Abstract:
A method and system is provided for file accessing and data transferring to secure online voting using a multilayered security system where all contents of the data may be delivered to users of varied electronic devices. The data transferring occur as an external communication between separate computers which themselves are distinguishable processing entities, such as a voter processing center, online voting station, registration station, and calling station. The system includes (i) requesting at least one voter and biometric information based on a security level; (ii) receiving the at least one voter and biometric information from the user; (iii) verifying the at least one voter and biometric information against the stored voter and biometric information; (iv) in response to acceptable verifications, sending a voting ballot; and (v) receiving and storing the voting ballot with a vote selection. The security level may depend on the type of ballot.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §120 from co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/865,461 filed Oct. 1, 2007 and entitled, “MULTICOMPUTER DATA TRANSFERRING AND FILE ACCESSING TO AUTHENTICATE ONLINE VOTING AND REGISTRATION IN A SECURE DATABASE SYSTEM,” which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. This application also claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/859,527, tiled Sep. 21, 2007 and entitled, “MULTICOMPUTER DATA TRANSFERRING AND FILE ACCESSING TO AUTHENTICATE ONLINE VOTING AND REGISTRATION IN A SECURE DATABASE SYSTEM,” which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND INFORMATION 
     It is well known that passwords for secure accounts may be given either verbally or typed into a keypad and registered electronically to give users access, or to block unauthorized users from gaining access, to accounts or other secure systems. These passwords include everything from the touchpad at an ATM, to the sliding and reading of a credit card number, to the account number and specific user data requested by a bank&#39;s customer service phone operator to validate a customer&#39;s identity in order to access their mortgage information over the telephone. 
     Currently, physical signatures on paper or electronic keypads, entering of alphanumeric codes, fingerprint matching, retinal scanning or the answering of personal identification questions are the common methods that are used to validate the authenticity of an individual, to verify identity and conduct secure transactions or be granted secure access to an area, venue, information, ticketed event or account. Also, currently, voting is done in person at a voting station or via absentee ballot collected by voting officials who certify a voter&#39;s registration to be legally certified to vote. 
     Conventional models log signatures via electronic keypad, log touchpad codes, match voice-for-voice activated commands and manual voice data confirmations. Such models for voting are still largely manual in nature using voting rolls and manual methods of registration where a voter presents forms of identification to a voting official who checks the identification to validate and approve a voter&#39;s registration to vote and to vote within a certain jurisdiction. 
     Currently, there is no current security layer that transforms the voting process into a multilayered digital security process where the user&#39;s identity could be verified remotely and the user&#39;s vote could be made and accounted for online or over wireless networks using technological innovations to verify the user&#39;s identity, the user&#39;s right to vote where the right exists, maintain the user&#39;s privacy and assure that the user&#39;s vote is cast and cast in the proper jurisdiction. Many users cannot vote at a poll station due to scheduling, inconvenience, travel or disability. Many users also choose not to vote due to laziness. The result is always that significant members of the eligible voting population either do not vote or even register to vote in elections. 
     SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     At least one embodiment relates to a system for file accessing and data transferring to secure online voting utilizing a series of security validation tools including biometric information, such as retinal scanning, video, and fingerprint technology matching to ensure identity. The data transferring occurs as an external communication between separate computers which themselves are distinguishable processing entities, such as a voter processing center, online voting station, registration station, and calling station. The system matches the voter to his or her records enabling the voter to register once in person and then vote securely, authenticating their presence online via the security tools and via specialized IP address tracing to verify the participants, ensuring authenticity of the voting user. 
