Abstract:
A pedigree tag for tracking and validating authenticity of contents in a container includes: a radio frequency modem operable at a low radio frequency, not exceeding one megahertz, and including a full duplex transmitter and receiver; an antenna operatively coupled with the radio frequency modem; a programmable microprocessor operatively coupled with the radio frequency modem; a memory operatively coupled with the programmable microprocessor; a clock; and a connector for connecting a power source for providing power to the microprocessor; wherein the pedigree tag is in a form factor conformable to the container to which it is affixed.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation-in-part of, and claims priority from, commonly-owned, co-pending, U.S. application Ser. No. 11/402,413, “Active Radiating, Low Frequency Sensor Tag and System,” filed Apr. 12, 2006; and U.S. Application Ser. No. 60/887,869, filed Feb. 2, 2007, which are both incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. 
     
    
     INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE OF MATERIAL SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISC 
       [0002]    None. 
       TRADEMARKS 
       [0003]    RuBee™ is a registered trademark of Visible Assets, Inc. of Canada. Other names used herein may be registered trademarks, trademarks or product names of Visible Assets, Inc. or other companies. 
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    The invention disclosed broadly relates to the field of consumer fraud prevention and more particularly relates to the field of authenticating the contents of containers. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0005]    Consumer fraud takes many forms. One such form is counterfeiting spirits; in particular, fine wines, rare cognac, and whiskey. Counterfeited spirits are very difficult to detect and many consumers end up paying upwards of $500 per bottle for cheap imitations. It is relatively easy for a counterfeiter to acquire a bottle of fine wine or rare cognac, perhaps legitimately purchased, consume the contents, then refill the same bottle with a cheaper drink, cork it and sell it to an unsuspecting consumer. Some spirits are diluted with water or blended with wood alcohol. 
         [0006]    In the fine wine secondary market, a potential buyer will examine the bottle and label to determine authenticity. Therein lies the problem, for the bottle and label could very well be authentic, yet the contents may be a cheap substitute. The ease of counterfeiting spirits, combined with the difficulty of authenticating the pedigree of the spirits, has contributed to a growing problem in the wine industry. Consider this pronouncement from www.wine-searcher.com/fakes.lml: “Some experts estimate that as much as 5% of the fine wine secondary market involves counterfeit wines. Pointers to the extent of the problem are that the volume of 1947 first growths sold in the last few years has exceeded that whole year&#39;s production.” 
         [0007]    In many cases, the seller of counterfeit spirits portrays a person who has inherited a rare bottle of wine or spirit, and just wants to sell it for a fair price. Even reputed experts are being burned by these counterfeiters, leading to a growing concern over the sheer numbers involved. Consider this article written in 1998: “A Taste of Deception, an exclusive look at counterfeit wine—a multimillion-dollar business,” by James Suckling, May 31, 1998, a portion of which states: “For years, producers, merchants and collectors have been whispering about the growing number of counterfeits in tastings, auctions, restaurants and shops worldwide. Anyone who seriously trades in the best Bordeaux and Burgundies has stories about phony bottles. They have all been burned on occasion. Today, some believe that wine counterfeiting could be an internationally organized, multimillion-dollar crime. The FBI and New Scotland Yard have been investigating a number of fine wine merchants on both sides of the Atlantic in regard to the sales of bogus bottles, particularly cases of &#39;82 Pètrus. 
         [0008]    ‘The genuine bottles are awash in fakes,’ said Serena Sutcliffe, head of the wine department of Sotheby&#39;s auction house. ‘For example, there are loads of &#39;47s being drunk that are fake . . . . I am convinced that we are talking about big, big figures when it comes to counterfeited wines each year. We are talking about millions and millions of dollars over the last few years.’” 
         [0009]    The wine industry has taken note. Some attempts to fight this fraud include: placing serial numbers on each bottle; requiring restaurants and bars to destroy bottles and labels before discarding; and placing radio frequency identification (RFID) tags in the cork. None of these measures have proven effective. Checking the serial numbers on bottles for a duplicate sale requires access to an up-to-date database and this is rarely possible. RFID tags may be easily replicated or cloned and they also require interaction with an up-to-date database. Restaurant and bar workers are often too busy to take on the additional tasks of properly destroying bottles and labels. 
