Abstract:
An elasto-plastic socket for Land or Ball Grid Array package comprising a plurality of metal contacts embedded in a substrate by lamination. The curved plate spring of the metal contacts enable large deformation to accommodate all tolerances other than package tolerance and ensure uniform contact pressure across the package because they are designed based on the application of elasto-plasticity theory. An elasto-plastic stiffener shares the pressure from heat sink to package substrate and semiconductor. A cutting edge subsystem assembly for Land or Ball Grid Array package integrates L/BGA socket, L/BGA package and heat sink with a frame on top of PCB to increase the stiffness. The methods of post manufacturing including post forming and post age hardening used for testing socket application can increase the durability.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     The field of the invention is related to the applications of electronics interconnect with Land or Ball Grid Array (L/BGA) socket and the subsystem assembly.  
         [0002]     Land or Ball Grid Array sockets have been used to interconnect high pin count integrated circuits (IC) packages for many years. There are varieties of these sockets available in applications. The terminals of stamped metal are one of the types widely used for these sockets in previous inventions.  
         [0003]     As the nanotechnology advances in semiconductor processing, very low K dielectric materials with very low mechanical strength are being used in IC semiconductors to dramatically enhance the electrical performances. The pin count, package size and power of IC packages increase as the IC density increases. Therefore, the requirements for L/BGA socket interconnect become more challenging. The essential requirements for L/BGA socket interconnect are the capability of large travel in Z direction to accommodate the tolerances contributed by the printed circuit board (PCB), package co-planarity and other fixtures, the short electrical path for better electrical performance, and low pressure transferred to semiconductor due to the restriction of low mechanical strength of the dielectric materials used in IC semiconductor.  
         [0004]     To solve the mechanical and thermal problems for high pin count and high powered L/BGA electronics packages, the subsystem assembly with L/BGA sockets is very critical. The bolster plate of bow shape is used in the conventional set-up for LGA socket so that the pressure over the LGA socket can be more evenly distributed. An alternative approach to the same propose was invented for LGA multichip modules by IBM (U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,449,155 and 6475011) such that the contact force applied to the center of the socket through PCB by a screw at the center from bottom side. To make LGA subassembly simpler, a fixture with a lever was developed for LGA subsystem assembly in the invention (U.S. Pat. No. 6,485,320). In order to share the contact pressure from semiconductor to the package substrate, or to make the subassembly for lidless flip chip package for better heat dissipation, some designs of a cover used on top of the package substrate were innovated, for examples, U.S. Pat. No. 6,545,879 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,626,683. However, the concept is seldom used in application because the tolerances of all components are difficult to control as well as the amount of the force.  
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0005]     According to the brief discussion on the current technology of L/BGA interconnect, the primary object of the present invention is to provide the elasto-plastic Land or Ball Grid Array sockets which enable large travel in Z-direction composed of elastic and plastic deformation so that the tolerances of all components except package can be accommodated. Based on Elasto-Plasticity theory, every terminal supports the same level of contact force so as to have nearly uniformed contact force or pressure over the whole socket, since all terminals have loaded to plastic hardening stage after the first loading or post-forming process. The metal terminals of the elasto-plastic sockets are stamped and formed into plate-spring with a sliding contact wall which shortens the electrical path.  
         [0006]     Another object of the present invention is to provide an elasto-plastic stiffener which is made of sheet metal to be used between heat sink and package substrate to quantitatively share the contact force due to the clamping mechanism from the semiconductor. This application of Elasto-Plasticity theory enables large compressive deformation with bounded force so that the stiffener can accommodate the tolerances with the designed mechanical strength.  
         [0007]     The third object of the present invention is to provide the method of subsystem assembly with L/BGA socket. The key part is the frame on top of PCB to increase the stiffness of the structure so that the flatness of L/BGA socket can be maintained better for electrical connection. This structure of the subsystem integration eliminates the use of traditional spring-screws and simplifies the assembly process.  
         [0008]     In order to have higher fatigue life for testing sockets, the other object of the present invention is to provide a means of post manufacturing composed of post-forming and post age hardening technology. The post forming process finalizes the shape of metal contact on board after assembly so that all tolerances of all components except package are absorbed in the final shape. The post age hardening process increases the elasticity range of the terminals so that the fatigue life can be increased because the terminals of the socket will work in linear elasticity in the lifetime.  
         [0009]     Other aspects and advantages of the present invention will be given in detail from the following description and claims. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0010]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view of the first main embodiment of the elasto-plastic socket for Land Grid Array (LGA) package. It shows the possible orientations and layouts of the stamped metal contacts on the carrier.  
         [0011]      FIG. 2  is an inside perspective view of the structure for one metal contact.  
