Abstract:
A 1/n-rate decision feedback equalizer (DFE) and method include a plurality of branches. Each branch includes a summer circuit configured to add a feedback signal to a received input, and a latch configured to receive an output of the summer circuit in accordance with a clock signal. A feedback circuit includes a multiplexer configured to receive as input, an output of each branch, the multiplexer having a clocked select input and configured to multiplex the output of each branch to assemble a full rate bit sequence, and a filter configured to provide cancellation of intersymbol interference (ISI) from the received input to be provided to the summer circuit of each branch.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a Continuation application of allowed co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/366,843 filed on Feb. 6, 2009, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    1. Technical Field 
         [0003]    The present invention relates generally to equalization techniques for high-speed data and more specifically to implementations of decision feedback equalizer circuits and methods for high-speed data communications with improved power efficiency. 
         [0004]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0005]    As the processing power of digital computing engines grows with improvements in technology, and increasingly interconnected networks are developed to harness this power, higher bandwidth data transmission is needed in systems such as servers and data communication routers. Increasing serial link data rates above a few gigabits per second becomes challenging, due to limited channel bandwidth. The bandwidth of an electrical channel (e.g., transmission line) may be reduced by several physical effects, including skin effect, dielectric loss, and reflections due to impedance discontinuities. In the time domain, limited channel bandwidth leads to broadening of the transmitted pulses over more than one unit interval (UI), and the received signal suffers from intersymbol interference (ISI). 
         [0006]    An effective method of compensating for the signal distortions due to limited channel bandwidth is to add equalization functions to the input/output (I/O) circuitry. The use of a nonlinear equalizer known as a decision-feedback equalizer (DFE) in the receiver is particularly well-suited to equalizing a high-loss channel. Unlike linear equalizers, the DFE is able to flatten the channel response (and reduce signal distortion) without amplifying noise or crosstalk, which is a critical advantage when channel losses exceed 20-30 dB. 
         [0007]    Referring to  FIG. 1 , a conventional multi-tap DFE  10  is illustrated. A binary output of a decision-making slicer (or latch)  12  is captured in a shift register delay line formed from a sequence of latches  14 . Previously decided bits stored in the shift register ( 14 ) are fed back with weighted tap coefficients (H1, H2, . . . , HN) and added to the received input signal by means of a summing amplifier (or summer)  16 . If the magnitudes and polarities of the tap weights (H1, H2, etc.) are properly adjusted to match the channel characteristics, the ISI from the previous bits in the data stream (termed “post-cursor ISI”) will be cancelled, and the bits can be detected by the slicer  12  with a low bit error rate (BER). The adjustment of the tap weights can be performed either manually or automatically by an appropriate adaptive algorithm. 
         [0008]    In general, the larger the number of taps that can be applied toward canceling ISI, the more effective the equalization becomes. Practical DFE implementations often employ as many as 10 feedback taps in order to accomplish equalization of difficult electrical channels at multi-gigabit-per-second data rates. Unfortunately, the large number of latches and feedback circuits used in a multi-tap DFE consumes significant power and chip area. In some applications, such as a high-end processor chip having thousands of I/Os, the power and area costs of a conventional multi-tap DFE are prohibitive, as the I/O circuitry would consume most of the system power and area budgets. 
         [0009]    The area and power requirements of I/O circuitry will become even more stringent with the introduction of dense, fine-pitch silicon packaging technologies, which are expected to be capable of supporting tens of thousands of high data rate I/Os for local chip-to-chip interconnect. One example of such a dense packaging technology is a silicon carrier, the basic concept of which is sketched in  FIG. 2 . 
         [0010]    Referring to  FIG. 2 , two chips  20  and  22  are mounted to silicon carrier  24  and connected together with surface wiring  26 . The pitch of this surface wiring  26 , which is fabricated with standard CMOS back-end-of-line (BEOL) processing, is only a couple of microns and permits a dense array of silicon carrier links to be formed between the chips  20  and  22 . Silicon through vias  28  are used to connect power and signals vertically between the chips  20  and  22  and conventional first-level packaging. Due to their fine dimensions, the surface wires  26  used to form the silicon carrier links exhibit significant resistance per unit length. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0011]    A 1/n-rate decision feedback equalizer (DFE) includes a plurality of branches. Each branch includes a summer circuit configured to add a feedback signal to a received input, and a latch configured to receive an output of the summer circuit in accordance with a clock signal. A feedback circuit includes a multiplexer configured to receive as input, an output of each branch, the multiplexer having a clocked select input and configured to multiplex the output of each branch to assemble a full rate bit sequence, and a filter configured to provide cancellation of intersymbol interference (ISI) from the received input to be provided to the summer circuit of each branch. 
