Abstract:
A print section patterns a coating layer to form a pattern layer on a carrier and then transfers the pattern layer to a substrate. A controller obtains a first carrier thickness by measuring the thickness of the carrier carrying the coating layer and adjusts a gap between the carrier carrying the coating layer and the printing plate based on the first carrier thickness immediately before the coating layer is patterned. The controller also obtains a second carrier thickness by measuring the thickness of the carrier carrying the pattern layer and adjusts a gap between the carrier carrying the pattern layer and the substrate based on the second carrier thickness immediately before the pattern layer is transferred.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    The disclosure of Japanese Patent Applications enumerated below including specifications, drawings and claims is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety:
   No. 2011-261825 filed on Nov. 30, 2011; and   No. 2012-189812 filed on Aug. 30, 2012.   
 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0005]    The present invention relates to a printing apparatus and a printing method in which a part of a carrier such as a blanket carrying a coating layer is pressed into contact with a printing plate to form a pattern layer and then a part of the carrier having the pattern layer is pressed into contact with a substrate to transfer the pattern layer to the substrate. 
         [0006]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0007]    An invention disclosed, for example, in JP2010-158799A is conventionally known as the above printing method. In the invention disclosed in JP2010-158799A, a coating layer carried on a blanket is patterned by a pattern of a printing plate to form a pattern layer on the blanket by pressing the blanket into contact with the printing plate (first transfer step). Thereafter, the pattern layer on the blanket is transferred to a substrate by pressing that blanket into contact with the substrate (second transfer step). 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    To satisfactorily form a pattern layer by pressing a blanket into contact with a printing plate, a gap between the blanket and the printing plate needs to be set at a desired gap amount. Further, to satisfactorily transfer the above pattern layer to a substrate by pressing the blanket into contact with the substrate, a gap between the blanket and the substrate needs to be set at a desired gap amount. Accordingly, it has been conventionally proposed to move the printing plate and the substrate relative to the blanket based on a recipe or a program set in advance by an operator, a user or the like. 
         [0009]    However, the thickness of the blanket used in the above printing method may change with the passage of time. For example, in the invention disclosed in JP2010-158799A, silicone rubber or fluororesin is used as constituent materials of the blanket. Thus, the blanket swells to change the thickness with the passage of time. Sufficient consideration has not been conventionally given to such a point, wherefore a problem that a pattern layer is not satisfactorily formed, a problem that transfer accuracy of a pattern layer is reduced and other problems have occurred in some cases. As a result, it has been difficult to stably perform high-precision printing using a carrier such as a blanket. 
         [0010]    The invention was developed in view of the above problems and aims to stably perform high-precision printing using a carrier regardless of a change in the thickness of the carrier in a printing technology in which a part of the carrier such as a blanket carrying a coating layer is pressed into contact with a printing plate to form a pattern layer and then a part of the carrier having the pattern layer is pressed into contact with a substrate to transfer the pattern layer to the substrate. 
         [0011]    A printing apparatus according to an aspect the invention comprises: a print section that patterns a coating layer to form a pattern layer on a carrier and then transfers the pattern layer to a substrate, the coating layer patterned by pressing a part of the carrier into contact with a printing plate while facing the coating layer carried on the carrier and the printing plate each other, the pattern layer transferred by pressing a part of the carrier into contact with the substrate while facing the pattern layer on the carrier and the substrate face each other; a meter that measures the thickness of the carrier; a mover that relatively moves the printing plate and the substrate with respect to the carrier; and a controller that obtains a first carrier thickness by measuring the thickness of the carrier carrying the coating layer by the meter and adjusts a gap between the carrier carrying the coating layer and the printing plate by controlling the mover based on the first carrier thickness immediately before the coating layer is patterned, and obtains a second carrier thickness by measuring the thickness of the carrier carrying the pattern layer by the meter and adjusts a gap between the carrier carrying the pattern layer and the substrate by controlling the mover based on the second carrier thickness immediately before the pattern layer is transferred. 
         [0012]    A printing method according to an aspect the invention comprise: patterning a coating layer to form a pattern layer on a carrier by pressing a part of the carrier into contact with a printing plate while facing the coating layer carried on the carrier and the printing plate each other; and transferring the pattern layer to a substrate by pressing a part of the carrier into contact with the substrate while facing the pattern layer on the carrier and the substrate each other; wherein: immediately before the coating layer is patterned, a first carrier thickness is obtained by measuring the thickness of the carrier carrying the coating layer and a gap between the carrier carrying the coating layer and the printing plate is adjusted based on the first carrier thickness; and immediately before the pattern layer is transferred, a second carrier thickness is obtained by measuring the thickness of the carrier carrying the pattern layer and a gap between the carrier carrying the pattern layer and the substrate is adjusted based on the second carrier thickness. 
         [0013]    In the invention thus configured (printing apparatus and printing method), a change with the passage of time in the thickness of the carrier is unavoidable since the printing is performed with the carrier. That is, the thickness of the carrier may differ every time the part of the carrier is pressed into contact with the printing plate or the substrate in a state where the carrier and the printing plate or the substrate are facing each other. Accordingly, immediately before patterning the coating layer carried on the carrier, the thickness of the carrier carrying the coating layer is actually measured by the meter and the gap between the carrier carrying the coating layer and the printing plate is adjusted based on that actual measurement value (first carrier thickness). After adjusting the gap to a value suitable for the patterning by the printing plate, the patterning is performed. 
         [0014]    Furthermore, immediately before the transfer of the pattern layer to the substrate, the thickness of the carrier carrying the pattern layer is actually measured by the meter and the gap between the carrier carrying the pattern layer and the substrate is adjusted based on that actual measurement value (second carrier thickness). After adjusting the gap to a value suitable for the transfer of the pattern layer on the carrier to the substrate, the transfer is performed. 
         [0015]    The above and further objects and novel features of the invention will more fully appear from the following detailed description when the same is read in connection with the accompanying drawing. It is to be expressly understood, however, that the drawing is for purpose of illustration only and is not intended as a definition of the limits of the invention. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0016]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view showing an embodiment of a printing apparatus according to the invention; 
           [0017]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram showing the electrical configuration of the apparatus of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0018]      FIG. 3  is a perspective view showing the conveyance unit equipped in the printing apparatus of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0019]      FIG. 4A  is a perspective view showing the upper stage unit equipped in the printing apparatus of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0020]      FIG. 4B  is a sectional view of the upper stage unit shown in  FIG. 4A ; 
           [0021]      FIG. 5  is a perspective view showing the alignment unit and the lower stage unit equipped in the printing apparatus of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0022]      FIG. 6  is a perspective view showing the imaging device of the alignment unit; 
           [0023]      FIG. 7A  is a plan view of the lift pin unit equipped in the lower stage unit; 
           [0024]      FIG. 7B  is a side view of the lift pin unit shown in  FIG. 7A ; 
           [0025]      FIG. 8  is a perspective view showing a blanket thickness measurement unit; 
           [0026]      FIG. 9A  is a perspective view showing the configuration of the pressing unit equipped in the printing apparatus of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0027]      FIG. 9B  is a view showing a state where the blanket sucked and held by the suction plate is pressed by the pressing unit; 
           [0028]      FIG. 9C  is a view showing a state where the blanket is released from the pressing unit; 
           [0029]      FIG. 10  is a perspective view showing the pre-alignment unit equipped in the printing apparatus of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0030]      FIG. 11  is a perspective view showing the static eliminator equipped in the printing apparatus of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0031]      FIG. 12  is a flow chart showing the overall operation of the printing apparatus of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0032]      FIGS. 13 to 19  are charts showing the operation of the printing apparatus of  FIG. 1 ; and 
           [0033]      FIG. 20  is a diagram showing the carrier thickness measurements and gap control operations. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0034]    Here, after the overall configuration of an embodiment of a printing apparatus according to the invention is first described, the configuration and operation of each unit of the apparatus are described in detail. Then, pattern forming apparatus and method according to the invention will be described in detail. 
       A. Overall Configuration of Apparatus 
       [0035]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view showing an embodiment of a printing apparatus according to the invention. In order to clearly show the internal configuration of the apparatus,  FIG. 1  illustrates a state where apparatus covers are removed.  FIG. 2  is a block diagram showing the electrical configuration of the apparatus of  FIG. 1 . A blanket is loaded from the front side of the printing apparatus  100  while a printing plate is loaded from the left side thereof. In the apparatus  100 , the upper surface of the blanket is brought into close contact with the lower surface of a printing plate, and then the blanket is separated. Therefore, an application layer on the blanket is patterned by a pattern formed on the lower surface of the printing plate to form a pattern layer (patterning process). Further, a substrate is loaded into the apparatus  100  from the right side thereof. After the patterned upper surface of the blanket is brought into close contact with the lower surface of the substrate, the blanket is separated. Therefore, the pattern layer formed on the blanket is transferred to the lower surface of the substrate (transfer process). Note that, in  FIG. 1  and each Figure described later, conveying directions of the printing plate and the substrate are referred to as “X directions” to clarify an arrangement relationship of the respective units of the apparatus  100 . Furthermore, a horizontal direction from the right side toward the left side in  FIG. 1  is referred to as a “+X direction” and an opposite direction is referred to as a “−X direction”. Out of horizontal directions perpendicular to the X directions, a direction toward the front side of the apparatus  100  is referred to as a “+Y direction” and a direction toward the rear side of the apparatus  100  is referred to as a “−Y direction”. A vertically upward direction and a vertically downward direction are respectively referred to as a “+Z direction” and a “−Z direction”. 
         [0036]    In the printing apparatus  100 , a main body base  12  is placed on a spring-type vibration isolation table  11  and a stone plate  13  is further mounted on the main body base  12 . Further, two arched frames  14 L,  14 R stand in the center of the upper surface of the stone plate  13  while being spaced apart in the X direction. Two horizontal plates  15  are coupled to upper end portions of these arched frames  14 L,  14 R at a (−Y) side to form a first frame structure. Further, a second frame structure is provided on the upper surface of the stone plate  13  to be covered by the first frame structure. More specifically, as shown in  FIG. 1 , arched frames  16 L,  16 R smaller than the frames  14 L,  14 R stand on the stone plate  13  at positions right below the respective arched frames  14 L,  14 R. A plurality of horizontal plates  17  extending in the X direction connect column parts of the respective frames  16 L,  16 R and a plurality of horizontal plates  17  extending in the Y direction connect the frames  16 L,  16 R. 
         [0037]    Between the thus configured frame structures, conveyance spaces are formed between beam parts of the frames  14 L,  16 L and between beam parts of the frames  14 R,  16 R. The printing plate and the substrate can be conveyed via these conveyance spaces while being held in a horizontal posture. A conveyance unit  2  is provided behind the second frame structure, i.e. at the (−Y) side and the printing plate and the substrate can be conveyed in the X direction. 
         [0038]    An upper stage unit  3  is fixed to the horizontal plate  15  forming the first frame structure and can suck and hold the upper surfaces of the printing plate and the substrate conveyed by the conveyance unit  2 . That is, after the printing plate is conveyed to a position right below the upper stage unit  3  via the conveyance space from the left side of  FIG. 1  by a printing plate shuttle of the conveyance unit  2 , a suction plate of the upper stage unit  3  is lowered to hold the substrate by suction. Conversely, when the suction plate of the upper stage unit  3  releases suction after the substrate is sucked with the printing plate shuttle located at the position right below the upper stage unit  3 , the printing plate is transferred to the conveyance unit  2 . In this way, the printing plate is transferred between the conveyance unit  2  and the upper stage unit  3 . 
