Abstract:
Methods for determining a system latency of an audio call path of a voice communications network, and for synchronizing a remote unit ( 108 ) with a reference oscillator of a reference station ( 102 ) involve transmitting a reference signal ( 106 ) over the audio call path from the reference station ( 102 ) to the remote unit ( 108 ), where a reply signal ( 112 ) is generated and transmitted back to the reference station ( 102 ) over the call path after a preselected reply delay interval (t det ). A round-trip time difference (t RT ) is used to determine total system latency, which is then taken into account in synchronizing the remote unit ( 108 ) with the reference oscillator. The reference and reply signals ( 106, 112 ) are generated as audio-frequency signals resembling human voice sounds to avoid destructive attenuation by the voice communications network. One embodiment includes a wireless telephone unit having an on-board SPS receiver. The SPS receiver includes an oscillator that can be synchronized using the method to improve performance of the SPS receiver. Convenient and efficient methods of synchronization and location data reporting within existing wireless communication network infrastructures are disclosed.

Description:
This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/116,093, filed Jan. 15, 1999. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This invention relates to methods of in-band signaling for measurement of system latency in wireless and wire line communications and, in particular, to the use of latency measurements for time synchronization and synchronization error measurement between a reference clock and a remote clock in communication over a wireless and/or wire line voice communication network. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Numerous methods of signaling are known for accurately synchronizing a slave oscillator with a distant master oscillator. One such known method uses SPS signals that are transmitted from master oscillator-bearing earth satellites of a satellite positioning system (SPS) such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) or GLONASS. A slave oscillator is synchronized to a SPS master oscillator in a normal SPS signal receiving mode called “lock.” In a mobile unit including an SPS positioning receiver, the amount of synchronization error between the SPS master oscillator and a slave oscillator of the SPS positioning receiver impacts the ability of the SPS positioning receiver to accurately determine its position from the SPS signals using satellite ephemeris data. For example, the synchronization error of a slave oscillator of a GPS receiver must be less than about +/−500 microseconds (μsec) from a GPS satellite master oscillator in order to obtain a location fix from a cold start in less than 30 seconds. In lock mode, the slave oscillator is typically synchronized to within +/−10 μsec of the GPS satellite master oscillator. When SPS signals are not available, for example because SPS satellites are out of view, or when the mobile unit has not acquired an SPS satellite signal, the mobile unit must be re-synchronized due to drift of the slave oscillator over time. Re-synchronization requires a significant amount of time if SPS signals must be used. SPS synchronization from a cold start is also time consuming. Synchronization processing times of up to one minute or more from cold start are not uncommon. 
     Other types of electronic equipment such as computer networking equipment, instruments, control systems, and ranging devices also rely upon accurately synchronized internal clocks. U.S. Pat. No. 5,510,797 of Abraham et al. describes the use of an SPS receiver in connection with computers and time-controlled instruments to synchronize their internal clocks. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,368,987 of Waters describes a synchronization method for satellites in which a master pulse is transmitted by a master-clock station to a slave station where a slave pulse having conjugate phase with respect to the received master pulse is retransmitted for receipt by the master station. A measurement at the master station of a time difference between the master pulse and the received slave pulse is used to calculate a time phase difference between the master clock and the slave clock. The time phase difference is then used to synchronize the clocks. Waters requires cooperation between the satellite-based master station and the satellite-based slave station in order to determine phase difference and for clock synchronization. Thus, the method described by Waters is not a substitute for re-synchronization of an SPS-enabled mobile unit. SPS satellites, which were originally developed for military use, will not retransmit a slave pulse in response to a master pulse received from the mobile unit. Nor will the SPS satellites, conversely, receive a conjugate slave pulse generated by the mobile unit or calculate a phase time difference. 
