Abstract:
A resource management and control system includes real-time visibility to energy and water consumption. The resource management platform is flexible and allows users to create a system to suit their individual needs, and to make changes to that platform as their needs change and new needs arise. The resource management and control system monitors electricity and gas consumption, solar production, and water use in real time. The control system includes a number of wireless access nodes for interfacing with the various systems within a property, and also includes monitoring, diagnostic and alerting capabilities. Billing system integration provides historical data for the cost of resource usage and production relative to time, geography and consumer service level agreements and allows the user the ability to directly correlate consumption behaviors with cost implications. Autonomously operating control processes are incorporated to automatically configure and control devices for optimal resource consumption and application.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of priority to United States Provisional Patent Application Ser. No, 61/379,377, entitled “Building Management and Control System” filed Sep. 1, 2010, currently co-pending, and fully incorporated herein by this reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The conservation of electricity, gas and water has become a key concern across the globe. With the high cost of energy production, and the often devastating effects such production has on the environment, limiting the use of electricity and gas has never been more important. Moreover, with the ever-increasing population and its need for a reliable water supply, the real fear of drought has caused many municipalities to force conservation on its residents through regulation and legislation. 
         [0003]    Clearly, the majority of the population is not only mindful of the need for conservation, but willing to conserve their use of electricity, gas and water for the benefit of the environment and associated cost savings. However, aside from the simplest acts of turning off lights, reducing heating and air conditioning levels, and limiting water consumption, the ordinary consumer is not equipped to determine the actual results of their conservation efforts. As a result, most consumers are not able to identify their largest energy consuming appliances or habits, or what is responsible for the majority of the water consumption in their home or business. 
         [0004]    In an effort to decrease the use of electricity, gas and water, various control devices have been developed. For instance, timers, photo-cells, and motion detection devices have been used for controlling lighting for many years. Likewise, the consumption of gas is greatly limited by the use of programmable thermostats which account for weekly occupancy and temperature setting variations. Landscapes have long been the beneficiary of programmable irrigation controllers allowing for set periodic watering schedules. 
         [0005]    While these various controls systems have been used to decrease overall consumption, they seldom provide a user with the real-time feedback necessary to appreciate the specific savings of electricity, gas or water, or help take advantage of the lower energy costs associated with off-peak usage. Thus, a user may incorporate some of these conservation devices into their home, may see a slight reduction in overall monthly costs, but have little or no information related to their real-time consumption, the cost of that consumption, and their consumption rate as compared to neighbors, region, or community guidelines. 
         [0006]    Studies show that a major contributor in reducing utility consumption and emissions is consumer awareness. An active in-home-display is the best medium in providing consumers with this information. Residents, builders and developers have an immediate need for products that can help them comply with the ever changing building codes for greenhouse gas emissions, energy and water conservation standards and guidelines. The market for conservation products has never been better, which means the demand for the resource management and control system of the present invention has never been stronger. 
         [0007]    In light of the above, it would be advantageous to provide a resource management and control system designed specifically for the residential and light commercial customer. This resource management and control system would provide consumers with the information they need to monitor and control utility budgets by automatically and intelligently managing consumption within their homes, and by staying connected anytime, anywhere, and to any device. 
         [0008]    It would also be advantageous to provide a resource management and control system having a flexible architecture that allows end users to create a system that suits their individual needs, and which can be modified as the user&#39;s needs evolve. 
         [0009]    It would be further advantageous to provide a resource management and control system that is easy to use and comparatively cost effective, thereby providing an ordinary resident the tools that he or she needs to maximize their conservation efforts, thereby decreasing the overall consumption of electricity, gas and water in the community. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0010]    The resource management and control system of the present invention is an affordable residential and light commercial resource management system that grows with the user. It brings real-time visibility to energy and water consumption while helping consumers set conservation goals and maintain budgets. Simply stated, the resource management and control system of the present invention makes conservation simple and maintainable. The flexible platform allows users to create a system to suit their individual needs, and to make changes to that platform as their needs change and new needs arise. 
         [0011]    The resource management and control system of the present invention monitors electricity and gas consumption, solar production, and water use in real time, independent of the utility installed smart meter. The control system may also monitor and control the high utility consumption devices in the home or light commercial establishment. Moreover, the system can provide time-of-use control thereby maximizing energy and cost savings when considering the increased energy costs typically charged during peak periods of use. 
         [0012]    The control system of the present invention also includes a number of wireless access nodes for interfacing with the various systems within the property. For example, wireless thermostat and wireless irrigation controllers are automatically adjusted based on up-to-date environmental data to minimize energy consumption while saving time and money. 
         [0013]    In addition to the basic measurement and control of electricity, gas, and water, the present invention also includes monitoring, diagnostic and alerting capabilities. For instance, home and business owners can be notified when an appliance is not operating efficiently before that appliance completely fails, thereby avoiding costly repair or replacement. This monitoring further enhances the conservation efforts of the user since malfunctioning appliances typically use more energy. 
         [0014]    The present invention also includes billing system integration providing historical data for the cost of resource usage and production relative to time, geography and consumer service level agreements. Billing system integration allows the user the ability to directly correlate consumption behaviors with cost implications. 
         [0015]    The present invention further includes the use of location services to sense the proximity of the consumer to the building. This allows the user the ability to configure the resource management system to initiate heating or cooling the premises, or to turn on lights and appliances as desired. 
         [0016]    The present invention also includes a method to incorporate autonomously operating control processes that automatically configure and control devices for optimal resource consumption and application. For example, this allows the user the ability to use an automated system to control the user&#39;s irrigation system. 
     
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
         [0017]    The nature, objects, and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent to those skilled in the art after considering the following detailed description in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals designate like parts throughout, and wherein: 
           [0018]      FIG. 1  is a system-level diagram of the resource management and control system of the present invention detailing a residential energy and water monitor and control system including a home display server, intra-home communications network server, and interfaces to monitor and control utility inputs, and a central server in communication with the home display server and remote user stations; 
           [0019]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram of the resource management and control system of the present invention showing a central server having a server computer and associated database, in communication with a number of remote devices, external information sources, and with the in-home control station comprising a central processing unit, memory, database, user interface, and communication interfaces for a variety of nodes (electric, gas, water, irrigation, solar, etc.); 
           [0020]      FIG. 3  is a diagrammatic representation of an electrical node module of the resource management and control system of the present invention having network, radio, status, and power LED indicators, and a number of current measurement and voltage measurement inputs to sense the electrical energy being utilized by the home; 
           [0021]      FIG. 4  is a diagrammatic representation of a water node module of the resource management and control system of the present invention having network, radio, status, and power LED indicators, and a primary flow rate input with a corresponding control output, and a secondary flow rate input with a corresponding control output; 
           [0022]      FIG. 5  is a diagrammatic representation of an irrigation node module of the resource management and control system of the present invention having network, radio, status, and power LED indicators, a irrigation voltage input, and a number of irrigation zone control outputs; 
           [0023]      FIG. 6  is a diagrammatic representation of a gas node module of the resource management and control system of the present invention having network, radio, status, and power LED indicators, and a flow rate input and a control output to actuate a flow valve; 
           [0024]      FIG. 7  is a diagrammatic representation of an environmental node module of the resource management and control system of the present invention having network, radio, status, and power LED indicators, and a number of external environmental measurement inputs including multiple zone temperatures, a humidity sensor, and multiple radiation level sensors; 
           [0025]      FIG. 8  is a diagrammatic representation of a solar node module of the resource management and control system of the present invention having network, radio, status, and power LED indicators, and a voltage and current input for sensing levels of a solar panel array, and an inverter measurement input to sense the output voltage of the inverter associated with the solar panel array; 
