated in terms of burn-in. Tables 54 and 55 summarize the results. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 53 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Liquid crystal 
                 Liquid crystal 
               
               
                   
                 composition 29 
                 composition 30 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0d1-Cy-Cy-3 
                 25 
                 33 
               
               
                 1d1-Cy-Cy-3 
                   
                 4 
               
               
                 0d1-Cy-Ph—Ph-3 
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Ph—Cl 
                 3 
                 2 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Ph—Cl 
                 3 
                 2 
               
               
                 7-Cy-Ph—Cl 
                 4 
                 3 
               
               
                 2-Cy-Cy-Ph—Cl 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph—Cl 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Cy-Ph—Cl 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                 3-Cy-2-Cy-Ph1—Cl 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 2-Cy-Ph—Ph1—F 
                 5 
                 4 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Ph—Ph1—F 
                 5 
                 4 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Ph—Ph1—F 
                 9 
                 6 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Ph—Ph3—F 
                 10 
                 8 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Ph—Ph3—F 
                 10 
                 8 
               
               
                 3-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 
                 4 
                 3 
               
               
                 3-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph—OCFFF 
                 4 
                 3 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Ph1-T-Ph-2 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Ph1—V—Ph-2 
                 2 
                 1 
               
               
                 Total composition 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 proportion 
               
               
                 Tni/° C. 
                 77.7 
                 75.7 
               
               
                 Δn (20° C.) 
                 0.107 
                 0.100 
               
               
                 Δε (20° C.) 
                 3.9 
                 3.0 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 54 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 113 
                 Example 114 
                 Example 115 
                 Example 116 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 29 
                 tion 29 
                 tion 29 
                 tion 29 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.7 
                 99.6 
                 99.4 
                 99.3 
               
               
                 ID 
                 17 
                 23 
                 48 
                 60 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Good 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 55 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 117 
                 Example 118 
                 Example 119 
                 Example 120 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 30 
                 tion 30 
                 tion 30 
                 tion 30 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.7 
                 99.6 
                 99.4 
                 99.5 
               
               
                 ID 
                 19 
                 22 
                 45 
                 35 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0279]    The liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 113 to 120 had a high VHR and a small ID. Furthermore, a residual image was absent in the burn-in evaluation. Even when a residual image was present, it was very slight and at an acceptable level. 
       Examples 121 to 128 
       [0280]    A specific one of the liquid crystals shown in Table 56, which had a positive dielectric anisotropy, was held between the first and second substrates as in Example 1. Then, liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 121 to 128 were each prepared using a specific one of the color filters shown in Table 8. The VHR and ID of each liquid crystal display apparatus were measured. Each liquid crystal display apparatus was evaluated in terms of burn-in. Tables 57 and 58 summarize the results. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 56 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Liquid crystal 
                 Liquid crystal 
               
               
                   
                 composition 31 
                 composition 32 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 5-Cy-Cy-1 
                   
                 5 
               
               
                 0d1-Cy-Cy-3 
                 20 
                 22 
               
               
                 1d1-Cy-Cy-3 
                 5 
                 9 
               
               
                 0d1-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 
                   
                 5 
               
               
                 0d1-Cy-Ph—Ph-3 
                   
                 4 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Ph—F 
                 5 
                 4 
               
               
                 7-Cy-Ph—F 
                 5 
                 4 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                 6 
                 4 
               
               
                 3-Cy-2-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                 6 
                 4 
               
               
                 5-Cy-2-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                 6 
                 4 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Cy-2-Ph—OCFFF 
                 6 
                 4 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Cy-2-Ph—OCFFF 
                 6 
                 4 
               
               
                 2-Cy-Ph—Ph1—F 
                 6 
                 4 
               
               
                 3-Cy-Ph—Ph1—F 
                 6 
                 4 
               
               
                 5-Cy-Ph—Ph1—F 
                 12 
                 9 
               
               
                 3-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                 5-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 
                 5 
                 4 
               
               
                 3-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph—OCFFF 
                 4 
                 3 
               
               
                 Total composition 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 proportion 
               
               
                 Tni/° C. 
                 76.1 
                 76.0 
               
               
                 Δn (20° C.) 
                 0.088 
                 0.090 
               
               
                 Δε (20° C.) 
                 3.9 
                 3.0 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 57 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 121 
                 Example 122 
                 Example 123 
                 Example 124 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 31 
                 tion 31 
                 tion 31 
                 tion 31 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.6 
                 99.5 
                 99.3 
                 99.3 
               
