Abstract:
A compressed antenna in a volume, with one or more of the compressed antennas suitable for use in the front ends of small communications devices. The compressed antennas operate for exchanging energy in one or more bands of radiation frequencies. The antennas include one or more radiation elements formed of conducting electrically connected so as to exchange energy in one or more of the bands of the radiation frequencies. One or more of the radiation elements has segments three-dimensionally arrayed and compressed in a volume.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    The present invention relates to the field of communication devices that communicate using radiation of electromagnetic energy and particularly relates to antennas and radio frequency (RF) front ends for such communication devices, particularly antennas for small communication devices carried by persons or communication devices otherwise benefitting from small-sized antennas and small-sized front ends.  
           [0002]    Small communication devices include front-end RF components connected to base-band components (base components). The front-end components operate at RF frequencies and the base components operate at intermediate frequencies (IF) or other frequencies lower than RF frequencies. The RF front-end components for small devices have proved to be difficult to design and miniaturize. The antenna and other front-end components contribute a significant amount of the cost of small communication devices. The size of the antenna and its connection to the other RF components must be reduced in size in order to reduce the size of communication devices.  
           [0003]    Communication devices that both transmit and receive with different transmit and receive bands typically use filters (duplexers, diplexers) to isolate the transmit and receive bands. Such communication devices typically employ broadband antennas that operate over frequency bands that are wider than the operating bands of interest and therefore filters are used to separate the receive (Rx) band and the transmit (Tx) band of a communication device. A communication device using transmit and receive bands for two-way communication is often referred to as a “single-band” communication device since the transmit and receive bands are usually close to each other within the frequency spectrum and are paired or otherwise related to each other for a common transmit/receive protocol. Dual-band communication devices use two pairs of transmit and receive bands, each pair for two-way communication. In multi-band communication devices, multiple pairs of transmit and receive bands are employed, each pair for two-way communication. In dual-band and other multi-band communication devices, filters or other mechanisms are needed to separate the multiple bands and to separate transmit and receive signals within each of the multiple bands. In standard designs, a Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) is included between the antenna and a mixer. The mixer converts between RF frequencies of the front-end components and lower frequencies of the base components.  
           [0004]    The common frequency bands presently employed include GSM 900, GSM 1800, DCS 1800 and PCS 1900 where the frequency ranges are as follows:  
                                                       Frequency Ranges                           US Cell    824-894 MHz           GSM 900    890-960 MHz           GSM 1800   1710-1880 MHz           GSM 1900 (PCS)   1850-1990 MHz                      
 
           [0005]    Communication Antennas Generally. In communication devices and other electronic devices, antennas are elements having the primary function of transferring energy to (in the receive mode) or from (in the transmit mode) the electronic device through radiation. Energy is transferred from the electronic device (in the transmit mode) into space or is transferred (in the receive mode) from space into the electronic device. A transmitting antenna is a structure that forms a transition between guided waves contained within the electronic device and space waves traveling in space external to the electronic device. The receiving antenna forms a transition between space waves traveling external to the electronic device and guided waves contained within the electronic device. Often the same antenna operates both to receive and transmit radiation energy.  
           [0006]    Frequencies at which antennas radiate are resonant frequencies for the antenna. A resonant frequency, f, of an antenna can have many different values as a function, for example, of dielectric constant of material surrounding an antenna, the type of antenna, the geometry of the antenna and the speed of light.  
           [0007]    In general, wave-length, λ, is given by λ=c/f=cT where c=velocity of light (=3×10 8  meters/sec), f=frequency (cycles/sec), T 1/f=period (sec). Typically, the antenna dimensions such as antenna length, A t , relate to the radiation wavelength λ of the antenna. The electrical impedance properties of an antenna are allocated between a radiation resistance, R t , and an ohmic resistance, R o . The higher the ratio of the radiation resistance, R t , to the ohmic resistance, R o  the greater the radiation efficiency of the antenna.  
           [0008]    Antennas are frequently analyzed with respect to the near field and the far field where the far field is at locations of space points P where the amplitude relationships of the fields approach a fixed relationship and the relative angular distribution of the field becomes independent of the distance from the antenna.  
           [0009]    Antenna Types. A number of different antenna types are well known and include, for example, loop antennas, small loop antennas, dipole antennas, stub antennas, conical antennas, helical antennas and spiral antennas. Such antenna types have often been based on simple geometric shapes. For example, antenna designs have been based on lines, planes, circles, triangles, squares, ellipses, rectangles, hemispheres and paraboloids. The two most basic types of electromagnetic field radiators are the magnetic dipole and the electric dipole. Small antennas, including loop antennas, often have the property that radiation resistance, R t , of the antenna decreases sharply when the antenna length is shortened.  
           [0010]    An antenna radiates when the impedance of the antenna approaches being purely resistive (the reactive component approaches 0). Impedance is a complex number consisting of real resistance and imaginary reactance components. A matching network can be used to force resonance by eliminating reactive components of impedance for particular frequencies.  