     For calls originating from wire line telephones, Automatic Number Identification (ANI) service allows a call receiving station, such as a Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP), to quickly lookup the name and address of the caller (registered telephone owner) in an owner database. The portable nature of wireless communications devices eliminates the viability of such a lookup scheme in wireless networks. Wireless mobile telephone units incorporating SPS receivers have been contemplated as a way to generate location data that can then be transmitted to a call receiving station. In theory, the generation and transmission of location data in this manner would be especially useful for locating a wireless caller that dials 911 to report an emergency, but who is unable to verbally provide location information to a PSAP operator. 
     While SPS-enabled wireless telephones may provide the capability to accurately determine and transmit location data, numerous practical realities present obstacles to the timely and efficient generation and transmission of location data to a call receiving station. For example, the SPS receiver of the SPS-enabled wireless telephone may need to synchronize to SPS time before it can generate useable location data. In an emergency situation involving a call to a PSAP, the amount of time required to synchronize the SPS receiver using SPS satellite signals can cost lives. 
     FIG. 1 shows a diagram of a prior art voice communications network  10  including a wireless communications network  12  coupled to a wire line communications network (POTS network)  14 . With reference to FIG. 1, wireless communications network  12  includes one or more cellular base stations  16  each having an associated base station antenna  18  and a mobile switching center  20 . Mobile switching center  20  couples cellular base station  16  to POTS network  14  to allow a wire line call taker  22 , such as a PSAP, to communicate with a mobile unit  24  of wireless communications network  12 . In operation, mobile unit  24  transmits and receives signals that are respectively received and transmitted by cellular base station  16  over two transmission channels  26 . These transmission channels  26  include a voice channel  27  (which is also known as the call path, the voice call path, the voice call connection, the audio call path, the audio traffic channel, and the traffic channel) for transmitting radio-frequency signals representative of voice, and a control channel  28  (also known as an overhead channel and the non-call path) for transmitting call initiation and control signals. In digital wireless communications networks, transmissions over control channel  28  consist of packetized digital data. Protocols for control channel  28  and the type of data that can be carried on control channel  28  are determined by the type of control channel communications protocol in use by wireless communications network. Because each type of wireless network uses its own protocol, control signals must be decoded at cellular base station  16 . 
     Other inherent limitations of the prior art will become apparent upon a review of the following summary of the invention and detailed description of preferred embodiments. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Wireline and wireless communications systems have some system latency, typically less than 500 milliseconds (ms), due to propagation and processing of signals traveling in the call path. In wireless communications networks, differences in air interface protocols, base stations, handset manufacturers, and transmission distances make the system latency variable. 
     The present invention provides methods for determining a system latency of a voice communication network for signals transmitted between a reference station and a remote unit over an audio call path of the voice communications network. The system latency is then taken into account during synchronization of the remote unit with a reference oscillator of the reference station. Measurement of system latency is accomplished by a signaling sequence including transmitting a reference signal over the audio call path from the reference station to the remote unit, where a reply signal is generated and transmitted back to the reference station over the call path after a preselected reply delay interval. The reference signal and the reply signal are transmitted for respective predetermined reference and reply durations, which may be dictated by signal attenuation characteristics of the voice communications network. The reply delay interval begins upon receipt of the reference signal at the remote unit and must be preselected to allow sufficient time for the remote unit to process the reference signal and generate the reply signal. A measurement is made at the reference station to determine a round-trip time difference between transmission of the reference signal and receipt of the reply signal. A total latency is then calculated as the round-trip time difference less the sum of the reference duration, the reply duration, and the reply delay interval. 
     In another aspect of the present invention, a correction interval is calculated as one-half the total latency, and a synchronization signal representing the correction interval is then transmitted from the reference station over the call path for receipt by the remote unit. The remote unit synchronizes itself with the reference oscillator in response to the synchronization signal. Synchronization may be effectively accomplished in a number of different ways, for example, by storing the synchronization signal at the remote unit and using it later as a parameter for calculating synchronized time, or by adjustment or restarting of the remote oscillator upon receipt of a synchronization mark of the synchronization signal. 
