Abstract:
A first plurality of memory cells ( 32, 33 ) connected in series lies within a first well ( 47 ) that is separated and electrically isolated ( 42 ) from a second plurality of memory cells ( 36  et al.) connected in series lying within a second well ( 46 ). In one embodiment, the first and second wells ( 46, 47 ) are doped p-type and are contained within an n-well ( 48 ) and a substrate ( 49 ). Applying a negative voltage to its corresponding bit line and a positive voltage to its corresponding word line programs a predetermined memory cell within the first plurality. A lesser positive voltage than that applied to the predetermined memory cell&#39;s word line is applied to all other bit lines and word lines of non-selected memory cells. By utilizing a negative voltage while programming a memory cell, the magnitude of programming voltages is reduced, thereby, removing the need for an elaborate charge pump to generate a much higher programming voltage.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION  
       [0001]    This application is related to Hu et al., Attorney Docket Number SC91121A entitled “Non-Volatile Memory, Method of Manufacture, And Method of Programming,” filed Aug. 15, 2000. 
     
    
     
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    This invention relates generally to semiconductor memory devices, and more specifically, to non-volatile memories and memory programming.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    Conventional memory arrays, such as an electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM) array, comprise pluralities of individual memory cells. The memory cells can be programmed for desired logic or memory states. In programming the array, each cell must have either a high or low voltage (i.e., on or off) state. The high voltage state that is desirable is limited by power consumption considerations and physical and materials constraints. The low voltage state that is desirable is likewise limited because it must be differentiated from the high voltage state and, yet, it must not result in cross leakage among neighboring cells in tight memory array cell distributions. The higher the voltage required for programming the high states, the greater the power consumed by the memory cells. Typical programming voltages for non-volatile NAND memory arrays are in the range of 18-20 volts. NAND memory arrays are characterized by having a plurality of series-connected transistors in the bit lines. Additional issues which are created with the use of high programming voltages such as 18-20 volts include the requirement of costly and sometimes elaborate charge pumps. As supply voltages associated with semiconductors continue to decrease below the five-volt supply value, the requirements demanded of charge pumps may not be met. Also, to eliminate a disturbance problem with unselected cells when using a high word line voltage during programming operation, the unselected word line voltage is in the range of 9 to 11 volts. Additionally, a voltage in the range of 3 to 5 volts is applied to the drain of a drain select transistor of the unselected bit lines. These voltages are required to create a self-boosting mechanism in the channels of each of the transistors in the unselected bit lines.  
           [0004]    Another form of non-volatile memory array is known as a NOR memory array. NOR memory arrays are characterized by the use of parallel-connected transistors in the bit lines. NOR memory arrays are typically much faster than NAND memory arrays, but NAND memory arrays are typically much more compact and dense. As a result, it is sometimes desired to use both a NOR memory array and a NAND memory array in the same integrated circuit. For example, certain embedded memory applications may be more size critical in a particular application, whereas other applications may be more speed critical. However, a problem exists when trying to utilize both a NAND memory array and a NOR memory on the same integrated circuit. Each type of memory array typically requires a significantly different process to manufacture. For example, NAND memory cells sometime require a self-aligned trench structure in a triple polysilicon process. On the other hand, NOR memory cells typically use a non-self-aligned trench with a double polysilicon process. As a result, many commercial manufacturing processes do not permit a designer to implement both types of memory arrays in a single integrated circuit. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0005]    The present invention is illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the accompanying figures, in which like references indicate similar elements.  
         [0006]    [0006]FIG. 1 illustrates in schematic diagram form a known non-volatile memory array;  
         [0007]    [0007]FIG. 2 illustrates in cross-sectional form a view of two transistors sharing a common well in the memory array of FIG. 1;  
         [0008]    [0008]FIG. 3 illustrates in schematic diagram form a non-volatile memory array in accordance with the present invention; and  
         [0009]    [0009]FIG. 4 illustrates in cross-sectional form a view of two transistors having electrically isolated wells in the non-volatile memory array of FIG. 3;  
         [0010]    [0010]FIG. 5 illustrates in cross-sectional form serially connected transistors of a bit-line of the non-volatile memory array of FIG. 3;  
         [0011]    [0011]FIG. 6 illustrates in flow chart form a process for programming the non-volatile memory array of FIG. 3 in accordance with the present invention; and  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 7 illustrates in block diagram form a single integrated circuit (chip) having two memory arrays of differing memory architectures in accordance with the present invention.  
