Abstract:
The present invention provides a microtesting rig for measuring mechanical properties of small specimens. The rig includes a microsized specimen positioned on a mounting block, an interchangeable contact tip connected with an actuator and configured for contact with the microsized specimen, and a magnifying imaging system for imaging the microsized specimen. The contact tip may be a fiber platen for compression testing or a fiber grip for tension testing.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    The present application relates to and claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/113,735 filed Nov. 12, 2008. The contents of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/113,735 are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     RIGHTS OF THE GOVERNMENT 
       [0002]    The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or for the Government of the United States for all governmental purposes without the payment of any royalty. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    The present invention relates generally to an improved mechanism that enables quantitative mechanical testing of microsized samples by introducing variable lateral constraints imposed by the lateral stiffness of the testing device. More particularly, the invention employs a flexible fiber or other highly compliant structure that can support a contacting tip for both tensile and compressive test modes. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    The measurement of mechanical behavior in very small samples, whose dimensions are on the order of microns and below, can offer advantages over conventional macroscopic testing in many instances. Motivations for investigating materials at this length scale include seeking information about size dependent properties in monolithic materials, studying local variation in properties throughout a microstructure or measuring the mechanical response of fabricated structures that have small dimensions. 
         [0005]    In 2004, a study reported on the flow behavior of micro-scale metallic samples tested in compression using a nanoindenter equipped with a flat tip diamond indenter. The lateral stiffness in these systems was fixed at a value near 0.01 N/μm. Cylindrical specimens were machined using a focused ion beam (FIB) instrument, and tests were conducted under uniaxial loading conditions similar to those practiced at the bulk scale. These ex-situ micro-scale tests are affected by some of the same undesired influences as experienced in bulk compression tests. One such influence is the platen-sample friction for which there has been no attempt to address in the micro-scale tests. The importance of frictional forces on compression testing of single crystals was first noted in 1926 where both flow stress properties and local physical sample deformation were greatly influenced by the addition of a lubricant to the platen-sample interface. 
         [0006]    There exists a need for a system and method for improved mechanism that enables testing of microsized samples by introducing variable lateral constraints imposed by the lateral stiffness of the testing device. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0007]    In work leading up to the present invention, a device was designed and constructed to allow the measurement of deformation properties in micron-sized specimens while simultaneously recording high resolution electron images within a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or dual beam focused ion beam (DBFIB). This in-situ testing device is capable of mechanical testing in both compression and tension and has be fitted with appropriately machined contact tips composed of single crystal diamond or novel, compliant fibers of the present invention. 
         [0008]    The present invention provides a device designed and constructed to allow the quantitative measurement of deformation properties in micron-sized specimens while imparting an exceedingly small constraining force to the deforming body. Ex-situ test methodologies can provide high precision data that relate quantitative stress and strain response during deformation. The present invention provides an alternative in-situ testing approach that also employs simultaneous electron imaging of very small test specimens within a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or dual beam focused ion beam (DBFIB) during the deformation experiment. These images are used to correlate the stress-strain data with the spatial and temporal nature of deformation-induced flow and fracture events that develop during the course of a test. Real time imaging facilitates the operation of tests on micro-samples that rely on complex set-ups, such as the alignment of tension grips about very small free-standing specimens. 
         [0009]    The present invention incorporates a high precision piezoelectric actuator, a high precision inertial force positioning stage, a small, low profile load cell and a variety of highly compliant contact platens and grips that can be manufactured from a SiC or similar compliant fiber. Displacement along the specimen gauge length is measured directly from electron images. Both compression and tension experiments have been conducted on microsized samples fabricated from bulk material using the DBFIS. These specimens are fabricated to elicit the simple stress states afforded by uniaxial loading of standard geometric shapes (e.g. round pillars, rectangular “dog bone” plates, etc.). 