         [0012]      FIG. 3 ( a ) is a perspective view of the stamped metal contact for LGA packages;  FIG. 3 ( b ) is a perspective view of the stamped metal contact for Ball Grid Array (BGA) packages;  FIG. 3 ( c ) is a perspective view of the stamped metal contact attached with solder ball for Ball Grid Array (BGA) interface with PCB.  
         [0013]      FIG. 4  is an exploded perspective view of the second main embodiment of the subsystem assembly for a lidded flip chip package.  
         [0014]      FIG. 5  is a perspective view of the flip-chip package with heat spreader taped on top of the semiconductor.  
         [0015]      FIG. 6 ( a ), ( b ) and ( c ) are the perspective views of the third main embodiment of the elasto-plastic stiffeners made of one piece or multiple pieces of sheet metal.  
         [0016]      FIG. 7  is an exploded perspective view of the second main embodiment of the subsystem assembly with the elasto-plastic stiffener for a lidless flip chip package with heat spreader (shown in  FIG. 5 ).  
         [0017]      FIG. 8 ( a ) is a graph depicting the typical stress-strain curves of some copper alloys, such as beryllium copper, under various conditions.  FIG. 8 ( b ) is a graph illustrating the responding curves of pressure or force versus displacement of the elasto-plastic components, with respect to the conditions shown in  FIG. 8 ( a ).  
         [0018]      FIG. 9  illustrates the fourth main embodiment of the application of the Elasto-Plasticity theory with the cross section view of the subsystem assembly (as shown in  FIG. 7 ) of a integrate circuits (IC) package, an elasto-plastic socket and an elasto-plastic stiffener.  
         [0019]      FIG. 10  is a flow chart of the fifth main embodiment of the operational processes that comprise the socket assembly, post forming and post age hardening.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0020]     Detailed descriptions of the main embodiments are provided herein. It is to be understood, however, that the present invention may be embodied in various forms. Therefore, specific details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but rather as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to employ the present invention in virtually any appropriately detailed system, structure or process.  
         [0021]     Turning first to  FIG. 1 , which shows the first main embodiment of the elasto-plastic socket, Land Grid Array (LGA) socket  100  is used as an example throughout this disclosure. A printed circuit board (PCB) laminate or molded plate  101  is used as the carrier on which the layout matrix of the contact housing  105  of rectangular with round corners are formed with various approaches such as laser, mechanical machining, molding tool or chemical processing. It shows the possible layout orientations such as parallel  103  to the edge or diagonal  104  directions. The spring clips  140  are push-fit in the holes  141  to be used for in-plane alignment of package lands or balls to the stamped metal contact surfaces. Another alternative for alignment is to use pins  150  pressed fit in the holes  151 , and the holes on package or PCB side. The use of alignment pins is a better approach because of the better control on tolerance. The detailed structure is further illustrated in  FIG. 2 . It is easy to understand the processing of making the same. The metal contacts  110  are push-fit into the housing on the laminate or plate, and then they are fixed in the positions using either a PCB (e.g., FR4 or BT) prepreg  102  with laser drilled holes or a PCB substrate with the holes and a bonding thin film by a standard PCB lamination process.  
         [0022]      FIG. 3 ( a ) shows the perspective view of a LGA metal contact  10  which is made by stamping and forming a sheet metal strips. The contact comprises of the LGA contact surface  114 , the plate spring  112  of variable width optimized for maximum deflection of the contact surface  114  and for minimum stress and stiffness for the spring, the contact wall  113  for short electrical path with the friction contact  117 , the PCB interface contact  111 , the bonded portion  115  and the push-fit features  116 . The PCB interface contact  111  is preferred to using surface mount on the PCB with solder joint but it is also workable with direct contact with the metal pad on board by the clamping force. For better electrical performance, the metal contact is stamped from strips of copper alloys, e.g., Beryllium Copper (BeCu), etc. with gold plating. In accordance with the feature of LGA metal contact  110 , the top contact surface  114  is formed into a concave spherical surface  120  as shown in  FIG. 3 ( b ). This metal contact is used to build a BGA socket for better contact with solder ball on BGA package.  FIG. 3 ( c ) shows an alternative to the PCB interface contact  111  that a solder ball  130  is attached to bottom side of the metal contact. The processing of making it is slightly different from the case of  FIG. 3 ( a ). After the lamination with FR4 prepreg, the solder pad opening can be burned by laser beam. It is then completed with standard solder ball attachment processing. This option of solder ball on PCB side makes the stamping processing simpler.  