         [0012]    A method for decision feedback equalization includes providing a 1/n rate decision feedback equalization circuit having a plurality of branches; summing a feedback signal from one or more branches with a received input using a summer circuit; receiving an output of the summer circuit with a latch in accordance with a clock signal; feeding back an output of the latch to a multiplexer which receives as input the outputs of each branch, the multiplexer being configured to multiplex the output of each branch to assemble a full rate bit sequence; and canceling intersymbol interference (ISI) from the received input using a continuous-time infinite impulse response (IIR) filter with a frequency-domain transfer function. 
         [0013]    A combined slicer and summer circuit includes differential output lines connected to a plurality of differential currents to be summed. A resettable current-comparator load is directly coupled to the differential output lines, the current-comparator load configured to directly receive summed differential currents from the differential output lines such that depending on a sign of the summed differential currents, either a positive or negative differential voltage develops between the differential output lines to latch a binary zero or one. 
         [0014]    A double regenerating latch includes two cascaded differential regenerating latch stages to achieve improved speed and sensitivity. The stages include a first stage having first input transistors of a first type, cross-coupled load transistors and reset transistors of a second type, and a second stage having second input transistors of the second type and cross-coupled load transistors of the first type, such that when the first stage is in an opaque state the reset transistors precharge outputs of the first stage to a power supply voltage, the second input transistors of the second stage are shut off to retain outputs at levels indicative of a previous stored bit. When the first stage is activated, the cross-coupled load transistors of the first stage and of the second type begin to regenerate an input signal and at a same time, an output common-mode of the first stage falls to turn on the second input transistors of the second stage. The second stage includes the cross-coupled load transistors of the first type and is switched after the output of the first stage achieves a threshold signal level to provide additional regenerative gain. 
         [0015]    These and other features and advantages will become apparent from the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments thereof, which is to be read in connection with the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         [0016]    The disclosure will provide details in the following description of preferred embodiments with reference to the following figures wherein: 
           [0017]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram showing a conventional multi-tap DFE, with tap weights adjusted to match post-cursors of channel response; 
           [0018]      FIG. 2  is a perspective view of a silicon carrier with two chips connected by carrier links; 
           [0019]      FIGS. 3A and 3B  show characteristics of a 20 mm long silicon carrier channel where  FIG. 3A  shows S 21  response versus frequency and  FIG. 3B  shows impulse response versus time; 
           [0020]      FIG. 4  is a block diagram showing a DFE with an analog continuous-time IIR filter in a feedback path; 
           [0021]      FIG. 5  is a block diagram showing a DFE with both conventional discrete taps and an IIR filter in the feedback path; 
           [0022]      FIG. 6  is a block diagram showing a half-rate architecture of a DFE with IIR filter representing one illustrative embodiment; 
           [0023]      FIG. 7  is a timing diagram for the half-rate DFE architecture shown in  FIG. 6 ; 
           [0024]      FIG. 8  is a schematic diagram showing an example circuit implementation in which a 2:1 MUX and an IIR filter are combined in a single stage; 
           [0025]      FIG. 9  is a schematic diagram showing an example CML circuit implementation of a DFE summing amplifier and slicer in accordance with the prior art; 
           [0026]      FIG. 10  is a schematic diagram showing a DFE current summer and decision-making slicer combined into a single stage in accordance with one embodiment; 
           [0027]      FIG. 11  is a block diagram showing a half-rate architecture of a DFE with IIR filter representing an alternate embodiment which employs the combined summer/slicer circuit of  FIG. 10 ; 
           [0028]      FIG. 12  is a schematic diagram showing a double regenerating latch in accordance with one embodiment; and 
           [0029]      FIG. 13  shows frequency responses of 30″, 40″, and 50″ PCB channels and measured BER bathtub curves equalized by a half-rate DFE with an IIR filter in accordance with the present principles. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0030]    The present principles provide decision feedback equalizer (DFE) circuits and methods which employ a filter to replace one or more feedback loops that are employed in removing ISI from channels. In one embodiment, a 1/n-rate DFE (e.g., a half rate, quarter rate, etc.) includes an infinite impulse response (IIR) filter that filters the feedback signal to a summing amplifier. In addition, a combined summer/slicer circuit is provided, which further assists in reducing area and energy consumption. A double regenerating latch is also provided. 
