Abstract:
Optical devices and methods for providing wide field magnification to assist the visually impaired, and others, are provided. The optical device includes a plurality of telescopic lens sets, for example, a plurality of telescopes, each telescopic lens set including an objective lens and an ocular lens, and a plurality of refracting optical elements, for example, prisms, positioned in front of at least some of the objective lenses. The refracting optical elements are adapted to at least partially redirect light rays toward at least some of the objective lenses to provide wider fields of view, for example, a wider contiguous field of view. Aspects of the invention can provide fields of view up to 40 degrees or more. These wider fields of view can greatly enhance the visual acuity of the visually impaired, as well as provide wider fields of view for non-corrective purposes, such as for field observations.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD  
       [0001]     The present invention generally relates to optical devices that magnify distant and near objects to assist normally sighted and visually impaired users. More particularly, the present invention relates to optical devices having a plurality of telescopic lens sets that provide an enlarged filed of view for distance viewing and near visual tasks, such as, reading.  
       BACKGROUND INFORMATION  
       [0002]     Prior art optical devices include many types of magnifiers, telescopes, and telemicroscopes prescribed to assist the normally sighted and the visually impaired, for example, people with poor vision, to see objects at a distance and close up. Almost all of the existing telescopes designed for the visually impaired are conventional Galilean-type or terrestrial Keplerian-type telescopes. Typically, these conventional telescopes have restricted fields of view that depend mainly on their magnification, degree of optical correction, and the corresponding complexity of their optical design. For example, the field of view (FOV) of a Galilean telescope depends on the diameter of its objective lens. However, increasing the lens diameter of a Galilean telescope exponentially increases the transverse spherical aberration and coma, two common forms of optical aberration. In order to control spherical aberration, coma, and chromatic aberration, conventional telescope designers typically resort to complex objective lenses that, for example, may comprise two or more elements or aspheric surfaces. However, because the angular field of the ocular lens, or eye piece, is equal to the angular field of the objective lens multiplied by the magnification of the telescope, such complex objective lenses often result in an even greater growth in the off-axis aberrations such as coma, astigmatism and field curvature. These aberrations can typically only be corrected by employing a multi-element eyepiece. Thus, as the field is increased, the correction of compound systems such as telescopes and telemicroscopes becomes increasingly complex, and the devices become ever more costly and bulky.  
         [0003]     A study of low vision telescopes by Katz, et al. [“Optical Properties of low vision telescopes.” 1987, Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, 54(4), 320-31] reported the following fields of view for Galilean telescopes:  
                                                   Magnification   Total Apparent Field of View (FOV)                           2.1   21.8 degrees           2.9   11.1 degrees           3.7   12.1 degrees                      
 
 Meade Instruments, a major manufacturer of telescopes, makes 4×30 Galilean binocular that has a 16.5° total apparent field [see http:www.solarobjects/]. Aspects of the present invention provide an apparent field of view greater than that what is presently provided by the prior art. For example, aspects of the invention can provide a 2× Galilean-type telescope having a magnification of 2 and an apparent FOV of greater than 70 degrees, that is, more than triple the FOV of the prior art 2.1× telescopes in the above Table. 
 
         [0004]     With respect to low distance vision impairment, Faye [ Clinical Low Vision,  1967, Little Brown and C., Boston, pp. 67, 72, 139, 238] states, “The best practice is for the doctor to prescribe a telescope that will offer the patient the widest field rather than the highest magnification.” Increasing the field coverage of telescopes and telemicroscopes offers several advantages. The widened fields improve the ability to search for and acquire objects of interest, for example, a street signs. Seeing the spatial relationships of objects in different parts of the field are improved by widened fields. Aspects of the invention provide these widened fields of view.  
         [0005]     Aspects of the present invention also facilitate following moving targets, for example, even following the flight of birds. Other aspects of the invention providing a bioptic array will help the ambulatory user to avoid hazards in the peripheral field. Aspects of the present invention that provide wide peripheral field coverage will be especially useful to patients with central vision loss, hemianopsia, etc.  
