Abstract:
Heat transfer sheets ( 70 ) for a rotary regenerative heat exchanger ( 10 ) have a alternating first and second undulation surfaces ( 71,81 ). The first and second undulation surfaces ( 71,81 ) are composed of parallel ridges ( 75,85 ) angled in alternating directions. When the heat transfer sheets ( 70 ) are stacked, they create passageways ( 79 ) between them that direct air/gas through them. The ridges ( 75,85 ) redirect the air flow near the surface of the heat transfer sheet ( 70 ) imparting turbulence reducing laminar flow to improve heat transfer. The heat transfer sheets ( 80 ) employ curved ridges ( 95 ) having valleys ( 97 ) between them that define passageways ( 99 ) that constantly redirect the air/gas flow minimizing turbulence, creating efficient heat transfer.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The devices described herein relate to heating elements or heat transfer sheets of the type found in rotary regenerative heat exchangers. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Regenerative air preheaters are used on large fossil fuel boilers to preheat the incoming combustion air from exiting hot exhaust gases. These recycle energy and conserve fuel. Recovering useful heat energy that would otherwise be lost to the atmosphere is an effective way to gain significant cost savings, conserve fossil fuels, and reduce emissions. 
         [0003]    One type of regenerative heat exchanger, a rotary regenerative heat exchanger, is commonly used in fossil fuel boilers and steam generators. Rotary regenerative heat exchangers have a rotor mounted in a housing that defines a flue gas inlet duct and a flue gas outlet duct for the flow of heated flue gases through the heat exchanger. The housing further defines another set of inlet ducts and outlet ducts for the flow of gas streams that receive the recovered heat energy. The rotor has radial partitions or diaphragms defining compartments between the partitions for supporting baskets or frames to hold heating elements that are typically heat transfer sheets. Referring to  FIG. 1 , a rotary regenerative heat exchanger, generally designated by the reference number  10 , has a rotor  12  mounted in a housing  14 . 
         [0004]    The heat transfer sheets are stacked in the baskets or frames. Typically, a plurality of sheets are stacked in each basket or frame. The sheets are closely stacked in spaced relationship within the basket or frame to define passageways between the sheets for the flow of gases. Examples of heat transfer element sheets are provided U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,596,642; 2,940,736; 4,363,222; 4,396,058; 4,744,410; 4,553,458; 6,019,160; and 5,836,379. 
         [0005]    Pending U.S. patent application (WO5/006-0) No. 12/437,914 filed May 8, 2009 entitled “Heat Transfer Sheet For Rotary Regenerative Heat Exchanger”, published Nov. 11, 2010 describes different designs for heat exchange sheets, hereby incorporated by reference as if set forth in its entirety herein. 
         [0006]    Hot gases are directed through the rotary heat exchanger to transfer heat to the sheets. As the rotor rotates, the recovery gas stream (air side flow) is directed over the heated sheets, thereby causing the intake air to be heated. In many instances, the intake air is provided to the boiler for combustion of the fossil fuels. Hereinafter, the recovery gas stream shall be referred to as combustion air or input air. In other forms of rotary regenerative heat exchangers, the sheets are stationary and the flue gas and the recovery gas ducts are rotated. 
         [0007]    Current designs of heat transfer sheets only recover a portion of the heat in the exhaust flue gases with the unrecovered heat passing out of the stack as waste energy. The more efficiently these heat transfer sheets operate, the less the wasted heat. 
         [0008]    Currently, there is a need for more efficient heat exchange sheet designs. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0009]    The present invention may be embodied as a heat transfer sheet for a rotary regenerative heat exchanger that receives hot flue gas stream and an air stream and transfers heat from the hot flue gas stream to the air stream, the heat transfer sheet having: 
         [0010]    a plurality of sheet spacing features extending along the heat transfer sheet substantially parallel to a direction of the hot flue gas stream, the sheet spacing features defining a portion of a flow passage between an adjacent heat transfer sheet; and 
         [0011]    a plurality of undulating surfaces disposed between each pair of adjacent sheet spacing features, the plurality of undulating surfaces including: 
         [0012]    a first undulating surface formed by a plurality of elongated ridges extending along the heat transfer sheet parallel to each other at a first angle A l  relative to the sheet spacing features, and 
         [0013]    a second undulating surface formed by a plurality of elongated ridges extending along the heat transfer sheet parallel to each other at a second angle A 2  relative to the sheet spacing features, the first angle A 1  being different from the second angle A 2 . 
