Abstract:
A nonlinear voltage resistor is formed by sintering a resistor body made from a powder predominantly comprising ZnO. The powder also includes a first element selected from the group of Li and Na and a second element selected from the group of Al, In, and Ga. The powder preferably includes 50 to 1,000 atomic ppm of the first element and a concentration of the second element sufficient to set the carrier concentration of the powder in the range of 5 atomic ppm to 120 atomic ppm.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to a nonlinear voltage resistor, and more particularly to a nonlinear voltage resistor formed of a sintered article having zinc oxide (ZnO) as a main component and intended to be used as a protective element against overvoltage. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Heretofore for the purpose of protecting electronic devices and electric devices against damage due to overvoltage, there have been utilized nonlinear voltage resistors using silicon carbide (SiC), selenium (Se), and silicon (Si). In recent years, a nonlinear voltage resistor (hereinafter referred to as a &#34;ZnO varistor&#34;) has made of a sintered article produced by admixing ZnO as a main component with various additives, molding the resultant mixture into a prescribed shape, and sintering the molded mixture. The ZnO varistor has characteristics such as a low discharge voltage and a large nonlinear voltage coefficient. It is, therefore, useful for protecting against overvoltage devices made up of semiconductor elements that have small capacities for resistance to overvoltage. The popularity of the ZnO varistor has been growing as a replacement for a SiC varistor and other overvoltage protection devices. 
     Among the types of ZnO varistors so far adopted for actual use is counted the ZnO-Pr 6  O 11  type. It is known that the ZnO-Pr 6  O 11  type varistor is produced by admixing ZnO as a main component with cobalt (Co), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), and chromium (Cr) beside Pr as auxiliary components used in the form of elements or compounds and firing the resultant mixture. This is described in Japanese Patent Publication No. SHO 57(1982)-42,962. 
     The ZnO varistor is well known as a semiconductor ceramic and has electrical properties that are notably altered by the presence of a minute amount of impurities. When a monovalent metal such as sodium (Na) or lithium (Li) is added, the ZnO varistor increases its magnitude of resistance because the added metal functions as an acceptor. When a trivalent metal such as aluminum (Al) or iron (Fe) is added, the ZnO varistor loses its magnitude of resistance because the added metal functions as a donor. As demonstrated in Japanese Patent Publication No. SHO 55(1980)-37,846, Al is known to be an element capable of improving the discharge voltage property at a very low addition rate. Among the trivalent metals, Fe is a problematic element because this element, even at a very low addition rate, increases leakage current and deteriorates the discharge voltage property. 
     Since the ZnO varistor has its properties altered by impurities as described above, the compound ZnO used as the raw material therefore must be highly pure. Ordinary grade ZnO powder used as a white pigment is not acceptable. 
     The ZnO powder that is used for the ZnO varistor is mostly produced by the &#34;France Method&#34; that comprised fusing metallic Zn in a kettle made of carbon, for example, and oxidizing the Zn vapor issuing from the molten Zn with air. By this method, ZnO powder of extremely high purity can be produced. The kettle for the fusion of the metallic Zn is used for a long time and, therefore it produces a sediment of impurities. This sediment contains Fe in a large proportion. As a result, the proportion of Fe sediment that passes into the Zn vapor increases with the increasing number of days of use of the kettle. The Fe content of the produced ZnO powder, therefore, gradually increased with the increasing number of days of use of the kettle from an initial level of 2 atomic ppm to a level about 15 atomic ppm. 
     The varying Fe content of the ZnO powder from one lot to another of the raw material increased the possibility that the V-I property of the ZnO varistor will vary from one lot to another of the ZnO raw material. The conventional method has not always been capable of providing elements with stable properties. 
     OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the present invention is a ZnO varistor that may be produced with consistent V-I properties. 
     Another object of the present invention is a ZnO varistor that is compensated for the present of Fe impurities. 
     A further object of the present invention is an improved method for forming ZnO varistors. 