         [0006]     Bioptic telescopes are used by visually impaired drivers. It has been noted by Owsley, et al. [“Vision impairment and driving,”  Survey of Ophthalmology,  1999, May-June, 43 (6): 535-550] that visual acuity is only “weakly related to crash involvement, whereas peripheral vision appears to play a more critical role.” Aspects of the present invention will offer increased peripheral vision and reduce search time for finding and reading traffic signs, thus, potentially resulting in safer driving.  
         [0007]     With respect to near vision impairment, most people with low vision require magnification to read. A magnifying lens&#39;s field of view often contains only a few letters at a time. Page navigation is the process by which the reader moves the magnifier from word to word and from the end of one line to the beginning of the next line. As noted by Beckmann, et al. [“Psychophysics of Reading—XIV, The page navigation problem in using magnifiers”  Vision Research,  1996 November 36(22) 3723-3733], page navigation takes time and reduces reading speed. Legge, at al. [“Psychophysics of Reading—XVI, The visual span in normal and low vision,”  Vision Research,  1997 July: 37(14) 1999-2010] note that there is a strong dependence of reading time on word length. Aspects of the present invention can be converted for near vision tasks with lens caps.  
         [0008]     Faye [Ibid.] notes that the gain in reading from optical aids is limited by the dimensions of the patient&#39;s field at the working distance of the aid. Employing aspects of the present invention, reading and near tasks will become more normal with widened fields. For example, employing aspects of the present invention, entire lines of text may be scanned, and progressing to the next line of text will be improved.  
         [0009]     Working distance is an important characteristic of prior art telemicroscopes. As with all telemicroscopes, the working distance will be significantly greater than with a simple magnifier. For example, a 4× telescope with a 2× cap will have a magnification of 8× and a working distance of 125 mm compared with a working distance of 31 mm for an 8× magnifier. Aspects of the present invention can facilitate reading because the lower spatial frequencies of magnified text provided by aspects of the present invention may increase the tolerance to defocus. As noted by Legge, et al. [“Tolerance to visual defocus”, Journal of the Optical Society of the American Medical Association, 1987 May: 4(5): 851-863], individuals with low acuity are more tolerant to defocus than people with normal vision.  
         [0010]     Thus, a need exists for optical devices that provide an improved field of view that can, among other things, improve distance vision and near vision, for the visually impaired and the non-visually impaired.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0011]     The present invention provides optic devices that provide wide angular fields of view, even extremely wide angular fields of view, for optical systems such as telescopes, telemicroscopes, and magnifiers. Aspects of the present invention comprise an array of telescopes that may provide more than double the field of view of currently available devices. The inventor employed concepts reminiscent of the Cinerama, that is, the wide screen movie projection system. Introduced in 1952, Cinerama comprised a three-lensed camera that photographed the movie action on triple-width 35-mm film. The movie was then screened with three projectors: one in the center and one at each side of the theater. The three film images become one 146-degree wide image with two degrees of overlap on a curved screen, in what could be referred to as a wide screen “mosaic.” Aspects of the present invention apply this “mosaic” principle to optic devices, somewhat like the compound eyes of insects, to improve the sight of the visually impaired, and others.  
         [0012]     The design of such optics having relatively wide fields of view requires the consideration of and interrelationship between lens diameters and lens powers, angular magnification, eye relief, element field of view (FOV) and vignetting, angular and linear alignment of optics, and lens aperture shape, among other parameters. Through optical analysis, the inventor discovered the interrelationships of the noted parameters to produce an array of telescopes with contiguous FOVs that covered a wide angle. A prototype 2× telescope array was designed using the optical design software OSLO, supplied by Lambda Research Corporation of Littleton, Mass. The 2× array prototype was constructed. The performance of the prototype confirmed the inventor&#39;s analytical computations. The inventor has found that contiguous fields according to aspects of the present invention could be produced by an array of telescopes. A prototype 2× telescope array with limited optical correction and adjustability, assembled for preliminary study, confirmed the inventor&#39;s analytical computations. Although exact ray tracing demonstrates a seamless contiguity of the composite field of view, several factors, such as vignetting by the field stop, manufacturing tolerances of lenses and mounts, and the precision of alignment of individual telescopes of the array, may result in a deviation from perfect contiguity of fields. However, aspects of the present invention address these considerations and provide an advancement in the art of wide-angle optics.  
