Abstract:
A recording and reproducing apparatus for reproducing an immediately preceding recorded image includes recording circuitry for recording an input image signal on a recording medium. Reproducing circuitry is provided for reproducing an image signal recorded on the median. Control circuitry is provided for causing, immediately after the recording of an image signal for a plurality of consecutive frames on the recording medium, the reproducing circuitry to reproduce a specific still image signal from among the plurality of frames without a manual instruction being provided to the reproducing circuitry.

Description:
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/086,575 filed Jul. 6, 1993, now abandoned, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/531,644 filed Jun. 1, 1990, now abandoned. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to a still image recording and reproducing system. 
     2. Related Background Art 
     In the Electronic Still Video Meeting held recently, a format for recording still images on a small size magnetic disk, i.e., a still video floppy, was prescribed. In the prescribed format, one field of an image signal is recorded on a single circular track, while one frame of a video signal is recorded using two tracks. 
     An electronic still camera is proposed and commercialized, which uses such a still video floppy as an image recording medium for recording still images picked up by a solid-state image pickup element. Such an electronic still camera, like a conventional still camera using silver chloride film as the recording medium, has a serial copy mode. 
     In such an electronic still camera with such a serial copy function, in a serial copy mode a video signal of the picked-up image is recorded on the still video floppy, while for monitoring a picked-up image, a signal prior to recording on the still video floppy is output to an electronic view finder or like image monitor. 
     With such an arrangement, however, the image that is observed with the image monitor in the serial copy mode is not always the same as the image recorded on the still video floppy. This means that confirmation of the recorded image requires an operation of setting up a reproduction mode, moving a magnetic head to a track on which the intended image is recorded, and reproducing the recorded image. This is very inconvenient. 
     It may be thought to arrange the systems such that immediately after recording on the still video floppy in serial copy mode, the recorded signal is reproduced and output to the image monitor to permit observation and confirmation of the recorded image itself. In such case, however, the serial copy speed is limited by the time required for the reproduction. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the invention is to provide a recording and reproducing system which can solve the above problems. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide a system which permits satisfactory reproduction of a recorded image even in the serial copy mode. 
     To attain the above objects of the invention, there is provided a still image recording and reproducing system for recording still images on a recording medium and reproducing these recorded images therefrom, which is provided with control means for automatically reproducing the image last recorded in a serial copy mode, thus permitting simple confirmation of the recorded image in a case when continuously recording a plurality of still images as in the serial copy mode. 
     A further object of the invention is to provide a recording and reproducing system which provides satisfactory operation control properties even when it is desired to reproduce an image for confirmation immediately after the image is picked up. 
    
    
     The above and other objects and features of the invention will become more apparent from the following description of the embodiments with reference to the drawings. 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram representation of a first embodiment of the invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a flow chart illustrating the operation of the first embodiment; 
     FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating a separate operation of the same embodiment; 
     FIG. 4 is block diagram representation of a second embodiment of the invention; 
     FIGS. 5 to  7  are flow charts illustrating the operation of the second embodiment; 
     FIG. 8 is a block diagram representation of a third embodiment of the invention; and 
     FIGS. 9 and 10 are flow charts illustrating the operation of the third embodiment. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Now, preferred embodiments of the invention will be described with reference to the drawings. 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram representation of one embodiment of the invention. Reference numeral  10  designates a video input terminal,  12  a recording processing circuit,  14  a recording/reproduction switch,  16  a magnetic head,  18  a still video floppy (hereinafter referred to as floppy),  20  a spindle motor for rotating the floppy,  22  a head driver for driving magnetic head  16  in the radial direction of floppy  18 ,  24  a motor driver for driving motor  20 ,  26  a reproduction processing circuit,  28  a switch for selecting either repoduction video signal from reproduction processing circuit  26  or an input video signal supplied to video input terminal  10 ,  30  a video output terminal,  32  a system controller for controlling the entire system,  34  a switch unit consisting of a plurality of switches for providing predetermined instructions to system controller  32 , and  36  a display for displaying the operating state, errors, etc. 