     In one embodiment is a method and system for securing online voting using a multilayered security process. The method including at a voter processing center during a connection with a registration station, (i) storing at least one voter information into at least one storage device, (ii) storing at least one biometric information into the at least one storage device, (iii) sending a telephone number of the voter processing center to the registration station, in response to a user completing the at least one voter and biometric information; at the voter processing center during a connection with a calling station, (i) verifying the calling station is a telephone number of the user as provided in the least one voter information, (ii) dialing the telephone number of the user in response to a match of the verification, (iii) sending a security code to the calling station in response to the match; at the voter processing center during a connection with an online voting station, (i) receiving the security code from the online voting station, (ii) verifying the security code, (iii) requesting the at least one voter information based on a security level, (iv) receiving the at least one voter information from the online voting station in accordance with the security level, (v) verifying the at least one voter information against the stored voter information in the at least one storage device, (vi) requesting the at least one biometric information based on the security level, (vii) receiving the at least one biometric information from the online voting station in accordance with the security level, (viii) verifying the at least one biometric information against the stored biometric information in the at least one storage device, (ix) in response to acceptable verifications, sending a voting ballot to the online voting station, (x) receiving the voting ballot with a vote selection, (xi) and storing the vote selection in the at least one storage device. A quantity of entering the at least one voter information and the at least one biometric information may be correlated to a level of security, with a highest level of security requiring a maximum quantity of the voter information and biometric information. 
     Advantages or beneficial features of one or more embodiments may include some or all of the following: (1) Verifying a user&#39;s identity remotely or over wireless networks using technological innovations to allow the user to vote electronically; (2) verifying the user&#39;s right to vote where the right exists; (3) maintaining the user&#39;s privacy and assuring that the user&#39;s vote is cast and cast in the proper jurisdiction; (4) providing more accurate verification of the vote than conventional processes, especially of absentee ballots; (5) presenting opportunities to potential voters who cannot vote at a poll station due to scheduling, inconvenience, travel, disability, or laziness; and (6) increasing enrollment and participation in the voting and electoral process. Other advantages and beneficial features of certain embodiments will be apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The foregoing will be apparent from the following more particular description of example embodiments, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the embodiments. 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram representing a computer system for providing secure online voting using a multilayered security system in accordance with an example embodiment; 
         FIGS. 2A-2C  are grids of biometric and voter information in accordance with an example embodiment; 
         FIGS. 3A-3D  are flowcharts of steps performed by the system for securing online voting using a multilayered security process in accordance with an example embodiment; and 
         FIG. 4  is an example online voting station in accordance with an example embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     A description of various embodiments follows. 
     One embodiment relates to the creation of a system which creates an online voting mechanism which securely authenticates the specific voter, accurately calculates the voter&#39;s votes and tabulates votes in the aggregate and by subset. 
     The system eliminates the need for registered voters to vote at polling stations. Instead voters may either vote online at any time the online polls may be opened for an election until the polls close for an election, or at their assigned polling station(s). 
     The system is enabled through an augmented voter registration system where, in addition to all of the information presently required to become a registered voter, the registering voter also supplies additional personal identification data to help secure the validity of the voter&#39;s online vote. Three of the pieces of additional information that the registering voter may supply are a retinal scan and fingerprints, including a thumb print, as well as a voice recording. The voter also supplies a home phone number, or other number that can be corroborated back to the user. 
     At the conclusion of the voting process the voter is instructed to call into a main online registration number to receive a password to vote. The voter is instructed that they must call from the number given on their application to receive their password and they must have their pin alphanumeric code given to them at the time of registration to activate the voter registration password system. The registration system validates the voter&#39;s pin and also does a reverse number trace to verify the voter&#39;s address to the phone number that the voter used to call in. The call must not be blocked by the voter. The voter&#39;s voice is also matched against the recording in the system held from the time of registration. If everything is correct, then the user receives a password to the system. If everything is not correct, then the user may be directed to a help line. The call is recorded to help prevent fraud and to collect evidence in the event of fraud. Warnings are also given at the time of registration as to the penalties for voting fraud. 
     The online voter must then log in online using their password and voter registration number. The user is further validated by a retinal scan using the computer&#39;s camera and each vote that is registered via touch screen is fingerprint sensitive to ensure that the same voter is validated for each vote. 
