Abstract:
A flexible current and voltage sensor provides ease of installation of a current sensor, and optionally a voltage sensor in application such as AC branch circuit wire measurements, which may require installation in dense wiring conditions and/or in live panels where insulating gloves must be worn. The sensor includes at least one flexible ferromagnetic strip that is affixed to a current sensing device at a first end. The second end is secured to the other side of the current sensing device or to another flexible ferromagnetic strip extending from the other side of the current sensing device to form a loop providing a closed pathway for magnetic flux. A voltage sensor may be provided by metal foil affixed to the inside of the flexible ferromagnetic strip. A clamp body, which can be a spring loaded handle operated clamp or a locking fastener, can secure the ferromagnetic strip around the wire.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0002]    The present invention is related to sensors providing input to power measurement systems, and more specifically to a flexible non-contact electromagnetic current sensor that can be used to detect the current conducted by a wire of a power distribution system. 
         [0003]    2. Description of Related Art 
         [0004]    A need to measure power consumption in AC line powered systems is increasing due to a focus on energy efficiency for both commercial and residential locations. In order to provide accurate measurements, the characteristics of the load must be taken into account along with the current drawn by the load. 
         [0005]    In order to determine current delivered to loads in an AC power distribution system, and in particular in installations already in place, current sensors are needed that provide for easy coupling to the high voltage wiring used to supply the loads, and proper isolation is needed between the power distribution circuits/loads and the measurement circuitry. 
         [0006]    However, in actual installations, insertion of current sensors may be difficult due to dense wire packing, and further, installation of current sensors in a live panel requires the use of insulating gloves that make it difficult to perform fine work with the fingers. 
         [0007]    Therefore, it would be desirable to provide a flexible sensor that can be easily installed around a wire to provide isolated current draw information and permit load characteristics to be measured in an AC power distribution system. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    The invention is embodied in a sensor for measuring a current passing through a wire, and may also sense the voltage on the wire, and the method of operation of the sensor. 
         [0009]    The sensor includes at least one flexible ferromagnetic strip that is affixed to a current sensing device at a first end. The second end is secured to the other side of the current sensing device or to another flexible ferromagnetic strip extending from the other side of the current sensing device to form a loop providing a closed pathway for magnetic flux. 
         [0010]    A voltage sensor may be provided by metal foil affixed to the inside of the flexible ferromagnetic strip. A clamp body, which can be a spring loaded handle operated clamp or a locking fastener, can secure the ferromagnetic strip around the wire. 
         [0011]    The foregoing and other objectives, features, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following, more particular, description of the preferred embodiment of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING 
         [0012]    The novel features believed characteristic of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, as well as a preferred mode of use, further objectives, and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description of the invention when read in conjunction with the accompanying Figures, wherein like reference numerals indicate like components, and: 
           [0013]      FIG. 1A  is an end view and  FIG. 1B  is isometric view of a current sensor according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0014]      FIG. 1C  is an end view of a current and voltage sensor according to another embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0015]      FIG. 2A  is an end view and  FIG. 2B  is isometric view of a current sensor according to another embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0016]      FIG. 3A  is an end view and  FIG. 3B  is isometric view of a current sensor according to still another embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0017]      FIG. 4  is a side view of a current and voltage sensor according to another embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0018]      FIG. 5  is a side view of a current and voltage sensor according to yet another embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0019]      FIG. 6  is an electrical block diagram illustrating circuits for receiving inputs from sensors according to embodiments of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0020]    The present invention encompasses sensors for current and voltage sensing features for providing input to power measurement systems that provide for ease of installation, in particular when the installer is wearing insulating gloves and in which the installation is made in a crowded wiring box. For example, the present invention can be installed in a main power distribution box for a computer server room, in which a large number of branch circuits distribute power to various electronic chassis power supplies, and in which it is beneficial to provide power usage information for the various branch circuits to power monitoring and/or system control utilities within a computer operating environment. Other applications include power monitoring for commercial and/or residential energy management. 
         [0021]    Referring now to  FIGS. 1A-1B , a sensor  10  in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention is shown. Flexible ferromagnetic strip segments  12 A and  12 B are affixed to the sides of a current sensing element  17 , which is generally a magnetic field sensor, such as a Hall effect sensor, current sensing transformer, anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) sensor, ordinary magnetoresistance (CMR) sensor, giant magnetoresistance (GMR) sensor, or other suitable current-sensing device. Current sensing element  17  is shown as having interface wires  15  extending from its body, but other types of terminals may be used as an alternative manner of providing connections to current sensing element  17 . Current sensing element  17  provides information about a magnitude and phase of a current passing through a wire  3  around which flexible ferromagnetic strip segments  12 A,  12 B are wrapped and secured with a securing material, such as a hook and loop fastener arrangement with a hook portion  9 B affixed to an end of ferromagnetic strip segment  12 A and a loop portion  9 A affixed to an end of ferromagnetic strip segment  12 B, which provides for detachable fastening of sensor  10  around wire  3 . Alternatively, the securing material may be an adhesive, such as a paper-backed double-sided adhesive material affixed to one or both ends of ferromagnetic strip segments  12 A,  12 B. In either case, the securing material layers should be made as thin as possible, since ferromagnetic strip segments  12 A,  12 B are provided to form a conduction loop for magnetic flux, with a gap defined by current sensing element  17  which senses the magnetic flux to measure the current passing through wire  3 . Therefore, a second gap is defined by securing material  9 A,  9 B which should be made as small as possible in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio at the output of current sensing element  3 . In accordance with alternative embodiments of the invention, one of ferromagnetic strip segments  12 A,  12 B could be replaced with a non-flexible ferrite material of appropriate shape, so that the remaining flexible strip is sufficient to provide for closure around wire  3 . Thus, the sensing loop provided by the present invention includes at least a portion formed by a flexible ferrite material, but can include non-flexible ferrite, as well as gaps between the ferrite materials, between the ferrite materials and sensor, etc. 