         [0010]    The present invention is beneficial for research studies or characterizations of materials where mechanical properties of very small structures will be investigated. These structures might be representative small volumes of material extracted from a larger bulk specimen or they might be fabricated from intrinsically small features within a complex device or assembly. The common factor in the application of this invention is that the size scale of the cross sectional area in the tested specimen be on the order of tens of square microns or smaller. Due to the small size of these test specimens, some form of magnifying imaging system must be available such as an optical microscope, scanning electron microscope or focused ion beam microscope. The physical device described in this invention must then be incorporated with the appropriate microscope during the facilitation of measurements. 
         [0011]    Some examples of technologies and materials where this invention might be useful include thin films, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), composite materials, welding or joining applications and generally all fundamental studies of materials deformation. 
         [0012]    Construction of the microtesting rig in the invention offers certain advantages over the current most common technology available for microscale mechanical testing. While the lateral stiffness in nanoindenter systems is fixed at some intermediate value, they are not specifically designed to be excessively stiff. This methodology also currently employs only diamond contact tips which are intrinsically very stiff. Thus, lateral contact stiffness in these systems is limited to the intermediate lateral stiffness intrinsic to the load train into which the diamond is mounted. The high-end lateral stiffness, for the present invention, is much greater at 0.1 N/μm. This enables microscale mechanical testing under new, higher stiffness, conditions. 
         [0013]    The use of a fiber can be used to control the lateral stiffness for microscale testing. Fibers of varying length, diameter and composition can be used to affect the properties in the fiber contact and thereby control lateral stiffness at the sample/fiber contact. This enables microscale mechanical testing under new, ultra-low stiffness, conditions. 
         [0014]    The concept of variable contact tips possessing different properties is new and allows a range of imposed lateral stiffness conditions for an experiment. The device in this invention begins with a high natural system stiffness, by design, and thus it offers a wide range in potential lateral stiffness during testing. 
         [0015]    Other laterally compliant components, such as springs, can be employed to support the contact tip within this invention. This could have the platen or grip machined as part of the component or it could be an intermediate element onto which a tip could be attached. The laterally compliant contact tip concept can also be applied to the nanoindenter methodology in place of the standard diamond platen. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0016]    A more complete understanding of the present invention, and the attendant advantages and features thereof, will be more readily understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein: 
           [0017]      FIG. 1  illustrates an in-situ micromechanical testing rig of the present invention; 
           [0018]      FIG. 2  is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image showing a compression specimen and a fiber platen of the present invention; 
           [0019]      FIGS. 3A and 3B  are SEM images showing a tension specimen aligned close to a fiber grip of the present invention and the tension specimen positioned in the fiber grip, respectively. 
           [0020]      FIGS. 4A and 4B  are SEM images showing axial travel in the load train viewed at the grip with the microtesting rig tilted 70 degrees from the electron beam ( FIG. 4A ) and normal to the electron beam ( FIG. 4B ); 
           [0021]      FIG. 5  is a graph showing flow curves for a compression test of a nickel base superalloy specimen using a diamond platen and a fiber platen; 
           [0022]      FIGS. 6A and 6B  show SEM images of a specimen prior to and after a diamond platen compression test, respectively; and 
           [0023]      FIGS. 7A and 7B  show SEM images of a specimen prior to and after a fiber platen compression test, respectively. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0024]    The present invention utilizes a compliant fiber within an existing testing frame used to investigate deformation behavior of microsized specimens. Initially, compression tests were conducted using the test system equipped with a diamond platen (without a compliant fiber). Test results differed from ex-situ results conducted using a nanoindenter. It was contemplated that lateral stiffness in the system was the likely source of these differences. This problem was overcome by the use of a fiber to allow testing of appropriately fabricated samples in tension. A fixed grip was designed and cut into the free end of a fiber using the focused ion beam microscope. A compliant SiC fiber was chosen which would allow for minor self alignment of the grip during initial application of load to the microsamples and would accommodate lateral movements induced by deforming specimens. The SiC fiber was chosen for the grip application because of the high stiffness along its length and low stiffness perpendicular to the length m cases where the length is several millimeters or greater. A similar SiC fiber was machined for compression testing in order to remove the lateral constraints on the deforming sample in this test. These tests produced yield and plastic flow data more closely resembling the ex-situ nanoindenter data, confirming the influence of lateral stiffness on microscale mechanical tests. 