     These and other objects are obtained by a nonlinear voltage resistor comprising a sintered article having a nonlinear voltyage drop over a range of currents passing therethrough, the article having formed of a sintered powder predominantly comprising zinc oxide and including a first element selected from the group of Li and Na and a second element selected from the group of Al, In, and Ga. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The manner by which the above objects and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention are attained will become fully apparent when the following detailed description is considered in view of the drawings, wherein: 
     FIG. 1 is a graph showing the change of carrier concentration of the raw ZnO material due to different amounts of Al added for a varying Li concentration. 
     FIG. 2 is a graph showing the relation between the carrier concentration of the raw ZnO material and a nonlinear voltage coefficient, α, obtained at the combinations of Li and Al concentrations of Table 1 wherein the Li concentration is in the range of 5 to 1,000 atomic ppm; 
     FIG. 3 is a graph showing the carrier concentration and the ratio, V(40 A)/V(1 mA), obtained at the combinations of Li and Al concentrations of Table 1 wherein the Li concentration is in the range of 5 to 1,000 ppm; 
     FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relation between the nonlinear voltage coefficient, α, and the ratio, V(40 A)/V(1 mA), obtained for varistors formed from raw ZnO material obtained by adding 100 atomic ppm of Li and 230 atomic ppm of Al where the raw ZnO material varies in the number of days after production by the France Method; 
     FIG. 5 is a graph showing the relation between the nonlinear voltage coefficient, α, and the ratio V(40 A)/V(1 mA), obtained for varistors formed from raw ZnO material obtained by adding 100 atomic ppm of Na and 230 atomic ppm of Al where the raw ZnO material varies in the number of days after production by the France Method; 
     FIG. 6 is a graph showing the relation between the nonlinear voltage coefficient, α, and the ratio, V(40 A)/V(1 mA), obtained for varistors formed from raw ZnO material obtained by adding 100 atomic ppm of Li and 230 atomic ppm of In where the raw ZnO material varies in the number of days after production by the France Method; and 
     FIG. 7 is a graph showing the relation between the nonlinear voltage coefficient, α, and the ratio, V(40 A)/V(1 mA), obtained for varistors formed from raw ZnO material obtained by adding 100 atomic ppm of Li and 230 atomic ppm of Ga where the raw ZnO material varies in the number of days after production by the France Method. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present invention is directed to alleviating the effect of Fe entrained in ZnO thereby permitting production of a ZnO varistor exhibiting a satisfactory V-I property from a low current region through a high current region. This is accomplished by adding to the ZnO powder at least one element selected from the group of Na and Li in an amount necessary for counteracting the adverse effects of any Fe that may be mixed with the ZnO powder and, at the same time, adding at least one element selected from the group of Al, In, and Ga in an amount corresponding to the amount of Na or Li to be added. 
     When the ZnO powder as the raw material for the varistor has incorporated in advance at least one element selected from the group of Na and Li in an amount several times the amount of the Fe that is suspected to be mingled with the raw material, the Na or Li functions as an acceptor in contrast to the Fe that functions as a donor. The effects of the Fe are in this way counteracted. After the effect of the Fe has been eliminated as described above, the addition of at least one element selected from the group of Al, In, and Ga in an amount appropriate for the improvement of discharge voltage property and level of surge resistance permits production of a ZnO varistor having stable properties not affected by Fe that may be entrained in the ZnO powder as the raw material. 
     The present invention will be described more specifically with reference to the following examples. 
     (Example 1): 
     In a ball mill, a powder prepared by adding to ZnO powder 0.5 atomic % of Pr, 2.0 atomic % of Co, 0.2 atomic % of K, 0.15 atomic % of Cr, 0.1 atomic % of Mg, and 0.1 atomic % of Ca invariably in the form of oxides was mixed with aqueous solutions of Li and Al. The resultant wet mixture was dried and then calcined at 500° to 1,000° C. for several hours. The calcination product was thoroughly comminuted, combined with a binder, compression molded in the shape of a circular plate 17 mm in diameter, and fired in air at 1,100° to 1,400° C. for several hours to produce a sintered article. The sintered article so produced was ground to produce a test piece 1 mm in thickness. An element was prepared by baking electrodes to the opposite sides of the test piece and the element was tested for electrical properties. The ZnO powder used as the raw material had the purity of a guaranteed reagent and had Fe, Li, and Na contents of not more than  1 atomic ppm. 
