Abstract:
A simplified inventory management method. The method employs a plurality of stock-keeping unit labels, with each of the plurality of stock-keeping unit labels having a same stock-keeping unit number. Individual ones of the plurality of stock-keeping unit labels are utilized to track individual items of a plurality of items. A sale price of individual ones a first set of the plurality of items is different from a sale price of individual ones of a second set of the plurality of items.

Description:
The present application is a Continuation-In-Part of and claims priority of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/207,419, filed Aug. 19, 2005, which is based on and claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/603,078, filed Aug. 20, 2004, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     Reference is made to co-pending and commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/416,457, filed Apr. 1, 2009, entitled “SYSTEM FOR AUTOMATICALLY GATHERING BATTERY INFORMATION,” and to co-pending and commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/416,453, filed Apr. 1, 2009, entitled “INTEGRATED TAG READER AND ENVIRONMENT SENSOR,” the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to storage batteries. More specifically, the present invention relates to a system for automatically gathering battery information for use during battery testing/charging. 
     Storage batteries, such as lead acid storage batteries, are used in a variety of applications such as automotive vehicles and stand by power sources. Typically, storage batteries consist of a plurality of individual storage cells which are electrically connected in series. Each cell can have a voltage potential of about 2.1 volts, for example. By connecting the cells in series, the voltages of individual cells are added in a cumulative manner. For example, in a typical automotive battery, six storage cells are used to provide a total voltage of 12.6 volts. The individual cells are held in a housing and the entire assembly is commonly referred to as the “battery.” 
     It is frequently desirable to ascertain the condition of a storage battery. Various testing techniques have been developed over the long history of storage batteries. For example, one technique involves the use of a hygrometer in which the specific gravity of the acid mixture in the battery is measured. Electrical testing has also been used to provide less invasive battery testing techniques. A very simple electrical test is to simply measure the voltage across the battery. If the voltage is below a certain threshold, the battery is determined to be bad. Another technique for testing a battery is referred to as a load test. In the load test, the battery is discharged using a known load. As the battery is discharged, the voltage across the battery is monitored and used to determine the condition of the battery. More recently, a technique has been pioneered by Dr. Keith S. Champlin and Midtronics, Inc. of Willowbrook, Ill. for testing storage batteries by measuring a dynamic parameter of the battery such as the dynamic conductance of the battery. This technique is described in a number of United States patents and United States patent applications, for example U.S. Pat. No. 3,873,911, issued Mar. 25, 1975, to Champlin, entitled ELECTRONIC BATTERY TESTING DEVICE; U.S. Pat. No. 3,909,708, issued Sep. 30, 1975, to Champlin, entitled ELECTRONIC BATTERY TESTING DEVICE; U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,768, issued Mar. 28, 1989, to Champlin, entitled ELECTRONIC BATTERY TESTING DEVICE; U.S. Pat. No. 4,825,170, issued Apr. 25, 1989, to Champlin, entitled ELECTRONIC BATTERY TESTING DEVICE WITH AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE SCALING; U.S. Pat. No. 4,881,038, issued Nov. 14, 1989, to Champlin, entitled ELECTRONIC BATTERY TESTING DEVICE WITH AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE SCALING TO DETERMINE DYNAMIC CONDUCTANCE; U.S. Pat. No. 4,912,416, issued Mar. 27, 1990, to Champlin, entitled ELECTRONIC BATTERY TESTING DEVICE WITH STATE-OF-CHARGE COMPENSATION; U.S. Pat. No. 5,140,269, issued Aug. 18, 1992, to Champlin, entitled ELECTRONIC TESTER FOR ASSESSING BATTERY/CELL CAPACITY; U.S. Pat. No. 5,343,380, issued Aug. 30, 1994, entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SUPPRESSING TIME-VARYING SIGNALS IN BATTERIES UNDERGOING CHARGING OR DISCHARGING; U.S. Pat. No. 5,572,136, issued Nov. 5, 1996, entitled ELECTRONIC BATTERY TESTER DEVICE; U.S. Pat. No. 5,574,355, issued Nov. 12, 1996, entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETECTION AND CONTROL OF THERMAL RUNAWAY IN A BATTERY UNDER CHARGE; U.S. Pat. No. 5,585,416, issued Dec. 10, 1996, entitled APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR STEP-CHARGING BATTERIES TO OPTIMIZE CHARGE ACCEPTANCE; U.S. Pat. No. 5,585,728, issued Dec. 17, 1996, entitled ELECTRONIC BATTERY TESTER WITH AUTOMATIC COMPENSATION FOR LOW STATE-OF-CHARGE; U.S. Pat. No. 5,589,757, issued Dec. 31, 1996, entitled APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR STEP-CHARGING BATTERIES TO OPTIMIZE CHARGE ACCEPTANCE; U.S. Pat. No. 5,592,093, issued Jan. 7, 1997, entitled ELECTRONIC BATTERY TESTING DEVICE LOOSE TERMINAL CONNECTION DETECTION VIA A COMPARISON CIRCUIT; U.S. Pat. No. 5,598,098, issued Jan. 28, 1997, entitled ELECTRONIC BATTERY TESTER WITH VERY HIGH NOISE IMMUNITY; U.S. Pat. No. 5,656,920, issued Aug. 12, 1997, entitled METHOD FOR OPTIMIZING THE CHARGING LEAD-ACID BATTERIES AND AN INTERACTIVE CHARGER; U.S. Pat. No. 5,757,192, issued May 26, 1998, entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETECTING A BAD CELL IN A STORAGE BATTERY; U.S. Pat. No. 5,821,756, issued Oct. 13, 1998, entitled ELECTRONIC BATTERY TESTER WITH TAILORED COMPENSATION FOR LOW STATE-OF CHARGE; U.S. Pat. No. 5,831,435, issued Nov. 3, 1998, entitled BATTERY TESTER FOR JIS STANDARD; U.S. Pat. No. 5,871,858, issued Feb. 16, 1999, entitled ANTI-THEFT BATTERY; U.S. Pat. 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No. 6,392,414, issued May 21, 2002, entitled ELECTRONIC BATTERY TESTER; U.S. Pat. No. 6,417,669, issued Jul. 9, 2002, entitled SUPPRESSING INTERFERENCE IN AC MEASUREMENTS OF CELLS, BATTERIES AND OTHER ELECTRICAL ELEMENTS; U.S. Pat. No. 6,424,158, issued Jul. 23, 2002, entitled APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR CARRYING OUT DIAGNOSTIC TESTS ON BATTERIES AND FOR RAPIDLY CHARGING BATTERIES; U.S. Pat. No. 6,441,585, issued Aug. 17, 2002, entitled APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR TESTING RECHARGEABLE ENERGY STORAGE BATTERIES; U.S. Pat. No. 6,437,957, issued Aug. 20, 2002, entitled SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PROVIDING SURGE, SHORT, AND REVERSE POLARITY CONNECTION PROTECTION; U.S. Pat. No. 6,445,158, issued Sep. 3, 2002, entitled VEHICLE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM TESTER WITH ENCODED OUTPUT; U.S. Pat. No. 6,456,045, issued Sep. 24, 2002, entitled INTEGRATED CONDUCTANCE AND LOAD TEST BASED ELECTRONIC BATTERY TESTER; U.S. Pat. No. 6,466,025, issued Oct. 15, 2002, entitled ALTERNATOR TESTER; U.S. Pat. No. 6,465,908, issued Oct. 15, 2002, entitled INTELLIGENT POWER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM; U.S. Pat. No. 6,466,026, issued Oct. 15, 2002, entitled PROGRAMMABLE CURRENT EXCITER FOR MEASURING AC IMMITTANCE OF CELLS AND BATTERIES; U.S. Pat. No. 6,469,511, issued Nov. 22, 2002, entitled BATTERY CLAMP WITH EMBEDDED ENVIRONMENT SENSOR; U.S. Pat. No. 6,495,990, issued Dec. 17, 2002, entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR EVALUATING STORED CHARGE IN AN ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL OR BATTERY; U.S. Pat. No. 6,497,209, issued Dec. 24, 2002, entitled SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PROTECTING A CRANKING SUBSYSTEM; U.S. Pat. No. 6,507,196, issued Jan. 14, 2003; entitled BATTERY HAVING DISCHARGE STATE INDICATION; U.S. Pat. No. 6,534,993, issued Mar. 18, 2003, entitled ELECTRONIC BATTERY TESTER; U.S. Pat. No. 6,544,078, issued Apr. 8, 2003, entitled BATTERY CLAMP WITH INTEGRATED CURRENT SENSOR; U.S. Pat. No. 6,556,019, issued Apr. 29, 2003, entitled ELECTRONIC BATTERY TESTER; U.S. Pat. No. 6,566,883, issued May 20, 2003, entitled ELECTRONIC BATTERY TESTER; U.S. Pat. No. 6,586,941, issued Jul. 1, 2003, entitled BATTERY TESTER WITH DATABUS; U.S. Pat. No. 6,597,150, issued Jul. 22, 2003, entitled METHOD OF DISTRIBUTING JUMP-START BOOSTER PACKS; U.S. Pat. No. 6,621,272, issued Sep. 16, 2003, entitled PROGRAMMABLE CURRENT EXCITER FOR MEASURING AC IMMITTANCE OF CELLS AND BATTERIES; U.S. Pat. No. 6,623,314, issued Sep. 23, 2003, entitled KELVIN CLAMP FOR ELECTRICALLY COUPLING TO A BATTERY CONTACT; U.S. Pat. No. 6,633,165, issued Oct. 14, 2003, entitled IN-VEHICLE BATTERY MONITOR; U.S. Pat. No. 6,635,974, issued Oct. 21, 2003, entitled SELF-LEARNING POWER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND METHOD; U.S. Pat. No. 6,707,303, issued Mar. 16, 2004, entitled ELECTRONIC BATTERY TESTER; U.S. Pat. No. 6,737,831, issued May 18, 2004, entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS USING A CIRCUIT MODEL TO EVALUATE CELL/BATTERY PARAMETERS; U.S. Pat. No. 6,744,149, issued Jun. 1, 2004, entitled SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PROVIDING STEP-DOWN POWER CONVERSION USING AN INTELLIGENT SWITCH; U.S. Pat. No. 6,759,849, issued Jul. 6, 2004, entitled BATTERY TESTER CONFIGURED TO RECEIVE A REMOVABLE DIGITAL MODULE; U.S. Pat. No. 6,781,382, issued Aug. 24, 2004, entitled ELECTRONIC BATTERY TESTER; U.S. Pat. No. 6,788,025, filed Sep. 7, 2004, entitled BATTERY CHARGER WITH BOOSTER PACK; U.S. Pat. No. 6,795,782, issued Sep. 21, 2004, entitled BATTERY TEST MODULE; U.S. Pat. No. 6,805,090, filed Oct. 19, 2004, entitled CHARGE CONTROL SYSTEM FOR A VEHICLE BATTERY; U.S. Pat. No. 6,806,716, filed Oct. 19, 2004, entitled ELECTRONIC BATTERY TESTER; U.S. Pat. No. 6,850,037, filed Feb. 1, 2005, entitled IN-VEHICLE BATTERY MONITORING; U.S. Ser. No. 09/780,146, filed Feb. 9, 2001, entitled STORAGE BATTERY WITH INTEGRAL BATTERY TESTER; U.S. Ser. No. 09/756,638, filed Jan. 8, 2001, entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING BATTERY PROPERTIES FROM COMPLEX IMPEDANCE/ADMITTANCE; U.S. Ser. No. 09/862,783, filed May 21, 2001, entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TESTING CELLS AND BATTERIES EMBEDDED IN SERIES/PARALLEL SYSTEMS; U.S. Ser. No. 09/880,473, filed Jun. 13, 2001; entitled BATTERY TEST MODULE; U.S. Ser. No. 60/348,479, filed Oct. 29, 2001, entitled CONCEPT FOR TESTING HIGH POWER VRLA BATTERIES; U.S. Ser. No. 10/046,659, filed Oct. 29, 2001, entitled ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLE; U.S. Ser. No. 09/993,468, filed Nov. 14, 2001, entitled KELVIN CONNECTOR FOR A BATTERY POST; U.S. Ser. No. 10/042,451, filed Jan. 8, 2002, entitled BATTERY CHARGE CONTROL DEVICE; U.S. Ser. No. 10/093,853, filed Mar. 7, 2002, entitled ELECTRONIC BATTERY TESTER WITH NETWORK COMMUNICATION; U.S. Ser. No. 10/098,741, filed Mar. 14, 2002, entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR AUDITING A BATTERY TEST; U.S. Ser. No. 10/112,114, filed Mar. 28, 2002, entitled BOOSTER PACK WITH STORAGE CAPACITOR; U.S. Ser. No. 10/109,734, filed Mar. 28, 2002, entitled APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR COUNTERACTING SELF DISCHARGE IN A STORAGE BATTERY; U.S. Ser. No. 10/112,998, filed Mar. 29, 2002, entitled BATTERY TESTER WITH BATTERY REPLACEMENT OUTPUT; U.S. Ser. No. 10/119,297, filed Apr. 9, 2002, entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TESTING CELLS AND BATTERIES EMBEDDED IN SERIES/PARALLEL SYSTEMS; U.S. Ser. No. 60/387,046, filed