     FIG. 2 is a flow chart illustrating the operation of the embodiment. The operation of the system shown in FIG. 1 will now be described with reference to FIG.  2 . After start (step S 1 ), a recording standby state is set up (step S 2 ). Then, when a recording standby switch in switch unit  34  is turned on, switch  28  is switched to the side of video input terminal  10  to output the input video signal from video output terminal  30  (step S 3 ). Then, a state of waiting a recording instruction is set up by a recording button provided in switch unit  34  (step S 4 ). When the recording button is depressed (step S 4 ), one frame recording is effected (step S 5 ), and a check is done as to whether single copy or serial copy is in effect (step S 6 ). In the case of single copy, a check is done as to whether there is a review mode or a recording mode (step S 11 ). In the case of the recording mode, magnetic head  16  is moved to the next track (step S 16 ), thus setting up the recording standby state again (step S 2 ). In the case of review mode (step S 11 ), the recorded image is reproduced and output from video output terminal  30  (step S 12 ). If there is a track advancement instruction (step S 13 ), track advancement is effected (step S 14 ), and the routine goes back to step S 3 . If there is no track advancement instruction (step S 13 ), the routine goes back to step S 13  so long as the recording standby state is in force. So long as the recording standby state is in force, the routine then goes back to step S 2  (step S 15 ). 
     If it is found in step S 6  to be the case of serial copy, a serial copy timer is reset (step S 7 ). Then, so long as the recording button is held depressed in copy time (step S 8 ), the moving of the head to the next track (step S 10 ) and one frame recording (step S 5 ) are repeatedly performed whenever the copy time is passed. When the recording button is released, the routine goes to step S 11 , and the above routine (steps S 11  through S 16 ) is executed. In other words, in the case of review mode, the image of the immediately preceding recorded track is reproduced (step S 12 ), thus permitting the recorded image to be confirmed. 
     FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating an altered operation. After start (step S 31 ), the recording standby state is set up (step S 32 ). Then, when the recording standby switch in switch unit  34  is turned on, switch  28  is switched to the side of video input terminal  10  to output the input video signal from video output terminal  30  (step S 33 ), and then the state of waiting for a recording instruction is set up by the recording button (step S 34 ). When the recording button is depressed (step S 34 ), one frame recording is effected (step S 35 ), and a check is done as to whether single copy or serial copy is in force (step S 36 ). In the case of single copy, a check is done as to whether there is a recording mode or a review mode, (step S 41 ). In the case of the recording mode, magnetic heads  16  is moved to the next track to set up the recording standby state again, and the routine goes to step S 33  (step S 34 ). In the case of review mode,(step S 41 ), a review timer is reset (step S 42 ), and the recorded image on the track at this instant is reproduced and output from video output terminal  30  (step S 43 ). If there is a track advancement instruction in review time (step S 44  and S 45 ) track advancement is effected (step S 46 ), and the routine goes back to step S 33 . When the review time is passed (step S 44 ), the head is moved to the next track to set up the recording standby state again, and the routine goes to step S 33  (step S 47 ). 
     If it is found in step S 36  to be in the case of serial copy, the serial copy timer is reset (step S 37 ), and so long as the recording button is held depressed in the serial copy time (step S 38 ) the movement of the head to the next track (step S 40 ) and one frame recording (step S 35 ) are repeatedly performed whenever the serial copy time is passed. When the recording button is released, the routine goes to step S 41 , and the above routine (steps S 41  through S 47 ) is executed. In other words, in the case of review mode the image of the immediately preceding recorded track is reproduced (step S 43 ) to permit the recorded image to be confirmed. 
     It is to be understood from the above that in this embodiment the last recorded image in the serial copy is automatically reproduced to permit automatic confirmation of the recorded content. The recorded content thus can be confirmed quickly and easily. 
     The next embodiment of the invention concerns a recording and reproducing system in which the immediately preceding recorded image is reproduced automatically holding recording instruction means in a predetermined state, thus dispensing with a cumbersome operation of setting up a review mode for the confirmation of the recorded image. 
