Abstract:
Conventional routers employ a wired backplane that employs “long reach” serializer/deserializer (SerDes) links, but this type of architecture is complicated, costly, and uses a considerable amount of power. To address some of these issues, a new wireless backplane architecture is provided here. This wireless backplane employs direct millimeter wave links between line cards that replaces the convention, wired switching fabric.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The invention relates generally to a router and, more particularly, to router having a wireless switching fabric. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Turning to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , a diagram of a example of a conventional router  100  can be seen. This router  100  is generally housed within a chassis that includes a wired switching fabric  104  (which is generally comprised of “long reach” serializer/deserializer (SerDes) links) which is controlled by a controller  102 . These “long reach” SerDes links can be up to several feet in length, are complex in construction, and consume a large amount of power. Coupled (through slots  106 - 1  to  106 -N) to the this switching fabric  104  (which is part of “backplane” of the router  100 ) are line card  108 - 1  to  108 -N. These line cards  108 - 1  to  108 - 2  (labeled  108  in  FIG. 2  for the sake of simplicity) generally include a fabric interface  110  that communicates with the fabric  104  through slots  106 - 1  to  106 -N (labeled  106  in  FIG. 2  for the sake of simplicity) and ports  112 - 1  to  112 -R that communicate with the interface  110  over “short reach” SerDes links. The ports  112 - 1  to  112 -R generally include Ethernet connections (i.e., through RJ45 connectors). 
         [0003]    This conventional arrangement has numerous drawbacks. Principally, the backplane (which includes the switching fabric  104 ) is complex, expensive, and consumes a large amount of power. Thus, there is a need to for improved router backplanes. 
         [0004]    Some examples of conventional systems are: U.S. Pat. No. 5,754,948; U.S. Pat. No. 6,967,347; U.S. Pat. No. 7,330,702; U.S. Pat. No. 7,373,107; U.S. Pat. No. 7,379,713; U.S. Pat. No. 7,768,457; U.S. Patent Pre-Grant Publ. No. 2009/0009408; and U.S. Patent Pre-Grant Publ. No. 2009/0028177. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0005]    A preferred embodiment of the present invention, accordingly, provides an apparatus. The apparatus comprises a printed circuit board (PCB); a plurality of ports that are each secured to the PCB; a forwarding circuit that is secured to PCB, wherein the forwarding circuit is in communication with each of the plurality of ports; and a plurality of input/output (IO) circuits, wherein each IO circuit is secured to the PCB and is in communication with the forwarding circuit, and wherein each IO circuit is configured to provide a millimeter wave link in a direction extending from the PCB, and wherein the plurality of IO circuits are arranged on the PCB and spaced apart from one another so as to isolate each millimeter wave link. 
         [0006]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the forwarding circuit is in communication with the plurality of ports by a first set of serializer/deserializer (SerDes) links, and wherein the forwarding circuit is in communication with the plurality of IO circuits by a second set of SerDes links. 
         [0007]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the PCB further comprises a top surface and a bottom surface, and wherein the millimeter wave link for each IO circuit further comprises: a first transmit link that is configured to transmit data to a receiver facing the top surface of the PCB; a first receive link that is configured to receive data from a transmitter facing the top surface of the PCB; a second transmit link is configured to transmit data to a receiver facing the bottom surface of the PCB; and a second receive link that is configured to receive data from a transmitter facing the bottom surface of the PCB. 
         [0008]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, each IO circuit further comprises a transceiver that is secured to the top surface of the PCB, that is communication with the forwarding circuit, and that provides the first transmit link and the first receive link. 
         [0009]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the PCB further comprises a plurality of radio frequency (RF) windows, wherein each RF window is substantially aligned with the transceiver from at least one of the IO circuits so that the transceiver provides the second transmit link and the second receive link. 
         [0010]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, each IO circuit further comprises a relay circuit that is secured to the bottom surface of the PCB, that is in communication with the forwarding circuit, and that provides the second transmit link and the second receive link. 
         [0011]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the transceiver from each IO circuit further comprises a phased array. 