         [0022]    Referring now to  FIG. 1C , a sensor  10 A, in accordance with another embodiment of the invention is shown. Sensor  10 A is similar to sensor  10  of  FIGS. 1A-1B , so only differences between sensor  10 A and sensor  10  will be described below. Sensor  10 A includes the current-sensing features of sensor  10 , but additionally includes a voltage sensing element  20  provided by a metal foil, which may be plated onto, formed within, or adhered to the inner surface of flexible ferromagnetic strip segments  12 A,  12 B. Voltage sensing element  20  provides capacitive coupling to branch circuit wire  3  and provides an output via an interface wire  15 A, which may also alternatively be replaced with a terminal or other suitable electrical connector. Voltage sensing element  20  provides an AC waveform that is at least indicative of the phase of the voltage on wire  3  and may be calibrated to provide an indication of the magnitude of the voltage if needed. 
         [0023]    Referring now to  FIGS. 2A and 2B , a sensor  10 B in accordance with another embodiment of the invention is shown. Sensor  10 B is similar to sensor  10  of  FIGS. 1A-1B , so only differences between them will be described below. Rather than including current sensing element  17  between two different segments of flexible ferrite material to form the flexible ferrite strip, sensor  10 B uses a single continuous flexible ferrite strip  12 . Current sensing element is then affixed to an end of flexible ferrite strip  12 , and securing material  9 C and/or securing material  9 D are affixed to the current sensing element  17  and/or the end of flexible ferrite strip  12  opposite current sensing element  17 , respectively. Securing material  9 C and/or  9 D, may be of the same materials and/or structures as disclosed above for securing material  9 A and  9 B with reference to  FIGS. 1A-1C . While not shown in the Figure, a metal foil providing a voltage sensing element  20  can additionally be disposed on the inside of sensor  10 B to provide voltage sensing functionality. 
         [0024]    Referring now to  FIGS. 3A and 3B , a sensor  10 C in accordance with yet another embodiment of the invention is shown. Sensor  10 C is similar to sensor  10 B of  FIGS. 2A-2B , so only differences between them will be described below. Rather than affixing a side of current sensing element  17  to an end of flexible ferrite strip  12 , current sensing element is affixed to the outside (or alternatively inside) surface of flexible ferrite strip  12  at an end of flexible ferrite strip  12 . The opposing face at the other end of flexible ferrite strip  12  is held in proximity to current sensing element by one or both of securing material  9 C,  9 D, which is affixed to the other side of current sensing element  17  and/or the opposing face of flexible ferrite strip  12 . While not shown in the Figure, a metal foil providing a voltage sensing element  20  can additionally be disposed on the inside of sensor  10 C to provide voltage sensing functionality. 
         [0025]    Referring now to  FIG. 4 , a sensor  10 D, in accordance with another embodiment of the invention is shown. Sensor  10 D is similar to sensor  10 A of  FIG. 1C , so only differences between sensor  10 D and sensor  10 A will be described below. Sensor further includes a clamp body  20  that includes handle portions  22  at a proximal end, and at the distal end defines an aperture in which flexible ferromagnetic strip segments  12 A,  12 B, current sensing element  17 , and voltage sensing element  20  are disposed. When handle portions  22  are compressed together, the aperture opens, flexing flexible ferromagnetic strip segments  12 A,  12 B and voltage sensing element  20  and permitting one or more wires to be introduced to sensor  10 D. When handle portions  22  are released the ends of flexible ferromagnetic strip segments  12 A,  12 B opposite current sensing element make contact, closing the magnetic flux sensing loop formed by flexible ferromagnetic strip segments  12 A,  12 B and current sensing element  17 . 
         [0026]    Referring now to  FIG. 5 , a sensor  10 E, in accordance with another embodiment of the invention is shown. Sensor  10 E is similar to sensor  10 A of  FIG. 1C , so only differences between sensor  10 D and sensor  10 A will be described. A sensor body is provided in sensor  10 E by a locking pull-tie  19 B affixed to flexible ferrite strip segments  12 A, 12 B and having a locking mechanism  10 A so that sensor  10 E can be permanently secured around one or more wires. In accordance with alternative embodiments of the invention, locking mechanism  19 A can be releasable to provide for removal and relocation of sensor  10 E. Locking mechanism  10 A may be provided by such structures as hook-and-loop fasteners (e.g., VELCRO, which is a trademark of Velcro Industries, B.V.), zip-ties or other cable ties, and may include bases with fastening fixtures, such as self-adhesive backers. 
         [0027]    Referring now to  FIG. 6 , a circuit for receiving input from the current/voltage sensors of  FIGS. 1A-1C ,  2 A- 2 B,  3 A- 3 B,  4  and  5  is shown in a block diagram. Interface wires  15  from current sensing element  17  provide input to a current measurement circuit  108 A, which is an analog circuit that appropriately scales and filters the current channel output of the sensor. Interface wires  15  also supply current to current sensing element  17 , if needed. The output of current measurement circuit  108 A is provided as an input to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC)  106 , which converts the current output waveform generated by current measurement circuit  108 A to sampled values provided to a central processing unit (CPU)  100  that performs power calculations in accordance with program instruction stored in a memory  104  coupled to CPU  100 . Alternatively, current measurement circuit  108 A may be omitted and current sensing element  17  may be connected directly to ADC  106 . The power usage by the circuit associated with a particular sensor can be determined by assuming that the circuit voltage is constant (e.g., 115 Vrms for electrical branch circuits in the U.S.) and that the phase relationship between the voltage and current is aligned (i.e., in-phase). However, while the assumption of constant voltage is generally sufficient, as properly designed properly distribution systems do not let the line voltage sag more than a small amount, e.g., &lt;3%, the phase relationship between voltage and current is dependent on the power factor of the load, and can vary widely and dynamically by load and over time. Therefore, it is generally desirable to at least know the phase relationship between the branch circuit voltage and current in order to accurately determine power usage by the branch circuit. 
         [0028]    Interface wire  15 A from the voltage channel of the sensor is provided to a voltage measurement circuit  108 B, which is an analog circuit that appropriately scales and filters the voltage channel output of the sensor. A zero-crossing detector  109  may be used to provide phase-only information to a central processing unit  100  that performs power calculations, alternatively or in combination with providing an output of voltage measurement circuit to an input of ADC  106 . Alternatively, voltage measurement circuit  108 B may be omitted and interface wire  15 A connected directly to ADC  106 . An input/output (I/O) interface  102  provides either a wireless or wired connection to a local or external monitoring system. When power factor is not taken into account, the instantaneous power used by each branch circuit can be computed as: 
         [0000]    
       
