Abstract:
Methods and a system for providing electronic musical instruments are disclosed. Through novel combinations of sensor inputs and processing, they allow simulation of acoustic instruments including but not limited to a Trombone, Trumpet, and Saxophone. Sensor inputs are configured to trigger playback and transitioning of sound and control its various attributes alone, or in combination.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/568,125, filed Aug. 6, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,525,014, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/708,532, filed Feb. 18, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,237,042, which claims priority to provisional U.S. patent application Ser. No. 61/153,584 filed Feb. 18, 2009. Each of the aforementioned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/568,125 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/708,532, is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to electronic musical instruments. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present invention provides a system and methods for an electronic musical instrument. Through a novel combination of sensor inputs, it allows simulation of real world instruments including but not limited to a Trombone, Trumpet and Saxophone. 
     The device itself includes a series of sensor inputs configured to act as a user interface, and a speaker to output sound. Various sensors can be employed, including a touch screen, microphone, accelerometer, and camera or light sensor. 
     Sensor inputs are processed through a set of sub-processors to determine events and respond accordingly with parameters and actions for manipulating sound. Attributes that can be varied include tone, pitch, attack/accent (also known as velocity), volume, and special modes such as vibrato, growl or tonguing. Parameters and commands are sent to a playback processor which responds to the input parameters and commands by processing stored digital representations of sounds and sends them to an output buffer for playback. 
     Generated sounds are stored digitally as either data, or algorithms/equations. They are contained within a Tone data object which comprises a set of representations which may provide different phases and/or qualities. 
     Sensor inputs can be configured to trigger playback of sound and control its various attributes either alone, or in combination. For example, Tone and pitch may be determined exclusively by location of touches on a display, or by a combination of device rotation and touch location. These methods are illustrated by a variety of embodiments including a simulated Trombone, Trumpet, and Saxophone. 
     Further objects, advantages, and features of the invention will become apparent from a consideration of the drawings and ensuing description. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Presently preferred embodiments of the invention are described below in conjunction with the appended drawing figures, wherein like reference numerals refer to the like elements in the various figures, and wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram of the device of one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a diagram of the Tone data object model. 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram of the system sub-processors. 
         FIG. 4  is a flow diagram of the general steps performed periodically by the sensor input sub-processors. 
         FIG. 5  is a flow diagram of the general steps performed periodically by the audio output sub-processor, also referred to as the playback processor. 
         FIG. 6  is a diagram of present invention embodied as a Trombone. 
         FIG. 7  is a flow diagram of the steps performed by the touch sensor sub-processor for the embodiment of  FIG. 6 . 
         FIG. 8  is a flow diagram of the steps performed by the mic sub-processor for the embodiment of  FIG. 6 . 
         FIG. 9  is a flow diagram of the steps performed by the accelerometer sub-processor for the embodiment of  FIG. 6 . 
         FIG. 10  is a diagram showing the embodiment of  FIG. 6  configured to control volume by rotation in the XY plane. 
         FIG. 11-14  are diagrams of the present invention embodied as a Trumpet.  FIGS. 11 and 12  are configured to control Tone and pitch exclusively by touch, whereas  FIGS. 13A-B  and  14 A-B are configured to control Tone and pitch by a combination of touch and rotation. In  FIG. 13A  (front view) and  13 B (side view) Tone and pitch are set by rotating about the X axis, whereas in  FIG. 14A  (front view) and  14 B (side view), Tone and pitch are set by rotating about the Y axis. 
         FIG. 15  is a flow diagram of the steps performed by the touch sensor sub-processor for the embodiments of  FIG. 11-14 . 
         FIG. 16  is a flow diagram of the steps performed by the mic sub-processor for the embodiment of  FIG. 11-14 . 
         FIG. 17  is a flow diagram of the steps performed by the accelerometer sub-processor for the embodiment of  FIG. 11-14 . 
         FIG. 18  is a diagram of the present invention embodied as a Saxophone.  FIG. 18A  is the front of the device.  FIG. 18B  is the back of the device. 
         FIG. 19  is a diagram of the embodiment of  FIG. 18  configured to set octave and/or partial by rotation in the XY plane. 
         FIG. 20  is a flow diagram of the steps performed by the touch sensor sub-processor for the embodiments of  FIGS. 18 and 19 . 
         FIG. 21  is a flow diagram of the steps performed by the mic sub-processor for the embodiments of  FIGS. 18 and 19 . 
         FIG. 22  is a flow diagram of the steps performed by the accelerometer sub-processor for the embodiments of  FIGS. 18 and 19 . 
         FIG. 23  is a flow diagram of the steps performed by the camera sub-processor for the embodiments of  FIGS. 18 and 19 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
     The system of the present invention comprises an electronic device with sensor inputs configured to act as a user interface and speaker output to produce sound responsive to the inputs. 
       FIG. 1  shows a block diagram of such a device  100 . It has a set of sensor inputs  105  including, but not limited to:
         (1) a touch screen  110  which can sense location and optionally force (or touch area),   (2) a microphone  120 ,   (3) a 1 to 3 axis accelerometer  130 ,   (4) a camera and/or light sensor  140 .       

