Abstract:
An error correction encoder inserts redundant parity information into a data stream to improve system reliability. The encoder can generate the redundant parity information using a composite code. Dummy bits are inserted into the data stream in locations reserved for parity information generated by subsequent encoding. The error correction code can have a uniform or a non-uniform span. The span corresponds to consecutive channel bits that are within a single block of a smaller parity code that is used to form a composite code. The span lengths can be variant across the whole codeword by inserting dummy bits in less than all of the spans.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     The present invention relates to techniques for performing error correction encoding in data recording systems, and more particularly, to techniques for performing error correction encoding using error correction codes that are less computationally intensive.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     Error correcting codes are used in data recording systems to ensure data reliability. Parity codes are examples of error correction codes. Parity codes are often used to correct randomly occurring errors.  
         [0003]     Short parity codes typically provide good error correction performance, but at a low code rate. Longer parity codes provide a higher code rate. However, high rate parity codes typically have reduced error correction performance and are more likely to propagate errors.  
         [0004]     These deficiencies can be overcome by using a tensor product parity code or codes modified from a tensor product code. A tensor product parity (TPP) code is the tensor product of two smaller codes. The parity check matrix of a TPP code is derived by taking the tensor product of the parity check matrices for the two smaller codes.  
         [0005]     For example, a tensor product parity code can be the tensor product of a short parity code and a component Bose-Chaudhuri-Hochquenghem (BCH) code. Such a tensor product parity code has an error correction performance equivalent to a short parity code, but with a substantially higher code rate. BCH codes are another well-known family of error correcting codes. The component BCH code can be replaced by any other error correction codes.  
         [0006]     A Reed-Solomon (RS) error correction code can be combined with a tensor product parity (TPP) code to generate a combined code. The combined code can be used to provide two levels of error correction in a data recording system. While efficient encoding methods exist for encoding the TPP and RS codes separately, no such efficient encoder exists to simultaneously enforce both TPP and RS parity rules. The only method known to encode a combination RS and TPP code is by brute-force matrix multiply. Combined RS/TPP codes typically have very large parity check matrices, and as a result, they are difficult to encode, because they require extensive matrix multiplication.  
         [0007]     It would therefore be desirable to provide combined error correcting codes that are simpler to encode and that require less extensive matrix multiplication.  
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0008]     The present invention provides systems and methods for performing error correction encoding using error correction codes. The error correction encoding techniques of the present invention have a reduced complexity that allows them to be applied to practical data recording systems.  
         [0009]     An encoder inserts redundant parity information into a data stream to improve system reliability. According to one embodiment, the encoder can generate the redundant parity information by combining two component codes. Dummy bits are inserted into the data stream in locations reserved for parity information generated by subsequent encoding. The redundant parity information can be generated by applying encoders for each component code successively such that data and parity information from all of the preceding encoders are input into a subsequent encoder.  
         [0010]     An error correction code of the present invention can have a uniform or a non-uniform span. The span corresponds to consecutive channel bits that are within a single block of a smaller parity code that is used to form a composite code. The span lengths can be variant across the whole codeword by inserting dummy bits in less than all of the spans.  
         [0011]     Other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings, in which like reference designations represent like features throughout the figures. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0012]      FIG. 1  illustrates a two level error correction encoder according to an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0013]      FIG. 2  illustrates a parity check matrix for a composite code, combining a RS code and a TPP code, having dummy bits for the RS code and a uniform span TPP code according to an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0014]      FIG. 3  illustrates an example of a process for encoding bits using a composite code having a uniform span according to an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0015]      FIG. 4  illustrates another parity check matrix for a composite code, combining a RS code and a TPP code, that has dummy bits for the RS code and a non-uniform span according to another embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0016]      FIG. 5  illustrates an example of a process for encoding bits using a composite code having a non-uniform span according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0017]     In many data storage or communications systems, two separate codes are combined to form a composite code. The most common method of combining two component codes is simple concatenation. In simple concatenation, the composite codeword consists of a sequence of smaller blocks. Each of the smaller blocks is a codeword of an inner component code. The sequence of blocks is a codeword of an outer component code. Simple concatenation combines two component codes to form a composite code that has stronger error correcting capabilities than either component code. However, the composite code incurs the parity overhead of both component codes.  