           [0026]      FIG. 9  is a block diagram of the circuitry of a typical energy module of the resource management and control system of the present invention, including a core processor having a power supply and status driver, and in communication with a Zig Bee wireless module and electric power interface which receives voltage and current levels from three power lines, such as different phases of multi-phase power to a property; 
           [0027]      FIG. 10  is a is a block diagram of the circuitry of a typical flow module of the resource management and control system of the present invention, including a core processor having a power supply, temperatures sensor and status driver, and in communication with a ZigBee wireless module and flow sensor interface which receives flow rate signals, and a control output providing control to actuate multiple flow valves; 
           [0028]      FIG. 11  is a block diagram showing an exemplary software architecture for the resource management and control system of the present invention, including specific drivers present on a ZigBee server, utilities operating on an application server, flash display interface operating on the display server, and a data center server operating MySQL, PHP, and Apache Web to run various device drivers and control processes, and the operation of the LINUX operating system; 
           [0029]      FIG. 12  is an exemplary ZigBee link message format utilized by the resource management and control system of the present invention, including the frame field as designated to effect a message transmission from the electric node to the control station; 
           [0030]      FIG. 13  is a flow chart of an exemplary data transfer through the resource management and control system of the present invention, from its initial creation in an electric node, through the ZigBee server, through the display server, to the central server, with a response message containing the updated information being returned to the display server; 
           [0031]      FIG. 14  is a flow chart of an exemplary irrigation control process of the resource management and control system of the present invention in which a unique client folder is created within the central server, a profile for the specific client location is initiated, basic or advanced irrigation criteria are developed and calculated, and at the scheduled irrigation time, weather data is updated, and the irrigation program is autonomously executed; 
           [0032]      FIG. 15  is an exemplary irrigation database table utilized by the resource management and control system of the present invention containing basic vegetation and environmental data (sunny/shady/turf/shrub), and historical weather information (minimum and maximum temperatures, radiation, and evaporation); 
           [0033]      FIG. 16  is an irrigation table of the resource management and control system of the present invention summarizing actual data calculated and verified by the system of the present invention and providing consumption and cost histories; 
           [0034]      FIG. 17  is a diagrammatical representation of the resource management and control system-of the present invention showing a typical household implementation, with an enlarged view of a typical user interface presented on the display server, and including various application programs, along with a set of specific operational icons; 
           [0035]      FIG. 18  is an example of the typical user interface of  FIG. 17  with the water icon accessed, and showing a gauge pair containing real-time water and energy consumption data, current cost and relationships to peer groups including neighboring users or neighborhood averages; 
           [0036]      FIG. 19  is an example of the typical user interface of  FIG. 17  with the thermostat icon accessed, and showing the current interior temperatures, and access buttons for the thermostat settings, zones, and schedule; 
           [0037]      FIG. 20  is an example of the typical user interface of  FIG. 17  with the calendar icon accessed, and showing the current temperature and time; and 
           [0038]      FIG. 21  is an example of the typical user interface of  FIG. 17  with the irrigation icon accessed, and showing the current schedule, a manual control button panel (hold, manual, and all zones), and access buttons for the irrigation settings, zones and schedule. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0039]    Referring initially to  FIG. 1 , a system-level diagram of the resource management and control system of the present invention is shown and generally designated  100 . System  100  includes a user  101 , such as a home  102 . Home  102 , in a preferred embodiment, includes a home display server  104  having an easily viewable display  106 , in connection with a communication server  105  and a local communications server  107 . Display server  104  and ZigBee, or local communications server  107  may be separate devices as shown, or may be operationally grouped together in a control station (shown in dashed lines). Further, the display server may consist of a collection of sub-processes present in both the home and in the data center that support the user interface display both in the home and on remote devices. 
         [0040]    Communication server  105 , in a preferred embodiment, facilitates the communications between the control station  108 , and all external components of the system. The communication methods incorporated into communication server  105  include, but are not limited to, broadband wired communication using known or proprietary communication techniques, and broadband wireless communication using known communication techniques, such as cellular, GSM, CDMA, 3G and 4G wireless networks, and other wireless communication systems available. 
         [0041]    Local communication server  107  is an intra-facility local area network and provides for a wired or wireless communication link  109 . In a preferred embodiment, communication link  109  is consistent with the ZigBee communication standard. ZigBee is a specification for a suite of high level communication protocols using small, low-power digital radios based on the IEEE 802.15.4-2003 standard. In addition, ZigBee coordinators can also be provided to facilitate communication within the ZigBee communication link, and to interface to a wired communication system. 
         [0042]    While this communication protocol is particularly well suited for the resource management and control system of the present invention, it is to be appreciated that other existing wireless, wired, and power line communication (PLC) communication protocols may be used alone or in combination, or a proprietary communication protocol may be incorporated herein without departing from the scope of the present invention. 
         [0043]    Utility inputs  110  are supplied to home  102 , and may include electricity, gas and water. Each of these utility inputs  110  is separately measured and monitored by the resource management and control system of the present invention. For instance, electric node  112  is in wireless communication with local communications server  107  through link  109 , and in electrical connection  114  with circuit breaker panel  116 . Electrical utility input  118  enters breaker panel  116  and is distributed throughout the house  102  as is standard in the industry. As will be described in greater detail below, the electric node  112  utilizes voltage and current sensors to monitor the condition and consumption of electrical energy, and relates this data through wireless communication link  109  to the local communications server  107 . 
         [0044]    Home  102  may be equipped with solar collectors  120 . In a preferred embodiment, these solar collectors are solar panels of the photovoltaic type. A solar panel, also referred to as a photovoltaic module or photovoltaic panel, is a packaged interconnected assembly of solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells. A solar panel is used as a component in a larger photovoltaic system to collect radiation energy from the sun and convert it to electricity for commercial and residential applications. Because a single solar panel can only produce a limited amount of power, many installations contain several panels to generate the increased levels of power. 
         [0045]    Solar collector  120  is in electrical communication through connection  121  with an inverter  122  which converts the typically direct current (DC) voltage generated by the solar panel, to an alternating current (AC) voltage consistent with the electrical input  118  from utility inputs  110 . Several inverters suitable for the present invention are available from a number of manufacturers, and provide an AC output voltage to circuit breaker panel  116  through connection  123 . Typically, this AC output voltage is integrated into the panel  116  through an isolation breaker (not shown) to allow for isolating the solar collectors  120  and inverter  122  from the breaker panel  116 . 
         [0046]    Solar node  124  is in wireless communication with local communications server  107  through link  109 , and monitors and controls the function of solar collectors  120  and inverter  122  through communication connections  127  and  125 , respectively. This monitoring may include, but not be limited to, monitoring the electrical output (current and voltage) of collectors  120 , monitoring the proper operation of inverter  122  and the condition of an isolation breaker if provided, and the isolation or electrical disconnection of the solar collectors  120  from circuit breaker panel  116 . 
         [0047]    Gas node  130  is in wireless communication with local communications server  107  through link  109 , and monitors the rate of consumption of gas from gas input  132 . Gas input  132  passes through a valve  134  and through gas flow meter  136  to the house  102 . The control of the gas valve  134 , and the monitoring of the gas flow meter  136  is accomplished by gas node  130 , and the condition and results reported through wireless communication link  109  to local communications server  107 . 
         [0048]    Water node  140  is in wireless communication with local communications server  107  through link  109 , and monitors the pressure, temperature and rate of consumption of water from water input  142 . Water input  142  passes through valve  144 , through primary flow meter  146 , and branches off to the house  102 , and through secondary valve  145  to irrigation equipment. The water to the irrigation equipment passes through secondary water flow meter  148  and to the irrigation circuits. This provides for an accurate measurement of the total water supplied (primary flow meter  146 ), and the portion of that water that is supplied to the irrigation system (secondary flow meter  148 ). For instance, water through secondary flow meter  148  can be supplied to valve  152  and irrigation zone  154 , valve  156  and irrigation zone  158 , and valve  160  and irrigation zone  162 . By actuating valve  142 , the water supply can be shut off entirely. Alternatively, by actuating valves  152 ,  156 , and  162 , the water supply to the irrigation system can be entirely shut off. 
