Abstract:
A method and a suitable x-ray device ( 1 ) for carrying out the method are specified for effective and operationally simplified user-specific optimization of a parameter configuration (K) of an x-ray device ( 1 ), said configuration comprising at least one recording parameter (U,I,t,F). It is accordingly provided that a user ( 20 ) is shown a plurality of reference images (V,V 1 ) for different reference parameter sets (PV) from a reference memory ( 21 ) in which are stored a large number of reference images (V,V 0 ) each with an associated reference parameter set (PV), that for each reference image (V,V 1 ) shown the user ( 20 ) submits an assessment (BM) of the image quality (V,V 1 ), and that on the basis of the submitted assessments (BM) an optimized parameter configuration (K) is created from the reference parameter sets (PV) of the reference images (V,V 1 ) shown.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to the German application No. 10 2004 031 681.3, filed Jun. 30, 2004 which is incorporated by reference here in in its entirety. 
     FIELD OF INVENTION 
     The invention relates to a method for user-specific parameterization of an x-ray device designed in particular for angiographic and/or cardiological examinations according to the pre-characterizing clause of claim  1 , and to an associated x-ray device according to the pre-characterizing clause of claim  8 . 
     BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 
     For medical x-ray examinations in angiography and cardiology, excellent image quality is of particular importance in order to be able to differentiate clearly between the comparatively weakly absorbing structures being examined, in particular tissue and vessels as well as any catheters and stents present, in the body of a patient. At the same time, however, care must be taken to ensure that the patient and the medical personnel are exposed to as low an x-ray dose as possible. 
     The quality of a medical x-ray image depends on a large number of adjustable parameters. These parameters include, on the one hand, recording parameters, i.e. parameters such as those affecting the recording conditions obtaining during imaging. These include in particular the voltage and current density of the supply voltage for the x-ray radiator as well as the exposure time and the setting of an x-ray filter. The quality of an x-ray image is additionally affected by variables generally dictated by the examination conditions. These include in particular the patient thickness, i.e. the thickness of the irradiated body tissue and the radiator/detector spacing (also known as the source-image distance, or SID for short). 
     In more recent times, instead of conventional radiography employing x-ray films, digital x-ray diagnostic techniques in which the recorded x-ray image is present in electronic format, i.e. in the form of digital image data, have found widespread use. This makes it possible for the x-ray image to be post-processed using electronic image processing means before it is displayed on a screen. For a digital x-ray device it is therefore necessary to adjust not only the recording parameters but also a number of image processing parameters which affect the way in which the image is post-processed by the x-ray equipment and in turn the image quality. 
     SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     It is known to control the recording parameters as a function of measurable input variables, e.g. the detector input dose, in such a way that comparable image quality is achieved under different examination conditions. For an x-ray device of this kind, a parameter configuration in which characteristics of the recording parameters are stored as a function of the input variables is generally predefined. These characteristics have hitherto been determined by the manufacturer on the basis of phantom measurements or simulation calculations. 
     The problem here is that the image quality does not constitute an objectively measurable variable, but is subject to the subjective impression of the treating radiologist. The visual impression expected and experienced as optimum is largely dictated by the taste or school of an x-ray department or even by the trained knowledgeability of an individual radiologist and therefore generally differs considerably from radiologist to radiologist. 
     Changing the parameter configuration of an x-ray device has hitherto been performed by technical support staff, especially as the x-ray equipment user, i.e. the treating physician, generally lacks the necessary specialist knowledge about how image quality is affected by varying the parameters. Adapting the parameter configuration to suit the individual user would therefore involve considerable cost and/or complexity, particularly as different parameter configurations would also have to be provided as part of so-called organ programs for each body organ to be recorded, each recording projection and possibly different objects to be detected (body tissue, vessels or artificial implants such as catheters or stents), and this does not therefore usually take place. 