           [0011]    The RF front end of a communication device that operates to both transmit and receive signals includes antenna, filter, amplifier and mixer components that have a receiver path and a transmitter path. The receiver path operates to receive the radiation through the antenna. The antenna is matched at its output port to a standard impedance such as 50 ohms. The antenna captures the radiation signal from the air and transfers it as an electronic signal to a transmission line at the antennas output port. The electronic signal from the antenna enters the filter which has an input port that has also been matched to the standard impedance. The function of the filter is to remove unwanted interference and separate the receive signal from the transmit signal. The filter typically has an output port matched to the standard impedance. After the filter, the receive signal travels to a low noise amplifier (LNA) which similarly has input and output ports matched to the standard impedance, 50 ohms in the assumed example. The LNA boosts the signal to a level large enough so that other energy leaking into the transmission line will not significantly distort the receive signal. After the LNA, the receive signal is filtered with a high performance filter which has input and output ports matched to the standard impedance. After the high performance filter, the receive signal is converted to a lower frequency (intermediate frequency, IF) by a mixer which typically has an input port matched to the standard impedance.  
           [0012]    The transmit path is much the same as the receive path. The lower frequency transmission signal from the base components is converted to an RF signal in the mixer and leaves the mixer which has a standard impedance output (for example, 50 ohms in the present example). The transmission signal from the mixer is “cleaned up” by a high performance filter which similarly has input and output ports matched to the standard impedance. The transmission signal is then buffered in a buffer amplifier and amplified in a power amplifier where the amplifiers are connected together with standard impedance lines, 50 ohms in the present example. The transmission signal is then connected to a filter, with input and output ports matched to the standard impedance. The filter functions to remove the remnant noise introduced by the receive signal. The filter output is matched to the standard impedance and connects to the antenna which has an input impedance matched to the standard impedance.  
           [0013]    As described above, the antenna, filter, amplifier and mixer components that form the RF front end of a small communication device each have ports that are connected together from component port to component port to form a transmission path and a receive path. Each port of a component is sometimes called a junction. For a standard design, the junction properties of each component in the transmission path and in the receive path are matched to standard parameters at each junction, and specifically are matched to a standard junction impedance such as 50 ohms. In addition to impedance values, each junction is also definable by additional parameters including scattering matrix values and transmittance matrix values. The junction impedance values, scattering matrix values and transmittance matrix values are mathematically related so that measurement or other determination of one value allows the calculation of the others.  
           [0014]    Typical front-end designs place constraints upon the physical junctions of each component and treat each component as a discrete entity which is designed in many respects independently of the designs of other components provided that the standard matching junction parameter values are maintained. While the discrete nature of components with standard junction parameters tends to simplify the design process, the design of each junction to satisfy standard parameter values (for example, 50 ohms junction impedance) places limitations upon the overall front-end design.  
           [0015]    While many parameters maybe tuned and optimized in RF front ends, the antenna is a critical part of the design. In order to miniaturize the RF front end, miniaturization of the antenna is important to achieve small size. In the prior applications entitled ARRAYED-SEGMENT LOOP ANTENNA (SC/Ser. No. 09/738,906) and LOOP ANTENNA WITH RADIATION AND REFERENCE LOOPS (SC/Ser. No.: 09/815,928) assigned to the same assignee as the present application, compressed antennas were shown to render good performance with small sizes. Those antennas were compressed primarily on a two-dimensional basis by having multiple segments connected in snowflake, irregular and other compressed two-dimensional patterns. Some of those compressed antennas have relatively large “footprints,” that is, the size of the antennas on substrates, circuit boards or other planes is larger than is desired for high compression.  
           [0016]    In consideration of the above background, there is a need for improved antennas having smaller “footprints” for miniaturizing the RF front ends of communication devices.  
         SUMMARY  
         [0017]    The present invention is a compressed antenna in a volume. One or more of the compressed antennas are suitable for use in the front ends of small communications devices. The compressed antennas operate for exchanging energy in one or more bands of radiation frequencies. The antennas include one or more radiation elements formed of conducting electrically connected so as to exchange energy in one or more of the bands of the radiation frequencies. One or more of the radiation elements has segments three-dimensionally arrayed and compressed in a volume.  
           [0018]    In one embodiment, the compressed antenna has the radiation elements deployed on a flexible substrate and the elements and the substrate are folded to fit within a volume.  
           [0019]    In one embodiment, the antenna has radiation elements three-dimensionally arrayed in a volume arrayed to form a three-dimensional loop.  
           [0020]    In one embodiment, the radiation element includes one or more connection pads for electrical connection to RF components of the communication device where the connection pads are suitable for surface mounting to a circuit board.  
