Abstract:
Modern digital integrated circuits are commonly synchronized in their workings by clock circuits. The clock frequency for a circuit must take into account the propagation delay of signals within the critical path of the circuit. If the clock time is not adequate to allow propagation of signals through the critical path, improper circuit operation may result. The propagation delay is not a constant from circuit to circuit, and even in a single circuit may change due to temperature, power supply voltage and the like. Commonly, this variation is handled by assuming a worse case propagation delay of the critical path, and then designing the clock frequency and minimum power supply voltage of the circuit so that the circuit will function under worst case conditions. However, instead of assuming a worse case propagation delay of the critical path, the propagation delay may be measured in an actual circuit path that has been constructed to be the equivalent to, or slightly worse than, the propagation delay of the critical path. By knowing the actual worst case propagation delay, the circuit may be modified to operate with lower power supply voltages, conserving power and/or to controlling the frequency of the clock, so that the clock may be operated at or near the circuit&#39;s actual, not theoretical worst case limit. Such modifications of power supply voltage and/or clock frequency may occur during circuit operation and thus, adapt the circuit to the different operating parameters of each circuit.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0002]    The invention relates to personal communications systems that minimize power dissipation by controlling power supply voltage and clock frequency.  
           [0003]    2. Related Art  
           [0004]    Portable electronic devices have become part of many aspects of personal, business and recreational activities and tasks. The popularity of various portable personal electronic communications systems, such as portable phones, portable televisions, and personal pagers, continues to increase. As the popularity of portable electronic systems has increased, so has the demand for smaller, lighter and more power efficient devices, that may operate for longer periods of time. Manufacturers continually try to increase the time a portable device may operate on a set of batteries or between battery charges. Increased time between battery charges or changes may be a significant marketing advantage.  
           [0005]    Manufacturers have attempted to increase operational time of portable devices by producing batteries with higher energy densities, and attempting to produce circuitry that consumes less power. A benefit of reduced power consumption, in addition to an increase in operational time, is an increased reliability due to reduction of temperature increases in the devices during operation. Reduced operating temperatures are generally a consequence of reduced power dissipation.  
           [0006]    One method to reduce power consumption is to employ digital designs. One reason for replacing analog communication systems with digital communications systems is that digital systems, generally may offer increased performance and lower overall power consumption than those of analog systems. Digital systems may dissipate less power than analog systems because digital systems typically operate using only two distinct values, ones and zeroes. These values are commonly created by semiconductors that are in a saturated state or a cut off state. In the saturation state, current flows through the device, but the voltage across the device is low. Power dissipated is equal to the voltage across the device multiplied by the current flowing through the device. The power dissipated by a device in the saturation state is equal to the amount of current flowing through the device multiplied by the saturation voltage. Because the saturation voltage across the device is low, the power is also low. In the cut off state, the voltage across a device is usually at a maximum. The current through the device, however, is low and may commonly be zero or a low leakage value. Because the cut off current is low, the power dissipated in the device is also low. Digital circuits commonly are in either a cutoff or saturation state during operation, except for the times when they are switching between states.  
           [0007]    Generally, digital devices dissipate most of their power during the period when they are switching states. The amount of power dissipated during switching is generally dependent on the voltage of the power supply that powers the digital devices. In other words, the higher the power supply voltage, the more power will be dissipated when the device switches. Digital devices also tend to switch faster at higher power supply voltages. For the forgoing reasons, manufacturers of digital circuits, particularly in the case of portable applications, may find it advantageous to design circuits with the slowest possible clock rate at the lowest possible power supply voltage. Circuits designed for the slowest possible clock rate and the lowest possible power supply voltage are commonly submitted to a design method called worst case analysis.  
           [0008]    In a worst case analysis, the circuit variables are assumed to be skewed so as to provide the worst conditions for circuit operation. For example, if a minimum clock rate of 1 MHz were desired, it would be assumed that the power supply was at it&#39;s lowest (i.e. worst case) operating voltage. If the worst case voltage could support a 1 MHz operation, then the reasoning is, higher operating voltages could support operating frequencies greater than 1 MHz because increasing power supply voltage generally tends to allow digital devices to switch faster. Operating voltages higher than the worst case minimum could support clock rates above 1 MHz. Worst case design assumes that all parameters are at their worst, and then calculates parameters, such as operating voltage, to determine what minimum value of operating voltage will guarantee that the circuitry will continue to function.  