         [0049]    Irrigation node  150  is in wireless communication with local communications server  107  through link  109 , and controls valves  152 ,  156 , and  160 . In a preferred embodiment, these valves provide control to irrigation zones  154 ,  158  and  162 . It is to be appreciated that three ( 3 ) valves is merely exemplary, and that any number of irrigation zones, and associated valves, can be incorporated into the present invention. Irrigation node  150  receives instructions from control station  108  to open and close the valves according to a watering schedule described below in greater detail. 
         [0050]    Environmental node  168  is in wireless communication with local communications server  107  through link  109 , and may include an exterior located sensor array  170 . For instance, in a preferred embodiment, interior-located environmental node  168  may monitor the temperature and humidity throughout the house  102 , while the exterior-located sensor array  170  may provide exterior temperatures, humidity, radiation levels, or other energy-related measurements. 
         [0051]    Thermostat  172  is in wireless communication with local communications server  107  through link  109 , and in electrical connection with the heating and cooling systems of house  102 . As is standard with typical heating and cooling installations, house  102  may be divided into various zones, and thermostat  172  may take measurements throughout various zones. Alternatively, multiple thermostats  172  may be utilized through house  102  to provide zone-specific temperature control. Also, house  102  may be equipped with multiple heating and cooling appliances, and each may be controlled by a separate thermostat  172 . 
         [0052]    Vehicle node  180  is in wireless communication with local communications server  107  through link  109 , and may be provided to monitor the electrical consumption of a vehicle, such as an electric vehicle, or a charge-requiring hybrid. 
         [0053]    Control station  108 , including local communications server  107  and display server  106 , is in communication with remote users and a central server. More specifically, control station  108 , through communication link  190 , passes through a communication network  191  and communication link  194  to remote user stations  192 . Similarly, control station  108 , through communication link  190 , passes through communication network  191  and communication link  198  to a central server  196 . 
         [0054]    In a preferred embodiment, communication links  190 ,  191 ,  194  and  198  are web-based communication protocol passed over the Internet. It is to be appreciated, however, that other communication protocols and systems known in the art may be utilized without departing from the present invention. 
         [0055]    As shown in this Figure, there is only one house  102 , only one remote user station  192 , and only one central server  196 . It is to be appreciated that this depiction is merely for discussion purposes, and that any number of houses  102 , any number of remote user stations  192 , and perhaps multiple central servers  196  may be incorporated into the resource management and control system of the present invention. 
         [0056]    Referring now to  FIG. 2 , a block diagram of the resource management and control system of the present invention includes user  101  with a control station  108  having various components. As shown in this representation, control station  108  includes a central processing unit  200 . In a preferred embodiment, central processing unit  200  is a dedicated computer system capable of performing all functions described herein. However, it is to be appreciated that other functionally capable processors, microprocessors, or microcontrollers may be utilized alone or in combination to achieve the functions of the present invention. 
         [0057]    Central processing unit  200  may be equipped with an external memory  202 , or such memory  202  may be integral to the processing unit  200 . A resident database  204  includes sufficient memory storage to accommodate all locally-stored historical, environmental, and empirical data necessary to operate the resource management and control system of the present invention. 
         [0058]    User interface  206  is integrated with central processing unit  200  to provide a user within house  102  with an easy-to-understand graphic display that yields real-time data regarding the resource management and control system of the present invention. As will be shown in conjunction with  FIGS. 17 through 21 , the user interface facilitates the easy operation of all systems within house  102 , and up-to-the-minute details of energy consumption, costs, and savings. 
         [0059]    Communication module  208  provides the communication between control station  108  and central server  196  through communication link  190 . Central server  196  includes one or more computer systems  250  networked together to communicate and control multiple control stations  108 . It is important to note that the resource management and control system of the present invention is completely scalable, and can be enlarged to accommodate virtually an unlimited number of users  101 . Indeed, this scalability is a critical feature of the present invention in that it provides large community homebuilders, or existing neighborhoods, with the ability to aggregate their conservation efforts, resulting in increased savings for all. 
         [0060]    Within control station  108  are a number of interfaces. In a preferred embodiment, each node is in communication with its particular interface. While it is appreciated that the communication between each node and the control station will be handled by the local communications server  107 , an interface for each node is provided. For instance, electrical interface  210  corresponds to electric node  212 , gas interface  214  corresponds to gas node  216 , water interface corresponds to water node  220 , irrigation interface corresponds to irrigation node  222 , solar interface  226  corresponds to solar node  228 , and vehicle interface corresponds to vehicle node  232 . Additionally, an additional feature interface  234  may correspond to additional optional nodes, such as medical node  236 , security node  238 , air quality node  240  and water quality node  242 . These optional nodes are provided to enhance the functionality of the resource management and control system of the present invention. 
         [0061]    Medical node  236  provides personnel within house  102  the ability to quickly summon medical assistance, or in the event there are medical devices in operation within the house  102 , to monitor the proper operation of those devices and to report any malfunction or servicing needs. 
         [0062]    Security node  238  serves as a security system for the house  102 . In a preferred embodiment, security node  238  may include traditional security components, such as motion sensors, door and window contact switches, and fire or smoke detectors. Operation of the security system would be achieved through user interface  206 , and would be monitored by central server  196 . 
         [0063]    Air quality node  240  may include an array of sensors, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and particulate sensors. In a preferred embodiment, air quality node  240  may also be configured to provide input to control station  108  to increase the introduction of fresh-air into home  102  to alleviate low oxygen, high carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide readings, or to lower the introduction of fresh-air when it contains increased levels of particulate matter. 
         [0064]    Returning to central server  196 , a database  252  is provided in communication with computer system  250  and is of sufficient size and accessibility to provide storage for all historical, environmental and empirical data for the resource management and control system of the present invention. In addition to database  252 , external information resources  254  are provided. In a preferred embodiment, these information resources can include, but not be limited to, global, real-time environmental data from such sources as local, state, and national weather forecasts, and historical weather data; utility company energy rate tables and comparative usage data; user account data with past charges for water, electric and gas consumption; and user real-time geographical location from location services. 
         [0065]    Central server  196  is shown and includes autonomous control processes including, for example, an Irrigation Control Process  256 . As will be shown in  FIGS. 11 ,  14 ,  15  and  16 , an autonomous irrigation control process can achieve the best watering performance for the minimum consumption of water, independent of the user implementing behavioral changes to improve consumption practices. 
         [0066]    Central server  196  is shown in communication with multiple remote devices. For instance, remote user station  192  is shown and depicts a portable computer, or laptop computer. Remote user station  192  may be virtually any internet-capable computing device, including but not limited to laptop computers, portable computers, desktop computers, iPhone™, Google Powermeter™, Android™, Automation systems (AMX, CONTROL4, Crestron, HAI), iPad™ web-enabled television, cable/satellite/Tivo interfaces, and reduced instruction set computers designed specifically for remote access to the resource management and control system of the present invention. Along with the remote user station  192 , a personal computing device, such as a smartphone  260  may be used in conjunction with the present invention. Other devices may be utilized to access and interface with the present invention. For instance, a standard cellular telephone  262 , tablet computer (iPad™)  264 , or television  266  may be used to access and control the present invention. 
         [0067]    Control of the resource management and control system of the present invention using these various remote devices may be accomplished through one or more of the following: automated voice based telephonic interfaces, text-messaging interfaces, web-based interfaces, or any other communication protocol known in the art that provides a sufficient user interface. 
         [0068]    Many of the components described in conjunction with  FIG. 2  have been described as separate functional units for discussion purposes. It is to be appreciated that such separation is merely for discussion purposes, and that the combination or bundling of one or more of these components may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. Moreover, the various interfaces which have been discussed (electric  210 , gas  214 , water  218 , irrigation  222 , solar  226  and vehicle  230 ) may be accomplished using software (e.g. operational instructions) within central processing unit  200  of control station  108  to decode and create the wireless messaging between the various nodes and the local communications server  107  (shown in dashed lines). 