         [0010]    There is a need for a system and method to easily validate the authenticity of consumer products such as spirits. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0011]    Briefly, according to an embodiment of the present invention, we describe a pedigree tag for tracking and validating authenticity of contents in a container that includes: a radio frequency modem operable at a low radio frequency not exceeding one megahertz and including a full duplex transmitter and receiver; a loop antenna operatively coupled with the radio frequency modem; a programmable microprocessor operatively coupled with the radio frequency modem; a memory operatively coupled with the programmable microprocessor; a clock; and a connector for connecting a power source for providing power to the microprocessor; wherein the pedigree tag is in a form factor conformable to the container to which it is affixed. 
         [0012]    The pedigree tag may be made into different form factors in order to fit unobtrusively either within or outside of a container, such as a bottle. We describe form factors to fit on top of a bottle, encompassing a bottle top, underneath a cork, and underneath the bottle. 
         [0013]    The pedigree tag may contain optional sensors such as jog sensors, temperature sensors, and light sensors. Additionally, a display can be provided for presenting visually identifiable data about the contents of a bottle. 
         [0014]    According to an embodiment of the present invention, a pedigree visibility network includes a plurality of containers with pedigree tags affixed to them; a base station configured for transmission of signals to and from the plurality of pedigree tags; a computer in communication with the base station; and a graphical user interface for enabling a user to read and write data to be transmitted to and from the plurality of pedigree tags. 
         [0015]    According to another embodiment of the present invention, a method for enabling a pedigree tag visibility network includes steps or acts of: initializing a pedigree tag with a unique identifier and a network identifier; affixing the pedigree tag onto a container, depending on its form factor; transmitting data to the pedigree tag; monitoring data recorded by the pedigree tag; and deactivating the pedigree tag. The pedigree tag may be automatically deactivated upon removal and/or sensor alert; or the pedigree tag may be deactivated remotely by software. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0016]    To describe the foregoing and other exemplary purposes, aspects, and advantages, we use the following detailed description of an exemplary embodiment of the invention with reference to the drawings, in which: 
           [0017]      FIG. 1   a  is a simplified illustration of the p-tag, according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0018]      FIG. 1   b  is an illustration of the top of the p-tag, according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0019]      FIG. 1   c  is an illustration of the bottom of the p-tag, according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0020]      FIG. 2  is a simplified illustration of a p-tag placed on a bottle, according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0021]      FIG. 3  is an illustration of the p-tag in proximity to a base station, according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0022]      FIG. 4  is an illustration of a bottle with bottom tag, according to another embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0023]      FIG. 5  is an illustration of a p-tag antenna in the form of a coil wrapped around a bottle, according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0024]      FIG. 6  is an illustration of an optional p-tag display, according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0025]      FIG. 7  is an illustration of a RuBee™-enabled shelf for storing wine cases, according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0026]      FIG. 8  is an illustration of the base station according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0027]      FIG. 9  is an illustration of the base station of  FIG. 8  connected to a computer, according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0028]      FIG. 10  is an illustration of data read from a tag that would be of interest to a consumer, according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0029]      FIG. 11  is an illustration of data read from a tag that would be of interest to a producer, according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0030]      FIG. 12   a  shows the top p-tag form factor, according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0031]      FIG. 12   b  shows the cap p-tag form factor, according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0032]      FIG. 12   c  shows the bottom p-tag form factor, according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0033]      FIG. 12   d  shows the implanted p-tag form factor, according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0034]      FIG. 13  is a flowchart of a method according to an embodiment of the present invention; and 
           [0035]      FIG. 14  is a simplified diagram of the contents of a pedigree tag, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
       [0036]    While the invention can be modified into alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and will herein be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the drawings and detailed description thereto are not intended to limit the invention to the particular form disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the scope of the present invention. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0037]    We describe a system and method for tracking and validating the authenticity of contents in a container. For clarity, the discussion to follow will focus on the invention as applied to bottles of spirits, but it should be noted that the invention as described is applicable to other containers and contents. 
         [0038]    A system according to an embodiment of the invention uses a RuBee tag disposed on a bottle as part of a visibility network. We refer to this tag as a pedigree tag, or “p-tag.” A visibility network is described in U.S. Provisional Patent Ser. No. 60/887,869, “Visibility Cart Tracking and Dispensing System for Medical Products.” 