         [0012]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus comprises a chassis having a first slot and a second slot; a first active card that is secured to the first slot, wherein the first active card includes: a first PCB; a first set of ports that are each secured to the first PCB; a first forwarding circuit that is secured to first PCB, wherein the first forwarding circuit is in communication with each port from the first set of ports; and a first set of IO circuits, wherein each IO circuit from the first set is secured to the first PCB and is in communication with the first forwarding circuit, and wherein the first set of IO circuits are arranged on the first PCB and spaced apart from one another by at least a first distance; and a second active card that is secured to the second slot and that is separated from the first active card by a second distance, wherein the second active card includes: a second PCB; a second set of ports that are each secured to the second PCB; a second forwarding circuit that is secured to second PCB, wherein the second forwarding circuit is in communication with each port from the second set of ports; and a second set of IO circuits, wherein each IO circuit from the second set is secured to the second PCB and is in communication with the second forwarding circuit, and wherein the second set of IO circuits are arranged on the second PCB and spaced apart from one another by at least the first distance, and wherein each IO circuit from the first set is substantially aligned with an IO circuit from the second set so as to provide a millimeter wave link between each pair of aligned IO circuits, and wherein the first distance and the second distance are sufficiently large to isolate the millimeter wave link between each pair of IO circuits. 
         [0013]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the chassis further comprises: a rack that includes the first and second slots; and a routing processor that is in communication with the first and second forwarding circuits. 
         [0014]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the first forwarding circuit is in communication with the first set of ports by a first set of SerDes links, and wherein the first forwarding circuit is in communication with the first set of IO circuits by a second set of SerDes links, and wherein the second forwarding circuit is in communication with the second set of ports by a third set of SerDes links, and wherein the second forwarding circuit is in communication with the second set of IO circuits by a fourth set of SerDes links. 
         [0015]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the each of the first and second PCBs further comprises a top surface and a bottom surface, and wherein the millimeter wave link for each pair of aligned IO circuits further comprises a transmit link and a receive link. 
         [0016]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, each IO circuit from the first and second sets further comprises a transceiver that is secured to the top surface of its PCB and that is communication with its forwarding circuit. 
         [0017]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the bottom surface of the first PCB faces the top surface of the second PCB, and wherein the first PCB further comprises a plurality of RF windows, and wherein each RF window is substantially aligned with the transceiver from at least one of the IO circuits from the first set. 
         [0018]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, each IO circuit from the first set further comprises a relay circuit that is secured to the bottom surface of the first PCB, which is in communication with the first forwarding circuit. 
         [0019]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus comprises a chassis having a rack with a plurality of slots; a plurality of line cards that are arranged in a sequence, wherein each line card is secured to at least one of the slots and separated by a first distance, wherein each line card includes: a PCB; and a set of IO circuits, wherein each IO circuit from the set is secured to the PCB, and wherein each IO circuit set is substantially aligned with a corresponding IO circuit from an adjacent line card so as to provide a millimeter wave link between each aligned pair of IO circuits, and wherein the set of IO circuits are arranged on the PCB and spaced apart from one another by at least a first distance, and wherein the first distance and the second distance are sufficiently large to isolate the millimeter wave link between each pair of IO circuits. 
         [0020]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, at least one of the line cards further comprises an active card having a forwarding circuit that is secured to its PCB and that is communication with its ports and its IO circuits. 
         [0021]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, at least one of the line cards is a relay card. 
         [0022]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the chassis further comprise a plurality of waveguides, wherein each waveguide is substantially aligned with at least one IO circuit from each of the first and last line cards. 
         [0023]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus comprises a printed circuit board (PCB) having: a top surface; a bottom surface; and a plurality of serializer/deserializer (SerDes) lanes; an input/output (IO) circuit having a transceiver that is secured to the top surface of the PCB, wherein transceiver includes: a SerDes circuit that is coupled to the plurality of SerDes lanes; an intermediate circuit that is coupled to the SerDes circuit; a transmitter that is coupled to the intermediate circuit; a receiver that is coupled to the intermediate circuit; and an antenna that is coupled to the transmitter and the receiver, wherein the transmitter and the antenna are configured to provide a millimeter wave transmit link at a first frequency in a direction that extends from the top surface of the PCB, and wherein the receiver and the antenna are configured to provide a millimeter receive link at a second frequency in the direction that extends from the top surface of the PCB. 