         [0018]     Encoding proceeds by first encoding the data blocks using the outer component code by adding outer parity blocks. Then, every block is encoded using the inner component code by adding inner parity bits within each block.  
         [0019]     Decoding proceeds by first decoding each block using the inner component code decoder. The inner component code decoder corrects all errors in blocks with only a few bits in error. The resulting sequence of blocks is then decoded using the outer component code decoder. The outer component code decoder corrects blocks that were decoded incorrectly by the inner component code decoder.  
         [0020]     Another method for combining two component codes known in the prior art is generalized concatenation. As with simple concatenation, the composite codeword consists of a sequence of smaller blocks. The blocks are not codewords of the inner component code. The degree to which each block deviates from the parity rules of the inner component code is called the syndrome for that block. The outer component code does not operate over the sequence of blocks as such, but rather the sequence of syndromes is a codeword of the outer component code.  
         [0021]     Encoding proceeds by computing the inner component code syndrome for blocks corresponding to data elements of the outer component code. The outer component code encoder then computes the syndromes required for the remaining blocks in order for the complete sequence of syndromes to form a valid codeword of the outer component code. These remaining blocks correspond to parity elements of the outer component code. For the remaining blocks, parity bits are added to force the syndrome to the required value.  
         [0022]     Decoding proceeds by first computing the inner block syndrome for each block. The sequence of syndromes is then decoded using the outer component code decoder. Each block is then decoded again using the inner component code decoder and the corresponding syndrome value given by the outer component code decoder.  
         [0023]     According to an embodiment of the present invention, three component codes are combined to form a composite code. First, two codes are combined by generalized concatenation to form a first composite code. The first composite code is then used as the inner code in simple concatenation with an outermost error correction code to form a second composite code.  
         [0024]     In the preferred embodiment, a simple parity code is concatenated with a BCH code to form a composite tensor product parity code that is then concatenated with a Reed-Solomon outermost error correction code. It should be understood that the principles of the present invention can encode data using composite codes formed by combining different component codes in a similar fashion.  
         [0025]     A composite code formed in this way cannot easily be encoded. This difficulty arises due to the fact that both the composite code formed by generalized concatenation and the outermost error correcting code involve parity checks that span the entire codeword. The present invention describes how simple modifications to the details of the concatenation can render the encoding problem more tractable.  
         [0026]      FIG. 1  illustrates an error correction encoder  100  for a data recording system according to an embodiment of the present invention. Error correction encoder  100  of  FIG. 1  generates redundant bits that are used for error detection and/or error correction in data recording systems such as magnetic hard disk drives, optical disks, and a variety of other recording media. The error correction techniques of the present invention can also be used in data transmission applications.  
         [0027]     Input data bits are provided to a first level error correction encoder  101 . Error correction encoder  101  can apply any error correction or detection code to the input data bits to generate redundant data bits. For example, first level error correction encoder  101  can be a Reed-Solomon (RS) encoder that generates RS check bytes for each block of input data.  
         [0028]     The data output blocks of encoder  101  include RS check bytes. Data output blocks of encoder  101  are provided to delay block  102  and second level error correction encoder  104 . According to one embodiment of the present invention, second level error correction encoder  104  uses a tensor product parity code (TPPC) to generate a second level of redundant parity bits.  
         [0029]     Second level encoder  104  generates a set of redundant parity bits for each block of input data using a composite code, such as a tensor product parity (TPP) code. The parity bits are then inserted into the data block at block  103 .  
         [0030]     Delay block  102  delays the output data block of encoder  101  so that encoder  104  has enough time to calculate the parity bits and to insert the parity bits into the same data block before the data is written onto a recording medium.  
         [0031]      FIG. 2  illustrates one example of a parity check matrix H RSTP  for a composite code that can be used to implement error correction encoding according to the present invention. Parity check matrix H RSTP  shown in  FIG. 2  is generated by combining a parity check matrix  201  for a bit-wise shortened RS code and a parity check matrix  202  for a tensor product parity (TPP) code. It should be understood that the techniques of the present invention can be applied to many types of composite codes, and that the parity check matrices described herein are merely examples used to illustrate the present invention.  
         [0032]     The span of the code corresponding to the H RSTP  matrix is the granularity length of each TPP inner component code. In the example of  FIG. 2 , the matrix has a uniform (or fixed) span of 3 throughout the code block. It should be understood that the techniques of the present invention apply to codes of any span and any size.  
         [0033]     The example parity check matrix H TPP    202  for the TPP code is the tensor product of a parity check matrix H 1  for a single parity code and a parity check matrix H 2  for a BCH code. The parity check matrix H TPP    202  shown in  FIG. 2  is generated by taking the tensor product of the following check matrices H 1  and H 2 .  
         H   1     =     [     1   ,   1   ,   1     ]         
         H   2     =     [         1101100           1110010           1011001         ⁢           ]         
 