         [0039]    The p-tag visibility network can be used to: 1) guarantee the pedigree of wine, as well as other alcoholic beverages (e.g. whisky, vodkas, scotch, brandy), verifying that it has not been opened or tampered with since production; and 2) provide a certified pedigree to the consumer that proves provenance, as well as a temperature log, and confirmation that the contents have not been compromised. For example, wine should never be shaken. A jog sensor located inside the p-tag could detect and report if a wine bottle had been shaken. 
         [0040]    In addition, the p-tag visibility network also provides valuable point of use data to the producer of the product. The consumer is mostly concerned with guaranteeing the pedigree and proving provenance of the product, but in order to obtain that assurance, the consumer relies on the producer to obtain point of use data. This in turn provides the producer with new sales and marketing opportunities as a result of this improved ability to provide valuable point of use data. The p-tag visibility network also provides an excellent inventory management system. 
         [0041]    The RuBee™ system as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/402,413, “Active Radiating, Low Frequency Sensor Tag and System,” is a low frequency transmission protocol. Unlike radio frequency identification (RFID), RuBee™ transmissions are not affected by liquids and can tune surrounding steel or other conductive materials into an antenna. RuBee combines a radio tag in a networked system that provides the benefits described above. RuBee tags can be optimized with sensors and displays. A RuBee™ tag is the major component of the p-tag. 
         [0042]    Background on RuBee™ Radio Tags. 
         [0043]    Radio tags communicate via magnetic (inductive communication) or electric radio communication to a base station or reader, or to another radio tag. A RuBee™ radio tag works through water and other bodily fluids, and near steel, with an eight to fifteen foot range, a five to ten-year battery life, and three million reads/writes. It operates at 132 Khz and is a full on-demand peer-to-peer, radiating transceiver. 
         [0044]    RuBee™ is a bidirectional, on-demand, peer-to-peer transceiver protocol operating at wavelengths below 450 Khz (low frequency). A transceiver is a radiating radio tag that actively receives digital data and actively transmits data by providing power to an antenna. A transceiver may be active or passive. The RuBee™ standard is documented in the IEEE Standards body as IEEE P1902.1™. 
         [0045]    Low frequency (LF), active radiating transceiver tags are especially useful for visibility and for tracking both inanimate and animate objects with large area loop antennas over other more expensive active radiating transponder high frequency (HF)/ultra high frequency (UHF) tags. These LF tags function well in harsh environments, near water and steel, and may have full two-way digital communications protocol, digital static memory and optional processing ability, sensors with memory, and ranges of up to 100 feet. The active radiating transceiver tags can be far less costly than other active transceiver tags (many under one dollar), and often less costly than passive back-scattered transponder RFID tags, especially those that require memory and make use of EEPROM. With an optional on-board crystal, these low frequency radiating transceiver tags also provide a high level of security by providing a date-time stamp, making full AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) encryption and one-time pad ciphers possible. 
         [0046]    One of the advantages of the RuBee™ tags is that they can transmit well through water and near steel. This is because RuBee™ operates at a low frequency. Low frequency radio tags are immune to nulls often found near steel and liquids, as in high frequency and ultra high-frequency tags. This makes them ideally suited for use with containers holding liquids that may be stored on or near steel shelving. Fluids have posed significant problems for current tags. The RuBee™ tag works well through water. In fact, tests have shown that the RuBee™ tags work well even when fully submerged in water. This is not true for any frequency above 1 MHz. Radio signals in the 13.56 MHz range have losses of over 50% in signal strength as a result of water, and anything over 30 MHz have losses of 99%. 
         [0047]    Another advantage is that RuBee™ tags can be networked. One tag is operable to send and receive radio signals from another tag within the network or to a reader. The reader itself is operable to receive signals from all of the tags within the network. These networks operate at long-wavelengths and accommodate low-cost radio tags at ranges to 100 feet. The standard, IEEE P1902.1™, “RuBee Standard for Long Wavelength Network Protocol”, will allow for networks encompassing thousands of radio tags operating below 450 KHz. 
