Abstract:
This invention comprises nanoparticles for use with biosensors. The nanoparticles have core/shell architecture. The nanoparticles can be detected by two means, magnetic and optical by virtue of the nanoparticles magnetic core and fluorescent semiconductor shell. Methods of making the nanoparticles and their composition are described.

Description:
This application is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/414,571 filed on Apr. 15, 2003 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,235,228, incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention is in the area of biosensors, and encompasses nanoparticles whose presence is detectable by two means, magnetic and visual. The nanoparticles have a core/shell structure with a magnetic core and a fluorescent semiconductor shell. 
     2. Description of Background Art 
     Passivated magnetic nanoparticles with core shell structure have recently been described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/355,162 filed on Jan. 31, 2003 and based on provisional U.S. patent application 60/307,693 filed Apr. 4, 2002 by the inventors of this patent application, both applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. In the invention described in the incorporated patent applications, nanoparticles having a core/shell structure with a magnetic core and a metal oxide shell are described and claimed. The shell passivates the core to protect against further oxidation. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,048,515 describes multilayered nanoparticles having a magnetic core and at least two layers of coatings thereon. The particles of this invention may be detected magnetically or visually because of the reddish brown color of the core. The nanoparticles of this invention are said to be useful for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. 
     OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of this invention is to produce core/shell structured nanoparticles having properties which provide for more than one manner of detection. The properties are magnetic detection by virtue of the nanoparticles magnetic core, and visual detection by virtue of the particles fluorescent semiconductor or a surface plasma resonances in the outer shell. 
     Another object of this invention is to provide a new diagnostic tool. 
     Another object of this invention is to provide a synthesis route for magnetic/fluorescent nanoparticles. 
     Another object of this invention is to provide nanoparticles with dual detection properties for use in biomedical applications and biodetection schemes. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Magnetic nanoparticles based on iron oxide core have been synthesized in a variety of methods including sonochemical, photochemical, as well as other solution chemical methods. Using the reverse micelle system it is possible to form a shell semiconductor layer that makes the magnetic nanoparticles fluoresce. This semiconductor layer then adds to the applicability of the particle by altering the electronic properties of the particle while maintaining the magnetic properties of the core. For biomedical applications this semiconductor layer provides an additional fluorescence without further functionalization. As a result, the core/shell nanoparticles can be used in a variety of biological applications where their magnetic properties are most desirable. 
     The advantages of using chemical routes to produce the core/shell magnetic/fluorescent nanoparticles of this invention include the ability to produce larger quantities of material while achieving better chemical homogeneity due to mixing of the constituents at the molecular level. 
     The focus of this synthesis was the development of a magnetic nanoparticle which also has fluorescent properties. To this end, this invention expands on core/shell synthesis to now grow a semiconductor shell. The semiconductor, CdS, CdSe and other group III and group V fluorescent semiconductors give the nanoparticles of the invention fluorescent properties while maintaining the magnetic properties of the core. 
     The advantages of the synthesis comes in two parts, first it allows for the construction of a hybrid magnetic semiconductor which can be used in dual detection schemes, both optically and magnetically. The use of a QDot (nanoparticle semiconductor) has many advantages over traditional dyes, such as narrower emission and excitation bands and resistance to photobleaching. 
     Currently, in linear flow assays using colloidal nanoparticles, the nanoparticles travel with the solvent front through a porous membrane to a conjugated pad. Here the functionalized nanoparticles stick giving a visual qualitative reading of whether an analyte is present or not. Using this technique in the field, a Corpman could use the visual detection of a test strip for various biological agents. In cases where the visual detection and evaluation might be ambiguous, the magnetic properties would not be. The same test strip could be sent to a field hospital where technicians could use a magnetic strip reader and quantify the results. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1 . shows the core/shell structure of the invention. 
         FIG. 2 . shows the general synthesis route for the invention. 
         FIG. 3 . shows fluorescence spectra of semiconductor and iron semiconductor materials. 
         FIG. 4 . shows TEM of CdS-FeO x  aggregates of 3 nm nanoparticles. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In this invention, metal salts of Fe, Co or Ni or other ferromagnetic metals or alloys thereof or mixtures thereof were dissolved within the aqueous core of a reverse micelle system formed using surfactants in organic solvents. The surfactants used in the micelle system are quateranary ammonium salts, polyoxylethoxylates, and sulfate esters. Examples of surfactants are cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, nonyphenolpolyethoxylate 4 and 7 (NP-4 and NP-7), sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, and bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinic ester. Organic solvents used include chloroform, toluene or any organic solvent compatible with the surfactant and micelle synthesis system. 
     In practice, the metal salt solution which will form the nanoparticle core is mixed with the organic surfactant solution to form the micelle solutions. A sodium borohydride reducing solution is also mixed with organic surfactant solution. The two micelle solutions are mixed and allowed to react to effect reduction of the metal salt to the core ferromagnetic metal. As well as sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride may also be used as can any equivalent reducing agent. 
     Following isolation of the core magnetic nanoparticles, the nanoparticles are treated with a metal sulfide such as sodium sulfide or equivalents thereof which results in formation of metal sulfide monolayer on the surface of the core material which act as seed for epitaxial growth of the fluorescent semiconductor shell layer. To form the shell, sodium sulfide and the fluorescent semiconductor precursor are alternatively added to the sodium sulfide treatment mixture. This synthetic procedure is outlined in  FIG. 2 . The semiconductor precursor is a salt of the semiconductor such as a nitrate which is added alternatively with sodium sulfide to the sulfide treated core material to form the fluorescent semiconductor. Semiconductors useful in this invention are CdS, CdSe, And other fluorescent semiconductors of group III or group V. 