         [0039]    Further, the substrate is also held by the upper stage unit  3  similarly to the printing plate. That is, after the substrate is conveyed to the position right below the upper stage unit  3  via the conveyance space from the right side of  FIG. 1  by a substrate shuttle of the conveyance unit  2 , the suction plate of the upper stage unit  3  is lowered to hold the substrate by suction. Conversely, when the suction plate of the upper stage unit  3  releases suction after the substrate is sucked with the substrate shuttle located at the position right below the upper stage unit  3 , the substrate is transferred to the conveyance unit  2 . In this way, the substrate is transferred between the conveyance unit  2  and the upper stage unit  3 . 
         [0040]    Below the upper stage unit  3  in the vertical direction (hereinafter, referred to as “vertically below” or “(−Z) direction”), an alignment unit  4  is arranged on the upper surface of the stone plate  13 . A lower stage unit  5  is placed on an alignment stage of the alignment unit  4  and the upper surface of the lower stage unit  5  faces the suction plate of the upper stage unit  3 . The upper surface of the lower stage unit  5  can hold a blanket by suction, and the blanket on the lower stage unit  5  can be positioned with high accuracy by a control unit  6  controlling the alignment stage. 
         [0041]    As just described, the upper stage unit  3  and the lower stage unit  5  are arranged to face each other in the vertical direction Z. Between them, a pressing unit  7  for pressing the blanket placed on the lower stage unit  5  from above and a pre-alignment unit  8  for pre-aligning the printing plate, the substrate and the blanket are respectively arranged and fixed to the second frame structure. 
         [0042]    The pre-alignment unit  8  includes a pre-alignment upper part and a pre-alignment lower part that are arranged in two levels in the vertical direction Z. The pre-alignment upper part accesses to the printing plate held by the printing plate shuttle positioned at the position right below the suction plate of the upper stage unit  3  and positions the printing plate on the printing plate shuttle (printing plate pre-alignment process). Further, the pre-alignment upper part accesses to a substrate SB held by the substrate shuttle positioned at the position right below the suction plate and positions the substrate on the substrate shuttle (substrate pre-alignment process). The pre-alignment lower part accesses to the blanket placed on a suction plate of the lower stage unit  5  and positions the blanket on the suction plate (blanket pre-alignment process). 
         [0043]    To precisely transfer a pattern layer on the blanket to the substrate, a precise alignment process is necessary besides the substrate pre-alignment process. Thus, the alignment unit  4  includes four CCD (Charge Coupled Device) cameras CMa to CMd and can read alignment marks formed on each of the substrate held by the upper stage unit  3  and the blanket held by the lower stage unit  5  by the respective CCD cameras CMa to CMd. Then, the control unit  6  controls the alignment stage based on images read by the CCD cameras CMa to CMd, whereby the blanket sucked by the lower stage unit  5  can be precisely positioned with respect to the substrate held by the upper stage unit  3 . 
         [0044]    After the pattern layer on the blanket is transferred to the substrate, the blanket is separated from the substrate. In that separation stage, static electricity is generated. Static electricity is produced also when the blanket is separated from the printing plate after the application layer on the blanket is patterned by the printing plate. Accordingly, a static eliminator  9  is provided to eliminate static electricity. The static eliminator  9  includes an ionizer  91  for irradiating ions toward a space between the upper stage unit  3  and the lower stage unit  5  from the left side of the first frame structure, i.e. from the (+X) side. 
         [0045]    Note that, although not shown in  FIG. 1 , a (+X) side cover out of the apparatus covers is provided with an opening used to load and unload the printing plate and a printing plate shutter ( 18  in  FIG. 13  to be described later) for opening and closing the opening for the printing plate. A valve control unit  64  of the control unit  6  switches the opening and closing of a valve connected to a printing plate shutter drive cylinder CL 11 , thereby actuating the printing plate shutter drive cylinder CL 11  to drivingly open and close the printing plate shutter. Note that, pressurized air is used as a drive source for driving the cylinder CL 11  and a factory&#39;s utility is used as its positive pressure supply source. The apparatus  100  may be equipped with an air supply unit and the cylinder CL 11  may be driven by the air supply unit. This point equally applies also to cylinders to be described later. 
         [0046]    Further, a (−X) side cover and a (+Y) side cover are respectively formed with openings for loading and unloading the substrate and the blanket, and a substrate shutter ( 19  in  FIG. 13  to be described later) and a blanket shutter (not shown) are respectively provided for the substrate opening and the blanket opening. By opening and closing valves by the valve control unit  64 , a substrate shutter drive cylinder CL 12  and a blanket shutter drive cylinder CL 13  are respectively driven to open and close the shutters. 
         [0047]    As just described, a shutter unit  10  is formed by three shutters and three shutter drive cylinders CL 11  to CL  13 , and the printing plate, the substrate and the blanket can be respectively independently loaded into and unloaded from the printing apparatus  100 . Note that, although not shown in  FIG. 1 , a printing plate loading/unloading unit for loading and unloading the printing plate is juxtaposed at the left side of the apparatus  100  and a substrate loading/unloading unit for loading and unloading the substrate is juxtaposed at the right side of the apparatus  100  in this embodiment. Alternatively, a conveyance robot (not shown) for conveying the printing plate may directly access to the printing plate shuttle of the conveyance unit  2  and load and unload the printing plate. In the case, the installation of the printing plate loading/unloading unit is not necessary. This point equally applies to the substrate side. That is, a conveyance robot (not shown) for conveying the substrate may directly access to the substrate shuttle of the conveyance unit  2  and load and unload the substrate, whereby the installation of the substrate loading/unloading unit is not necessary. 
         [0048]    On the other hand, in this embodiment, a conveyance robot for conveying the blanket is used to load and unload the blanket. That is, the conveyance robot accesses to the lower stage unit  5  to directly load the blanket before the process and receive and unload the blanket after the use. Of course, it goes without saying that a dedicated loading/unloading unit may be arranged at the front side of the apparatus as for the printing plate and the substrate. 
       B. Configuration of Each Unit of Apparatus 
     B-1. Conveyance Unit  2   
       [0049]      FIG. 3  is a perspective view showing the conveyance unit equipped in the printing apparatus of  FIG. 1 . The conveyance unit  2  includes two brackets  21 L,  21 R extending in the vertical direction Z. As shown in  FIG. 1 , the bracket  21 L stands on the upper surface of the stone plate  13  adjacent to and to the left of a rear column part of the left frame  14 L, and the bracket  21 T stands on the upper surface of the stone plate  13  adjacent to and to the right of a rear column part of the right frame  14 R. As shown in  FIG. 3 , a ball screw mechanism  22  extends in a lateral direction, i.e. in the X direction to couple upper end portions of these brackets  21 L,  21 R to each other. In the ball screw mechanism  22 , a ball screw (not shown) extends in the X direction and a rotary shaft (not shown) of a shuttle horizontal drive motor M 21  for horizontally driving shuttles is coupled to one end thereof. Two ball screw brackets  23 ,  23  are threadably engaged with a central portion of the ball screw A shuttle holding plate  24  extending in the X direction is mounted on side surfaces of these ball screw brackets  23 ,  23  facing toward the (+Y) side. 
         [0050]    A printing plate shuttle  25 L is provided on a (+X) side end portion of the shuttle holding plate  24  to be movable upward and downward in the vertical direction Z, whereas a substrate shuttle  25 R is provided on a (−X) side end portion to be movable upward and downward in the vertical direction Z. Since these shuttles  25 L,  25 R have the same configuration except for a hand rotation mechanism, the configuration of the printing plate shuttle  25 L is described and that of the substrate shuttle  25 R is denoted by the same or equivalent reference signs and not described here. 
         [0051]    The shuttle  25 L includes an elevating plate  251  and two printing plate hands  252 ,  252 . The elevating plate  251  extends in the X direction and has a length about equal to or slightly longer than a width size (X-direction size) of the printing plate PP. The two printing plate hands  252 ,  252  respectively extend forward, i.e. toward the (+Y) side from an (+X) side end portion and a (−X) side end portion of the elevating plate  251 . The elevating plate  251  is mounted on an (+X) side end portion of the shuttle holding plate  24  via a ball screw mechanism  253  to be movable upward and downward. That is, the ball screw mechanism  253  extends in the vertical direction Z with respect to the (+X) side end portion of the shuttle holding plate  24 . A rotary shaft (not shown) of a printing plate shuttle elevating motor M 22 L is coupled to the lower end of the ball screw mechanism  253 . Further, a ball screw bracket (not shown) is threadably engaged with the ball screw mechanism  253  and the elevating plate  251  is mounted on a (+Y) side surface of the ball screw bracket. Thus, the printing plate shuttle elevating motor M 22 L operates in response to an operation command from a motor control unit  63  of the control unit  6 , whereby the elevating plate  251  is driven to move upward and downward in the vertical direction Z. 
         [0052]    A front-back size (Y-direction size) of the respective hands  252 ,  252  is longer than a length size (Y-direction size) of the printing plate PP so that the printing plate PP can be held by leading end sides (+Y sides) of the respective hands  252 ,  252 . 
         [0053]    To detect the holding of the printing plate PP by the printing plate hands  252 ,  252  in this way, a sensor bracket  254  extends toward the (+Y) side from a central portion of the elevating plate  251  and a sensor SN 21  for detecting the printing plate is mounted on a leading end portion of the sensor bracket  254 . Thus, when the printing plate PP is placed on the both hands  252 , the sensor SN  21  detects a rear end portion, i.e. a (−Y) side end portion of the printing plate PP and outputs a detection signal to the control unit  6 . 
         [0054]    Each of the printing plate hands  252 ,  252  is mounted on the elevating plate  251  via a bearings (not shown) and rotatable about an axe of rotation YA 2  extending in a front-back direction (Y-direction). Rotary actuators RA 2 , RA 2  are mounted on both ends of the elevating plate  251  in the X direction. These rotary actuators RA 2 , RA 2  operate using pressurized air as a drive source and are rotatable by the 180 degree by opening and closing a valve (not shown) inserted in a pressurized air supply path. Thus, by controlling the opening and closing of the valves using the valve control unit  64  of the control unit  6 , a switch can be made between an unused posture and a used posture. The unused posture is one hand posture in which one principle surface of each printing plate hand  252  faces upward to be suited to handling the printing plate PP before patterning. The used posture is other hand posture in which the other principle surface faces upward to be suited to handling the printing plate PP after patterning. The printing plate shuttle  25 L differs from the substrate shuttle  25 R only in including such a hand posture switching mechanism. 
