Abstract:
Present configuration concerns microelectronics; for instance, compact antenna devices applied in mobile communications and other equipment operating in millimeter range. The controlled lens antenna apparatus may include antenna elements in an integrated circuit configured to transmit beams. The apparatus may also include a dielectric lens antenna configured to generate a plane wave based in the beams transmitted. The apparatus may include a plate configured to deflect the generated plane wave at a random angle.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(a) of Russian Patent Application No. 2012-144224, filed on Oct. 17, 2012, in the Russian Intellectual Property Office, and Korean Patent Application No. 10-2013-0122753 filed on Oct. 15, 2013, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    1. Field 
         [0003]    The following description relates to a compact and controlled lens antenna to enable continuous directivity variation in a mobile communication equipment operating in a millimeter range. 
         [0004]    2. Description of Related Art 
         [0005]    In a development and manufacturing of semi-conductor integrated circuits (IC), one of the many focuses in recent years has been to reduce a size of the IC by reducing in size while increasing a number components being integrated in the IC, thereby increasing a package density of the IC and providing a maximum operating frequency. Production of high-frequency broad-band ICs both for commercial use and for the consumer electronic equipment became economically justified with the appearance of silicon ICs having a large functionality on higher frequencies at smaller dimensions and at lower cost. High-frequency broad-band elements based on IC are applied now in the communicators working on small distances in a millimeter range of an order of 24 GHz-60 GHz, and in the automobile radar working in a range of 24 GHz-77 GHz. These elements are appealing because they are designed to operate at or near “millimeter-wave” frequencies (3 to 300 gigahertz). Cellular networks have always occupied bands lower on the spectrum, where carrier waves tens of centimeters long (hundreds of megahertz) pass easily around obstacles and through the air. But this spectrum is heavily used, making it difficult for operators to acquire more of it. Presently, operating frequencies of commercial communications and radar applications have reached an upper range limit of radio band, having extended to millimeter waves. 
         [0006]    Ultra-compact antennas have been developed based on IC to operate in millimeter range. However, one of the many drawbacks of existing ultra-compact antennas is that they allow executing only discrete switching of directivity. For smooth scanning in known solutions the increasing of number of antennas on IC is required that leads to increasing of the dimensions of IC, thereby producing a larger and more expensive IC. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0007]    This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter. 
         [0008]    In accordance with an illustrative example, there is provided a In accordance with an illustrative example, there is provided a controlled lens antenna apparatus, including antenna elements in an integrated circuit configured to transmit beams; a dielectric lens antenna configured to generate a plane wave based in the beams transmitted; and a plate configured to deflect the generated plane wave at a random angle. 
         [0009]    A dielectric lens of the dielectric lens antenna may include a hemispherical part and a cylindrical continuation and is formed of a dielectric substance. 
         [0010]    The antenna elements may be located on a plane surface of a cylindrical continuation of a dielectric lens of the dielectric lens. 
         [0011]    The dielectric lens antenna may be homogeneous or composite. 
         [0012]    The dielectric lens antenna may includes a dielectric lens body with relative dielectric conductivity ∈ 1 , a dielectric lens fill piece with relative dielectric conductivity ∈ 2 , where ∈ 1 &lt;∈ 2 , and a matching dielectric lens covering with relative dielectric conductivity ∈ 3 , where ∈ 3 =√{square root over (∈ 2 )}. 