         [0023]     The advantages of the metal contact are that the curved plate spring  112  allows larger travel for the top surface  114  and the contact wall  113  in  FIG. 2  provide shorter electrical path for better electrical performance. Because of the superior advantages, the subsystem assembly can be much simpler than any prior art, as shown in  FIG. 4 . The LGA socket  110  is surface mounted on the PCB  226  by solder joint. The insulator sheet  227  is applied between the bolster plate  228  and PCB  226 . The frame  220  of the second main embodiment is new concept for LGA interconnect applications. It is made of high stiffness materials such as stainless steel. The insulator  224  between frame  220  and PCB  226  is optional. The screws  225  are used to sandwich frame  220 , insulator film  224 , PCB  226 , insulator film  227  and the bolster plate  228 . The lidded LGA package  250  is aligned to the LGA socket, and the heat sink  210  is finally fixed on top of the frame  220  with the screws  211  which tied at the bolster plate along the dashed lines. It is obvious that the top of the package lid  251  contacts tightly with the bottom of the heat sink  210  because the package  210  is supported by the metal contacts  110  in  FIG. 3 ( a ). It is understood that thermal interface materials such as thermal grease/gel are used at the interface of package lid  251  and the base of heat sink  210 . To understand better, the lidded LGA package sitting on the LGA socket  110  is caged in the cavity of frame  220 , socket  110  and the base of heat sink. The opening gaps  222  on the frame  220  are used for inspection of the contact interface of package and heat sink base. The screws  225  bonding frame  220  to bolster plate  228  are used to increase the bending stiffness of the bottom side of the package. The positions and numbers of the open gaps  222  and the screws  225  can have any combinations. This approach utilizes all possible spacing in the subsystem integration, and eliminates the use of expensive spring-screws used in prior art for LGA interconnect. Since the metal contacts allow large displacement of both elastic and plastic deformations, which will be further explained later, this subsystem integration can accommodate all of the Z-tolerances caused by all components such as PCB thickness and socket, by processing such as solder joint. The tolerance of package thickness and flatness can be easily accommodated by the elastic deformation of the metal contacts after first time loading.  
         [0024]     Turning to  FIG. 5 , a very thin heat spreader  304  of very high in-plane or isotropic thermal conductivity, for example, Carbon-Carbon composite, is taped or attached on top of the semiconductor chip  302  to distribute the hot spots in the junction layer of the semiconductor  302 , which is surface mount on the package substrate  301 . The capacitors  303  or other electronic components are mounted on the substrate  301  also. The application of taped heat spreader is illustrated by a single chip package  300 , but it also applicable to a multi-chip model (MCM). This approach has significant advantages over lidded package such as lower cost, better reliability and heat dissipation, because the materials of lids or heat spreaders, which requires coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) match with semiconductor and substrate, usually has lower thermal conductivity than the base of heat sink.  
         [0025]     However, the pressure on semiconductor chip can not be controlled precisely for a lidless flip chip package with various solid stiffeners in privious art, or lidded flip chip LGA or BGA package  250 , as pointed out in review section. The third main embodiment of the elasto-plastic stiffener  400  is therfore illustrated by  FIG. 6 ( a ), ( b ) and ( c ). The stiffener  400 , which is made from sheet metal with single piece or multiple pieces by stamping and forming, comprises the top side  403 , the bottom side  404 , the opening widows  402  for capacitors or other components, the clips  405  to the package substrate and the supporting columns of wave shape  401 , or leaning shape  401 ′. It is clearly applicable to multi-chip modules also. The columns are the most important structure for this disclosure and may be any other forms that allow large deformation in the direction of stiffener thickness and support desired presure which combining with the pressure on semiconductor balances the contact force from bottom of heat sink. For example, the total force from bottom of heat sink is  5001   b  which is balanced with the total force of socket contacts, if the force on semiconductor allowed is  1501   b , the total supporting force of the elasto-plastic stiffener will be  3501   b . This principle of the design will ensure semiconductor chip to have tight contact with bottom of heat sink. Another form of the elasto-plastic stiffener of  FIG. 6 ( c ) is a sandwiched structure comprising of the supporting columns  413  located by the cliping features  415  on bottom  412  and top  414  plates. The opening windows  402  from bottom to top plates are required for other semiconductors or components, such as multi-chip modules.  
         [0026]     Turning now to the perspective view of the subsystem assembly in  FIG. 7 , the elasto-plastic stiffener  400  is applied on top of the flip chip LGA package  300  with a taped-on heat spreader. All other components are assembled the same way as in  FIG. 4 . The unique requirement is that the force applied to the stiffener  400  from the base of heat sink is less than the summation of the contact force of each stamped metal contact of the LGA socket, so that the difference of these two forces will be applied to the top of the semiconductor to ensure tight contact between the top of LGA package and the bottom of the heat sink for better heat dissipation. To make it perform as designed, the elasto-plasticity theory must be applied.  
         [0027]     To explain the application of the elasto-plasticity theory on the elasto-plastic LGA/BGA socket and the elasto-plastic stiffener, FIGS.  8 ( a ) and ( b ), and  FIG. 9  are utilized. The stress-strain curves of some copper alloys such as BeCu and etc. are drawn in  FIG. 8 ( a ). It is well known that metals exhibit different mechanical properties with different heat treatments such as temper or hardening processes. The curve  501  in  FIG. 8 ( a ) shows very good ductibility with high plastic strain after age and/or mill hardening tempers, say 1/4H or 1/4HM. The curve  502  in  FIG. 8 ( a ) shows much higher strength but much lower ductibility after higher temper process for the same materials. It is notable that the stiffness (Young&#39;s modulus) is unchanged with different temper processes. It is also well known that the unloading and reloading behaves as curve  503  when it comes to plastic hardening stage with plastic strain (between A and B). Generally, the metal contacts in connector applications need age hardening for higher mechanical strength after the metal terminals are formed. Thus the stress-strain relation behaves along the path of curve  501  to point C and then unloading to B for the forming process. After age hardening, the property of the stress-strain relation behaves like curve  504  in  FIG. 8 ( a ).  
         [0028]      FIG. 8 ( b ) shows the corresponding curves of force or pressure vs. displacement of a beam, spring, metal contact or a mechanical structure with respect to the stress-strain curves in  FIG. 8 ( a ). It is declared that the sockets  100  shown in  FIG. 1 ,  FIG. 2  and  FIG. 3 , the stiffeners  400  as shown in  FIG. 6  are so called elasto-plastic because they are invented based on this Elasto-Plasticity thoery.  
         [0029]     The elasto-plasticity application benefits two aspects: 1) the large elasto-plastic deformation; 2) and the bounded force or pressure of the structure. Herein  FIG. 9  shows the cross section view of the subsystem assembly of  FIG. 7 . For example, every metal contact of the socket  100  has nearly the same strength (Force) when it comes to large deformation stage (point B′ in  FIG. 8 ( b ), although the displacement A′B′ may be different at different positions due to different tolerances and the bending deformation on the PCB and the bolster plate. This enables a precise design of nearly uniformed pressure transition (P LGA  shown in  FIG. 9 ) from package to the PCB by the metal contacts of the socket  110 . Similarly, the elasto-plastic stiffener  400  with the same property is designed to a bounded pressure (P STIFFENER  shown in  FIG. 9 ) such that its total force is less than the total force of the socket (P LGA  shown in  FIG. 9 ). The pressure P DIE  shown in  FIG. 9  on the top of the semiconductor will balance the whole package. If the frame  220  is designed very close to the socket  10 , the bending deformation of PCB side  226  and the top side heat sink  210  will be minimized. Although this low strength design ends up with smaller elastic deformation, it is sufficient to accommodate the tolerances of package thickness and bottom co-planary of the package  300  because all other tolerances such as PCB  226  and frame  220  have been absolved in the plastic deformation of the metal contact socket elasto-plastic socket. It is now concluded that the pressure on semiconductor can be well controled with the elasto-plastic stiffener to meet the mechanical requirement on very/ultra low K dielectric film in IC chips. Using the lidless flip chip package  300  with or without heat spreader, this assembly approach of  FIG. 9  can dissipate heat at ultimate efficiency. It is also a solution of total low cost to end cutomers because of the savings of package lid and much simplified fixtures for the subsystem assembly.  
         [0030]     To enhance the performance of the invention,  FIG. 10  shows some optional processing steps briefly. After printing solder paste  610  on PCB  226 , the bolster plate  228  and the frame  220  sandwich the PCB  226  by the screws  225  loose enough to allow the in-plane thermal expansion of PCB  226  during solder reflow process. The purpose of this step is to control the co-planarity of the socket  10  when it is mounted on the PCB  226  during solder reflow. This is an effective way to control the warpage of the socket and the PCB, especially for a relative large size socket or BGA package. If the elasto-plastic Land or Ball Grid Array sockets are used as testing sockets, the long fatigue life for many cycles are required. To gain very high fatigue life, the new concepts of Post-Forming and Post Age Hardening are proposed. A Post-Forming process is that a press  620  with a package profile  621  is used to apply pressure on the BGA/LGA socket  110  after solder reflow process. The force applied until the bottom of the lid  622  mates with the top of the frame is about the total force of the upper bound of all metal contacts because it will be loaded to plastic hardening stage. This is a short time process and it can be done in the assembly line. Through this process, all of tolerances due to PCB  226 , socket  110  and frame  220  and etc. are eliminated by the plastic deformation of the metal contacts on the socket  110 . In order to ensure the socket works in linear elastic range for all packages in the life time, the mechanical strength must be increased by Post Age Hardening or post Precipitation Hardening in oven  630  for the assembly  600  at a temperature lower than solder reflow condition for 2˜5 hours. In this process, the parts are put in the high temperature bags which are vacuumed to prevent the gold plating of the metal contacts from oxidization, before they are put in high temperature for age hardening. The metal contacts will then behave as curve  504  and  504 ′ in  FIG. 8