         [0055]    Next, mount positions of the printing plate shuttle  25 L and the substrate shuttle  25 R with respect to the shuttle holding plate  24  are described. As shown in  FIG. 3 , the shuttles  25 L,  25 R are mounted on the shuttle holding plate  24  while being spaced apart in the X direction by a distance longer than the width sizes of the printing plate PP and the substrate SB. Note that the width sizes of the printing plate PP and the substrate SB are equal in this embodiment. When the rotary shaft of the shuttle horizontal drive motor M 21  is rotated in a predetermined direction, the both shuttles  25 L,  25 R move in the X direction while keeping the above separation distance. For example, in  FIG. 3 , a position right below the upper stage unit  3  is denoted by XP 23  and the shuttles  25 L,  25 R are located at positions XP 22 , XP 24  respectively at the same distance (this distance is referred to as a “step movement unit”) in the (+X) direction and the (−X) direction from the position XP 23 . Note that a state shown in  FIG. 3  is referred to as a “middle position state” in this embodiment. 
         [0056]    When the shuttle holding plate  24  is moved by the step movement unit in the (+X) direction by rotating the rotary shaft of the shuttle horizontal drive motor M 21  in a predetermined direction in this middle position state, the substrate shuttle  25 R is moved in the (+X) direction to the position XP 23  right below the upper stage unit  3  and positioned. At this time, the printing plate shuttle  25 L is also integrally moved in the (+X) direction and positioned at a position XP 21  close to the printing plate loading/unloading unit. 
         [0057]    Conversely, when the shuttle holding plate  24  is moved by the step movement unit in the (−X) direction by rotating the rotary shaft of the shuttle horizontal drive motor M 21  in a direction opposite to the predetermined direction, the printing plate shuttle  25 L is, in the middle position state, moved in the (−X) direction to the position XP 23  right below the upper stage unit  3  and positioned. At this time, the substrate shuttle  25 R is also integrally moved in the (−X) direction and positioned at a position XP 25  proximate to the substrate loading/unloading unit. As just described, in this specification, five positions XP 21  to XP 25  are specified as shuttle positions in the X direction. That is, the printing plate transfer position XP 21  is a position closest to the printing plate loading/unloading unit out of the three positions XP 21  to XP 23  to which the printing plate shuttle  25 L is positioned. This means that the position XP 21  is an X-direction position where the printing plate PP is loaded from and unloaded to the printing plate loading/unloading unit. The substrate transfer position XP 25  is a position closest to the substrate loading/unloading unit out of the three positions XP 23  to XP 25  to which the substrate shuttle  25 R is positioned. This means that the position XP 25  is an X-direction position where the substrate SB is loaded from and unloaded to the substrate loading/unloading unit. Further, the position XP 23  is an X-direction position where a suction plate  37  of the upper stage unit  3  moves in the vertical direction to hold the printing plate PP or the substrate SB by suction. In this specification, the X-direction position XP 23  is referred to as a “printing plate suction position XP 23 ” when the printing plate shuttle  25 L is located at the position XP 23 , whereas the X-direction position XP 23  is referred to as a “substrate suction position XP 23 ” when the substrate shuttle  25 R is located at the position XP 23 . Further, a position in the vertical direction Z, i.e. a height position where the printing plate PP and the substrate SB are conveyed by the shuttles  25 L,  25 R is referred to as a “conveyance position”. 
         [0058]    The thickness of the printing plate PP needs to be measured to accurately control a gap amount between the printing plate PP and the blanket at the time of patterning. The thickness of the substrate SB also needs to be measured to accurately control a gap amount between the substrate SB and the blanket at the time of transfer. Accordingly, a printing plate thickness measurement sensor SN 22  and a substrate thickness measurement sensor SN 23  are provided. 
         [0059]    More specifically, as shown in  FIG. 3 , a sensor bracket  26 L extending forward, i.e. toward the (+Y) side is mounted on the left bracket  21 L and a leading end portion of the sensor bracket  26 L extends to above the printing plate PP positioned at the position XP 21 . The printing plate thickness measurement sensor SN 22  is mounted on the leading end portion of the sensor bracket  26 L. The sensor SN 22  includes a light emitter and a light receiver and measures two distances. That is, the sensor SN 22  measures a distance from the sensor SN 22  to the upper surface of the printing plate PP based on light reflected by the upper surface of the printing plate PP and measures a distance from the sensor SN 22  to the lower surface of the printing plate PP based on light reflected by the lower surface of the printing plate PP. Information related to the distance from the sensor SN 22  is output from the sensor SN 22  to the control unit  6 . Thus, in the control unit  6 , the thickness of the printing plate PP can be accurately calculated from these pieces of distance information. 
         [0060]    The substrate thickness measurement sensor SN 23  is provided for the substrate side in the same manner for the printing plate side. That is, a sensor bracket  26 R is mounted on the right bracket  21 R and a leading end portion of the sensor bracket  26 R extends to above the substrate SB positioned at the position XP 25 . The substrate thickness measurement sensor SN 23  is mounted on the leading end portion of the sensor bracket  26 R and measures the thickness of the substrate SB. 
       B-2. Upper Stage Unit  3   
       [0061]      FIG. 4A  is a perspective view showing the upper stage unit equipped in the printing apparatus of  FIG. 1 .  FIG. 4B  is a sectional view of the upper stage unit shown in  FIG. 4A . The upper stage unit  3  is arranged above the printing plate PP or the substrate SB positioned at the position XP 23  (see  FIG. 3 ). A supporting frame  31  is coupled to the horizontal plate  15  to be supported on the first frame structure. As shown in  FIGS. 4A and 4B , the supporting frame  31  has a frame side surface extending in the vertical direction Z. A ball screw mechanism  32  extending in the vertical direction Z is supported on the frame side surface. A rotary shaft (not shown) of a first stage elevating motor M 31  is coupled to an upper end portion of the ball screw mechanism  32 . A ball screw bracket  321  is threadably engaged with the ball screw mechanism  32 . 
         [0062]    Another supporting frame  33  is fixed to the ball screw bracket  321  and movable upward and downward in the vertical direction Z together with the ball screw bracket  321 . Further, another ball screw mechanism  34  is supported on a frame surface of the supporting frame  33 . The ball screw mechanism  34  includes a ball screw at narrower pitches than that of the ball screw mechanism  32 . With respect to the narrow pitch ball screw, a rotary shaft (not shown) of a second stage elevating motor M 32  is coupled to an upper end portion thereof and a ball screw bracket  341  is threadably engaged with a central portion thereof. 
         [0063]    A stage holder  35  is mounted to the ball screw bracket  341 . The stage holder  35  is composed of three vertical plates  351  to  353  extending in the vertical direction Z. Out of these, the vertical plate  351  is fixed to the ball screw bracket  341  and the remaining vertical plates  352 ,  353  are respectively fixed to the left and right sides of the vertical plate  351 . A horizontal supporting plate  36  is mounted to vertical lower ends of the vertical plates  351  to  353 , and the suction plate  37  made of metal, e.g. aluminum alloy is mounted to the lower surface of the horizontal supporting plate  36 . 
         [0064]    Accordingly, the stage elevating motors M 31 , M 32  operate in response to an operation command from the motor control unit  63  of the control unit  6 , whereby the suction plate  37  is moved upward and downward in the vertical direction Z. By combining the ball screw mechanisms  32 ,  34  having different pitches and operating the first stage elevating motor M 31 , the suction plate  37  is moved upward and downward at a relatively wide pitch, i.e. the suction plate  37  can be moved at a high speed. In addition, by operating the second stage elevating motor M 32 , the suction plate  37  is moved upward and downward at a relatively narrow pitch, i.e. the suction plate  37  can be precisely positioned. 
         [0065]    A plurality of suction grooves  371  are provided in the lower surface of the suction plate  37 , i.e. in a suction surface for sucking and holding the printing plate PP or the substrate SB. A plurality of suction pads  38  are arranged in a plurality of cutouts  373  provided on the outer peripheral edge of the suction plate  37  and a central portion of the suction plate  37 . Note that nozzle bodies for supporting the suction pads  38  are supported by the horizontal supporting plate  36 , a nozzle supporting plate  39  and the like so that the leading end surfaces of the suction pads  38  are flush with the lower surface of the suction plate  37 . Out of the suction pads  38 , those arranged in the central portion of the suction plate  37  (not shown) are auxiliary ones for improving suction strength. It is also possible not to provide such auxiliary suction pads. 
         [0066]    As just described, the suction grooves  371  and the suction pads  38  are provided as a suction means for sucking and holding the printing plate PP and the substrate SB and respectively connected to a negative pressure supply source via negative pressure supply paths for independently supplying a negative pressure. Valves V 31  ( FIG. 2 ) are inserted in the negative pressure supply paths for the suction grooves while valves V 32  ( FIG. 2 ) are inserted in the negative pressure supply paths for the suction pads. By controlling the opening and closing of the valves V 31  in response to an opening/closing command from the valve control unit  64  of the control unit  6 , the printing plate PP and the substrate SB can be sucked by the suction grooves  371 . Further, by controlling the opening and closing of valves V 32  in response to an opening/closing command from the valve control unit  64 , the printing plate PP and the substrate SB can be sucked by the suction pads  38 . Although a factory&#39;s utility is used as the negative pressure supply source to hold the printing plate, the substrate and the blanket in this embodiment, the apparatus  100  may be equipped with a negative pressure supply unit such as a vacuum pump and a negative pressure. 
       B-3. Alignment Unit  4   
       [0067]      FIG. 5  is a perspective view showing the alignment unit and the lower stage unit equipped in the printing apparatus of  FIG. 1 . As shown in  FIG. 1 , the alignment unit  4  and the lower stage unit  5  are arranged vertically below the upper stage unit  3 . The alignment unit  4  includes a camera mount base  41 , four column members  42 , a frame-shaped stage supporting plate  43  provided with an opening in a central portion, an alignment stage  44  and an imaging device  45 . As shown in  FIG. 1 , the camera mount base  41  is fixed to the inner bottom surface of a recess formed in a central portion of the upper surface of the stone plate  13 . Further, two column members  42  stand upward in the vertical direction (referred to as “vertically upward” or “(+Z) direction”) from each of front and rear end portions of the camera mount base  41 , and handling ability of the camera mount base  41  is improved by these. 
         [0068]    As shown in  FIG. 1 , the stage supporting plate  43  is arranged in a horizontal posture to cross over the recess of the stone plate  13  and fixed to the upper surface of the stone plate  13  with the central opening of the stage supporting plate  43  and the camera mount base  41  facing each other. Further, the alignment stage  44  is fixed to the upper surface of the stage supporting plate  43 . 
         [0069]    The alignment stage  44  includes a stage base  441  and a stage top  442 . The stage base  441  is fixed onto the stage supporting plate  43 . The stage top  442  is arranged vertically above the stage base  441  so as to support the lower stage unit  5 . Each of these stage base  441  and stage top  442  is in the form of a frame having an opening in a central portion. A supporting mechanism (not shown), e.g. a cross roller bearing, having three degrees of freedom in a rotating direction about an axis of rotation extending in the vertical direction Z, the X direction and the Y direction is arranged near each corner of the stage top  442  between the stage base  441  and the stage top  442 . 
