Abstract:
A method for treating palmar-plantar erythrodysethesia syndrome includes applying to affected areas a therapeutically effective amount of a dimethyl sulfoxide solution.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to methods for treating a dermatologic syndrome known as hand-foot syndrome, or palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome (PPES), which can be caused by chemotherapeutic regimens that utilize drugs such as capecitabine, 5-fluorouracil (&#34;fluorouracil&#34;), cytarabine, or doxorubicin. 
     2. Description of Related Art 
     Chemotherapeutic regimens that utilize drugs such as capecitabine, fluorouracil, cytarabine, and doxorubicin have been shown to cause a dermatologic syndrome known as hand-foot syndrome, or palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome (PPES). [Comandone, et al., Anticancer Res. 13:1781 (1993); Fabian, et al., Investigational New Drugs 8:57 (1990); Gordon et al., Cancer. 75:2169 (1995); Lokich, et al., Ann. Intern. Med 101:798 (1984); Vogelzang, et al., Ann. Intern. Med. 103:303 (1985)]. PPES initially starts with dysesthesia (an abnormal feeling of discomfort with weight bearing or touch) in the hands and feet, followed by edema and erythema, and ultimately, fissuring and ulceration involving the fingers, toes, palms and plantar aspects of the feet. As the syndrome progresses, the patient may experience extreme pain when grasping objects or walking. Histologically the condition is marked by a thickened granular layer, marked hyperkeratosis with parakeratosis, and many apoptotic keratinocytes. Unlike many other inflammatory dematoses, the apoptotic cells are not associated with local lymphocytes. There may also be focal basilar vacuolization and a perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate, along with melanin incontinence in the papillary dermis. [See Gordon, et al., Cancer 75:2169, 2172 (1995). PPES may also affect areas of the body other than the hands and feet, for example areas of the skin to which pressure is applied, such as at the belt or bra line. The severity of PPES may be graded on a 0-3 scale. A grade of 0 indicates no PPES; grade 1 indicates mild PPES; grade 2 indicates moderate PPES; and grade 3 indicates severe PPES. [Fabian, et al., Investigational New Drugs 8:57 (1990)]. 
     Doxorubicin, an anthracycline, is commonly administered for a wide range of solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. Liposomal doxorubicin preparations, which are made of small particles of doxorubicin encapsulated in hydrophilic lipid particle bilayers, have been investigated as safer and potentially more active alternatives to the parent compound. Polyethyleneglycol (PEG) coated liposome technology greatly alters the pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin with the PEG coating, resulting in major differences in doxorubicin clearance and distribution, along with significant increases in drug concentrations in tumors. Pegylated (PEG-coated) liposomal doxorubicin has proven effective in the treatment of AIDS-related Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma, ovarian cancer refractory to platinum and paclitaxel therapies, and metastatic breast cancer. 
     The incidence of severe PPES, as a result of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin therapy has been reported to be between 3.4% and 34%, depending on drug dose and schedule. [James, et al., Clin. Oncol. 6:294 (1994); Muggia, et al., J. Clin. Oncol. 15:987(1997); Northfelt, et al., J. Clin. Pharmacol. 36:55 (1996); Simpson et al., Clin. Oncol. 5:372 (1993); Uziely et al., J. Clin. Oncol. 13:1777 (1995)]. Although PPES is noted also to occur with prolonged administrations of other chemotherapeutic regimes, whether these drugs have a common mechanism for causing the syndrome is not known. [Comandone, et al., Anticancer Res. 13:1781 (1993); Fabian, et al., Investigational New Drugs 8:57 (1990); Gordon, et al., Cancer 75:2169 (1995); Leichman, et al., J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 85:41 (1993); Levine, et al., Arch. Dermatol. 121:102 (1985); Lokich, et al., Ann. Intern. Med 101:798 (1984); Lokich, et al., J. Clin. Oncol. 7:425 (1989); Vogelzang, et al., Ann. Intern. Med 103:303 (1985)]. 
     Tissue extravasation reactions sometimes occur when chemotherapeutic agents inadvertently leak out of a blood vessel into which the drug is introduced, and into the surrounding tissue. Such reactions can cause severe injury to the surrounding tissue, often requiring plastic surgery, such as skin grafting, to repair the damaged tissue. This type of injury differs from PPES in that an extravasation reaction is a local injury caused by direct contact between a particular drug and affected tissue. PPES, on the other hand is a systemic reaction caused by a drug that is circulating in the bloodstream. PPES primarily affects the hands and feet of a patient, not the vicinity of the site at which the drugs are intravenously introduced into the patient. 
     Topical 99% (by weight, with 1% water) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) has shown strong activity in treating tissue extravasation reactions that occur during intravenous administration of doxorubicin. [Bertelli et al., J. Clin. Oncol. 13:2851 (1995); Olver et al., J. Clin. Oncol. 6:1732 (1988)]. In a clinical study by Olver et al., 20 consecutive patients were treated with topical 99% DMSO for anthracycline soft tissue extravasation. Use of the 99% formulation four times daily for up to 14 days was shown to reduce doxorubicin soft tissue damage. At three months post DMSO treatment, 38% of the patients had no sign of residual damage and in 63% of the patients, only a pigmented, indurated skin lesion remained, without any sign of ulceration. Because no patients progressed to ulceration, the investigators documented a true ulceration range of 0-17% (95% confidence interval) compared to the 30% progression rate to ulceration observed by Larson [Cancer 49:1796 (1982)] when only ice was applied to the extravasation site. More recently, Bertelli et al. [J. Clin. Oncol. 13:2851] reported complete recovery from doxorubicin extravasation injury in 11 of 11 patients treated three times daily with 99% topical DMSO. DMSO is known to be rapidly absorbed through intact skin and mucous membranes. Additionally, DMSO has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory action, locoregional analgesic, and histamine-like vasodilatory effects. [David, Ann. Rev. Pharmacology, 12:353 (1972)]. 
     Current methods for treating PPES include dose reduction, lengthening of the drug administration interval and ultimately, drug withdrawal. However, alteration in drug dose and schedule can compromise the efficacy of a particular treatment regimen, and contribute to suboptimal cancer treatment. [Frei, et al., Am. J. Med 69:585 (1980); Henderson et al., J. Clin. Oncol. 6:1501 (1988)]. For example, in the treatment of refractory epithelial cell ovarian cancers, Muggia et al. [J. Clin. Oncol. 15:987] utilized intravenous doses of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, 50 mg/m 2  every 3 weeks. When grade 3 or 4 PPES toxicity was encountered, the dose was reduced to 40 mg/m 2 . If grade 1 or 2 toxicity persisted beyond a three-week period, the administration interval was lengthened to 4 weeks. Grade 3 PPES was observed in 31% of patients (11 of 35) and required dose reductions and/or dose delay after a median of three therapy cycles. 
     Pyridoxine therapy has been utilized to alleviate the onset of PPES during treatment with fluorouracil infusions for metastatic colon cancer. [Fabian et al., Investigational New Drugs, 8:57 (1990)]. However, the addition of pyridoxine to the combination of altretamine plus cisplatin in state II-IV epithelial ovarian cancer patients resulted in a significant reduction in response duration (i.e., pyridoxine reduces the effectiveness of the chemotherapy treatment). [Wiernik et al., Cancer Investigation, 10:1]. Pyridoxine has been suggested for the management of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin-induced PPES in some phase II trials, but its effectiveness has not been demonstrated. 
     There is a need for improved methods for preventing and treating PPES that are safe and effective, and do not interfere with the effectiveness of other drugs being administered. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to one aspect of the present invention, a method for treating palmar-plantar erythrodysethesia syndrome includes applying to affected areas a therapeutically effective amount of a dimethyl sulfoxide solution. The DMSO solution preferably has a concentration of between about 50% and 100%, more preferably about 99%, although lower concentrations are also expected to be effective. The PPES can be caused by use of capecitabine, fluorouracil, cytarabine, an anthracycline, doxorubicin, or pegylated liposomal doxorubicin. The DMSO solution may be applied to the affected areas about one to four times per day. Preferably, the DMSO solution may be applied about three times per day. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The method of the invention was evaluated in patients who developed PPES during pegylated liposomal doxorubicin therapy. Discussed below are case reports of the first two patients treated with topical DMSO for PPES caused by pegylated liposomal doxorubicin. 
     As shown below, positive results were obtained from topical 99% DMSO (containing 1% water) applied to the palms and soles in two patients who developed grade 3 PPES while on pegylated liposomal doxorubicin. Contrary to other studies that suggest the efficacy of pyridoxine in the resolution of PPES in patients treated with fluorouracil, no protection was evident in these two patients, who developed grade 3 PPES while taking prophylactic pyridoxine therapy. 
     Other concentrations of DMSO are also expected to be effective. Preferably, a solution containing about 50% to 100% can be used. DMSO may also be effective when mixed with other solvents, such as ethanol, acetone, or ether. In addition, a sustained release formulation of DMSO could be developed, according to techniques known to those skilled in the art, and a sustained release formulation of DMSO could be effective in treating PPES and more convenient to use than a DMSO-water solution. 
     Despite the successful prior use of DMSO to treat doxorubicin-induced extravasation injuries, DMSO has not previously been used to treat PPES, and the successful use of DMSO to treat PPES is surprising, due to the differences between extravasation injuries and PPES. For liposomal-doxorubicin-induced PPES, the applicants believe that the PPES may result from the release of small amounts of doxorubicin from liposomes that lodge and rupture in microcapillaries (with standing and grasping pressure), releasing doxorubicin into the subcutaneous tissue of the palms and soles. DMSO may be effective in treating liposomal-doxorubicin-induced PPES because the DMSO may transport the free doxorubicin into the systemic circulation and/or act as an antioxidant, thereby preventing doxorubicin&#39;s toxic effects on the local soft tissues. DMSO is also expected to be effective in treating PPES caused by other cancer drugs, such as capecitabine, fluorouracil, cytarabine, or non-liposomal doxorubicin. 
     The following examples are presented for purposes of illustration and should not be construed as limiting the invention which is delineated in the claims. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE I 
     Patient Number One 
     A 47-year old Mexican female with metastatic leiomyosarcoma to the lung was undergoing treatment at the Arizona Cancer Center with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin at 50 mg/m 2  infused over 1 hour every four weeks. The patient subsequently developed grade 1 palmar-plantar erythrodysethesia with swelling and light discoloration of hands and feet (without evidence of desquamation) prior to administration of the third course of chemotherapy. Despite the use of pyridoxine, 50 mg t.i.d. (three times daily), during the four weeks following her third treatment cycle, PPES increased in severity to grade 3 with swelling, erythema, pain and mild desquamation on her hands, as well as blisters on the dorsal aspects of the toes and the left anterior aspect of the wrist. She was seen in the Arizona Cancer Center, at the time of the scheduled fourth treatment, and was instructed to apply 99% DMSO (Burdick &amp; Jackson Div., Baxter Healthcare, Muskegon, Mich.; HPLC-Grade) four times daily to the affected areas, delaying her fourth treatment cycle for one week. One week later, the patient was found to be without ulcers or blisters; however, mild skin desquamation remained on her hands and fingers. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin therapy was continued at 50 mg/m 2  every four weeks for two additional four-week cycles. The signs and symptoms of PPES completely resolved by the time of the fifth course of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin while continuing topical 99% DMSO treatment. 
     EXAMPLE II 
     Patient Number Two 
     A 66-year old white male with a history of metastatic melanoma (lymph node, skin and lung metastases) received the first cycle of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, 50 mg/m 2  every four weeks plus pyridoxine 50 mg p.o. (orally) t.i.d. A second cycle was administered without incident. At the time of the third cycle of chemotherapy, the patient reported a rash, lasting approximately one week, on his back, arms and groin, associated with erythema and mild pruritis without desquamation (i.e., grade 1 skin toxicity). When he returned to the Arizona Cancer Center for his fourth therapy cycle, he had a severe rash on his buttocks, hands and feet and was unable to walk, because of grade 3 PPES, with skin edema, erythema, blistering and desquamation on his soles. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin therapy was held, pending resolution of the severe PPES, and the patient was instructed to apply topical 99% DMSO q.i.d. (four times daily) to his palms and soles. At his next clinic visit nine days later, there was resolution of sole edema allowing him to walk and skin erythema and desquamation was improved to grade 1-2 in severity. Although pegylated liposomal doxorubicin therapy was not readministered, at patient&#39;s request, due to fatigue, topical DMSO therapy was continued. Three weeks later, there was almost complete resolution of the PPES.