           [0021]    The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description in conjunction with the drawings. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0022]    [0022]FIG. 1 depicts a schematic top view of one embodiment of an unfolded compressed antenna lying in a base plane deployed on a flexible substrate.  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 2 depicts a schematic top view of the compressed antenna of FIG. 1 folded on lines into a volume.  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 3 depicts a schematic front view of the compressed antenna of FIG. 1 folded into a volume as shown in FIG. 2.  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 4 depicts a volume for containing the compressed antenna of FIG. 3.  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 5 depicts a schematic top view of another embodiment of the unfolded compressed antenna of FIG. 1 deployed on a flexible substrate.  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 6 depicts a schematic front view of the compressed antenna of FIG. 5 folded in regions into a volume.  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 7 depicts a schematic front view of a compressed antenna folded as in FIG. 6 with dielectric spacers separating folded layers.  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 8 depicts a schematic top view of a compressed antenna rolled into a volume.  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 9 depicts a schematic top view of another embodiment of an unfolded compressed antenna lying in a base plane deployed on a flexible substrate having an unfolded Origami pattern.  
         [0031]    [0031]FIG. 10 depicts a schematic top view of the compressed antenna of FIG. 8 folded along lines of the Origami pattern of FIG. 8.  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 11 depicts a schematic front view of the compressed antenna of FIG. 8 folded into a volume as shown in FIG. 10.  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 12 depicts a schematic isometric view of the compressed antenna of FIG. 8 partially folded into a volume as shown in FIG. 10 and FIG. 10.  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 13 depicts a schematic top view of another embodiment of an unfolded compressed antenna lying in a base plane and deployed on a flexible substrate.  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 14 depicts a schematic front view of the antenna of FIG. 13 rolled for compression into a volume.  
         [0036]    [0036]FIG. 15 depicts a schematic top view of another embodiment of an unfolded compressed antenna.  
         [0037]    [0037]FIG. 16 depicts a top view of a flip-top phone communication device using antennas in accordance with the present invention.  
         [0038]    [0038]FIG. 17 depicts an end view of the communication device of FIG. 16 cut away to reveal the antennas.  
         [0039]    [0039]FIG. 18 depicts a top view of the communication device of FIG. 16 cut away to reveal the antennas.  
         [0040]    [0040]FIG. 19 depicts a top view of another communication device cut away to reveal the antennas inside.  
         [0041]    [0041]FIG. 20 depicts an end sectional view of the communication device of FIG. 19 that reveals an antenna.  
         [0042]    [0042]FIG. 21 depicts a two-dimensional representation of the field pattern of the antenna of FIG. 13 for the US PCS receive R x  band.  
         [0043]    [0043]FIG. 22 depicts a two-dimensional representation of the field pattern of the antenna of FIG. 14 for the US PCS transmit T x  band.  
         [0044]    [0044]FIG. 23 depicts a schematic view of a small communication device with RF front-end functions including separate transmit and receive antennas and other RF function components and including lower frequency base components.  
         [0045]    [0045]FIG. 24 depicts a schematic view of a small communication device with RF front-end functions including a common antenna for transmitting and receiving and other RF function components for transmitting and receiving and including lower frequency base components. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0046]    [0046]FIG. 1 depicts a schematic top view of one embodiment of an unfolded antenna  10  formed of a conductor  12  lying in a base plane (the plane of the drawing) deployed on a flexible substrate  18 . The antenna  10  is formed of regions  10   1 ,  10   2 ,  10   3  and  10   4  where region  10   1  connects to region  10   2 , region  10   2  connects to region  10   3  and region  10   3  connects to region  10   4 . The antenna conductor  12  is formed of sections  12   1 ,  12   2 ,  12   3  and  12   4 , each formed of conducting segments, deployed in regions  10   1 ,  10   2 ,  10   3  and  10   4 , respectively. The section  12   1  connects to section  12   2 , section  12   2  connects to section  12   3  and section  12   3  connects to section  12   4 . The section  12   4  terminates in termination end  11   1  and connection pad  11   2  that are fabricated on substrate  18 . The antenna conductor  12  and sections  12   1 ,  12   2 ,  12   3  and  12   4  form a loop between termination end  11   1  and connection pad  11   2 . The sections  12   1 ,  12   2 ,  12   3  and  12   4  are deployed on the substrate  18  in the regions  10   1 ,  10   2 ,  10   3  and  10   4 , respectively. The overall outside dimensions, D W1  and D L1 , of the antenna  10  are approximately 10 mm and 26 mm, respectively. The antenna conductor  12  and substrate  18  are intended to be folded into a volume along the folding lines  13   1 ,  13   2  and  13   3 .  