         [0031]    Embodiments of the present invention can take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment including both hardware and software elements. In a preferred embodiment, the present invention is implemented in software, which includes but is not limited to firmware, resident software, microcode, etc. 
         [0032]    Furthermore, the invention can take the form of a computer program product accessible from a computer-usable or computer-readable medium providing program code for use by or in connection with a computer or any instruction execution system. For the purposes of this description, a computer-usable or computer readable medium can be any apparatus that may include, store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The medium can be an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system (or apparatus or device). Examples of a computer-readable medium include a semiconductor or solid state memory, magnetic tape, a removable computer diskette, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a rigid magnetic disk and an optical disk. Current examples of optical disks include compact disk-read only memory (CD-ROM), compact disk-read/write (CD-R/W) and DVD. 
         [0033]    A data processing system suitable for storing and/or executing program code may include at least one processor coupled directly or indirectly to memory elements through a system bus. The memory elements can include local memory employed during actual execution of the program code, bulk storage, and cache memories which provide temporary storage of at least some program code to reduce the number of times code is retrieved from bulk storage during execution. Input/output or I/O devices (including but not limited to keyboards, displays, pointing devices, etc.) may be coupled to the system either directly or through intervening I/O controllers. 
         [0034]    Network adapters may also be coupled to the system to enable the data processing system to become coupled to other data processing systems or remote printers or storage devices through intervening private or public networks. Modems, cable modem and Ethernet cards are just a few of the currently available types of network adapters. 
         [0035]    Circuits as described herein may be part of the design for an integrated circuit chip. The chip design may be created in a graphical computer programming language, and stored in a computer storage medium (such as a disk, tape, physical hard drive, or virtual hard drive such as in a storage access network). If the designer does not fabricate chips or the photolithographic masks used to fabricate chips, the designer transmits the resulting design by physical means (e.g., by providing a copy of the storage medium storing the design) or electronically (e.g., through the Internet) to such entities, directly or indirectly. The stored design is then converted into the appropriate format (e.g., Graphic Data System II (GDSII)) for the fabrication of photolithographic masks, which typically include multiple copies of the chip design in question that are to be formed on a wafer. The photolithographic masks are utilized to define areas of the wafer (and/or the layers thereon) to be etched or otherwise processed. 
         [0036]    The resulting integrated circuit chips can be distributed by the fabricator in raw wafer form (that is, as a single wafer that has multiple unpackaged chips), as a bare die, or in a packaged form. In the latter case the chip is mounted in a single chip package (such as a plastic carrier, with leads that are affixed to a motherboard or other higher level carrier) or in a multichip package (such as a ceramic carrier that has either or both surface interconnections or buried interconnections). In any case the chip is then integrated with other chips, discrete circuit elements, and/or other signal processing devices as part of either (a) an intermediate product, such as a motherboard, or (b) an end product. The end product can be any product that includes integrated circuit chips, ranging from toys and other low-end applications to advanced computer products having a display, a keyboard or other input device, and a central processor. 
         [0037]    Referring now to the drawings in which like numerals represent the same or similar elements and initially to  FIGS. 3A and 3B , a channel response of a 20 mm long link in both the frequency domain (i.e., S 21  parameters) and the time domain, respectively is shown for carrier links  26  of  FIG. 2 . Due to series resistance, there is significant (˜6 dB) DC attenuation, and the loss at 5 GHz is 17 dB. In the time domain, the response to a solitary “1” bit at 10 gigabits per second shows post-cursor ISI which extends over several bit periods. To compensate such a channel, a DFE would need many taps, but the attendant costs in power and area would be impractical in such a high-density I/O environment. 
         [0038]    Careful study of the time domain channel response suggests a novel solution to equalizing such a high-resistance channel. The impulse response of the channel is well modeled by a decaying exponential at all times more than 2 unit intervals (UI) after a main cursor. Since the impulse response of a first-order RC low-pass filter has the shape of a decaying exponential, a filter may be employed in a DFE feedback path to generate the signal needed to cancel the post-cursor ISI in the received data input. For example, a DFE with a first-order RC low-pass feedback filter extends the data rate of 10 mm on-chip interconnects up to 2 gigabits per second. Since the large multiple of taps needed in a conventional DFE implementation is replaced by a simple RC filter, large power and area savings are attained. 