     FIG. 4 is a block diagram representation of a second embodiment of the invention. Reference numeral  110  designates a magnetic disk with  50  tracks of No. 1 to No. 50 from the outermost track,  112  a recording/reproducing magnetic head,  114  a motor for driving magnetic disk  110 ,  116  a servo circuit for controlling the revolving rate of motor  114  to a predetermined value,  118  a head moving mechanism for moving magnetic head  112  in the radial direction of magnetic disk  110  to a position corresponding to a designated track,  120  a stepping motor for providing a drive force to head moving mechanism  118 ,  122  an innermost track detection switch which is turned on when magnetic head  112  is brought to the position corresponding to the innermost track, and  124  a disk detection switch for detecting the setting of magnetic disk  110 . 
     Reference numeral  126  designates a pickup unit for converting optical image from optical system  127  into electric signal,  128  a recording signal processing circuit for converting the output signal of pickup circuit  126  into a signal suited for recording on magnetic disk  110  through such recording signal processing as gamma correction and frequency modulation, and  130  a recording amplifier. Reference numeral  131  designates a switch which is switched to the side of contact a for reproduction and to the side of contact c for recording. Reference numeral  132  designates a reproduction amplifier. Reference numeral  134  designates a reproduction amplifier, and  134  is a reproduction signal processing circuit for producing a reproduction video signal through reproduction signal processing such as frequency demodulation on the output of reproduction amplifier  132 . Reference numeral  138  is a detection circuit for envelope detecting the output of reproduction amplifier  132 , and  140  is a comparator for comparing the output voltage from detection circuit  138  to a predetermined reference voltage. 
     Reference numeral  142  designates a main controller for controlling the individual circuits noted above,  144  a switch for providing a track-up instruction, and  146  a switch for providing a track-down instruction. Reference numeral  148  designates a switch for instructing a preparation for recording operation, and  150  is a switch for instructing the execution of the recording operation. Switch  148  is turned on by depressing a push switch, and switch  150  is turned on by further depressing the push switch. Reference numeral  152  designates a recording/reproduction mode designation switch, which is switched to the side of contact a when setting up a recording mode and to the side of contact c when setting up a reproduction mode. Reference numeral  154  designates a switch for designating either single copy (S) or serial copy (C), and  156  is a power source switch for connecting the system to a power source. 
     Reference numeral  158  designates a DC power supply consisting of a battery or an AC adopter, and  160 ,  162 ,  164 ,  166  and  168  are regulators for forming power source voltages necessary for individual circuits from the output voltage of power supply  158 . The outputs of these regulators are on-off controlled by control signals E 1  to E 4  from main controller  142  and switch  156 . Regulator  160  supplies power to recording amplifier  130  and also to recording signal processing circuit  128 , regulator  162  supplies power to pickup circuit  126 , regulator  164  supplies power to reproduction signal processing circuit  134 , and regulator  166  supplies power to detection circuit  138  and comparator circuit  140 . Regulator  168  applies switch state detection voltages through a pull-up resistor to each of switches  144  to  154  and supplies operating power to servo circuit  116  and main controller  142 . 
     The operation of the system shown in FIG. 4 will now be described. The output voltage of power supply  158  is applied directly to power source switch  156 . When switch  156  is turned on, regulator  168  detects this and supplies power supply voltage Vcc 5  to servo circuit  116  and also to main controller  142  and further through pull-up resistors to switches  144  to  154 . Now, the operation will be described with reference to the flow charts shown in FIGS. 5 to  7 . When power source switch  156  is turned on (step S 1 ), power is supplied to main controller  142  in the manner as described above. At this instant, control signals E 1  to E 4  are all “low”, and thus regulators  160  to  166  are all inoperative. When main controller  142  is informed by disk detection switch  124  of the loading of magnetic disk  10  (step S 2 ), it operates servo circuit  116  to rotate disk  110  at a constant speed (step S 3 ). Then, it checks from the output of innermost track detection switch  122  as to whether magnetic head  112  is at a position corresponding to track No. 50, i.e., the innermost track (step S 4 ) and moves head  112  inwards until reaching thereby the position corresponding to the innermost track (step S 5 ). 