     It has a speaker  150  for outputting sound, one or more digital sound representations, a memory  160  for storing them, and a processor  170  for executing software capable of receiving configuration parameters, maintaining state, receiving sensor input data, processing the input data, and responding. The response is done in accordance with the configuration parameters, system state, and the input events. It involves controlling playback of audio through the speaker; sounds may be started and stopped and attributes such as tone, pitch, accent, nuance, volume, and vibrato may be varied. A power source powers the device  180 , and display may be attached to the touch screen or separate  115 . 
     Sound Representation 
     Audio to be output is represented digitally within a data object called a Tone. As shown in  FIG. 2 , a Tone comprises one or more digital representations, where the representation is either digital data or an equation or algorithm. The data files have an inherent pitch, which is later adjusted to produce alternative pitches. The data files may be split into different phases, including, for example, attack, loop, and decay. The attack segment is the beginning of a Tone, the loop segment is to be looped repeatedly as long as the note is intended to be sustained, and the decay segment is played once playback of the Tone is to be stopped. Alternatively to storing the phases in separate files, they may be stored in a single file and instead indicated by times from the start of the file. 
     One or more representations of the Tone which offer different musical nuance with the same inherent pitch may be contained within the Tone. For example, the Tone may consist of a set of attack, loop and decay files which have a strong accent and vibrato, and another set of which have a soft accent and a steady sustain. Parameters for selecting one set versus another are also stored within the Tone model and associated with each set. An example of such a parameter would be, “Volume &gt;0.5”, which would indicate that the particular representation by played if the volume output is above 0.5. 
     In some embodiments, sound waveforms may also be generated by algorithmic and/or mathematical models, or some combination thereof. In this case, the algorithm or model is associated with the Tone. If no stored representations are used, the pitch may be set directly. 
     Event Processing and Output 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , three classes of sub-processors are used to provide system functionality: one, the sensor event sub-processor  300 , two, the audio output sub-processor  310 , and three, the base application sub-processors  320 . The base application sub-processors are for controlling system views, configurations, and interacting with models beyond what is performed by the two other classes of sub-processors. 
     As shown in  FIG. 4 , sensor event sub-processors receive  400  sensor data, process  410  the data to determine  420  actionable events, and respond  430  to the events in accordance with configuration flags, and system state. The response consists of either sending ( 1 ) a command and parameters to the audio output sub-processor and/or setting ( 2 ) flags to be used by other sensor event sub-processors, which in turn send commands and parameters to the audio output sub-processor. The series of steps is executed repeatedly often at intervals less than 10 ms. 
     The audio output sub-processor is responsible for receiving and executing instructions on sound playback.  FIG. 5  illustrates the overall process by which it operates. On receipt  502  of commands it sets  504  flags and parameters which are then acted on by a “callback” function which executes periodically at a rate determined by the audio sampling rate and audio buffer size. Assuming it is not stopped  506 , in which case it played silence  508 , it selects and sets  510  the appropriate Tone, type, pitch and volume. It then extracts  512  a segment of the appropriate data or waveform, prepares for stopping  518 , 520  or transitioning  514 , 516  to another note, transposes  522  the waveform and adjusts volume, filters  524 , and finally copies the result to the audio output buffer for playback through the system speaker  528 . If multiple simultaneous sounds are to be produced, the sounds are mixed  526  prior to copying to the buffer. 
     The process of  FIG. 5  includes two processes for transitioning the sound to silence or another note. When transitioning  516  to silence, the sound is ramped down in volume to prevent clipping and indices tracking position with data or waveform algorithms are reset. When transitioning  520  to another note, the sound is prepared for transition to another note, as might be the case if the note were to be slurred to another note. In a simple embodiment, the sample is ramped down in volume, the indices reset, and the next note and its attributes are set for subsequent processing in the next iteration of the audio output sub-processor. 
     Methods of Triggering Sound and Setting Attributes 
     Sounds are triggered and their attributes set by the inputs, alone, or in combination. Inputs may require varying degrees of processing, for example accelerometer input can be filtered to determine angle change or vibration; mic input can be processed to determine level or pitch. Derivative methods may also be employed, for example, in the case of using touch as a trigger, duration between touch events may be used to determine whether a fast attack or a slow attack should be played. (Attack is often referred to as, or linked to note velocity). 
     Table 1 summarizes various methods by which sounds are triggered and attributes set. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Methods by which sounds are triggered and controlled 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Attribute 
                 Input(s) 
                 Notes and Examples 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Trigger 
                 Touch 
                 Begin = ON, End = OFF 
               