         [0034]     The check matrix H 1  corresponds to a (3, 2) single parity code, and the check matrix H 2  corresponds to a (7, 4) BCH code. Parity check matrix H TPP    202  is shown below.  
         H   TPP     =     [           ⁢           1       1       1           1       1       1           1       1       1         |         1       1       1           1       1       1           0       0       0         |         0       0       0           1       1       1           1       1       1         |         1       1       1           0       0       0           1       1       1         |         1       1       1           0       0       0           0       0       0         |         0       0       0           1       1       1           0       0       0         |         0       0       0           0       0       0           1       1       1           ]         
 
         [0035]     The tensor product parity check matrix H TTP  can be expressed as two levels of equations using modulo 2 arithmetic. The first level equations are tensor local parity equations that are based on the H 1  parity check matrix. The first level equations are used to generate intermediate values a i , where i=1, 2, 3, . . . m, and m is the number of columns in the H 2  matrix. Using the example H 1  matrix given above, first level equations can be expressed as shown in equations (1)-(7), where + represents modulo 2 addition (an XOR function). 
 
 a   1   =x   1   +x   2   +x   3   (1) 
 
 a   2   =x   4   +x   5   +x   6   (2) 
 
 a   3   =x   7   +x   8   +x   9   (3) 
 
 a   4   =x   10   +x   11   +x   12   (4) 
 
 a   5   =x   13   +x   14   +x   15   (5) 
 
 a   6   =x   16   +x   17   +x   18   (6) 
 
 a   7   =x   19   +x   20   +x   21   (7) 
 
         [0036]     The second level equations are global parity equations that are based on the H 2  parity check matrix. Each of the second level equations corresponds to one row in the H 2  matrix. Using the example H 2  matrix given above and the example equations (1)-(7), second level equations can expressed as shown in equations (8)-(10), where + represents modulo 2 addition. 
 
 a   1   +a   2   +a   4   +a   5 =0  (8) 
 
 a   1   +a   2   +a   3   +a   6 =0  (9) 
 
 a   1   +a   3   +a   4   +a   7 =0  (10) 
 