         [0070]    A Y-axis ball screw mechanism  443   a  is provided on the supporting mechanism arranged at the front-left corner out of these supporting mechanisms, and a Y-axis drive motor M 41  is mounted to the Y-axis ball screw mechanism  443   a . An X-axis ball screw mechanism  443   b  is provided on the supporting mechanism arranged at the front-right corner, and an X-axis drive motor M 42  is mounted to the X-axis ball screw mechanism  443   b . A Y-axis ball screw mechanism  443   c  is provided on the supporting mechanism arranged at the rear-right corner, and a Y-axis drive motor M 43  is mounted to the Y-axis ball screw mechanism  443   c . Further, an X-axis ball screw mechanism (not shown) is provided on the supporting mechanism arranged at the rear-left corner, and an X-axis drive motor M 44  ( FIG. 2 ) is mounted to the X-axis ball screw mechanism. Thus, by operating the respective drive motors M 41  to M 44  in response to an operation command from the motor control unit  63  of the control unit  6 , the stage top  442  is moved in a horizontal plane while a relatively large space is provided in a central portion of the alignment stage  44 . Further, the suction plate of the lower stage unit  5  can be positioned by being rotated about a vertical axis. 
         [0071]    One reason using the alignment stage  44  having a hollow space in this embodiment is to image alignment marks formed on the blanket held on the upper surface of the lower stage unit  5  and the substrate SB held on the lower surface of the upper stage unit  3  by the imaging device  45 . The configuration of the imaging device  45  is described below with reference to  FIGS. 5 and 6 . 
         [0072]      FIG. 6  is a perspective view showing the imaging device of the alignment unit. The imaging device  45  is for imaging alignment marks respectively formed at four positions of the blanket and alignment marks respectively formed at four positions of the substrate SB and includes four imaging units  45   a  to  45   d . Imaging target areas of the respective imaging units  45   a  to  45   d  are as follows. 
         [0073]    Imaging unit  45   a : area near the front-left corners of the blanket and the substrate SB 
         [0074]    Imaging unit  45   b : area near the front-right corners of the blanket and the substrate SB 
         [0075]    Imaging unit  45   c : area near the rear-right corners of the blanket and the substrate SB 
         [0076]    Imaging unit  45   d : area near the rear-left corners of the blanket and the substrate SB 
         [0000]    The imaging units  45   a  to  45   d  have different imaging target areas, but have the same configuration. Thus, the configuration of the imaging unit  45   a  is described and the other configurations are denoted by the same or equivalent reference signs and not described here. 
         [0077]    In the imaging unit  45   a , an XY table  451  is arranged on the upper surface near the front-left corner of the camera mount base  41  as shown in  FIG. 6 . A table base of the XY table  451  is fixed to the camera mount base  41  and a table top of the XY table  451  is precisely positioned in the X direction and the Y direction by manually operating an adjustment knob (not shown). A precision elevating table  452  is mounted on the table top. A Z-axis drive motor M 45   a  ( FIG. 2 ) is mounted to the precision elevating table  452  and operates in response to an operation command from the motor control unit  63  of the control unit  6 , whereby the table top of the precision elevating table  452  moves upward and downward in the vertical direction Z. 
         [0078]    A lower end portion of a camera bracket  453  extending in the vertical direction Z is fixed to the upper surface of the table top of the precision elevating table  452 . Further, an upper end portion of the camera bracket  453  extends up to a position right below a suction plate  51  of the lower stage unit  5  through the central opening of the stage supporting plate  43 , the central opening of the alignment stage  44  and an oblong opening (this will be described in detail later) of the stage base. The CCD camera CMa, a lens barrel  454  and an objective lens  455  are arranged one over another in this order on the upper end portion of the camera bracket  453  with an imaging surface faced vertically upward. Further, a light source  456  is mounted on a side surface of the lens barrel  454  and driven and turned on by a light source driver  46 . Although a red LED (Light Emitting Diode) is used as the light source  456  in this embodiment, a light source corresponding to the materials of the blanket and the substrate SB and the like can be used. The objective lens  455  is mounted on the lens barrel  454 . Further, a half mirror (not shown) is arranged in the lens barrel  454  so as to reflect illumination light irradiated from the light source  456  in the (+Z) direction and irradiate the blanket on the lower stage unit  5  via the objective lens  455  and a quartz window  52   a  provided in an area near the front-left corner of the suction plate  51 . A part of the illumination light further irradiates the substrate SB sucked and held by the suction plate  37  of the upper stage unit  3  via the blanket. Note that since the blanket is made of a transparent material in this embodiment, the illumination light reaches the lower surface of the substrate SB through the blanket as described above. 
         [0079]    Further, a part of the light emerging from the blanket and the substrate SB and propagating toward the (−Z) side is incident on the CCD camera CMa via the quartz window  52   a , the objective lens  455  and the lens barrel  454 . The CCD camera CMa images the alignment mark located vertically above the quartz window  52   a . As just described, in the imaging unit  45   a , illumination light is irradiated via the quartz window  52   a , an image of the area near the front-left corners of the blanket and the substrate SB is captured via the quartz window  52   a . An image signal corresponding to the captured image is output to an image processing unit  65  of the control unit  6 . On the other hand, the other imaging units  45   b  to  45   d  respectively capture images via quartz windows  52   b  to  52   d  similarly to the imaging unit  45   a.    
       B-4. Lower Stage Unit  5   
       [0080]    Next, with reference back to  FIG. 5 , the configuration of the lower stage unit  5  is described in detail. The lower stage unit  5  includes the suction plate  51 , the four quartz windows  52   a  to  52   d , four column members  53 , a stage base  54  and a lift pin unit  55 . The stage base  54  is provided with three openings in the form of long holes extending in the lateral direction X and arranged in the front-back direction Y. The stage base  54  is fixed onto the alignment stage  44  so that these long openings and the central opening of the alignment stage  44  overlap when viewed from above. Further, upper parts (CCD cameras, lens barrels and objective lenses) of the imaging units  45   a ,  45   b  are loosely inserted into the front long opening, and upper parts (CCD cameras, lens barrels and objective lenses) of the imaging units  45   c ,  45   d  are loosely inserted into the rear long opening. Further, the column members  53  stand in the (+Z) direction from corners of the upper surface of the stage base  54  and tops thereof support the suction plate  51 . 
         [0081]    The suction plate  51  is a metal plate of, e.g. aluminum alloy, and the quartz windows  52   a  to  52   d  are respectively provided in areas near the front-left, front-right, rear-right and rear-left corners thereof. A groove  511  is provided in the upper surface of the suction plate  51  to enclose the quartz windows  52   a  to  52   d . In an inner area enclosed by the groove  511 , a plurality of grooves  512  extending in the lateral direction X except at the quartz windows  52   a  to  52   d  are provided at specified intervals in the front-back direction Y. 
         [0082]    One end of a positive pressure supply pipe (not shown) is connected to each of these grooves  511 ,  512  and the other end thereof is connected to a pressurization manifold. A pressure valve V 51  ( FIG. 2 ) is inserted in an intermediate portion of each positive pressure supply pipe. Air of a predetermined pressure is obtained by adjusting pressurized air supplied from the factory&#39;s utility by a regulator. The adjusted pressurized air is constantly supplied to the pressurization manifold. Thus, when a desired pressure valve V 51  is selectively opened in response to an operation command from the valve control unit  64  of the control unit  6 , the adjusted pressurized air is supplied to the groove  511 ,  512  connected to the selected pressure valve V 51 . 
         [0083]    It is possible to selectively supply not only the pressurized air, but also a negative pressure to each of the grooves  511 ,  512 . That is, one end of a negative pressure supply pipe (not shown) is connected to each of the grooves  511 ,  512  and the other end thereof is connected to a negative pressure manifold. Further, a suction valve V 52  ( FIG. 2 ) is inserted in an intermediate portion of each negative pressure supply pipe. A negative pressure supply source is connected to the negative pressure manifold via a regulator and a negative pressure of a predetermined value is constantly supplied. Thus, when a desired suction valve V 52  is selectively opened in response to an operation command from the valve control unit  64  of the control unit  6 , the adjusted negative pressure is supplied to the groove  511 ,  512  connected to the selected suction valve V 52 . 
         [0084]    As just described, it is possible to cause the suction plate  51  to partly or entirely suck the blanket by controlling the opening and closing of the valves V 51 , V 52  and to partly raise the blanket and press the blanket against the printing plate PP or the substrate SB held by the upper stage unit  3  by partly supplying air between the suction plate  51  and the blanket and partly raising the blanket. 
         [0085]      FIG. 7A  is a plan view of the lift pin unit equipped in the lower stage unit and  FIG. 7B  is a side view of the lift pin unit shown in  FIG. 7A . In the lift pin unit  55 , a lift plate  551  is provided movably upward and downward between the suction plate  51  and the stage base  54 . The lift plate  551  is formed with cutouts  551   a  to  551   d  at four positions to prevent interference with the imaging units  45   a  to  45   d . That is, in a state where the imaging units  45   a  to  45   d  are respectively fitted in the cutouts  551   a  to  551   d , the lift plate  551  is movable upward and downward in the vertical direction Z. By providing the cutouts  551   a  to  551   d  at the four positions in this way, the lift plate  551  is formed with six finger parts  551   e  to  551   j , and lift pins  552   e  to  552   j  respectively stand vertically upward from leading end portions of the respective finger parts  551   e  to  551   j . Further, another lift pin  552   k  stands between the lift pins  552   e  and  552   f , and still another lift pin  552   m  stands between the lift pins  552   i  and  552   j . These eight lift pins  552  ( 552   e  to  552   k ,  552   m ) stand on the lift plate  551  and can support the entire lower surface of the blanket. These lift pins  552  are thinner than through holes (not shown) perforated in the vertical direction in the outer peripheral edge of the suction plate  51  and are insertable into the through holes from a vertically lower side as shown in  FIG. 5 . 
         [0086]    A compression spring  553  and a housing  554  are fitted on each lift pin  552  in this order from above, and a lower end portion of the compression spring  553  is engaged with the lift plate  551  and an upper end portion thereof is covered by the housing  554 . Note that the upper surface of the housing  554  has a circular shape having a larger outer diameter than an inner diameter of the through hole of the suction plate  51 . When the lift plate  551  is moved upward by a pin elevating cylinder CL 51  as described next, the upper surfaces of the housings  554  are engaged with the lower surface of the suction plate  51  and the compression springs  553  are sandwiched and compressed between these upper surfaces and the lift plate  551 , whereby an upward moving speed of the lift plate  551  is controlled. Further, also when the lift plate  551  is moved downward, a downward moving speed of the lift plate  551  is controlled using compression forces of the compression springs  553 . 
         [0087]    The pin elevating cylinder CL 51  is fixed to a side surface of a guide bracket  555  whose lower surface is fixed to the camera mount base  41 , and a piston leading end thereof supports the lift plate  551  via a slide block  556 . Accordingly, the pin elevating cylinder CL 51  is actuated to move the lift plate  551  upward and downward by the valve control unit  64  of the control unit  6  switching the opening and closing of a valve connected to the pin elevating cylinder CL 51 . As a result, all the lift pins  552  are moved toward and away from the upper surface of the suction plate  51 , i.e. the suction surface. For example, if the lift pins  552  projects in the (+Z) direction from the upper surface of the suction plate  51 , the blanket can be placed on the tops of the lift pins  552  by the blanket conveyance robot. Following the placement of the blanket, the lift pins  552  are retracted in the (−Z direction) from the upper surface of the suction plate  51 , whereby the blanket is transferred to the upper surface of the suction plate  51 . Thereafter, the thickness of the blanket is measured by a blanket thickness measurement sensor SN 51  arranged near the suction plate  51  at an appropriate timing as described later. 
