Abstract:
The present invention relates to a porous bioceramic composition for bone repair and method of fabrication of the same. 3D-scaffolds were fabricated with a novel micro- and macro-architecture. Porous scaffolds based on dextrin, dextran, gelatin and biomineral (CaCO 3 ) powder were fabricated by heating and freeze-drying methods. Fabrication of different compositions of porous scaffolds (20, 30 wt % of gelatin, 20, 40 wt % dextrin, 30, 40, 50, 60 wt % dextran bounder with the constant quantity of CaCO 3  50 g). The scaffolds properties were characterised by x-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and compression tests. 
     Most illustrative figure is FIG.  1.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/143,343 filed Jul. 5, 2011. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD OF INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to a porous composition for bone scaffold, and more particularly, to a porous composition for bone scaffold having excellent biocompatibility, bioaffinity and bioactivity with good mechanical properties. 
       BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 
       [0003]    Tissue or organ repair has been the ultimate goal of surgery from ancient times to the present day. Biomaterials, as the structural components of medical devices, are used extensively in the treatment of disease, trauma and disability. The most significant advances have been made through the development of so-called bioactive materials. These bioactive materials interact with the host tissues to assist and improve the healing process. 
         [0004]    CaCO 3  has been used for bone repair in the form of ceramic blocks, granules or CaCO 3  cement, it is a weak bioceramic alone without dextrin, gelatin, dextran and thus cannot be used on its own as major load-bearing implants in the human body. Dextrin was used because it is very firm, rigid and it is more tacky and faster setting. The process to produce the scaffolds is simple without using any sophisticated equipment and the scaffolds can be ready within 4-5 days. Easily sterilized either by exposure to high temperatures or gamma radiation and remain unaffected by one of these techniques. This scaffolds fall into the III category of medical devices, which are medical devices meant for permanent use which are not directly in contact with the blood stream nor the central nervous system, but do exert a biological effect or are absorbed totally or partially. 
         [0005]    One of the most widely studied hard tissue engineering approaches seeks to regenerate the lost or damaged tissue by making use of the interactions between cells and biodegradable scaffolds. This strategy usually involves the seeding and in vitro culturing of cells within a 3-D polymeric matrix—a scaffold—prior to implantation. The bioresorbable scaffold must be biocompatible and porous interconnected network to facilitate rapid vascularization and growth of newly formed tissue. 
         [0006]    Various source of Calcium Carbonate were used previously, some of the sources are limestone, coral which are found in a balance ecosystem. Natural coral exoskeleton derived from marine reefs is composed of calcium carbonate. It was introduced as a substitute for bone-graft in the mid-1970s, and has been used clinically to treat a variety of orthopedic and craniofacial defects of bone. This type of coral besides their endangered species is very nature expensive, and sometimes very expensive to collect. Limestone is a rock collects from the deep-seabed different from the coral as a biominerals. These materials are well known for their excellent bone-bonding capabilities but they are brittle and have poor resistance to compressive stress. In order to minimize the dependency of the above sources, the cockle shell which is easily available is used. The present invention of porous bioceramic composition has excellent bone bonding capabilities, tough and good resistance to compressive stress. 
         [0007]    Calcium carbonate-based ceramic in combination with dextrin were used as a novel technology in this study. Gelatin and dextran are another two materials in this component to support the scaffolds. 
         [0008]    The porous 3-D scaffolds prepared contain mainly cockle shells (CaCO 3 ) and dextrin, and process through the heating and freeze-drying methods. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0009]    It is an object of the present invention to provide a porous composition for bone scaffold having high mechanical properties. 
         [0010]    It is another object of the present invention to provide a porous composition for bone scaffold having proper size of pores and porosity as well as applicable mechanical properties in human body to promote fast tissue reaction and osteointegration due to its large specific surface area. 
         [0011]    It is still another object of the present invention to provide a porous composition for bone scaffold without any problems due to the thermal difference. 
         [0012]    It is still another object of the present invention to provide a porous composition for bone scaffold which can control its dissolution rate and biological properties in human body. 
         [0013]    It is still another object of the present invention to provide a method for manufacturing the same. According to the method of the present invention, the porosity of the porous composition substrate can be adjusted appropriately. 
         [0014]    In order to achieve these and other objects, the present invention provides a porous composition for bone scaffold. The porous composition according to the present invention comprising a mixture of cockle shell powder, dextrin, gelatin and dextran. 
         [0015]    Wherein it is preferable that the average size of pores in the porous composition substrate is also between 20-400 nm. 
         [0016]    The present invention also provides to a method for preparing a porous composition for bone scaffold. The method of the present invention comprises the steps of: (a) dissolving gelatin, dextran and dextrin in hot deionized water, (b) stirring the mixture, (c) adding cockle shell powder to the mixture, (d) pouring the mixture into a shaped wax block, (e) drying the mixture in room temperature, f) removing the shaped wax block and obtaining a scaffold. 
         [0017]    The present invention also provides another method for preparing a porous composition for bone scaffold. The method of the present invention comprises the steps of: a) dissolving gelatin, dextran and dextrin in hot deionized water, and adding cockle shell powder to the mixture (b) stirring the mixture, (c) pouring the mixture into a shaped wax block, (d) drying the mixture in a freeze drying machine. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0018]      FIGS. 1A-C  illustrate the scaffold contained of macro-micropores with different sizes and a uniform interior of sample 334. 