         [0069]    A key benefit of utilizing the ZigBee communication standard is the ability to establish a mesh network between the various nodes of a user  101 . For instance, referring back to  FIG. 1 , the irrigation node  150  may be located a long distance from the control station  108  and local communications server  107  such that a wireless signal that is directed to the irrigation node  150  may not be received. In such an instance, a different node, such as the solar node  124 , may receive the message directed to the irrigation node  150 , and then re-transmit that signal to the irrigation node  150 . This results in a very robust communication network that is easily installed without the typical concerns of radio-frequency interference or signal obstructions, and provides an instantly expandable system. 
         [0070]    Referring now to  FIG. 3 , a diagrammatic representation of an electrical node module is shown and generally designated  300 . Electrical node  300  includes a power input  302 , and a number of status light emitting diodes (LEDs), such as network confirmation LED  304 , radio operation confirmation LED  306 , status indicator LED  308 , and power indicator LED  310 . An antenna  311  may be external to the chassis, or contained or embedded within the chassis, or formed on a circuit board within the chassis. 
         [0071]    The function of the various status LEDs are consistent from node to node within the resource management and control system  100  of the present invention. The selective illumination of the various status LEDs can be programmed to provide instantaneous visual indication of the proper operation of the node. In a preferred embodiment, Power LED  310  is on when power supply is connected and active. Network LED  304  is driven by the wireless communication circuit within the node, and will flash differently depending on the state of the module to the network. Similarly, the radio LED  306 , also driven by the wireless communication circuit, allows the signal strength indication to be visually observed. The status LED  308  is controlled by the firmware within the node and its function in the energy module may be adjusted during manufacturing. In a preferred embodiment, upon powering up the node, and after passing any built-in self-diagnostics, the status LED  308  will give 3, ½-second pulses to indicate that the system appears to be working normally. If any system problems are determined, the status LED  308  should continuously flash an error code indicative of the problem. An example of error code ‘ 2 ’ could be 2 flashes followed by an off interval period, then repeating. If the node is operating normally, the status LED  308  is off unless some anomaly is noted. The illumination of the LED status indicators is merely exemplary, and can be changed without departing from the present invention. 
         [0072]    Electrical node  300  includes a number of current measurement and voltage measurement inputs to sense the electrical energy being utilized by the house  102 . In a preferred embodiment, electrical node  300  is capable of sensing current and voltage for three independent AC sources. It may be that each voltage and current represents different phases of multi-phased power sources, or each may be independent of the others. For instance, differential current inputs A  312 , B  314  and C  316  receive current sensing of the electrical supply  118  from utility  110 . 
         [0073]    In a preferred embodiment, the current sensing is achieved using an inductive sensor, such as a Rogowski coil. A Rogowski coil is an electrical device for measuring alternating current (AC) or high speed current pulses. It consists of a helical coil of wire with the lead from one end returning through the centre of the coil to the other end, so that both terminals are at the same end of the coil. The whole assembly is then wrapped around the straight conductor whose current is to be measured. Since the voltage that is induced in the coil is proportional to the rate of change (derivative) of current in the straight conductor, the output of the Rogowski coil is usually connected to an electrical (or electronic) integrator circuit in order to provide an output signal that is proportional to current. 
         [0074]    One advantage of a Rogowski coil over other types of current transformers is that it can be manufactured open-ended and flexible, allowing it to be wrapped around a live conductor without disturbing it. Because a Rogowski coil has an air core rather than an iron core, it has a low inductance and can respond to fast-changing currents. Also, because it has no iron core to saturate, it is highly linear even when subjected to large currents and is largely immune to electromagnetic interference. 
         [0075]    The Rogowski coil incorporated in the present invention provides a convenient and easy to install solution for current measurement as there are no rigid ferrite cores like those used in competing inductive current sensors. Instead, the flexible conductor is secured around a current-carrying wire, and the current sensitivity is sufficient to provide accurate current measurements across a broad range of currents. While the Rogowski coil as described herein is a preferred embodiment, the incorporation of other current sensing devices in the present invention is fully contemplated, including but not limited to clamp-on current sensing devices. 
         [0076]    Three voltage inputs and a neutral connection  318  are provided to sense three separate AC voltage levels. The three AC voltages share the same neutral potential and are labeled VA, VB, VC, and VN. The inputs are identical in design and generic, thus allowing the firmware to determine the function of each input. In a preferred installation, voltage VA corresponds to current IA (+/−)  312 , voltage VB corresponds to current  1 B (+/−)  314  and voltage VC corresponds to current IC (+/−)  316 . In a typical home installation VA and VB would be used to measure the two-phase mains voltage entering the house and VC would be used to monitor an alternative energy source of power such as wind or photovoltaic panels. Accordingly, by utilizing the instantaneous current and voltage measurements for A, B and C, the power associated with each can be determined using the simplified equation Power=Current×Voltage (P=IV). The algorithms actually implemented take into consideration other factors, and this simplified equation is merely for discussion purposes, and in no way intended to limit the scope of the present invention. 
         [0077]    Referring now to  FIG. 4 , a diagrammatic representation of a water node module is shown and generally designated  350 . Water node  350  includes a power input  352 , and a number of status light emitting diodes (LEDs), such as network confirmation LED  354 , radio operation confirmation LED  356 , status indicator LED  358 , and power indicator LED  360 . An antenna  361  may be external to the chassis, or contained or embedded within the chassis, or formed on a circuit board within the chassis. 
         [0078]    Water node  350  includes a pair of differential flow rate input (FLOW RATE 1+/−)  362  and (FLOW RATE 2+/−)  366  to receive flow rate signals from flow rate sensors  146  and  148  (shown in  FIG. 1 ), and a pair of control outputs (ON/OFF 1+/−)  364  and (ON/OFF 2+/−)  368  to control valves  144  and  145  (shown in  FIG. 1 ). 
         [0079]    Separate flow rate status LEDs  370  and  372  provide a visual indication of any measurable water flow. For instance, FLOW A LED  370  is on and flashing when flow is detected at Input A.  362 , and FLOW B LED  372  is on and flashing when flow is detected at Input B  366 . Control output status LEDs  374  and  376  provide a visual indication of the ON/Off state of the control output. For instance, OUTPUT LEDs  374  and  376  are on when outputs  364  and  368  are in the ON configuration. 
         [0080]      FIG. 5  is a diagrammatic representation of an irrigation node module generally designated  400 . Irrigation node  400  includes a power input  402 , and a number of status light emitting diodes (LEDs), such as network confirmation LED  404 , radio operation confirmation LED  406 , status indicator LED  408 , and power indicator LED  410 . An antenna  411  may be external to the chassis, or contained or embedded within the chassis, or formed on a circuit board within the chassis. 
         [0081]    Irrigation node  400  includes a 28 VAC input  416  which is used to drive various irrigation zones through irrigation zone control outputs  412 . Specifically, input  416  receives a voltage suitable for driving typical irrigation control valves (see  152 ,  156 , and  160  of  FIG. 1 ). This voltage on input  416  is selectively provided to zone control outputs  412  according to a determined irrigation schedule. This scheduling will be described in greater detail in conjunction with  FIGS. 14-16 . 
         [0082]    As an alternative to providing irrigation node  400  with input voltages  416 , node  400  can derive the voltages necessary to control irrigation zone control outputs  412  from power input  402 . 
         [0083]    Referring now to  FIG. 6 , a diagrammatic representation of a gas node module is shown and generally designated  450 . Gas node  450  includes a power input  452 , and a number of status light emitting diodes (LEDs), such as network confirmation LED  454 , radio operation confirmation LED  456 , status indicator LED  458 , and power indicator LED  460 . An antenna  461  may be external to the chassis, or contained or embedded within the chassis, or formed on a circuit board within the chassis. 
         [0084]    Gas node  450  includes a single differential flow rate input  462  designed to receive a flow rate signal from gas flow meter  136  (shown in  FIG. 1 ). In a preferred embodiment, a control output  464  is provided to a gas valve, such as valve  134  (shown in  FIG. 1 ). In the event that a gas leak is detected, system  100  can interrupt the flow of gas in supply  132  from utility  110  into the house  102 . 