         [0048]    The inductive mode of the RuBee™ tag uses low frequencies, 3-30 kHz VLF or the Myriametric frequency range, 30-300 kHz LF in the Kilometric range, with some in the 300-3000 kHz MF or Hectometric range (usually under 450 kHz). Since the wavelength is so long at these low frequencies, over 99% of the radiated energy is magnetic, as opposed to a radiated electric field. Because most of the energy is magnetic, antennas are significantly (10 to 1000 times) smaller than ¼ wavelength or 1/10 wavelength, which would be required to efficiently radiate an electrical field. This is the preferred mode. 
         [0049]    As opposed to the inductive radiation mode above, the electromagnetic mode uses frequencies above 3000 kHz in the Hectometric range, typically 8-900 MHz, where the majority of the radiated energy generated or detected may come from the electric field, and a ¼ or 1/10 wavelength antenna or design is often possible and utilized. The majority of radiated and detected energy is an electric field. 
         [0050]    RuBee™ tags are also programmable, unlike RFID tags. The RuBee™ tags may be programmed with additional data and processing capabilities to allow them to respond to sensor-detected events and to other tags within a network. 
       BASIC EMBODIMENT 
       [0051]      FIG. 14  is a simplified diagram showing the functional components of the p-tag  1400  according to an embodiment of the present invention. The basic components of the tag  100  are: a RuBee™ modem  1420 , a RuBee™ chipset  1425 , an antenna  1480 , an energy source  1440 , a microprocessor  1410 , and a memory  1430 . You will note that the antenna  1480  is shown looped around the inside housing of the tag  1400 . This is only one possible embodiment. In other embodiments, the antenna  1480  is a fine-gauge wire that extends outside of the p-tag  1400 . In addition to these basic components, the p-tag  1400  may also contain optional components to increase its functionality. These optional components are shown with dashed lines in  FIG. 14  and they will be discussed in detail later on in this discussion. 
         [0052]    Continuing with the discussion of the basic components, the p-tag  1400  contains a custom RuBee™ radiofrequency modem  1420 , preferably created on a custom integrated circuit using four micron CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) technology. This custom modem  1420  is a transceiver, designed to communicate (transmit and receive radio signals) through an omni-directional loop antenna  1480 . All communications take place at very low frequencies (e.g. under 300 kHz). By using very low frequencies the range of the p-tag  1400  is somewhat limited; however power consumption is also greatly reduced. Thus, the receiver of modem  1420  may be on at all times and hundreds of thousands of communication transactions can take place, while maintaining a life of many years (up to 15 years) for battery  1440 . Note that the p-tag  1400  may be sold without the battery  1440 . 
         [0053]    Operatively connected to the modem  1420  is a RuBee™ chipset  1425 . The chipset  1425  is configured to detect and read analog voltages. The chipset  1425  is operatively connected to the modem  1420  and the microprocessor  1410 . 
         [0054]    The antenna  1480  shown in  FIG. 14  is a small loop antenna with a range of eight to fifteen feet. It is preferably a thin wire either wrapped many times around the inside edge of the tag housing, or wrapped around a container. A reader or monitor may be placed anywhere within that range in order to read signals transmitted from the p-tag  1400  or one of the p-tag&#39;s optional sensors. 
         [0055]    The energy source shown in this example is a battery  1440 , preferably a lithium (Li) CR2525 battery approximately the size of an American quarter-dollar with a five to fifteen year life and up to three million read/writes. Note that only one example of an energy source is shown. The tag p-100 is not limited to a particular source of energy, the only requirement is that the energy source is small in size, lightweight, and operable for powering the electrical components. 
         [0056]    The p-tag  1400  also includes a memory  1430  and a four bit microprocessor  1410 , using durable, inexpensive 4 micron CMOS technology and requiring very low power. 
         [0057]    What has been shown and discussed so far is a basic embodiment of the p-tag  1400 . With the components as discussed, the p-tag  1400  can perform the following functions: 1) the p-tag  1400  can be configured to receive (via the modem  1420 ) and store data about the container to which it is attached and/or the network to which it belongs (in the memory  1430 ); 2) the p-tag  1400  can emit signals which are picked up by a reader, the signals providing data about the container or the contents of the container; 3) the p-tag  1400  can store data in the form of an internet protocol address so that the p-tag&#39;s data can be read on the internet. 
