Abstract:
A computer operating system is coupled to intelligent peripheral devices via a peripheral bus architecture that supports unsolicited status requests from peripheral devices. Each peripheral device has local power management that initiates an unsolicited power change request when the device is preparing to change power states. The peripheral bus carries the unsolicited power change request to the operating system. Upon receipt, the operating system issues a power change request directing the peripheral device to perform the power state transition. In this manner, the operating system remains aware of the peripheral device&#39;s power state and acts as if it is controlling the device&#39;s power state transitions.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This invention relates to computer operating systems. More particularly, this invention relates to operating systems and methods that handle power state change requests submitted by peripheral devices. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Conventional operating systems are designed to manage peripheral devices such as memory drives, monitors, printers, scanners, and so forth. Originally, the peripheral devices were designed to perform only the most rudimentary tasks, while all higher level management was left to the operating system (OS). The peripheral devices were not designed to handle such tasks as power management, allocation of local resources, diagnostics, and so on. Instead, the devices relied almost entirely on the operating system for higher level management and operating decisions. 
     Over time, the peripheral devices became increasingly more intelligent. Today, many peripheral devices have local controllers and processors to manage internal operation independent of the operating system. It is not uncommon for peripheral devices to perform such tasks as managing their own power consumption, running their own diagnostics, analyzing their current operating efficiency and determining whether improvements can or should be made. The device manufactures tailor the local management controllers to the specific attributes of the device. As a result, the localized controllers are often better at managing the device than the operating system, which tends to be designed more generically across many device platforms. 
     One area of particular interest is power management. Device manufacturers have developed highly accurate heuristics for managing power consumption within their products. The local controllers implement these product-specific heuristics and tend to ignore power instructions from the operating system, often resulting in better power management. 
     Unfortunately, localized power management causes a problem in that the operating system may not be aware of the device&#39;s current power state. As an example, conventional storage devices have a local power manager that powers down the device to a sleep mode after a specified period of inactivity. The operating system, however, is left unaware of this power state transition. Accordingly, the operating system may still presume that the device is in a ready mode. 
     The operating system might alternatively attempt to poll the device to see if the storage device is ready and available, or the operating system might attempt to write some cached data to the medium. If the device is currently awake, it can reply to the request or accommodate the cached data. However, if the device is currently asleep (unbeknownst to the operating system), the status request or write operation initiated by the operating system causes the device to wake up before the request can be answered or the write operation performed. This can happen repeatedly if the device continues to power down on its own between each OS-initiated status request or write operation. 
     As a result, the operating system actually thwarts the local controller&#39;s efforts to minimize power consumption by routinely causing the device to change power states. Had the operating system known that the device was asleep, it would not need to send the status request or it would first wake up the device before trying to write cached data. 
     The inventor has developed an OS-based method for managing power state transitions of intelligent peripheral devices. 
     SUMMARY 
     This invention concerns a computer operating system that is designed to manage intelligent peripheral devices having local power management. The operating system is coupled to the peripheral devices via a bus architecture that supports unsolicited status requests from peripheral devices. One particular bus architecture is a high performance serial bus constructed according to the IEEE 1394 specification. 
     When the local power management decides to change power states, the local power management initiates an unsolicited power change request indicating a new power level. The peripheral bus carries the unsolicited power change request to the operating system. Upon receipt of the unsolicited power change request, the operating system issues a power change request directing the peripheral device to perform the power state transition. In this manner, the operating system remains aware of the peripheral device&#39;s power state and in fact, acts as if it is controlling the device&#39;s power state transitions. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram of functional components in a computer. 
     FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a driver architecture implemented in an operating system of the FIG. 1 computer. 
     FIG. 3 is a flow diagram showing steps in a method for managing power state changes in a peripheral device. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     FIG. 1 shows functional components of a computer  20 . It includes a central processing unit (CPU)  22  having a processor  24 , a system memory  26 , and a system bus  28  that interconnects the various components. The system memory  26  includes read only memory (ROM)  30  and random access memory (RAM)  32 . A basic input/output system  34  (BIOS) is stored in ROM  30 . The system bus  28  may be implemented as any one of several bus structures and using any of a variety of bus architectures. It includes a CPU bus structure  36  (e.g., local bus, memory bus, and/or memory controller) and a peripheral bus structure  38 . 
     A number of software modules may be stored in the RAM  32  for execution on the processor  24 . These modules include an operating system  40 , one or more application programs  42 , other program modules  44 , and program data  46 . The operating system  40  can be any type of operating system, including Windows brand operating systems from Microsoft Corporation (e.g., Windows CE, Windows 98, Windows NT, etc.), Unix-based operating systems, and various other types of operating systems. 
     The computer  20  has one or more peripheral devices coupled to the system bus  28  and particularly, to the peripheral bus  38 . In the illustrated example, the peripheral devices include a monitor  50 , one or more memory drives  52  (e.g., hard disk drive, floppy disk drive, optical disk drive, flash memory cards, digital video disks, etc.), a printer  54 , and a scanner  56 . The illustrated devices are merely representative of various types of peripheral devices and are not intended to form an exhaustive list. Many other peripheral devices may be used. 