               
                 ID 
                 22 
                 39 
                 59 
                 68 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 58 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 125 
                 Example 126 
                 Example 127 
                 Example 128 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 32 
                 tion 32 
                 tion 32 
                 tion 32 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.8 
                 99.6 
                 99.5 
                 99.4 
               
               
                 ID 
                 20 
                 29 
                 40 
                 56 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0281]    The liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 121 to 128 had a high VHR and a small ID. Furthermore, a residual image was absent in the burn-in evaluation. Even when a residual image was present, it was very slight and at an acceptable level. 
       Examples 129 to 132 
       [0282]    A liquid crystal composition 33 was prepared by mixing the liquid crystal composition 1 used in Example 1, which had a positive dielectric anisotropy, with 0.3% by mass of 2-methyl-acrylic acid 4′-{2-[4-(2-acryloyloxy-ethyl)-phenoxycarbonyl]-ethyl}-biphenyl-4-yl ester. The liquid crystal composition 33 was held inside the TN cell used in Example 1. While a driving voltage was applied between the electrodes, ultraviolet irradiation (3.0 J/cm 2 ) was done for 600 seconds to perform a polymerization treatment. Subsequently, liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 129 to 132 were each prepared using a specific one of the color filters 1 to 4 shown in Table 8. The VHR and ID of each liquid crystal display apparatus were measured. Each liquid crystal display apparatus was evaluated in terms of burn-in. Table 59 summarizes the results. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 59 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 129 
                 Example 130 
                 Example 131 
                 Example 132 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 33 
                 tion 33 
                 tion 33 
                 tion 33 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.6 
                 99.4 
                 99.3 
                 99.2 
               
               
                 ID 
                 19 
                 39 
                 57 
                 73 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0283]    The liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 129 to 132 had a high VHR and a small ID. Furthermore, a residual image was absent in the burn-in evaluation. Even when a residual image was present, it was very slight and at an acceptable level. 
       Examples 133 to 136 
       [0284]    A liquid crystal composition 34 was prepared by mixing the liquid crystal composition 29 having a positive dielectric anisotropy with 0.3% by mass of bismethacrylic acid biphenyl-4,4′-diyl ester. The liquid crystal composition 34 was held inside the TN cell used in Example 1. While a driving voltage was applied between the electrodes, ultraviolet irradiation (3.0 J/cm 2 ) was done for 600 seconds to perform a polymerization treatment. Subsequently, liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 133 to 136 were each prepared using a specific one of the color filters 1 to 4 shown in Table 8. The VHR and ID of each liquid crystal display apparatus were measured. Each liquid crystal display apparatus was evaluated in terms of burn-in. Table 60 summarizes the results. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 60 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 133 
                 Example 134 
                 Example 135 
                 Example 136 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 34 
                 tion 34 
                 tion 34 
                 tion 34 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.7 
                 99.6 
                 99.4 
                 99.3 
               
               
                 ID 
                 17 
                 25 
                 46 
                 59 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0285]    The liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 133 to 136 had a high VHR and a small ID. Furthermore, a residual image was absent in the burn-in evaluation. Even when a residual image was present, it was very slight and at an acceptable level. 
       Examples 137 to 140 
       [0286]    A liquid crystal composition 35 was prepared by mixing the liquid crystal composition 32 having a positive dielectric anisotropy with 0.3% by mass of bismethacrylic acid 3-fluorobiphenyl-4,4′-diyl ester. The liquid crystal composition 35 was held inside the TN cell used in Example 1. While a driving voltage was applied between the electrodes, ultraviolet irradiation (3.0 J/cm 2 ) was done for 600 seconds to perform a polymerization treatment. Subsequently, liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 137 to 140 were each prepared using a specific one of the color filters 1 to 4 shown in Table 8. The VHR and ID of each liquid crystal display apparatus were measured. Each liquid crystal display apparatus was evaluated in terms of burn-in. Table 61 summarizes the results. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 61 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 137 
                 Example 138 
                 Example 139 
                 Example 140 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 35 
                 tion 35 
                 tion 35 
                 tion 35 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.8 
                 99.6 
                 99.3 
                 99.4 
               