         [0014]    The present invention may also be embodied as a heat transfer sheet comprising: 
         [0015]    a plurality of ridges and valleys are shaped as at least a partial sinusoidal pattern, extending from a first end to a second end, oriented such that a fluid passing from the first end to the second end is at least partially redirected in an alternating manner between a first direction and a second direction. 
         [0016]    The present invention may also be embodied as a basket for a rotary regenerative heat exchanger, the basket having: 
         [0017]    a frame; and 
         [0018]    at least one heat transfer sheet with: 
         [0019]    a plurality of ridges and valleys having at least a partial sinusoidal pattern, extending from a first end to a second end, oriented such that a fluid passing from the first end to the second end is at least partially redirected in an alternating manner from side to side. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0020]    The subject matter described in the description of the preferred embodiments is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the claims at the conclusion of the specification. The foregoing and other features and advantages are apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: 
           [0021]      FIG. 1  is a partially cut-away perspective view of a prior art rotary regenerative heat exchanger. 
           [0022]      FIG. 2  is a top plan view of a basket including three prior art heat transfer sheets. 
           [0023]      FIG. 3  is a perspective view of a portion of three prior art heat transfer sheets shown in a stacked configuration. 
           [0024]      FIG. 4  is a plan view of a prior art heat transfer sheet. 
           [0025]      FIG. 5  is a perspective view of the portion of a heat transfer sheet according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0026]      FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional view of the portion of the heat transfer sheet shown in  FIG. 5 . 
           [0027]      FIG. 7  is a plan view of a full heat transfer sheet having the pattern of  FIG. 5 . 
           [0028]      FIG. 8  is a plan view of another embodiment of a heat transfer sheet showing a sinusoidal ridge pattern according to the present invention. 
           [0029]      FIG. 9  is a cross sectional diagram of the heat transfer sheet of  FIG. 8 . 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0030]    The heat transfer surface, otherwise known as “heating transfer sheet” is a key component in the air preheater. The heat transfer surface of a rotary regenerative heat exchanger, such as a Ljungstrom® air pre heater consists of thin profiled steel sheets, packed in frame baskets or assembled in bundles, and installed in the air preheater rotor. During each revolution of the rotor, the heat transfer sheet is passed alternately through the hot gas stream where it absorbs energy, and then through combustion air where they transfer the absorbed energy to the combustion air, preheating it. 
         [0031]    The housing  14  defines a flue gas inlet duct  20  and a flue gas outlet duct  22  for accommodating the flow of a heated flue gas stream  36  through the heat exchanger  10 . The housing  14  further defines an air inlet duct  24  and an air outlet duct  26  to accommodate the flow of combustion air  38  through the heat exchanger  10 . The rotor  12  has radial partitions  16  or diaphragms defining compartments  17  therebetween for supporting baskets (frames)  40  of heat transfer sheets  42 . The heat exchanger  10  is divided into an air sector and a flue gas sector by sector plates  28 , which extend across the housing  14  adjacent the upper and lower faces of the rotor  12 . While  FIG. 1  depicts a single air stream  38 , multiple air streams may be accommodated, such as tri-sector and quad-sector configurations. These provide multiple preheated air streams that may be directed for different uses. 
         [0032]    As is shown in  FIG. 2 , one example of a sheet basket  40  includes a frame  41  into which heat sheets  50  are stacked. While only a limited number of heat sheets  50  are shown, it will be appreciated that the basket  40  will typically be filled with heat sheets  50 . As also seen in  FIG. 2 , the heat sheets  50  are closely stacked in spaced relationship within the basket  40  to form passageways  44  between adjacent heat sheets  50 . During operation, air or flue gas flows through these passageways  44 . 
         [0033]    Referring to both  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the heated flue gas stream  36  is directed through the gas sector of the heat exchanger  10  and transfers heat to the heat transfer sheets  50 . The heat sheets  50  are then rotated about axis  18  to the air sector of the heat exchanger  10 , where the combustion air  38  is directed over the heating sheets  50  and is thereby heated. 
         [0034]    Referring to  FIGS. 3 and 4 , conventional heating sheets  50  are shown in a stacked relationship. Typically, heat sheets  50  are metal planar members that have been shaped to include one or more separation ribs  59  and undulations  51  defined in part by undulation ridges  55  and valleys  57 . 
         [0035]    The profiles of the heat transfer sheets  50  are critical to the performance of the air preheater and the boiler system. The geometrical design of the heat transfer sheet  50  profile focuses on three critical components; first, heat transfer, which directly relates to thermal energy recovery; second, pressure drop, affecting the boiler systems mechanical efficiency and third, the cleanability, allowing the preheater to operate at its optimum thermal and mechanical performance. The best performing heat transfer sheets provide high heat transfer rates, low pressure drop, and are easily cleaned. 