         [0024]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the millimeter wave transmit and receive links further comprise a first millimeter wave transmit link and a first millimeter wave receive link, and wherein the PCB further comprises a radio frequency (RF) window that is substantially aligned with the transceiver, wherein the transmitter and antenna are configured to provide a second millimeter wave transmit link in a direction that extends from the bottom surface of the PCB, and wherein the receiver and antenna are configured to provide a second millimeter wave receive link in the direction that extends the bottom surface of the PCB. 
         [0025]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the millimeter wave transmit and receive links further comprise a first millimeter wave transmit link and a first millimeter wave receive link, and wherein the IO circuit further comprises a relay circuit that is secured to the bottom surface of the PCB and that is substantially aligned with the transceiver, wherein the relay circuit is configured to provide a second millimeter wave receive link in the direction that extends from the bottom surface of the PCB. 
         [0026]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the SerDes circuit further comprises a serializer and a deserializer. 
         [0027]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the intermediate circuit further comprises: a lane aggregation circuit that is coupled between the serializer and the transmitter; and a lane de-aggregation circuit that is coupled between the receiver and the deserializer and that is coupled to the lane aggregation circuit. 
         [0028]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the SerDes circuit, the intermediate circuit, the transmitter, the receiver, and the antenna further comprise a first SerDes circuit, a first intermediate circuit, a first transmitter, a first receiver, and a first antenna, and wherein the relay circuit further comprises: a second SerDes circuit; a second intermediate circuit that is coupled to the second SerDes circuit; a second transmitter that is coupled to the second intermediate circuit; a second receiver that is coupled to the second intermediate circuit; and a second antenna that is coupled to the second transmitter and the second receiver. 
         [0029]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the serializer and the deserializer further comprise a first serializer and a first deserializer, and wherein the second SerDes circuit further comprises a second serializer and a second deserializer. 
         [0030]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the intermediate circuit further comprises: a multiplexer that is coupled between the second serializer and the second transmitter; and a demultiplexer that is coupled between the second receiver and the second deserializer. 
         [0031]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus comprises a PCB having: a top surface; a bottom surface; and a plurality of SerDes lanes; an IO circuit having: an integrated circuit (IC) having: a SerDes circuit; an intermediate circuit that is coupled to the SerDes circuit; a transmitter that is coupled to the intermediate circuit; and a receiver that is coupled to the intermediate circuit; an antenna package that is secured to the top surface of the PCB, wherein the IC is secured to the antenna package and is communication with the plurality of SerDes lanes through the antenna package, and wherein the transmitter and the antenna package are configured to provide a millimeter wave transmit link at a first frequency in a direction that extends from the top surface of the PCB, and wherein the receiver and the antenna package are configured to provide a millimeter receive link at a second frequency in the direction that extends from the top surface of the PCB. 
         [0032]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the antenna package further comprises a plurality of antennas arranged to operate as a phased array. 
         [0033]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the antenna package further comprises a high impedance surface (HIS) that substantially surrounds the plurality of antennas. 
         [0034]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the IC and antenna package further comprise a first IC and a first antenna package, and wherein the SerDes circuit, the intermediate circuit, the transmitter, and the receiver further comprise a first SerDes circuit, a first intermediate circuit, a first transmitter, and a first receiver, and wherein the millimeter wave transmit and receive links further comprise first millimeter wave transmit and receive links, and wherein the IO circuit further comprises: a second IC having: a SerDes circuit; an intermediate circuit that is coupled to the SerDes circuit; a transmitter that is coupled to the intermediate circuit; and a receiver that is coupled to the intermediate circuit; and a second antenna package that is secured to the bottom surface of the PCB, and wherein the second transmitter and the second antenna package are configured to provide a second millimeter wave transmit link at the second frequency in a direction that extends from the bottom surface of the PCB, and wherein the receiver and the antenna package are configured to provide a second millimeter receive link at the first frequency in the direction that extends from the bottom surface of the PCB. 
