Abstract:
A digital signal processing system, including an analog-to-digital converter adapted to provide at least n-bit samples to a processor, and range selection circuitry for stepwise adjusting the range of the analog-to-digital converter to the amplitude of an input signal and for shifting the position of the n-bit samples on the processor bus according to the selected range.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of prior application Ser. No. 10/016,672, filed Dec. 10, 2001, now abandoned, which in turn is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/910,434, filed Jul. 20, 2001, which in turn is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/521,060, filed Mar. 8, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,288,658, entitled ANTISATURATION SYSTEM FOR AN ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL, which applications are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to an analog-to-digital converter used in a digital signal processing system, and more specifically to a solution for overcoming saturation of the analog-to-digital converter. 
     2. Discussion of the Related Art 
     FIG. 1 schematically shows an exemplary signal processing chain. The shown chain is part of a conventional Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT) demodulator used, for example, in Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) modems. 
     An analog incoming signal is provided through a hybrid line interface  10  to an analog processing circuit  12 . Circuit  12  typically performs an automatic gain control and a low-pass filtering. The analog signal A provided by circuit  12  is converted into digital samples D by an analog-to-digital converter  14 . The digital samples D, for example 12-bits wide, are provided to a Digital Signal Processor (DSP)  16  programmed to carry out the required processing. In a DMT demodulator, the DSP will mainly carry out a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). 
     FIG. 2 shows an exemplary portion of analog signal A at the input of analog-to-digital converter  14 . In a DMT transmission system, the analog signal is the sum of several subcarriers which are modulated in phase and in amplitude, according to random data to be transmitted. As a consequence, the average amplitude of the signal is relatively low. However, from time to time, several subcarriers may be in phase, causing a high amplitude peak, as shown in the middle of the signal. As illustrated on the right of FIG. 2, the amplitude probability density of the signal follows a gaussian curve centered on amplitude zero, i.e. the smaller amplitudes have a higher probability of occurrence than the higher amplitudes. 
     A problem in designing the analog-to-digital converter  14  is that its range should be adapted to the most probable amplitudes in order to reduce the quantization noise of the conversion to an acceptable value, given the number of bits of the converter. 
     In practice, the range of the converter, included between values −Vt and +Vt in FIG. 2, is chosen so that the amplitudes of the signal have a given maximum probability of occurring within the range, accepting that, from time to time, there will be amplitudes out of range. 
     When out-of-range amplitudes occur, the analog-to-digital converter saturates, producing undesirable frequency domain components after the FFT. 
     In order to avoid the saturation of the converter, it could be devised to extend its range. However, if the range is extended without increasing the number of bits of the converter, the resolution of the converter decreases, causing an increase of the quantization noise. 
     Thus, the best solution would be to increase the range of the converter and correspondingly increase the number of bits of the converter in order to maintain the resolution. However, increasing the number of bits of the converter increases the complexity of the design of the converter. 
     Another solution for avoiding saturation of the analog-to-digital converter is to perform a compression of the analog input signal and to perform a corresponding expansion of the digital output signal. This technique is known as “non uniform quantization” and is described in the manual “Digital Communications—Fundamentals and applications”, by Bernard Sklar, Prentice-Hall, 1988. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the present invention is to provide a low complexity signal processing system overcoming the effects of high amplitude peaks on an analog-to-digital converter by using this compression technique and the statistical properties of the signal to increase the effective resolution. 
     This and other objects are achieved by a digital signal processing system, comprising an analog-to-digital converter adapted to provide at least n-bit samples to a processor, and range selection means for stepwise adjusting the range of the analog-to-digital converter to the amplitude of an input signal and for shifting the position of the n-bit samples on the processor bus according to the selected range. 
     According to an embodiment of the invention, the analog-to-digital converter provides (n+m)-bit samples aligned with the least significant bits of said bus. 
     According to an embodiment of the invention, the analog-to-digital converter is constructed to have an n-bit accuracy. 
     According to an embodiment of the invention, the range selection means comprise m amplifiers of respective gains 20 to 2 m; a multiplexer connected for providing to the analog-to-digital converter the output of one amplifier selected according to the amplitude of the input signal; and a barrel-shifter adapted to select n+m bits in an (n+2 m)-bit word comprised of m constant value most significant bits, the n bits provided by the analog-to-digital converter, and m zero least significant bits, the n+m bits being selected according to the amplifier selected by the multiplexer. 
     The foregoing and other objects, features, aspects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of embodiments, given by way of illustration and not of limitation with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1, previously described, partially and schematically shows an input signal processing chain of a DMT demodulator; 
     FIG. 2 shows an exemplary analog input signal processed by an analog-to-digital converter in the processing chain of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 3 illustrates the principle of the invention with one embodiment of the invention; and 
     FIG. 4 shows another embodiment of the invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     A purpose of the invention is to dynamically adjust the range of an analog-to-digital converter to the amplitude of the incoming signal without substantially increasing the complexity of the system. In particular, the complexity of the converter is chosen to satisfy conventional quantization noise requirements. When the input signal has amplitudes not exceeding a normal range, the operation of the converter is conventional. When the amplitude of the signal exceeds the range, the range of the converter is increased so that the amplitude stays within the increased range. 
     Of course, since the number of bits of the converter remains the same, the range increase causes a corresponding resolution reduction and thus a quantization noise increase. However, in an application where the amplitude surges have a low occurrence probability, like in DMT transmission systems, the contribution to the average noise caused by the increased quantization noise for the occasional surges is much less than that of a saturation of the analog-to-digital converter. 
     If the size of the analog-to-digital converter is n bits for the normal range and resolution (n=12 in FIG.  1 ), this converter in fact has m additional bits in an embodiment of the invention, which enables the converter to “see” a surge of 2 m times the normal range in the input signal. 