               
                   
                 Mic level 
                 Above threshold = ON, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 below threshold = OFF 
               
               
                   
                 Accelerometer (shake) 
                 Shake = ON, subsequent 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Shake = OFF 
               
               
                   
                 Accelerometer (angle) 
                 Above angle = ON, Below 
               
               
                   
                   
                 angle = OFF 
               
               
                   
                 Camera/Light 
                 Light = ON, Dark = OFF 
               
               
                 Tone &amp; Pitch 
                 Touch location(s) 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Mic pitch or level 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Accelerometer (angle  
                   
               
               
                   
                 or shake) 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Camera/Light 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Touch location(s) + 
                 Angle controls partial, 
               
               
                   
                 Accelerometer (angle  
                 touch location represents 
               
               
                   
                 or shake) 
                 pressing keys. Or, shake 
               
               
                   
                   
                 toggles octave. 
               
               
                   
                 Touch location(s) + 
                 As Accelerometer shake, 
               
               
                   
                 Camera/Light 
                   
               
               
                 Tone Type 
                 Accelerometer (shake) 
                 Shake = fast attack, no 
               
               
                   
                   
                 shake = regular attack 
               
               
                   
                 Based on Volume 
                 Low volume = slow attack, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 High volume = fast attack 
               
               
                   
                 Based on duration  
                 Short duration = quick 
               
               
                   
                 betweenTouches 
                 attack, Long duration =  
               
               
                   
                   
                 slow attack 
               
               
                   
                 Touch force or area 
                 High force = Fast attack, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Low force = Slow attack 
               
               
                 Volume 
                 Accelerometer (angle) 
                 High angle = High volume, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Low angle = Low volume 
               
               
                   
                 Touch force or area 
                 High force = high volume, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Low force = low volume 
               
               
                 Mode (i.e. tonguing) 
                 Touch location(s) 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Accelerometer (angle  
                   
               
               