     In a further aspect of the present invention, the remote unit is a mobile unit that includes an SPS receiver. In this aspect, the remote oscillator is coupled to or made part of the SPS receiver and is used by the SPS receiver, in conjunction with, SPS satellite signals to determine a location of the remote unit. Synchronization of the remote oscillator may be accomplished by any of the above-described synchronization techniques or by modification, in response to the synchronization signal, of algorithms used by the SPS receiver to calculate the location of the remote unit. 
     In yet another aspect of the present invention, the reference signal, the reply signal, and the synchronization signal are all audio-frequency signals that are adapted to freely pass through the voice communications network. Such audio-frequency signals are necessary for transmission over a voice call path of an advanced communications network of the type that uses compression protocols and/or spread-spectrum technology to maximize call traffic in a limited radio-frequency bandwidth. Examples of protocols used in advanced communications networks include time-division multiple access (TDMA), code-division multiple access (CDMA), global system for mobile communication (GSM), and others. The reference, reply, and synchronization signals also transmit freely through analog wireless networks. These audio-frequency signals are specifically configured to emulate certain characteristics of the human voice such as, for example, frequency, amplitude, and duration. By generating signals that resemble sounds of the human voice, the present invention thereby avoids destruction of the signals by the voice communications network. 
     In another aspect of the present invention, the signals are audio-frequency signals that include one or more audio tones, multi-frequency tones, or substantially Gaussian pulses generated by a multi-frequency controller. The Gaussian pulses are characterized by a 3σ (standard deviation×3) of between about 0.3 ms and 1 ms, and an amplitude of between −4 dBm and −10 dBm to avoid destructive attenuation by the voice communications network. Single or multi-frequency tones have a duration of between about 5 ms and 50 ms and a frequency in the range of about 300 to 3000 Hz. In a method using multiple tones or pulses per signal, the time of receipt of the tones or pulses (of a particular signal) may be averaged to improve accuracy of latency measurements and synchronization. The signals may also comprise a pulse train created by concatenating a plurality of tones or pulses spaced at regular and irregular intervals. Irregular spacing of tones or pulses facilitates accurate correlation of the reply signal to the reference signal at the reference station for calculation of the total round-trip time difference. Use of these techniques allows synchronization of the remote unit to within +/−500 μsec of the reference oscillator. In SPS-enabled remote units, use of the method of the present invention significantly reduces the time it takes the SPS receiver to attain SPS lock. 
     In still another aspect of the present invention, the signaling sequence is initiated by the remote unit, which generates and transmits the reference pulse, the receipt of which prompts the reference station to reply with a reply pulse after a reply delay interval. Latency calculations may then be performed at the remote unit. Synchronization of the remote unit still requires the remote unit to receive a synchronization signal transmitted by the reference station upon a time mark output of the reference oscillator. 
     The present invention presents particularly significant advantages in the context of a cellular telephone network in which the remote unit comprises a wireless communications device such as a cellular telephone. Unlike known wireless data communication devices, which transmit data and synchronization signals over a control or “overhead” channel of the communications network, the present invention requires no special equipment or software to be installed at a base station site of the wireless network for handling the reference, reply, and synchronization signals. By avoiding transmission over the control channel, the present invention lends itself to cost efficient implementation by avoiding modification of existing wireless and wire line (POTS) telephone network infrastructure. To the contrary, the present invention operates transparently over the existing infrastructure. “In-band” signals in the voice call path can be received at any point in the wireless or wire line networks, for to example at a location services controller or PSAP, which may also serve as a reference station. The present invention also provides advantages over prior-art wireless modem devices, which fully occupy the voice call path during data transmission by switching the wireless communications device to a data mode. By keeping the voice call path available to the wireless telephone user during latency measurement, synchronization, and location data transfer, the present invention facilitates substantially concurrent verbal communication between the wireless user and a call taker. 