     In order nevertheless to allow user-specific adaptation of the recording parameters of an x-ray device with comparatively low overhead in terms of cost and/or complexity, there is provided according to DE 101 61 708 A1 a first memory arrangement in which there is stored a number of recording parameter sets, one of which can be selected by a user in order to take an X-ray. The resulting and possibly user-modifiable recording parameters are stored in a second memory arrangement. According to DE 101 61 708 A1, there are additionally provided means embodied to evaluate the second recording parameter sets which are assigned to the same first recording parameter set and to derive from them a new recording parameter set which is stored in place of the first recording parameter set in the first memory arrangement. 
     An object of the present invention is to specify a method that is effective and simplified in terms of handling complexity for user-specific parameterization of an x-ray device in respect of the parameters affecting image quality. It is also an object of the invention to specify a device which is suitable for performing said method. 
     The object is achieved by the claims. 
     Accordingly, a user is shown a plurality of reference images in order to parameterize a parameter configuration containing at least one recording parameter, in particular the tube voltage, the tube current, the exposure time and/or a filter setting. These reference images corresponding to the x-ray images that can be generated by the x-ray device are held in a reference memory of the x-ray device, there being stored for each reference image a corresponding reference parameter set specifying the conditions under which the reference image has been produced. In particular, the reference parameter set includes the settings of the recording parameters obtaining at the time the reference image was recorded and also, if the reference image has undergone post-processing, the corresponding image processing parameters. The reference parameter set additionally includes other variables associated with the reference image, in particular the patient thickness, SID and patient dose. 
     In order to determine the user&#39;s subjective visual impression, according to the method the user is prompted by the x-ray device to assess each displayed reference image according to predefined criteria. On the basis of these assessments, an optimized parameter configuration is then created from the reference parameter sets of the displayed reference images and stored. 
     Specifically a user&#39;s subjective visual impression is automatically analyzed by the method and the x-ray device operating in accordance therewith, and the image quality is optimized in respect of the individual requirements of that user. A considerable advantage of the method is that it can be carried out intuitively on the part of the user. In other words, the user can perform image optimization using the method alone, without his requiring prior knowledge regarding the effect of particular parameters on image quality in order to do so. For x-ray device parameterization according to the invention, technical support staff are not therefore required, or only to a comparatively small extent, thereby reducing the cost overhead associated with putting the x-ray device into operation. 
     Image optimization according to the method is particularly effective, moreover, in that it commences as early as the image recording stage rather then during post-processing of already existing x-ray images. This means that particularly good image quality can be achieved while at the same time minimizing the patient dose. 
     In a preferred embodiment of the method, not only the recording parameters but also at least one image processing parameter is optimized which is likewise contained in the parameter configuration of the x-ray device. For this purpose the user is presented with reference images which have been post-processed differently, i.e. whose assigned reference parameter sets differ in the one or more image processing parameters, so that the user also includes image post-processing in the assessment. 
     In a variant of the invention, the reference images are already stored in post-processed form in the reference memory. In another variant, the reference images are stored in unprocessed form in the reference memory and are only modified for display purposes in an image post-processing unit of the x-ray device. Likewise the corresponding image processing parameters are in this case not added to the reference parameter set assigned to a reference image until the method is applied. The particular advantage of this last mentioned variant is that it is only necessary to provide a comparatively small number of reference images which can be flexibly subjected to any post-processing as required. 
     When assessing the reference images, the doctor is preferably given an impression of the radiation load to be expected for the patient and the medical personnel, particularly therefore himself, in that the user is also shown the underlying patient dose together with a reference image. 
     In order to ensure comparable image quality under different examination conditions, it is also expediently provided that at least one parameter contained in the parameter configuration is predefined as a function of at least one input variable, a preferable input variable being the patient thickness and/or the source-image distance (SID) and/or the detector input dose and/or the contrast-to-noise ratio. The dependence of one parameter on the one or more input variables is implemented in one embodiment of the invention by defining the parameter as a characteristic, mathematical function, node table, etc. of the at least one input variable. It is alternatively provided for the dependence of the parameter or parameters of the parameter configuration on the input variable or variables to be mapped onto the connections of a neural network. 
     When creating the optimized parameter configuration from the reference parameter sets of the reference images shown and assessed, it is preferably provided, as part of weighted averaging over the reference parameter sets, for only parameter sets or preferably such parameter sets as are comparable in respect of the absolute value of the input variables to be linked, so that when considering a sufficient number of reference images the characteristics of the parameters can be established as a function of the input variables. If the parameter configuration is constructed as a neural network, it is provided for the latter to be trained in the course of optimization by the reference parameter sets of the reference images shown and by the assigned assessments. 
     In addition or alternatively it is provided that at least one parameter of the parameter configuration be defined as a function of an abstract image quality measure, on the basis of which a user can adjust the subjective image quality corresponding to his expectations continuously or in discrete steps. This subjective image quality measure, hereinafter also referred to as a control variable, is preferably derived from standardized subjective assessment criteria on the basis of which the user assesses the reference images. Assessment criteria provided are in particular the resolution, the noise impression (in contrast to the objectively determinable signal-to-noise ratio), the visibility of details and/or the contrast. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Exemplary embodiments of the invention will now be explained in greater detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  schematically illustrates an x-ray device with an x-ray radiator, a digital x-ray detector and a control and evaluation system, 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic block diagram of a first embodiment of the device according to  FIG. 1 , 
         FIG. 3  shows in the manner of  FIG. 2  a second embodiment of the device according to  FIG. 1 , and 
         FIG. 4  shows in the manner of  FIG. 2  a third embodiment of the device according to  FIG. 1 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION 
     Mutually corresponding parts and variables are consistently denoted by the same reference characters in all the figures. 
     The medical x-ray device  1  schematically illustrated in  FIG. 1  comprises an x-ray radiator  2 , a digital x-ray detector  3  (hereinafter referred to as a detector for short) as well as a control and evaluation system  4 . A collimator  6  and an anti-scatter grid  7  are interposed in a radiation direction  5  between the x-ray radiator  2  and the detector  3 . 
     The collimator  6  is used to extract from the x-radiation R produced by the x-ray radiator  2  a sub-beam of a required size which passes through a patient under examination  8  or an object under examination and the anti-scatter grid  7  and is incident on the detector  3 . The collimator  6  additionally contains a filter arrangement  9  by means of which the x-radiation R generated by the x-ray radiator  2  can be attenuated and/or modified in respect of its spectral distribution. The filter arrangement  9  is adjustable particularly in respect of its filter thickness F. The anti-scatter grid  7  is used to mask out stray radiation which is incident on the detector  3  at a shallow angle and which would corrupt an x-ray image B 0  recorded by the detector  3 . 
     The x-ray radiator  2  and the detector  3  are displaceably fixed to a stand  10  or above and below an examination table. 
     The control and evaluation system  4  comprises a control unit  11  for controlling the x-ray generator  2  and the detector  3 . The control unit  11  is connected via a data line  12  to an x-ray generator  13  which generates an electrical supply voltage for radiation generation and feeds it out to the x-ray radiator  2 . The absolute voltage value (hereinafter referred to as tube voltage U) and the current intensity (hereinafter referred to as tube current I) of the supply voltage and likewise the exposure time t are set by the control unit  11  and predefined as recording parameters for the x-ray generator  13 . The filter thickness F is also set by the control unit  11  and predefined as a recording parameter for the collimator  6 . 
     The control unit  11  is a software component of a data processing system  14  comprising as a further software component an image processing unit  15  for post-processing a digital x-ray image B (also termed raw image) produced by the detector  3  and transmitted to the data processing system  14  via the data line  12 . The data processing system  14  preferably comprises further software components for evaluating findings and displaying the post-processed x-ray images B 1 . 
     For data input and output, particularly for displaying x-ray images B 1  and for entering control and processing commands, the data processing system  14  is connected to peripheral devices  16 , in particular a screen, keyboard, mouse, printer, etc. 
       FIG. 2  shows the device  1  in a schematic block diagram in which in particular the structure of the data processing system  14  is depicted in greater detail. Two interfaces  17  and  18  via which the data processing system  14  communicates with the x-ray radiator  2 , the detector  3  and the collimator  6  on the one hand and with the peripheral devices  16  on the other are indicated in  FIG. 2  by vertical double lines in each case. 
     During normal operation of the x-ray device  1 , the control unit  11  controls both the generation of x-ray images B 0  and their post-processing by the image processing unit  15 . For this purpose the control unit  11  has at its disposal a parameter configuration K containing on the one hand the recording parameters U, I, t and F and, on the other, a number of image processing parameters b i  (i=1,2,3 . . . ). Depending on the latter, the image processing unit  15  uses conventional digital image processing methods to perform a predefined modification on the unprocessed x-ray images B 0 . Such methods include, for example, the pixel-by-pixel application of characteristics for color or brightness modification of the x-ray image, filtering operations such as applying a low-pass, high-pass or median filter, frequency band-dependent filtering, contrast or brightness operations (also known as windowing) or similar. 
     The recording parameters U, I, t and F and the image processing parameters b i  are stored as part of the parameter configuration K in the form of characteristics U(S,D,SID), I(S,D,SID), t(S,D,SID), F(S,D,SID) and b i  (S,D,SID) which are a function of the input variables source-image distance SID and patient thickness D. The characteristics of the parameters U, I, t, F and b i  contained in the parameter configuration K are additionally formulated as a function of a control parameter S. The control parameter S is a signal whose absolute value is a subjective measure of image quality and which can be varied in discrete steps or continuously by a user  20  via the peripheral devices  16  in order to set a high or low image quality as required. 
     To record an x-ray image B 0 , the control unit  11  determines concrete values for the recording parameters U, I, t, F and the image processing parameters b i  on the basis of a predefined combination of input variables S, D, SID and of the predefined characteristics U(S,D,SID), I(S,D,SID), t(S,D,SID), F(S,D,SID) and b i (S,D,SID) and makes them available to the x-ray radiator  2 , the detector  3  and the collimator  6  or, as the case may be, to the image processing unit  15 . 
     User-specific adaptation of the parameter configuration K takes place in an optimization phase preceding normal operation of the x-ray device  1 , in particular during commissioning. However, the user  20  can likewise initiate the optimization phase at any subsequent point in time, particularly if he feels that the current parameter configuration K of the x-ray device  1  is unsatisfactory. 
     In order to carry out the optimization phase, the data processing system  14  of the x-ray device  1  incorporates a reference memory  21  and an optimization unit  22 , the latter in turn being implemented as a software component of the data processing system  14 . Method steps involved in the optimization phase are indicated by dashed arrows in the diagram shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     In the reference memory  21  there are stored a large number of reference images V, each reference image V being assigned an associated reference parameter set P V . The reference images V are x-ray images preferably originating from anonymized medical studies on a system corresponding to the x-ray device  1 . The assigned reference parameter set P V  in each case contains the values of the recording parameters U, I, t, F which were set at the time the relevant reference image V was recorded. The reference parameter set P V  additionally contains information about the source-image distance SID, the patient thickness D and the patient dose PD associated with the recording of the reference image V. 
     The reference images V stored in the reference memory  21  are selected such that the parameter space spanned by the recording parameters U, I, t, F is as fully covered as possible; in other words, so that the reference images V constitute a representative selection of all the possible value combinations of the recording parameters U, I, t, F. 
     For the embodiment of the x-ray device  1  shown in  FIG. 2 , the reference memory  21  already contains post-processed reference images V. The reference parameter set P V  assigned to the particular reference image V therefore also includes the value of all the image processing parameters b i  according to which the reference image V has been post-processed, the reference images V stored in the reference memory  21  being selected such that the region of the parameter space spanned by the image processing parameters b i  is also covered. 
     To sum up, the reference parameter set P V  contains all the parameter values which characterize the corresponding reference image V. 
     In the optimization phase, a number of the reference images V stored in the reference memory  21  are now displayed to the user  20  via the peripheral devices  16 . In order to give the user  20  an impression of the radiation load associated with the image recording, the user  20  is simultaneously shown the patient dose PD associated with the reference image V. The user  20  is additionally shown a standardized assessment matrix BM on the basis of which the user  20  assesses the reference image V displayed. The assessment matrix BM comprises a number of predefined assessment criteria, preferably those of resolution, noise impression, visibility of details and contrast, as well as, for each criterion, an assessment scale from 1 to 5 on which the user  20  rates the extent to which the relevant criterion is met by the reference image V displayed. 
     When the user  20  has completed the assessment matrix BM, it is transferred to the optimization unit  22  which additionally accesses the reference parameter set P V  of the corresponding reference image V in question. 
     The optimization unit  22  now links the corresponding reference parameter sets P V  according to the submitted assessment matrices BM, thereby generating an optimized parameter configuration K which is then transmitted by the optimization unit  22  to the control unit  11  where it is stored in place of the previous parameter configuration K. 
     In the embodiment according to  FIG. 2 , this linking is performed by the optimization unit  22  in the form of a parameter-specific, weighted averaging over the recording parameters U,I,t,F and the image processing parameters b i  of the reference parameter sets P V , said averaging being understood to be one in which the average is always taken over mutually corresponding parameters of the various parameter sets. The weighting factors are derived from the assessment matrices BM. The weighting is additionally performed in such a way that averaging takes place only or preferably over parameter sets P V  which are comparable in respect of the source-image distance SID, the patient thickness D and control parameter S. For this purpose the control parameter S to be assigned to a reference image V is determined via weighted averaging over the assessment criteria of the relevant assessment matrix BM. 
     In this way the optimization unit  22  determines nodes for the characteristics U(S,D,SID), I(S,D,SID), t(S,D,SID), F(S,D,SID) and b i (S,D,SID) of the optimized parameter configuration K. The optimization unit  22  interpolates between these nodes if necessary by means of suitable fit algorithms, etc. 
     In a variant, as shown in  FIG. 3 , of the x-ray device  1 , unprocessed reference images V 0  corresponding to the unprocessed x-ray images B 0  (i.e. raw images) generated by the detector  3  are stored in the reference memory  21 . The reference parameter set P v assigned to these reference images V 0  in each case accordingly contains initially only parameter values of the recording parameters U, I, t, F as well as source-image distance SID, but no explicit values for image processing parameters b i . In this embodiment of the x-ray device  1 , post-processing of the reference images V 0  is not carried out until the optimization phase. It is performed by first feeding each reference image V 0  to the image processing unit  15  where it is modified in accordance with predefined image processing parameters b i . Only the modified reference image V 1  is then displayed to the user  20  via the peripheral devices  16 . The corresponding values of the image processing parameters b i  are correspondingly not added to the associated reference parameter set P v  until the optimization phase. Assessment of the reference images V 1  by the user  20  and optimization of the parameter configuration K by the optimization unit  22  take place as described above. 
     In another variant, as shown in  FIG. 4 , of the x-ray device  1 , the parameter configuration K is not provided in the form of concrete characteristic data, but is represented by the connections of a neural network  23  implemented as p art of the control unit  11 . This neural network  23  is trained in the optimization phase using the reference parameter sets P V  of the reference images V shown and the assessment matrices BM submitted by the user  20  for this purpose, thereby “learning” which combinations of the recording parameters U, I, t, F and image processing parameters b i  of the user  20  are preferred for a predefined combination of the input variables S, D, SID. 
     In practice, the x-ray device  1  does not contain only a single parameter configuration K, but a separate parameter configuration K assigned to each of a plurality of organ programs, the parameter configuration K provided in an organ program being optimized for the representation of a particular body organ in a particular recording projection and possibly for the representation of a particular structure or substance (e.g. vessels, tissue, catheters, stents or iodine as a contrast medium). In respect of this optimization, there are stored in the reference memory  21  a separate series of reference images V or V 0  for each organ program. 
     It is additionally provided that the x-ray device  1  incorporates a plurality of user profiles as part of which there are in turn stored in each case a separate user-specific parameter configuration K or a plurality of user- and organ program-specific parameter configurations K.