         [0058]    Note that in this embodiment the electrical components of the p-tag  1400  are housed within the body of the p-tag  1400  and are completely enclosed within the p-tag  1400  when the device is sealed. This makes the p-tag  1400  waterproof and tamperproof. 
         [0059]    P-Tag Form Factors. 
         [0060]    Referring now in specific detail to the drawings, and particularly  FIG. 12 , there is shown an illustration of four p-tag form factors, according to embodiments of the present invention. 
         [0061]      FIG. 12   a  shows the top tag form factor  1210  which fits on a bottle top. The top tag  1210  can be made circular with the exact circumference of a bottle top so that it is unobtrusive when affixed to the top of a bottle.  FIG. 12   b  shows the cap tag form factor  1220  which fits over and covers a bottle top.  FIG. 12   c  shows the bottom tag form factor  1230  which is placed on the bottom of a bottle.  FIG. 12   d  shows the implanted p-tag form factor  1240 . This embodiment, unlike the other three, is placed inside the container. 
         [0062]    In the case of a corked container, the implanted p-tag  1240  is attached to the bottom of the cork  14 . For other containers, the p-tag  1240  is simply attached to the inside bottom of the container cap. The antenna  12  in this embodiment is constructed of a material which is non-reactive to wine, such as stainless steel. An implanted p-tag  1240  is possible because the RuBee™ low frequency transmissions are operable through liquids. 
         [0063]    The top tag  1210  is the simplest to use, yet it provides the entire range of benefits. These are: 1) pedigree off-board (serial number lookup on Web); 2) full pedigree onboard from data in the tag; 3) high-security protection of bottle contents (bottle cannot be cloned); 4) temperature history; 5) jog history, light history; 6) web interactive; 7) real-time on-the-shelf inventory management; and 8) can guarantee that contents are certified and legitimate. 
         [0064]    The cap tag  1220  is lower in cost than the top tag  1210  yet it provides the same range of benefits. The lowest cost solution is the bottom tag  1230 . It provides all of the benefits of the other two form factors, with the exception of: 1) high security content; 2) light history; and 3) content certified. With the bottom cap  1230  we cannot guarantee the contents of the bottle since removing the bottle top and/or cork does not affect the data in the bottom tag  1230 ; whereas, removal of the bottle top is recorded by the data in the other form factors. In addition, the bottom tag  1230  requires software deactivation at time of use whereas the other two form factors (cap tag  1220  and top tag  1210 ) can be programmed for automatic deactivation when removed. 
         [0065]    The implanted p-tag  1240  is really an implanted top tag  1210 ; therefore, it provides all of the benefits of the top tag  1210 . In addition, because the implanted p-tag  1240  comes into direct contact with the contents of the container, it can also provide additional information about the contents such as the PH levels and sugar content. Optional sensors would need to be included in order for the implanted p-tag  1240  to register this type of information. 
         [0066]      FIG. 1   a  shows a side view of the p-tag top tag  1210  as it would appear when placed on a bottle  1 . The p-tag  1210  has an antenna  12  and a long wavelength radio tag  11 .  FIG. 1   b  shows a top view of the p-tag  1210  wherein the RuBee™ radio tag  11  can be seen. The radio tag  11  has indicators  13  that indicate a conditional status of the product, perhaps displaying the registered temperature, and shake (acceleration) statistics. Optional displays using liquid crystal displays (LCD) or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) could be used with the p-tag  1210 . 
         [0067]      FIG. 1   c  shows the bottom of the p-tag  1210  with an optional button  15  to detect pressure to indicate if it has been removed or partially removed from the bottle  1 . Although the tag  11  can be programmed for automatic deactivation when removed, it may be preferable for the tag  11  to continue registering data even after removal. For example, it may be important to retain tag activity even in the event that the tag  11  is removed or partially removed so that a de-pressurized bottle  1  is immediately identified and used before spoilage or to date and time-stamp the loss of pressure event and transmit such data. 
         [0068]    Other sensors such as temperature and jog sensors could also be included.  FIG. 1   d  shows a bottle  1 , representing a standard form factor for a bottle of spirits. Note that this is just a representation of a container which may be advantageously used with an embodiment of the present invention. Other types and shapes of containers may be used with the p-tag and the containers may contain contents other than spirits. 