               
                 ID 
                 15 
                 27 
                 59 
                 47 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0287]    The liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 137 to 140 had a high VHR and a small ID. Furthermore, a residual image was absent in the burn-in evaluation. Even when a residual image was present, it was very slight and at an acceptable level. 
       Examples 141 to 144 
       [0288]    The liquid crystal shown in Table 62, which had a positive dielectric anisotropy, was held between the first and second substrates as in Example 1. Then, liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 141 to 144 were each prepared using a specific one of the color filters shown in Table 8. The VHR and ID of each liquid crystal display apparatus were measured. Each liquid crystal display apparatus was evaluated in terms of burn-in. Table 63 summarizes the results. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 62 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Liquid crystal 
               
               
                   
                 composition 36 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 0d1-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 
                 16 
               
               
                   
                 3-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                 3-Cy-Cy-CFFO—Ph3—F 
                 7 
               
               
                   
                 3-Ph—Ph1—PH3—CFFO—Ph3—F 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 0d1-Cy-Cy-3 
                 28 
               
               
                   
                 1d1-Cy-Cy-3 
                 9 
               
               
                   
                 0d3-Cy-Cy—Ph-1 
                 14 
               
               
                   
                 2-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 2-Py—Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 3-Py—Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 3-Ph—Ph—Ph1—Ph3—F 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 Total composition 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 proportion 
               
               
                   
                 Tni/° C. 
                 90.0 
               
               
                   
                 Δn (20° C.) 
                 0.105 
               
               
                   
                 Δε (20° C.) 
                 7.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 63 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 141 
                 Example 142 
                 Example 143 
                 Example 144 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 36 
                 tion 36 
                 tion 36 
                 tion 36 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.8 
                 99.7 
                 99.5 
                 99.4 
               
               
                 ID 
                 15 
                 25 
                 42 
                 53 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Good 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0289]    The liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 141 to 144 had a high VHR and a small ID. Furthermore, a residual image was absent in the burn-in evaluation. Even when a residual image was present, it was very slight and at an acceptable level. 
       Examples 145 to 148 
       [0290]    The liquid crystal shown in Table 64, which had a positive dielectric anisotropy, was held between the first and second substrates as in Example 1. Then, liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 145 to 148 were each prepared using a specific one of the color filters shown in Table 8. The VHR and ID of each liquid crystal display apparatus were measured. Each liquid crystal display apparatus was evaluated in terms of burn-in. Table 65 summarizes the results. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 64 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Liquid crystal 
               
               
                   
                 composition 37 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 0d1-Cy-Cy-3 
                 15 
               
               
                   
                 1d1-Cy-Cy-3 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 2-Cy-Cy-Ph3—F 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                 0d1-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                 14 
               
               
                   
                 3-Cy-Ph—Ph3—F 
                 9 
               
               
                   
                 3-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 
                 11 
               
               
                   
                 3-Cy-Cy-CFFO—Ph3—F 
                 9 
               
               
                   
                 5-Cy-Cy-CFFO—Ph3—F 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                 2-Ph—Ph1—Ph-3 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 2-Ph—Ph1—Ph-4 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph1—Ph3—F 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 5-Ph1—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 Total composition 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 proportion 
               
               
                   
                 Tni/° C. 
                 90.4 
               
               
                   
                 Δn (20° C.) 
                 0.105 
               
               
                   
                 Δε (20° C.) 
                 9.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 65 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 145 
                 Example 146 
                 Example 147 
                 Example 148 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 37 
                 tion 37 
                 tion 37 
                 tion 37 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.7 
                 99.6 
                 99.4 
                 99.4 
               
               
                 ID 
                 18 
                 22 
                 49 
                 51 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0291]    The liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 145 to 148 had a high VHR and a small ID. Furthermore, a residual image was absent in the burn-in evaluation. 
       Examples 149 to 152 
       [0292]    The liquid crystal shown in Table 66, which had a positive dielectric anisotropy, was held between the first and second substrates as in Example 1. Then, liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 149 to 152 were each prepared using a specific one of the color filters shown in Table 8. The VHR and ID of each liquid crystal display apparatus were measured. Each liquid crystal display apparatus was evaluated in terms of burn-in. Table 67 summarizes the results. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 66 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Liquid crystal 
               
               
                   
                 composition 38 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 0d1-Cy-Cy-3 
                 38 
               
               
                   
                 1d1-Cy-Cy-3 
                 14 
               
               
                   
                 3-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                 3-Cy-Cy-CFFO—Ph3—F 
                 15 
               
               
                   
                 0d3-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 
                 9 
               
               
                   
                 3-Ph—Ph1—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 4-Ph—Ph1—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 
                 7 
               
               
                   
                 5-Ph—Ph1—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 
                 7 
               
               
                   
                 Total composition 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 proportion 
               