         [0088]      FIG. 8  is a perspective view showing a blanket thickness measurement unit. A blanket thickness measurement unit  56  is a part of the lower stage unit  5  and configured as follows. In the blanket thickness measurement unit  56 , a cylinder bracket  561  is fixed to the second frame structure at a position near the right side of the suction plate  51 . A sensor horizontal drive cylinder CL 52  is fixed in a horizontal posture to the cylinder bracket  561 . A slide plate  562  mounted on the cylinder CL 52  slides in the lateral direction X by the valve control unit  64  of the control unit  6  switching the opening and closing of a valve connected to the cylinder CL 52 . The blanket thickness measurement sensor SN 51  is mounted on a left end portion of the slide plate  562 . Thus, when the slide plate  562  is moved toward the left (+X) side, i.e. horizontally moved toward the suction plate  51  by the sensor horizontal drive cylinder CL 52 , the blanket thickness measurement sensor SN 51  is positioned to a position right above a right end portion of the blanket sucked and held by the suction plate  51 . The sensor SN 51  is also configured similarly to the printing plate thickness measurement sensor SN 22  and the substrate thickness measurement sensor SN 23  and can measure the thickness of the blanket by the same measurement principle. On the other hand, at timings other than a measurement timing, the slide plate  562  is moved to the right (−X) side, i.e. moved to a retracted position distant from the suction plate  51  by the sensor horizontal drive cylinder CL 52  to prevent the interference of the blanket thickness measurement unit  56 . 
       B-5. Pressing Unit  7   
       [0089]      FIG. 9A  is a perspective view showing the configuration of the pressing unit equipped in the printing apparatus of  FIG. 1 .  FIG. 9B  is a view showing a state where the blanket sucked and held by the suction plate is pressed by the pressing unit (hereinafter, referred to as a “blanket pressing state”).  FIG. 9C  is a view showing a state where the blanket is released from the pressing unit (hereinafter, referred to as a “blanket releasing state”). The pressing unit  7  is switched between the blanket pressing state and the blanket releasing state by moving a pressing member  71  provided vertically above the suction plate  51  upward and downward in the vertical direction Z by a switching mechanism  72 . 
         [0090]    In the switching mechanism  72 , pressing member elevating cylinders CL 71  to CL 73  are so mounted on the horizontal plates  17  of the second frame structure by cylinder brackets  721  to  723  as to be able to move pistons  724  back and forth at vertically lower sides. The pressing member  71  is loosely fitted in a hanging state at leading end portions of these pistons  724 . 
         [0091]    The pressing member  71  includes a supporting plate  711  and four blanket pressing plates  712 . The supporting plate  711  has the same planar size as the blanket BL and is in the form of a frame as a whole with an open central portion. The four blanket pressing plates  712  are fixed to the lower surface of the supporting plate  711  and cover the entire lower surface of the supporting plate  711 . 
         [0092]    As shown in  FIGS. 9B and 9C , the supporting plate  711  is perforated with through holes  716  having an inner diameter larger than an outer diameter of the pistons  724  at positions corresponding to the pressing member elevating cylinders CL 71  to CL 73 . Fastening members  717  are connected to the leading end portion of the pistons  724  through the through holes  716  from below the respective through holes  716 . Accordingly, the pistons  724  of the pressing member elevating cylinders CL 71  to CL 73  are coupled to the pressing member elevating cylinders CL 71  to CL 73  in a state loosely fitted to the supporting plate  711 . That is, the pressing member  71  is supported in a floating state relative to the pressing member elevating cylinders CL 71  to CL 73 . 
         [0093]    By the valve control unit  64  of the control unit  6  switching the opening and closing of valves connected to the pressing member elevating cylinders CL 71  to CL 73 , the pressing member elevating cylinder CL 71  to CL 73  are actuated to bring the pressing member  71  into contact with or away from the suction plate  51  of the lower stage unit  5 . For example, the pressing member  71  is lowered to press the suction plate  51  holding the blanket BL and sandwich and hold a peripheral edge portion of the blanket BL over the entire circumference together with the suction plate  51 . Further, also when the suction plate  51  is moved for alignment, the pressing member  71  moves in the horizontal direction (X direction, Y direction) together with the suction plate  51  to stably hold the blanket BL. 
       B-6. Pre-Alignment Unit  8   
       [0094]      FIG. 10  is a perspective view showing the pre-alignment unit equipped in the printing apparatus of  FIG. 1 . The pre-alignment unit  8  includes a pre-alignment upper section  81  and a pre-alignment lower section  82 . The pre-alignment upper section  81  is arranged vertically above the pre-alignment lower section  82  and aligns the printing plate PP held by the printing plate shuttle  25 L and the substrate SB held by the substrate shuttle  25 R at the position XP 23  prior to close contact with the blanket BL. On the other hand, the pre-alignment lower section  82  aligns the blanket BL placed on the suction plate  51  of the lower stage unit  5  prior to close contact with the printing plate PP or the substrate SB. Note that the pre-alignment upper section  81  and the pre-alignment lower section  82  basically have the same configuration. Accordingly, the configuration of the pre-alignment upper section  81  is described below and that of the pre-alignment lower section  82  is denoted by the same or equivalent reference signs and not described. 
         [0095]    The pre-alignment upper section  81  includes four upper guide movement parts  811  to  814 . Each of the upper guide movement parts  811  to  814  is provided on the horizontal plates  17  that are arranged in the upper level within the second frame structure. That is, the upper guide movement part  811  is mounted on a central portion of the left horizontal plate  17   a  of the two horizontal plates extending in the front-back direction Y, and the upper guide movement part  812  is mounted on a front end portion thereof. The upper guide movement part  813  is mounted on a central portion of the other right horizontal plate  17   b  and the upper guide movement part  814  is mounted on a rear end portion thereof. Note that the upper guide movement parts  811 ,  813  have the same configuration and the upper guide movement parts  812 ,  814  have the same configuration. Thus, the configurations of the upper guide movement parts  811 ,  813  are described below and those of the upper guide movement parts  812 ,  814  are denoted by the same or equivalent reference signs and not described. 
         [0096]    In the upper guide movement part  811 , a ball screw mechanism  811   a  is fixed to the central portion of the left horizontal plate  17   a  while extending in the lateral direction X. A ball screw bracket is threadably engaged with a ball screw of the ball screw mechanism  811   a , and an upper guide  811   b  is mounted on the ball screw bracket to face the upper guide movement part  813 . A rotary shaft (not shown) of an upper guide drive motor M 81   a  is coupled to a left end portion of the ball screw mechanism  811   a , and the upper guide  811   b  moves in the lateral direction X by actuating the upper guide drive motor M 81   a  in response to an operation command from the motor control unit  63  of the control unit  6 . 
         [0097]    In the upper guide movement part  812 , a ball screw mechanism  812   a  is fixed to the front end portion of the left horizontal plate  17   a  while extending in the front-back direction Y. A ball screw bracket is threadably engaged with a ball screw of the ball screw mechanism  812   a , and a left end portion of a guide holder  812   c  extending in the lateral direction is fixed to the ball screw bracket. A right end portion of the guide holder  812   c  reaches a middle position between the horizontal plates  17   a ,  17   b  and an upper guide  812   b  is mounted on a right end portion thereof to face the upper guide movement part  814 . Further, a rotary shaft (not shown) of an upper guide drive motor M 81   b  is coupled to a rear end portion of the ball screw mechanism  812   a , and the upper guide  812   b  moves in the front-back direction Y by actuating the upper guide drive motor M 81   b  in response to an operation command from the motor control unit  63  of the control unit  6 . 
         [0098]    In this way, the four upper guides  811   b  to  814   b  surround the printing plate PP or the substrate SB (dashed-dotted line in  FIG. 10 ) at the position vertically below the position XP 23  and the respective upper guides  811   b  to  814   b  are independently movable toward and away from the printing plate PP or the like. Thus, by controlling movement amounts of the respective upper guides  811   b  to  814   b , the printing plate PP and the substrate SB can be aligned by being horizontally moved or rotated on the hands of the shuttles. 
       B-7. Static Eliminator  9   
       [0099]      FIG. 11  is a perspective view showing the static eliminator equipped in the printing apparatus of  FIG. 1 . In the static eliminator  9 , a base plate  92  is fixed to the upper surface of the stone plate  13  at the left side of the lower stage unit  5 . A column member  93  stands from the base plate  92  and an upper end portion thereof is located at a higher position than the lower stage unit  5 . An ionizer bracket  95  is mounted on an upper end part of the column member  93  via a fixture  94 . The ionizer bracket  95  extends in the rightward (−X) direction and a leading end portion thereof reaches the vicinity of the suction plate  51 . The ionizer  91  is mounted on that leading end portion. 
       B-8. Control Unit  6   
       [0100]    The control unit  6  includes a CPU (Central Processing Unit)  61 , a memory  62 , the motor control unit  63 , the valve control unit  64 , the image processing unit  65  and a display/operation unit  66 . The CPU  61  controls the respective components of the apparatus in accordance with a program stored in the memory  62  in advance and performs a patterning process and a transfer process as shown in  FIGS. 12 to 19 . 
       C. Overall Operation of Printing Apparatus 
       [0101]      FIG. 12  is a flow chart showing the overall operation of the printing apparatus of  FIG. 1 .  FIGS. 13 to 19  are charts showing the operation of the printing apparatus of  FIG. 1 , wherein a table in each figure shows control contents (control targets and operation contents) by the control unit  6  and diagrams in each figure show states of the respective components of the apparatus. In an initial state of the printing apparatus  100 , as shown in a field (a) of  FIG. 13 , the printing plate shuttle  25 L and the substrate shuttle  25 R are respectively positioned at the middle positions XP 22 , XP 24 . After the printing plate PP is set on the printing plate loading/unloading unit, the printing plate shuttle  25 L performs a printing plate loading step (Step S 1 ). After the substrate SB is set on the substrate loading/unloading unit, the substrate shuttle  25 R performs a substrate loading step (Step S 2 ). Note that the substrate SB is loaded (Step S 2 ) after the printing plate PP is loaded (Step S 1 ) since a conveyance structure of integrally moving the printing plate shuttle  25 L and the substrate shuttle  25 R in the lateral direction is adopted. As a matter of course, the order of the both may be reversed. 
       C-1. Printing Plate Loading Step (Step S 1 ) 
       [0102]    As shown in “Step S 1 ” in a field (b) of  FIG. 13 , Substeps ( 1 - 1 ) to ( 1 - 7 ) are performed. That is, the shuttle horizontal drive motor M 21  rotates its rotary shaft in a predetermined direction to move the shuttle holding plate  24  in the (+X) direction ( 1 - 1 ). Thus, the printing plate shuttle  25 L is moved and positioned to the printing plate transfer position XP 21 . Further, the rotary actuators RA 2 , RA 2  operate to rotate the printing plate hands  252 ,  252  by 180 degrees and position them at original positions ( 1 - 2 ). Therefore, the hand posture is switched from the used posture to the unused posture, whereby preparation for loading the printing plate PP before use is completed. 