           [0009]    A problem with worst case design is that worst cases rarely, if ever occur. The worst case actually may have only a statistically infinitesimal chance of occurring, and be unrealistic in practice. Because circuitry may be designed for the case, the worst case, that may not ever occur the circuitry does not operate as efficiently as if it had been designed for normal operating conditions. In some cases, circuitry designed for normal conditions could be operated more efficiently at lower power supply voltages than a worst case design would indicate is possible. Thus, a circuit design for operation under worst case conditions may not result in the most efficient design.  
         SUMMARY  
         [0010]    Dynamically adjusting the power supply voltage and clock frequency of digital circuitry, may be particularly useful in power sensitive applications. Worst case design for digital circuits may be calculated based on propagation time within the digital circuits. Propagation time is commonly defined as the time that a signal takes to travel through a digital circuit and to become stable at the output of the circuit. In general, digital circuits are synchronous circuits, typically synchronized by means of a clock. A clock functions to synchronize the changing of digital values within the circuit. A clock cycle may be commonly divided into two different portions. The first, or active, portion of the clock cycle is when signal levels are input into to a circuit. During the active portion of the clock cycle, it is common to refer to the values as being clocked into the circuit.  
           [0011]    The second portion, or settling portion, of the clock cycle is the time period when no signals are input to the circuit. During the settling portion of the clock cycle, the signals, that were presented to the inputs of the circuit during the active portion of the clock cycle, propagate through the circuits. At the end of the settling portion of the clock cycle, all signals should have propagated through the circuit and become stable. If the settling time portion of the clock cycle is not sufficiently long, some signals may be still propagating through the circuit at the end of the settling time portion of the clock cycle and may not be stable at the end of the settling time. If signals are still changing when the active portion of the clock cycle occurs, incorrect values may be coupled into circuit inputs. If the settling time of the clock cycle is not long enough, the circuit input values that are being coupled from one circuit to another may still be changing when the active portion of the clock cycle arrives.  
           [0012]    If conditions are such that input values are changing, when the active portion of a clock cycle occurs, the condition is commonly known as a “race.” Race conditions exist when the propagation delay, i.e. the time a signal takes to travel through a circuit, exceeds the settling time portion of the clock cycle. When a race condition exists the performance of the circuit may be degraded, and the circuit may be unpredictable or may even be inoperative for its intended purpose. To avoid problems due to inadequate settling time, the settling time of the clock circuit must be long enough to avoid all circuit races. To avoid a race condition within a circuit, the circuit clock may be slowed to allow more propagation time for the signals in the circuit, or the propagation speed of the signal through the circuit may be increased. Increasing the power supply voltage of a digital circuit will generally increase the speed of signal propagation through that circuit.  
           [0013]    The propagation speed of a circuit may be changed by adjusting the power supply voltage in order to adjust the propagation speed of signals in the circuit, for example, to avoid race conditions. By actively measuring the propagation delay of signals through a circuit, and adjusting the power supply voltages accordingly, a circuit design may be free from the constraint of selecting the power supply voltage for a theoretical worst case signal propagation time. Instead of designing the circuit for the theoretical worst case propagation time, the speed of propagation may be dynamically adjusted to match the actual propagation time within a circuit. By setting the power supply, in order to achieve the propagation speed needed, circuitry may be run at lower voltages. By running circuitry at lower voltages than a theoretical worst case, power dissipation may be lowered.  