               
                   
                 Tni/° C. 
                 81.8 
               
               
                   
                 Δn (20° C.) 
                 0.099 
               
               
                   
                 Δε (20° C.) 
                 8.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 67 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 149 
                 Example 150 
                 Example 151 
                 Example 152 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 38 
                 tion 38 
                 tion 38 
                 tion 38 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.8 
                 99.6 
                 99.3 
                 99.3 
               
               
                 ID 
                 15 
                 25 
                 60 
                 66 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Good 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0293]    The liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 149 to 152 had a high VHR and a small ID. Furthermore, a residual image was absent in the burn-in evaluation. Even when a residual image was present, it was very slight and at an acceptable level. 
       Examples 153 to 156 
       [0294]    The liquid crystal shown in Table 68, which had a positive dielectric anisotropy, was held between the first and second substrates as in Example 1. Then, liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 153 to 156 were each prepared using a specific one of the color filters shown in Table 8. The VHR and ID of each liquid crystal display apparatus were measured. Each liquid crystal display apparatus was evaluated in terms of burn-in. Table 69 summarizes the results. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 68 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Liquid crystal 
               
               
                   
                 composition 39 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 3-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                 0d1-Cy-Cy-3 
                 25 
               
               
                   
                 1d1-Cy-Cy-3 
                 7 
               
               
                   
                 0d1-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 
                 16 
               
               
                   
                 3-Ph—Ph1—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 0d3-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                 3-Py—Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 5-Cy-Cy-CFFO—Ph3—F 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 2-Py—Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 3-Cy-Ph—Ph1—F 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 3-Cy-Cy-CFFO—Ph3—F 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Total composition 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 proportion 
               
               
                   
                 Tni/° C. 
                 85.3 
               
               
                   
                 Δn (20° C.) 
                 0.105 
               
               
                   
                 Δε (20° C.) 
                 9.3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 69 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 153 
                 Example 154 
                 Example 155 
                 Example 156 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 39 
                 tion 39 
                 tion 39 
                 tion 39 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.6 
                 99.5 
                 99.3 
                 99.2 
               
               
                 ID 
                 23 
                 38 
                 64 
                 68 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Good 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0295]    The liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 153 to 156 had a high VHR and a small ID. Furthermore, a residual image was absent in the burn-in evaluation. Even when a residual image was present, it was very slight and at an acceptable level. 
       Examples 157 to 160 
       [0296]    The liquid crystal shown in Table 70, which had a positive dielectric anisotropy, was held between the first and second substrates as in Example 1. Then, liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 157 to 160 were each prepared using a specific one of the color filters shown in Table 8. The VHR and ID of each liquid crystal display apparatus were measured. Each liquid crystal display apparatus was evaluated in terms of burn-in. Table 71 summarizes the results. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 70 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Liquid crystal 
               
               
                   
                 composition 40 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 3-Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 
                 7 
               
               
                   
                 0d1-Cy-Cy-3 
                 34 
               
               
                   
                 0d1-Cy-Cy-Ph-1 
                 7 
               
               
                   
                 3-Cy-Cy-CFFO—Ph3—F 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph1—Ph3—F 
                 9 
               
               
                   
                 3-Py—Ph—Ph3—CFFO—Ph3—F 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 5-Cy-Cy-CFFO—Ph3—F 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 3-Cy-Cy-Ph—OCFFF 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 3-Ph—Ph1—Ph3—F 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 3-Cy-Ph—Ph-Cy-3 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 Total composition 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 proportion 
               
               
                   
                 Tni/° C. 
                 93.2 
               
               
                   
                 Δn (20° C.) 
                 0.098 
               
               
                   
                 Δε (20° C.) 
                 9.3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 71 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 157 
                 Example 158 
                 Example 159 
                 Example 160 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
                 Liquid 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
                 crystal 
               
               
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
                 composi- 
               
               
                 tion 
                 tion 40 
                 tion 40 
                 tion 40 
                 tion 40 
               
               
                 Color filter 
                 Color filter 1 
                 Color filter 2 
                 Color filter 3 
                 Color filter 4 
               
               
                 VHR 
                 99.8 
                 99.7 
                 99.5 
                 99.4 
               
               
                 ID 
                 16 
                 19 
                 40 
                 55 
               
               
                 Burn-in 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
                 Excellent 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0297]    The liquid crystal display apparatuses of Examples 157 to 160 had a high VHR and a small ID. Furthermore, a residual image was absent in the burn-in evaluation.