         [0103]    Then, the printing plate shutter drive cylinder CL 11  operates to move the printing plate shutter  18  vertically downward, i.e. to open the shutter  18  ( 1 - 3 ). Subsequently, the printing plate loading/unloading unit loads the printing plate PP into the printing apparatus  100  in response to an operation command from the control unit  6  and places it on the hands  252 ,  252  of the printing plate shuttle  25 L ( 1 - 4 ). When the loading of the printing plate PP is completed in this way, the opening/closing state of the above valve is returned to the original one and the printing plate shutter drive cylinder CL 11  operates in the opposite direction to return the printing plate shutter  18  to the original position, i.e. to close the shutter  18  ( 1 - 5 ). 
         [0104]    When the loading of the printing plate PP is completed, the printing plate PP is located at the printing plate transfer position XP 21 . Accordingly, at this timing, the printing plate thickness measurement sensor SN 22  operates to detect the height positions (positions in the vertical direction Z) of the upper and lower surfaces of the printing plate PP, and outputs height information indicating these detection results to the control unit  6 . Based on these pieces of height information, the CPU  61  calculates the thickness of the printing plate PP and stores it in the memory  62 . In this way, the thickness of the printing plate PP is measured ( 1 - 6 ). Thereafter, the shuttle horizontal drive motor M 21  rotates its rotary shaft in the opposite direction to move the shuttle holding plate  24  in the (−X) direction and position it to the middle position XP 22  ( 1 - 7 ). 
       C-2. Substrate Loading Step (Step S 2 ) 
       [0105]    As shown in “Step S 2 ” in the field (b) of  FIG. 13 , Substeps ( 2 - 1 ) to ( 2 - 6 ) are performed. That is, the shuttle horizontal drive motor M 21  rotates its rotary shaft in the direction opposite to the predetermined direction to move the shuttle holding plate  24  in the (−X) direction ( 2 - 1 ). The substrate shuttle  25 R is moved and positioned to the substrate transfer position XP 25 . Note that no rotation mechanism is provided for the substrate hands  252 ,  252  and preparation for the loading of the substrate SB is completed when Substep ( 2 - 1 ) is completed. 
         [0106]    Then, the substrate shutter drive cylinder CL 12  operates to move the substrate shutter  19  vertically downward, i.e. to open the shutter  19  ( 2 - 2 ). Following this, the substrate loading/unloading unit loads the substrate SB into the printing apparatus  100  in response to an operation command from the control unit  6  to place the substrate SB on the hands  252 ,  252  of the substrate shuttle  25 R ( 2 - 3 ). When the loading of the substrate SB is completed, the substrate shutter drive cylinder CL 12  operates in an opposite direction by returning the opening/closing state of the above valve to the original one, thereby returning the substrate shutter  19  to the original position, i.e. to close the shutter  19  ( 2 - 4 ). 
         [0107]    When the loading of the substrate SB is completed, the substrate SB is located at the substrate transfer position XP 25 . Accordingly, at this timing, the substrate thickness measurement sensor SN 23  is actuated to detect the height positions (positions in the vertical direction Z) of the upper and lower surfaces of the substrate SB, and outputs height information indicating these detection results to the control unit  6 . Based on these pieces of height information, the CPU  61  calculates the thickness of the substrate SB and stores it in the memory  62 . Thus, the thickness of the substrate SB is measured ( 2 - 5 ). Thereafter, the shuttle horizontal drive motor M 21  rotates its rotary shaft in the predetermined direction to move the shuttle holding plate  24  in the (+X) direction and position it to the middle position XP 24  ( 2 - 6 ). 
         [0108]    As just described, in this embodiment, not only the printing plate PP, but also the substrate SB is prepared before the patterning process as shown in a field (c) of  FIG. 13 . Thereafter, the patterning process and the transfer process are successively performed as described in detail later. Accordingly, a time interval until an application layer patterned on the blanket BL is transferred to the substrate SB can be shortened and stable processes are performed. 
       C-3. Printing Plate Suction (Step S 3 ). 
       [0109]    As shown in “Step S 3 ” in a field (a) of  FIG. 14 , Substeps ( 3 - 1 ) to ( 3 - 7 ) are performed. That is, the shuttle horizontal drive motor M 21  rotates its rotary shaft to move the shuttle holding plate  24  in the (−X) direction ( 3 - 1 ). The printing plate shuttle  25 L is moved and positioned to the printing plate suction position XP 23 . Then, the printing plate shuttle elevating motor M 22 L rotates its rotary shaft to move the elevating plate  251  in the downward (−Z) direction ( 3 - 2 ). The printing plate PP supported on the printing plate shuttle  25 L is moved and positioned to a pre-alignment position lower than the conveyance position. 
         [0110]    Subsequently, the upper guide drive motors M 81   a  to M 81   d  rotate their rotary shafts to move the upper guides  811   b ,  813   b  in the lateral direction X and move the upper guides  812   b ,  814   b  in the front-back direction Y. This causes the respective upper guides  811   b  to  814   b  to come into contact with end surfaces of the printing plate PP supported on the printing plate shuttle  25 L, thereby positioning the printing plate PP to a horizontal position set in advance. Thereafter, the respective upper guide drive motors M 81   a  to M 81   d  rotate their rotary shafts in an opposite direction and the respective upper guides  811   b  to  814   b  are separated from the printing plate PP ( 3 - 3 ). 
         [0111]    When the pre-alignment process for the printing plate PP is completed, the stage elevating motor M 31  rotates its rotary shaft in a predetermined direction to lower the suction plate  37  in the downward (−Z) direction and bring it into contact with the upper surface of the printing plate PR Following this, the valves V 31 , V 32  are opened, whereby the printing plate PP is sucked to the suction plate  37  by the suction grooves  371  and the suction pads  38  ( 3 - 4 ). 
         [0112]    When the suction of the printing plate PP is detected by a suction detection sensor SN 31  ( FIG. 2 ), the stage elevating motor M 31  rotates its rotary shaft in an opposite direction and the suction plate  37  moves vertically upward while sucking and holding the printing plate PP. This makes the printing plate PP move to a position vertically above the printing plate suction position XP 23  ( 3 - 5 ). Then, the printing plate shuttle elevating motor M 22 L rotates its rotary shaft to move the elevating plate  251  vertically upward, thereby moving the printing plate shuttle  25 L from the pre-alignment position to the conveyance position, i.e. to the printing plate suction position XP 23  ( 3 - 6 ). Thereafter, the shuttle horizontal drive motor M 21  rotates its rotary shaft to move the shuttle holding plate  24  in the (+X) direction and the emptied printing plate shuttle  25 L is positioned to the middle position XP 22  ( 3 - 7 ). 
       C-4. Blanket Suction (Step S 4 ) 
       [0113]    As shown in “Step S 4 ” in the field (a) of  FIG. 14 , Substeps ( 4 - 1 ) to ( 4 - 9 ) are performed. That is, the X-axis drive motors M 42 , M 44  and the Y-axis drive motors M 41 , M 43  are actuated to move the alignment stage  44  to an initial position ( 4 - 1 ). Accordingly, the alignment stage  44  is started from the same position every time. Following this, the pin elevating cylinder CL 51  operates to lift the lift plate  551  and cause the lift pins  552  to project vertically upward form the upper surface of the suction plate  51  ( 4 - 2 ). When preparation for the loading of the blanket BL is completed in this way, the blanket shutter drive cylinder CL  13  operates to move the blanket shutter (not shown) and open the shutter ( 4 - 3 ). The blanket conveyance robot accesses to the apparatus  100  and then places the blanket BL on the tops of the lift pins  552 . Thereafter, the blanket conveyance robot is retracted from the apparatus  100  ( 4 - 4 ). Following this, the blanket shutter drive cylinder CL 13  operates to move the blanket shutter and close the shutter ( 4 - 5 ). 
         [0114]    Subsequently, the pin elevating cylinder CL 51  operates to lower the lift plate  551 , whereby the lift pins  552  are lowered while supporting the blanket BL and places the blanket BL on the suction plate  51  ( 4 - 6 ). Then, the lower guide drive motors M 82   a  to M 82   d  rotate their rotary shafts to move the lower guides  821   b ,  823   b  in the lateral direction X and move the lower guides  822   b ,  824   b  in the front-back direction Y. Hence, the respective lower guides  821   b  to  824   b  come into contact with end surfaces of the blanket BL supported on the suction plate  51  and position the blanket BL to a horizontal position set in advance ( 4 - 7 ). 
         [0115]    When the pre-alignment process for the blanket BL is completed, the suction valves V 52  are opened, whereby the adjusted negative pressure is supplied to the grooves  511 ,  512  and the blanket BL is sucked to the suction plate  51  ( 4 - 8 ). Further, the respective lower guide drive motors M 82   a  to M 82   d  rotate their rotary shafts in an opposite direction to separate the respective lower guides  821   b  to  824   b  from the blanket BL ( 4 - 9 ). Thus preparation for the patterning process is completed as shown in a field (b) of  FIG. 14 . 
       C-5. Patterning (Step S 5 ) 
       [0116]    Here, the patterning is performed after the blanket thickness is measured. That is, as shown in “Step S 5 ” in a field (a) of  FIG. 15 , the sensor horizontal drive cylinder CL 52  operates to position the blanket thickness measurement sensor SN 51  to a position right above a right end portion of the blanket BL ( 5 - 1 ). Then, the blanket thickness measurement sensor SN 51  outputs information on the thickness of the blanket BL to the control unit  6 , whereby the thickness of the blanket BL is measured ( 5 - 2 ). Thereafter, the sensor horizontal drive cylinder CL  52  operates in an opposite direction to slide the slide plate  562  in the (−X) direction and retract the blanket thickness measurement sensor SN 51  from the suction plate  51  ( 5 - 3 ). 
         [0117]    Subsequently, the first stage elevating motor M 31  rotates its rotary shaft in a predetermined direction to lower the suction plate  37  in the downward (−Z) direction and move the printing plate PP to the vicinity of the blanket BL. Further, the second stage elevating motor M 32  rotates its rotary shaft, thereby moving the suction plate  37  upward and downward at a narrow pitch to accurately adjust a distance between the printing plate PP and the blanket BL in the vertical direction Z, i.e. the gap amount ( 5 - 4 ). Note that the gap amount is determined by the control unit  6  based on the thickness measurement results of the printing plate PP and the blanket BL. 
         [0118]    Then, the pressing member elevating cylinders CL 71  to CL 73  operate to lower the pressing member  71  and press the peripheral edge portion of the blanket BL over the entire circumference by the pressing member  71  ( 5 - 5 ). Following this, the valves V 51 , V 52  are operated to partly supply air between the suction plate  51  and the blanket BL and partly raise the blanket BL. The lifted portion of the blanket BL is pressed against the printing plate PP held by the upper stage unit  3  ( 5 - 6 ). As a result, as shown in a field (b) of  FIG. 15 , a central portion of the blanket BL comes into close contact with the printing plate PP. A pattern (not shown) formed in advance on the lower surface of the printing plate PP comes into contact with the application layer applied to the upper surface of the blanket BL in advance, thereby patterning the application layer. Accordingly, a pattern layer is formed on the upper surface of the blanket BL. 