         [0025]    Referring now to the drawings in which like reference designators refer to like elements,  FIG. 1  presents a schematic illustration of the test frame  100  that can be placed on the stage of an SEM microscope. It is equipped with a piezoelectric actuator  102  for fine displacement control at the sub-nanometer level. An alignment fixture/flexor  104  is employed between the actuator  102  and a low range load cell  106  to ensure axial loading. The load sensitivity may be, for example, 10 milligrams. As  FIG. 1  illustrates, the compression platen or tensile grip  108  is attached to the load cell  106 . A specimen  110  is located on a mounting block  112  which is positioned on an XYZ piezoelectric stick-slip positioning stage  114 . Importantly, the setup allows the exchange of various compression platens and tension grips. 
         [0026]    Compression platens composed of diamond crystal and novel SiC fiber were evaluated and compared. The diamond platen was prepared from a 1 mm long and 0.5 mm wide diamond crystal with a tapered end. The tip was prepared by mechanical grinding followed by FIB cutting to produce a 40 μm×40 μm flat surface perpendicular to the loading axis. Similarly, a second tip was prepared from a SiC fiber 8 mm in length by 0.1 mm in diameter, with the contact surface again being prepared by FIB. The 80:1 aspect ratio of the SiC fiber platen enables the lateral stiffness to be very low, measured to be less than 0.0001 N/μm. By comparison, the diamond platen has a high lateral stiffness, measured to be ˜0.1 N/μm. 
         [0027]    In operation, the specimens to be tested are positioned at  110  in  FIG. 1  and are mounted on the XYZ positioning stage  114 . A mounting block  112  may be positioned between the specimen and the positioning stage  114 . Alternatively, the mounting block  112  and positioning stage  114  may be a unitary structure (i.e. the mounting block may be part of or integrated into the positioning stage). The stage  114  bases its movement on a piezoelectric inertial force mechanism that provides nanometer scale positioning resolution with zero backlash. Further, it supports loads up to 1 N in a small footprint that is also vacuum compatible. The test structures described herein were machined from the near edge region of a bulk sample. This allowed imaging of pillars during deformation from an orientation perpendicular to the sample and loading axis. Tests were conducted in a quasi-static mode, in which samples undergo sequential periods of first loading and then holding for image collection. This process was automated using custom software. Displacements were calculated from the image data by tracking the motion of fiducial markers machined into the sample surface. These displacements are correlated with load data collected throughout the experiment to construct load-displacement or stress-strain curves ( FIG. 6 ). 
         [0028]    In more detail, the procedure for conducting a mechanical test in the microtesting rig  100  begins with selection of a contacting tip  108  for the desired test and placing that tip  108  adjacent the load cell  106 . The bulk specimen on which the test sample has been fabricated is then placed at position  110  within the test frame  100 . The XYZ positioning stage  114  is then employed to align the sample with the platen or grip  108 . 
         [0029]      FIG. 2  illustrates the close approach of a round compression pillar  210  with the flat tip platen end of a SiC fiber  208  which remains stationary during this procedure. When minimal contact is made between sample  210  and platen  208 , the positioning stage is placed in a stationary state. All subsequent loading of the sample  210  is accomplished through the load train of the test rig composed of the piezoelectric actuator, the alignment flexor, the load cell and the platen/grip  208 . 
         [0030]      FIG. 3A  shows a tension specimen  310  positioned near the SiC grip  308 , and  FIG. 3B  shows the tension specimen  310  positioned within the SiC grip  308 . After positioning of the specimen relative to the grip or platen, loading of the specimen occurs by displacement of the load train via the actuator. Quantitative measurement of stress and strain data require uniaxial loading of the specimens. 
         [0031]      FIGS. 4A and 4B  illustrate the travel of the tension grip over the entire 40 micron stroke range of the current actuator. By viewing from the two orientations ( FIGS. 4A and 4B ), it is evident that no lateral translations are present which might influence the deformation response of a microsample being tested. This observation confirms the uniaxial travel of the contact tip. 