         [0035]    The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter which form the subject of the claims of the invention. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the conception and the specific embodiment disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. It should also be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0036]    For a more complete understanding of the present invention, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0037]      FIG. 1  is a diagram of an example of a conventional router; 
           [0038]      FIG. 2  is a diagram of a line card for the router of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0039]      FIG. 3  is a diagram of an example of a router in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0040]      FIG. 4  is a diagram of an example of an active card for the router of the  FIG. 3 ; 
           [0041]      FIG. 5  is a diagram of an example of a relay card for the router of  FIG. 3 ; 
           [0042]      FIGS. 6 and 7  are cross-sectional view of the active card of  FIG. 4  along section line I-I; 
           [0043]      FIG. 8  is a diagram of an example of the relay circuit of  FIG. 6 ; 
           [0044]      FIG. 9  is a diagram of an example of the transceiver of  FIG. 6 ; 
           [0045]      FIGS. 10 and 11  are radiation patterns for a single antenna for the relay circuit and transceiver of  FIGS. 8 and 9 ; 
           [0046]      FIG. 12  is a cross-sectional view of the active card of  FIG. 4  along section line I-I; 
           [0047]      FIG. 13  is a plan view of the antenna package of  FIG. 12 ; 
           [0048]      FIGS. 14-19  are radiation patterns for phased arrays for the IO circuit of  FIG. 12 ; and 
           [0049]      FIG. 20  is a diagram depicting system redundancy. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0050]    Refer now to the drawings wherein depicted elements are, for the sake of clarity, not necessarily shown to scale and wherein like or similar elements are designated by the same reference numeral through the several views. 
         [0051]    Turning to  FIG. 3 , an example of a router  200  in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention can be seen. As shown, communication between line cards  202 - 1  to  202 -N is provided through wireless millimeter wave links (i.e., between 100 GHz and 10 THz) instead of through “long reach” SerDes links. Each card  202 - 1  to  202 -N is secured within a rack  206  (which is part of the router chassis  208 ). The rack  206  is able to power each of the line cards  202 - 1  to  202 -N and to provide controls from a processor (i.e., controller  102  of  FIG. 1 ). Each card  102 - 1  to  102 -N is able to provide multiple transmit and receive links to its adjacent line cards. Additionally, a waveguide (or many waveguides) can be included within chassis  208  to allow the first line card  202 - 1  to the last line card  202 -N. 
         [0052]    In order to be able to create these wireless millimeter wave links, the line cards  202 - 1  to  202 -N should be arranged in a manner in which the links do not interfere with one another, which can be seen in  FIGS. 4 and 5 . As shown, two different types of line cards  202 - 1  and  202 -N can be employed: active cards  201  and relay cards  203 . Active cards  201  are generally include ports  112 - 1  to  112 -R, whereas relay cards  203 . This allows for the assembly of a lower cost router  200 , where some active cards  201  are replaced with relay cards  203 , allowing the millimeter wave links are present so as to generally maintain the same functionality. Active cards  201  are generally comprised of IO circuits  304 - 1  to  304 - 6  (more may be included) that are secured to the printed circuit board (PCB)  306  and spaced apart from one another by a distance D 1  such that the transmit and receive links for adjacent IO circuits (i.e., IO circuit  304 - 1  and  304 - 2 ) do not interfere with one another. Each of these IO circuits  304 - 1  to  304 - 6  is coupled to a forwarding circuit  302  over “short reach” SerDes links (which can include multiple SerDes lanes). The forwarding circuit  302  is also coupled to ports  112 - 1  to  112 -R. The relay card  203 , on the other hand, has relay circuits  402 - 1  to  402 - 6  that are secured to PCB  406  and arranged in a similar manner to IO circuits  304 - 1  to  304 - 6 . These relay circuits  402 - 1  to  402 - 6  are also coupled to a relay controller  404  over “short reach” SerDes links. 
         [0053]    Turning to  FIG. 6 , an example arrangements for IO circuit  304  (labeled  304 -A for  FIG. 6 ) can be seen. As shown, IO circuit  304 -A id generally comprised of a transceiver  502  secured to the top surface of the PCB  306 -A and a relay circuit  402 -A secured to the bottom surface of PCB  306 -A. Each of the transceiver  502  and relay circuit  402 -A is coupled to the forwarding circuit  302  over “short reach” SerDes links and each has a transmit link and a receive link that extend from the top and bottom surfaces of the PCB  306 -A, respectively. The transmit and receive links are also usually at different frequencies to avoid interference. For example, the transmit link and receive link for transceiver  502  and be 160 GHz and 120 GHz, respectively, and the transmit and receive links for relay circuit  402 -A can be 120 GHz and 160 GHz, respectively. Additionally, for relay card  203 , relay circuits (i.e.,  404 - 1 ) are secured to the top surface and bottom surface of PCB  406  in a similar arrangement. 