                   
                 or shake) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Several of these methods are illustrated by embodiments representing real instruments including a Trombone, a Trumpet, and a Saxophone. 
     Trombone 
       FIG. 6  shows the present invention embodied as a Trombone. A real Trombone consists of a length of brass tubing with a mouthpiece connected at one end, and a flared bell at the other. It has a telescoping slide designed for modifying the effective length of the instrument and thus changing pitch. The slide has seven positions, each marking a semitone decrease in pitch from the 1 st , fully closed position. Sound is generated when a person “buzzes” their lips into a mouthpiece, causing the column of air inside the tubing to vibrate. Pitch is determined by both the frequency of the “buzzing” and the position of the slide. 
     By tightening lips (embouchure) and “buzzing” at a higher frequency, users can increase the pitch to a higher partial in the overtone series. Simultaneously, by extending the slide they can decrease the pitch by a semitone per position. Quality, nuance and volume are determined largely by the embouchure, and air speed and direction. 
     As embodied by the present invention. The device has a touch display  600 , a mic  610 , and speaker  620 , with additional sensors and processor electronics contained within the case. 
     The display is partitioned into 8 overtone partials  630  on the Y-axis, and 7 slide positions  640  along the X-axis. Sound is triggered when a user either blows into the mic, or touches the display. Pitch is determined by the location of the touch on the display. Volume is determined by mic level, force of touch (or area of touch) on the display, or angle of the device as determined by an accelerometer. Attack type, note quality and other nuance are determined by shaking the device, or may be linked directly to volume or duration of notes. 
       FIG. 7  shows a flow diagram of the process by which the processor handles touch events. Display sensor information is received  700  periodically, and processed to determine whether a touch has begun  702 , moved  704 , or ended  706 . If a touch has begun, the tone and pitch adjustment are determined  708  based on location of the touch. 
     In determining the Tone and pitch, the partial is first determined from the location along the Y-axis. A base Tone ( FIG. 2 ) comprising one or more attack, loop, and decay data files or waveforms is assigned to its corresponding partial in a designated slide position. Table 2 shows a sample of the relationship between Y-axis touch location, pitch in first position (slide closed), and assigned Tone. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Sample association between Y-position, partial, base Tone and pitch 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Y-position [pixels] 
                 1 st  Pos. Note 
                 Assigned Tone 
                 Adjustment Semitones 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 7-8 * pixels/partial 
                 C5 
                 Tone-Bb4 
                 2 
               
               
                 6-7 * pixels/partial 
                 Bb4 
                 Tone-Bb4 
                 0 
               
               
                 5-6 * pixels/partial 
                 Ab4 
                 Tone-Bb4 
                 −2 
               
               
                 4-5 * pixels/partial 
                 F4 
                 Tone-F3 
                 0 
               
               
                 3-4 * pixels/partial 
                 D4 
                 Tone-F3 
                 −3 
               
               
                 2-3 * pixels/partial 
                 Bb3 
                 Tone-Bb3 
                 0 
               
               
                 1-2 * pixels/partial 
                 F3 
                 Tone-Bb3 
                 −5 
               
               
                 0-1 * pixels/partial 
                 Bb2 
                 Tone-Bb2 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Thus, for example, with a display  320  pixels high and 8 partials assigned, a touch at Y-position of 310 pixels would fall within the 8 th  partial, and correspond to a base Tone of Bb4. 
     A pitch adjustment of the base Tone is then determined. First, the number of semitones variation due to slide extension is calculated from the X-axis touch location according to the following equation (we assume the slide is equal to the entire display width):
 
Slide semitones=X position pixels*(6 semitones/Display width pixels)
 
     This value is then added to a pre-configured number of adjustment semitones for the previously determined Tone. Sample adjustment semitone values are shown in Table 2.
 
Total semitones=Adjustment semitones+Slide semitones
 
     The total semitones are then used to calculate the pitch adjustment by the following formula:
 
Pitch adjustment=2^(Total semitones/12)
 
     Therefore, in this particular example, assuming display dimensions of 480 pixels wide by 320 pixels high, if the user touches location (200 pixels, 310 pixels), the touch falls within the 8 th  partial which corresponds to the base Tone of Bb4 and has two Adjustment semitones. The final pitch adjustment is calculated as follows:
 
Slide semitones=200 pixels*(6 semitones/480 pixels)=2.5 semitones
 
Total semitones=2+2.5=4.5 semitones
 
Pitch adjustment=2^(4.5/12)=1.3
 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Sample activation parameters for Attack and Loop types 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Tone Bb3 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Attack 1 
                 Vol. &lt;0.5  
                 Force &gt;0.5 
                 Shake &lt;0.5 
                 Time since last 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Tone &lt;1 sec 
               
               
                 Attack 2 
                 Vol. &gt;=0.5 
                 Force &gt;=0.5 
                 Shake &gt;0.5 
                 Time since last 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Tone &gt;1 sec 
               
               
                 Loop 1 
                 Vol. &lt;0.5  
                 Force &gt;0.5  
                 Shake &lt;0.5 
                 Time since last 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Tone &lt;1 sec 
               