         [0032]    Since numerous studies have been conducted in recent years employing the compression testing capabilities of the nanoindenter, it is most illustrative to consider the compressive response of a series of representative samples. These were tested with both the diamond (high lateral stiffness) and SiC fiber (low lateral stiffness) compression platens. The material chosen for this investigation was Rene N5, a single crystal Ni-based superalloy commonly used in turbine blade applications. The bulk sample was oriented to give a &lt;123&gt; single slip compression axis. Further, the sample was oriented such that the viewing direction during testing would be &lt;−1 −1 1&gt; which places the primary displacement vector in the imaging plane. Compression samples were prefabricated using micro-electrodischarge machining (micro-EDM) and finished using FIB based ion lathe milling. All samples were nominally 10 μm in diameter with a 2.3:1 length to diameter aspect ratio. 
         [0033]    Illustrated in  FIG. 5 , the flow curves of three tests each are shown for the diamond and SiC fiber platens. The response of the diamond-tested specimens (red data) is characterized by smooth elastic loading followed by a gradual transition to plastic flow which then indicates a generally steady work hardening regime. The flow curves for the tests conducted with the SiC fiber are quite different. These curves (blue data) are marked by sharp stress drops which are associated with strain bursts. After yielding at a somewhat higher stress level than the diamond test samples, a series of serrations in the stress-strain curves follow. Here, the flow stress remains relatively low when compared with the initial yield value. The flow behavior in the SiC fiber platen test does not show any overall work hardening even to strains exceeding 10 percent. 
         [0034]    The physical changes in shape for samples tested with the two compression platens are illustrated in  FIGS. 6 and 7 . The images of the diamond platen tested case show a Rene N5 single crystal pillar prior to compression ( FIG. 6A ) and after compression to ten percent strain ( FIG. 6B ). The sample indicates essentially uniaxial displacement of the top of the specimen, in contact with the platen, relative to the base. The large and small circles act as fiducial indicators for displacement measurement. Plastic flow in the sample during compression is uniformly distributed across the specimen length and results in general barreling of the starting cylindrical geometry. This results from the high lateral stiffness of the test frame with the diamond platen in place. The diamond restrains lateral movement of the sample/platen contact which would be promoted by the single slip, &lt;123&gt; crystallographic orientation established in this test. 
         [0035]    In an identical test performed with a SiC fiber platen in place, the change in shape during plastic flow is displayed in  FIGS. 7A and 7B . Here, the deformed specimen geometry is quite different and shows very discrete localized plastic flow. The local slip steps result in a net lateral displacement of the top part of the specimen including the sample/platen contact. This is clearly noted by the sharp discontinuity in the discontinuity of the triple row of vertically aligned reference points. ( FIG. 7B ). The slip localization is responsible for the lack of barreling found when the diamond platen was employed. In the case of the SiC fiber platen, the lateral movement associated with slip on the inclined primary slip plane is not inhibited. Thus, sample material in contact with the SiC platen is free to flow as dictated by the crystal orientation. 
         [0036]    The resultant deformed specimen shape is consistent with observations made on similar materials tested with the nanoindenter. In this case, the more compliant test frame into which the diamond platen is mounted is responsible for the available lateral movement. The lateral stiffness of the MTS NanoXP nanoindenter commonly used in ex-situ testing of micropillars is given by the manufacturer to be about 0.01 N/μm. Measurements made on the two platens employed in the present invention indicate a lateral stiffness of 0.1 N/μm for the diamond platen and less than 0.0001 N/μm for the SiC fiber platen. 
         [0037]    It should be noted that the invention described herein provides easy control over the lateral stiffness of the load train by simply exchanging contact platens. The remaining elements of the test frame compose a system with very high lateral stiffness. This is further evidenced by the ability of the diamond indenter to completely suppress lateral movement in a high strength sample, having common microsample dimensions, oriented to exhibit large lateral movement upon plastic flow. 
         [0038]    It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described herein above. In addition, unless mention was made above to the contrary, it should be noted that all of the accompanying drawings are not to scale. A variety of modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.