Abstract:
A zoom lens whose first lens group, counting from front, has a negative refractive power and moves axially in differential relation to a following lens group to effect zooming, wherein the first lens group is constructed with a lens unit of negative power followed by another lens unit of positive power, whereby for focusing purposes, the negative lens unit is axially moved, while the positive lens unit is held stationary, to improve the stabilization of aberration correction throughout the entire focusing range.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to the focusing of zoom lenses, and more particularly to a lens design for improving the stabilization of aberration correction when the zoom lens, beginning with a lens group of negative refractive power is being focused. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     In the past, a wide variety of zoom lenses, beginning with a component of negative refractive power and, in particular, with the inclusion of another component of positive refractive power on the image side of the former, so that these two components are made axially move in differential relation to effect zooming, have been designed, but most of these zoom lenses have the focusing provision at all the elements of the negative component. 
     By the recent trend of minimizing the bulk and size of this type lens system, the refractive powers of such two, or negative and positive, components are both caused to increase. For a further advance in compactness, an additional component of negative power is apt to be used and is arranged in rear of the positive component and remains stationary during zooming. 
     And, in this case also, the negative and positive components movable for zooming are given further stronger refractive powers. 
     With respect to focusing, such an increase in the refractive power of the front negative component has great advantages in that the total focusing movement, whose terminal ends correspond to infinite and minimum object distances, is reduced and that it can contribute to an improvement in the compactness of the lens system as a whole, but leads to a prominent variation with focusing of aberrations, particularly when in telephoto positions and thereabout. This is intensified as the relative aperture increases, the focal length increases and the minimum object distance shortens, resulting in deterioration of aberrations, particularly spherical aberration (over-corrected near or at the minimum object distance), which have been very difficult to correct. 
     Meanwhile, in the art of fixed focal length lenses, to maintain some of the aberrations stable throughout the focusing range, a focusing method of bodily moving the lens while simultaneously varying one or two lens separation or separations has been put into practice as is known in U.S. Pat. No. 3,748,021, for example. If this method is applied to zoom lenses not in an appropriate way, however, a large increase in the necessary number of lens elements is called for, and the operating mechanism is made complicated in structure. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the present invention is to provide a zoom lens having a negative refractive power at the front with means making it possible to eliminate the problem arising when this type of zoom lens is focused, and further to provide a focusing arrangement which does not expert stress on the operating mechanism. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide a zoom lens whose first lens group counting from front, has a negative refractive power, whereby the first lens group is divided into a lens unit of negative refractive power followed by another lens unit of positive refractive power, so that when focusing, the negative lens unit is axially moved, while the positive lens unit remains stationary. Thus, one lens separation is varied to achieve good stability of aberration correction throughout the focusing range. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a change of the path of a ray with focusing in the prior art. 
     FIG. 2 is similar to FIG. 1 except that the present invention is illustrated. 
     FIG. 3 shows graphs of aberration curves for explaining how the spherical aberration tends to change. 
     FIG. 4 is a longitudinal section view of an example 1 of a specific zoom lens of the invention. 
     FIGS. 5A to 5C and 6A and 6B are graphic sentations of the abberrations of the lens of FIG. 4. 
     FIG. 7 is a longitudinal section view of another example 2 of a zoom lens of the invention. 
     FIGS. 8A to 8C, and 9A and 9B are graphic representations of the aberrations of the lens of FIG. 7. 
     FIG. 10 is a longitudinal section view of still another example 3 of a specific zoom lens of the invention. 
     FIGS. 11A to 11C, and l2A and l2B are graphic representations of the aberrations of the lens of FIG. 10. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     What problem is produced about the aberrations in the image and how to solve it are first described below. 
     In FIG. 1 there is shown a behavior of a ray passing through the first lensgroup of negative refractive power when axially moved to effect focusing. Though the first lens group A is schematically shown as comprising negative and positive lenses, for the front or negative lens actually bears the power of the lens group, it usually consists of two or more negative meniscus lenses. The rear or positive lens is used with the aim at aberration correction as is known in the art. Now assuming that when focusing is performed by bodily moving the first lens group A, a paraxial ray L2 from an object at the minimum distance emerges with a larger angle than when the object lies at infinity with a paraxial ray Ll. This angle of emergence is inversely proportional to the object distance. Because theoverall refractive power of the first lens group A is negative, as the angle of emergence increases, the spherical aberration is over-corrected. In FIG. 3, curve II represents this behavior. 