               
                 Loop 2 
                 Vol. &gt;=0.5 
                 Force &gt;=0.5 
                 Shake &gt;0.5 
                 Time since last 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Tone &gt;1 sec 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     With the Tone selected, a sound type, if available may also be selected  710 . For example, if the volume, force (or touch area), and/or shake is above a certain threshold, a different attack type may be selected. Table 3 shows sample activation parameters for selecting different attack and loop types. Note that the volume may be determined from force (or area) of touch or from one of the additional sensor inputs, such as mic level, or accelerometer angle. In this case, a delay may be added to ensure that the external event is determined and flag set prior to determining the type. Attack type may also be determined from the duration between successive touches; if short, then a faster attack is used, whereas if long, a slower attack is used. In order to calculate the duration between successive touches the time of last touch must be stored and then later subtracted from the time of current touch. 
     With qualities of the note determined, the Tone, its type, and pitch adjustment are sent  712  to the playback processor. If  714  configured to trigger sound by touch, the playback command is sent  716  to the playback processor. 
     If  704  a touch is determined to have moved, a similar process is followed. The Tone and pitch adjustment are determined  718 , as previously described; however, if the partial has changed from the previous partial, such as if a player was moving from a Bb up one partial to a D, a “slur” can be assumed, and the playback processor is sent  720  a slur request with the new Tone and pitch adjustment. Otherwise, if the movement has occurred within a partial, the new pitch is requested  720  of the playback processor such that it can continue to use the same base Tone but adjust the pitch. 
     Finally, if  706  a touch is determined to have ended, and the system is configured to trigger by touch  722 , a stop is requested  724  of the playback processor. A decay phase may also be employed. In this case, the playback processor will playback a decay segment before ramping down and stopping playback. In a modified embodiment, the type of decay phase may first be determined (for example, fast vs. slow), and then sent to the playback processor along with the request for stop. 
       FIG. 8  shows a flow diagram of the process by which the mic sensor handles events assuming it has been selected by the user to trigger sound playback. The raw mic data is received  800  periodically and peak and average levels are determined  802  by a callback and/or timer function. If  804  the player is currently not playing and  806  the average volume level is above a particular threshold, a start request is sent  808  to the playback processor, with the Tone and pitch having separately been requested by the Touch event processor. If  804  the player is currently playing and  810  the average volume level is above the threshold, it should continue playing and a volume adjustment based on the average volume level is requested  812  of the playback processor. Finally, if  804  the player is currently playing, but  810  the average volume level is below the threshold, a stop is requested  814  of the playback processor. In another embodiment, toggling sound is controlled by touch, whereas volume can be controlled by mic. 
       FIG. 9  shows a flow diagram of the process by which the accelerometer sub-processor handles events. The raw data is received  900  and filtered  902 ,  904  to determine an actionable event. In this particular embodiment the event is either a low frequency event, such as an n angle change, or a high-frequency event, such as a shake. As shown in  FIG. 10  the X-Y angle of the device is configured to correspond to a volume adjustment. At an angle of approximately 30 degrees, the invention produces maximum volume, where as, at −90 degrees it produces 0 volume. It varies linearly in this range. Referring again to  FIG. 9 , the X-Y angle is determined  906  and the volume adjustment is then determined. The volume adjustment is then sent  908  to the playback processor. 
     If  904  a shake event is detected, a flag that the event occurred and the time at which it occurred is set  910 , such that any of the event processors responsible for starting playback may refer to it to determine attack type. In a modified embodiment, the shake could be configured to start and stop the sound playback, as well. In yet another embodiment, the shake could be configured to request a special playback mode of the playback processor, such as a rapid fire tonguing mode where the notes are started and stopped rapidly rather than sustained. 
     Trumpet 
       FIG. 11  shows the present invention embodied as a Trumpet. A real Trumpet consists of a length of brass tubing with a mouthpiece connected at one end, and a flared bell at the other. It has a set of three valves which when open and closed modify the effective length of the instrument and thus change pitch. As with the Trombone, sound is generated when a person “buzzes” their lips into the mouthpiece, causing the column of air inside the tubing to vibrate. Pitch is determined both by opening and closing the valves and changing the frequency of the “buzzing”. 
     The valves are numbered 1 through 3, starting with the valve closest to the mouthpiece. The first valve decreases the pitch by 2 semitones, the second by a semitone, and the third by 3 semitones. Simultaneously, by tightening lips (embouchure) and “buzzing” at a higher frequency, users can increase the pitch to a higher partial in the overtone series. Quality, nuance and volume are determined largely by the embouchure, and air speed and direction. 
     As embodied by the present invention. The device has a touch display  1100 , a mic  1110 , and speaker  1120 , with additional sensors and processor electronics contained within the case. 
     Various embodiments are presented. One set of embodiments determines Tone and pitch by touch exclusively, whereas another set of embodiments determines Tone and pitch by a combination of touch location and device rotation. 
       FIGS. 11 and 12  show embodiments where Tone and pitch are determined by touch exclusively. In the embodiment of  FIG. 11 , three areas  1130  on the display are defined, each representing a valve. An additional area  1140  is defined which represents all open valves. 
     In  FIG. 11 , the three valve areas  1130  and open valve area  1140  stretch across the height of the display, spanning  7  overtone partials  1150 , such that touching a combination of keys at a particular partial level will generate a tone with that particular pitch. 
     In a variant of  FIG. 11 , there is no open valve area. The open valve state is signaled by a quick tap, rather than a sustained touch in a partial area. 
     In  FIG. 12 , the three valve areas  1230  do not correspond to a particular partial  1250 . The partial is rather determined by a touch at a particular partial in the open valve area. 
       FIGS. 13A and 14A  show embodiments where Tone and pitch are determined by a combination of touch location and rotation of the device. The angle of rotation is used to set the partial. In  FIGS. 13A and 13B  the partial is set by rotating about the X axis, whereas in  FIGS. 14A and 14B , the partial is set by rotating about the Y axis. 
     In each of the embodiments, the sound may be triggered by various methods including, but not limited to touch, and mic levels. If mic levels are used, the open valve area is not required for embodiments of  FIGS. 13 and 14  which use touch and rotation to determine pitch. 
       FIG. 15  shows the flow of the process by which the Trumpet embodiments handle touch events. 
     Display sensor information is received  1500  periodically, and processed to determine whether a touch as begun  1502 , moved  1504 , or ended  1506 . If a touch has begun, the Tone and pitch adjustment are determined  1508  through one of several methods depending on embodiment 
     In embodiments of  FIGS. 11 and 12 , Tone and pitch are determined exclusively by touch. Areas of the display are assigned to key valves or open valves. If a touch location lies within one of these regions it is considered to be pressed. As with the previously described Trombone embodiment, the partial is first determined from the touch location along the Y-axis. A base Tone and its associated Adjustment Semitones are determined from the partial. Table 4 shows sample associations between Y-position, partial, base Tone, and adjustment semitones. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Sample association between Y-position, partial, base Tone and pitch 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Y-position [pixels]  
                 Open Valve 
                 Assigned Tone 
                 Adjustment Semitones 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 6-7 * pixels/partial 
                 C5 
                 Tone-Bb4 
                 2 
               