           [0019]      FIGS. 2A-D  illustrates the scaffold contained of macro-micropores with different sizes and a uniform interior of sample 334. 
           [0020]      FIGS. 3A-D  illustrates the scaffold contained of macro-micropores with different sizes and a uniform interior of sample 352 (the pore sizes are estimated between 20 to 400 nm). 
           [0021]      FIGS. 4A-B  illustrates small diameter pores of sample 262 preferable to yield high surface area per volume. 
           [0022]      FIGS. 5A-D  illustrates the porosity and interconnectivity of the pores (of scaffold prepared by the freeze-drying method) using the Phenom SEM. 
           [0023]      FIGS. 6A-B  illustrate DSC—temp. vs. heat flow for two sample, sample 262 and 334. 
           [0024]      FIGS. 7A-B  illustrate DSC—temp. vs. heat flow for one sample, sample 352. 
           [0025]      FIG. 8  illustrates a typical XRD pattern of the products (sample 352). 
           [0026]      FIG. 9  illustrates a typical XRD pattern of the products (sample 262). 
           [0027]      FIG. 10  illustrates a graph showing the amount of water absorbed in all samples. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
       [0028]    A more complete appreciation of the invention and many of the attendant advantages thereof can be better appreciated by reference to the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings. The following examples are cited by way of illustration and therefore, should not be constructed to limit the scope of the present invention. 
         [0029]    The present invention relates to a porous composition for bone scaffold. The porous composition comprises of a mixture of cockle shell powder, dextrin, gelatin and dextran. The cockle shell powder, the dextrin, the gelatin and the dextran are added at a certain amount respectively to form the mixture. Amount of the cockle shell powder is 33.33% by weight. 
         [0030]    Amount of the dextrin is ranging from 13.33% to 40% by weight. Amount of the gelatin is ranging from 13.33% to 20% by weight. Amount of the dextran is ranging from 13.33% to 40% by weight. A total mass of 150 g of the mixture is used as example where mass of the cockle shell is fixed at 50 g. 
         [0031]    The present invention also relates to method for preparation of a porous composition for bone scaffold. In one embodiment, the method comprises of first, dissolving gelatin, dextran and dextrin in hot deionized water. Second, stirring the mixture. Third, adding cockle shell powder to the mixture. Fourth, pouring the mixture into a shaped wax block. Fifth, drying the mixture. Sixth, removing the shaped wax block and obtaining a scaffold and seventh, drying the scaffold. 
         [0032]    In another embodiment, the method comprises of first, dissolving cockle shell powder, gelatin, dextran and dextrin in hot deionized water. Second, stirring the mixture. Third, pouring the mixture into a shaped wax block and fourth, drying the mixture in a freeze drying machine. 
         [0033]    A more complete appreciation of the invention and many of the attendant advantages thereof can be better appreciated by reference to the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings. The following examples are cited by way of illustration and therefore, should not be constructed to limit the scope of the present invention. 
       EXAMPLES 
     Materials for Scaffolds Preparation 
     Gelatin 
       [0034]    Gelatin which is a natural protein derived from the organic phase of bone is much cheaper and more easily obtainable in solutions than collagen. It is needed to be dissolved in water and cross-linked to form a polymer network. The gelatin used was derived from bovine skin. Gelatin is used to enhance the paste, the firmness and rigidity of scaffold. The gelatin provides the mechanical strength by changes of chain of amino acids which occurred during heating or freeze-drying process. 
       Dextran 
       [0035]    Dextran is a physiologically harmless biopolymer because of its biocompatible, biodegradable, non-immunogenic and non-antigenic properties. Dextran is used to increase the porosity of the scaffolds. 
       Dextrin 
       [0036]    Dextrin is a simple carbohydrate with a low molecular weight. Dextrin is used widely in industry, due to their non-toxicity and their low price. Dextrin is tacky and has fast setting ability than common starch pastes formed by unmodified starch. After dissolving, it tends to setback and form gels which eventually become very firm and rigid. 
         [0000]    Cockle Shell ( Anadara granosa ) Powder 
         [0037]    Cockles were collected from the wet markets and the powder was prepared after removal of all the waste material from the shells. 
       Scaffolds Preparation 
     Preparation of Cockle Shell Powder 
       [0038]    This study introduces a novel three-dimensional biomatrix obtained from the Cockle (Anadara granosa) as a scaffold for tissue engineering. The powder from the shell was prepared according to the method described by Zuki et al. (2004), which involved the removal of all the waste material after boiling the shells for 30 minutes. The shells were thoroughly cleaned until the shells become completely white. The black line in shell junction border was also removed. The shells were subject to boiling again for a few minute to remove all the residual material and were dried in the oven at 40° C. over night. The cockle shells were ground by using warring blender (Blendor®, HCB 550, USA) until they turned into powder form. The powder was sieved at 90 μm by using stainless steel siever (Retsch, Germany) and sterilized by heat at 100° C. for few hours before ready to be used. 
       Preparation of the Scaffolds 
       [0039]    Four-powder blend was formulated for the experiments. It consisted of cockle shell powder (50 g), gelatin (20 and 30 wt. %), dextran (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 wt. %), dextrin (20, 40 and 60 wt. %). 
         [0040]    Five different types of the scaffolds numbered 334, 352, 262, 226, 244 with various composition of gelatin, dextran, dextrin were prepared. The five scaffolds were prepared based on the following concentrations:
   Scaffold 334: 50 g cs, 30 g gel, 30 g dextran, 40 g dextrin   Scaffold 352: 50 g cs, 30 g gel, 50 g dextran, 20 g dextrin   Scaffold 262: 50 g cs, 20 g gel, 60 g dextran, 20 g dextrin   Scaffold 226: 50 g cs, 20 g gel, 20 g dextran, 60 g dextrin   Scaffold 244: 50 g cs, 20 g gel, 40 g dextran, 40 g dextrin   Keys   cs=cockle shell   gel=gelatin   
 