Jun. 7, 2002, entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR INCREASING THE LIFE OF A STORAGE BATTERY; U.S. Ser. No. 10/200,041, filed Jul. 19, 2002, entitled AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC DEVICE; U.S. Ser. No. 10/217,913, filed Aug. 13, 2002, entitled, BATTERY TEST MODULE; U.S. Ser. No. 10/246,439, filed Sep. 18, 2002, entitled BATTERY TESTER UPGRADE USING SOFTWARE KEY; U.S. Ser. No. 10/263,473, filed Oct. 2, 2002, entitled ELECTRONIC BATTERY TESTER WITH RELATIVE TEST OUTPUT; U.S. Ser. No. 10/310,385, filed Dec. 5, 2002, entitled BATTERY TEST MODULE; U.S. Ser. No. 60/437,224, filed Dec. 31, 2002, entitled DISCHARGE VOLTAGE PREDICTIONS; U.S. Ser. No. 10/349,053, filed Jan. 22, 2003, entitled APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR PROTECTING A BATTERY FROM OVERDISCHARGE; U.S. Ser. No. 10/388,855, filed Mar. 14, 2003, entitled ELECTRONIC BATTERY TESTER WITH BATTERY FAILURE TEMPERATURE DETERMINATION; U.S. Ser. No. 10/396,550, filed Mar. 25, 2003, entitled ELECTRONIC BATTERY TESTER; U.S. Ser. No. 60/467,872, filed May 5, 2003, entitled METHOD FOR DETERMINING BATTERY STATE OF CHARGE; U.S. Ser. No. 60/477,082, filed Jun. 9, 2003, entitled ALTERNATOR TESTER; U.S. Ser. No. 10/460,749, filed Jun. 12, 2003, entitled MODULAR BATTERY TESTER FOR SCAN TOOL; U.S. Ser. No. 10/462,323, filed Jun. 16, 2003, entitled ELECTRONIC BATTERY TESTER HAVING A USER INTERFACE TO CONFIGURE A PRINTER; U.S. Ser. No. 10/601,608, filed Jun. 23, 2003, entitled CABLE FOR ELECTRONIC BATTERY TESTER; U.S. Ser. No. 10/601,432, filed Jun. 23, 2003, entitled BATTERY TESTER CABLE WITH MEMORY; U.S. Ser. No. 60/490,153, filed Jul. 25, 2003, entitled SHUNT CONNECTION TO A PCB FOR AN ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM EMPLOYED IN AN AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLE; U.S. Ser. No. 10/653,342, filed Sep. 2, 2003, entitled ELECTRONIC BATTERY TESTER CONFIGURED TO PREDICT A LOAD TEST RESULT; U.S. Ser. No. 10/654,098, filed Sep. 3, 2003, entitled BATTERY TEST OUTPUTS ADJUSTED BASED UPON BATTERY TEMPERATURE AND THE STATE OF DISCHARGE OF THE BATTERY; U.S. Ser. No. 10/656,526, filed Sep. 5, 2003, entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MEASURING A PARAMETER OF A VEHICLE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM; U.S. Ser. No. 10/656,538, filed Sep. 5, 2003, entitled ALTERNATOR TESTER WITH ENCODED OUTPUT; U.S. Ser. No. 10/675,933, filed Sep. 30, 2003, entitled QUERY BASED ELECTRONIC BATTERY TESTER; U.S. Ser. No. 10/678,629, filed Oct. 3, 2003, entitled ELECTRONIC BATTERY TESTER/CHARGER WITH INTEGRATED BATTERY CELL TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT DEVICE; U.S. Ser. No. 10/441,271, filed May 19, 2003, entitled ELECTRONIC BATTERY TESTER; U.S. Ser. No. 09/653,963, filed Sep. 1, 2000, entitled SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR CONTROLLING POWER GENERATION AND STORAGE; U.S. Ser. No. 10/174,110, filed Jun. 18, 2002, entitled DAYTIME RUNNING LIGHT CONTROL USING AN INTELLIGENT POWER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM; U.S. Ser. No. 60/488,775, filed Jul. 21, 2003, entitled ULTRASONICALLY ASSISTED CHARGING; U.S. Ser. No. 10/258,441, filed Apr. 9, 2003, entitled CURRENT MEASURING CIRCUIT SUITED FOR BATTERIES; U.S. Ser. No. 10/705,020, filed Nov. 11, 2003, entitled APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR SIMULATING A BATTERY TESTER WITH A FIXED RESISTANCE LOAD; U.S. Ser. No. 10/681,666, filed Oct. 8, 2003, entitled ELECTRONIC BATTERY TESTER WITH PROBE LIGHT; U.S. Ser. No. 10/748,792, filed Dec. 30, 2003, entitled APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR PREDICTING THE REMAINING DISCHARGE TIME OF A BATTERY; U.S. Ser. No. 10/783,682, filed Feb. 20, 2004, entitled REPLACEABLE CLAMP FOR ELECTRONIC BATTERY TESTER; U.S. Ser. No. 60/548,513, filed Feb. 27, 2004, entitled WIRELESS BATTERY MONITOR; U.S. Ser. No. 