     On this account, a lens unit B of positive power may be added and held stationary during focusing, as shown in FIG. 2. Focusing is performed by moving the lens group A&#39; of negative power, while the lens unit B of positive power remains stationary. Then, although the angle of emergence from the lens group A&#39; increases with decrease in the object distance as has been stated above, it is for now that the ray with that increased angle of emergence comes on the lens unit B. Because the refractive power of this lens unit B is positive, as the angle of incidence increases, the spherical aberration is under-corrected. And, as the axial separation between the lens group A&#39; and the lens unit B increases, the lens unit B produces a larger amount of spherical aberration under-corrected. Therefore, if focusing is otherwise performed by moving both of the lens group A&#39; and unit B with a constant separation therebetween, the over-corrected spherical aberration of the lens group A&#39; is always larger than the under-corrected one. By making the lens unit B stationary so thatthe lens group A&#39; only is made movable for focusing purposes as in the present invention, it becomes possible to take a balance between the over-corrected and under-corrected spherical aberration produced from the lens group A&#39; and the lens unit B, respectively. As shown in FIG. 3, the spherical aberration I for the infinitely distance object and the spherical aberration III for the object at the minimum distance can be obtained. 
     By the above-described focusing arrangement, the objects of the invention can be accomplished. However, reduce the necessary number of lens elementswhile preserving good image quality, it is desirable to consider the following condition: 
     
         0.01&lt;|Fl/fb|&lt;0.2 
    
     where Fl is the focal length of the first lens group, and fb is the focal length of the positive lens unit. This condition is set forth for spherical aberration is corrected in good balance throughout the entire focusing range. When below the lower limit, over-correction results for shorter object distances. When above the upper limit, under-corrected spherical aberration is conversely produced. Thus the spherical aberrationis not stabilized. And, an increase in the relative aperture is further considered when to determine the power distribution, it might be better tonarrow the range to 0.02&lt;|Fl/fb|&lt;0.1. 
     Also as for the lens form, it is preferred to arrange a positive meniscus lens of forward convexity at the rearmost position in the lens group A&#39; sothat the air lens defined by its front surface and the rear surface of the lens just in front thereof which is concave toward the rear is given a converging action to correct the over-corrected spherical aberration of the lens group A&#39; as much as possible. 
     It should be noted that under the above-stated condition, the first lens group, lens group A&#39;, and lens unit B have their focal lengths Fl, fa and fb in a relationship: 1/fb&lt;|1/Fl|&lt;|1/fa|. In other words, the refractive power of the lens group A&#39; for focusing becomes strongest, and the refractive power of the lens unit B becomes weakest, thereby the total focusing movement is reduced and the number of lens elements is reduced. Thus a compact form is possible to realize. 
     Next, specific embodiments of the invention are described. The zoom lens towhich the invention is applied has the basic configuration that a first lens group, counting from front, is of negative refractive power, and a second lens group of positive refractive power, and is of the type in which the first and second lens groups are moved axially at the same time and independently of each other to effect zooming. Its dimensions are: thefocal length ranging from 29 to 68, F-number from 1/2.9 to 1/3.5, and the image angle 36.7° to 17.6°. 
     Also, Ri is the radius of curvature of the i-th surface counting from the front, Di is the i-th separation between the surfaces counting from the front, and Ni and νi are the refractive index and Abbe number of the glass of the i-th lens element counting from the front, respectively. Also, Ai, Bi, Ci, Di and Ei are the aspherical coefficients of the i-th surface counting from the front. The aspherical coefficients are defined as follows: 
     The axial distance x from the reference spherical surface at a height H from the optical axis with the radius of curvature of the reference spherical surface being denoted by r is: ##EQU1##Here H° represents the height of the boundary between the spherical and aspherical surfaces from the optical axis. 
     Numerical examples 1 and 2 are zoom lenses each comprising a negative firstlens group, a positive second lens group and a positive third lens group. The second and third lens groups may be taken as one group. During zooming, the positive third lens group is held stationary. A movable stop in the space between the second and third lens groups, though not relatingto the present invention, when made to move at different speeds from that of movement of the second lens group has an advantage of removing the harmful light during zooming. It should be noted that, the size of an aperture opening of the stop does not vary with variation of the focal length. 
     Another numerical example 3 is a zoom lens comprising a negative first lensgroup and a positive second lens group. 
     In the numerical example 1, the various aberrations in the wide angle, middle and telephoto positions with an object at infinity are shown in FIGS. 5A to 5C, respectively. FIGS. 6A and 6B show the various aberrationswhen focused to a close object at 30 cm, with FIG. 6A corresponding to a case when the first lens group is moved as a whole to effect focusing, andFIG. 6B corresponding to another case when the last meniscus lens (Rll, Rl2) is held stationary during focusing. 
     FIGS. 8A to 8C illustrate variations of the various aberrations of the numerical example 2 during zooming with an object at infinity. FIGS. 9A and 9B illustrate the difference in the various aberrations between the prior art, where the first lens group (R1-R12) is bodily moved and the present invention, respectively, when focused down to the same distance asabove. 