         [0039]    Referring to  FIG. 4 , a continuous-time infinite impulse response (IIR) filter  104  with a frequency-domain transfer function G(s) is provided in a DFE feedback path  108  of a DFE circuit  100 . A summing amplifier  106  sums the feedback from path  108  with the data input. When the channel response cannot be closely approximated with a first-order RC low-pass filter, a higher-order filter may provide better cancellation of ISI. 
         [0040]    Referring to  FIG. 5 , for many channels, even better cancellation of ISI can be achieved if both conventional discrete taps (e.g., H1, H2) and an IIR filter  204  are placed in feedback paths  208  of the DFE  200 . The first couple of discrete taps (e.g., H1 and H2) can be adjusted (independently of the IIR filter  204 ) to compensate for the post-cursors in the rapidly changing region of the channel impulse response immediately following the main cursor, as these early post-cursors often do not fall along the exponentially decaying curve followed by the later post-cursors. In fact, the impulse response of the 20 mm silicon carrier channel shown in  FIG. 3B  exemplifies this point, as the first post-cursor (labeled H1) does not accurately fall along the curve labeled H2e −t/τ  where τ is the time constant of the decaying exponential. Therefore, accurate equalization of such a silicon carrier link may employ DFE  200  with a discrete first tap (H1) which can be adjusted independently of the IIR filter  204  responsible for compensating the rest of the post-cursors in the channel response. 
         [0041]    While DFE  200  with IIR filter  204  is an area- and power-efficient structure for equalizing many channels, including the example silicon carrier link of  FIG. 2 , full-rate DFE architectures may not be well suited for extending this concept to higher data rates. At data rates which approach the technology limit (such as 10 gigabits per second in present-day CMOS technology), half-rate DFE architectures are found to be more power-efficient than full-rate structures. Since there is no full-rate regenerated signal available for driving the input of an IIR filter, implementing a half-rate DFE with an IIR filter is very challenging. 
         [0042]    Referring to  FIG. 6 , a half-rate DFE  300  is shown in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. A half-rate DFE  300  naturally demultiplexes input data into two parallel data streams  302  (specifically, even data bits, D E , and odd data bits, D O ). Feeding one of the half-rate data streams into the IIR filter  304  does not give the desired response, as correct cancellation of the ISI demands that the impulse response of the IIR filter  304  be convolved with a complete bit sequence, not just the even data bits or the odd data bits. As mentioned, obtaining a signal suitable for driving the input of the IIR filter  304  is a challenge in making a half-rate implementation practical. The half-rate architecture  300  provides power- and area-efficient means for obtaining such a signal. 
         [0043]    A pair of decision-making slicers (or latches)  306  driven by a half-rate clock CLK are used to sample the data input. The slicers  306  are driven on opposite phases of CLK (e.g., CLK and  CLK ), so the top slicer  306  produces even data bits D E  while the bottom slicer  306  produces odd data bits D o . Summers  312  in front of the slicers  306  are used to add the DFE feedback signals to the received data input. A first DFE feedback tap (H1) is a conventional discrete type and can be independently adjusted to match the first post-cursor of the channel impulse response. In a half-rate architecture, the previous data bit is decided by the opposite DFE half, so the H1 tap for the even data path (denoted H1 E ) is fed back from the odd data bits, and vice versa. The ISI due to the rest of the post-cursors in the channel impulse response is compensated by V IIR , an output of the IIR filter  304 . 
         [0044]    Correct cancellation of the ISI needs that the impulse response of the IIR filter  304  be convolved with the complete bit sequence of the data input. To accomplish this, a 2:1 multiplexer (MUX)  310  with a selector driven by CLK is employed to interleave the even and odd data bits (D E  and D O ) to form full-rate data (D FR ) suitable for driving the input of the IIR filter  304 . 
         [0045]    In a timing diagram of  FIG. 7 , the phase of CLK is adjusted by a clock-and-data recovery (CDR) circuit or some other mechanism so that the input data bits are sampled at the center of the eye. The phase of the CLK signal driving the select of the MUX is chosen so that D FR  is delayed by one UI relative to the first arrivals of the D E  and D O  bits, as indicated in  FIG. 7 . Because of this one UI delay, the earliest post-cursor compensated by the IIR filter output (V IIR ) is the second one (corresponding to an H2 tap in a conventional multi-tap DFE). 