     
    
       [0013]    Skilled artisans appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help improve the understanding of the embodiments of the present invention.  
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0014]    [0014]FIG. 1 illustrates in schematic form a known memory array  10  having a plurality of drain select transistors, source select transistors and N-channel floating gate transistors forming M bit lines and N word lines, where M and N are arbitrary integer values. Each bit line has a predetermined number (as indicated by the broken column lines) of the N-channel transistors connected in series. Gate electrodes of each of the transistors in a predetermined row are connected together to form a predetermined word line. At the top of each bit line is a drain select transistor, and at the bottom of each bit line is a source select transistor. Each source select transistor has a source connected to a supply voltage terminal labeled V SS . The value of V SS  changes depending upon the operating mode (i.e. programming, read, erase) of memory array  10 .  
         [0015]    In order to program memory array  10 , specific voltages are shown to describe how a user programs either a “one” or “zero” state into transistor  14 . Before programming, memory array  10  is erased. To erase memory array  10 , an erase voltage of about 16 to 20 volts is applied to the substrate (not shown) of memory array  10 . To program memory array  10 , specific programming voltages are shown in FIG. 1. Each bit line which does not contain the transistor to be programmed is placed at a voltage of about 3 to 5 volts. The bit line which does contain the transistor to be programmed is placed at zero volts. During programming, the drain select transistors are each made conductive by applying 3 to 5 volts on the gates of the drain select transistors. Concurrently, the source select transistors are made nonconductive by placing zero volts on the gates of each of source select transistor. The gates of all non-selected word lines are placed at a potential of 9 to 11 volts. However, the word line of the selected memory cell to be programmed is placed at an elevated potential of 16 to 20 volts. Under the described voltage conditions, transistor  14  is programmed. To program transistor  14  its floating gate is charged to a sufficient amount to either a one or zero state. Whether a logic one or logic zero state is programmed depends on the programming logic associated with the programming voltage value. This operation is conventional and not germane to the present discussion. It should be noted that to program memory array  10 , a programming voltage of 16 to 20 volts is required. Since this voltage may be four to five times (or more) the typical power supply voltage for many memory circuits, obtaining the required voltage may be very problematic.  
         [0016]    Additionally, note that transistor  12  of FIG. 1 is not selected to be programmed, but nonetheless receives a gate voltage of 16 to 20 volts. As a result, the floating gate of transistor may also charge to a voltage which comes close to inadvertently programming transistor  12 . To correct this issue, all of the unselected word lines must be maintained at a voltage of 9 to 11 volts with a bit line voltage of approximately 3 to 4 volts. Under these bias conditions, the channel potential of transistor  12  is boosted to approximately 7 to 9 volts. As a result, a high gate voltage applied to transistor  12  does not inadvertently program transistor  12 . A further disadvantage of memory array  10  includes the requirement to generate the additional different voltages for the bit lines and word lines.  
         [0017]    Illustrated in FIG. 2 is a cross section of transistors  12  and  14  for illustrating the fact that all of the transistors, floating gate and select transistors, are manufactured in a common well. Taking a cross-section along line  2 - 2  of FIG. 1, it can be seen in FIG. 2 that floating gate  12  of transistor  12  is adjacent floating gate  14  of transistor  14 . Transistors  12  and  14  are electrically isolated by a trench isolation region  15 . The source and drain of each of transistors  12  and  14  are perpendicular to the illustrated view and are therefore not shown. Transistors  12  and  14  share the same well, P well  16 . Below P well  16  is an N well  18  that is immediately above a P substrate  20 . Because of the tunnel oxide thickness of the transistors of memory array  10 , it takes about 16 to 20 volts across the tunnel oxide to program each transistor. However, because all of the transistors of memory array  10  are contained within P well  16 , the magnitude of the required 16 to 20 volt differential may not be reduced by using a negative voltage because a negative voltage applied to the selected bit line will turn on the N+ to P well diode (not shown) between a drain and the common well. The common P well  16  is at zero volts potential. If the well bias to P well  16  is made negative, then selection of bit lines is lost as all bit lines are programmed on the same word line when a lower positive programming word line voltage is used.  