10/791,141, filed Mar. 2, 2004, entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR AUDITING A BATTERY TEST; U.S. Ser. No. 60/557,366, filed Mar. 29, 2004, entitled BATTERY MONITORING SYSTEM WITHOUT CURRENT MEASUREMENT; U.S. Ser. No. 10/823,140, filed Apr. 13, 2004, entitled THEFT PREVENTION DEVICE FOR AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLE SERVICE CENTERS; U.S. Ser. No. 60/575,945, filed Jun. 1, 2004, entitled BATTERY TESTER CAPABLE OF IDENTIFYING FAULTY BATTERY POST ADAPTERS; U.S. Ser. No. 60/577,345, filed Jun. 4, 2004, entitled NEW METHOD FOR AUTOMATICALLY TESTING A BATTERY AND TRANSMITTING DATA TO ANOTHER MODULE IN A VEHICLE; U.S. Ser. No. 10/864,904, filed Jun. 9, 2004, entitled ALTERNATOR TESTER; U.S. Ser. No. 10/867,385, filed Jun. 14, 2004, entitled ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLE; U.S. Ser. No. 10/870,680, filed Jun. 17, 2004, entitled ELECTRONIC BATTERY TESTER WITH RELATIVE TEST OUTPUT; U.S. Ser. No. 60/582,925, filed Jun. 25, 2004, entitled BATTERY TESTER WITH BATTERY POTENTIAL FOR RECOVERY OUTPUT; U.S. Ser. No. 10/883,019, filed Jul. 1, 2004, entitled MODULAR ELECTRONIC BATTERY TESTER; U.S. Ser. No. 60/585,700, filed Jul. 6, 2004, entitled TEST STATION; U.S. Ser. No. 60/587,232, filed Jul. 12, 2004, entitled WIRELESS BATTERY TESTER; U.S. Ser. No. 10/896,835, filed Jul. 22, 2004, entitled BROAD-BAND LOW-INDUCTANCE CABLES FOR MAKING KELVIN CONNECTIONS TO ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS AND BATTERIES; U.S. Ser. No. 10/896,834, filed Jul. 22, 2004, entitled ELECTRONIC BATTERY TESTER; U.S. Ser. No. 10/897,801, filed Jul. 23, 2004, entitled SHUNT CONNECTION TO A PCB FOR AN ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM EMPLOYED IN AN AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLE; U.S. Ser. No. 10/914,304, filed Aug. 9, 2004, entitled ELECTRONIC BATTERY TESTER WITH NETWORK COMMUNICATION; U.S. Ser. No. 60/603,078, filed Aug. 20, 2004, entitled SYSTEM FOR AUTOMATICALLY GATHERING BATTERY INFORMATION FOR USE DURING BATTERY TESTING/CHARGING; U.S. Ser. No. 10/958,821, filed Oct. 5, 2004, entitled IN-VEHICLE BATTERY MONITOR; U.S. Ser. No. 10/958,812, filed Oct. 5, 2004, entitled SCAN TOOL FOR ELECTRONIC BATTERY TESTER; U.S. Ser. No. 11/008,456, filed Dec. 9, 2004, entitled APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR PREDICTING BATTERY CAPACITY AND FITNESS FOR SERVICE FROM A BATTERY DYNAMIC PARAMETER AND A RECOVERY VOLTAGE DIFFERENTIAL, U.S. Ser. No. 60/587,232, filed Dec. 14, 2004, entitled CELLTRON ULTRA, U.S. Ser. No. 11/018,785, filed Dec. 21, 2004, entitled WIRELESS BATTERY MONITOR; U.S. Ser. No. 60/653,537, filed Feb. 16, 2005, entitled CUSTOMER MANAGED WARRANTY CODE; which are incorporated herein in their entirety. 
     In general, most prior art battery testers/chargers require tester/charger users to enter information related to the battery (such as battery type, battery group size, battery Cold Cranking Amp (CCA) rating, etc.) via a user input such as a keypad. Reliance on user entry of battery information may result in incorrect information being entered, which in turn can result in inaccurate battery test results or improper charging of the battery. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with one aspect, an apparatus and method for testing and/or charging a storage battery that includes a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag that can be affixed to the storage battery is provided. The RFID tag is configured to store and transmit information related to the battery. The apparatus also includes a battery tester and/or charger. The tester and/or charger includes a radio frequency (RF) receiver configured to receive the transmitted information related to the battery, and testing and/or charging circuitry configured to utilize the received information related to the battery to test and/or charge the storage battery. 