     Once the online vote is completed and sent back to the central secure server system, the voter&#39;s votes may be segmented into a different directory than the voter&#39;s name to insure anonymity as to the vote. Such information may be parsed and made private and anonymous via segmenting of the data to secure servers according to ongoing voting regulations—only the data currently logged as public or semi-public would be public and the rest would be segmented and anonymous, with the possible exception of systems auditors and polling officials and other legally authorized officials. 
     A tally of the votes would be made as servers accrue the votes and segment them among separate elections, referendums and the like. Each polling facility may be tracked separately, as may each demographic area, district, state, Parrish, town, city or nation, or multinational vote that each voter falls into. Potentially, votes could also be taken at the work place, third party digital voting centers, and municipal voting centers or via mobile devices using the same authentication methods. 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram representation of a computer system  100  for providing a secure online voting using a multilayered security system. The system  100  includes a registration station  105 , voter processing center  110 , calling station  115 , and online voting station  120 . The communications between and among the stations and/or center  105 ,  110 ,  115 , may be via or include an Ethernet, a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), the Internet, radio communication, telephone or other wire, cable an/or optical fiber, optical communication, or any other network and/or communication means. 
     When a voter  101  registers to vote, the voter  101  may come into the registration center  105  in person. The registration center  105 , for example, may be a city hall  102 . After providing personal information to an employee for verification purposes, a registration form is given to the voter  101 . The voter  101  may provide information about the voter  125 , including the same questions that are presented on a conventional paper registration form (e.g., name, address (present, previous, mailing, and/or business), citizenship and residence, birth date and place, driver&#39;s license number, telephone number, e-mail address, political party affiliation, applicable certifications regarding truthfulness, residency, age and prisoner or parole status, and so forth). In addition, the voter  101  may enter biometric information  127  into the registration station  105 . The biometric information  127  may include: (a) face: the analysis of facial characteristics; (b) fingerprint: the analysis of an individual&#39;s unique fingerprints; (c) hand geometry: the analysis of the shape of the hand and length of the fingers; (d) retina: the analysis of the capillary vessels located at the back of the eye (e) iris: the analysis of the colored ring that surrounds the eye&#39;s pupil (f) signature: the analysis of the way a person signs his name (g) vein: the analysis of pattern of veins in the back if the hand and the wrist (h) voice: the analysis of the tone, pitch, cadence and frequency of a person&#39;s voice. 
     The voter and biometric information  125 ,  127  may be securely transmitted to the voting processing center  110 . The transmission of data may be encrypted with 128-bit or greater encryption. The voter processing center  110  may include central computer  140  exchanging information between one or more database servers  147  coupled to one or more storage devices  145 . Typically, one of the storage devices  145  is located at a different location than the voter processing center  110 , so as to provide data backup and protection against such dangers as fire, earthquake, storm, terror attack, and the like. The voter and biometric information  125 ,  127  are securely stored in the one or more storage devices  145 . After the voter  101  completes the registration, the voter processing center  110  sends a telephone number of the voter processing center  110 . The voter  101  would call this number to obtain a security code  150 . 
     The voter  101  using the given telephone number dials into the voter processing center  110  using a calling station  115 , for example, a plain old telephone  155  or cellular phone  160 . As a part of the multi-level security process, the voter is required to call the voter processing center  110  using the calling station  115  that is associated with the telephone number as provided in the voter information during the registration process. The voter processing center  110  may use that telephone number to compare it with the incoming telephone to verify the authenticity of the voter  101 . The processing center  110  may use a caller identification feature to obtain the telephone number of the voter&#39;s calling station  115  for verification purposes. If the telephone numbers do not match, the voter processing center  110  may transmit such a message so indicating. 