         [0047]    [0047]FIG. 2 depicts a schematic top view of the antenna  10 , including the antenna conductor  12  on substrate  18  as shown in FIG. 1, folded into a volume. The view in FIG. 2 is cutaway to show the sections  12   1 ,  12   2 ,  12   3  and  12   4  superimposed and terminating in the connection pads  11 - 1  and  11 - 2  at the bottom of the volume. In FIG. 2, the outside dimensions, D W2  and D L2 , of the antenna  10  are approximately 10 mm and 10 mm, respectively. Accordingly, the projection of the antenna onto a reference base plane (the plane of the drawing) at the bottom of the volume has been reduced from 10 mm×26 mm in FIG. 1 to 10 mm×10 mm in FIG. 2. In FIG. 2, the segments of section  12   3  are superimposed over the segments of section  12   1 . The segments of section  12   2  are superimposed over the segments of section  12   3  and section  12   4 . The segments of section  12   1  are superimposed over the segments of section  12   2 , section  12   3  and section  12   4 . By way of example and as shown in FIG. 1, section  12   1  includes conducting segments  12   1-1 ,  12   1-2 ,  12   1-3 , . . . ,  12   1-10 . Similarly, section  12   3  includes conducting segments  12   3-1  and  12   3-2  among others. Also, section  12   4  includes segments  12   4-1 ,  12   4-2 ,  12   4-3  and  12   4-4 . When antenna  10  is folded as in FIG. 2, the segments  12   1-1 ,  12   1-2 ,  12   1-3 , . . . ,  12   1-10  are superimposed over the segment  12   3-1  and  12   3-2  and over the segments  12   4-1 ,  12   4-2 ,  12   4-3  and  12   4-4  among others. Also, the projections onto the base plane of the segments  12   1-1 ,  12   1-2 ,  12   1-3 , . . . ,  12   1-10  and of the segments  12   3-1  and  12   3-2  overlap. In FIG. 2, the base plane is the region  10   4  supporting the section  12   4  and including segments  12   4-1 ,  12   4-2 ,  12   4-3  and  12   4-4 .  
         [0048]    [0048]FIG. 3 depicts a schematic front view of the antenna  10  of FIG. 1 compressed as shown in FIG. 2. The view of FIG. 3 shows the regions  10   1 ,  10   2 ,  10   3  and  10   4  folded along the folding lines  13   1 ,  13   2  and  13   3  of FIG. 1. The height of the antenna  10  above the base plane is D H3  so that the volume of antenna  10  is D W2 ×D L3 ×D H3  where D W2  equals D W1  and D L3  equals D L2 .  
         [0049]    [0049]FIG. 4 depicts a volume  21  for containing the compressed antenna  10  of FIG. 3. The volume  21  measures D H3 ×D L2 ×D WZ . In one embodiment, D W2  equals D L2  equals about 1 cm and D H3  is less than ½ cm. The volume  21  has a base plane  22  on the bottom which measures D L2 ×D WZ .  
         [0050]    [0050]FIG. 5 depicts a schematic top view of another embodiment of an unfolded antenna  10 , like antenna  10  of FIG. 1, formed of a conductor  12  lying in a base plane (the plane of the drawing) deployed on a flexible substrate  18 . The antenna  10  is formed of regions  10   1 ,  10   2 ,  10   3  and  10   4  where region  10   1  connects to region  10   2 , region  10   2  connects to region  10   3  and region  10   3  connects to region  10   4 . The antenna conductor  12  is formed of sections  12   1 ,  12   2 ,  12   3  and  12   4 , each formed of conducting segments, deployed in regions  10   1 ,  10   2 ,  10   3  and  10   4 , respectively. The section  12   1  connects to section  12   2 , section  12   2  connects to section  12   3  and section  12   3  connects to section  12   4 . The section  12   4  connects to termination end  11   1  and connection pad  11   2 . The antenna conductor  12  and regions  12   1 ,  12   2 ,  12   3  and  12   4  form a loop between termination end  11   1  and connection pad  11   2 . The termination end  11   1  and connection pad  11   2  are relatively small and include solder bumps in one embodiment. In another embodiment, the termination end  11   1  and connection pad  11   2  are expanded to the pads  11 ′ 1  and  11 ′ 2  which are larger to assist in registration using “pick and place” component mounting technology. The regions  12   1 ,  12   2 ,  12   3  and  12   4  are deployed on the substrate  18  in the regions  10   1 ,  10   2 ,  10   3  and  10   4 , respectively. The overall outside dimensions of the antenna  10  are approximately 10 mm. The antenna conductor  12  and substrate  18  are intended to be folded into a volume along the regions between folding lines  13   1-1 , and  13   1-2 ,  13   2-1 , and  13   2-2  and  13   3-1  and  13   3-2 .  
         [0051]    [0051]FIG. 6 depicts a schematic front view of the antenna  10  of FIG. 5 compressed by folding. The view of FIG. 6 shows the regions  10   1 ,  10   2 ,  10   3  and  10   4  folded along the regions between the folding lines  13   1-1  and  13   1-2 ,  13   2-1  and  13   2-2  and  13   3-1  and  13   3-2  of FIG. 5.  