       Scaffolds Prepared by Heat Method 
       [0049]    The powders of three materials (gelatin, dextran, dextrin) were dissolved in hot deionized water at 70-80° C. for 2 hours by using the heating homogenize stirrer machines (Wiggen Hauser® Heating Stirring), the cockle shell powder was added to the mixtures in the end. The paste of the mixtures was poured in wax block design that depends on the shape of the bone defect, and left over night for drying at room temperature (27° C.). After 24 hours, the wax was removed and leaving the scaffolds to continue to dry at the same temperature for 1-2 days. Then, the scaffolds were dried in oven at 60 ° C. for 2 days. The scaffolds become hard and ready for sterilization to be used at a later date. 
       Scaffolds Prepared by Freeze-Drying Method 
       [0050]    Four powders (cockle shell powder, gelatin, dextran, dextrin) were blended together with deionized water at 50° C. for 60 minutes by using stirrer machine to homogenize the materials. The paste was poured into the mold and transferred immediately into the deep freezer −80° C. for 24 hours. The block was removed and the scaffolds were dry by using freeze-dryer machines for 48 hrs at −50° C. The dry scaffolds were kept in clean place for sterilization. 
       Characterization of the Scaffolds 
     Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM) 
       [0051]    Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (Philips XL30 ESEM) analysis revealed that the scaffold contained of macro-microspores with different sizes, and showed a uniform interior. The size of the pores and their distribution and also the interconnectivity between the pores were analyzed using the ESEM. Small diameter pores are preferable to yield high surface area per volume, as long as the pore size is greater than the diameter of a cell in suspension (typically 10 μm) ( FIGS. 1-5 ). 
       Degradation Manner 
       [0052]    The degradation manner of the scaffolds was assessed in water by soaking for 10 days. This was to evaluate the integrity of the scaffolds for few days in the liquid system. The scaffolds lasted for more than 10 days without much visible of the surface degradation. Qualitatively, the scaffolds were observed to be uniformly tough and strong throughout the test. The degradation rates should be adjustable to the suitable rate of tissue regeneration. After 10 days evaluation, the integrity of the scaffolds was still strong throughout the test. 
       Mechanical Tests 
       [0053]    Compression test was conducted under the dry and wet condition of the scaffold with an Instron 4302 machine. Universal mechanical testing machine using 1-kN load cell (Canton). One sample of each type was tested. In each set, many samples of different size and shape was prepare but mostly like the bone except the compression used was rectangular produced of different geometries and dimensions as shown below in the Table 1. Stiffness of the different geometries and dimensions scaffolds were evaluated in the point stress region. The yield strength was taken at the yield point on stress-strain in MPa. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 The strength of the dry and wet scaffolds. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Yield 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Thickness 
                 strength 
                 Modulus 
               