       C-6. Printing Plate Separation (Step S 6 ) 
       [0119]    As shown in “Step S 6 ” in a field (c) of  FIG. 15 , Substeps ( 6 - 1 ) to ( 6 - 5 ) are performed. That is, the second stage elevating motor M 32  rotates its rotary shaft to lift the suction plate  37  and separate the printing plate PP from the blanket BL ( 6 - 1 ). Further, in parallel with the lifting of the printing plate PP for the separation process, the opening/closing states of the valves V 51 , V 52  are switched at an appropriate timing and a negative pressure is applied to the blanket BL to pull the blanket BL toward the suction plate  37 . Thereafter, the first stage elevating motor M 31  rotates its rotary shaft to lift the suction plate  37  and position the printing plate PP to a static elimination position substantially at the same height as the ionizer  91  ( 6 - 2 ). Further, the pressing member elevating cylinders CL 71  to CL 73  operate to lift the pressing member  71  and release the blanket BL from the pressed state ( 6 - 3 ). Following this, the ionizer  91  is actuated to eliminate static electricity generated at the time of the printing plate separation process ( 6 - 4 ). When the static elimination process is completed, the first stage elevating motor M 31  rotates its rotary shaft, whereby the suction plate  37  is lifted to the original position (position higher than the printing plate suction position XP 23 ) while sucking and holding the printing plate PP as shown in a field (d) of  FIG. 15  ( 6 - 5 ). 
       C-7. Printing Plate Retraction (Step S 7 ) 
       [0120]    As shown in “Step S 7 ” in a field (a) of  FIG. 16 , Substeps ( 7 - 1 ) to ( 7 - 7 ) are performed. That is, the rotary actuators RA 2 , RA 2  operate to rotate the printing plate hands  252 ,  252  by 180 degrees and position them from the original positions to inverted positions ( 7 - 1 ). The hand posture is switched from the unused posture to the used posture and preparation for receiving the used printing plate PP is completed. Then, the shuttle horizontal drive motor M 21  rotates its rotary shaft to move the shuttle holding plate  24  in the (−X) direction ( 7 - 2 ), whereby the printing plate shuttle  25 L is moved and positioned to the printing plate suction position XP 23 . 
         [0121]    On the other hand, the first stage elevating motor M 31  rotates its rotary shaft and the suction plate  37  is lowered toward the hands  252 ,  252  of the printing plate shuttle  25 L and positions the printing plate PP on the hands  252 ,  252  while sucking and holding the printing plate PP. Thereafter, the valves V 31 , V 32  are closed, so that the suction of the printing plate PP by the suction grooves  371  and the suction pads  38  is released. Hereby the transfer of the printing plate PP at the conveyance position is completed ( 7 - 3 ). Then, the first stage elevating motor M 31  rotates its rotary shaft in the opposite direction to lift the suction plate  37  to the initial position ( 7 - 4 ). Thereafter, the shuttle horizontal drive motor M 21  rotates its rotary shaft to move the shuttle holding plate  24  in the (+X) direction ( 7 - 5 ). The printing plate shuttle  25 L is moved and positioned to the middle position XP 22  while holding the used printing plate PP. 
       C-8. Substrate Suction (Step S 8 ) 
       [0122]    As shown in “Step S 8 ” in the field (a) of  FIG. 16 , the shuttle horizontal drive motor M 21  rotates its rotary shaft in the predetermined direction to move the shuttle holding plate  24  in the (+X) direction ( 8 - 1 ). The substrate shuttle  25 R holding the substrate SB before processes is moved and positioned to the substrate suction position XP 23 . Then, as in the pre-alignment process for the printing plate PP ( 3 - 2 ,  3 - 3 ) and the suction process for the printing plate PP by the suction plate  37  ( 3 - 4 ), a pre-alignment process for the substrate SB ( 8 - 2 ,  8 - 3 ) and a suction process for the substrate SB ( 8 - 4 ) are performed. 
         [0123]    Thereafter, when the suction of the substrate SB is detected by the suction detection sensor SN 31  ( FIG. 2 ), the stage elevating motor M 31  rotates its rotary shaft and the suction plate  37  is moved vertically upward while sucking and holding the substrate SB. This makes the substrate SB move to a position higher than the substrate suction position XP 23  ( 8 - 5 ). Then, the substrate shuttle elevating motor M 22 R rotates its rotary shaft to move the elevating plate  251  vertically upward, thereby moving the substrate shuttle  25 R from the pre-alignment position to the conveyance position ( 8 - 6 ). Thereafter, the shuttle horizontal drive motor M 21  rotates its rotary shaft to move the shuttle holding plate  24  in the (−X) direction and the emptied substrate shuttle  25 R is positioned to the middle position XP 24  ( 8 - 7 ). 
       C-9. Transfer (Step S 9 ) 
       [0124]    As shown in “Step S 9 ” in a field (a) of  FIG. 17 , the blanket thickness is measured, precise alignment is performed and the transfer process is performed. That is, as shown in “Step S 9 ” in the field (a) of  FIG. 17 , the thickness of the blanket BL is measured ( 9 - 1  to  9 - 3 ) as in Substeps ( 5 - 1  to  5 - 3 ) of the patterning process (Step S 5 ). Note that the thickness of the blanket BL is measured not only immediately before the patterning, but also immediately before the transfer. The reason is that the thickness of the blanket BL changes with time since the blanket BL is partly swelled, and a highly accurate transfer process can be performed by measuring the thickness of the blanket immediately before the transfer. 
         [0125]    Subsequently, the first stage elevating motor M 31  rotates its rotary shaft in the predetermined direction to lower the suction plate  37  in the downward (−Z) direction and move the substrate SB to the vicinity of the blanket BL. Further, the second stage elevating motor M 32  rotates its rotary shaft, thereby moving the suction plate  37  upward and downward at a narrow pitch to accurately adjust a distance between the substrate SB and the blanket BL in the vertical direction Z, i.e. the gap amount ( 9 - 4 ). The gap amount is determined by the control unit  6  based on the thickness measurement results of the substrate SB and the blanket BL. In the subsequent Substep ( 9 - 5 ), the peripheral edge portion of the blanket BL is pressed by the pressing member  71  as in the patterning (Step S 5 ). 
         [0126]    The substrate SB and the blanket BL are both pre-aligned and positioned while being spaced apart by a distance suitable for the transfer process. To accurately transfer the pattern layer formed on the blanket BL to the substrate SB, the both need to be precisely positioned. Therefore, Substeps ( 9 - 6  to  9 - 8 ) are performed (precise alignment). 
         [0127]    Here, the Z-axis drive motors M 45   a  to M 45   d  of the alignment unit  4  are actuated to perform a focus adjustment in the respective imaging units  45   a  to  45   d  so that the alignment marks patterned on the blanket BL are focused ( 9 - 6 ). Then, images imaged by the respective imaging units  45   a  to  45   d  are output to the image processing unit  65  of the control unit  6  ( 9 - 7 ). Then, based on these images, the control unit  6  calculates a control amount used to position the blanket BL with respect to the substrate SB and generates operation commands for the X-axis drive motors M 42 , M 44  and the Y-axis drive motors M 41 , M 43  of the alignment unit  4 . Then, the X-axis drive motors M 42 , M 44  and the Y-axis drive motors M 41 , M 43  are actuated in response to the control commands to horizontally move the suction plate  51  and rotate it about a virtual axis of rotation extending in the vertical direction Z, thereby precisely positioning the blanket BL with respect to the substrate SB ( 9 - 8 ). 
         [0128]    Then, the valves V 51 , V 52  are operated to partly supply air between the suction plate  51  and the blanket BL and partly raise the blanket BL. The lifted portion of the blanket BL is pressed against the substrate SB held by the upper stage unit  3  ( 9 - 9 ). As a result, as shown in a field (b) of  FIG. 17 , the blanket BL is held in close contact with the substrate SB. Accordingly, the pattern layer on the blanket BL is transferred to the substrate SB while precisely positioned with respect to the pattern on the lower surface of the substrate SB. 
       C-10. Substrate Separation (Step S 10 ) 
       [0129]    As shown in “Step S 10  in a field (a) of  FIG. 18 , Substeps ( 10 - 1 ) to ( 10 - 5 ) are performed. That is, similar to the printing plate separation (Step S 6 ), the separation of the substrate SB from the blanket BL ( 10 - 1 ), the positioning of the substrate SB to the static elimination position ( 10 - 2 ), the release of the blanket BL from the pressed state by the pressing member  71  ( 10 - 3 ) and static elimination ( 10 - 4 ) are performed. Thereafter, the first stage elevating motor M 31  rotates its rotary shaft and the suction plate  37  is lifted to the initial position (position higher than the conveyance position) while sucking and holding the substrate SB ( 10 - 5 ) as shown in a field (b) of  FIG. 18 . 
       C-11. Substrate Retraction (Step S 11 ) 
       [0130]    As shown in “Step S 11 ” in a field (a) of  FIG. 19 , Substeps ( 11 - 1 ) to ( 11 - 4 ) are performed. That is, the shuttle horizontal drive motor M 21  rotates its rotary shaft to move the shuttle holding plate  24  in the (+X) direction ( 11 - 1 ), whereby the substrate shuttle  25 R is moved and positioned to the substrate suction position XP 23 . 
         [0131]    On the other hand, the first stage elevating motor M 31  rotates its rotary shaft and the suction plate  37  is lowered toward the hands  252 ,  252  of the substrate shuttle  25 R while sucking and holding the substrate SB. Thereafter, the valves V 31 , V 32  are closed, whereby the suction of the substrate SB by the suction grooves  371  and the suction pads  38  is released ( 11 - 2 ). Then, the first stage elevating motor M 31  rotates its rotary shaft in the opposite direction to lift the suction plate  37  to the initial position ( 11 - 3 ). Thereafter, the shuttle horizontal drive motor M 21  rotates its rotary shaft to move the shuttle holding plate  24  in the (−X) direction and the substrate shuttle  25 R is moved and positioned to the middle position XP 24  while holding the substrate SB ( 11 - 4 ). 
       C-12. Blanket Unloading (Step S 12 ) 
       [0132]    As shown in “Step S 12 ” in the field (a) of  FIG. 19 , Substeps ( 12 - 1 ) to ( 12 - 6 ) are performed. That is, the valves V 51 , V 52  are operated to release the suction of the blanket BL by the suction plate  51  ( 12 - 1 ). Then, the pin elevating cylinder CL 51  operate to lift the lift plate  551 , thereby lifting the used blanket BL vertically upward from the suction plate  51  ( 12 - 2 ). 
         [0133]    Subsequently, the blanket shutter drive cylinder CL 13  operates to move the blanket shutter (not shown) and open the shutter ( 12 - 3 ). Then, the blanket conveyance robot accesses to the apparatus  100 , receives the used blanket BL from the tops of the lift pins  552  and retracts from the apparatus  100  ( 12 - 4 ). Following this, the blanket shutter drive cylinder CL 13  operates to move the blanket shutter and close the shutter ( 12 - 5 ). Further, the pin elevating cylinder CL 51  operates to lower the lift plate  551  and lower the lift pins  552  to below the suction plate  51  in the downward (−Z) direction ( 12 - 6 ). 