           [0014]    Other systems, methods, features and advantages of the invention will be or will become apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of the following figures and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, features and advantages be included within this description, be within the scope of the invention, and be protected by the accompanying claims. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0015]    The components in the figures are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. Moreover, in the figures, like reference numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the different views.  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 1 is a block diagram of hardware for a cellular telephone.  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 2 is a block diagram of propagation delay digital circuit.  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 3 is a graphical illustration of a pulse signal waveform propagation through the circuit of FIG. 2.  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating divergent circuit paths for electronic signals.  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 5 is a graphical illustration of waveform propagation delays in the circuit of FIG. 4.  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 6 is a graphical illustration of variations of gate delays in different circuits having different power supply voltages.  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 7 is a circuit diagram of a propagation delay measurement mechanism.  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 8 is a series of graphs illustrating signal waveforms during the operation of the circuit of FIG. 7.  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 9 is a circuit diagram of a circuit delay measurement mechanism.  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 10 is a series of graphs illustrating signal waveforms during the operation of the circuit of FIG. 9.  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustration of a digital circuit in which the clock is controlled by a circuit delay measurement mechanism.  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 12 is an block diagram illustrating a delay measurement circuit that may be used with either variable power supply voltage or variable clock frequency.  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 13 is block diagram illustrating a digital electronic circuit with subcircuits and delay paths.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0029]    This invention relates to power dissipation within synchronous digital circuits. In particular, the invention relates to power dissipation within wireless digital systems, such as wireless communication devices. In many wireless communications applications, it is desirable to reduce the power dissipation within the internal electronics of the portable units. One result of reduced power dissipation may be increased talk time between battery recharges.  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example implementation in hardware of a cellular phone  201 . The phone  201  has a microphone  217 , for receiving a user&#39;s voice. The microphone  217  is coupled to an analog to digital converter  215  capable of converting voice signals to a digital signal for processing within the digital circuitry  211 . The digital signal is processed and is then coupled by broadcast circuitry  207  that encodes the digitized voice signal, modulates a carrier signal based on the voice information, and amplifies the modulated signal for broadcast. The modulated signal is then coupled into a duplexor  205  that transmits the signal to the antenna  203  for broadcasting.  
         [0031]    The antenna  203  is also used for receiving incoming signals. The incoming signals received by the antenna  203  are conveyed to the duplexor  205  and then further coupled by the duplexor  205  to the digital circuitry  211 . The digital circuitry  211  demodulates and processes the received signal and presents a representation of the voice signal to a digital to analog converter  209 . The digital to analog converter  209  changes the signal into an analog form that is then presented to an amplifier  225  for amplification. The amplified signal from the amplifier  225  is then coupled into a speaker  229  where sound waves are produced for perception by the user.  
         [0032]    The cellular phone  201  also contains a keypad  221  for entering commands. The cellular phone  201  also contains a display  219  for communication of phone parameters to a user. The cellular phone  201  also contains a power source such as a battery  223  for powering the electronic components within the phone. Also provided is a clock circuit  213  that provides the clocking signals for the digital circuitry  211 . The cellular phone  201  may contain a regulator  227  for regulating the power supply voltage received by the digital circuitry  211 .  
         [0033]    The voltage output of the regulator  227  that powers the digital circuitry  211  is adjusted depending upon the circuitry conditions in order to conserve battery  223  energy. By adjusting the power supply voltage of the digital circuitry  211 , power consumed by digital circuitry  211  may be decreased, and the operating time between battery charges or replacements may be increased. The frequency of the clock  213  that synchronizes the digital circuitry  211  may be adjusted depending upon the circuitry conditions, in order to permit lower power supply voltages to be used without incurring races within the digital circuitry  211 . A combination of regulator output voltage and clock frequency adjustments may be made to conserve power, depending on the circuitry conditions in order to conserve power.  
         [0034]    The propagation delay of signals through digital circuitry is affected by many parameters. The material that makes up the digital devices affects the propagation speed of signals through the digital circuitry. The propagation speed of signals through the circuitry is also affected by the circuitry temperature, power supply voltage, fabrication variables, packaging variables, and other factors. It may be difficult to handle quantitatively the myriad of variables present in a system. Because of the difficulty in handling multiple variables, simplifying worst case assumptions, such as absolute maximum and minimum values, are often made. Digital circuits may be designed to meet a worst case specification, using such simplifying assumptions. A worst case specification may be overly pessimistic however, and individual circuits may often operate adequately under conditions that exceed the “worst case” specifications.  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustration of propagation delay within a circuit. FIG. 2 illustrates a string of common digital buffers,  305 ,  309 , and  313  arranged in a series connection. FIG. 3 illustrates a pulse signal waveform propagation through the circuit of FIG. 2. A pulse signal waveform  301  is coupled into the input  303  of the first buffer  305 , at time t 1 . The signal travels through the circuitry of the first buffer  305  and at time t 2  appears at the output  307 . The signal is then transmitted to the input of the second buffer  309 . The signal travels through the circuitry of the second buffer  309  and at time t 3  appears at the output  311  of the second buffer  309 . The signal travels through the circuitry of the third buffer  313  and at time t 3  appears at the output  315  of the third buffer  313 .  