     When magnetic head  112  is brought to the position corresponding to the innermost track, switch  131  is switched to the side of contact a to make control signal E 4  “on” (step S 6 ). When control signal E 4  becomes “on”, regulator  166  supplies power to reproducing amplifier  132 , detection circuit  138  and comparator  140 . Then, the reproduction output from the track is supplied through reproduction amplifier  132  to detection circuit  138 , and comparator  140  compares the output of detection circuit  138  to a predetermined reference level. Whether recording is completed or not can be checked from the result of the comparison noted above. If recording has not been completed, magnetic head  112  is moved for track-down by one track after another (step S 9 ) until a track, on which the recording has been completed, is found (step S 7 ) or until the position corresponding to track No. 1 is reached (step S 8 ). 
     If a track, on which recording has been completed, is found (step S 7 ), main control circuit  142  executes a check from the output of recording/reproduction mode switch  152  as to whether there is a recording mode (step S 10 ). Unless there is the recording mode, the routine goes to step S 8 . If there is the recording mode, a check as to whether the head is at the position corresponding to track No. 50 is done (step S 11 ). If the head is at track No. 50, servo circuit  116  is turned off to stop magnetic disk  110 , while control signal E 4  is made “low” to render regulator  166  inoperative (step S 13 ). Unless the head is at track No. 50 (step S 11 ), the head is moved track-up by one track, and then servo circuit  116  is turned off to make control signal E 4  “low” and render regulator  166  inoperative (step S 12 ). The routine then goes to step S 14 . 
     If it is found in step S 8  that the head is at track No. 1, after step S 12  a check as to whether there is the recording mode is done (step S 14 ). If the recording mode is not provided, control signal E 3  is made “high” to render regulator  164  operative and wait for a key input (step S 15 ). With regulator  164  rendered operative, video signal processing ciruit  134  is rendered operative to produce reproduction video signal. If the recording mode is provided, a key input is waited for (step S 16 ). 
     As has been shown, if the recording mode is provided at the time of the loading of magnetic disk  110 , the head is moved outwardly from the innermost track while checking whether recording on each track has been completed, thus bringing the head to a position corresponding to a non-recorded track next to the innermost recorded track, and a key input is waited for. If track  50  is a recorded track, the operation in the recording mode is ended. In the case of the reproduction mode, the head is moved outwardly from the innermost track. That is, magnetic head  112  is first brought to the position corresponding to track No. 1, a reproduced signal from track No. 1 is provided from the reproduction video output terminal, and a key input is waited for. 
     Now, the actual recording operation will be described. When the routine goes from step S 16  to step S 17  in FIG. 6, a check as to whether the recording mode is provided is done (step S 17 ). If the recording mode is not provided, servo circuit  116  is rendered operative to make control signal E 2  “low” and render regulator  162  inoperative (step S 31 ). The routine then goes to step S 6  in FIG. 5 to set up the reproduction mode. If the recording mode is provided, turning on recording preparation switch  148  (step S 18 ) renders servo circuit  116  operative, thus driving magnetic disk  110 , making control signal E 2  “high” and rendering pickup circuit  126  operative. With recording switch  150  turned on, control signal E 1  is made “high” to render recording signal processing circuit  128  and recording amplifier  130  operative (step S 21 ), have switch  131  switched to the side of contact c for a period of 1 V and record image signals from pickup circuit  126  on the track, which magnetic head  112  is at a position corresponding to (step S 22 ). Then, control signal E 1  is made “low” to turn off the power supply to recording signal processing circuit  128  and recording amplifier  130  (step S 23 ). 
     If recording switch  150  remains “on” (step S 24 ), a check as to whether serial copy is in force is done according to the output of S/C switch  154  (step S 25 ). If the serial copy is not in force, control signal E 2  is made “low” to turn off the power supply to pickup circuit  126 , switch  131  is switched to the side of contact a, and control signals E 3  and E 4  are made “high” to permit power supply to reproduction amplifier  122  and also to reproduction signal processing circuit  134  (step S 26 ). As a result, a reproduced image signal of the immediately preceding recorded image is output from the reproduced image output terminal. The routine then goes back to step S 24 . 
     When recording-switch  150  is “off” (step S 24 ) or when recording switch  150  is “on” while serial copy is in force (step S 25 ), control signals E 3  and E 4  are made “low” to turn off the power supply to reproduction amplifier  132  and also to reproduction signal processing circuit  134  (step S 27 ). If the current track is not track No. 50, the head is moved for track-up by one track (step S 29 ), and the routine goes to step S 17 . If the current track is track No. 50, control signal E 2  is made “low” to turn off power supply to pickup circuit  126  (step S 30 ), and the routine goes to step S 31  in FIG. 5, thus bringing an end to the routine. 