     Many additional aspects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments thereof which proceeds with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a diagram of a prior-art wireless communications network showing components of a wireless communications network and their connection to a wire line communications network; 
     FIG. 2 is a diagram of a mobile unit including a SPS receiver in communication with a call taker over a wireless communications network for implementing a synchronization protocol in accordance with the present invention; 
     FIG. 3 is a diagram of a signal transmission sequence in accordance with the present invention; 
     FIG. 4 is a timing diagram showing the timing and elements of a reference signal, a reply signal, and a synchronization signal of the signal transmission sequence of FIG. 3; 
     FIG. 5A is a diagram of a first alternative embodiment audio-frequency signal, comprising first and second reference tones; 
     FIG. 5B is a diagram of a second alternative embodiment audio-frequency signal, comprising a Gaussian pulse; 
     FIG. 5C is a diagram of a third alternative embodiment audio-frequency signal comprising a reference pulse train, overlaid with an observed reply pulse train; and 
     FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a mobile unit including a SPS receiver and a multi-frequency controller implementing the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     FIG. 2 shows a diagram of a voice communications network  30  including an SPS-enabled mobile unit  40  for implementing a first preferred embodiment of the present invention. With reference to FIG. 2, voice communications network  30  includes a wireless communications network  44  coupled to a public switched telephone network or (“POTS”)  48 . Wireless communications network  44  includes a base station  52  for transmitting radio frequency signals  56  to mobile unit  40  and for receiving radio frequency signals  56  from mobile unit  40 . Radio frequency signals  56  include a voice channel signal  58  for transmitting audio, and a control channel signal  60  for transmitting control commands and digital data. A mobile switching center  64  couples wireless communication network  44  to POTS  48 . Mobile unit  40  is preferably a cellular telephone handset, but may be any type of wireless communications device capable of transmitting over voice channel  58 . Mobile unit  40  includes a local oscillator (also referred to as a “mobile oscillator” or a “remote oscillator”) and an SPS receiver  66  for receiving SPS signals  70  that are broadcast by SPS satellites  72  in earth orbit and for calculating a location of the mobile unit based upon SPS signals  70 . In normal operation, SPS receiver  66  achieves “lock” with SPS signals  70  to synchronize the local oscillator to within +/−10 microseconds (μsec). However, if SPS signals  70  are unavailable or SPS receiver  66  has not acquired an SPS signal, the local oscillator will not keep the correct SPS time due to drift of the local oscillator. In accordance with the present invention, resynchronization of the SPS oscillator may be initiated automatically by mobile unit  40 , as necessary, or may occur during the next telephone call received or made by mobile unit  40 . 
     To reduce the time required to resynchronize the local oscillator with SPS time, the local oscillator may be synchronized with a reference oscillator positioned at a known terrestrial location. This type of resynchronization procedure is known as “seeding” SPS receiver  66  because it results in synchronization to a wider tolerance than occurs during SPS lock. A seed processor  80  communicates with a reference SPS receiver  82  and the reference oscillator, which may be integrated with SPS receiver  82 . Seed processor  80  may be coupled to wireless communications switch  64  or a call taking device  86  of POTS  48 , or both. Once an audio call path has been established between seed processor  80  and mobile unit  40 , seed processor  80  initiates a signaling sequence  100  (FIG. 3) to determine system latency and for synchronization of the local oscillator with the reference oscillator. 
     FIG. 3 is a diagram of the signaling sequence  100  for measuring system latency. With reference to FIG. 3, a reference station  102  such as a location services controller (LSC)  104  transmits a reference signal over voice channel  58  (FIG.  2 ). A remote unit  108  such as a cellular telephone handset (HS)  110  receives reference signal  106  after a reference latency t 2 . Remote unit  108  then responds to receipt of reference signal  106  by transmitting a reply signal  112 , which is received at reference station  102  after a reply latency t 2 . Reference latency t 1  and reply latency t 2  include both signal propagation time and time for processing the respective reference and reply signals  106 ,  112  at reference station  102  and remote unit  108 . The elapsed time between the transmission of reference signal  106  and the receipt of reply signal  112  is measured at reference station  102  to determine a round-trip delay t RT . If the reference latency t 1  and the reply latency t 2  are equal, the system is said to be symmetric. For purposes of illustration, asymmetry is exaggerated in FIG.  3 . However, empirical measurements on CDMA, TDMA, GSM, and analog wireless phone systems, confirm that POTS network  48  in combination with wireless communications network  44  (FIG. 2) is symmetric (and substantially time-invariant during each call session) to within tolerances acceptable for the purpose of in-band signaling for time synchronization within +/−500 μsec. Because wireless and POTS communications networks are substantially symmetric, a one-way latency can be estimated as one-half the round-trip delay, or ½t RT . 