         [0085]      FIG. 7  is a diagrammatic representation of an environmental node module generally designated  500 . Environmental node  500  includes a power input  502 , and a number of status light emitting diodes (LEDs), such as network confirmation LED  504 , radio operation confirmation LED  506 , status indicator LED  508 , and power indicator LED  510 . An antenna  511  may be external to the chassis, or contained or embedded within the chassis, or formed on a circuit board within the chassis. 
         [0086]    Environmental node  500  includes three (3) differential temperature zone inputs  512  and  514 , differential humidity input  516 , and two (2) differential radiation level inputs  518  and  520 . As shown in  FIG. 1 , the environmental node  500  may include an exterior sensing unit  170  that provides input related to current external conditions. These various inputs can provide the resource management and control system of the present invention with real-time local environmental information that can be utilized to optimize energy use, and realize the largest savings possible. 
         [0087]    Referring now to  FIG. 8 , a diagrammatic representation of a solar node module is shown and generally designated  550 . Solar node  550  includes a power input  552 , and a number of status light emitting diodes (LEDs), such as network confirmation LED  554 , radio operation confirmation LED  556 , status indicator LED  558 , and power indicator LED  550 . An antenna  561  may be external to the chassis, or contained or embedded within the chassis, or formed on a circuit board within the chassis. 
         [0088]    Solar node  550 , in a preferred embodiment, includes at least one pair of differential voltage and current inputs. For instance, differential voltage input  562  and differential current input  564  provide basic instantaneous power production measurements for a solar collector  120 . Solar node  550  may also include an interface  566  for the inverter connected with solar collector  120 , to receive condition data concerning the proper operation and power production of the solar collector  120 . 
         [0089]    While a single voltage and current input  562  and  564  are shown on solar node  550 , it is to be appreciated that the node may be equipped with multiple voltage and current measurement inputs to accommodate a system user  101  having multiple solar collectors  120 . 
         [0090]      FIG. 9  is a block diagram of the circuitry of a typical energy module and generally designated  600 . Block diagram  600  includes a power supply  602  having an input  604 , and which generates all voltage levels required for operation of the energy module. A core processor  610  provides digital processing to the energy module. In a preferred embodiment, core processor  610  is a microcontroller having onboard program and dynamic storage memory, such as the PIC18Fxxxx family of microcontrollers. It is to be appreciated that the incorporation of such microcontrollers into the modules of the resource management and control system of the present invention is merely exemplary of a preferred embodiment, and no limitation as to the selection or incorporation of alternatively functioning computing devices is intended. 
         [0091]    Status LED driver  612  receives input from core processor  610  to illuminate the status LEDs ( 304 ,  306 ,  308  and  310  shown in  FIG. 3 ) to provide visual indicators of the node&#39;s operational state. Core processor also communicates with wireless module  614 . As described above, in a preferred embodiment, module  614  is a ZigBee communication module and establishes a bidirectional mesh communication network throughout house  102 . Because each ZigBee implementation is established with a unique serial number and identifier, it is capable of distinguishing any house  102  from any neighboring house, thereby providing security and reliability in operation. It is to be appreciated that incorporation of a ZigBee communication module into the resource management and control system of the present invention is merely exemplary of a preferred embodiment, and no limitation as to the selection or incorporation of alternative functionally equivalent or similar communication interfaces such as PLC is intended. 
         [0092]    Electrical power interface  618  includes three paired voltage and current inputs  620 ,  622 , and  624  which receive voltage and current levels from AC power sources such as different phases of multi-phase power to a property. In a preferred embodiment, electrical power interface  618  is a high accuracy, 3-phase electrical energy measurement IC with a serial interface and two pulse outputs. One suitable device is the Analog Devices ADE7758 which incorporates second-order Σ-Δ analog to digital converters (ADCs), a digital integrator, reference circuitry, a temperature sensor, and all the signal processing required to perform active, reactive, and apparent energy measurement and RMS calculations. The data output of electric power interface  618  is provided to core processor  610  to be manipulated and transmitted through the wireless module  614 . 
         [0093]    A variety of signal conditioning circuits can be incorporated into the electrical node of the present invention, and are fully contemplated herein. Such signal conditioning is well known in the art, and intended to remove spurious noise and signal glitches that would otherwise contribute to erroneous measurements. 
         [0094]    In addition to the three phase electrical voltage inputs  620 ,  622 , and  624 , it is possible to detect the electrical voltage levels from the supply voltage inputs  302 . Using this approach, only a single electrical input connection is required to sense voltage levels within the system. 
         [0095]    In order to easily manufacture the electrical node  600 , it may be equipped with one or more factory calibration port(s)  626 . Due to the unique nature of the electrical node and the accuracy requirement, provisions for the factory calibration of the node have been made. To that end, the PIC microcontroller selected as a preferred embodiment has two distinct communication ports. One port (TX 1 /RX 1 ) has been dedicated to the transmission of radio data to wireless module  614 , and a second port (TX 2 /RX 2 ) is to be used exclusively for calibration purposes. 
         [0096]    Connection to the processor calibration port is available and uses standard logic-levels. To connect this input to a computer port, either an RS-232 or USB adapter circuit must be used as part of the test setup. Additionally, to aid in calibration of the module, direct connection to the electric power interface output is available. 
         [0097]    Referring now to  FIG. 10 , a block diagram of the circuitry of a typical flow module is shown and generally designated  650 . Block diagram  650  includes a power supply  652  having an input  654 , and which generates all voltage levels required for operation of the flow module. A core processor  660  provides digital processing to the flow module. In a preferred embodiment, core processor  610  is a microcontroller having onboard program and dynamic storage memory, such as the PIC18Fxxxx family of microcontrollers. It is to be appreciated that the incorporation of such microcontrollers into the modules of the resource management and control system of the present invention is merely exemplary of a preferred embodiment, and no limitation as to the selection or incorporation of alternatively functioning computing devices is intended. 
         [0098]    Status LED driver  662  receives input from core processor  660  to illuminate the status LEDs (such as  354 ,  356 ,  358 ,  360 ,  370 ,  372 ,  374  and  376  shown in  FIG. 4 ) to provide visual indicators of the node&#39;s operational state. Core processor  660  also communicates with wireless module  664 . As described above, in a preferred embodiment, module  664  is a ZigBee communication module and establishes a bidirectional mesh communication network with other nodes throughout house  102 . 
         [0099]    Flow sensor interface  668  is in electrical communication with core processor  660 , and includes a pair of flow inputs  670  and  672 . These inputs allow for the measurement of flow rate at two separate locations in the house  102 , such as incoming mains and irrigation (flow meters  146  and  148  of  FIG. 1 ). The flow input A  670 , in a preferred embodiment, is specifically dedicated to CST or similar digital flow rate sensors. This input is primarily intended to connect to a 2-wire, pulse output, flow rate sensor, such as the CST type through a low pass filter (not shown). These sensors allow the measurement of flow rate by detecting a frequency by simply counting pulses over a known time interval and/or resolution of an edge transition 
         [0100]    Flow Input B  672  may be used for either CST type flow rate sensors or totalizer type, contact closure inputs. Input  672  is a generalized, auxiliary input but primarily intended to connect to a contact-closure, pulse-per-volume output, water meter type sensor. In the contact-closure mode, the input hardware includes a low-pass filter network to suppress contact bounce and spurious noise impulses. 
         [0101]    Flow measurements are determined in different manners depending on the type of sensor utilized. For instance, pulse output flow rate sensors exhibit a linear relationship between the actual flow rate and the pulse rate typically characterized by the following equation: GPM=K(Fs+Fo) where: GPM=flow rate in Gallons Per Minute; K=flow constant (GPM/Hz); Fs=sensor pulse frequency, and Fo=offset frequency. 
         [0000]    For the CST series of sensors, the following calibration data applies: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Size 
                 K 
                 Offset 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 1 
                 0.320 
                 0.022 
               
               
                 1½ 
                 0.650 
                 0.750 
               
               
                 2 
                 1.192 
                 0.938 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0102]    During setup of the system  100 , the user utilizes the user interface to select the water supply pipe sizes to the house  102 , such as selection of pipe sizes from standard pipe diameters (1″, 1.5″ and 2″). With this information available, the calculation of the flow rate through the flow meter  146  and  148  can be made. 