               
                 5-6 * pixels/partial 
                 Bb4 
                 Tone-Bb4 
                 0 
               
               
                 4-5 * pixels/partial 
                 G4 
                 Tone-Bb4 
                 −3 
               
               
                 3-4 * pixels/partial 
                 E4 
                 Tone-Bb4 
                 −6 
               
               
                 2-3 * pixels/partial 
                 C4 
                 Tone-C4 
                 0 
               
               
                 1-2 * pixels/partial 
                 G3 
                 Tone-C4 
                 −6 
               
               
                 0-1 * pixels/partial 
                 C3 
                 Tone-C3 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The semitone adjustment due to the valve presses is then determined. 1 st  valve closed, 2 nd  valve closed, and 3 rd  valve closed cause 2, 1, and 3 semitone decreases, respectively. The semitone decrease is additive, such that if 1 st  and 2 nd  valves are closed, there is a 3 semitone decrease; likewise, if 1 st  and 3 rd  valves are closed, there is a 5 semitone decrease. 
     With the valve semitones determined, the total semitone adjustment from base Tone pitch can be determined.
 
Total semitones=Adjustment semitones+Valve semitones
 
     The total semitones are then used to calculate the pitch adjustment by the following formula:
 
Pitch adjustment=2^(Total semitones/12)
 
     A similar procedure is followed for the embodiments of  FIGS. 13 and 14 ; however, the partial is determined not be touch location along the Y-axis, but by rotation. In the case of  FIG. 13 , rotation is within the YZ plane. And in the case of  FIG. 14 , rotation is within the XZ plane. 
     When the touch event is received, the device angle is determined from the accelerometer data, and matched to find the associated partial, base Tone, and adjustment semitones. Table 5 shows an example of the association. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Sample association between YZ angle, partial, base Tone and pitch 
               
             
          
           
               
                 YZ angle [degree] 
                 Open Valve 
                 Assigned Tone 
                 Adjustment Semitones 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 82.5-97.5 
                 C5 
                 Tone-Bb4 
                 2 
               