         [0013]    The controlled lens antenna apparatus may be formed on a high-resistance semi-conductive substrate. 
         [0014]    The dielectric lens antenna may include a dielectric lens body and a dielectric lens fill piece. 
         [0015]    The dielectric lens body may include a relative dielectric conductivity ∈ 1  and the dielectric lens fill piece is a hyperboloid fill piece with relative dielectric conductivity ∈ 2 . 
         [0016]    A dependence of relative dielectric conductivities ∈ 1  and ∈ 2  of the dielectric lens antenna may include ∈ 2 =∈ 1 (1+tg(φ/2)), where φ is an angle between hyperboloid axes. 
         [0017]    The plate may include a ceramic plate with a dielectric conductivity changed through an applied voltage, two matching plates, and contact electrodes. 
         [0018]    A deviation angle of the plate may be determined through arcsin(d/s), where d is a propagation difference, S is a distance between centers of contact electrodes of the plate. 
         [0019]    The plate may include ferroelectric ceramic plates and corresponding layers. 
         [0020]    In accordance with another illustrative example, there is provided controlled lens antenna apparatus, including antenna elements in an integrated circuit configured to transmit beams; a dielectric lens antenna configured to generate a plane wave based in the beams transmitted, wherein a lens of the dielectric lens antenna includes a hemispherical part with a predetermined radius and a cylindrical continuation having a predetermined length; and a deflecting plate including contact electrodes and configured to deflect the generated plane wave at a random angle using a relationship between a propagation difference of the beams and a distance between centers of the contact electrodes. 
         [0021]    The antenna elements may be located on a plane surface of the cylindrical continuation. 
         [0022]    The dielectric lens antenna may be homogeneous or composite. 
         [0023]    The dielectric lens antenna may include a dielectric lens body with relative dielectric conductivity ∈ 1 , a dielectric lens fill piece with relative dielectric conductivity ∈ 2 , where ∈ 1 &lt;∈ 2 , and a matching dielectric lens covering with relative dielectric conductivity ∈ 3  where ∈ 3 =√{square root over (∈ 2 )}. 
         [0024]    The dielectric lens antenna may include a dielectric lens body and a dielectric lens fill piece, 
         [0025]    The dielectric lens body may include a relative dielectric conductivity ∈ 1  and the dielectric lens fill piece is a hyperboloid fill piece with relative dielectric conductivity ∈ 2 . 
         [0026]    A dependence of relative dielectric conductivities ∈ 1  and ∈ 2  of the dielectric lens antenna may include ∈ 2 =∈ 1 (1+tg(φ/2)), where φ is an angle between hyperboloid axes. 
         [0027]    The deflecting plate may also include a ceramic plate with a dielectric conductivity changed through an applied voltage, two matching plates, and contact electrodes of the deflecting plate. 
         [0028]    A deviation angle of the deflecting plate may be determined through arcsin(d/s), where d is a propagation difference, S is a distance between centers of contact electrodes. 
         [0029]    The deflecting plate may include ferroelectric ceramic plates and corresponding layers. 
         [0030]    Other features and aspects will be apparent from the following detailed description, the drawings, and the claims. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0031]      FIG. 1  is a diagram illustrating an example of a scanning or a controlled lens antenna of a compact lens apparatus, in accordance with an embodiment. 
           [0032]      FIG. 2  is a diagram illustrating an example of the controlled lens antenna, in accordance with an embodiment. 
           [0033]      FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating a deviation angle of the controlled lens antenna, in accordance with an embodiment. 
           [0034]      FIG. 4  is a diagram illustrating a source of waves in hyperboloid focus, in accordance with an embodiment. 
           [0035]      FIGS. 5A and 5B  is a diagram illustrating a radiation pattern of the controlled lens antenna, in accordance with an embodiment. 
       