     In accordance with another aspect, a simplified inventory management method is provided. The method employs a plurality of stock-keeping unit labels, with each of the plurality of stock-keeping unit labels having a same stock-keeping unit number. Individual ones of the plurality of stock-keeping unit labels are utilized to track individual items of a plurality of items. A sale price of individual ones a first set of the plurality of items is different from a sale price of individual ones of a second set of the plurality of items. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a simplified block diagram showing components of a battery testing/charging system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a side plan view of a storage battery including a RFID tag in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a simplified block diagram of an example battery charging system that is capable of receiving information from the RFID tag. 
         FIG. 4  is a simplified block diagram of an example battery tester that is capable of receiving information from the RFID tag. 
         FIG. 5  is a simplified block diagram of a battery maintenance system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 6A  is a simplified block diagram showing two similar batteries with different stock keeping unit (SKU) labels. 
         FIG. 6B  is a simplified block diagram showing two similar batteries with a same type of stock keeping unit (SKU) label. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       FIG. 1  is a simplified block diagram of a battery testing/charging system  100  in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. System  100  includes a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag  102 , which can be affixed to a battery (such as  200  ( FIG. 2 )). RFID tag  102  is configured to transmit stored battery information in the form of RF signals  106 . System  100  also includes a battery tester/charger  104  having an embedded/integrated radio frequency (RF) receiver  108 , which is configured to receive the transmitted battery information form RF tag  102  when battery tester/charger  104  is proximate RF tag  102 . The battery information, which is automatically received by RF receiver  108 , is utilized by processor  107  and measurement and/or charge signal application circuitry  109  to test/charge the battery (such as  200  ( FIG. 2 )). Thus, system  100  overcomes problems with prior art testers/chargers that, in general, require a tester/charger user to enter battery information with the help of a keypad, for example, during a testing/charging process. Of course, for battery information transfer to occur from RFID tag  102  to tester/charger  104 , tester/charger  104  should be within a perimeter defined by RF signal  106 . The perimeter is selected based upon a type of application and environment for which system  100  is required. Also, a memory size and encoding scheme for RFID tag  102  can be different for different applications. In general, system  100  allows for battery charging/testing with minimal or no user intervention, thereby substantially eliminating any inaccuracies associated with manual entry of battery information. 
     As can be seen in  FIG. 1 , RFID tag  102  includes, as it primary components, a battery information storage circuit  110  and a RF transmitter  112 . In embodiments of the present invention, battery information storage circuit  110  is configured to store certain basic information regarding the battery. This information includes battery type, battery group size, cold cranking amp (CCA) rating, battery manufacture date (which could later be used for warranty processing), battery cost, etc. In addition to utilizing RFID tag  102  to store the above-noted battery information, RFID tag  102  can also be used to store tracking information, such as a battery serial number, which is useful during the manufacture of the battery, for example. Further, RFID tag  102  could also store previous test results form factory or later tests that could aid in helping to determine battery condition. Previous test information can also be used to show a customer past and present test results. Battery information and other tracking information can be conveniently encoded and RFID tags  102  can be printed on demand using a suitable printer that includes RFID tag printer/encoder programs. In some embodiments, additional information, such as the date of sale of the battery, can be subsequently encoded into RFID tag  102 . In embodiments of the present invention, tag or label  102  includes a coating to dissipate static electricity that may corrupt information stored in the tag. As a battery (such a  200 ) is often used in a harsh and constrained environment, suitable additional protective layers may be used for coating RFID tag  102 . 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, tag  102  also includes bar-coded battery information  114  in addition to the RFID encoded battery information. In some embodiments, the bar-coded battery information may be a copy of the RFID encoded information. In other embodiments, the bar-coded information may be different from the RFID encoded information. Of course, in such embodiments, battery tester/charger  104  includes a barcode reader  116  in addition to RF receiver  108 . Tags/labels with the barcode and RFID battery information can be printed from a single printer that includes the necessary label printer/encoder programs. It should be noted that it is possible to produce bar code tags that can contain previous test information that could be useful in providing previous test result information, which could be used in combination with RFID tags, or stand alone information. Production of bar code tags that contain battery test information is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,051,976, entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR AUDITING A BATTERY TEST,” which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     In addition to helping automate the battery testing/charging process, battery information stored in RFID tag  102  has other uses such as to help determine whether or not a particular battery is too “old” to be sold. It should be noted that batteries may not be suitable for sale after the expiration of a certain period (16 months, for example). The age of the battery can easily be determined by reading the battery date of manufacture from RFID tag  102 . An RFID reader that can automatically detect, identify and accept battery information form all RFID tags in its reading field is especially suitable for a retailer to rapidly identify “old” batteries. Information, such as the date of sale of the battery, included in RFID tag  102 , can be used for automating warranty claims processing which is based on the battery age, date of sale, etc. Thus, RFID tag  102  is useful for battery production, storage, monitoring and tracking. 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, RFID tag  102  includes security circuitry  118 , which may be coupled to RF transmitter  112  and may also include a receiver (not shown in  FIG. 1 ) which is capable of receiving signals from an external transmitter (not shown in  FIG. 1 ) that transmits security signals. Details regarding such a security system are included in U.S. Ser. No. 10/823,140, filed Apr. 13, 2004, entitled “THEFT PREVENTION DEVICE FOR AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLE SERVICE CENTERS,” which is incorporated herein by reference. Details regarding components of battery tester/charger  104  are provided below in connection with  FIGS. 3 and 4 . 