     Upon completion of a match of the telephone numbers, the voter processing center  110  may send a message to the calling station  115 . The message may be a voice message saying that the verification was successful and the user  101  should hang up the calling station  115 . In response to terminating a connection between the calling station  115  and the voter processing center  110 , the voter  101  may receive a call-back to the telephone number as provided by the voter  101  during the registration process. When the voter  101  answers the call-back, a security code  150  is given to the voter. The security code  150  may be an alphanumeric code. An alphanumeric code is a series of letters and numbers written in a form understandable and processable by a computer. If the voter  101  does not pick up the calling station  115  for the call-back, the processing center  110  may call back at another time, such as an hour later. 
     On the day of the election with a fixed timing window to vote, the voter  101  signs into the voter processing center  110  using an online voting station  120 . The online voting station  120  provides a secure connection with the voter processing center  110 . The online voting station  120  may be a computer  124  or laptop  122 . Communication between the online voting station  120  and the processing center  110  may be via any convenient communication link, including but not limited to, wire and cable, telephone system, optical fiber, optical transmission, radio or other RF transmission, network, LAN, WAN, an Intranet, the Internet, and the like. Each online voting station  120  thus has essentially direct and immediate access to the voter processing center  110 . Where such access is via the Internet and/or World Wide Web, the only communication facility needed at any location is a conventional telephone line to connect to the modem of computers  124  and/or laptop  122 . The online voting station  120 , such as the laptop  122 , may be transported to any desired location, such as libraries, schools, vehicle registration and/or inspection sites, police stations, municipal facilities, government offices, military bases, shopping centers, or any other location where it is desired to register voters  101  and/or conduct voting.  FIG. 4  describes a typical online voting station  120 . 
     The registered voter  101  enters the security code  150  into the online voting station  120  for accessing the voter processing center  110 . The voter processing center  110  verifies the security code  150  against the one or more storage devices  145 . If there is a match of the security code  150 , the voter processing center  110  sends a request to the online voting station  120  for the voter information  125 . The amount of voter information  125  being requested may depend on a level of security of the election. Thus, a highest level of security requires a maximum quantity of the voter information  125 . For example, in a local town election for Board of Selectmen, the level of security may be minimal. In such cases, the voter processing center  110  may be programmed to request the voter&#39;s social security number and address. In contrast, in a presidential election, the voter processing center  110  may be programmed to request more voter information  125 , such as name, address, citizenship and residence, birth date and place, driver&#39;s license number, telephone number. The voter processing center  110  then verifies the voter information  125 . Upon completion of a successful verification, the voter processing center  110  then sends a request for at least one biometric information  127 . Verifying includes retrieving voter information  125  from the one or more storage devices  145  associated with the voter  101 , i.e., the voter as identified in the voting transaction request, from it database and comparing the voter information  125  to the information submitted as part of the proposed voting transaction request. Approval of the voting transaction depends upon verification of the voter information  125  inputted by the voter  101 . The quantity of biometric information is the same logic as the voter information  125 . The higher the level of security required, the more biometric information is requested. For example, in a presidential election the following biometric information  127  is required from the voter  101 : face, fingerprint, hand geometry, retina, iris, signature, vein, and voice. 
     Moreover, if the online voting station  120  is not equipped with the proper equipment to gather the biometric information  127 , the quantity of biometric information  127  and voter information  125  may vary depending on the level of security. For example, in a highest security level, if the online voting station  120  is only equipped with a retinal scan, more voter information  125  is required. Therefore, a lack of one type of biometric information  127  may be made up by more voter information  125  for a particular level of security.  FIGS. 2A-2C  show examples of the relationship between the biometric information  127  and voter information  125  for a given security level. The voter processing center  110  may send messages to the voter  101  to determine the capability of the online voting station  120  for providing biometric information  127 . This information is used by the voter processing center  110  in determining the quantity and type of questions to ask the voter  101 . 