     FIGS. llA to llC illustrate variation of the various aberrations of the numerical example 3 during zooming with an object at infinity. FIGS. l2A and l2B illustrate the difference in the various aberrations between when the first lens group (R1-R12) is bodily moved and when the present invention is applied, respectively, as focused down to the same object distance as above. 
     NUMERICAL EXAMPLE 1 
     
         __________________________________________________________________________F = 29-68 (mm) FNO =  1:2.8-3.5 2ω = 73.4°-35.2°__________________________________________________________________________R1 =    47.197 D1 =          2.20    N1 =                      1.76200                          ν1 =                              40.1R2 =    27.146 D2 =          6.92R3 =    83.939 D3 =          2.00    N2 =                      1.81600                          ν2 =                              46.6R4 =    34.227 D4 =          6.58R5 =    -155.372      D5 =          1.60    N3 =                      1.88300                          ν3 =                              40.8R6 =    101.880      D6 =          2.70    N4 =                      1.74950                          ν4 =                              35.3R7 =    1034.171      D7 =          1.96R8 =    53.715 D8 =          3.98    N5 =                      1.80518                          ν5 =                              25.4R9 =    294.100      D9 =          0.80 (Variable)R10 =    110.320      D10 =          2.20    N6 =                      1.48749                          ν6 =                              70.2R11 =    133.729      D11 =          VariableR12 =    64.980 D12 =          3.20    N7 =                      1.69680                          ν7 =                              55.5R13 =    -1171.820      D13 =          0.15R14 =    33.745 D14 =          4.20    N8 =                      1.54771                          ν8 =                              62.9R15 =    150.490      D15 =          2.44R16 =    (Stop) D16 =          0.40R17 =    26.906 D17 =          4.66    N9 =                      1.57099                          ν9 =                              50.8R18 =    254.612      D18 =          0.70R19 =    -288.928      D19 =          5.70    N10 =                      1.84666                          ν10 =                              23.9R20 =    -29.528      D20 =          1.39    N11 =                      1.80518                          ν11 =                              25.4R21 =    318.196      D21 =          1.50    N12 =                      1.84666                          ν12 =                              23.9R22 =    18.397 D22 =          3.43R23 =    86.196 D23 =          2.77    N13 =                      1.63980                          ν13 =                              34.5R24 =    -53.077      D24 =          VariableR25 =    (Movable      D25 =          Variable    Stop)R26 =    -36.935      D26 =          1.50    N14 =                      1.88300                          ν14 =                              40.8R27 =    -44.736      D27 =          2.30    N15 =                      1.58144                          ν15 =                              40.7R28 =    -34.766__________________________________________________________________________f            29.0     50.0                    68.0__________________________________________________________________________D11          47.57    13.17                    0.60D24          0.29     12.29                    10.91D25          2.65     5.95                    20.45__________________________________________________________________________Aspherical CoefficientsA1 =     0.0             F1 =                        -55.50B1 =     3.83460 × 10.sup.-7                    F2 =                        41.60C1 =     -4.51042 × 10.sup.-10                    F3 =                        2383.3D1 =     1.94532 × 10.sup.-12                    fa =                        -52.47E1 =     -7.26398 × 10.sup.-17                    fb =                        1254.2H°1 =    3.0__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     NUMERICAL EXAMPLE 2 
     
         __________________________________________________________________________F = 29-68 (mm) FNO = 1:2.8- 3.5 2ω = 73.4°-35.2°__________________________________________________________________________R1 =    50.466 D1 =          2.00    N1 =                      1.72000                          ν1 =                              50.2R2 =    26.111 D2 =          7.78R3 =    73.545 D3 =          1.80    N2 =                      1.88300                          ν2 =                              40.8R4 =    42.329 D4 =          5.63R5 =    -324.377      D5 =          2.70    N3 =                      1.72342                          ν3 =                              38.0R6 =    -82.310      D6 =          0.11R7 =    -151.637      D7 =          1.50    N4 =                      1.88300                          ν4 =                              40.8R8 =    89.040 D8 =          3.98R9 =    49.253 D9 =          3.69    N5 =                      1.84666                          ν5 =                              23.9R10 =    133.274      D10 =          0.80 (Variable)R11 =    78.260 D11 =          2.20    N6 =                      1.48749                          ν6 =                              70.2R12 =    88.063 D12 =          VariableR13 =    68.204 D13 =          3.20    N7 =                      1.69680                          ν7 =                              55.5R14 =    -3179.717      D14 =          0.15R15 =    31.931 D15 =          4.20    N8 =                      1.54771                          ν8 =                              62.9R16 =    177.370      D16 =          2.44R17 =    (Stop) D17 =          0.40R18 =    27.916 D18 =          4.59    N9 =                      1.62374                          ν9 =                              47.1R19 =    315.047      D19 =          0.66R20 =    -235.237      D20 =          5.19    N10 =                      1.84666                          ν10 =                              23.9R21 =    -31.853      D21 =          1.39    N11 =                      1.80518                          ν11 =                              25.4R22 =    1912.412      D22 =          1.50    N12 =                      1.84666                          ν12 =                              23.9R23 =    18.122 D23 =          3.83R24 =    103.512      D24 =          2.69    N13 =                      1.64769                          ν13 =                              33.8R25 =    -52.484      D25 =          VariableR26 =    (Movable      D26 =          Variable    Stop)R27 =    -45.058      D27 =          1.30    N14 =                      1.88300                          ν14 =                              40.8R28 =    -68.453      D28 =          2.50    N15 =                      1.61293                          ν15 =                              37.0R29 =    -40.130__________________________________________________________________________f            29.0     50.0                    68.0__________________________________________________________________________D12          47.56    13.16                    0.59D25          0.30     11.31                    14.92D26          2.65     6.95                    16.45__________________________________________________________________________Aspherical CoefficientsA1 =    0.0       A25 =              0.0        F1 =                             -55.50B1 =    3.99342 × 10.sup.-7         B25 =              2.39558 × 10.sup.-7                         F2 =                             41.60C1 =    7.64897 × 10.sup.-11         C25 =              8.11397 × 10.sup.-11                         F3 =                             3981.0D1 =    2.13504 × 10.sup.-12         D25 =              0.0        fa =                             -52.82E1 =    -6.28786 × 10.sup.-16         E25 =              0.0        fb =                             1343.3H°1 =    3.0       H°25 =              0.0__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     NUMERICAL EXAMPLE 3 
     
         __________________________________________________________________________F = 29-68 (mm) FNO =  1:2.8-3.5 2ω = 73.4°-35.2°__________________________________________________________________________R1 =    44.992 D1 =          2.00    N1 =                      1.72000                          ν1 =                              50.2R2 =    24.600 D2 =          8.08R3 =    69.724 D3 =          1.80    N2 =                      1.88300                          ν2 =                              40.8R4 =    39.500 D4 =          5.84R5 =    -242.989      D5 =          3.60    N3 =                      1.72342                          ν3 =                              38.0R6 =    -59.695      D6 =          0.27R7 =    -90.832      D7 =          1.44    N4 =                      1.88300                          ν4 =                              40.8R8 =    96.856 D8 =          2.47R9 =    47.004 D9 =          3.58    N5 =                      1.84666                          ν5 =                              23.9R10 =    126.794      D10 =          0.77 (Variable)R11 =    72.077 D11 =          2.11    N6 =                      1.48749                          ν6 =                              70.2R12 =    83.756 D12 =          VariableR13 =    63.518 D13 =          3.12    N7 =                      1.69680                          ν 7 =                              55.5R14 =    622.310      D14 =          0.15R15 =    34.602 D15 =          4.10    N8 =                      1.54771                          ν8 =                              62.9R16 =    155.362      D16 =          2.34R17 =    (Stop) D17 =          0.39R18 =    25.867 D18 =          5.34    N9 =                      1.62374                          ν9 =                              47.1R19 =    298.183      D19 =          0.61R20 =    -285.841      D20 =          4.34    N10 =                      1.84666                          ν10 =                              23.9R21 =    -33.336      D21 =          1.40    N11 =                      1.80518                          ν11 =                              25.4R22 =    2149.156      D22 =          1.51    N12 =                      1.84666                          ν12 =                              23.9R23 =    18.082 D23 =          4.37R24 =    79.386 D24 =          4.05    N13 =                      1.64769                          ν13 =                              33.8R25 =    -54.643      D25 =          VariableR26 =    (Movable    Stop)__________________________________________________________________________f            29.0     50.0                    68.0__________________________________________________________________________D12          44.67    12.37                     0.56D25           1.04    10.43                    13.65__________________________________________________________________________Aspherical CoefficientsA1 =    0.0       A25 =              0.0        F1 =                             -51.14B1 =    2.72094 × 10.sup.-7         B25 =              -3.03909 × 10.sup.-8                         F2 =                             41.97C1 =    1.10896 × 10.sup.-9         C25 =              -4.26375 × 10.sup.-9                         fa =                             -49.82D1 =    -4.08055 × 10.sup.-13         D25 =              0.0        fb =                             1001.2E1 =    3.20951 × 10.sup.-15         E25 =              0.0H°1 =    3.0       H°25 =              0.0__________________________________________________________________________