         [0036]    The separation ribs  59  are positioned at generally equally spaced intervals and operate to maintain spacing between adjacent heat sheets  50  when stacked adjacent to one another and cooperate to form passageways  44  of  FIGS. 2 and 3 . These accommodate the flow of air or flue gas between the heat sheets  50 . 
         [0037]    As shown in  FIG. 4 , the separation ribs  59  extend parallel to the direction of air flow (e.g. 0 degrees) from a first end  52  of heat transfer sheet  50  to a second end  53  as then pass through the rotor ( 12  of  FIG. 1 ). 
         [0038]    The undulation ridges  55  in the prior art are arranged at the same angle A 0  relative to the ribs  59  and, thus, the same angle relative to the flow of air indicated by the arrows marked “air flow”. (Since the flue gases flow in the opposite direction as the air flow, the angles for flue gas flow will differ by 180 degrees.) The undulating ridges  55  act to direct the air near the surface in a direction parallel to the ridges  55  and valleys  57 , initially causing turbulence. After a distance, the air flow begins to regulate and resemble laminar flow. 
         [0039]    Laminar flow means that layers of air are stratified and run parallel to each other. This indicates that the air near the surface will continue to be near the surface as it travels along a heat transfer sheet. Once the air near the surface reaches the temperature of the surface, there is little heat transfer between them. Any heat transfer for other layers must now pass through the layer near the surface, since they do not come in direct contact with the heat transfer sheet  50 . Transfer of heat from laminar layer of air to an adjacent layer of air is not as efficient as heat transfer from air to the metal surface 
         [0040]    As is shown in  FIGS. 5 to 7 , undulating surface  71  has parallel undulations ridges  75  and valleys  77  make an acute first angle Al with respect to separation ribs  59 . Undulation surface  81  also has parallel ridges  85  and valleys  87  make an obtuse second angle A 2  with respect to separation ribs  59 . The repeated pattern is identified as “R”. In this embodiment, as air passes along the surface, it is directed alternatively in opposite directions along the heat transfer sheet  70 . 
         [0041]    It is believed that the passageways between ridges  75 ,  85  of adjacent plates constantly redirect the flowing air first to the right, then left, then back right, etc. This constant redirection is believed to break up the laminar flow and cause more turbulence than the embodiment shown in  FIG. 4 . Therefore, different layers of air will now come in direct contact with the metal surface of the sheet  70 . This is believed to increase heat transfer. 
         [0042]    The angles shown in the figures are only for illustrative purposes. It is to be understood that the invention encompasses a wide variety of angles. 
         [0043]    Even though only two undulation surfaces are shown here, it is understood that a number of undulation surfaces with different angles may also be added and fall under the scope of this invention. 
         [0044]    There are sections in  FIGS. 6 and 7  where the passageway is straight. One can further increase heat transfer by providing a design that has no straight sections and exhibits constant redirection to increase efficiency. 
         [0045]      FIGS. 8 and 9  show another embodiment of a heat transfer sheet  90  having a first end  52  and a second end  53  and a longitudinal axis  60  extending from the first end  52  to the second end  53 , according to the present invention. Heat transfer sheet  90  has at least one undulation surface  91 . The undulation surface  91  has a plurality of ridges  95  and valleys  97 . As viewed from above, the ridges  95  and valleys  97  have a sinusoidal shape or pattern  94  extending from a first side  51  to a second side. Some sinusoidal patterns  94  compete one or more periods T. Sinusoidal patterns  94  on opposite sides of the separation ribs  59  are 180 degrees out of phase. Other phases and periods may be also be used and are within the scope of the present invention. 
         [0046]    These ridges  95  and valleys  97  create sinusoidal passageways  99  when the heat transfer sheets  90  are placed against each other in the basket. The constant redirection of the air as it passes through the sinusoidal passageways  99  reduces laminar flow, thereby increasing turbulence and increasing heat transfer efficiency. 
         [0047]    In some locations, only partial sinusoidal shapes  98  are formed. The sinusoidal patterns  94  are not limited to having a constant period T for all patterns  94  and having each section being 180 degrees out of phase with respect to the next section. The offset (phase angle) of the sinusoidal patterns may also differ from each other. 
         [0048]    While the invention has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for heat transfer sheets thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications will be appreciated by those skilled in the art to adapt a particular instrument, situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.