         [0036]    The graph  317 , illustrates the timing of the appearances of the pulses at the input  303 , of the first buffer  305 , as well as the outputs,  307 ,  311 , and  315 , of buffers  305 ,  309 , and  313  respectively. The propagation time, T P , of the waveform  301 , as it propagates through the three buffers, is the difference in time between when the time when waveform  301  appears at the first input  303  and the time the waveform subsequently appears at the third output  315 . The propagation time is the waiting time that must elapse before a signal, coupled to input  303  of the buffer string, must elapse before that signal is available at the output  315  of the buffer string.  
         [0037]    An attempt to couple the signal output  315  of the buffer string to a succeeding circuit before the propagation time, T P , has elapsed will result in an incorrect value being coupled to the succeeding circuit because the waveform  301  has not had the time to propagate through the chain. The total propagation delay is dependent on how many levels of circuitry the signal must travel through before reaching an output. If there are more buffers in a chain, the propagation delay increases. Conversely, removing a buffer from a series of buffers, decreases the propagation delay of the series of buffers by an amount equal to the propagation delay of the removed buffer.  
         [0038]    Commonly, there is more than one path that a signal may take through complex circuitry. There may be a plurality of divergent signal paths in modern complex integrated circuits. Thus, a modern complex integrated circuit may exhibit various propagation delays depending upon the signal path in the circuit.  
         [0039]    [0039]FIG. 4 is an illustration of divergent signal paths through circuitry. Signal  401  is transmitted as input  403 . Signal  401  is then further transmitted through circuitry path  405 , circuitry path  407  and circuitry path  409 . The graph  421  in FIG. 5 illustrates the various propagation delays encountered in the circuitry of FIG. 4. Signal  411  has a propagation delay, PD# 411 , Signal  413  has a propagation delay, PD# 413  and Signal  415  has a propagation delay, PD# 415 .  
         [0040]    Modern integrated circuits may have many such paths through which a signal may travel. Adding complexity to the analysis of propagation delay is the fact that all paths may not always be active. Generally, the longest path that a signal may take in traveling through a circuit is referred to as the “critical path.” The critical path is the active circuit path containing the longest propagation delay. The critical path is so named because of the criticality of allowing enough time be allowed so that a signal may travel through the critical path. If there is enough time allowed such that a signal may safely traverse the critical path, then it safely may be assumed that enough time has been allowed to traverse all the sub-critical, i.e. shorter, paths.  
         [0041]    Propagation delay is often measured in terms of “gate delays.” A gate delay is commonly defined as the amount of time that it takes a signal to traverse a logic gate. In other words, a gate delay is the propagation delay of a single gate. In general, the propagation delay of a simple single gate in an integrated circuit is considered to be essentially constant, no matter what type the gate is. That is an AND gate is considered to have essentially the same delay as an OR gate, that is considered to have essentially the same delay as an inverter, etc. Because gate delays tend to be similar, for simple gates, the critical path is some times referred to as being an integer number of gate delays. By identifying the number of gate delays in the critical path for each input signal of an integrated circuit, the critical path for each signal input may be determined. If all of the critical paths of the circuit may be quantified in terms of gate delays, then the path having the largest number of gate delays becomes the critical path for the entire circuit. Identifying all the signal paths through a circuit may be a difficult task. With the aid of modern computer aided design tools, the task may be simplified.  
         [0042]    By identifying the number of gate delays in a circuit&#39;s critical path, a maximum clock rate may be determined. The maximum clock rate must allow a settling time that is longer than the propagation delay in the critical path of the circuit. A difficulty may arise because the longest critical path for a particular type of integrated circuit is commonly defined as an integer number of gate delays. For each integrated circuit produced, the gate delay of that circuit is somewhat different than other “identical” integrated circuits. Furthermore, gate delays will commonly vary according to the power supply voltage of the circuit.  
         [0043]    [0043]FIG. 6 illustrates example variations of gate delay for different circuits over differing power supply voltages. Graph  515  illustrates the gate delay verses voltage for 3 circuits  507 ,  509  and  511 . Circuit  507  is the fastest circuit, that is the gate delay propagation time, plotted on the horizontal axis  513 , is the smallest for any power supply voltage between V MIN    505 , the minimum power supply voltage and V MAX    503 , the maximum power supply voltage. The power supply voltage of the circuits is plotted on the vertical axis  501 . Circuit  511  represents the slowest circuit. All three circuits may be the same type of integrated circuit. The difference in propagation delay may be due to such factors as temperature, the fabrication process, or a variety of other factors. It may be difficult to predict the effect of each factor because of imprecise circuit models, and because many of the factors may interact in unknown ways. It is however, easier to measure the effect of the factors than it is to predict them.  