         [0046]    The embodiment of  FIG. 6  represents an area- and power-efficient way of adding the IIR filter  304  to the half-rate DFE structure, as the only circuit overhead (besides the IIR filter  304  itself, of course) is the 2:1 MUX  310  used to form full-rate data. Even this small overhead can be reduced to negligible levels if the 2:1 MUX  310  and IIR filter  304  functions are combined in a single circuit. 
         [0047]    Referring to  FIG. 8 , a schematic diagram shows an example circuit implementation in which a 2:1 MUX  410  and an IIR filter  404  are combined in a single current mode logic (CML) stage  400 . The circuit  400  is fully differential, so that its differential output amplitude is proportional to I D , the difference in two tail current sources  406  and  408 . A common-mode current (I CM ) and a resistor R CM  are set so that the desired common-mode output level from an IIR filter  404  is obtained. While I D  can be used to scale the magnitude of the differential output signal, the RC time constant of the IIR filter  404  can be adjusted by tuning resistance R D  and capacitance C D  (for example, with switched resistors and switched capacitors). It should be noted that in this merged MUX/IIR filter circuit  400 , the only signal that represents the full-rate data is a net current delivered into the RC load. 
         [0048]    The summing amplifiers  312  and decision-making slicers  306  in the architecture of  FIG. 6  can be implemented with conventional circuit techniques. As an example,  FIG. 9  illustrates how these elements can be implemented as CML circuits. With reference to  FIG. 9 , signal summation is accomplished in the current domain by connecting together (“dotting”) drains (or collectors if implemented in bipolar technology) of multiple differential pairs of transistors. The differential pairs which receive the data input (D IN ) and the output of the IIR filter (V IIR ) are resistively degenerated with resistors  452  for more linear conversion of voltage to current. Resistive degeneration is not employed in the other differential pairs, which are used as current switches  454 . The data inputs (D IN  and D IN  bar) have resistors R IN  connected to a voltage V TERM  for impedance termination. The tail current of the differential pair switched by DFE feedback signal H1 is adjusted to set the tap weight needed to compensate the first post-cursor of ISI. The differential pair switched by V OS  provides DC current for compensating static offsets due to device mismatches. The summed currents are converted into voltages by load resistors R L1 . Output voltages (V S  and V S  bar) of a summer  456  are sampled by a decision-making slicer  458 , which is realized here as a standard CML latch. 
         [0049]    Cascading the DFE summing amplifier  456  and decision-making slicer  458  as indicated in  FIG. 9  is conventional practice but has the drawback of adding significant delay to a critical path  460  of the DFE unless significant power is dissipated. To achieve reliable operation, the feedback signals of the DFE need to be accurately established at the slicer input before the next data decision is made. As indicated by the dashed lines in  FIG. 9 , the critical path  460  of a DFE is the H1 feedback loop, whose delay must be less than 1 UI. The RC time constant at the output of the summing amplifier  456  can add significant delay to this critical path  460  by degrading the settling time of the feedback signals. To reduce the RC time constant so that the critical timing requirements can be met, the load resistance R L1  must often be reduced to a low value. To meet amplifier gain and voltage swing requirements, the reduction in R L1  must be accompanied by a commensurate increase in operating currents, leading to higher power dissipation. The input stage of data slicer  458  includes resistive loads R L2 . 
         [0050]    Referring to  FIG. 10 , a schematic diagram shows a combined slicer and summer circuit  500  in accordance with one embodiment. A more power-efficient way of meeting the critical timing requirements is to eliminate the RC delay by directly injecting summer output currents into a resettable current-comparator PMOS load acting as a slicer  502 . When CLK is high (and its complement is low), PMOS reset transistors  506  pull the output nodes up to the positive power supply. When CLK goes low (and its complement goes high), the summer output currents begin to discharge the parasitic capacitors on these nodes to lower voltages. Depending on the sign of the summed differential currents, either a positive or negative differential voltage begins to develop. When the output common-mode falls low enough, the cross-coupled PMOS transistors  507  in the slicer  502  turn on and provide regenerative gain, thereby latching a binary zero or one (depending on the polarity of differential voltage). The elimination of RC delay between the summation and latching functions makes it easier to meet the timing constraints of the DFE critical path and thus permits the desired data rates to be achieved with lower power consumption. Combining these functions into a single circuit stage also saves chip area. 
         [0051]    Some of the schematic details shown in  FIG. 10  improve DFE performance. For example, passgate sample-and-holds  508  which receive the D IN  input signal and are switched by CLK are used to hold the input to a linear transconductor constant during the evaluation phase, which can be relatively lengthy with small input overdrive levels. This holding of the input signal reduces the frequency-dependent loss of the receiver. As in the CML summing amplifier of  FIG. 9 , resistive degeneration is used to improve the linearity with which D IN  and V IIR  are converted to currents. 
         [0052]    Referring to  FIG. 11 , a half-rate architecture of a DFE  600  with an IIR filter  604  employs the combined summer/slicer circuit  500  in accordance with another embodiment. Since the combined summer/slicer circuit  500  does not maintain a valid data output bit during resetting, slave latches  602  are placed at the outputs of the summer/slicer circuits  500  to keep D E  and D O  valid during both phases of CLK. While each slave latch  602  is in an opaque (or closed) state while its corresponding summer/slicer circuit  500  is resetting, it is switched to a transparent (or open) state when its corresponding summer/slicer circuit  500  is evaluating. Therefore, the slave latches  602  only add a small propagation delay to the D E  and D O  data outputs. 
         [0053]    It should be understood that aspects of the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 10  are applicable to multi-tap DFEs as well as DFEs with IIR filters. In other words, combining the summer and slicer has utility independent of using IIR filters in DFE&#39;s. For example, if the differential pair receiving the output of the IIR filter  604  (V IIR ) were replaced by a differential current switch controlled by DFE feedback signal H2 (and similar to that shown for H1), one would obtain a combined summer/slicer circuit ( 500 ) suitable for use in a conventional two-tap DFE. If a DFE with more than two taps were desired, the combined summer/slicer  500  could be modified by adding more differential pairs to the current summer  504 . Application of the combined summer/slicer circuit  500  could be used to realize conventional multi-tap DFEs with useful reductions in power and area, as the elimination of RC delay between the summation and latching functions makes it easier to meet the critical timing constraints of any DFE. 
         [0054]    Many standard latch designs can be used to implement the slave latches  602  shown in  FIG. 11 , including CML and static CMOS types. However, these standard types of latches may have disadvantages in this application. For example, CML latches are usually considered the fastest available type, but their high static power dissipation is not consistent with the design goal of a power-efficient DFE, which is one motivation behind considering a DFE with an IIR filter. Static CMOS latches are more power-efficient, but their lower speed may increase critical path delays so that the maximum operating frequency of the DFE is degraded. 
         [0055]    Referring to  FIG. 12 , a schematic diagram shows a latching structure  700  with two cascaded differential regenerating stages  702  and  704  which achieves higher speed and sensitivity than a static CMOS latch. In the example embodiment shown in  FIG. 12 , the first stage input transistors are NMOS devices  706 , and the second stage input transistors are PMOS devices  708 , but these device types could be reversed without altering the basic operating principles. CLK is held high (and its complement is held low) when the latch  700  is in the opaque state, so PMOS switches  710  precharge the outputs of the first stage  702  to the positive power supply. Since the outputs of the first stage  702  are at the power supply, the PMOS input devices  708  of the second stage  704  are shut off, so this stage just retains its outputs at levels indicative of the previous bit decision. When CLK goes low (and its complement goes high), the first stage  702  is turned on and begins to regenerate the input signal due to the cross-coupling of PMOS transistors  711  in the load. At the same time, the output common-mode of the first stage falls, which then turns on the input transistors  708  of the second stage  704 . When the output of the first stage  702  is regenerated to a sufficiently high level, the logical state of stage  704  is switched. Since this stage  704  (which receives no clock signal) has cross-coupled NMOS transistors  712  in its load, its output is amplified with additional regeneration. Once regeneration is finished, and switching is complete, conduction through the transistors ceases, so this latch dissipates only dynamic power, no static power. For this reason, the latch is much more power-efficient than a CML latch. 
         [0056]    In one embodiment, the latch  700  is particularly useful when receiving a weakly regenerating signal from a component such as a summer/slicer ( 500 ,  FIG. 11 ). In a particularly useful embodiment, the first stage  702  of the latch  700  is regenerating at the same time as a previous component (e.g., the summer/slicer  500 ) so that the weakly regenerating input signal is further amplified by the first stage  702 . This benefit was confirmed by simulating the latch  700  combined with summer/slicer  500 . 