     If will be seen from steps S 24  to S 29  in FIG. 6 that if recording switch  150  is continually held “on” after execution of recording, in other case than serial copy the reproduction mode is automatically set up, and the immediately preceding recorded image is reproduced and output. In the case of serial copy, recording is performed while magnetic head  112  is moved inwardly until track No. 50 is recorded. 
     Now, an operation subsequent to the setting of the key input waiting state in the reproduction mode (step S 15 ) will be described. In this case, the routine goes from step S 15  to step S 40  in FIG. 7 to execute a check as to whether the reproduction mode is provided (step S 40 ). If the reproduction mode is not provided, control signals E 3  and E 4  are made “low” to turn off power supply reproduction amplifier  132  and reproduction signal processing circuit  134 , and the routine then goes to step S 4  in FIG.  5 . In the reproduction mode (step S 40 ), up- and down-switches  144  and  146  are checked (steps S 41  and S 42 ). If up-switch  144  is “on” while the current track is not track No. 50 (step S 46 ), magnetic head  112  is moved inwardly by one track (step S 47 ). When up-switch  144  is turned off, the routine goes back to step S 40 . If down-switch  142  is “on” while the current track is not track No. 1 (step S 43 ), magnetic head  112  is moved outwardly (step S 44 ). When down-switch  146  is turned off (step S 45 ), the routine goes back to step S 40 . If up- and down-switches  144  and  146  are not both “on”, the routine goes back to step S 40 . 
     In this embodiment, the power supply is controlled more sophisticatedly in the recording and reproduction modes according to control signals E 1  to E 4  to permit reduction of power consumption and more efficient use of power. 
     As has been shown, in this embodiment by continually holding the recording switch “on” after recording an image in single copy mode the recorded image is automatically reproduced to permit quick confirmation of the recorded image. 
     Now, a further embodiment will be described, in which an image designated in advance can be reproduced after a serial copy operation, thus simplifying the operation of confirming the recorded image. The embodiment will now be described with reference to the drawings. 
     FIG. 8 is a block diagram representation of a third embodiment of the invention. Elements in FIG. 8 other than those in FIG. 1 will be described. Referring to FIG. 8, reference numeral  234  designates a switch unit including a plurality of switches for inputting predetermined instructions to main controller  232 . The unit includes switches for setting recording standby, recording, reproduction and review modes and also auto-review and manual review modes and also setting the first track No. in the auto-review mode. Reference numeral  236  designates a display for displaying the operating state, errors, etc. Reference numeral  238  designates a memory, which memorizes the start position or number of frames in the serial copy in this system. 
     FIGS. 9 and 10 are flow charts illustrating the operation of the embodiment. The operation of the system shown in FIG. 8 will now be described with reference to FIGS. 9 and 10. First, a check as to whether a review track has been set in the auto-review mode for serial copy is done with a switch in switch unit  234  (step S 00 ). If the review track setting exists, the set number is input to memory  238  (step S 0 ). After start (step S 1 ) a recording standby state is set up (step S 2 ). When a recording standby switch in switch unit  234  is subsequently operated, switch  28  is switched to the side of video input terminal  10  to output an input video signal from video output terminal  30  (step S 3 ). Then a state of waiting for an instruction for recording is brought about by a recording button (step S 4 ). When the recording button is depressed (step S 4 ), one frame recording is executed (step S 5 ), and a check as to whether single or serial copy is in force is done (step S 6 ). In case of single copy, a check as to whether there is a recording mode or a review mode is done (step S 11 ). In the recording mode, magnetic head  16  is moved to the next track (step S 12 ) to bring about the recording standby state (steps S 2  through S 4 ). 