         [0044]    The critical path for the circuit may be duplicated on the chip, gate for gate. In such a case, the critical path is emulated by a second, identical path that is duplicated on the chip. By duplicating the critical circuit path on the chip and perhaps adding a gate delay as a safety margin, a maximum propagation delay circuit may be created. Because the maximum propagation delay circuit is created on the same integrated circuit as the critical propagation delay, they share the same process and are exposed to the same temperature, power supply voltage, etc., as the actual critical circuit path. Because the emulated propagation delay circuit contains similar gates and similar gate delays, the actual critical path of the circuit and is exposed to the same conditions as the emulated critical path. The maximum propagation delay of an emulated critical path will closely track the propagation delay of the actual critical path of the circuit. The delay of the emulated propagation delay circuit may be easily measured and used to create an output signal that is proportional to the propagation delay in the actual critical path of the circuit.  
         [0045]    A critical path may also be simulated by fabricating a circuit with a number of gate delays similar to the number of gate delays in the critical path. Because the simulated propagation delay circuit contains similar gate delays, even though the gates in the actual critical path are not the same, the overall propagation delay may closely match the simulated propagation delay. The actual critical path of the circuit is exposed to the same conditions as the simulated critical path, and the simulated propagation delay will closely track the propagation delay of the critical path of the circuit. The delay of the simulated propagation delay circuit may be measured and used to create a timing signal that is proportional to the propagation delay in the critical path of the circuit.  
         [0046]    [0046]FIG. 7 is a circuit diagram of circuit delay measurement mechanism that may be used to measure propagation delay. FIG. 8 shows a series of graphs illustrating the operation of the delay measurement circuit. FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment of a circuit that may be used to measure critical path delay by the measurement of the maximum propagation delay  603 . The maximum propagation delay  603  may be an emulated critical path, a simulated critical path or the actual critical path. An emulated critical path would comprise a virtual copy of the critical path of the circuit. By duplicating the gates in the critical path, and hence the actual circuit delays in the critical path, an accurate measurement of the delay in the critical path may be made.  
         [0047]    A simulated maximum propagation delay  603  may provide a delay that would be an approximate measurement of the gate delays in the critical path. Such a simulation could be fabricated by creating a circuit with the same number of gate delays as the actual critical path circuit. The simulated maximum propagation delay  603  could also be obtained by a variety of other methods, such as measuring the critical path delay and matching it to a delay circuit, by trimming a delay resistor, selecting delay paths, or the like. The actual critical path could also be used. If the actual critical path were used, the path might be measured when the path were not in use by circuitry. That is, a test signal could be applied when the path were not in use. The critical path could also be measured when signals passed through the path in the course of normal operation. In the case where the critical path was measured when signals passed through in the course of normal operation, no stimulus circuitry would be needed. Instead, there would need to be circuitry to time the signal traversing the critical path.  
         [0048]    [0048]FIG. 7 shows how a stimulus signal might be applied to measure the maximum propagation delay  605  (whether emulated, simulated, or actual) of the critical path. A square wave  600  is coupled into the input  601  of circuit  615  and then becomes input  606  of the exclusive-OR gate  607 . The square wave  600  may be coupled into the maximum propagation delay circuit  603 . The square wave  600  may be delayed by the maximum propagation delay circuit  603 . The delayed square wave emerges from the maximum propagation delay circuit  603  and is coupled to input  605  of a comparator circuit, such as the EXCLUSIVE-OR gate  607 .  
         [0049]    The timing of the input square wave  600  that is coupled to the input  606  of the EXCLUSIVE-OR gate  607 , and the output of the maximum propagation delay circuit  603  that is coupled to input  605  of the EXCLUSIVE-OR gate  607 , is shown in graphs  613  and  615 . Graph  613  illustrates a maximum propagation delay, that is shorter than the maximum propagation delay, depicted in graph  615 . This difference in timing is reflected by waveform  609  representing the output of the EXCLUSIVE-OR gate  607 . The length of the pulse at  609  is equal to the delay time of a signal propagating through the maximum propagation delay circuit  603 .  