         [0052]    In FIG. 1 and FIG. 5, as compressed in FIG. 6 or FIG. 7, the radiating element  12  is formed of sections  12   1 ,  12   2 ,  12   3  and  12   4  on the same side of the substrate  18 . In a further embodiment, the substrate is formed with radiating element  12  on one side of substrate  18  and with another radiating element  12  of the same shape and size on the opposite side of substrate  18 . In such embodiment, the connection points  11   1  and  11   2  of FIG. 5 serve as through-layer connections for connecting the radiating elements  12  and  12   1  in common. Alternatively, one of the elements,  12 ′ or example, on the bottom side can be of different size or shape and can or cannot be connected in common with the radiating element  12  on the top side of substrate  18 .  
         [0053]    In the FIG. 5 alternate embodiment as compressed like in FIG. 5 or FIG. 7, the radiating element  12 ′ is about the same size and shape as the radiating element  12  except that the conductor width is slightly greater as indicated by the broken line  12 ′ within  12 . While the alternate embodiment of FIG. 5 deploys radiating elements on top and bottom sides of the same substrate, FIG. 5 can also be constructed using different substrates. For example, the FIG. 1 embodiment is deployed twice with one layer superimposed on a second duplicate layer where the layers have the same or different size and shape radiating elements.  
         [0054]    [0054]FIG. 7 depicts a schematic front view of the antenna  10  of FIG. 5 compressed by folding. The view of FIG. 3 shows the regions  10   1 ,  10   2 ,  10   3  and  10   4  folded generally along the regions between the folding lines  13   1-1  and  13   1-2 ,  13   2-1  and  13   2-2  and  13   3-1  and  13   3-2  of FIG. 5. The regions  10   1 ,  10   2 ,  10   3  and  10   4  are separated by dielectric spacers  14   1 ,  14   2  and  14   3  with spacer  14   1  between regions  10   1  and  10   2 , with spacer  14   2  between regions  10   2  and  10   3 , and with spacer  14   3  between regions  10   3  and  10   4 .  
         [0055]    [0055]FIG. 8 depicts a schematic top view of antenna  10   7 , similar to the antenna  10  of FIG. 1 or FIG. 5, that has been compressed by rolling into a helical shape. The contacts  11 - 2  appear at the bottom on a base plane  19  and hence are available for solder, or other connection, to a circuit board in a communication device such as a cell phone. The antenna  10   7  fits within a volume that has a projection of an area on the base plane  19  that is much smaller than the area of the antenna  10  of FIG. 5.  
         [0056]    [0056]FIG. 9 depicts a schematic top view of another embodiment of an unfolded antenna  10   8  lying in a base plane having a conductor loop  12   8  deployed on a flexible substrate  18   8  having an Origami pattern. The conductor loop  12   8  has connection pads  11   8-1  and  11   8-2  on the base plane within the square ABCD. The Origami pattern is defined by the eight primary nodes  1 ,  2 , . . . ,  8  and the eight secondary nodes A, B, . . . , H with fold lines connecting between primary nodes, connecting between primary and secondary nodes and connecting between secondary nodes. The unfolded Origami pattern of FIG. 8 fits within an area of a square having side dimensions D W8  and hence the Origami pattern fits within a projection area on the base plane equal to (D W8 ) 2 . The substrate  18   8  is flexible for folding and supports the radiation element  12   8  that terminates in connection pads  11   8-1  and  11   8-2 .  
         [0057]    [0057]FIG. 10 depicts a schematic top view of the embodiment of FIG. 9 antenna folded, compressed and lying in a volume defined by the folded Origami pattern. The Origami pattern in FIG. 10, is defined as in FIG. 9, by the eight primary nodes  1 ,  2 , . . . ,  8  and the eight secondary nodes A, B, . . . , H with fold lines connecting between primary nodes, connecting between primary and secondary nodes and connecting between secondary nodes. The folded Origami pattern of FIG. 10 fits within an area of a square having a side dimension D W9  and hence the Origami pattern of FIG. 10 has a projection area on the plane of the pattern equal to (D W9 ) 2 . The projection area, (D W9 ) 2 , of the compressed Origami pattern of FIG. 10 is about seven times smaller than the projection area, (D W8 ) 2 , of the uncompressed Origami pattern of FIG. 9. The substrate  18   8  is flexible for folding and supports the radiation element  12   8  that terminates in connection pads  11   8-1  and  11   8-2 .  
         [0058]    [0058]FIG. 11 depicts a schematic front view of the folded compressed antenna of FIG. 10. The Origami pattern in FIG. 1I is defined as in FIG. 9 by the eight primary nodes  1 ,  2 , . . . ,  8  and the eight secondary nodes A, B, . . . , H with fold lines connecting between primary nodes, connecting between primary and secondary nodes and connecting between secondary nodes. The folded Origami pattern of FIG. 1I has a vertical dimension D H10  and has a base plane area of D W9 ×DL 9 . The volume of the compressed Origami pattern of FIG. 11 is {(D W9 ) 2 ×D H10 } since D W9  equals D L9 .  