         [0054]    Another approach (as shown in  FIG. 7 ) is to employ transceiver  504  in IO circuit  304 -B. For this example, transceiver  504  provides transmit and receive links that extend from both the top and bottom surfaces of the PCB  306 -B. For the transmit and receive links extending from the top surface of the PCB  306 -B, transceiver  504  function in a similar manner to transceiver  502 , but, because PCBs (i.e., PCB  306 -B) often include layers that are reflective or opaque to millimeter wave radiation, the PCB  306 -B is configured to be roughly transparent. This is accomplished by having a radio frequency (RF) window  506  positioned below or aligned with transceiver  504 . In this RF window  506 , openings are formed in layers that are opaque or reflective to millimeter wave radiation so as to allow the transceiver to form transmit and receive links that extend from the bottom surface of the PCB  306 -B. 
         [0055]    Turning to  FIG. 8 , a diagram of an example of a relay circuit  402  can be seen. In this example, the relay circuit  402  is generally comprised of a SerDes circuit (which generally includes a serializer  602  and deserializer  608 ), an intermediate circuit (which generally includes multiplexer  604  and demultiplexer  610 ), a transmitter  606 , a receiver  612 , and an antenna  614 . Typically, the SerDes circuit is coupled to SerDes lanes so as to communicate (i.e., provide and receive data packets) with a forwarding circuit  302  or relay controller  404 . The multiplexer  604  and demultiplexer  610  are also controlled by the forwarding circuit  302  or relay controller  404  so as to control the data flow from the receiver  612  and to transmitter  606 . 
         [0056]    In  FIG. 9 , a diagram of an example of the transceiver  502  or  504  can be seen. This transceiver  502  or  504  is generally comprised of a SerDes circuit (which generally includes a serializer  602  and deserializer  608 ), an intermediate circuit (which generally includes lane aggregation circuit  702  and lane de-aggregation circuit  704 ), a transmitter  606 , a receiver  612 , and an antenna  614 . The lane aggregation circuit  702  and lane de-aggregation circuit  704  are typically coupled to the transmitter  606  and receiver  612  via a high speed serial interface and coupled to the SerDes circuit through a low speed parallel interface. This allows data to be communicated to and from the forwarding circuit  302  over SerDes lanes. 
         [0057]    One important characteristic (which was mentioned above) is the spacing of the IO circuits  304 - 1  to  304 - 6  and/or relay circuits  402 - 1  to  402 - 6 . This spacing is typically premised on the shape of the beam formed by antenna (i.e., antenna  614 ). Turning to  FIGS. 10 and 11 , examples of the radiation patterns for single antennas can be seen. As shown, these beams are fairly wide. This means that the distance D 1  may be on the order of 2.5-inches or more, but, to achieve narrower spacing, a phased array can be employed. 
         [0058]    As shown in the example of  FIG. 12 , phased array transceivers  702  and  704  can be employed in IO circuit  304 -C. The transceiver  702  and  704  are each generally comprised of a integrated circuit  706  and antenna package  708 . For example, IC  706  can be a terahertz or millimeter wave phased array system that includes multiple transceiver circuits. An example of such an IC can be seen in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/878,484, which is entitled “Terahertz Phased Array System,” filed on Sep. 9, 2010, and is hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes. This IC  706  is then secured to the antenna package  708  to allow each transceiver (for example) to communicate with a transceiver antenna included on the antenna package  708 . The antenna package  708  is then secured to the PCB  306 -A with solder balls  710  to allow the IC  706  to communicate with the forwarding circuit  302  through the antenna package  708 . Alternatively, IC  706  and antenna package  708  can form relay circuit  402  so that other, alternative configurations (such as relay card  203 ) can be formed. 