       FIG. 3  is a simplified block diagram of a battery charging system  300  in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. System  300  is shown coupled to battery  200 . System  300  includes battery charger circuitry  310  and test circuitry  312 . Battery charger circuitry  310  generally includes an alternating current (AC) source  314 , a transformer  316  and a rectifier  318 . System  300  couples to battery  200  through electrical connection  320  which couples to the positive battery contact  304  and electrical connection  322  which couples to the negative battery contact  306 . In one preferred embodiment, a four point (or Kelvin) connection technique is used in which battery charge circuitry  310  couples to battery  300  through electrical connections  320 A and  322 A while battery testing circuitry  312  couples to battery  200  through electrical connections  320 B and  322 B. 
     Battery testing circuitry  312  includes voltage measurement circuitry  324  and current measurement circuitry  326  which provide outputs to microprocessor  328 . Microprocessor  328  also couples to a system clock  330  and memory  332  which is used to store information and programming instructions. In the embodiment of the invention shown in  FIG. 3 , microprocessor  328  also couples to RF receiver  108 , user output circuitry  334 , user input circuitry  336  and barcode scanner  116 , which may be included in some embodiments. 
     Voltage measurement circuitry  324  includes capacitors  338  which couple analog to digital converter  340  to battery  200  thorough electrical connections  320 B and  322 B. Any type of coupling mechanism may be used for element  338  and capacitors are merely shown as one preferred embodiment. Further, the device may also couple to DC signals. Current measurement circuitry  326  includes a shunt resistor (R)  342  and coupling capacitors  344 . Shunt resistor  342  is coupled in series with battery charging circuitry  310 . Other current measurement techniques are within the scope of the invention including Hall-Effect sensors, magnetic or inductive coupling, etc. An analog to digital converter  346  is connected across shunt resistor  342  by capacitors  344  such that the voltage provided to analog to digital converter  346  is proportional to a current I flowing through battery  200  due to charging circuitry  310 . Analog to digital converter  346  provides a digitized output representative of this current to microprocessor  328 . 
     During operation, AC source  314  is coupled to battery  200  through transformer  316  and rectifier  318 . Rectifier  318  provides half wave rectification such that current I has a non-zero DC value. Of course, full wave rectification or other AC sources may also be used. Analog to digital converter  346  provides a digitized output to microprocessor  328  which is representative of current I flowing through battery  200 . Similarly, analog to digital converter  324  provides a digitized output representative of the voltage across the positive and negative terminals of battery  200 . Analog to digital converters  324  and  346  are capacitively coupled to battery  200  such that they measure the AC components of the charging signal. 
     Microprocessor  328  determines the conductance of battery  200  based upon the digitized current and voltage information provided by analog to digital converters  346  and  324 , respectively. Microprocessor  328  calculates the conductance of battery  200  as follows: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Conductance 
                   = 
                   
                     G 
                     = 
                     
                       I 
                       V 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Eq 
                   . 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   1 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     where I is the AC charging current and V is the AC charging voltage across battery  200 . Note that in one preferred embodiment the Kelvin connections allow more accurate voltage determination because these connections do not carry substantial current to cause a resultant drop in the voltage measured. 
     The battery conductance is used to monitor charging of battery  200 . Specifically, it has been discovered that as a battery is charged the conductance of the battery rises which can be used as feedback to the charger. This rise in conductance can be monitored in microprocessor  328  to determine when the battery has been fully charged. 
     In accordance with the present invention, as described above, RF receiver  108  and/or barcode scanner  116  are included to substantially eliminate the need for user entry of the necessary battery information. 