         [0059]    [0059]FIG. 12 depicts a schematic isometric view of the compressed antenna of FIG. 9 partially folded into a volume as shown in FIG. 10 and FIG. 10. The Origami pattern in FIG. 12 is defined as in FIG. 9 through FIG. 11, by the eight primary nodes  1 ,  2 , . . . ,  8  and the eight secondary nodes A, B, . . . , H with fold lines connecting between primary nodes, connecting between primary and secondary nodes and connecting between secondary nodes.  
         [0060]    [0060]FIG. 13 depicts a schematic top view of another embodiment of an unfolded antenna  10   12  having an irregular radiation element  30 , formed of conducting segments, lying in a base plane and deployed on a flexible substrate  31 . The substrate  31  is in two parts, one part  31   1  under the transmission line  32  and the other part  31   2  under the radiation element  30 . The substrate  31  supports a transmission line  32 , including parallel strips  32   1  and  32   2 , connecting in series with the radiation element  30  with transmission line  32  so that radiation element  30  forms a loop antenna connected to a transmission line. The antenna  10   12  has overall outside dimensions, D W12  and D L12 , where the transmission line length is D L-T  and the uncompressed antenna radiation element  30  length is D L-C . The antenna conductor  30  and substrate  31   2  are intended to be rolled into a volume. The substrate  31  includes an extension  31   T  for insertion into a slot  31   S  when rolled up. The antenna  10   12  is designed for the US PCS receive band. Typically, the transmission  32  line is deployed directly on a printed circuit board of a communication device.  
         [0061]    [0061]FIG. 14 depicts a schematic front view of the antenna  10   12  of FIG. 13 rolled-up (“folded”) into the compressed state. The antenna  10   12  in FIG. 14 has outside dimensions, D H13  and D L13 , where the compressed antenna radiation element  30  length is D L13-C . The substrate  31  includes the extension  31   T  inserted into the slot  31   S . The length of the radiation element  30 , D L13-C , in FIG. 14 is about one-third the uncompressed length D L-C  in FIG. 13 and hence compressing the antenna  10   12  by rolling into a volume reduces the projection the projection of the antenna  10   12  onto the base plane of the communication device.  
         [0062]    [0062]FIG. 15 depicts a schematic top view of another embodiment of a compressed antenna  10   14  having an irregular radiation element  30   14 , formed of conducting segments, lying in a plane and deployed on a substrate  36 . The substrate  36  supports a transmission line  37 , including parallel strips  37   1  and  37   2 , connecting in series with the radiation element  30   14  so that radiation element  30   14  and transmission line  37  form a loop antenna connected to a transmission line. The antenna  10   14  is designed for the US PCS transmit band.  
         [0063]    In FIG. 16, a top view is shown of communication device  51 . The communication device  51  is a cell phone, pager or other similar communication device that can be used in close proximity to people with antennas of the present invention. The communication device  51  includes a flip portion  51   2  shown in the open position and includes a base portion  51   1 . The communication device  51  includes antenna regions allocated for antennas like those shown in FIG. 13 and FIG. 15, for example, which receive and transmit. In one embodiment, the receive antenna is located in the base portion  51   1  and the transmit antenna is located in the flip portion  51   2 . In FIG. 16, the antenna volumes are small so as to fit within the base and flip portions of the device  51 .  
         [0064]    In FIG. 13 and FIG. 15, the radiating elements  30  and  30   14  are formed of segments arrayed in multiple divergent directions not parallel to an orthogonal coordinate system so as to provide a long antenna electrical length while permitting the overall outside dimensions of the antenna to fit within a small antenna volume. The segments of antenna  30  include segments  30 - 1 ,  30 - 2 , . . . ,  30 - 70 . The segments of antenna  30   14  include segments  30   14 - 1 ,  30   14 - 2 , . . . , and so on. In FIG. 13 and FIG. 14, the radiation element  30  has an irregular shape and the segments  30 - 1 ,  30 - 2 , . . . ,  30 - 70  are arrayed in FIG. 14 in an irregular three-dimensional compressed pattern.  
         [0065]    In FIG. 17, the communication device  51  of FIG. 16 is shown in a partially-sectioned end view to reveal the internal antennas  10   12  and  10   14 . The communication device  51  includes a flip portion  51   2  shown solid in the open position and shown as  51 ′ 2  in broken-line representing a near-closed position. The antennas  10   12  and  10   14  are electrically connected by cables or other conductors  60  and  61 , respectively, to the transceiver unit (TU)  62  which processes the transmit and receive signals for antennas  10   12  and  10   14 .  
         [0066]    In FIG. 18, the communication device  51  of FIG. 16 is shown in a partially-removed top view to reveal the antennas  10   12  and  10   14 .  