     The electrical properties determined by the test were a voltage, V(1 mA), produced between the electrodes of a sample element when an electric current of 1 mA was passed therethrough at room temperature, a nonlinear voltage coefficient, α, determined at a current in the range of 10 μA to 1 mA, the ratio, V(40 A)/V(1 mA), of the voltages between the electrodes which were measured when electric currents of 40 A and 1 mA, respectively were passed with a standard waveform of 8×20 μs through the element. 
     The nonlinear voltage coefficient, α, was found by approximating the change of the current I of the element relative to the voltage according to the following formula: 
     
         I=KV.sup.α                                           (1) 
    
     wherein K denotes a constant to be determined by the element. The results are shown in Table 1. 
     The samples of the compositions shown in Table 1 were tested for carrier concentration by the C-V method. The results are shown in FIG. 1. The C-V method is intended to find carrier concentration and other factors of a given ZnO varistor based on the relation between the capacitance (C) and the voltage (V). It is well known as a method for the evaluation of physical properties of Si and other semiconductors. By a careful study of the relation between the carrier concentration and the V-I property, it was found that the nonlinear voltage coefficient, α, was large and the discharge voltage property was satisfactory so long as the carrier concentration was in the range of 5 atomic ppm to 120  atomic ppm, without reference to the amounts of Li and Al added. It is noted from Table 1 that the compensation by Al was not effected satisfactorily and the V-I property was inferior when the amount of Li added exceeded 2,000 atomic ppm. 
     FIG. 2 shows the relation between the carrier concentration and the nonlinear voltage coefficient, α. FIG. 3 shows the relation between the carrier concentration and the ratio, V(40 A)/V(1 mA). It has been demonstrated by the inventors that the behavior of carrier concentration shown in FIG. 1 represents proper data in the light of the theoretical calculation performed with the aid of model semiconductors containing both a donor and an acceptor. 
     (Example 2): 
     The procedure of Example 1 was faithfully repeated, except that Na was added in the place of Li. The results are shown in Table 2. It is noted from the results that the effect of Na was virtually the same as that of Li. 
     (Example 3): 
     A model test was carried out by varying the amount of Fe added in the range of 0 to 20 atomic ppm to find the effect of the addition of Fe. 
     The test will be descrbed in detail below. 
     From the results of Example 1, a total of 8 combinations of Li and Al which had carrier concentrations of about 50 atomic ppm were selected from these combinations which produced elements with satisfactory properties. To samples of each of the 8 combinations, Fe was added in amounts in the range of 0 to 20 atomic ppm as stepped by the unit of 5 atomic ppm. The samples so prepared were tested for the relations between the amount of Fe added and the quantities V(1 mA), α, and V(40 A)/V(1 mA). The results are shown in Table 3. 
     From Table 3, it is noted that so long as the Li content was not less than 50 atomic ppm, the effect of Fe was substantially nil even when the amount of Fe added was 20 atomic ppm. 
     (Example 4): 
     The procedure of Example 1 was faithfully repeated, except that Na was added in the place of Li. The results are shown in Table 4. From the result, it is noted that the effect of Na was virtually the same as that of Li. 
     (Example 5): 
     For the purpose of examining the results of the model test of Example 3 on a mass-production scale, ZnO powder lots of varying age (number of days) after their production in the kettle and incorporating therein 100 atomic ppm of Li and 230 atomic ppm of Al were subjected to the same test. The results are shown in FIG. 4. FIG. 4 also shows the results obtained by the conventional method for comparision. It is clearly noted from FIG. 4 that the present invention virtually eliminates the effect of a presumed increase in Fe contamination that occurs with increased usage of the kettle. 
     (Example 6): 
     For the purpose of examining the results of the model test of Example 4 on a mass-production scale, ZnO powder lots of varying age (number of days) after their production in the kettle and incorporating therein 100 atomic ppm of Na and 230 atomic ppm of Al were subjected to the same test. The results are shown in FIG. 5. FIG. 5 also shows the results obtained by the conventional method for comparison. It is clearly noted from FIG. 5 that the present invention brings about the same neutralizing effect of Fe contamination as was shown in FIG. 4. 