         [0037]     The parity check matrix  201  in  FIG. 2  is based on a bit-wise shortened Reed-Solomon code. The 9 th , 12 th , and 15 th  columns of parity check matrix  201  contain zero entries and corresponds to dummy bits for the bit-wise shortened RS code. These zero values indicate that bit positions  9 ,  12  and  15  are not checked by the RS code. In other words, they are equivalent to zero bits for the RS code. In the RS encoder circuits, the data corresponding to bit positions  9 ,  12  and  15  are set to dummy values of zero.  
         [0038]     TPP check matrix  202  contains three columns of parity bits. The 9 th , 12 th , and 15 th  columns in matrix  202  contain the parity bits for the TPP code. The dummy bits in matrix  201  are in the same three columns as the parity bits in matrix  202 . Unlike many prior art systems, an RS decoder of the present invention does not check the TPP parity bits. This means that the RS code can be encoded independent of the TPP code.  
         [0039]     A parity check matrix completely describes any linear block code. Furthermore, by applying simple algebraic manipulation known to persons skilled in the art, a parity check matrix can be transformed into a generator matrix. A generator matrix can be used to encode data into a codeword that satisfies the parity check rules described in the parity check matrix. Encoding by matrix multiplication is not preferred. For the most common codes, more efficient encoders exist that do not require large matrix multiplications.  
         [0040]     Codes used for real hard disk drives are much larger than the example codes shown in  FIG. 2 . The dummy bits in matrix  201  act as place holders that greatly reduce the complexity of the computations performed using the H RSTP  matrix. As a result, the present invention requires less latency time and a smaller chipset to perform the error correction encoding.  
         [0041]      FIG. 3  illustrates a process for encoding bits with a composite code according to an embodiment of the present invention. The example illustrated in  FIG. 3  is a toy example using codes much smaller than codes used in typical hard disk drive systems. A shift register  310 A is shown in  FIG. 3  to illustrate the present invention. Each portion of the register has enough space to store one segment of 3 bits.  
         [0042]     The number of bits in each segment equals the span length. In the example of  FIGS. 2 and 3 , the span length of every segment is 3, which is based on the span of the H 1  matrix. Because every segment in this example has the same span length, the span is uniform.  
         [0043]     At step  301 , register  310 A is set up, for example, by setting the values stored in the register to zero. The register stores input bits. A set of 12 input bits (e.g., 101011011110) is serially shifted into the register from left to right at step  302 . None of the 12 input bits are stored in the 9 th , 12 th , and 15 th  bit positions of the shift register. Instead, three zero-value dummy bits are stored in these 3 bit positions. The last two segments of the register remain empty.  
         [0044]     At step  303 , a first level of error correction encoding is performed. The result of the first level of error correction encoding is a set of redundant bits that is added to the set of input bits. For example, the first level of error correction encoding can be Reed-Solomon (RS) encoding. RS parity data can be efficiently generated by recursive methods well known in the prior art. In  FIG. 3 , two redundant RS check bytes  311  are generated and added to the set of bits to generate a RS codeword.  
         [0045]     At step  304 , a second level of error correction encoding is performed using a composite code to compute additional parity bits. In the example of  FIGS. 2 and 3 , the second level encoder uses a tensor product parity code (TPPC) as the composite code. The parity bits are stored in the dummy bit locations (e.g., the 9 th , 12 th , and 15 bit positions of the register in the example of  FIG. 3 ). The parity and dummy bits can be stored in any bit locations, except in the RS check bytes.  
         [0046]     The second level encoding is performed in three steps in the example of  FIG. 3 . In the first step  304 A, the first component code based on parity check matrix H 1  is applied to each segment of bits in the codeword to compute intermediate results a i . For example, equations (1)-(7) can be applied to the 7 three-bit data segments stored in register  310 B to generate intermediate results a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , . . . , a 7 =0010111. Equations (1)-(7) indicate whether each segment of 3-bits in the codeword has an even (0) or an odd (1) number of 1 bits.  
         [0047]     In the second step  304 B of second level encoding, the second component code encoder generates new intermediate values a 3 ′, a 4 ′, and a 5 ′ such that a 1 , a 2 , a 3 ′, a 4 ′, a 5 ′, a 6 , a 7  satisfy parity check matrix H 2 . In this example, the inputs to the second component code encoder are intermediate values a 1 , a 2 , a 6 , and a 7 , and the outputs are a 3 ′, a 4 ′, and a 5 ′. In general, the inputs are the intermediate values generated by segments that do not contain a dummy bit, and the outputs correspond to segments that do contain a dummy bit.  