               
                 NO 
                 Sample 
                 Width mm 
                 mm 
                 MPa 
                 MPa 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 244 
                 Dry uninfiltrated 
                 14.30 
                 7.97 
                 11.43 
                 144.5 
               
               
                 244 
                 Dry infiltrated 
                 13.74 
                 7.04 
                 13.95 
                 182.3 
               
               
                 244 
                 Wet infiltrated 
                 13.96 
                 8.50 
                 1.946 
                 0.696 
               
               
                 262 
                 Dry uninfiltrated 
                 15.63 
                 7.64 
                 3.628 
                 74.57 
               
               
                 262 
                 Dry infiltrated 
                 16.32 
                 8.37 
                 3.429 
                 20.74 
               
               
                 262 
                 Wet infiltrated 
                 13.56 
                 8.87 
                 0.132 
                 0.428 
               
               
                 352 
                 Dry uninfiltrated 
                 12.60 
                 7.49 
                 13.19 
                 187.5 
               
               
                 352 
                 Dry infiltrated 
                 15.91 
                 9.93 
                 9.676 
                 71.41 
               
               
                 352 
                 Wet infiltrated 
                 16.78 
                 11.15 
                 0.394 
                 0.751 
               
               
                 334 
                 Dry uninfiltrated 
                 29.4 
                 2.66 
                 7.271 
                 1231 
               
               
                 334 
                 Dry infiltrated 
                 29.13 
                 2.92 
                 5.801 
                 33.24 
               
               
                 334 
                 Wet infiltrated 
                 29.10 
                 4.49 
                 0.007 
                 4.077 
               
               
                 226 
                 Dry uninfiltrated 
                 15.38 
                 9.78 
                 4.894 
                 48.05 
               
               
                 226 
                 Dry infiltrated 
                 13.89 
                 7.80 
                 5.250 
                 148.8 
               
               
                 226 
                 Wet infiltrated 
                 15.75 
                 9.57 
                 2.779 
                 0.639 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 
       [0054]    Different ratio of scaffolds samples were analyzed on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The thermal transition of powder was analyzed by using METTLER TOLEDO (DSC822 e  Switzerland). Typically, 5 mg of three samples were weighed. They were scanned from room temperature (25° C.) up to 250° C. at the rate of 10° C./min. 
         [0055]    DSC was used to analyze the thermal transition of the powders that used to fabricate scaffolds. The second peak observed could be ascribed to the melting of crystallites of the cockle shell powder, the first peaks of the sample observed refer to the three powders. The thermal signature was that of the scaffolds with a first peak 100° C. and second peak of sample. It also showed good mix ability between the materials in forming new bonds ( FIGS. 6-7 ). 
       X-ray Diffraction Analysis 
       [0056]    Examination of wide-angle X-ray diffraction was performed at room temperature to characterize the crystalline amorphous nature and identifies any crystalline phases present. Utilize the diffractometer system X&#39;PERT.PRO Philips PW3040/60 (XRD) with the diffraction angles from 0-70°. The scaffolds were ground before the analysis. 40 kV acceleration voltage and 30 mA were used for analysis. 
         [0057]    XRD was used to characterize the crystalline/amorphous nature of the CaCO 3  and to identify any crystalline phases present. Only the major CaCO 3  reflection peak, such as more than 1000 and between the 500 and 1000 were present in the X-ray diffraction pattern of these nanoCaCO 3  particles, no common secondary phase, such as gelatin, dextrin, dextran were found, which confirmed the phase composition of CaCO 3  ( FIGS. 8-9 ). 
       Water Absorption Test 
       [0058]    The samples were infiltrated with different amounts of copolymer solution, which was made by poly (L-lactide) PLA and polycaprolactone PCL dissolving in dichloromethane (CH 2 Cl 2 ) non toxic solution and highly vaporized. Different types of scaffolds were soaked in water for 10 minutes and evaluated the amount of water absorbed. The second 10 minutes of soaking was conducted after the scaffolds were soaked in water for 10 minutes and dried. 
         [0059]    The scaffolds were soaked in water for 10 minutes and evaluated for the amount of water absorbed by the freezing method. 
         [0060]    The results in  FIG. 10  reveals that, as the volume of the copolymer used gets larger, the resistance to water absorption becomes better. After the first 10 minutes, the sequence infiltrated scaffolds in group 244 (11.428), 352 (7.547) were more resistant than those infiltrated by group 334 (5.172), 226 (7.692), 262 (6.25). 
         [0061]    The invention being thus described, it will be apparent that the same may be varied in many ways. Such variations are to be regarded as within the scope of the invention, and all such modifications as would be apparent to one skilled in the art are intended to be within the scope of the following claims.