     In none of the test runs of the present examples were Li and Na added simultaneously. In a separate experiment, it has been demonstrated that the V-I property is virtually constant when Li and Na are simultaneously added in a combined amount equal to the amount of Li or Na to be added independently. 
     (Example 7): 
     The procedure of Example 1 was faithfully repeated, except In was added in the place of Al. The results are shown in Table 5. From the results, it is noted that the effect of In was virtually the same as that of Al. 
     (Example 8): 
     The procedure of Example 1 was faithfully repeated, except that Ga was added in the place of Al. The results are shown in Table 6. It is noted from the results that the effect of Ga was substantially the same as that of Al. 
     (Example 9): 
     For the purpose of examining the results of the model test of Example 3 on a mass-production scale, ZnO powder lots of varying ages (number of days) after their production in the kettle and incorporating therein 100 atomic ppm of Li and 230 atomic ppm of In were subjected to the same test. The results are shown in FIG. 6. FIG. 6 also shows the results obtained by the conventional method for comparison. The same effects as exhibited in FIGS. 4 and 5 were achieved. 
     (Example 10): 
     For the purpose of examinating the results of the model test of Example 3 on a mass-production scale, ZnO powder lots of varying ages (number of days) after their poduction in the kettle and incorporating therein 100 atomic ppm of Li and 230 atomic ppm of Ga were subjected to the same test. The results as shown in FIG. 7 also show the results obtained by the conventional method for comparison. The same effects as exhibited in FIGS. 4, 5, and 6 were achieved. 
     In none of the test runs of the present examples were In and Ga used in comination with Na. In a separate experiment, it has been demonstrated that the same neutralizing effect is obtained when In and Ga are used in combination with Na. 
     Al, In, and Ga fulfill substantially the same function. From this fact, it can be easily inferred that the V-I property is virtually constant when these three elements are simultaneously added in a total amount equal to the amount in which they are independently added. 
     In this example, only the compositions of the raw material based on the invention of Japanese Patent Publication No. SHO 57(1982)-42,962 were used. The effect of this invention is not limited to these compositions. The same effect of the present invention is recognized with the ZnO-Bi 2  O 3  type ZnO varistor and the ZnO varistor incorporating a rare earth element other than Pr. 
     In accordance with the present invention, after the effect of the Fe contamination of the ZnO raw material is counteracted by Li or Na, the addition of Al in an amount selected for the carrier concentration to fall in the range of 5 to 120 atomic ppm permits production of a ZnO varistor having properties that are not substantially affected by the amount of Fe intermingled with the ZnO powder. 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________ Amount of Li            Amount of AlSample added      added      V(1 mA)     V(40 A)No.   (atomic ppm)            (atomic ppm)                       (V)    α                                   V(1 mA)______________________________________1     5          5          499     6   4.232     &#34;          6          394    21   2.213     &#34;          10         250    78   1.814     &#34;          16         211    87   1.645     &#34;          30         189    91   1.556     &#34;          90         187    84   1.427     &#34;          220        192    62   1.378     &#34;          430        182    32   1.659     &#34;          700        158    11   1.8310    10         10         504     7   4.2311    &#34;          11         398    23   2.2212    &#34;          16         252    79   1.8613    &#34;          22         244    86   1.6114    &#34;          35         189    91   1.5715    &#34;          90         189    85   1.4316    &#34;          220        194    64   1.3717    &#34;          430        184    36   1.6318    &#34;          700        160    16   1.8519    20         20         510     6   4.2320    &#34;          21         402    21   2.2421    &#34;          28         255    78   1.8222    &#34;          36         216    87   1.6223    &#34;          52         191    93   1.5524    &#34;          110        191    81   1.4225    &#34;          250        196    62   1.3926    &#34;          450        186    32   1.6527    &#34;          700        162    12   1.8528    50         50         515     6   4.2329    &#34;          51         406    20   2.2330    &#34;          60         257    77   1.8431    &#34;          68         213    88   1.6632    &#34;          84         995    93   1.5733    &#34;          150        193    81   1.4134    &#34;          320        198    64   1.3835    &#34;          560        183    34   1.6336    &#34;          900        163    11   1.8837    100        100        520     5   4.2038    &#34;          102        410    20   2.2039    &#34;          110        260    77   1.8240    &#34;          120        220    88   1.6241    &#34;          140        195    90   1.5842    &#34;          230        195    82   1.4043    &#34;          420        200    63   1.3844    &#34;          700        190    30   1.6245    &#34;          1100       165    10   1.8346    200        200        530     5   4.2447    &#34;          202        418    20   2.2648    &#34;          220        265    76   1.8849    &#34;          230        224    85   1.6650    &#34;          260        199    88   1.6351    &#34;          380        198    78   1.4352    &#34;          640        204    59   1.4153    &#34;          960        194    31   1.6654    &#34;          1500       168    12   1.8855    500        500        541     6   4.3256    &#34;          502        424    18   2.2857    &#34;          520        279    72   1.8858    &#34;          580        228    81   1.6759    &#34;          620        202    83   1.6460    &#34;          800        204    78   1.4461    &#34;          1300       208    62   1.4262    &#34;          1800       199    29   1.6763    &#34;          2600       171     9   1.9164    1000       1000       551     6   4.4965    &#34;          1010       435    18   2.4266    &#34;          1080       277    63   1.8967    &#34;          1100       233    78   1.7168    &#34;          1200       207    80   1.6969    &#34;          1600       206    72   1.5170    &#34;          2500       215    61   1.4571    &#34;          3400       201    20   1.7372    &#34;          4500       175     8   1.9873    2000       2000       886     4   5.6274    &#34;          2010       743    11   3.3975    &#34;          2100       532    11   2.1876    &#34;          2200       543    12   1.9377    &#34;          2400       412    10   1.9378    &#34;          3200       439    12   1.9279    &#34;          5000       468    13   2.0480    &#34;          7000       410     8   2.1881    &#34;          9800       345     5   2.83______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 2______________________________________ Amount of Na             Amount of AlSample added       added      V(1 mA)    V(40 A)No.   (atomic ppm)             (atomic ppm)                        (V)    α                                   V(1 mA)______________________________________82    5           5          499     6  4.2383    &#34;           6          394    21  2.2184    &#34;           10         250    78  1.8185    &#34;           16         211    87  1.6486    &#34;           30         189    91  1.5587    &#34;           90         187    84  1.4288    &#34;           220        192    62  1.3789    &#34;           430        182    32  1.6590    &#34;           700        158    11  1.8391    10          10         504     7  4.2392    &#34;           11         398    23  2.2293    &#34;           16         252    79  1.8694    &#34;           22         244    86  1.6195    &#34;           35         189    91  1.5796    &#34;           90         189    85  1.4397    &#34;           220        194    64  1.3798    &#34;           430        184    36  1.6399    &#34;           700        160    16  1.85100   20          20         510     6  4.23101   &#34;           21         402    21  2.24102   &#34;           28         255    78  1.82103   &#34;           36         216    87  1.62104   &#34;           52         191    93  1.55105   &#34;           110        191    81  1.42106   &#34;           250        196    62  1.39107   &#34;           450        186    32  1.65108   &#34;           700        162    12  1.85109   50          50         515     6  4.23110   &#34;           51         406    20  2.23111   &#34;           60         257    77  1.84112   &#34;           68         213    88  1.66113   &#34;           84         995    93  1.57114   &#34;           150        193    81  1.41115   &#34;           320        198    64  1.38116   &#34;           560        188    34  1.63117   &#34;           900        163    11  1.88118   100         100        520     5  4.20119   &#34;           102        410    20  2.20120   &#34;           110        260    77  1.82121   &#34;           120        220    88  1.62122   &#34;           140        195    90  1.58123   &#34;           230        195    82  1.40124   &#34;           420        200    63  1.38125   &#34;           700        190    30  1.62126   &#34;           1100       165    10  1.83127   200         200        530     5  4.24128   &#34;           202        418    20  2.26129   &#34;           