      
       P 
       BRANCH 
       =V 
       rms 
       *I 
       meas  
      
     
         [0000]    where V rms  is a constant value, e.g. 115V, and I meas  is a measured rms current value. Power value P BRANCH  may be integrated over time to yield the energy use. When the phase of the voltage is known, then the power may be computed more accurately as: 
         [0000]        P   BRANCH   =V   rms   *I   meas *cos(Φ)
 
         [0000]    where Φ is a difference in phase angle between the voltage and current waveforms. The output of zero-crossing detector  109  may be compared with the position of the zero crossings in the current waveform generated by current measurement circuit  108 A and the time ΔT between the zero crossings in the current and voltage used to generate phase difference Φ from the line frequency (assuming the line frequency is 60 Hz): 
         [0000]      Φ=2π*60 *ΔT  
 
         [0000]    In general, the current waveform is not truly sinusoidal and the above approximation may not yield sufficiently accurate results. A more accurate method is to multiply current and voltage samples measured at a sampling rate much higher than the line frequency. The sampled values thus approximate instantaneous values of the current and voltage waveforms and the energy may be computed as: 
         [0000]      Σ( V   n   *I   n )
 
         [0000]    A variety of arithmetic methods may be used to determine power, energy and phase relationships from the sampled current and voltage measurements. 
         [0029]    While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to the preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing and other changes in form, and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.