               
                 67.5-82.5 
                 Bb4 
                 Tone-Bb4 
                 0 
               
               
                 52.5-67.5 
                 G4 
                 Tone-Bb4 
                 −3 
               
               
                 37.5-52.5 
                 E4 
                 Tone-Bb4 
                 −6 
               
               
                 22.5-37.5 
                 C4 
                 Tone-C4 
                 0 
               
               
                  7.5-22.5 
                 G3 
                 Tone-C4 
                 −6 
               
               
                 −7.5-7.5  
                 C3 
                 Tone-C3 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Determination of the pitch adjustment proceeds as described for the other embodiments. In order to ensure that the angle is determined prior to partial being determined, a slight delay may be inserted. 
     With Tone and pitch determined, the type of attack or other quality of Tone is found  1510  as described in the Trombone embodiment. Finally, with Tone, pitch adjustment, and other Tone quality determined, the parameters are sent  1512  to the playback processor, and if  1514  set to trigger playback by touch, playback is requested  1516 . 
     A similar process is followed if a touch moved event is received  1504 . A new Tone, pitch adjustment, and note quality are determined  1518 . If the Tone or partial changes a slur may be signaled  1520  to the playback processor along with the other Tone parameters. 
     Finally, if a touch end event is received, and  1522  the system is configured to trigger playback by touch, a playback stop is requested  1524  of the playback processor. 
     As in the previously described Trombone embodiment,  FIG. 16  shows a flow diagram of the process by which the mic sensor handles events if it has been selected by the user to trigger sound playback. The raw mic data is received  1600  periodically and peak and average levels are determined  1602  by a callback and/or timer function. If  1604  the player is currently not playing and  1606  the average volume level is above a particular threshold, a start request is sent  1608  to the playback processor, with the Tone and pitch having separately been requested by the Touch event processor. If  1604  the player is currently playing and  1610  the average volume level is above the threshold, it should continue playing and a volume adjustment based on the average volume level is requested  1612  of the playback processor. Finally, if  1604  the player is currently playing, but  1610  the average volume level is below the threshold, a stop is requested  1614  of the playback processor. In another embodiment, toggling sound is controlled by touch, whereas volume can be controlled by mic. In yet another embodiment, mic input can be used to determine partial. A Fourier transform is done on the mic input to determine its pitch. It is then matched to the set of partial pitches to select the closest partial. 
       FIG. 17  shows a flow diagram of the process by which the accelerometer handles events. The raw data is received  1700  and filtered  1702 - 1706  to determine an actionable event. In this particular embodiment the event is either an angle change, or a shake. The angle change may correspond either to a change in volume, or a change in partial, as would be the case with the embodiments of  FIGS. 13 and 14 . If  1702  the angle change occurs about an axis configured to correspond to a partial, the angle itself is stored  1712  for later query by the touch event processor, or the partial is determined  1710  as described previously and in accordance with  FIGS. 13 and 14 , and stored  1712  for later reference by the touch event processor. 
     If  1704  the angle change occurs about an axis configured to correspond to volume, the volume can be determined  1714  as previously described in accordance with FIG for the Trombone embodiment. With volume determined, it is sent  1716  to the playback processor. 
     If  1706  a shake event is detected, a flag that the event occurred and the time at which it occurred is set  1718 , such that any of the event processors responsible for starting playback may refer to it to determine attack type. In a modified embodiment, the shake could be configured to start and stop the sound playback, as well. 
     Saxophone 