         [0069]    Additionally, the antenna  12  of  FIG. 1   a  may be in the form of a coil  50  wrapped around the bottle as shown in  FIG. 5 . The wire connected to the coil  50  is preferably very fine (44 gauge) and will be broken when the p-tag  1210  is removed, thus either deactivating the tag  11  or indicating a removal event to the tag  11 . In addition, as shown in  FIG. 6 , the p-tag  1210  may have a display  60  with light-emitting diodes (LED) to provide easy-to-read visual indicators of status. 
         [0070]    Referring to  FIG. 2  there is shown a bottle  1  with the p-tag  1210  placed over the top of the bottle  1 . The p-tag  1210  may be easily affixed to the top of a bottle and held in place by adhesive tape, snap-fit, or other means. Removing the p-tag  1210  from the bottle  1  will either deactivate it entirely or indicate a removal event, thus indicating to a potential consumer that the bottle contents may have been compromised. 
         [0071]    In  FIG. 3  we show the bottle  1  with an attached cap tag  1220  transmitting low-frequency signals to a base station  30 . The cap-tag form factor  1220  provides additional tamper resistance to the bottle. The base station  30  may be connected to a computer  38 . As an alternative, a hand-held reader  36  could be used to communicate with the tag  11 . The hand-held reader  36  supports bi-directional transmissions. It can both receive and transmit signals to the tag  11 . Because the hand-held reader  36  can include an alphanumeric keypad, a consumer or producer could key data into the reader  36  and transmit it directly to the cap tag  1220  (or any of the other tag form factors). 
         [0072]    Referring to  FIG. 4  there is shown the bottom tag  1230  embodiment affixed to the bottom of a bottle  1 . The p-tag bottom tag  1230  is lower cost than the cap form factor  1220 ; yet it still provides: 1) pedigree off-board, i.e. serial number lookup on Web; 2) full pedigree on board (data in the tag); 3) temperature history; 4) jog history; 5) web interactive; and 6) real-time shelf inventory and visibility. The bottom tag  1230  is sized to fit easily into the concave base of a bottle, called a “kick-up” or “push-up” in bottle morphology. The bottom tag  1230  can be simply attached via adhesive means. This embodiment may be preferable to some because it does not alter the appearance of the bottle  1 . 
         [0073]    In order to determine if there has been tampering, in this case the radio tag  11  in the bottom p-tag  1230  is deactivated by software when read by the end user (consumer). Once the radio tag  11  is deactivated, the bottle  1  can no longer be authenticated. A counterfeiter would not be able to re-sell this bottle  1 . 
         [0074]    The bottom p-tag  1230  may optionally contain a photodiode  1235 . A photodiode is a light detector. In this embodiment, the photodiode  1235  works in photovoltaic mode. In photovoltaic mode, light falling on the diode  1235  causes a current across the device, leading to forward bias which in turn induces “dark current” in the opposite direction to the photocurrent. This is how solar cells work. The photodiode  1235  would pick up any change in reflected/transmitted light from the bottom of the bottle  1 . A change in light could indicate that the bottle  1  has been moved and/or opened. This would be logged as tampering. The photodiode  1235  option would work especially well with dark liquids, such as red wines. 
         [0075]    P-Tag Visibility Network. 
         [0076]    The base station  30  may be connected via USB to a computer  34  with Internet access. When the tag  11  is within range of the base station  30  or reader  36  it is able to transmit its data so that the full pedigree and data contained in the cap tag  1220  may be harvested and transferred to a central location using the RuBee™ protocol. Additionally, a handheld reader  36  could be used to communicate with the tag  11 . The range of the RuBee™ tag is covered in U.S. application Ser. No. 11/402,413, “Active Radiating, Low Frequency Sensor Tag and System,” from which this application claims priority. 
         [0077]    Using the base station  30  or a handheld reader  36 , a consumer obtains detailed information regarding the pedigree of the spirit, and the manufacturer obtains point of use information regarding the consumer through the Web. In box  38  we show some of the pertinent information transmitted by the cap tag  1220 , such as the harvest date, bottling date, shake status, temperature and cork status. Note that this information may be viewed over the web so that the status of each individual bottle may be quickly determined without having to handle or move the bottle. Each radio tag  11  would be provided with a unique ID to identify it among other tags in the network. This ID could optionally be an internet protocol IPV4 address. 