         [0018]    Illustrated in FIG. 3 is a memory array  30  in accordance with the present invention. In one form, memory array  30  is a non-volatile memory (NVM) array. Memory array  30  has a plurality of select transistors and floating gate transistors that form a plurality of M bit lines having series-connected transistors and a plurality of N word lines, where M and N are arbitrary integers. In the illustrated form, assume that bit line  2  has an N-channel select transistor connected in series with N-channel floating gate transistors  32 ,  33  and  34 . An arbitrary number of series-connected transistors (not shown) may be connected between transistor  33  and transistor  34  as indicated by the dots in FIG. 3. The series-connected floating gate transistors  32 ,  33  through  34  form a first plurality of memory cells and represent a bit line of the non-volatile memory array. Typically, the total number of series-connected transistors in any single bit line is a multiple of two, such as sixteen or thirty-two to form multiple sections of series-connected transistors. Each section is implemented in a reciprocating fashion so that the first section begins with a select transistor having a drain electrode at the top of the layout and a source at the bottom of the layout. A second section is reversed so that it begins with a floating gate transistor having a source electrode at the top of the layout of the second section and a drain of a select transistor at the bottom of the layout. This alternating repeats until the total number of transistors in a desired bit line has been implemented. Because of the need to apply differing voltages to the sources and the drains of the first transistor in each section, two distinct metal conductors are used in a single layer per bit line. In one form, these two distinct metal conductors are implemented as parallel metal conductors per bit line.  
         [0019]    It should be further noted that there are no source select transistors in memory array  30 . Also, as will be discussed below, each bit line column is electrically isolated from all other bit line columns.  
         [0020]    Assume for purposes of illustration only that specific operating voltages are applied to program memory array  30 . Before being programmed, memory array is blanket erased by applying a voltage somewhere in a range of approximately 7 to 9 volts on all P wells below the memory array  30 . Thus, in the illustrated form memory array  30  is an electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM). All N wells are placed at a different bias to prevent a PN diode between each N and P well interface from becoming conductive. A voltage within a range of approximately −7 to −9 volts is also applied during the erase mode of operation to all word lines. These voltages ensure that all the floating gates in memory array  30  are discharged to a positive potential so that the threshold voltage, V t , of each bit cell will be approximately −3 volts to −1.5 volt.  
         [0021]    To program memory array  30 , the drain of the drain select transistors of all non-selected bit lines is placed at substantially zero volt potential. Additionally, the source of the last floating gate transistor in each unselected bit line is also connected to approximately 0 volt. The drain of the drain select transistor of the selected bit line is placed at a voltage in a range approximately of −7 to −9 volts. Additionally, the source of the last floating gate transistor in the selected bit line is also connected to a voltage in a range approximately −7 to −9 volts. This biasing scheme is possible because each bit line is electrically isolated from each other; in other words, the bit lines do not share a common well. Each bit line is a conductive path electrically connecting the drains of transistors in the bit line. Each drain select transistor is biased commonly via the drain select line connecting the gate or control electrodes of all drain select transistors, such as transistor  31 , to a voltage in a range of approximately −3 to −6 volts. A selected word line is biased to a voltage in a range of approximately 8 to 10 volts and all non-selected word lines are biased to approximately 0 volt.  
         [0022]    In the illustrated form, the programming voltage applied via word line  2  is sufficient to charge the floating gate of transistor  33  when the drain of transistor  33  is biased at a voltage in a range of approximately −7 to −9 volts. This bias scheme creates a high threshold voltage, Vt, for transistor  33  that is either a logic one or logic zero state. No other floating gate transistors in word line  2  are programmed because the drains of the drain select transistors of their respective columns are biased at zero volt. As a result, a sufficient charge is not permitted to accumulate within the floating gates of the other transistors in the word line  2 . It should be well understood however that multiple floating gate transistors within word line  2 , or all transistors within word line  2 , may be concurrently programmed by properly biasing the drain of the respective bit line drain select transistors. To more properly understand the operation of the present invention, a view from line  4 - 4  of FIG. 3 is made to illustrate why each bit line is electrically isolated from the other bit lines. It should be noted that the present invention requires a programming voltage in the range of only −7 to −9 volts; in other words the magnitude of the programming voltage only needs to be on the order of 7 to 9 volts as contrasted with significantly higher programming voltages required by previous nonvolatile memories. It should be understood that a positive programming voltage may be used if conductivities are reversed. Since programming voltages below ten volts may be reliably used, the design of charge pumps in an integrated circuit that contains the memory array taught herein is greatly simplified and associated costs are reduced. Additionally, it should be noted that the tunnel oxide thickness of the floating gate transistors of the memory array has not been sacrificed (i.e. made thinner) in order to obtain lower programming voltages. The tunnel oxide thickness that is required is a process parameter that must be met in order to maintain a predetermined level of reliable operation.  
         [0023]    Illustrated in FIG. 4 is a cross-section of transistors  33  and  36  of FIG. 3 which represent two different bit lines. Each of transistors  33  and  36  is controlled by word line  2  that overlies and surrounds each of the floating gates for transistors  33  and  36 . Although not explicitly shown, the word line  2  and the floating gate are separated by an ONO (oxide-nitride-oxide) insulating layer as is conventional in the art. Immediately below each floating gate structure is respectively a tunnel oxide  43 ,  44  that separates each floating gate from a P-well  46  region a P-well  47  region, respectively. The P wells  46  and  47  are separated by an insulator or isolation structure, such as a shallow trench isolation region  42 . The structures described above are formed within an N-well  48  region which functions as additional isolation between P well  46  and P well  47 . N-well  48  is within a P substrate  49 . It should be well understood that the specific conductivities are provided by example only and that the present invention may be implemented by reversing the illustrated conductivities. Additionally, the N-well  48  may be replaced with a buried oxide in an SOI (silicon-on-insulator) structure.  
         [0024]    Illustrated in FIG. 5 is a view  5 - 5  from FIG. 3 of bit line  2  having drain select transistor  31  and floating gate transistors  32 - 34 . For convenience of illustration, elements which are common between FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 are identically numbered. In the illustrated form, drain select transistor  31  is a floating gate structure which has a floating gate  60  electrically short circuited with a control gate  61  via a tungsten plug  62 . Floating gate  60  overlies a tunnel oxide layer  63 . Transistor  31  shares a common diffusion  65  with transistor  32  for source/drain electrodes, respectively. Similarly, transistor  32  and transistor  33  share a common diffusion  66 . Each of transistors  32 ,  33  and  34  has a control gate (not numbered) overlying a floating gate (not numbered) with an intervening insulating dielectric layer such as ONO. Transistor  31  has a drain diffusion  67 . A tungsten plug  68  is connected to drain diffusion  67  for forming an external contact. As indicated by the break in the middle of FIG. 5, additional transistors (not shown) may be inserted in series between transistor  33  and transistor  34 . Transistor  34  is a floating gate structure having a drain diffusion  70  and a source diffusion  71 . Within source diffusion  71  is a P+ diffusion  72  that electrically connects the source of transistor  34  to P well  47 . Overlying source diffusion  71  and P+ diffusion  72  is a silicide layer  73 . External contact to the source diffusion  71  and P well  47  is made via silicide layer  73  by using a tungsten plug  74 .  
         [0025]    It should be noted that there is no external contact between the series connected floating gate transistors, such as between transistors  32  and  33 . Therefore, the size of a single bit cell is significantly reduced resulting in a compact and efficient physical layout. It should be further noted that as a result of electrically isolating each bit line in the memory array, there is no need for a source select transistor in each bit line column.  
         [0026]    Illustrated in FIG. 6 is a method for operating a non-volatile memory with a serial transistor structure with isolated wells. After a start step  80 , a step  81  is initiated by providing a memory array of N rows and M columns of erased transistors. In a step  82 , each of the M columns of transistors is electrically connected in series. In a step  83 , each of the M columns of transistors is electrically isolated by using separate wells for each column. In a step  84 , a selection is made of a predetermined bit or memory cell to program. The bit is represented by one transistor in the array. It should be well understood that multiple bits are programmed concurrently, but this example is focused on a single bit being programmed for tutorial purposes. In a step  85 , the bit line that contains the selected bit to be programmed is biased with a negative voltage. Again, it should be well understood that the bit line functions equally being biased with a voltage of opposite sign (i.e. positive to negative or negative to positive) or polarity by modifying the conductivities from that shown above. In a step  86 , all non-selected bit lines are biased with a different voltage to substantially minimize tunneling current flow in all non-selected bit lines. In a step  87 , the word line containing the selected bit is biased with a positive voltage while biasing all other word lines with a different voltage than the voltage used to bias the word line containing the selected bit. This operation completes the biasing required to program the memory array. In a step  88 , all bias voltages are removed and in a step  89  the operation is stopped.  
         [0027]    Illustrated in FIG. 7 is a semiconductor device  100  having a central processing unit (CPU)  102  connected to a global bus  104 . An input/output (I/O) unit  106  is connected to bus  104 . Separate and distinct memory arrays in the form of memory array  108  and memory array  110  are connected to bus  104 . A row decoder  112  is connected to memory array  110 , and a column decoder  114  is connected to memory array  110 . A row decoder  116  is connected to memory array  108 , and a column decoder  118  is connected to memory array  108 .  
         [0028]    In the semiconductor device  100 , memory array  108  and  110  are implemented as two different types of non-volatile memories (NVMs) on a same integrated circuit. In particular, memory array  108  is implemented as a NAND memory architecture NVM and memory array  110  is implemented as a NOR memory architecture NVM. The NOR architecture NVM is implemented using parallel-connected floating gate transistors having the same semiconductor structure as the illustrated structure for the series-connected transistors. As a result of the present invention and the semiconductor structures taught herein, the process required to implement the NAND architecture NVM array is now the same as the process steps required to implement a conventional NOR architecture NVM array. As a result, process steps to manufacture the bit cells may be optimized at the same time for both the NOR and NAND architecture memories. In other words, process characterizations such as natural threshold voltage, coupling ratio, source and drain junction profile, and trench isolation, are made to be compatible to make different and independent memory array architectures on a single integrated circuit. For example, the bit line and word line circuitry for the two memory arrays of differing memory architecture are separate and independent bit line and word line circuits.  
         [0029]    By now it should be appreciated that there has been provided a nonvolatile memory array using a NAND architecture (i.e. series-connected transistors) with a relatively low programming voltage as compared with prior NVM circuits. The array operation is simplified by eliminating a need for having both an unselected word line voltage and self-boosting. Because the source/drain and well are always at the same potential during high voltage operation, there is a minimum risk of junction break down and source/drain punch-through. Because there are no layout contacts between rows of floating gate transistors, the memory cell size is much reduced as compared to NOR (parallel-connected transistor) memory cells.  
         [0030]    Because the apparatus implementing the present invention is, for the most part, composed of electronic components and circuits known to those skilled in the art, circuit details will not be explained in any greater extent than that considered necessary as illustrated above, for the understanding and appreciation of the underlying concepts of the present invention and in order not to obfuscate or distract from the teachings of the present invention.  
         [0031]    In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments. However, one of ordinary skill in the art appreciates that various modifications and changes can be made without departing from the scope of the present invention as set forth in the claims below. For example, although the present invention has been illustrated as being implemented with MOS transistors, it should be well understood that any other types of transistor may be used, including transistors that may not be presently available. Additionally, as semiconductor geometries decrease and manufacturing processes change, the specific voltages illustrated may no longer be accurate and lower or different voltages may be utilized in the practice of the present invention. Accordingly, the specification and figures are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.  
         [0032]    Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described above with regard to specific embodiments. However, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any element(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential feature or element of any or all the claims. As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.