220        265    76  1.88130   &#34;           230        224    85  1.66131   &#34;           260        199    88  1.63132   &#34;           380        198    78  1.43133   &#34;           640        204    59  1.41134   &#34;           960        194    31  1.66135   &#34;           1500       168    12  1.88136   500         500        541     6  4.32137   &#34;           502        424    18  2.28138   &#34;           520        279    72  1.88139   &#34;           580        228    81  1.67140   &#34;           620        202    83  1.64141   &#34;           800        204    78  1.44142   &#34;           1300       208    62  1.42143   &#34;           1800       199    29  1.67144   &#34;           2600       171     9  1.91145   1000        1000       551     6  4.49146   &#34;           1010       435    18  2.42147   &#34;           1080       277    63  1.89148   &#34;           1100       233    78  1.71149   &#34;           1200       207    80  1.69150   &#34;           1600       206    72  1.51151   &#34;           2500       215    61  1.45152   &#34;           3400       201    20  1.73153   &#34;           4500       175     8  1.98154   2000        2000       886     4  5.62155   &#34;           2010       743    11  3.39156   &#34;           2100       532    11  2.18157   &#34;           2200       543    12  1.93158   &#34;           2400       412    10  1.93159   &#34;           3200       439    12  1.92160   &#34;           5000       468    13  2.04161   &#34;           7000       410     8  2.18162   &#34;           9800       345     5  2.83______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 3______________________________________Sample Li       Al       Fe    V(1 mA)     V(40 A)No.   (ppm)    (ppm)    (ppm) (V)    α                                     V(1 mA)______________________________________6     5        90       0     187    84   1.42163   &#34;        &#34;        5     184    73   1.44164   &#34;        &#34;        10    178    58   1.49165   &#34;        &#34;        15    173    51   1.53166   &#34;        &#34;        20    170    41   1.6215    10       90       0     189    85   1.43167   &#34;        &#34;        5     185    77   1.43168   &#34;        &#34;        10    179    69   1.48169   &#34;        &#34;        15    174    63   1.52170   &#34;        &#34;        20    172    45   1.6024    20       110      0     191    81   1.42171   &#34;        &#34;        5     186    78   1.43172   &#34;        &#34;        10    183    72   1.48173   &#34;        &#34;        15    181    68   1.53174   &#34;        &#34;        20    177    51   1.6233    50       150      0     193    81   1.41175   &#34;        &#34;        5     195    83   1.42176   &#34;        &#34;        10    194    82   1.41177   &#34;        &#34;        15    194    82   1.42178   &#34;        &#34;        20    193    80   1.4342    100      230      0     195    82   1.40179   &#34;        &#34;        5     196    82   1.41180   &#34;        &#34;        10    195    82   1.41181   &#34;        &#34;        15    195    83   1.42182   &#34;        &#34;        20    194    81   1.4251    200      380      0     198    78   1.43183   &#34;        &#34;        5     198    78   1.43184   &#34;        &#34;        10    198    78   1.43185   &#34;        &#34;        15    199    79   1.44186   &#34;        &#34;        20    198    77   1.4360    500      800      0     204    78   1.44187   &#34;        &#34;        5     204    78   1.44188   &#34;        &#34;        10    203    77   1.44189   &#34;        &#34;        15    203    78   1.43190   &#34;        &#34;        20    204    79   1.4469    1000     1600     0     206    72   1.51191   &#34;        &#34;        5     206    73   1.52192   &#34;        &#34;        10    207    72   1.51193   &#34;        &#34;        15    207    71   1.51194   &#34;        &#34;        20    207    72   1.51______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 4______________________________________Sample Na       Al       Fe    V(1 mA)     V(40 A)No.   (ppm)    (ppm)    (ppm) (V)    α                                     V(1 mA)______________________________________ 87   5        90       0     187    84   1.42195   &#34;        &#34;        5     184    73   1.44196   &#34;        &#34;        10    178    58   1.49197   &#34;        &#34;        15    173    51   1.53198   &#34;        &#34;        20    170    41   1.62 96   10       90       0     189    85   1.43199   &#34;        &#34;        5     185    77   1.43200   &#34;        &#34;        10    179    69   1.48201   &#34;        &#34;        15    174    63   1.52202   &#34;        &#34;        20    172    45   1.60105   20       110      0     191    81   1.42203   &#34;        &#34;        5     186    78   1.43204   &#34;        &#34;        10    183    72   1.48205   &#34;        &#34;        15    181    68   1.53206   &#34;        &#34;        20    177    51   1.62114   50       150      0     193    81   1.41207   &#34;        &#34;        5     195    83   1.42208   &#34;        &#34;        10    194    82   1.41209   &#34;        &#34;        15    194    82   1.42210   &#34;        &#34;        20    193    80   1.43123   100      230      0     195    82   1.40211   &#34;        &#34;        5     196    82   1.41212   &#34;        &#34;        10    195    82   1.41213   &#34;        &#34;        15    195    83   1.42214   &#34;        &#34;        20    194    81   1.42132   200      380      0     198    78   1.43215   &#34;        &#34;        5     198    78   1.43216   &#34;        &#34;        10    198    78   1.43217   &#34;        &#34;        15    199    79   1.44218   &#34;        &#34;        20    198    77   1.43141   500      800      0     204    78   1.44219   &#34;        &#34;        5     204    78   1.44220   &#34;        &#34;        10    203    77   1.44221   &#34;        &#34;        15    203    78   1.43222   &#34;        &#34;        20    204    79   1.44150   1000     1600     0     206    72   1.51223   &#34;        &#34;        5     206    73   1.52224   &#34;        &#34;        10    207    72   1.51225   &#34;        &#34;        15    207    71   1.51226   &#34;        &#34;        20    207    72   1.51______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 5______________________________________ Amount of Li            Amount of InSample added      added      V(1 mA)     V(40 A)No.   (atomic ppm)            (atomic ppm)                       (V)    α                                   V(1 mA)______________________________________227   5          5          501    5    4.24228   &#34;          6          396    20   2.22229   &#34;          10         252    77   1.82230   &#34;          16         213    86   1.65231   &#34;          30         191    90   1.56232   &#34;          90         189    83   1.43233   &#34;          220        194    61   1.38234   &#34;          430        184    31   1.66235   &#34;          700        160    10   1.84236   10         10         506    6    4.24237   &#34;          11         400    22   2.23238   &#34;          16         254    78   1.87239   &#34;          22         246    85   1.62240   &#34;          35         191    90   1.58241   &#34;          90         191    84   1.44242   &#34;          220        196    63   1.38243   &#34;          430        186    35   1.64244   &#34;          700        162    15   1.86245   20         20         511    5    4.24246   &#34;          21         404    20   2.25247   &#34;          28         256    77   1.83248   &#34;          36         217    86   1.63249   &#34;          52         192    92   1.56250   &#34;          110        193    80   1.43251   &#34;          250        197    61   1.40252   &#34;          450        188    31   1.66253   &#34;          700        163    11   1.86254   50         50         516    5    4.24255   &#34;          51         407    19   2.24256   &#34;          60         258    76   1.85257   &#34;          68         215    87   1.67258   &#34;          84         996    92   1.58259   &#34;          150        195    80   1.42260   &#34;          320        199    63   1.39261   &#34;          560        190    33   1.64262   &#34;          900        165    10   1.89263   100        100        521    5    4.21264   &#34;          102        412    19   2.21265   &#34;          110        261    76   1.83266   &#34;          120        222    87   1.63267   &#34;          140        197    89   1.59268   &#34;          230        196    81   1.41269   &#34;          420        201    62   1.39270   &#34;          700        192    29   1.63271   &#34;          1100       167    9    1.84272   200        200        530    5    4.25273   &#34;          202        419    19   2.27274   &#34;          220        267    75   1.89275   &#34;          230        226    84   1.67276   &#34;          260        201    87   1.84277   &#34;          380        200    77   1.44278   &#34;          640        206    58   1.42279   &#34;          960        195    30   1.67280   &#34;          1500       169    11   1.89281   500        500        543    6    4.32282   &#34;          502        426    17   2.28283   &#34;          520        281    71   1.88284   &#34;          580        230    80   1.67285   &#34;          620        204    82   1.64286   &#34;          800        206    77   1.45287   &#34;          1300       209    61   1.43288   &#34;          1800       201    28   1.68289   &#34;          2600       173    9    1.92290   1000       1000       553    6    4.50291   &#34;          1010       437    17   2.43292   &#34;          1080       279    62   1.90293   &#34;          1100       