         [0067]    In FIG. 19, communication device  1  is a cell phone, pager or other similar communication device that can be used in close proximity to people with antennas of the present invention. The communication device  1  includes antenna areas allocated for antennas  73   R  and  73   T  which receive and transmit, respectively, radio wave radiation for the communication device  1 . In FIG. 19, the antenna areas have widths D W18  and heights D H18 . The connection pads  11 ′ 1  and  11 ′ 2  are large enough to assist in registration using “pick and place” component mounting technology. A section line  6 ′- 6 ″ extends from top to bottom of the communication device. The communication device  1  is typically a mobile telephone of small volume, for example, of approximately 4 inches by 2 inches by 1 inch, or smaller, and the antennas, such as described in the present invention, readily fit within such small volume.  
         [0068]    In FIG. 19, the antenna  73   R  is typically a compressed antenna that lies in an XYZ-volume. Such antennas operate in allocated frequency spectrums around the world including those of North America, South America, Europe, Asia and Australia. The cellular frequencies are used when the communication device  1  is a mobile phone, PDA, portable computer, telemetering equipment or other wireless device. The antennas operate to transmit and/or receive in allocated frequency bands, for example, bands within the range from 800 MHz to 2500 MHz. In FIG. 19, antenna  73   R  includes connections  63  and  64  connecting from connection pads  11 ′ 1  and  11 ′ 2  to the transceiver unit  62 .  
         [0069]    In FIG. 20, the communication device  1  of FIG. 19 is shown in a schematic, cross-sectional, end view taken along the section line  6 ′- 6 ″ of FIG. 19. In FIG. 20, a circuit board  76  includes, by way of example, an outer conducting layer  76 - 1   1 , internal conducting layers  76 - 1   2  and  76 - 1   3 , internal insulating layers  76 - 2   1 ,  76 - 2   2  and  76 - 2   3 , and another outer conducting layer  76 - 1   4 . In one example, the layer  76 - 1   1  is a ground plane and the layer  76 - 1   2  is a power supply plane. The printed circuit board  76  supports the electronic components associated with the communication device  1  including a display  77  and miscellaneous components  78 - 1 ,  78 - 2 ,  78 - 3  and  78 - 4  which are shown as typical. Communication device  1  also includes a battery  79 . The antennas  73   5R  and  73   5T  are mounted or otherwise coupled to the printed circuit board  76  by solder or other convenient connection means.  
         [0070]    [0070]FIG. 21 depicts a two-dimensional representation of the average field pattern of the antenna structure of FIG. 3 for the US PCS Rx band. The average is taken for the frequencies 1850 MHz, 1910 MHz and 1990 MHz, none of which have a large variance from the average.  
         [0071]    [0071]FIG. 22 depicts a two-dimensional representation of the average field pattern of the antenna structure of FIG. 15 for the US PCS Tx band. The average is taken for the frequencies 1850 MHz, 1910 MHz and 1990 MHz, none of which have a large variance from the average.  
         [0072]    [0072]FIG. 23 depicts a schematic view of a small communication device with RF front-end functions that benefit from antennas described in the present specification. The small communication device includes separate transmit and receive antennas, filters and other RF function components and lower frequency base components incorporating the antennas described in various embodiments. In FIG. 23, the small communication device  14  includes RF front-end components  3   4  and base components  2   4 . The RF components perform the RF front-end functions and have both a receive path  3   2R  and a transmit path  3   2T . The receive path  3   2R  includes an antenna function  3 - 1   R , which typically employs the antenna of FIG. 14, a filter function  3 - 2   R , an amplifier function  3 - 3   R , a filter function  3 - 4   R  and a mixer function  3 - 5   R . The antenna function  3 - 1   R  is for converting between received radiation and electronic signals, the filter function  3 - 2   R  is for limiting signals within an operating frequency band for the receive signals, the amplifier function  3 - 3   R  is for boosting receive signal power, the filter function  3 - 4   R  is for limiting signals within the operating frequency receive band, and the mixer function  3 - 5   R  is for shifting frequencies between RF receive signals and lower frequencies.  
         [0073]    The transmit path  3   2R  includes a mixer function  3 - 5   T , a filter function  3 - 4   T , an amplifier function  3 - 3   T , a filter function  3 - 2   T , and an antenna function  3 - 1   T , which typically employs the antenna of FIG. 15. The mixer function  3 - 5   T  is for shifting frequencies between lower frequencies and RF transmit signals, the filter function  3 - 4   T  is for limiting signals within the operating frequency transmit band, the amplifier function  3 - 3   T  is for boosting transmit signal power, the filter function  3 - 2   T  is for limiting signals within operating frequency band for the transmit signals, and the antenna function  3 - 1   T  is for converting between electronic signals and the transmitted radiation.  