         [0103]    To measure frequency, core processor  660  counts the number of pulses accumulated in 1 second, and filters the results using either an DR or FIR filter approach with a time constant of around 5 to 10 seconds. This approach places very minimal burden on the processor  660  and has worked well, 
         [0104]    A control output  676  is provided and includes a 40 volt, 1 amp, solid-state relay output capable of actuating typical 24 VAC irrigation valves. Also, a temperature sensor  674  is provided within the flow module. In a preferred embodiment, temperature sensor  674  includes a thermistor on the module&#39;s printed circuit board which allows the measurement of the module temperature. Assuming that this sensor is exposed to the exterior ambient environment, this feature would be useful for potential freeze alerts, and can be used to interrupt the flow of water into the house  102  in the event of a pipe failure. 
         [0105]    Referring now to  FIG. 11 , a block diagram showing an exemplary software architecture for the resource management and control system of the present invention is generally designated  700 . Architecture  700  includes a wireless server  702 , application server  704 , user interface display server  706  and a data center server  708 . 
         [0106]    Wireless server  702  runs the ZigBee Pro operating system, and includes a electric node driver  712 , a water node driver  714 , a solar node driver  716 , a gas node driver  718 , a thermostat driver  720 , and additional wireless interface drivers  722  as needed (such as for a pool, medical, security, etc.). In a preferred embodiment, wireless server  702  operates on a plug computer. 
         [0107]    Application server  704  runs API with third-party integration, using the ReST Services™. Within the application server, the ENERGY GUARD Web application utilizing Adobe FLEX™  730  runs and Control4 (Lua)™  732  algorithms are incorporated, Also, GOOGLE GADGET™ for iGoogle  734  is incorporated to provide an interface between the application server and various remote user devices. 
         [0108]    User interface display server  706  utilizes a touchscreen interface running Windows7™ with Guestworks™, and a proprietary in-home display program that displays the user interface display and receives tactile selections from the user. 
         [0109]    Data center server  708  utilizes the MySQL RDMBS sequel server relational database management system  744 . MySQL provides multiple users with access to a number of databases, such as is required when the resource management and control system of the present invention is running simultaneously on multiple users  101 . 
         [0110]    Also running within data center server  708  is a Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP). PHP is a widely used, general-purpose scripting language that was originally designed for web development to produce dynamic web pages. For this purpose, PHP code is embedded into the HTML source document and interpreted by a web server with a PHP processor module, which generates the web page document and facilitates the creation of web-based data for use throughout the resource management and control system of the present invention. 
         [0111]    Apache Web HTTP server application  748  also runs within the data center server, and provides web interface for the system. Various device drivers are also resident on the data center server. For example, Google Weather Services  750 , Watts Up? Smart Circuit  20   752 , WEM-MX 3-Phase Commercial  754 , and LEM interface  756  are utilized in obtaining weather data, and determining energy rates. Device drivers that interface to the user billing information over EDI  758  and interface to Location Services  760  available from cellular network operators are also shown. Further, the Data center server  708  further includes autonomous resource optimization process, such as the preferred embodiment of an Irrigation Control Process  770  is shown. Finally, Data center server  708  also utilizes the LINUX operating system  758 , and interfaces with Fedora, Ubuntu, and Android. 
         [0112]    The various combinations and allocations of software operating on the various servers as described in conjunction with  FIG. 11  are merely exemplary of a preferred embodiment. It is to be appreciated that the relocation of software modules within the architecture  700  is fully contemplated, and that the selection or substitution of software modules with similarly-function software is also fully contemplated without departing from the scope of the present invention. 
         [0113]      FIG. 12  is an exemplary wireless message format generally designated  770 . Message  770  includes standard API packet  772  containing various ZigBee frame fields. In this embodiment, the message format begins with a start delimiter  774 , and sets forth a message length  776 . The frame-specific data  778  includes such variables as frame type  780 , frame ID  782 , 64-bit destination address  784 , 16 bit destination address  786 , broadcast radius  788 , any available message options  790 , and the RF data payload  792 . In the present example, the RF data payload identifies the meter device as ELECTRIC, and the instantaneous demand is 305.8 Watts, and consumption is 3956.2 KWH. The message concludes with a checksum  796 . 
         [0114]    The message format set forth in  FIG. 12  is exemplary of a standard ZigBee communication. By utilizing the specific  64  bit and  16  bit addresses  784  and  786 , a specific house  102 , and a specific node within the house are identified. The broadcast radius  788  sets out the number of message “hops” that can be made with a single message between multiple ZigBee transceivers. Referring now to  FIG. 13 , a flow chart of an exemplary data transfer from is shown and generally designated  800 . Flow chart  800  begins in step  802 , and a first decision is made in step  804  to determine if the node timer has expired. The node timer is established to establish the rate at which the node self-reports to the local communications server  107 . If the timer has not expired, the system waits in loop  805 . Upon expiration of the node timer, the node data is summarized in step  806 . As an example, the energy node embedded processor timer is pre-set to transmit data every 15 seconds. 
         [0115]    In step  808 , the summarized data is transmitted via ZigBee packet data in the message format as set forth in  FIG. 12 , namely, the ZigBee API Packet Frame using Digi XBee PRO radio API mode, and transmits data such as a unique Meter ID, the metering device type, its instantaneous demand (Watts), and its cumulative consumption (kWh). The summarized data is contained within the RF data payload section  792  of the API packet message  772 . Steps designated by grouping  812  occur in the specific node. 
         [0116]    In step  814 , the ZigBee packet is received in the wireless server using a USB XStick ZigBee radio. The serial ZigBee radio packet data is decoded in step  816  using the ZigBee server application Python running on a Linux operating system. The decoded data is transformed for posting to the central sever in step  818  using Fedora Linux in the secure data center). The transformed data is then posted to the central server in step  820  using a remote MySQL call to calculate the history stored procedure in the data center. Flow chart  800  returns to step  814  to receive any subsequent messages from the node. Steps designated by grouping  824  occur in the wireless server. 
         [0117]    In step  826 , the record transaction data from the node is stored and the history is updated in the central server. Central server updates the keep-alive monitor and verifies the online status of the user in step  828 . For example, MySQL procedures populate the last read, transaction detail and history, plus a keep-alive heartbeat is updated to report ONLINE status. Also, minute processes run to look for event programming logic engine changes, hourly processes run to update the weather data used for data normalization, and nightly processes run to compress/purge data, update historical buckets (in compliance with CALGreen A5.204.2.1 data storage requirements). Flow chart  800  returns to step  826  to receive any subsequent messages from the wireless server. Steps designated by grouping  832  occur in the central server. 
         [0118]    At pre-determined intervals, such as every  15  seconds, or upon demand, the display server requests “live” update data from the central server in step  834  using Web Service call. The central server returns current operational data to the display server in step  836 , and the display server parses this data in preparation for posting in step  838 . The parsed returned data is posted to the user interface on the display server in step  840 . Specifically, Web Service returns data to an Adobe Flash Application to parser on receive using the RESTful data services, and the parsed data updated on screen. Flow chart  800  returns to step  834  in anticipation of receiving a request for a subsequent “live” update. Steps designated by grouping  852  occur in the display server. 
         [0119]    Flow chart  800  depicts an exemplary data transfer and handling of a message from its initial creation in an electric node, through the wireless server, through the central server, and a response message containing the updated information being returned to the display server. The specific locations of these functional steps are merely exemplary of a preferred embodiment, and it is to be appreciated that these steps can be performed throughout the resource management and control system of the present invention without departing from the spirit of the invention. 