       C-13. Printing Plate Unloading Step (S 13 ) 
       [0134]    As shown in “Step S 13 ” in the field (a) of  FIG. 19 , Substeps ( 13 - 1 ) to ( 13 - 5 ) are performed. That is, the shuttle horizontal drive motor M 21  rotates its rotary shaft to move the shuttle holding plate  24  in the (+X) direction ( 13 - 1 ), whereby the printing plate shuttle  25 L is moved and positioned to the printing plate transfer position XP 21 . Further, the printing plate shutter drive cylinder CL 11  operates to open the shutter  18  ( 13 - 2 ). Following this, the printing plate loading/unloading unit takes out the used printing plate PP from the printing apparatus  100  in response to an operation command from the control unit  6  ( 13 - 3 ). When the unloading of the printing plate PP is completed, the printing plate shutter drive cylinder CL 11  operates in the opposite direction by returning the opening/closing states of the above valves to the original states, thereby returning the printing plate shutter  18  to the original position and closing the shutter  18  ( 13 - 4 ). Then, the shuttle horizontal drive motor M 21  rotates its rotary shaft to move the shuttle holding plate  24  in the (−X) direction and position the printing plate shuttle  25 L to the middle position XP 22  ( 13 - 5 ). 
       C-14. Substrate Unloading (Step S 14 ) 
       [0135]    As shown in “Step S 14 ” in the field (a) of  FIG. 19 , Substeps ( 14 - 1 ) to ( 14 - 5 ) are performed. That is, the shuttle horizontal drive motor M 21  rotates its rotary shaft to move the shuttle holding plate  24  in the (−X) direction ( 14 - 1 ), whereby the substrate shuttle  25 R is moved and positioned to the substrate transfer position XP 25 . Further, the substrate shutter drive cylinder CL 12  operates to open the shutter  19  ( 14 - 2 ). Following this, the substrate loading/unloading unit takes out the substrate SB subjected to the transfer process from the printing apparatus  100  in response to an operation command from the control unit  6  ( 14 - 3 ). When the unloading of the substrate SB is completed, the substrate shutter drive cylinder CL 12  operates in the opposite direction to return the substrate shutter  19  to the original position and close the shutter  19  ( 14 - 4 ). Then, the shuttle horizontal drive motor M 21  rotates its rotary shaft to move the shuttle holding plate  24  in the (+X) direction and position the substrate shuttle  25 R to the middle position XP 24  ( 14 - 5 ). Accordingly, the printing apparatus  100  returns to the initial state as shown in a field (b) of  FIG. 19 . 
       D. Blanket Thickness Measurements and Gap Controls 
       [0136]    In the above printing apparatus, the blanket BL formed with a silicone rubber layer on the upper surface of the glass substrate is used as a “carrier” of the invention, and a coating layer and a pattern layer are formed on the silicone rubber layer. Accordingly, while the blanket BL is used, the silicone rubber layer swells and, as a result, the thickness of the blanket BL changes with the passage of time. Thus, in the above embodiment, the thickness of the blanket BL (first carrier thickness) is measured immediately before the patterning process of the coating layer (above Substep “ 5 - 4 ”), the thickness of the blanket BL (second carrier thickness) is measured also immediately before the transfer process of the pattern layer to the substrate SB (Substep “ 9 - 4 ”), and gap adjustments (gap controls) between the blanket BL and the printing plate PP, the substrate SB are performed utilizing these measurement results. The blanket thickness measurements and the gap controls are described in detail below with reference to  FIG. 20 . 
         [0137]      FIG. 20  is a diagram showing the carrier thickness measurements and gap control operations and diagrammatically showing operations from Step S 5  to the middle of Step S 9  (Substep “ 9 - 4 ”) of the embodiment. When the pre-aligned printing plate PP is sucked and held by the suction plate  37  and the pre-aligned blanket BL is sucked and held by the suction plate  51  and preparation for the patterning process is completed, the suction plates  37 ,  51  are separated from each other by an inter-stage gap Gst in the vertical direction Z as shown in a field (a) of  FIG. 20 . In this separated state, the blanket thickness measurement sensor SN 51  is moved to a position vertically above the blanket BL, i.e. to a measurement position by the sensor horizontal drive cylinder CL 52  ( FIG. 8 ). Then, the blanket thickness measurement sensor SN 51  outputs information relating to the thickness of the blanket BL to the control unit  6 , whereby the thickness of the blanket BL (first carrier thickness) is measured. When the measurement is completed in this way, the blanket thickness measurement sensor SN 51  is returned to the retracted position, i.e. a position separated from the suction plates  37 ,  51  in the (−X) direction, by the sensor horizontal drive cylinder CL 52 . 
         [0138]    Here, a first carrier thickness Tb 1 , a thickness Tp of the printing plate PP, the inter-stage gap Gst and an actual gap Gbp (=gap between the blanket BL and the printing plate PP) have the following relationship: 
         [0000]        Gbp=Gst−Tp−Tb 1. 
         [0000]    Accordingly, to obtain the actual gap Gbp suitable to pattern the coating layer CT on this blanket BL by the printing plate PP, the control unit  6  calculates a lowering amount of the suction plate  37  and moves the suction plate  37  downward by the calculated lowering amount, so as to control the inter-stage gap Gst (field (b) of  FIG. 20 ). In this way, a proper actual gap Gbp is constantly obtained even if the thickness of the blanket BL changes. Note that a lowering movement of the suction plate  37  may be controlled while the inter-stage gap Gst is constantly monitored. Further, if an elevating movement of the suction plate  37  by the upper stage unit  3  is stable and reproducibility is ensured, the suction plate  37  may be lowered without monitoring the inter-stage gap Gst. 
         [0139]    When the positioning of the printing plate PP is completed in this way, the printing plate PP and the blanket BL are facing each other with a desired actual gap Gbp therebetween. In this state, pressing and transferring are performed, whereby the coating layer CT is patterned by the pattern PT of the printing plate PP and the pattern layer PL having an inverted pattern of the pattern PT is formed on the blanket BL. 
         [0140]    When the patterning process is completed, the printing plate separation (Step S 6 ), the printing plate retraction (Step S 7 ) and the substrate suction (Step S 8 ) are performed as described above (field (c) of  FIG. 20 ). While these processes are performed, the blanket BL, particularly the silicone rubber layer may swell and the thickness of the blanket BL may change. For example, in a field (d) of  FIG. 20 , the thickness of the blanket BL has increased. In this case, if the suction plate  37  sucking and holding the substrate SB is lowered by controlling the inter-stage gap Gst using the first carrier thickness Tb 1  measured immediately before the patterning process as it is, the actual gap Gbs between the blanket BL and the substrate SB deviates from a desired value. 
         [0141]    Accordingly, in this embodiment, a thickness measurement and a gap control similar to those performed immediately before the patterning process are performed also immediately before the transfer process. That is, as shown in the field (d) of  FIG. 20 , the blanket thickness measurement sensor SN 51  is moved to the position (measurement position) vertically above the blanket BL having the pattern layer PT and the thickness of this blanket BL (second carrier thickness Tb 2 ) is measured. Then, to obtain an actual gap Gbs suitable to transfer the pattern layer PL on this blanket BL to the substrate SB, the control unit  6  calculates a lowering amount of the suction plate  37  based on the second carrier thickness and moves the suction plate  37  by the calculated lowering amount, so as to control the inter-stage gap Gst (field (e) of  FIG. 20 ). In this way, a proper actual gap Gbp is constantly obtained even if the thickness of the blanket BL changes. Note that a symbol Ts in  FIG. 20  shows a thickness of the substrate SB. 
         [0142]    When the positioning of the substrate SB is completed in this way, the substrate SB and the blanket BL are facing each other with a desired actual gap Gbp therebetween. In this state, pressing and transferring are performed, whereby the pattern layer PL is transferred to the substrate SB. 
         [0143]    As described above, according to this embodiment, the gap adjustment is made every time a part of the blanket BL is pressed into contact with the printing plate PP or the substrate SB in the state where the blanket BL is facing the printing plate PP or the substrate SB. That is, even if the blanket thickness differs, the thickness of the blanket BL is actually measured immediately before the patterning and immediately before the transfer, and the actual gaps Gbp, Gbs between the blanket BL and the printing plate P, the substrate SB are adjusted to the desired values based on the actual measurement values (first carrier thickness and second carrier thickness). Thus, high-precision printing can be stably performed using the blanket BL regardless of a change in the thickness of the blanket BL. 
         [0144]    As just described, in this embodiment, primary parts of the upper stage unit  3  and the lower stage unit  5  function as a “print section” of the invention. Especially, the suction plates  37 ,  51  respectively correspond to examples of a “first holder” and a “second holder” of the invention. The upper stage unit  3  configured to move the suction plate  37  in the vertical direction Z functions as a “mover” of the invention. Further, the (−Z) direction and the (+Z) direction respectively correspond to examples of a “first direction” and a “second direction” of the invention. Further, the blanket thickness measurement sensor SN  51  corresponds to an example of a “sensor” of the invention, the sensor horizontal drive cylinder CL 52  and the slide plate  562  correspond to an example of a “sensor moving mechanism” of the invention, and the blanket thickness measurement unit  56  including these corresponds to an example of a “meter” of the invention. 
       E. Miscellaneous 
       [0145]    Note that the invention is not limited to the above embodiment and various changes can be added to the one described above without departing from the gist of the invention. For example, although the printing plate PP and the substrate SB are alternately sucked and held by the suction plate  37  in the above embodiment, a printing plate holder for holding the printing plate PP and a substrate holder for holding the substrate SB may be individually provided. 
         [0146]    Further, the holding of the printing plate PP and the substrate SB is not limited to by suction. 
         [0147]    Further, a moving mechanism for moving the suction plate  51  in the vertical direction Z may be provided, and the gap adjustment may be made by moving the suction plate  51  in the vertical direction Z while fixing the suction plate  37 . Alternatively, the gap adjustment may be made by moving the both suction plates  37 ,  51  in the vertical direction Z. That is, the actual gaps Gbp, Gbs may be adjusted by moving at least one of the suction plates  37 ,  51  in the (−Z) direction and the (+Z) direction. 
         [0148]    Here, a first holder for alternately holding the printing plate and the substrate and a second holder spaced from the first holder in a first direction may be provided, and the mover may be configured to adjust the above gap by moving at least one of the first and second holders in the first direction and a second direction opposite to the first direction. 
         [0149]    Further, the meter may be configured to include a sensor for measuring the thickness of the carrier from a measurement position distant from the second holder in the second direction and a sensor moving mechanism for moving the sensor between a retracted position distant from both the first and second holders and the measurement position. In this case, the sensor needs to be positioned to the above measurement position to measure the thickness of the carrier by the sensor. However, if the patterning of the coating layer and the transfer of the pattern layer are performed with the sensor kept positioned at the measurement position, the first or second holder may interfere with the sensor. To prevent this, the sensor is preferably moved and positioned to the retracted position by the sensor moving mechanism in patterning the coating layer and transferring the pattern layer. 
         [0150]    Although the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments, this description is not meant to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications of the disclosed embodiment, as well as other embodiments of the invention, will become apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to the description of the invention. It is therefore contemplated that the appended claims will cover any such modifications or embodiments as fall within the true scope of the invention.