         [0074]    In FIG. 23, the RF front-end functions are connected by junctions. The junction P 1   R  is between antenna function  3 - 1   TR  and filter functions  3 - 2   R , the junction P 2   R  is between filter function  3 - 2   R  and the amplifier function  3 - 3   R  the junction p 3   R  is between amplifier function  3 - 3   R  and filter function  3 - 4   R  and the junction p 4   R  is between filter function  3 - 4   R  and mixer function  3 - 5   R . The junction P 1   T  is between antenna function  3 - 1   T  and filter functions  3 - 2   T , the junction P 2   T  is between filter function  3 - 2   T  and the amplifier function  3 - 3   T , the junction P 3   T  is between amplifier function  3 - 3   T  and filter function  3 - 4   T  and the junction P 4   T  is between filter function  3 - 4   T  and mixer function  3 - 5   T .  
         [0075]    In the embodiment of FIG. 23, the junctions P 1   R , P 2   R , P 3   R  and P 4   R  correspond to ports of the filter  3 - 2   R  amplifier  3 - 3   R , filter  3 - 4   R  and mixer  3 - 5   R  components and the junctions P 4   T , P 3   T , P 2   T  and P 2   T  correspond to ports of mixer  3 - 5   T , filter  3 - 4   T , amplifier  3 - 3   T  and filter  3 - 4   T  components.  
         [0076]    [0076]FIG. 24 depicts a schematic view of a small communication device with RF front-end functions including a common antenna for transmitting and receiving and separate filter and other RF function components for transmitting and receiving and including lower frequency base components incorporating antennas described in various embodiments.  
         [0077]    In FIG. 24, the small communication device  16  includes RF front-end components  3   6  and base components  2   6 . The RF components perform the RF front-end functions and have both a receive path  3   6R  and a transmit path  3   6T . The receive path  3   6R  includes common antenna function  3   6 - 1   TR , a filter function  3   6 - 2   R , an amplifier function  3   6 - 3   R , a filter function  3   6 - 3   R  and a mixer function  3   6 - 5   R . The antenna function  3   6 - 1   TR  is for converting between received radiation and electronic signals, the filter function  3   6 - 2   R  is for limiting signals within an operating frequency band for the receive signals, the amplifier function  3   6 - 3   R  is for boosting receive signal power, the filter function  3   6 - 4   R  is for limiting signals within the operating frequency receive band, and the mixer function  3   6 - 5   R  is for shifting frequencies between RF receive signals and lower frequencies.  
         [0078]    The transmit path  3   6T  includes a mixer function  3   6 - 5   T , a filter function  3   6 - 4   T , an amplifier function  3   6 - 3   T  and common antenna function  3   6 - 1   TR , a filter function  3   6 - 2   T , and an antenna function  3   6 - 1   TR . The mixer function  3   6 - 5   T  is for shifting frequencies between lower frequencies and RF transmit signals, the filter function  3   6 - 5   T  is for limiting signals within the operating frequency transmit band, the amplifier function  3   6 - 3   T  is for boosting transmit signal power, the filter function  3   6 - 2   T  is for limiting signals within operating frequency band for the transmit signals, and the antenna function  3   6 - 1   TR  is for converting between electronic signals and transmitted radiation.  
         [0079]    In FIG. 24, the RF front-end functions are connected by junctions. The junction P 1   R  is between antenna function  3   6 - 1   TR  and filter functions  3   6 - 2   R , the junction P 2   R  is between filter function  3   6 - 2   R , and the amplifier function  3   6 - 4   R , the junction P 3   R  is between amplifier function  3   6 - 3   R  and filter function  3   6 - 4   R  and the junction P 4   R  is between filter function  3   6 - 4   R  and mixer function  3   6 - 5   R . The junction P 1   T  is between antenna function  3   6 - 1   TR  and filter function  3   6 - 2   T , the junction P 2   T  is between filter function  3   6 - 2   T  and the amplifier function  3   6 - 3   T , the junction P 3   T  is between amplifier function  3   6 - 3   T  and filter function  3   6 - 4   T  and the junction P 4   T  is between filter function  3   6 - 4   T  and mixer function  3   6 - 5   T .  
         [0080]    In the embodiment of FIG. 24, the junctions P 1   R , P 2   R , P 3   R  and P 4   R  correspond to ports of filter  3   6 - 2   R , amplifier  3   6 - 3   R , filter  3   6 - 4   R  and mixer  3   6 - 5   R  and the junctions P 4   T , P 3   T , P 2   T  and P 1   T  correspond to ports of mixer  3   6 - 5   T , filter  3   6 - 4   T , amplifier  3   6 - 3   T  and filter  3   6 - 2   T . The antenna function  3   6 - 1   TR  and the filter functions  3   6 - 2   R  and  3   6 - 2   T  in one embodiment are in a common antenna/filter unit  3   6 -½.  
         [0081]    While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to preferred embodiments thereof it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention.