Abstract:
A device to facilitate Thermally Assisted Magnetic Recording (TAMR), and a method for its manufacture, are described. One or more cylindrical lenses are used to focus light from a laser diode onto a wave-guide and a nearby plasmon antenna. Five embodiments of the invention are described, each one featuring a different way to couple the laser light to the optical wave-guide.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The invention relates to the general field of magnetic recording with particular reference to achieving very high storage densities through use of thermally assisted magnetic recording. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Thermally assisted magnetic recording (TAMR) is expected to facilitate magnetic recording at a 1˜10 Tb/inch 2  data density. TAMR converts optical power into highly localized heating in a magnetic recording medium so as to temporarily reduce the field needed to switch the magnetizations of the medium grains. The steep temperature gradient (alone or together with an already-present high magnetic field gradient) enables data storage density to be improved beyond what can be achieved by current state-of-the-art magnetic recording technologies. 
         [0003]    A TAMR head, in addition to the standard magnetic recording components, usually comprises a wave-guide (WG) and a Plasmon antenna (PA) or Plasmon generator (PG). The WG acts as an intermediate path to guide the externally generated laser light to the PA or PG, where the WG&#39;s optical mode is coupled to the local Plasmon mode of the PA or to the propagating Plasmon mode of the PG. The optical energy, after being converted to Plasmon energy, either through local Plasmon excitation in the PA or through energy transmission along the WG, now has a substantially higher frequency than it had when it emerged from the LD. As a result, its concentration at the location where heating of the media is desired in order to achieve TAMR is no longer diffraction limited. 
         [0004]    Prior art proposals [ 1 - 2 ] describe a head structure of the type illustrated in  FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b  for the achievement of TAMR.  FIG. 1   a  is a cross-sectional view while  FIG. 1   b  is an air bearing surface (ABS) view. Shown there are read head  1 , plasmon antenna (or generator)  2 , wave-guide  3 , perpendicular write pole  4 , and laser diode (LD)  5 , that is mounted on the top of the slider. And field coils  6 . The laser beam exits laser diode  4  and couples directly into WG  3 . The PG is used to excite the Edge Plasmon (EP) mode, which confines the energy to the end of the sharp tip since it is no longer subject to optical diffraction effects. 
         [0005]    There are, however, some serious limitations associated with these prior art designs. For example, a specially designed suspension and bonding pads are required to mount the LD on the slider. The ‘end fire’ coupling method (butted ends with no intermediate focusing aids) is typically used to directly couple the laser beam from the LD into the waveguide. This method has low efficiency because of the divergent nature of the beam that emerges from the LD. Also, the precise alignment that is needed between the LD and the wave-guide means that assembly and packaging become unappealingly expensive.
   [1] K. Tanaka, K. Shimazawa, and T. Domon, “Thermally assisted magnetic head,” US Patent Pub. #US 2008/0192376 A1 (2008)   [2] K. Shimazawa, and K. Tanaka, “Near-field light generator plate, thermally assisted magnetic head, head gimbal assembly, and hard disk drive,” US Patent Pub. #US2008/0198496 A1 (2008)
 
A routine search of the prior art was performed with the following additional references of interest being found:
   
 
         [0008]    In U.S. Pat. No. 7,365,941, Poon et al. disclose an optical head including a laser beam directing mirror and a beam-focusing lens. Van Kesteran, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,873,576, teaches that laser light is preferably focused on a disk by an optical lens via a mirror while US 2008/0316872 (Shimizu et al.) shows a lens and mirror in conjunction with a waveguide. 
         [0009]    Gomez et al. disclose a lens to emit a collimated beam in US 2008/0123219 while Matsumoto shows a collimator lens, to focus light exiting from a waveguide, in US 2008/0117727. In US 2006/0256694, Chu et al. show a focusing lens, a steerable mirror, and a waveguide while Rausch et al. disclose a lens, waveguide, and curved or straight mirror in US 2006/0233061. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0010]    It has been an object of at least one embodiment of the invention to provide a TAMR device based on very local heating of recording media by plasmon emission. 
         [0011]    Another object of at least one embodiment of the invention has been that said TAMR device not require a specially designed suspension and bonding pads for mounting a laser diode on the slider. 
         [0012]    Still another object of at least one embodiment of the invention has been to efficiently couple light from said laser diode to a plasmon antenna. 
         [0013]    A further object of at least one embodiment of the invention has been to eliminate back-reflection of light into the laser diode from the interior wall of the cavity in which said laser diode is mounted. 
         [0014]    These objects have been achieved by forming one or more cylindrical lenses that focus light from the laser diode onto a nearby wave-guide where this light is transduced into plasmons that then travel to the location at which TAMR is to occur. 
         [0015]    An important feature of the invention is that the laser diode is fully integrated into the slider structure so there is negligible increase in slider height and no increase of the drive&#39;s the disk-disk spacing becomes necessary. 
         [0016]    Five embodiments of the invention are described, each one featuring a different way of coupling the laser light to the wave-guide. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0017]      FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b  show a device of the prior art 
           [0018]      FIGS. 2   a - 2   d  show a first embodiment of the invention in which a cylindrical lens is used to focus light from a laser diode onto a wave-guide. 
           [0019]      FIGS. 3   a - 3   b  illustrate a second embodiment of the invention in which focusing is achieved by means of a concave mirror. 
           [0020]      FIGS. 4   a - 4   b  illustrate a second embodiment of the invention in which focusing is achieved by means of a flat mirror in combination with a cylindrical lens. 
           [0021]      FIGS. 5   a - 8   b  illustrate successive steps used in a process for manufacturing the first embodiment. 
           [0022]      FIG. 8   c  illustrates how the wall of the LD cavity can be used as a lens. 
           [0023]      FIGS. 9   a  and 9 b  show the common starting point for manufacturing both the second and third embodiments. 
           [0024]      FIGS. 10   a - 11   b  show the next steps for manufacturing the second embodiment. 
           [0025]      FIGS. 12   a - 13   b  show the next steps for manufacturing the third embodiment. 
           [0026]      FIGS. 14   a  and  14   b  illustrate a fourth embodiment of the invention in which focusing is achieved using two lenses. 
           [0027]      FIGS. 15   a  and  15   b  illustrate a fifth embodiment of the invention in which three dimensional focusing is achieved through use of a cylindrical lens in combination with a tapered dielectric structure. 
           [0028]      FIGS. 16   a  and  16   b  illustrate two methods for preventing back-reflection of light into the laser diode light source. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0029]    A key feature of the present invention is to introduce an integrated focusing element into the light delivery path from the LD to the WG to compensate for the LD&#39;s divergent beam, thereby improving the coupling efficiency between the light delivery system and the WG. Referring now to  FIG. 2   a , shown there, as a first embodiment of the present invention, is a schematic view of a TAMR head whose light delivery system includes an integrated focusing lens  23 , waveguide  2  with a tapered portion  25 , a curved portion  24 , a linear portion  21 , and an edge emitting LD  22  located in a cavity of the slider.  FIGS. 2   b  and  2   d  show cross-sections, cuts made as marked, while  FIG. 2   c  is an ABS view. 
         [0030]    The lens, along with the tapered WG structure, serves to improve the coupling efficiency and placement tolerance of the laser diode. Both the lens and the taper are designed to phase-match the LD&#39;s wave front. Both are readily formed at the same time as the waveguide when the manufacturing process is still at the wafer level. Depending on the configuration selected, the lens could either focus or collimate the laser beam. 
         [0031]    For the second embodiment, an alternative method for focusing or collimating the divergent laser beam is disclosed wherein curved out-of-plane mirror  31  is inserted in the laser path, as illustrated in  FIG. 3   a ,  FIG. 3   b  being a cross-section as marked. Mirror  31  may be given a spherical or a parabolic shape, as required to best direct and focus the laser beam at the inlet of waveguide  2 . This approach removes the need for a curved waveguide to change the direction of the laser beam (as was shown in  FIG. 2   a ). The mirror is readily formed in the slider as part of the wafer process, as will be described in detail further on. 
         [0032]    For the third embodiment, flat mirror  41  is used in combination with lens  43 , as shown in  FIG. 4   a ,  FIG. 4   b  being a cross-section as marked. Flat mirror  41  serves to change the direction of the laser beam while lens  43  focuses or collimates the beam to most efficiently couple it to waveguide  2 . 
         [0033]    For all three embodiments, it may be necessary to reduce the effects of laser light that gets back reflected from the entrance of the slider cavity into the LD. Such reflected laser light into the LD could affect the stability of the LD and may possibly cause the laser output power to fluctuate. Further details on how to overcome this problem are presented below. 
         [0034]    Now begins a description of processes for manufacturing the various embodiments of the present invention. Note that, for the ten pairs of figures that we reference below, all figures whose names include the suffix ‘a’ represent plan views while those whose names include the suffix ‘b’ are cross-sections. Beginning with the first embodiment, we refer now to  FIGS. 5   a  and  5   b:    
         [0035]    Bottom cladding layer  52  (typically Al 2 O 3 ) is deposited to a thickness in the range of from 400 to 2,000 nm onto substrate  53  of AlTiC, the latter having been selected for this purpose because of its mechanical properties. Then, core waveguide layer  51  (typically Ta 2 O 5 ) is deposited to a thickness in the range of from 100 to 800 nm onto layer  52 . Ta 2 O 5  was selected because of its relatively high dielectric constant but similar materials such as TiO 2 , Si, SiON, ZnO, BN, ZnS, diamond, Ta, and AlN could have been used without affecting the basic operating principles of the invention. 
         [0036]    Next, as shown in  FIGS. 6   a  and  6   b , cylindrical lens  61  is formed at the front end of curved waveguide  62  by patterning layer  51  using standard photolithographic techniques. Curved waveguide  62  serves to alter the direction of wave-guide light flow by about 90 degrees before the latter reaches back end  2  of the waveguide. Lens  61  is given a radius of curvature in a range of from 1 to 50 microns whereby its focal length is in a range of from 0.5 to 25 microns. 
         [0037]    As illustrated in  FIGS. 7   a  and  7   b , formation of the first embodiment concludes with the deposition of top cladding layer  71  (usually of, but not limited to, Al 2 O 3 ), following which cavity  81  is formed by etching down to the level of AlTiC layer  53 . As shown in  FIG. 8   a , cavity  81  begins at the very edge of lens  61 . In general, cavity  81  may have a length of from 100 to 600 microns, a width of from 50 to 150 microns and a depth of from 10 to 50 microns. 
         [0038]    Note that the curved surface of the lens can be made to also be part of the cavity&#39;s surface where the latter faces the lens. This is illustrated in  FIG. 8   c.    
         [0039]    When manufacturing the second embodiment, no bend is inserted in the path followed by the wave-guide nor is there a lens at its end (see  FIGS. 9   a  and  9   b ). As shown in  FIGS. 10   a  and  10   b , trench  101  is etched down to the level of layer  53  (or to within a few microns therefrom), using a liftoff mask that is left in place at this time. When seen in plan view ( 10   a ), trench  101  has a C-shape whereby, when its sidewalls are coated with a reflective material, it can serve as a concave mirror spherical or parabolic) to focus diverging light from LD  22  into wave-guide  2  as seen originally in  FIG. 3   a.    
         [0040]    Manufacture of the third embodiment begins in the same manner as was shown for the second embodiment in  FIGS. 9   a  and  9   b  above) so there is no bend in the path of WG  25 , However, WG  25  terminates at lens  122  as shown in  FIGS. 12   a  and  13   a . Also shown there is trench  121  which is formed by etching down to the level of layer  53  using a liftoff mask that is left in place at this time. When seen in plan view, this trench has a rectangular shape whereby, when coated with a reflective material, it can serve as a flat mirror to direct diverging light from LD  22  into wave-guide  2  by way of lens  122  as seen originally in  FIG. 4   a.    
         [0041]    The next step, used during the formation of both the second and third embodiments, is to coat the inside surface (of the trench) that is closest to LD  22  with a suitable reflective material such as gold, aluminum, silver or copper, or any of the alloys of these materials. Tilting the surface-to-be-coated and/or the evaporant source toward one another during deposition readily accomplishes this. Alternatively, sputter deposition at pressures in excess of about 10 −4  Torr may be used to coat all walls of the trench. Once the inside of the trench has been coated to a thickness of at least 100 nm, the deposition process is terminated and the photoresist can be lifted off in the usual manner. 
         [0042]    As was noted earlier, laser light that gets reflected from the wall of the slider cavity back into the LD may cause a problem as it could affect the stability of the LD and possibly cause fluctuation in the laser&#39;s output power. Therefore, as an additional feature of the present invention, two solutions to this problem are disclosed: 
         [0043]    (i) The LD is mounted at an angle α (in a range of from 5 to 25 degrees) relative to the wall of the cavity. This is illustrated in  FIG. 16   a.    
         [0044]    (ii) The wall of the slider cavity immediately facing the emitting end of the LD is given slope α (in as range of from 5 to 25 degrees) away from this wall. 
         [0045]    In  FIGS. 14   a  and  14   b  we illustrate a fourth embodiment of the invention that is similar to the first embodiment except that lens  141  (at the termination of WG  25 ) is less strongly curved than was lens  23  of the first embodiment. Typically lens  141  is given a radius of curvature in a range of from 2 to 75 microns whereby its focal length is in a range of from 1 to 35 microns. Focusing of light from LD  22  onto WG  25  is achieved by inserting second lens  142  in the optical path as shown. Typically, lens  142  has a radius of curvature in a range of from 2 to 75 microns whereby its focal length is in a range of from 1 to 35 microns. 
         [0046]    Lens  142  is located up against the inside wall of slider cavity  22 . The advantages of this configuration are (i) better optical alignment, improved tolerance, and greater flexibility, (ii) having the lenses&#39; flat facets facing the divergent LD beam together with the lower lens curvatures, reduces the amount of spherical aberration in the system. 
         [0047]    A fifth embodiment of the invention is shown in  FIGS. 15   a  and  15   b . Its basic configuration is the same as for the first embodiment except that second dielectric layer  152  (of Ta O 5  or similar dielectric material) is deposited onto first dielectric layer  151  and then patterned into the triangular shape seen in  FIG. 15   a.    
         [0048]    Second WG layer  152  serves to increase the WG thickness thereby improving matching with the LD mode in the vertical direction. The triangular shape given to layer  152  helps to guide the light from layer  152  into lower layer  151 . 
         [0049]    By arranging for the apex of this triangle to point away from the LD light source, photons entering at the level of layer  152  get squeezed as they approach the triangle&#39;s apex causing them to descend and then enter layer  151  through its interface with layer  152 . Thus some of the light gets directed downwards thereby behaving in a manner similar to what occurs during conventional optical 3D focusing. 
       Differences and Advantages 
       [0050]    The main differences between the present invention and the prior art include:
       1. Presence of LD mounted does not significantly alter the slider footprint.   2. Improved focusing is integrated with the light delivery system.       
 
         [0053]    The advantages of the current proposal include:
       1. Reduced number of external components.   2. Slider height is unchanged and a simple suspension can be used with no penalty to the disk-disk spacing of the drive.   3. Low cost mass production is facilitated since the LD can be mounted at wafer, bar, or slider levels for prototyping convenience or to increase manufacturing throughput.   4. Improved shock robustness   5. Improved coupling efficiency between the LD and the waveguide.   6. Alignment of the LD relative to the waveguide facilitated.   7. Good thermal attachment is provided for the slider.