    
    
       [0036]    Throughout the drawings and the detailed description, unless otherwise described, the same drawing reference numerals will be understood to refer to the same elements, features, and structures. The relative size and depiction of these elements may be exaggerated for clarity, illustration, and convenience. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0037]    The following detailed description is provided to assist the reader in gaining a comprehensive understanding of the methods, apparatuses, and/or systems described herein. Accordingly, various changes, modifications, and equivalents of the systems, apparatuses, and/or methods described herein will be suggested to those of ordinary skill in the art. The progression of processing steps and/or operations described is an example; however, the sequence of steps and/or operations is not limited to that set forth herein and may be changed as is known in the art, with the exception of steps and/or operations necessarily occurring in a certain order. Also, description of well-known functions and constructions may be omitted for increased clarity and conciseness. 
         [0038]    In accordance with an illustrative configuration, a compact lens antenna apparatus is presented enabling a smooth directivity variation without increasing dimensions and manufacturing costs of an integrated circuit (IC). In one example, the compact lens apparatus may be used as a part of millimeter range systems, such as wireless data transmission systems and automobile radars enabling designing compact controlled lens antenna systems with low frequency requirements. 
         [0039]    The compact lens antenna apparatus includes antenna elements in an IC and a dielectric lens antenna configured to generate a plane wave. The antenna elements may be configured to transmit beams. The compact lens antenna apparatus also includes a plate configured to deflect the generated plane wave at a random angle. The plate may be a deflecting plate. 
         [0040]      FIG. 1  is a diagram illustrating an example of a scanning or a controlled lens antenna of the compact lens apparatus, in accordance with an embodiment. 
         [0041]    In one illustrative example,  FIG. 1  illustrates a scheme of the scanning or controlled lens antenna  100 . In one example, the controlled lens antenna may be used in visualization systems. The controlled lens antenna  100  includes a lens  110  and antenna elements  120 . The lens  110  includes a hemispherical part  112 , having a radius R, and a cylindrical continuation  114 , having length L. In one example, the lens  110  is formed of a dielectric substance. The antenna elements  120  are located on a plane surface of the cylindrical continuation  114 . Each antenna element  120  transmits signals as corresponding beams  130 . An angular direction of each beam  130  corresponds to a shift, a distance, or a displacement, X, of each corresponding the antenna element  120  from a focus point  116  of lens  110 . Scanning is provided by displacing each of the antenna elements  120  in accord with a transmission requirement of an external circuit. In one example, the external circuit can be used for video transmission from each element of the antenna elements  120 . 
         [0042]      FIG. 2  is a diagram illustrating an example of a controlled lens antenna, in accordance with an embodiment. 
         [0043]    The controlled lens antenna of  FIG. 2  includes an integrated circuit (IC)  1 , antenna elements  2  on the IC  1 , a dielectric lens antenna  3 . 1 - 3 . 4 , and a deflecting plate  4 . 1 - 4 . 4 . The controlled lens antenna including the antenna elements  2  on the IC  1  and the dielectric lens antenna  3 . 1 - 3 . 4  generates a plane wave. In one example, the dielectric lens antenna  3 . 1 - 3 . 4  is homogeneous or composite. The dielectric lens antenna  3 . 1 - 3 . 4  includes a dielectric lens body  3 . 1 ,  3 . 2  with relative dielectric conductivity ∈ 1  and a dielectric lens fill piece  3 . 4  with relative dielectric conductivity ∈ 2  (∈ 1 &lt;∈ 2 ). The dielectric lens antenna  3 . 1 - 3 . 4  can also have a matching dielectric lens covering  3 . 3 . The relative dielectric conductivity may be relative permittivity. 
         [0044]    The plane wave generated by the dielectric lens antenna  3 . 1 - 3 . 4  is deflected by a deflecting plate  4 . 1 - 4 . 4 . The deflecting plate  4 . 1 - 4 . 4  includes, for example, a ceramic plate  4 . 2 , two matching plates  4 . 1 ,  4 . 3 , and contact electrodes  4 . 4 . A dielectric conductivity of the ceramic plate  4 . 2  may be changed through a predetermined applied voltage. The dielectric conductivity may be permittivity. The predetermined applied voltage may be a voltage applied to the ceramic plate  4 . 2  by the contact electrodes  4 . 4 . The deflecting plate may be configured to deflect the generated plane wave at a random angle using a relationship between a propagation difference of the beams and a distance between centers of the contact electrodes. A deviation angle of the deflecting plate  4 . 1 - 4 . 4  may be determined using the following relationship arcsin(d/s), where d is a propagation difference of the beams, S is a distance between centers of contact electrodes.  FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating a deviation angle of the controlled lens antenna, in accordance with an embodiment. Thus, the deviation angle can be expressed as: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               ϕ 
               = 
               
                 arcsin 
                 ( 
                 
                   
                     h 
                      
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           
                             ɛ 
                             