     It must be recognized that during isolation and reaction of the magnetic core metal nanoparticles, some of the magnetic nanoparticles may be oxidized to metal oxide so that the core material may indeed be ferrimagnetic, as demonstrated for iron, Fe, Fe 3 O 4  and or MFe 2 O 4  where M is Fe, Co, or Ni. Also it must be recognized that the whole core/shell structure may be a gradient composite material of Fe(FeO)FeSCdS. However, the end result is the same, a nanoparticle with a magnetic core and a fluorescent semiconductor shell. 
     In this invention, the preferred fluorescent semiconductors are cadmium sulfide (CdS), and cadmium selenide (CdSe). Other suitable fluorescent semiconductors for use in the invention are semiconductors of group V and group III with fluorescent properties. The magnetic metal core diameter ranges from about 2 to about 50 nm, while the shell thickness ranges from about 0.5 to about 50 nm. The core materials are selected to be a ferrimagnetic metal oxide or a ferromagnetic metal. The ferrimagnetic oxides include Fe 3 O 4 , or MFe 2 O 4  where M is Fe, Co, or Ni and the ferromagnetic metals include Fe, Co, or Ni or alloys thereof or mixtures thereof. The core is coated with CdS or CdSe or equivalents thereof or mixtures thereof to provide fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles. 
     Dynamic light scattering as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is used to determine particle size.  FIG. 4 . shows a TEM micrograph of aggregates of 3 nm particles of core/shell nanoparticles of CdS shell over an FeO x  core. Composition of the nanoparticles is determined by inductively coupled plasma, and the nature of the core is determined by x-ray absorption fine structure measurement. 
     The magnetic properties of the nanoparticles of this invention are determined using s SQUID magnetometer over a temperature range of 10K-300K. The particles have a magnetization of ˜11-15 emu/g at 100 G. Due to the large diamagnetic contribution from the semiconductor, the magnetization decreases as the field increases. 
     Fluorescent properties of the nanoparticles of this invention are measured using a spectrofluorometer over a wavelength of 280-450 nm for excitation scans and 380-750 nm for emission scans.  FIG. 3 . demonstrates that the fluorescent properties of the nanoparticles of the invention are very similar to micelle generated CdS nanoparticles. Thus the core/shell nanoparticles of this invention possess fluorescent properties similar to the semiconductor, with the added property of a magnetic signal. Typically fluorescence detection has the disadvantage of suffering from false readings due to photobleaching and other effects. The added magnetic detection feature allows for clinical verification without further sampling or sample preparation.  FIG. 3 . shows the spectral results of six experiments comparing fluorescent semiconductors (Qdots) with Qdot coated magnetic particles. Parenthetically, results show a 10% increase in fluorescence due to the presence of an external magnetic field. At the left of  FIG. 3 . is shown tracings of excitation scans and on the right are shown tracings of emission scans. In an excitation scan, the emission monochromater is held fixed while the excitation monochromater is scanned. In an emission scan the reverse takes place, excitation monochromater is held fixed and the emission monochromater is scanned. 
       FIG. 3 . shows the spectral results of six experiments comparing fluorescent semiconductors (Qdots) with Qdot coated magnetic particles. Parenthetically, results show a 10% increase in fluorescence due to the presence of an external magnetic field. At the left of  FIG. 3 . is shown tracings of excitation scans and on the right are shown tracings of emission scans. In an excitation scan, the emission monochromater is held fixed while the excitation monochromater is scanned. In an emission scan the reverse takes place, excitation monochramater is held fixed and the emission monochromater is scanned. 
     Synthesis 
     Colloidal nanoparticles of iron were synthesized using reverse micelles. 219 mg iron (II) chloride dissolved in 1.6 ml deionized water was used as the aqueous core precursor. 191 mg sodium borohydride was dissolved in 1.5 ml of deionozed water for use as the reducing agent. The surfactant solution was prepared using 28.0 grams of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) dissolved in 200 ml chloroform. The aqueous metal solution was mixed with 50 ml CTBA solution and placed in a flask under flowing nitrogen. The sodium borohydride solution was mixed with 50 ml CTAB solution for 4 minutes to degas and homogenize. The sodium borohydride/CTAB solution was added to the iron chloride/CTAB and allowed to react with magnetic stirring under flowing nitrogen for 45 minutes. 
     To 0.05 gm of colloidal iron nanoparticle was added 0.01 M sodium sulfide, the amount add depends on the amount of metal colloide being used. 
     Following the sulfide addition, alternative additions of ˜0.1 M cadmium nitrate and sodium sulfide were made until 3 ml of each was added. Because of low solubilities there is virtually no free CdS in solution and this results in shell growth rather than nucleation. The reaction products are recovered using magnetic separation. 
     Colloidal cadmium selenide for use as a shell material was synthesized by the methods reported by Tian et al.  J. Phys. Chem.  1996, 100, 8927-8939; and Kortan et al.  J. Am. Chem. Soc.  1990, 112, 1327-1332; both references incorporated herein by reference. The colloidal CdSe was then used in shell synthesis as outlined above.