         [0050]    Graph  613  depicts a shorter delay time of the maximum propagation delay circuit  603  than graph  615 . That is, maximum propagation delay in  615  is greater than the maximum propagation delay in  613 . This is indicated by the resultant output waveform  609  of the EXCLUSIVE-OR gate  607  and has a shorter duty cycle in graph  613  than it does in graph  615 . The output of the EXCLUSIVE-OR gate  607  is coupled into a low pass RC filter. The output  611  of the RC filter is a DC signal level. The DC signal level is higher in the case where the maximum Propagation Delay is longer in graph  615 , and shorter where the maximum propagation delay is longer in graph  613 . The DC level of the output  611  is directly proportional to the delay time of the maximum propagation delay circuit  603 .  
         [0051]    [0051]FIG. 9 is a circuit diagram of an illustrative circuit delay measurement circuit  729  that may be used to measure propagation delay. FIG. 10 depicts two graphs illustrating the operation of the delay measurement circuit  729 . The delay measurement circuit  729  of FIG. 9 measures critical path delay by measuring a maximum propagation delay  705 , that is equivalent to the delay in the critical path. The maximum propagation delay circuit  703  may be a simulated, emulated or an actual critical path of the circuit being measured.  
         [0052]    A waveform, such as a square wave, is introduced into input  701 . The maximum propagation delay circuit  703  then delays the input waveform by an amount equal to the propagation delay in the critical path of the circuit that is to be measured. The input waveform is then compared, by EXCLUSIVE OR GATE  707 , to the delayed input waveform. For the delay period the input and delayed waveforms are different and the EXCLUSIVE OR gate  707  outputs a pulse at  709 . The pulse time at  709  is proportional to the maximum propagation delay. Different maximum propagation delays  703  are illustrated in graphs  725  and  727 . Graph  725  illustrates waveform  709 , when the maximum propagation delay  703  is shorter. Graph  727  illustrates waveform  709 , when the maximum propagation delay  703  is longer. In the case where the propagation delay is longer, the duty cycle of the pulse output at  709  is longer, and in the case where the propagation delay is shorter, the duty cycle of the pulse output at  709  is shorter. The output  709  is used as an enable  711  for a counter  717 . When the counter  717  is enabled, it may count cycles of the high speed clock  719 . The longer the counter is enabled, the higher the count. The count  719  is a digital value directly proportional to the maximum propagation delay  703 . The count  719  may be read directly by a variety of digital circuits, such as a controller, including, but not limited to a microcontroller, state machine, digital signal processor or other digital circuits known in the art, to control a power supply voltage. The count  719  may also be converted into an analog voltage as shown in FIG. 8 a,  where the analog voltage is used to control a power supply voltage. When the counter  717  is disabled, the digital to analog converter  721  is enabled, and may accept the count  719  from the counter  717 . When enabled, the digital to analog converter  721  produces an analog output  723 , that is proportional to the count  715 . The analog output  723  of the DAC  721  is directly proportional to the delay introduced by the maximum propagation delay  703 . The maximum propagation delay  703  tracks the propagation delay of the critical path of the circuit and therefore the analog output  723  is directly proportional to the propagation delay in the critical path of the circuit.  
         [0053]    The circuit  729  and the circuit  615  both produce DC levels that are directly proportional to the propagation delay in the critical path of the circuit. The DC levels produced by the Circuit  729  and Circuit  615  may be used to control the voltage level of the power supply, that provides power to the circuit. If the DC level is high, meaning the propagation delay in the critical circuit is high, the power supply will be increased. By increasing the power supply the speed of propagation of the signals through the circuit may be increased. If the DC level is low, meaning the propagation delay in the critical circuit is low, the power supply may be decreased. By decreasing the power supply the speed of propagation of the signals through the circuit may be decreased, and the power dissipation of the circuit lowered.  