         [0078]    One of the benefits provided by the radio tag  11  is improved inventory management. Referring to  FIG. 7  there is shown an illustration of a RuBee™-enabled inventory shelf  710  housing cases of wine. A loop antenna  720  is placed on the top of the shelf  710 . The loop antenna  710  may be placed anywhere within range of the base station  30 . The radio tags  11  on the bottles may be read without removing the bottles from their cases, straight from the shelf in real-time, providing inventory status as shown in box  730 . The radio tags  11  can also be read at the item level, providing information on individual bottles. 
         [0079]      FIG. 8  shows the read/write USB enabled base station  30 . As can be seen, the base station according to an embodiment of the present invention follows the form factor of a credit card and can be easily transported. A standard USB cable attaches to the base station  30  and plugs into a computer  34 . The computer  34  may be any computing device with a USB port. This includes servers, personal computers, laptops, notebooks, personal digital assistants, and other such devices. Note that optional single-purpose processors, such as a GPS, can be employed within the p-tag network. 
         [0080]      FIG. 9  shows a simplified illustration of a p-tag network  900 . The RuBee™ tags  11  (shown as part of the cap tag  1220  in this photo) provide data to the base station  30 . The base station  30  is connected via USB cable to a home computer  910 . Note that, although shown in close proximity to the home computer  910  in this photo, the bottles need not be in proximity to a computer  910  for their data to be harvested. For example, the bottles may be stored in a wine cellar of a restaurant. The radio tags  11  in the bottle caps  1220  transmit data to a base station  30  or hand-held reader  36  carried by the restaurant manager. At a later point in time, the restaurant manager may take the base station  30  home, plug it into his home computer  910  and upload data transmitted by the caps. The base station  30  may also be used to deactivate bottom tags  1230 . Remember that top and cap tags are automatically deactivated when removed. 
         [0081]      FIG. 10  shows a listing of data retrieved from a tag  11  which may be of interest to a consumer.  FIG. 11  shows data from a tag  11  which may be of interest to a producer. 
         [0082]    Method. 
         [0083]      FIG. 13  shows a flow chart of the steps for enabling the p-tag visibility network. In step  1310 , the tags  11  to be used are initialized. This consists of activating the tags  11  and assigning each one a unique identifier and a network identifier. Next in step  1320 , the tags are affixed to containers, depending on their form factors. Once affixed to the containers, in step  1330  data is transmitted to each tag  11 . This data is first entered into a computer and then a base station  30  is used to transmit the data to the tags  11 . Optionally, a hand-held reader  36  may transmit data directly to the tag  11 . Each tag  11  would contain data about the contents of the bottle  1  to which the tag  11  is affixed. 
         [0084]    In Step  1340  optional sensors on the tags  11  record additional information such as temperature and jog information. If loop antennas are used, in step  1350  the tags  11  could provide inventory information while still on a shelf, or in a wine cellar. Next, a customer selects a bottle  1 . The producer downloads information from the tag  11  and shows it to the customer, proving the provenance of the wine. The customer is satisfied with the information and purchases the bottle  1 . In step  1360  the bottle  1  is stored in the customer&#39;s wine cellar where its information is frequently monitored, either by a base station  30  or a hand-held reader  36 . 
         [0085]    Lastly, in step  1370  the customer removes the cap from the bottle  1 , and enjoys the contents. With the top tag  1210 , cap tag  1220 , and implanted cap tag  1240  form factors, the act of removing the cap would either automatically deactivate the tag  11  or transmit a tampering event. If the bottom tag  1230  form factor is used with a photodiode  1235 , the light entering the bottle  1  may transmit a tampering event. Without the photodiode  1235 , the bottom tag  1230  would need to be deactivated by software. 
         [0086]    Therefore, while there has been described what are presently considered to be the preferred embodiments, it will understood by those skilled in the art that other modifications can be made within the spirit of the invention. The above descriptions of embodiments are not intended to be exhaustive or limiting in scope. The embodiments, as described, were chosen in order to explain the principles of the invention, show its practical application, and enable those with ordinary skill in the art to understand how to make and use the invention.