         [0057]    In the simulation, the input signal to the summer/slicer  500  is very small so that its output is only weakly regenerating. The weakly regenerating input signal to latch  700  is amplified by the regeneration of the first stage  702 , but not fully regenerated to rail-to-rail signal levels by the time CLK goes high (and its complement goes low). Due to extra regeneration, the output of the second stage  704  is amplified further and does approach rail-to-rail signal levels. These rail to rail output signals of the second stage cross each other at a common-mode above half the supply voltage, which makes them suitable for directly driving an NMOS differential current switch (such as the one which realizes the H1 tap in  FIGS. 9 and 10 ), as well as any CML or CMOS logic circuits. 
         [0058]    It should be understood that the double regenerating latch illustrated in  FIG. 12  is applicable to systems other than DFEs and other than DFEs with IIR filters. As indicated in  FIG. 1 , conventional multi-tap DFEs include a large number of latches, and the delays of these latches are part of every critical timing path within the DFE. Due to its superior speed and sensitivity compared to other power-efficient latches (such as static CMOS latches), the double regenerating latch  700  can be incorporated into conventional DFE architectures or other circuits to enhance operating frequency without increasing power dissipation. Further, the regenerative latch  700  may be a basic building block of many digital and mixed-signal systems. Since the speed and sensitivity of a latch often have a large influence on the performance of the overall system, many of these systems would benefit from the superior functional characteristics of the double regenerating latch  700 . 
         [0059]    To demonstrate the functionality of the half-rate DFE with IIR filter and evaluate its performance, a test chip was designed and fabricated in 65 nm bulk CMOS technology. Since the combined summer/slicer  500  of  FIG. 10  was employed, the specific DFE architecture chosen for the design is that shown in  FIG. 11 . The 2:1 MUX and IIR filter were combined in a single stage  400  as shown in  FIG. 8 , and the slave latches were implemented as the double regenerating latches  700  of  FIG. 12 . The equalization capabilities of the DFE with IIR filter were tested by transmitting data over 30″, 40″, and 50″ traces on a high-quality printed circuit board (PCB), which have smooth frequency rolloff characteristics similar to those expected in silicon carrier links. The frequency responses (S 21  data) for these channels are shown in  FIG. 13 . The bathtub curves in the right half of the figure plot the measured BER as a function of clock sampling position when the DFE is equalizing PRBS7 data at 10 gigabits per second. For the 50″ trace, the DFE with IIR filter produced a 45% horizontal eye opening at a BER=10 −9  with error-free operation in the center of the eye, while consuming only 6.8 mW of power. For comparison, a conventional two-tap DFE was implemented using the same base components and power consumption level as the DFE with IIR filter. Table 1 compares the measured horizontal eye openings of the DFE with IIR filter with those of the conventional two-tap DFE at a data rate of 10 gigabits per second for both PRBS7 and PRBS31 data patterns. Over all tested channels, the DFE with IIR filter outperformed the two-tap DFE, highlighting the effectiveness of the present principles. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Horizontal eye opening 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (BER &lt; 1 × 10 −9 ) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Channels 
                   
                 DFE with IIR filter 
                 2-tap DFE 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 30″ trace 
                 PRBS7 
                 71% 
                 47% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PRBS31 
                 57% 
                 24% 
               
               
                   
                 40″ trace 
                 PRBS7 
                 57% 
                 28% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PRBS31 
                 41% 
                 Closed eye 
               
               
                   
                 50″ trace 
                 PRBS7 
                 45% 
                 Closed eye 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0060]    Other straightforward modifications and variations of the disclosed embodiments, such as the use of quarter-rate instead of half-rate architecture, will be understood to those skilled in the art. Such modifications and variations do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present principles. 
         [0061]    Having described preferred embodiments of circuits and methods for DFE with reduced area and power consumption (which are intended to be illustrative and not limiting), it is noted that modifications and variations can be made by persons skilled in the art in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that changes may be made in the particular embodiments disclosed which are within the scope and spirit of the invention as outlined by the appended claims. Having thus described aspects of the invention, with the details and particularity required by the patent laws, what is claimed and desired protected by Letters Patent is set forth in the appended claims.