     It is noted that the operating system, programs, and data can be stored on the memory drives  52  in addition to the CPU system memory  26 . In this manner, the system memory  26 , drives  52 , and removable storage media (e.g., floppy disks, CD-ROM, DVD disk, etc.) provide nonvolatile storage of computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules and other data for the computer. 
     The peripheral devices  50 - 56  are considered “intelligent” devices in that they have local processing capabilities independent of the computer CPU  22 . These local processing capabilities enable the devices to manage themselves apart from any management of the operating system  40 . In particular, the devices are implemented with local power management systems. The peripheral devices  50 - 56  are designed to optimize power usage and are capable of changing power states depending upon current operating conditions. For example, the local power management systems are able to power down their devices when usage is low and to power up the devices when activity resumes. The local power management systems are capable of generating power state change requests that can be submitted to the operating system  40 . These requests are unsolicited in that the operating system  40  did not request them. 
     The peripheral bus  38  is configured to support the unsolicited requests made by the peripheral devices  50 - 56  to the operating system  40 . As one preferred example, the peripheral bus  38  conforms to IEEE 1394, which specifies a standard for a high performance serial bus. The structure of this bus is well known and will, not be described in detail. For more information on the IEEE 1394 serial bus, the reader is directed to the publicly available IEEE 1394-1995 Serial Bus Specification, which is incorporated herein by reference. This specification is available in printed form only from IEEE. 
     FIG. 2 shows an exemplary driver architecture implemented by the operating system  40  to facilitate data communication to and from the peripheral devices over the peripheral bus  38 . At the physical level, the operating system  40  implements a peripheral bus driver/host controller driver  60  to handle the physical movement of data over the peripheral bus  38 . 
     Layered atop the bus driver is a transport driver  62  that implements a transport protocol on the underlying peripheral bus  38 . The transport driver  62  defines the packet formats for transferring data packets over the peripheral bus  38 . As one exemplary implementation, the transport driver  62  is implemented using Serial Bus Protocol 2 (Sbp 2), which is described in the publicly available Serial Bus Protocol 2 Specification at ftp://ftp.symbios.comlpub/standards/io/t 10 /drafts. The transport driver also implements a command set dictating what contents are inserted into the protocol packets. One exemplary command set is RBC (reduced block commands), which is described in the publicly available Reduced Block Commands Specification at ftp://ftp.symbios.com/pub/standards/io/t10/drafts. The RBC specification includes a description of an unsolicited status data format for a power state change request. These specifications are also incorporated herein by reference. 
     The operating system  40  also implements a SCSI class driver  64 , which is layered atop the transport driver. It is noted that other driver architectures with different drivers may be constructed and used within the context of this invention. 
     FIG. 3 shows a method for managing a power state change in a peripheral device. The steps are implemented in software components resident at the peripheral device and at the operating system. At step  100 , the peripheral device issues an unsolicited status with power state change request. The unsolicited request is passed over the peripheral bus  38  and received by the host controller driver  60  in the computer operating system  40  (step  102 ). 
     Since the request was directed to a pre-allocated address in host memory, the bus driver calls the transport driver&#39;s callback associated with the unsolicited status address (step  104 ). When the transport driver  64  receives the unsolicited request, it calls a predefined routine to initiate a power state change to the new power state requested by the device (step  106 ). In the Windows NT operating system, this request is made by calling the function “PoRequestPowerlrp”. The power state request is sent to the top of the driver stack and handled by each intermediate driver loaded for the requesting peripheral device. 
     In response to the power state change, the operating system  40  performs any operations and sends any requests to the peripheral device that are warranted by the power change before the peripheral device actually makes the power state transition (step  108 ). For instance, if the peripheral device is a disk drive that is about to power down, the OS file system might wish to write cached data to the disk drive prior to the power state transition. 
     Thereafter, the operating system initiates a request to change the power state of the peripheral device to the requested power state (step  110 ). This is accomplished by issuing, as a final command in the series, a START_STOP_UNIT command that sets the device in the desired power state. The START_STOP_UNIT command is a standard SCSI command. The transport driver  62  modifies the START_STOP_UNIT command to comply with the RBC command specification. 
     The transport driver  60  sends the command down to the bus driver  60  and across the bus  38  to the peripheral device (step  112 ). Upon receipt of the command, the device&#39;s local power management system changes the device&#39;s power state to the state it originally requested in the unsolicited request (step  114 ). 
     As a result, the operating system is kept aware of the current power state of the peripheral device. The operating system does not need to blindly poll the peripheral device for power state status. 
     It is noted that the system and method described herein are not limited only to the IEEE 1394 bus structure, but can be implemented using other bus architectures that support the capability for unsolicited/asynchronous notification. As an example, the power management system can be implemented by any peripheral device using a command set (e.g., RBC) on any physical bus including, but not limited to, parallel SCSI and Fibre Channel. 
     Although the invention has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological steps, it is to be understood that the invention defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or steps described. Rather, the specific features and steps are disclosed as preferred forms of implementing the claimed invention.