                               p 
                                
                               
                                   
                               
                                
                               1 
                             
                           
                         
                         - 
                         
                           
                             ɛ 
                             
                               p 
                                
                               
                                   
                               
                                
                               2 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   s 
                 
                 ) 
               
             
             , 
           
         
       
     
         [0045]    where φ may be the deviation angle, h is a thickness of the ceramic plate  4 . 2 , ∈ p1  and ∈ p2  are relative dielectric conductivities of various parts of the ceramic plate  4 . 2  under an influence of a various voltages. s may be a distance between centers of the contact electrodes.  FIGS. 5A and 5B  are diagrams illustrating a radiation pattern of the controlled lens antenna, in accordance with an embodiment. 
         [0046]    In accordance with an illustrative example, the controlled lens antenna apparatus on an IC can be formed on a high-resistance semi-conductive substrate. The dielectric lens antenna  3 . 1 - 3 . 4  may include the dielectric lens body  3 . 1 ,  3 . 2  with relative dielectric conductivity ∈ 1  and a dielectric lens fill piece. The dielectric lens fill piece may be hyperboloid fill piece  3 . 4  with relative dielectric conductivity ∈ 2 . The hyperbolic fill piece  3 . 4  configured to enable a considerable reduction in dimensions of the controlled lens antenna apparatus. In one example, to transform a spherical wave to a plane wave, a source of waves is placed in hyperboloid focus (see  FIG. 4 ). In  FIG. 4 , F 1  and F 2  indicate focuses of hyperboloids. x and y indicate coordinate values of points forming the hyperboloids. A wave from the focus F 2  of one of the hyperboloids may be deflected at an angle of β−α at a point of the other hyperboloid. A dashed line in  FIG. 4  may be a perpendicular line at the point of the hyperboloid. A dependence of relative dielectric conductivities ∈ 1  and ∈ 2  of the dielectric lens antenna  3 . 1 - 3 . 4  may be expressed by the following relation: 
         [0000]      ∈ 2 =∈ 1 (1+tg(φ/2)).
 
         [0047]    where φ is an angle between hyperboloid axes. tg may be the tangent function. Thus, in case φ=90°, ∈ 2 =2∈ 1 . If to consider dielectric losses, the following relation may apply: ∈ 2 &lt;2∈ 1 , ∈ 1 &lt;∈ 2 &lt;2∈ 1 . 
         [0048]    The dielectric lens antenna  3 . 1 - 3 . 4  may also have a matching dielectric lens covering  3 . 3  with relative dielectric conductivity ∈ 3 . 
         [0000]      ∈ 3 =√{square root over (∈ 2 )}
 
         [0049]    In accordance with an alternative configuration, the deflecting plate  4 . 1 - 4 . 4  can include ferroelectric ceramic plates and matching or corresponding layers. The dielectric conductivity of ferroelectric ceramic plates would be regulated by an applied voltage. 
         [0050]    While this disclosure includes specific examples, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made in these examples without departing from the spirit and scope of the claims and their equivalents. The examples described herein are to be considered in a descriptive sense only, and not for purposes of limitation. Descriptions of features or aspects in each example are to be considered as being applicable to similar features or aspects in other examples. Suitable results may be achieved if the described techniques are performed in a different order, and/or if components in a described system, architecture, device, or circuit are combined in a different manner and/or replaced or supplemented by other components or their equivalents. Therefore, the scope of the disclosure is defined not by the detailed description, but by the claims and their equivalents, and all variations within the scope of the claims and their equivalents are to be construed as being included in the disclosure.