         [0120]    Referring now to  FIG. 14 , a flow chart of an exemplary irrigation control process is shown and generally designated  900 . Flow chart  900  begins with start step  902 , and in step  904  a unique client folder is created within the central server. The central server receives the client location zip code in step  906 , and downloads weather and local irrigation information in step  908 . Utilizing the zip code obtained in step  906 , the central server creates a profile for the specific client location, and can include standard evapotranspiration ratings, and known radiation averages in the region. 
         [0121]    The user can then select in step  910  to use a basic or advanced irrigation criteria. For instance, if basic criteria is selected, in step  912 , the user enters basic information regarding the house  102  and its surroundings. For instance, general plant types, nozzle types, and overall climate conditions are entered. Alternatively, the user enters advanced information which includes specific plant types, nozzle types, soil types, microclimate characteristics, sloped or flat areas, and other characteristics used to determine optimum irrigation needs. 
         [0122]    The user provided irrigation zone data (K L ) is received in step  916 , and the specific local environmental variables, such as the specific evapotranspiration levels, are calculated in step  918 . Next, irrigation variables such as precipitation history, required irrigation schedules, segmentation, and irrigation start times are calculated in step  920 . 
         [0123]    Once the calculation of the irrigation schedule has been made, the system awaits the specified irrigation time in step  922 , and wait loop  924 . Once the irrigation time arrives in step  922 , the current weather information is updated in step  926 , and the irrigation schedule is confirmed or adjusted in accordance with the newly obtained weather information in step  928 . The adjusted irrigation schedule is implemented and irrigation instruction signals are transmitted to the irrigation node in step  930 . Each of the irrigation instructions is executed in step  932 , and once completed, a confirmation of execution including actual watering time is returned in step  934 . 
         [0124]    The specific steps set forth in the exemplary irrigation control flow chart  900  are merely exemplary of a preferred embodiment. A great deal of information can be utilized in optimizing the irrigation instructions for providing adequate irrigation, with minimal waste. Specific aspects of the irrigation control are discussed below, and it is to be appreciated that these aspects may be incorporated alone or in combination within the irrigation control of the present invention. 
         [0125]    In a preferred embodiment, a user specific worksheet is created and contains the variables that the present invention utilizes to determine specific ETo value for users. In this worksheet, two potential weather data sources are typically listed. The two weather data options are free through an XML data feed. The first weather data source is the National Weather Service forecast available through http://forecast.weather.gov, and the second weather data source is the California Irrigation Management Information Systems (CIMIS) available through http://wwwcimis.water.ca.gov. For California users, CIMIS weather data would be ideal, because ETo is already calculated. For client elsewhere in the United States, the first weather data option should be used. 
         [0126]    The weather data available through these sources may be automatically downloaded by means of XML and FTP data exchanges. Thus, to determine a specific evapotranspiration (ETo) value for any user location, the user should be prompted to enter their zip code during setup and registration of the controller on a computer via software or hardware interfaces. The zip code allows the server to determine the forecast weather data needed for a particular user. 
         [0127]    Variables contained in the user specific worksheet are typical of those used to determine irrigation requirements. For instance, a suitable listing of these variables is available from a manual published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Examples of geographically determined weather data may include Total ETo (in); Total Precip (in); Avg Sol Rad (Ly/Day); Avg. Vap Pres (mBars); Avg. Max Air Tmp (F); Avg. Min Air Tmp (F); Avg. Air Tmp (F); Avg. Max Rel Hum (%); Avg. Min Rel Hum (%); Avg. Rel Hum (%); Avg. Dew Point (F); Avg. Wind Speed (mph); and Avg. Soil Temp (F). 
         [0128]    On the exemplary worksheet, each variable is utilized in the calculation of site-specific evapotranspiration ratings, utilizing the Penman-Montheith&#39;s ETo equation. The larger number of variables utilized in the calculations, the more accurate the result will be. 
         [0129]    Solar radiation is a key factor in calculation of the evapotranspiration value. For the sum of solar radiation, Rn, the specific Ra values for a sunny day vary by degree of latitude. Ra is needed to determine the specific solar climate where a user is located. When the user inputs their zip code, the weather forecast databases provide latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates that can be used to identify Ra from values listed. Typically, when weather data indicates that it is a cloudy day in that region, the Ra value is only 75% of actual value. 
         [0130]    In creating a user&#39;s profile, the yearly Ra values in addition to three-years of accumulated maximum, minimum, and average temperatures that apply may be uploaded to the central server. The temperature values and Ra may be used to calculate the monthly ETo in the event that the controller disconnects with central server. The offline ETo calculation is a simplified version of Penman-Montheith&#39;s equation, but less accurate. 
         [0131]    Irrigating duration and scheduling may be automated within the central server and based on weather conditions available to the central server. The server continuously monitors real-time weather updates of daily and weekly weather forecasts. In order to maximize the benefits of irrigation, the irrigation time should be activated at the lowest temperature of the day. For example, if tomorrow&#39;s forecast predicts low temperature to be 65 degrees, the server takes note of the low temperature forecast and instructs the irrigation controller to initiate irrigation when the system detects that the user&#39;s current local temperature is 65 degrees. The server will send the daily ETo value to calculate ETi and signal the controller to irrigate once it finishes calculating the amount of time each irrigation zone needs based on the user&#39;s specific setup criteria. 
         [0132]    The control station records the amount of local precipitation and ETo data sent from the central servers and calculates ETi. If it rains, a certain amount of precipitation is added to a zone for that irrigation period. If the accumulated precipitation exceeds the daily ETi, then the zone does not need additional irrigation until the sum of ETi exceeds accumulated precipitation determined from the available weather forecast data. The irrigation cycle returns to a normal pattern only after the ETi exceeds the accumulated precipitation level. 
         [0133]    In a preferred embodiment, and as mentioned above in conjunction with step  910 , a user can opt between a basic zone data mode and an advanced zone data mode. The basic mode has six options, namely a combination of sunny/mixed/shade, and turf/shrub. A user only has to assign a zone to a valve and simply pick the option that best fits that zone&#39;s landscape. The software or hardware interface would already have the average nozzle rate, microclimate, crop types, and crop density values defined as indicated on the worksheet. 
         [0134]    For the advanced mode, four options are available for users to select and customize for individual zone. Microclimate, crop types, crop density, and nozzle specifications can be individually selected to fit the specifications of the landscape and irrigation system of the zone. 
         [0135]    If necessary or desired, the user has the option to decrease and increase irrigation time from a range of −5% to 25% in increments of 5% to calibrate the amount of water irrigated. When the user adjusts the percent increments it decreases and increases the effective ETi values, which change the irrigation time since ETi divide by nozzle rate equal time. 
         [0136]    To limit runoff and allow time for the soil to absorb irrigated water the determined irrigation time should be divided into two cycles and the break time between each cycle is the total irrigated time needed. If a zone is sloped then the irrigation time will be further divided into more cycles and the break in between irrigation is also based on the determined total irrigation time. A subcategory of different slope angles can be available for users to select, such as 3 cycles for 10 degree slope, 4 cycles for 20 degree slope, and 5 cycles for 30 degree slope, for example. 
         [0137]    A user selects the specific vegetation types and the scale of density. The species factor (ks) accounts for variation in water needs by different plant species, divided into 3 categories (high, average, and low water need). To determine the appropriate category for a plant species, use plant manuals and professional experience. This factor is somewhat subjective; however, landscape professionals know the general water needs of plant species. Landscapes can be maintained in acceptable condition at about 50% of the reference evapotranspiration (ETa) value, and therefore the average value of ks is 0.5. If a species does not require irrigation once it is established, then the effective ks=0 0 and the resulting K L =O. 
         [0138]    Referring to  FIG. 15 , an exemplary irrigation database table is shown and generally designated  950 . Table  950  includes a listing of basic irrigation mode information  952  such as average nozzle rates, micro climate, crop types, crop density, and K L , and a permutation of sunny/mixed/shaded and turf/shrub in columns  953 . Section  954  of table  950  includes historical calculations of Eti by month based on the various vegetation and microclimate conditions. Section  956  includes the T min , T max  T mean , radiation data, and E t0  listed monthly. Utilizing the data in Table  950 , the specific irrigation needs for a particular plant zone can be calculated. 