         [0048]     In the third step  304 C of second level encoding, the final parity bits for the composite code are generated by applying modulo 2 addition (XOR) to the two sets of a i  values calculated for the segments with dummy bits. For example, in  FIG. 3 , the intermediate values a i  calculated from the segments with dummy bits using the encoder for the first component code are a 3 -a 5 . The new values for a 3 ′, a 4 ′, and a 5 ′ computed by the encoder for the second component code encoder are XOR&#39;ed with corresponding values for a 3 , a 4 , and a 5  computed using the first component code.  
         [0049]     In the example of  FIG. 3 , the values computed for a 3 -a 5  using the encoder for the first component code are 101, and the values computed for a 3 ′-a 5 ′ using the second component code are  100 . Bits  101  are XOR&#39;ed with corresponding bits  100  to generate final TPP parity bit values 001, as shown in  FIG. 3  next to step  304 C.  
         [0050]     The present invention provides significant benefits to data recording media, including hard disk drives. Specifically, the error encoding techniques of the present invention use dummy bits in the encoding process to simplify the computations. The encoding techniques of the present invention are simple enough that they can be performed using encoders designed for two or more codes that are used to form a composite code. For the toy example shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 , encoders of the RS code and the TPP code are used in the two levels of the encoding procedure, respectively.  
         [0051]     The present invention reduces the size of the chipset required to perform the encoding. The present invention also reduces the latency in the controller electronics.  
         [0052]      FIG. 4  illustrates another example of a parity check matrix H RSTP  for a composite that can be used to implement error correction encoding according to the present invention. The parity check matrix of  FIG. 4  has a non-uniform span that corresponds to the non-uniform span of the code C RSTP .  
         [0053]     The parity check matrix H RSTP  shown in  FIG. 4  is generated by combining a parity check matrix  401  and a parity check matrix  402 . Parity check matrix  401  is based on a full Reed-Solomon (RS) code, and parity check matrix  402  is modified from a tensor product parity (TPP) code.  
         [0054]     Three additional columns are added to the RS parity check matrix  401  corresponding to three dummy bits per row, as shown in  FIG. 4 . These three columns of dummy bits act as place holders for the parity bits generated by the TPP code encoder. The TPP code parity bits are located in the same 3 columns as the dummy bits.  
         [0055]     The span of the TPP component code is variant in the example of  FIG. 4 . The extra columns added to accommodate the dummy bits and TPP code parity bits cause the parity check matrix H RSTP  of  FIG. 4  to have a non-uniform span. The span of the first four segments is 3, and the span of the next three segments is 4, as shown in  FIG. 4 .  
         [0056]      FIG. 5  illustrates an example of how bits can be encoded with a composite code having a non-uniform span, according to an embodiment of the present invention. Error correction encoding can be performed on blocks of data stored in shift register  510 . After register  510 A is cleared, 15 information bits are shifted into the register. Information bits are not loaded into the last 9 spaces  511 . These 9 spaces remain empty.  
         [0057]     First level error correction encoding (e.g., RS encoding) is then performed to generate first level redundant check bytes  512 . The redundant check bytes are loaded into the last two segments of register  510 B as shown in  FIG. 5 . The last three segments having a span of four each have one dummy bit ( 0 ). The dummy bits are the last bits in each of these three segments.  
         [0058]     The second level of error correction encoding is performed using a composite code (e.g., a tensor product parity code) to compute the parity bits. In the example of  FIGS. 4 and 5 , the parity bits are stored in the dummy bit locations of the codeword.  
         [0059]     The first component code encoder is applied to each segment of bits in the codeword to compute intermediate results a 1-7 . Subsequently, the second component code encoder is applied to the intermediate results a i  computed using the segments that do not contain a dummy bit.  
         [0060]     In the example of  FIG. 5 , the values generated for a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , and a 4  are substituted into equations (8)-(10) to generate a second set of values for a 5 ′, a 6 ′, and a 7 ′. This second set of values a 5 ′, a 6 ′, and a 7 ′ are XOR&#39;ed with the corresponding values for a 5 , a 6 , and a 7  computed using the first component code.  
         [0061]     The results of these three XOR functions are the correct parity values for the second level composite code. The correct parity values are inserted into the codeword stored in register  510 C to replace the dummy bits, as shown in  FIG. 5 . Final parity values can be computed for each segment using the non-uniform span first parity check matrix.  
         [0062]     The foregoing description of the exemplary embodiments of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. A latitude of modification, various changes, and substitutions are intended in the present invention. In some instances, features of the invention can be employed without a corresponding use of other features as set forth. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings, without departing from the scope of the invention. It is intended that the scope of the invention be limited not with this detailed description, but rather by the claims appended hereto.