235    77   1.72294   &#34;          1200       209    79   1.70295   &#34;          1600       208    71   1.52296   &#34;          2500       217    60   1.46297   &#34;          3400       203    19   1.74298   &#34;          4500       177    8    1.99299   2000       2000       888    4    5.63300   &#34;          2010       745    11   3.40301   &#34;          2100       534    11   2.19302   &#34;          2300       545    12   1.94303   &#34;          2400       414    10   1.94034   &#34;          3200       441    12   1.93305   &#34;          5000       470    13   2.05306   &#34;          7000       413    8    2.10307   &#34;          9800       347    5    2.84______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 6______________________________________ Amount of Li            Amount of GaSample added      added       V(1 mA)    V(40 A)No.   (atomic ppm)            (atomic ppm)                        (V)    α                                   V(1 mA)______________________________________308   5          5           502     6  4.24309   &#34;          6           397    20  2.23310   &#34;          10          253    76  1.82311   &#34;          16          214    86  1.66312   &#34;          30          192    89  1.56313   &#34;          90          190    83  1.43314   &#34;          220         195    60  1.39315   &#34;          430         185    31  1.68316   &#34;          700         161    10  1.85317   10         10          507     7  4.24318   &#34;          11          401    22  2.24319   &#34;          16          255    77  1.87321   &#34;          22          247    85  1.63321   &#34;          35          192    89  1.58322   &#34;          90          192    84  1.45323   &#34;          220         197    62  1.38324   &#34;          430         187    35  1.64325   &#34;          700         163    14  1.87326   20         20          513     6  4.25327   &#34;          21          405    20  2.25328   &#34;          28          258    76  1.84329   &#34;          36          219    86  1.63330   &#34;          52          194    91  1.57331   &#34;          110         194    79  1.43332   &#34;          250         199    61  1.41333   &#34;          450         189    30  1.66334   &#34;          700         165    11  1.87335   50         50          518     6  4.25336   &#34;          51          409    19  2.24337   &#34;          60          260    75  1.85338   &#34;          68          217    87  1.68339   &#34;          84          998    91  1.58340   &#34;          150         196    80  1.43341   &#34;          320         201    62  1.39342   &#34;          560         191    33  1.65343   &#34;          900         166    10  1.90344   100        100         523     5  4.24345   &#34;          102         413    19  2.22346   &#34;          110         263    75  1.83347   &#34;          120         223    87  1.61348   &#34;          140         198    88  1.59349   &#34;          230         198    81  1.42350   &#34;          420         203    61  1.39351   &#34;          700         193    29  1.64352   &#34;          1100        168    10  1.85353   200        200         533     5  4.25354   &#34;          202         421    19  2.28355   &#34;          220         268    74  1.90356   &#34;          230         227    84  1.67357   &#34;          260         202    86  1.64358   &#34;          380         201    77  1.44359   &#34;          640         207    57  1.43360   &#34;          960         197    30  1.68361   &#34;          1500        171    10  1.90362   500        500         544     6  4.34363   &#34;          502         427    17  2.29364   &#34;          520         282    70  1.90365   &#34;          580         231    80  1.69366   &#34;          620         205    81  1.65367   &#34;          800         207    77  1.45368   &#34;          1300        211    60  1.43369   &#34;          1800        202    28  1.69370   &#34;          2600        174     9  1.93371   1000       1000        554     6  4.51372   &#34;          1010        438    17  2.44373   &#34;          1080        280    61  1.91374   &#34;          1100        236    76  1.72375   &#34;          1200        210    79  1.71376   &#34;          1600        209    70  1.53377   &#34;          2500        218    60  1.46378   &#34;          3400        241    18  1.75379   &#34;          4500        178     8  2.01380   2000       2000        889     4  5.64381   &#34;          2010        746    10  3.41382   &#34;          2100        535    11  2.20383   &#34;          2200        548    12  1.95384   &#34;          2400        415    10  1.94385   &#34;          3200        442    11  1.93386   &#34;          5000        471    12  2.06387   &#34;          7000        413     8  2.19388   &#34;          9800        348     5  2.85______________________________________