     FIG. 4 is a timing diagram showing the timing and elements of signaling sequence  100 . With reference to FIG. 4, the upper section of the timing diagram shows signals at reference station  102 , and the lower section shows signals at remote unit  108 . Transmitted signals are shown in solid lines, while received signals are shown in dashed lines. Signaling sequence  100  is shown in FIG. 4 as being initiated by reference station  102 , but may be initiated in an alternative embodiment (not shown) at remote unit  108 . To begin signaling sequence  100 , reference station  102  transmits reference signal  106  having a reference duration t ref . For convenience, reference signal  106  is transmitted by reference station  102  upon occurrence of a periodic time mark  120  of the reference oscillator having a period P. Reference signal  106  is received at remote unit  108  after reference latency t 1 . Upon receipt of reference signal  106 , remote unit  108  generates a reply signal  112  and transmits reply signal  112  after a preselected reply delay interval t det . Reply signal  112  has a reply duration t rp  and is received a reference station  102  after reply latency t 2 . A measurement of round trip delay t RT  is made at reference station  102 . A total latency T L  is then calculated as: 
     
       
           T   L   =t   RT −( t   ref   +t   det   +t   rp ) 
       
     
     Because the communications network is substantially symmetric, a one-way latency of the system (estimated as ½T L ) can then be used as a correction interval T c . A synchronization signal  124  representative of correction interval T c  is transmitted from reference station  102 . Synchronization signal  124  is transmitted upon the next time mark  120 , and correction interval T c  is transmitted as data to remote unit  108 , either as part of synchronization signal  124  or as part of a separate data signal (not shown). Alternatively, synchronization signal  124 ′ is transmitted at a correction time  126  in advance of a future time mark  120 ′ by an amount equal to correction interval T c . Remote unit  108  then utilizes correction interval T c  and/or a time of receipt  127  of synchronization signal  124 ′ to synchronize with the reference oscillator. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that synchronization can be accomplished in a variety of ways, based upon receipt at remote unit  108  of one or more signals representing correction interval T c  and a time mark  120  of the reference oscillator. For example (not shown), synchronization signal  124  may be generated by forming a delayed time mark that is delayed by an amount equal to period P minus the correction interval T c . 
     Voice communication networks and, particularly, digital cellular telephone networks use signal compression, spread-spectrum signal transmission, and other signal manipulation protocols to maximize call traffic in the signal transmission medium. These signal-processing protocols tend to remove signals in the call path that do not resemble human voice. To improve signal transmission through voice communications network  30  (FIG. 2) and to improve the accuracy of the latency measurements, reference signal  106 , reply signal  112 , and synchronization signal  124  are all generated as audio-frequency signals in the audio call path. Those skilled in the art will recognize that audio-frequency signals are converted numerous times between analog signal form, digital signal form, and radio frequency signal form during encoding, transmission, and decoding, as normally occurs in the audio call path of a wireless telephone network. The term “audio-frequency signals” as used herein describes any signal representative of audio as it travels in the call path, regardless of its form. Reference signal  106 , reply signal  112 , and synchronization signal  124  are generated to have characteristics that have been found empirically to pass through voice communications network  30 . 