         [0139]      FIG. 16  is another irrigation table generally designated  960 , and summarizes actual data calculated, collected and verified by the central server of the present invention and providing irrigation consumption and cost histories. For example, section  962  of table  960  lists specific E Ti  daily average, recorded precipitation, daily E t  totals, irrigation time, water usage, and cost for the particular zone, and the data is summarized across section  964  by month. The data presented in table  960  provides a user with real-time feedback as to the true consumption of the irrigation system of the present invention. 
         [0140]    Referring now to  FIG. 17 , a diagrammatical representation of the resource management and control system of the present invention is shown and generally designated  1000 . The implementation of system  1000  includes an enlarged view of a typical user interface  1002  presented on the display  104  (shown in  FIG. 1 ). User interface  1002 , in a preferred embodiment, includes various popular application programs, such as Facebook™  1004 , FedEx™  1006 , and Maps  1008 . 
         [0141]    As shown in this Figure, it can be appreciated that the user interface  1002  on control station  108  represents a central hub of operation, or core computational device, for the home or light industrial facility into which the resource management and control system of the present invention is being incorporated. Specifically, as shown, the user interface includes many common icons representing the functionality of various applications, along with the icons specifically utilized by the present invention. It is contemplated that the resource management and control system of the present invention will supplement or supplant many other electronic communication products which are utilized in the home, and provide a central computing device capable of providing all aspects of the present invention, along with many of the other features presented and discussed herein. 
         [0142]    In a preferred embodiment, a set of node-specific operational icons  1010 - 1024  are shown along the bottom edge of user interface  1002 . For instance, the following node-specific icons are shown: water node icon  1010 ; energy node icon  1012 ; thermostat node icon  1014 ; calendar icon  1016 ; solar node icon  1018 ; gas node icon  1020 , weather icon  1022 , and irrigation node icon  1024 . 
         [0143]      FIG. 18  is an example of the typical user interface of  FIG. 17  with the water icon  1010  accessed. In this view, the standard user interface  1030 , or “dashboard”, of the present invention is shown and includes a cumulative water usage gauge  1032 , and a cumulative energy usage gauge  1033 . Water usage gauge  1032  also displays the current consumption rate  1034  in numerical form, along with an accumulated cost in dial  1035 , and a relative comparison to other users in a peer group, such as the neighborhood or region in dial  1036 . Cumulative energy usage gauge  1033  also displays the current consumption rate  1037  in numerical form, along with an accumulated cost in dial  1038 , and a relative comparison to other users in the neighborhood or region in dial  1039 . 
         [0144]    The basic user interface, or “dashboard,” provides users with an instantaneous assessment of their current, as well as cumulative energy consumption. Utilizing this real-time data, users can immediately adjust their consumption patterns and behavior to minimize their water and energy usage. 
         [0145]    Referring now to  FIG. 19 , an example of the typical user interface of  FIG. 17  with the thermostat icon  1014  accessed is shown and designated  1040 . Thermostat display  1040  includes a numerical readout of the current interior zone temperatures  1042 , and mode control buttons  1044  for cooling and  1048  for heating, along with corresponding consumption bars  1046  and  1050  to provide a graphical representation of the consumption associated with the heating or cooling mode. Page buttons are provided for monitoring settings  1052 , zones  1054 , and for scheduling  1056 . Utilizing this interface, the user can monitor and control the environment within the house  102  precisely, and with the real-time feedback of consumption rates, energy consumption and expense can be minimized. 
         [0146]      FIG. 20  is an example of the typical user interface of  FIG. 17  with the calendar icon  1016  accessed. Using this calendar page  1060 , the current temperature  1062 , with projected high and low values, and time clock  1064  are shown. Users may access a calendar through this interface for scheduling events throughout the days, months and years. 
         [0147]      FIG. 21  is an example of the typical user interface of  FIG. 17  with the irrigation icon  1024  accessed, Irrigation display  1070  includes the current irrigation schedule  1072 , and provides a graphical display  1074  of instantaneous consumption rates. In the event a user wants to adjust a particular irrigation schedule, hold button  1076 , manual button  1078  or all zone selection  1080  may be selected. By selecting these user interface buttons, the irrigation schedule for any or all zones may be paused, overridden, or cancelled. Page buttons are provided for monitoring irrigation settings  1082 , irrigation zones  1084 , and for scheduling  1086 . Accessing these buttons will allow a user to customize the operation of the irrigation system. 
         [0148]    The system architecture of the resource management and control system of the present invention provides many user benefits. For instance, the Multi-Touch Screen Dashboard incorporated into the display server provides users with a simple to understand interface that is intuitive, easily viewable, and prominently located within the home. By providing the user with the ability to view usage history, and real-time usage metrics for the entire house, the user can take immediate steps to minimize consumption. This ability to instantaneously assess the current and historical consumption and costs of electricity, gas and water, provide a user with the ability to make decisions and behavioral changes resulting in optimal resource usage within their preferred budget. The user can automatically manage their own utility usage, and even compare their use to the average neighborhood usage. 
         [0149]    By incorporating an autonomous Irrigation Control Process, excessive irrigation is avoided. In addition to consumption metrics, the resource management and control system of the present invention also provides for the management of energy production, such as through solar collectors or wind generators. The system can track solar production in real time, providing a user with instantaneous data regarding energy production. 
         [0150]    Users can gain access and control of the resource management and control system of the present invention through WebControl, as well as virtually any other remote portable electronic device. This provides users with unlimited access and control of their utilities, even when absent from the home. 
         [0151]    As the utility grid becomes increasingly overburdened, the resource management and control system of the present invention allows a user to receive messages and alerts from the power company requesting additional conservation efforts. Since the user can access the system from virtually anywhere, immediate conservation efforts can be realized. This demand response management and real-time load shedding capability can often prevent catastrophic failures in electrical supply, or the commonly occurring brown-out conditions that exist during peak consumption periods. 
         [0152]    The customizable nature of the present invention provides the user, as well as the administrator, the ability to customize personal usage of utilities in order to optimize the value of the utilities, thereby minimizing costs. By utilizing the advantages of time-value billing, and focusing heavy use periods during those periods of lowest demand, significant savings can be realized. This time-value billing provides a user with the ability to conserve money while maintaining the comfort levels and utility uses within the home or light commercial property. Moreover, the ability to schedule when to operate the larger energy consuming projects in order to take advantage of the lower billing rates, allows a user to not only conserve the energy that they use, but also to minimize the money that they pay for that energy. 
         [0153]    A feature of the resource management and control system of the present invention includes the centralized processing functions for the home or light industrial property. By utilizing the present invention, virtually all functions within the home or light industrial property may be monitored and controlled in accordance with prescribed savings programs, and can be real-time monitored in order to maximize the cost savings and minimize the energy usage of the property. 
         [0154]    The resource management and control system of the present invention has been described to include several communication methods. For instance, communication links within the system have included wired, wireless, and PLC communication technologies that are known in the art. It is to be appreciated that node-to-node communication, as well as node to central server communication, may be achieved using any communication method known in the art. 
         [0155]    The resource management and control system of the present invention has been described as suitable for new construction, as well as retrofit applications. Utilizing the wireless ZigBee communication products and protocol provides an effective wireless communication solution to all system components within the range of the ZigBee communication hardware. Power line communication (PLC) technologies also have an appropriate application in the resource management and control system of the present invention as it is particularly well suited for use in existing structures having radio frequency interference or multi-path issues. A PLC communication system as incorporated into the present invention utilizes the existing structural power wiring as a reliable digital communication medium without any deleterious effect on the power signals. These solutions, alone or in combination, provide a robust, easily to install retrofit application for existing homes and light industrial structures. 
         [0156]    The unique open architecture, expandable platform, and wireless communication of the resource management and control system of the present invention provides a simple, turnkey energy management solution for both new and existing homes. The resource management and control system of the present invention, unlike any other system, allows a user to set and track savings goals, and to most importantly, save money.