         [0059]    Turning to  FIG. 13 , an example of the antenna package  708  can be seen in greater detail. As shown, the antenna package  708  includes a phased array  804  that is substantially surrounded by a high impedance surface (HIS)  802 . An example of such an HIS can be seen in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/116,885, which is entitled “High Impedance Surface,” was filed on May 26, 2011, and is hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes. Also, as shown, the phased array  804  includes transceiver antennas  806 - 1  to  806 - 4 , but any number of antennas is possible that are arranged into the four quadrants or regions. This phased array  204  can then be used to steer the beam of radiation. 
         [0060]    Examples of the radiation patterns formed the phased array  804  can be seen in  FIGS. 14-19 . Specifically, the radiation patterns of  FIGS. 14-19  are for phased array  804  being 2×2, 3×3, and 4×4 arrays with 4 and 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). As can be seen the lobes are significantly narrower. For the example 2×2 phased array using 4-QAM of  FIG. 14 , the main lobe is about 104°, and, with an antenna area of 4 mm 2 , this would mean that the distance D 1  is about 2.55-inches. For the example 2×2 phased array using 16-QAM of  FIG. 15 , the main lobe is about 124°, and, with an antenna area of 4 mm 2 , this would mean that the distance D 1  is about 3.75-inches. For the example 3×3 phased array using 4-QAM of  FIG. 16 , the main lobe is about 66°, and, with an antenna area of 9 mm 2 , this would mean that the distance D 1  is about 1.3-inches. For the example 3×3 phased array using 16-QAM of  FIG. 17 , the main lobe is about 76°, and, with an antenna area of 9 mm 2 , this would mean that the distance D 1  is about 1.55-inches. For the example 4×4 phased array using 4-QAM of  FIG. 18 , the main lobe is about 46°, and, with an antenna area of 16 mm 2 , this would mean that the distance D 1  is about 0.85-inches. For the example 4×4 phased array using 16-QAM of  FIG. 19 , the main lobe is about 54°, and, with an antenna area of 16 mm 2 , this would mean that the distance D 1  is about 1.0-inches. 
         [0061]    By employing phased arrays, not only can the spacing be narrowed, but redundancy can be built in as well. Because of the configuration of router  200 , some redundancy is already present. For example, if line card  202 - 3  were to fail and the millimeter wave transmit and receive links with line cards  202 - 2  and  202 - 4  to line card  202 - 3  are unavailable, routing can be performed through the waveguide  204 . Assuming this failure of line card  202 - 3  and a packet is intended to be routed from line card  202 - 1  to  202 - 4 , the packet could travel through the waveguide  204  to line card  202 -N and relayed up to line card  202 - 4 . However, with phased arrays, beam steering can be used as well to redirect links. 
         [0062]    Turning to  FIG. 20 , a example of redundancy can be seen. In this example, IO circuit  304 - a  of line card  202 - a  has failed, so the transmit and receive links between IO circuit  304 - c  and  304 - a  are not functioning. Because IO circuit  304 - c  includes a phased array, it can perform beam steering and can use reflections to the nearest IO circuit (which would be IO circuit  304 - b ) using the shortest reflected path. In this example, the line cards  202 - a  and  202 - b  are separated from one another by distance D 2  (which can, for example, be about 2-inches) and IO circuit pairs  304 - a / 304 - c  and  304 - b / 304 - d  are separated from one another by distance D 1  (which can, for example, be about 3.75 inches). The IO circuit  304 - c  can steer the beam for its transmit link by an angle θ (about 32°, for example) from the norm, meaning that the beam would reflect off of line card  202 - a  at distance D 3  (which, for example, can be 1.25-inches) and reflect off of line card  202 - b  at distance 2*D 3  (which can, for example, be 2.5-inches) so as to be received by IO circuit  304 - b . An encoding scheme (such as orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing or ODFM) can then be used so that IO circuit  304 - b  can communicate with both  304 - c  and  304 - d.    
         [0063]    Having thus described the present invention by reference to certain of its preferred embodiments, it is noted that the embodiments disclosed are illustrative rather than limiting in nature and that a wide range of variations, modifications, changes, and substitutions are contemplated in the foregoing disclosure and, in some instances, some features of the present invention may be employed without a corresponding use of the other features. Accordingly, it is appropriate that the appended claims be construed broadly and in a manner consistent with the scope of the invention.