     Once successful verifications are made for the voter and biometric information  125 ,  127 , the online voting station  120  receives a voting ballot  126 . The voting ballot  126  is displayed on the online voting station  120 . The user  101  makes a selection for a candidate and then sends the voting ballot  126  back to the voter processing center  110 . The voter processing center  110  may send a confirmation message to indicate the selection. The voter processing center  110  may tally the votes. 
       FIGS. 2A-2C  are grids of examples of amount of biometric information  127  and voter information  125  necessary to access a voting ballot  126  online.  FIG. 2A  is a matrix for the lowest security level. The lowest security level may only require one type of biometric information  127 , for example, retina. Furthermore, the online voting station  120  may be only equipped with a retina scan. The voter information  125  required from the voter  101  may be the voter&#39;s name, present address, birth date, and driver&#39;s license number. In contrast to a highest security level as shown in  FIG. 2B , more biometric information  127  is required from the voter  101 . In addition to a retina scan, a fingerprint and hand geometry are required. Due to the larger quantity of biometric information  127 , a lower number of voter information  125  is necessary. The voter  101  may only be required to input their name and present address. 
     However, if the online voting station  120  is only equipped to receive one type of biometric information  127 , such as a signature as shown in  FIG. 2C , more voter information  125  is necessary for the highest security level. The voter  101  may be required to input more voter information  125  to make up for only one biometric information  127 . The voter information  125  may include, in addition to the voter&#39;s name and address, a previous home address, business address, date of birth, place of birth, driver&#39;s license number, home telephone number, business telephone number, and e-mail address. It should be understood that the type and quantity of biometric information  127  and voter information  125  are not limited to the ones discussed above. There may be more, less, or various other combinations of biometric  127  and voter information  125 . The combinations of biometric  127  and voter information  125  may be implemented by software. 
       FIGS. 3A-3D  illustrate examples of steps performed by the system  100  for securing online voting using a multilayered security process. Certain components of the system  100  of  FIG. 1  are listed across the top of the page, with a sequence of steps detailed beneath them.  FIG. 3A  illustrates an example transaction that takes place between the registration station  105  and the voter processing center  110 . In a first step, the user  101  may come into a registration station  105 , such as a city hall  102 , to provide voter information  125  and biometric information  127  in step  302 . The registration station  105  receives the voter information  125  and biometric information  127  of the voter  101 , including a telephone number of the voter  101  in step  304 . The registration station  105  then sends the voter information  125  and biometric information  127  to the voter processing center  110  in step  306 . The voter processing center  110  upon receiving the voter information  125  and biometric information  127  then stores it in at least one storage device  145  in step  308 . The voter processing center  110  then sends the telephone number of the voter processing center  110  to the registration station  105 , in response to the user  101  completing the voter information  125  and biometric information  127  in step  310 . 
       FIG. 3B  illustrates an example transaction that takes place between the calling station  115  and the voter processing center  110 . The user  101  dials the telephone number that was given to him/her during the registration process in  FIG. 3A  to make a connection with the voter processing center  110  in step  312 . The user  101  must use a calling station  115  that has the telephone number that the user  101  provided during the registration process. The voter processing center  110  may then identify the incoming call telephone number, for example, from using a reverse Automatic Number Identifier (ANI) database and queries for a match of the telephone number that the user  101  provided during the registration process in step  314 . If there is not a match, then the voter processing center  110  may send a message that there is not a match and the user  101  should dial from the calling station  115  that represents the telephone number given during the registration process. However, if there is a match, the voter processing center  110  sends an acknowledgement for the match and requests that the user  101  hang up the phone and that the center  110  will call the user  101  back in step  316 . As another level of security, the voter processing center  110  then dials the telephone number of the calling station  115  in response to the user  101  terminating the connection between the calling station  115  and the voter processing center  110  (step  318 ) and the successful match of the verification (step  314 ) in step  320 . The voter processing  110  then provides a security code  150  to the calling station  115  in response to the user  101  picking up the call-back at step  320 . 