     In the review mode (step S 11 ), a check as to whether the mode is manual (M) or auto (A) is done (step S 13 ). If the mode is manual, a check as to whether the serial or single copy is in force is done (step S 14 ). If the serial copy is in force, the track to be reviewed, as set in steps S 00  and S 0 , is read out from memory  238 , and head  16  is moved to that track. If the single copy is in force, reproduction is performed at that track (step S 17 ). As data which is set in memory  238 , a relative number is input, such as the second track or last but one track in serial copy tracks. It is possible to input a frame number instead of a track number. During the reproduction, a track movement instruction or release of the recording standby button is waited for (steps S 18  and S 19 ). If the recording standby button is released in the absence of a track movement instruction, a state of waiting for the operation of the recording standby button is set up (step S 2 ). When a track movement instruction is provided (step S 18 ), in the case of single copy (step S 20 ) the head is moved to the instructed track (step S 23 ) to output the input video signal (step S 3 ). If a track movement instruction for serial copy is provided (step S 21 ) in the serial copy mode (S 20 ), the head is moved to that track (step S 22 ), and the image is reproduced (step S 17 ). If no track movement instruction for serial copy is provided (step S 21 ) in the serial copy mode (step S 20 ), the head is moved to the instructed track (step S 23 ), and an input video signal output state is set up (step S 3 ). 
     If serial copy mode is provided (step S 24 ) in the auto mode (step S 13 ) in the review mode (step S 11 ), the number data stored in memory  238  is read out (step S 25 ), the head is moved to the set track according to the read-out number (step S 26 ), and an interval reproduction time is set (step S 27 ), an interval reproduction time is reset (step S 28 ), and reproduction is performed (step S 29 ). In the case of single copy (step S 24 ), an interval reproduction time is set (step S 27 ), the interval reproduction timer is reset (step S 28 ), and reproduction is performed (step S 29 ). 
     When a track movement instruction is provided while the interval time has not yet been passed (steps S 30  and S 31 ), in the case of single copy the head is moved to that track (step S 23 ), and an input video signal output state is set up (step S 3 ). In the case of serial copy (step S 32 ), if the current track is a track of serial copy (step S 33 ), the head is moved to that track (step S 34 ), the interval reproduction timer is reset, reproduction of the image from that track is performed (steps S 28  and S 29 ). If the track is not a track of serial copy (step S 33 ), the head is moved to that track (step S 23 ), and the input video signal output state is set up (step S 3 ). 
     When the interval time has been passed, in the case of single copy the head is moved to the next track (step S 12 ), and the input video signal output state is set up (step S 3 ). If the track is the last track in serial copy (step S 36 ) in case of serial copy, the head is moved to the next track (step S 12 ), and an input video signal output state is set up (step S 3 ). If the current track is not the last track of serial copy (step S 36 ), the head is moved to the next track (step S 37 ), the interval reproduction timer is reset (step S 28 ), and reproduction of the image from that track is performed (step S 29 ). 
     In summary, if the single copy review mode is a manual mode, the recorded image is reproduced, and if a track movement instruction is provided, the input video signal is output to set up the recording standby state. If the serial copy review mode is a manual mode, the recorded image on a track (for instance the first track, the second track or the last track) is reproduced. If the track is in the serial copy, reproduction can be executed. If the track is not so, the input video signal is output, and the recording standby state is set up. 
     If the serial copy review mode is an auto-mode, reproduction of data from that track is executed for a constant period of time after the recording, and then the head is moved to the next track, the input video signal is output, and the recording standby state is provided. If the serial copy review mode is an auto-mode, after completion of serial copy the reproduction is started from a preset track (for instance the first, second or last track in the serial copy), interval reproduction is performed up to the last track, then the head is moved to the next track, the input video signal is output, and the recording standby state is set up. 
     In the above case, interval reproduction from a track which is set after recording to the last track in the serial copy is done if the serial copy review mode is an auto-mode, it is also possible to execute in this case an interval reproduction from the first track of the serial copy to a designated track. 
     As has been shown, in this embodiment a review mode for reproducing a recorded image after recording is provided to permit manual review or auto-review in either case of serial or single copy, thus facilitating the confirmation of recorded image. 
     In the embodiments of FIGS. 1 and 8, on image pickup system as shown at  126  to  128  in FIG. 4 is not particularly shown, but it is to be understood that such an image pickup system may be provided. 
     Further, while in the above embodiments use is made of a magnetic disk as the recording medium, this is by no means limitative, and it is possible to use magnetic tape, optical disk, opto-magnetic disk, semiconductor memory, etc. as well.