     Of course, this may be obtained directly by using an (n+m)-bit converter instead of the normally required n-bit converter. However, as previously mentioned, this would substantially increase the complexity of the design of the converter. 
     To avoid this additional complexity, a first aspect of the invention is to use only n bits for the digital processing, among the n+m bits of the samples provided by the converter. More specifically, for positive samples, if the first non-zero most significant bit (MSB) is within the n least significant bits (LSBs), the n LSBs are provided to the DSP  16 . If the first non-zero MSB is at a position m+k, with m≧k&gt;0, the n consecutive bits up to position n+k are provided to the DSP  16  as the n-bit sample to process. The DSP is then programmed to internally multiply this sample by 2 k . 
     Thus, only n bits among the n+m bits provided by the converter are effectively exploited. In other words, when the n MSBs are exploited, the m LSBs are ignored and may even be incorrect. As a result, and according to a second aspect of the invention, although the converter produces n+m bits, it is designed for having the accuracy required for producing only n bits. The components of the analog-to-digital converter may be designed to be 2 m times less accurate than the components which would be required for a conventional (n+m)-bit converter. This considerably relaxes the design constraints of the converter and reduces its complexity. 
     A particularly well suited type of analog-to-digital converter is a pipeline converter. In a pipeline converter, the number of bits produced is a multiple of the number of pipeline stages. According to the invention, the converter would simply be provided with additional stages for producing the m additional bits, these additional stages having the same structure and accuracy as the other stages. The complexity of the converter thus only increases linearly. 
     FIG. 3 illustrates an advantageous method for providing the n necessary bits to DSP  16  and multiplying the corresponding values by 2 k , where k is the offset of the n used bits with respect to the LSBs. 
     In fact, a conventional DSP  16  operates with a fixed width bus which is generally wider than the n+m bits provided by the analog-to-digital converter  14 . As an example, the DSP bus is 16 bits wide, whereas n=12 and m=3. In this case, the n+m bits of the converter are aligned with the LSBs of the DSP bus, the m LSBs being passed onto the DSP bus through a mask  30 . Mask  30  is programmed so that it cancels up to m LSBs according to the position of the first significant MSB provided by the converter. For positive samples, a “significant bit” has value 1, whereas for negative samples, it has value 0. 
     In the example, if the first non-zero MSB is at position  15 , mask  30  will contain 3 zeros which will cancel the 3 LSBs. 
     If the first significant MSB is at position  14 , i.e. k=3, mask  30  will contain value 100 which cancels the two LSBs. 
     If the first significant MSB is at position  13  (k=2), mask  30  will contain value 110, canceling the LSB. 
     Finally, if the first significant MSB is at position  12  or below (k≦1), mask  30  will contain value 111, whereby all three LSBs are passed onto the DSP bus. 
     With this configuration, when the position of the first significant MSB exceeds the 12 th , the effectively used n bits are left-shifted by a value k on the DSP bus, which directly corresponds to the required multiplication by factor 2 k . 
     With the method of FIG. 3, the masking ( 30 ) will in practice be achieved by suitably programming the DSP  16 . As a consequence, the only complexity increase of a system according to the invention will be due to the addition of m bits to the analog-to-digital converter  14 . As previously mentioned, since the accuracy of the converter need not be increased, the addition of the m-bits only results in a small complexity increase. 
     FIG. 4 shows another embodiment of the invention. It comprises an n-bit converter  14 . The analog input signal A is provided to m+1 amplifiers  40  at the same time. The gains of the successive amplifiers are 2 0 , 2 1 , 2 2 , . . . 2 m . The outputs of the amplifiers  40  are provided to a multiplexer  42 , the output of which is connected to analog-to-digital converter  14 . 
     Each amplifier  40  has an over-range output OR which is enabled when the input signal A exceeds a corresponding range. The range of each amplifier is proportional to the inverse of the gain of the amplifier, and the smallest range, i.e. that of the amplifier of gain 2 m , is the normal range of the input signal. The over-range outputs OR are provided to a range selector  44  which controls multiplexer  42  to select the k th  amplifier (of gain 2 k ), where k is the rank of the last amplifier  40  not enabling its over-range signal OR. 
     Moreover, the n-bit output of converter  14  is provided to a barrel-shifter  46 , further receiving m MSBs from range selector  44 , and m zero LSBs. The (n+m)-bit wide output of the barrel-shifter is provided to the DSP (not shown). The barrel-shifter is controlled by the same signal as the multiplexer  42 . It selects, for its output, n+m bits counted up from LSB position k (position  0  being the first LSB position). 
     The m MSBs provided to the barrel-shifter  46  are set by range selector  44  to  000  if the output of converter  14  is positive, and to  111  if the output of converter  14  is negative (in the case of a two&#39;s complement encoding). The specific values of the m MSBs will be chosen according to the encoding used for the signed numbers. 
     With this embodiment, when signal A is within a normal range, the multiplexer selects the amplifier of gain 2 m (8 with m=3). If the signal exceeds this range, but remains within double this range, an amplifier with half the gain is selected, and so on. For example, with m=3, n=3 and positive values, when the normal range amplifier (of gain 8) is selected, the barrel shifter receives value 000abc000 and selects value 000abc, where a, b and c are the bits provided by the analog-to-digital converter  14 . Now, if the amplitude of the input signal doubles and the range is exceeded, the next amplifier (of gain 4) is selected. The barrel-shifter still receives value 000abc000, but it selects value 00abc0, which is double the previous value. 
     Such alterations, modifications, and improvements are intended to be part of this disclosure, and are intended to be within the spirit and the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the foregoing description is by way of example only and is not intended to be limiting. The invention is limited only as defined in the following claims and the equivalents thereto.