       FIG. 3C  illustrates an example transaction that takes place between the online voting station  120  and the voter processing center  110 . The online voting station  120  makes a secure connection with the voter processing center  110  in step  324 . The user  101  then inputs the security code  150  into the online voting station  120  in step  326 . The online voting station  120 , in turn, transmits the security code  150  to the voter processing station  110  in step  328 . The voter processing center  110  then verifies the security code  150  in step  330 . If the verification fails, a message is sent to the online voting station  120  notifying of such failed verification (not shown). However, if the verification is successful, the voter processing center  110  may request at least one voter information  125  based on a security level in step  332 . The online voting station  120  may receive the at least one voter information  125  into the online voting station  120  by the user  101  in step  334 , which in turn, sends it to the voter processing center  110 . Upon receipt of the at least one voter information  125 , the voter processing center  110  verifies the voter information in step  336 . If the verification fails, the voter processing center  110  may send a message notifying the user  101  of such failure (not shown). However, if the verification is successful, the voter processing center  110  may request at least one biometric information  127  based on a security level in step  338 . The online voting station  120  may receive the at least one biometric information  127  into the online voting station  120  by the user  101  in step  340 , which in turn, sends it to the voter processing center  110 . Upon receipt of the at least one biometric information  127 , the voter processing center  110  then verifies the biometric information  127  in step  342 . If the verification fails, the processing center  110  may send a message notifying the user  101  of such failure (not shown). 
     The voter processing center  110  may then send a voting ballot  126  in step  344 . The user  101  may receive the voting ballot  126  and makes a vote selection in step  346 . The user  101  sends the voting ballot  126  via the online voting station  120  back to the voter processing center  110  in step  348 . The voter processing center  110  stores the voting ballot  126  in the storage device  145  in step  350 . The voter processing center  110  has the ability to sort and calculate the number of votes for each candidate. 
       FIG. 3D  illustrates another example transaction that takes place between the online voting station  120  and the voter processing center  110 . Here the security level dynamically changes depending on the capability of the online voting station  120 . This example illustrates the highest level of security and the amount of voter information  125  that is required changes depending on the capability of the online voting station  120  being able to receive biometric information  127 .  FIG. 3D  is similar to  FIG. 3C , except for a few more additional steps. Specifically, the voter processing center  110  makes a request to the user  101  via the online voting station  120  to determine the capability of the online voting station  120  in step  352 . The request may ask the user  101  to choose from a list of biometric information  127  that the online voting station  120  is capable of receiving. For example, referring to  FIG. 2B , the user  101  may indicate that the online voting station  120  is able to receive the following biometric information  127 : fingerprint, hand geometry, and retina. Based on this information, the voting processing center  110  is able to determine that for the highest level of security, the voter information  125  that is required would be the voter&#39;s name and present address in step  354 . The voter processing center  110  may then request at least one voter information  125  to be specifically only the name of the voter  101  and his/her present address in step  332 . The voter processing center  110  may also similarly request at least one biometric information  127  to be specifically fingerprint, hand geometry, and retina in step  338 . 
     In another example, referring to  FIGS. 2C and 3D , if the user in step  352  of  FIG. 3D  replies that the only capability of the online voting station  120  is to receive a signature, the voter processing center  110  is able to determine in step  354  the following voter information  125 : name, present address, previous address, business address, birth date, place of birth, driver&#39;s license number, home telephone number, business telephone number, and e-mail address. Therefore, the voter processing center  110  is able to determine the minimum threshold to satisfy for a given level of security and it is that determination that makes the voter processing center  110  capable of dynamically changing the requirement depending on the capability of the online voting station  120 . It should be understood that the voter processing center  110  may request the amount of voter information  125  to determine the minimum quantity and type of biometric information  127  instead of the other way around, using biometric information  127  to determine the minimum and type of voter information  125 . 