       FIG. 4  is a simplified block diagram of a battery testing system  400  in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. System  400  is shown coupled to battery  200 . System  400  includes battery testing circuitry  404  and microprocessor  406 . System  400  couples to battery contacts  408  and  410  through electrical connections  412  and  414 , respectively. In one preferred embodiment, a four point (or Kelvin) connection technique is used. Here, electrical connection  412  includes a first connection  412 A and second connection  412 B and connection  414  includes a first connection  414 A and a second connection  414 B. As in the case of battery charging system  300  ( FIG. 3 ), battery testing system  400  also includes RF receiver  108  and barcode scanner  116  to substantially eliminate the need for user entry of the necessary battery information. Battery tester  400  utilizes received battery information to determine a condition of storage battery  200 . A description of example components which can be employed to form battery testing circuitry  404  is set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 6,323,650, issued Nov. 27, 2001, and entitled “ELECTRONIC BATTERY TESTER,” which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     The above-described invention can be employed in either portable or “bench” (non-portable) battery charging and testing systems, and other similar applications such as starter and alternator testing systems. Although the example embodiments described above relate to wireless communication (or transfer of battery information) using RF signals, other wireless communication techniques (for example, diffused infrared signals) that are known in the industry or are developed in the future may be employed without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention. A general embodiment of a tag (which can be affixed to a storage battery) that can wirelessly transmit information to, or receive information from, a battery maintenance tool (tester, charger, etc.) is shown in  FIG. 5 . Tag  502  includes information circuitry  110  similar to that described in  FIG. 1  and a transceiver  504  for communicating with maintenance tool  506 , which also includes a transceiver  508 . Different embodiments of tag  502  and maintenance tool  506  can use different wireless communication techniques. 
     Retail stores (for example, automotive parts dealers) frequently stock batteries marked with different quality levels. For simplification, “good,” “better” and “best” designators for battery quality are used herein. Sometimes a difference in quality designation reflects a “true” difference in quality, but often, the difference between the “better” and “best” batteries, for example, is simply different stock keeping unit (SKU) label and an extended warranty for the “best” battery. Here, a different SKU label for the “best” battery means that a higher price can be charged, and that funds the longer warranty.  FIG. 6A  shows a “better” battery  600  and a best battery  602  with different SKU labels  604  (SKU  0001 ) and  606  (SKU  0002 ), respectfully. 
     In accordance with some of the present embodiments, if there is no “true” difference between the differently priced batteries (in general, differently priced items), the multiple SKU labels are replaced with an SKU label for one type of battery (for example, SKU  0001  (designated by reference numeral  604  in  FIG. 6B ) used for both batteries  600  and  602 ) and an extended warranty is then offered to the customer. If the customer buys a battery, data related to warranty coverage is encrypted and stored in an RFID tag ( 606 ,  608 ), also included on the battery ( 600 ,  602 ), which would eliminate substantially similar label stock. Any dealer could then read the RFID tag ( 606 ,  608 ) and determine if the battery is within warranty. Thus, even though both batteries  600  and  602  use labels  604  with a same SKU (SKU  0001 ), battery  600  can be sold at a first price under a first warranty coverage and battery  602  can be sold at a second price under a second warranty coverage, for example. 
     In general, at a particular retailer location, for example, items identified as a single type of inventory (for example, with a same SKU) for tracking purposes, inventory replenishment, etc., can individually be sold at different prices at that retailer location. Information stored in the RFID tag ( 606 ,  608 ) at the time of sale (or, if necessary, even prior to sale) forms a basis for any price differences between items with a same SKU. 
     In a particular embodiment, when a battery is sold and installed in a vehicle at a dealership, the RFID tag is programmed with the date sold, dealer name or number, as-installed test results, warranty period, VIN of the vehicle (to tie the battery to the particular vehicle), vehicle owner&#39;s name (to tie to original purchaser), etc. 
     In some embodiments, at the time of manufacture, SKU labels  604  are affixed on batteries  600  and  602  and “blank” RFID tags  606  and  608  are also affixed on batteries  602  and  604 , respectively. Such batteries with SKU labels and “blank” RFID tags are shipped to retail locations. As noted above, the SKU labels are used for inventory tracking and, at the time of sale to customers, the “blank” RFID tags are populated with warranty information, for example. 
     In a particular embodiment, each RFID tag affixed on a battery includes a “write once, read many” memory (for example, a fusible link memory)  610 . This prevents data (warranty-related data, for example) entered by the dealer into the memory  610  at the time of sale of the battery, for example, from being altered by the customer, another dealer or any such other entities. 
     In one embodiment, a battery housing  612  includes a recessed portion  614  within which the RFID tag is affixed. This prevents damage of the RFID tag during transportation and storage of the battery, for example. 
     Although the present invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.