         [0054]    [0054]FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustration where the clock frequency of a digital circuit is controlled by a circuit containing a delay measurement mechanism. The delay measurement circuit  807  may be, for example, measurement circuits as disclosed in FIGS. 6 a  and  7   a  and accompanying discussions, or may be other suitable equivalent circuits. An object of an embodiment is to power the digital electronics  805  with a combination of low a voltage and/or a low clock frequency. A low voltage may be generated by coupling a battery  801  to a voltage regulator  803  and then providing the output of the voltage regulator  803 , to power digital electronics  805 . A low clock frequency may be similarly derived by using a delay measurement circuit to control a variable frequency clock, such as a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO)  809 , The VCO may then provide a clock  811 , the frequency of which is dependent on the propagation delay of the digital electronics  805 . By powering the digital electronics  805 , with a combination low voltage and low clock frequency, the dissipation of the digital electronics  805  may be reduced. A variety of factors, such as temperature, device fabrication variables etc., may change the propagation delay of the digital electronics  805 , so the maximum propagation delay may be the same even in identical integrated circuits. In this manner, the voltage regulator  803  of the circuit may reduced the voltage of the digital electronics  805  to a low value and the circuit clock may be slowed to compensate for the lower voltage. By changing the voltage of the circuit in combination with changing clock frequency of the circuit, various power saving limits may be set for various operating modes of the circuits. Such a mechanism may be employed to reduce power consumption of the digital electronics  805  to a minimum, for example, when employed in a cellular phone and the cellular phone is in the standby mode.  
         [0055]    [0055]FIG. 12 is a circuit diagram that illustrates an exemplary delay measurement circuit  913 , that may be used with either variable power supply voltage or variable clock frequency embodiments of the invention. The circuit  913 , having the buffers  901 ,  903 ,  905 ,  907  and inverter  909  connected in a series connection comprise a common ring oscillator. The circuit  913  may comprise a simulated critical path delay. Buffers may be added as needed, represented by the dots between buffer  907  and inverter  909  to make the delay of the ring oscillator equivalent to the critical path delay of the digital circuit, in which it is embedded. The output of the ring oscillator  911  may then be used as representative of the maximum propagation delay, and may be inserted in block  703  of FIG. 6 or block  603  of FIG. 7. The output frequency of the ring oscillator may also be used to generate a clock signal, replacing the delay measurement circuit  807  and VCO of  809  of FIG. 11.  
         [0056]    [0056]FIG. 13 is a further embodiment of the invention. In the embodiment of FIG. 13, the digital electronics circuit  1001  is divided into several subcircuits that may act semi-independently. These subcircuits may represent such functions as, for example, signal encoding, signal decoding, broadcast, and receive sections of a cellular phone. Such subcircuits may be active at different times. Each subcircuit may have a different critical path that is different than the other subcircuit&#39;s critical path. By tailoring the circuit to the worst case delay of the active subcircuits, the performance may be improved over the case where the worst case of the entire circuit were used to determine the critical path delay.  
         [0057]    The circuit  1001 , represents a digital electronic circuit, that may be divided into functional subcircuits. The digital electronic circuit  1001  is further sub-divided into circuit # 1003 , circuit # 1005 , circuit # 1007  and circuit # 1009 . Each circuit may be a separate function of the overall circuit, that may or may not be active at any given time. As an illustrative example of such circuits, reference is made to the wireless device example of FIG. 1.  
         [0058]    A wireless device may be in several states. For example, it may be in standby mode monitoring for incoming calls, or may be broadcasting to a receiver or receiving a signal from a broadcast unit. The wireless device may be encoding speech for broadcast, or decoding speech to present to a listener. Each circuit may be active at some times and inactive at other times. In the exemplary embodiment, each circuit, represented by circuits # 1003  through circuit # 1009 , may be active at certain times and inactive at others. Each circuit, represented by circuits # 1003  through circuit # 1009 , presents its status (active or not) to a delay selector  1011  through a status line. Each status line is shown in FIG. 13 as  1021 ,  1023 ,  1025  and  1027  for circuits # 1003  through circuit # 1009 , respectively. The delay selector  1011  selects the delay circuit ( 1013 ,  1015 ,  1017 , or  1019 ) that corresponds to the longest delay of all the active circuits. The delay circuit thus selected may then be used, as in previous embodiments, to vary the system clock frequency and the power supply voltage separately or in combination, depending on the particular needs of the circuit implementation into which the embodiment has been designed.  
         [0059]    While various embodiments of the application have been described, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that many more embodiments and implementations are possible that are within the scope of this invention. Accordingly, the invention is not to be restricted except in light of the attached claims and their equivalents.