     The examples of data transaction between the voter processing center  110 , online voting station, registration station  105 , and calling station  115  may include one or more of acknowledging the receipt of the electronic registration application, processing voter information  125  and biometric information  127  including checking it for completeness, and the optional printing of the voter registration application and/or a receipt and/or other confirmation by a local printer associated with the computer utilized by the user  101  registering. The registration agency of the registration station  105  may send a confirmation of the person&#39;s registration and/or a voter registration card, e.g., by mail so as to confirm that the address provided by the person registering is correct. The voter registration information  125  and biometric information  127  provided by the person  101  registering and any additional information relating to processing the registration application is stored in a voter registration database  145  and all or part thereof is made available in an electronic voter registration database  145  for use by election officials conducting an election. The registration of the voter is completed when all the necessary steps have been performed. 
       FIG. 4  is an example online voting station  120  in accordance with an example embodiment. The online voting station  120 , for example, may be a laptop  122 . The laptop  122  may include a retinal scan identification camera  405  and a voice recognition microphone  410 . The display screen  420  of the laptop  122  may be a touch screen. The display screen may also be configured to read a fingerprint  415  on the display screen  420 . Various other devices, both stationary and mobile, may be employed for capturing voter and biometric information, including but not limited to, touch screen devices, resistive and/or inductive and/or pressure sensitive pads, pocket PCS, Palmtop and other hand-held devices, personal data assistant (PDA) devices, “Tablet” PCs, television, home telephone, cable television system, and the like. 
     It should be understood that the method and apparatus for registering a registrant, herein described in the example context of registering voters and/or maintaining voting registration records, may find application and/or be employed in many different voting and other transactions and environments. Examples thereof include, but are not limited to, government and private voter registration, government and private voting, whether by direct connection and/or by network, Internet and other network, and any other voting environment where it is desired or necessary to verify the identity of a person with appropriate probability. Examples could also include registration and conduct of labor union elections, union representation elections, corporate elections (such as for shareholder or stockholder voting), corporate governance (such as for director voting), professional and/or learned societies and associations (such as the American Medical Association, American Bar Association, and the like). Examples of other transactions could include medical enrollment, school and educational enrollment and/or registration, insurance, banking, loan registration (application), and other commercial, business and government transactions. 
     It should also be understood that while the security code is referred to as “numbers,” each may include numerical, alphabetic, alpha-numeric and other characters and symbols, conventional or arbitrary, as may be desired. Information is typically represented and/or stored in a memory in accordance with a predetermined formula or algorithm or other scheme, either on a character-by-character basis or on the basis of one or more combinations of the characters or values, for example, binary, binary coded decimal, hexadecimal, or any other digital coding representation thereof. Suitable formula and algorithms therefore include, for example, binary, binary coded decimal, other digital coding representations thereof, parity checks or other parity representations, sum checks, field relationship checks or any other predetermined relationship between the stored data or information and the parity or check number or code. 
     It should be understood that any of the above-described flow diagrams of  FIGS. 3A-3D  or underlying methods used to implement aspects related to the networks of  FIG. 1  may be implemented in the form of hardware, firmware, software or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the software may be in any suitable form of software that can be stored on any form of machine-readable medium (e.g., CD-ROM, floppy disk, tape, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), optical disk, magnetic disk, FLASH memory, system memory, and hard drive), and loaded and executed by at least one general purpose or application specific processor. The software may be downloaded to nodes in a network via any form of network link including wired, wireless, or optical links, and via any form of communications protocol. 
     It should be further understood that the flow diagrams of  FIGS. 3A-3D  are merely example embodiments, and other configurations, arrangements, additional blocks, fewer blocks, and so forth are possible in other embodiments. For example, the techniques illustrated in these figures may be performed sequentially, in parallel or in an order other than that which is described. In addition, it should be appreciated that not all of the techniques described are required to be performed, that additional techniques may be added, and that some of the illustrated techniques may be substituted with other techniques.