     FIGS. 5A,  5 B, and  5 C show respective first, second, and third alternative embodiments of an audio-frequency signal  128   a ,  128   b , and  128   c  that may be used for reference signal  106 , reply signal  112 , and synchronization signal  124 . With reference to FIG. 5A, a first alternative embodiment audio-frequency signal  128   a  includes a first audio-frequency tone  130  and a second audio-frequency tone  132  spaced apart in time by a reference pause  134 . First and second audio-frequency tones  130 ,  132  are each characterized by a frequency of between 300 Hz and 3000 Hz, a predetermined duration of between 5 ms and 50 ms, and an amplitude of between −4 dBm and −10 dBm. Reference pause  134  is characterized by a preselected duration, which for convenience may be the same as the duration of first and second audio-frequency tones  130 ,  132 , but may be selected to be shorter or longer. The use of multiple tones allows remote unit  108  and reference station  102  to average first and second audio-frequency tones  130 ,  132  as they are received and thereby more accurately determine the time at which audio-frequency signal  128   a  is received. 
     With reference to FIG. 5B, a second alternative embodiment audio-frequency signal  128   b  comprises a substantially Gaussian pulse represented as a function of time (t) by the equation:          G                   (   t   )       =     A   ·              -   1     /   2                       (     t   /   σ     )     2                                  
     in which A is amplitude of between about −4 dBm and −10 dBm and a (standard deviation) is between about 100 μsec and 330 μsec. FIG. 5C shows a third alternative embodiment of reference signal  106 ′, overlaid with a corresponding reply signal  112 ′. With reference to FIG. 5C, a third alternative embodiment audio-frequency signal  128   c  comprises a reference pulse train  140  including eight substantially Gaussian reference pulses  144  spaced at predefined intervals a, b, c, d, e, f, and g. Similarly, reply signal  112 ′ (shown in FIG. 5C as received at reference station  102 ) comprises a reply pulse train including eight substantially Gaussian reply pulses  148  spaced substantially identical to reference pulses  144 . Intervals a-g are irregular to enhance correlation at reference station  102  when determining round trip delay t RT . By using irregular intervals a-g, correlation can be performed mathematically, even if not all of the Gaussian pulses  144 ,  148  are received. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the widths and intervals of reference pulses  144  may be selected so that only one of the reply pulses  148  need be received to correlate the pulse trains and determine total round trip delay t RT , although less accurately than if more pulses are received. Preferably, third alternative embodiment audio-frequency signal  128   c  comprises an analog filtered pulse train modulated onto a voice-frequency carrier signal, with pulses 11.4 ms long with 3 dB bandwidth of 400 Hz and roll-off of 1.0. A total duration t PT  of pulse train  140  is between about 143 ms and 189 ms. The voice-frequency carrier signal can be any signal in the voice frequency spectrum (300 Hz to 3000 Hz), but is preferably an 1800 Hz signal. 
     FIG. 6 shows a schematic diagram of selected signal processing components of mobile unit  40 . With reference to FIG. 6, mobile unit  40  includes an audio bridge  200  connected to a multi-frequency controller  204  and a modem transceiver  208 . Multi-frequency controller  204  and modem transceiver  208  are connected to an interface processor  212  via, for example, an RS- 232  connection  214 . Interface processor  212  is connected to an SPS receiver  216  that includes an SPS antenna  220 . Both multi-frequency controller  204  and modem transceiver  208  actively listen to the call path during signaling sequence  100 . Ideally, the functions of multi-frequency controller  204 , modem transceiver  208 , interface processor  212 , and SPS receiver  216  are integrated onto existing components of mobile unit  40 , such as a CODEC, a digital signal processor (DSP), and an ARM microprocessor found in known cellular telephones. For prototype and testing purposes, multi-frequency controller  204  may be a personal computer including a sound card and running MATLAB software available from Mathworks, Inc., Natick, Mass., USA, or any other commercially available multi-frequency controller. To synchronize mobile unit  40  to within +/−500 μsec of the reference oscillator, interface processor  212  and multi-frequency controller  204  ideally operate so that the total root mean square error of the entirety of signaling sequence  100  is less than 0.1 ms. Reference station  102  (not shown) includes signal processing components that are similar to those of mobile unit, including a reference multi-frequency controller, a reference modem transceiver, and a reference interface processor. 
     It will be obvious to those having skill in the art that many changes may be made to the details of the above-described embodiments of this invention without departing from the underlying principles thereof. The scope of the present invention should, therefore, be determined only by the following claims.