       FIG. 18  shows the present invention embodied as a Saxophone. A real Saxophone consists of a length of brass tubing with a mouthpiece connected at one end, and a flared bell at the other. It has a series of holes which are covered and uncovered by pads which are controlled by pressing a series of keys. Keys are pressed by both left and right hands, including the left and, sometimes, right thumbs. Sound is generated when a person blows into the mouthpiece and vibrates the reed. Pitch is determined by wind and reed vibration and the combination of keys pressed. 
     By changing the oral cavity users can “lip up” to higher partials to play altissimo notes. However, they can reach many notes by the standard keys, which include the octave key. Quality, nuance and volume are determined largely by the shape of the oral cavity, lip position, wind speed and direction. 
     As embodied by the present invention. The device has a touch display  1800 , a mic  1810 , and speaker  1820 , with additional sensors and processor electronics contained within the case. 
     Areas for each key are defined on the display. There are the left hand main keys (B, A/C, G, front F, and Bb), palm keys (D, Eb, F), and little finger keys (G#, Low C#, Low B, Low Bb). There are also right hand main keys (F, E, D, F#), side keys (E, C, Bb, High F#), and little finger keys (Low Eb, Low C). A thumb key for changing octave may also be located on the display, or an alternate input may be used, such as the camera  1840  located on the back of the device. If sound is to be triggered by touch, an open key area is also defined to indicate that no keys are pressed, but sound is to be played. Base Tone and pitch are determined by location of touches in these regions. As with other embodiments, volume is determined by mic level, force (or area) of touch on the display, or angle of the device as determined by an accelerometer. Attack type, note quality and other nuance are determined by shaking the device, or may be linked directly to volume, or duration of notes. 
       FIG. 20  shows a flow diagram of the process by which the processor handles touch events. Display sensor information is received  2000  periodically, and processed to determine whether a touch has begun  2002 , moved  2004 , or ended  2006 . If  2000  a touch has begun, the Tone and pitch adjustment are determined  2008  based on location of the touch. 
     Similarly to the other previously described embodiments, partial or level is first determined, followed by adjustment due to key presses. The Saxophone differs from the Trumpet embodiments in that there is less reliance on partial shift, and more on key press shift. With the standard key arrangement (including thumb octave key) the instrument is capable of two and a half octaves. Altissimo registers can also be reached extending the range to 3 or even 4 octaves. 
     Partial, or octave shift, can be set through various methods. In one embodiment ( FIG. 18B ) the camera  1830  is used as a thumb octave key. In another embodiment, the device can be rotated in the XY plane, as shown in  FIG. 19  to raise the octave and enter altissimo registers. To each partial, octave or level, a base Tone with corresponding adjustment semitones is assigned. 
     Locations of the touches are then used to determine key presses. As with the other embodiments, the semitone shift due to key presses is then added to the base Tone adjustment semitones to determine the final pitch shift of the base Tone. 
     Attack type and other qualities of the note is then determined  2010 . With Tone, pitch adjustment, note quality and any other parameters determined, they are sent  1512  to the playback processor. If  2014  configured to trigger playback by touch, playback is also requested  2016 . 
     A similar process is followed if  2004  a touch moved event is received. A new Tone, pitch adjustment, and note quality are determined  2018 . If the note changes a slur may be signaled  2020  to the playback processor along with the other Tone parameters. 
     Finally, if  2006  a touch end event is received and  2022  playback is configured to be triggered by touch, a playback stop is requested  2024  of the playback processor. 
       FIGS. 21 and 22  show the process by which mic events and accelerometer events are handled, respectively. These processes proceed similarly to those of the previously described Trumpet embodiments. 
       FIG. 23  shows the process by which camera input is handled to set the octave shift. The data is received  2300  periodically, processed  2302  to determine whether light is on or off, and the octave shift flag is set  2304  accordingly. 
     The invention has now been described with reference to the preferred embodiments. Alternatives and substitutions will now be apparent to persons of skill in the art.