         [0013]     One aspect of the invention is an optical device including a plurality of telescopic lens sets, each telescopic lens set comprising an objective lens and an ocular lens positioned in telescopic relationship; and a plurality of refracting optical elements, for example, prisms, positioned in front of at least some of the objective lenses, the refracting optical elements adapted to at least partially redirect light rays toward at least some of the objective lenses.  
         [0014]     Another aspect of the invention is a method of providing wide field magnification, the method including providing a plurality of objective lenses; positioning a plurality of ocular lens in telescopic relationship with the plurality of objective lenses wherein an image of an object viewed by a user through the objective lenses and ocular lenses is magnified; and refracting light from the object before the light enters the objective lenses wherein a viewer viewing the object through the plurality of ocular lenses views a substantially contiguous wide field view of the object. In one aspect, refracting light from the object comprises positioning a plurality of refracting optical elements, for example, prisms, in front of at least some of the objective lenses. In one aspect of the invention, the prisms, for example, wedges of refracting material, refract and deviate the path of the light from the object.  
         [0015]     A further aspect of the invention is a wide field optical magnification system including a plurality of telescopic lens sets, each telescopic lens set comprising an objective lens, an ocular lens positioned in telescopic relationship with the objective lens, and a prism positioned before the objective lens; and a support structure adapted to position the plurality of lens sets; wherein at least some of the prisms comprise a prism angle β chosen to refract light toward at least some of the objective lenses to provide a substantially contiguous magnified wide field of view to a user. In one aspect of the invention, the angle β may be chosen to refract and deviate light toward at least some of the objective lenses.  
         [0016]     These and other aspects, features, and advantages of this invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the various aspects of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0017]     The subject matter, which is regarded as the invention, is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the claims at the conclusion of the specification. The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the invention will be readily understood from the following detailed description of aspects of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:  
         [0018]      FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of a typical prior art lens arrangement for a Galilean telescope showing light rays entering the iris, that is, the aperture stop, of a human eye.  
         [0019]      FIG. 2  is a schematic plan view of an arrangement of three telescopic lens sets according to one aspect of the present invention.  
         [0020]      FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram of the optical characteristics of a typical prism.  
         [0021]      FIG. 4  is a schematic plan view of an arrangement of seven telescopic lens sets according to one aspect of the present invention.  
         [0022]      FIG. 5  is a schematic plan view of an arrangement of two telescopic lens sets according to one aspect of the present invention.  
         [0023]      FIG. 6  is a schematic plan view of an arrangement of telescopic lens sets adapted for binocular vision according to another aspect of the invention.  
         [0024]      FIG. 7  is a schematic plan view of an arrangement of telescopic lens sets having lens caps that provides a telemicroscopic device according to another aspect of the invention.  
         [0025]      FIG. 8  is a schematic plan view of an arrangement of telescopic lens sets and a single meniscus lens that provides a telemicroscopic device according to another aspect of the invention.  
         [0026]      FIG. 9  is a schematic plan view of an arrangement of telescopic lens set housings according to one aspect of the invention.  
         [0027]      FIG. 10  is a top plan view of an optical device having a plurality of lens set housings mounted therein according to one aspect of the invention.  
         [0028]      FIG. 11  is a front elevation view of optical device shown in  FIG. 10  as viewed along lines  11 - 11  shown in  FIG. 10 .  
         [0029]      FIG. 12  is a cross-sectional view of the optical device shown in  FIGS. 10 and 11  as viewed along lines  12 - 12  in  FIG. 11 .  
         [0030]      FIG. 13  is a top plan view of the base of the optical device shown in  FIGS. 10, 11 , and  12 .  
         [0031]      FIG. 14  is a side elevation view of the base shown in  FIG. 13  as viewed along lines  14 - 14  in  FIG. 13 .  
         [0032]      FIG. 15  is a top plan view of the cover of the optical device shown in  FIGS. 10, 11 , and  12 .  
         [0033]      FIG. 16  is a side elevation view of the cover shown in  FIG. 15  as viewed along lines  16 - 16  in  FIG. 15 .  
         [0034]      FIG. 17  is a side elevation view the lens holder shown in  FIG. 12  according to one aspect of the invention.  
         [0035]      FIG. 18  is a plan view of the lens holder shown in  FIG. 17  as viewed along lines  18 - 18  in  FIG. 17 .  
         [0036]      FIG. 19  is a side elevation view of the lens holder shown in  FIG. 17  as viewed along lines  19 - 19  in  FIG. 17 .  
         [0037]      FIG. 20  is a front development elevation view of an arrangement of multiple rows of telescopic lens sets according to another aspect of the invention.  
         [0038]      FIG. 21  is schematic front elevation view of a row of telescopic lens sets as positioned about a spherical surface according to another aspect of the invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0039]      FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of a typical prior art lens set  10  coupled to a human eye (not shown) having an iris, that is, an aperture stop,  21 . Lens set  10  may be typical of a lens arrangement that may be used for telescopes and telemicroscopes and may be referred to herein as a “telescopic lens set.” As is typical, lens set  10  includes an objective lens  14  and an ocular, or eye, lens  16 . As is known in the art, objective lens  14  collects light, as indicated by an axial collimated pencil of light rays  13 , from a distant object (not shown), and converges that light to a point or focus at the second focal plane lens (not shown) of the objective. The objective lens  14  also collects collimated pencils of light from both edges of the FOV  17 . Light pencils  19  are each focused as points in the second focal plane of objective lens  14 . Ocular lens  16  intercepts the converging pencils of light before they reach the focal plane of objective  14  and recollimates the pencils with magnified angles and directs these pencils of light to the entrance pupil of the eye. Light pencils  19  represent field angles having 50% vignetting (that is, these light rays fill half of the diameter of the aperture stop  21 ). The outermost rays of the pencils  19  are the chief rays. Field of view is typically specified by the ray pencils that are 50% vignetted. The magnified angles produced by the ocular lens  16  enlarge the image formed on the retina of the eye (not shown). Objective lens  14  and ocular lens  16  are positioned in “telescopic relationship,” that is, objective lens  14  and ocular lens  16  are sized and positioned whereby an object appears magnified in size when viewed through ocular lens  16  and objective lens  14 .  
         [0040]     In the following discussion and in the appending claims, one or more lenses and associated optics that are in telescopic relationship as lens set  10  may be referred to as “a telescopic lens set.” Telescopic lens set  10  may comprise a Galilean-type lens set, where objective lens  14  is a convex lens and ocular lens  16  is a concave lens, or a Keplerian-type lens set, where objective lens  14  and ocular lens  16  may both be convex lenses. In the Keplerian-type arrangement, the image seen by the user is upside-down (inverted). Keplerian telescope designs may be modified to erect the image by variously inserting relay lenses, prisms and/or mirrors between the objective and ocular lenses. So modified, Keplerian telescopes may be used as terrestrial telescopes. Typically, the observer&#39;s eye is relatively fixed in position behind the telescope in viewing its magnified image.  
         [0041]     In  FIG. 1 , a Galilean lens set was chosen for lens set  10  for simplicity and since it provides erect images. The field of view of lens set  10  is defined by arcs  15  and  17 , where arc  15  represents the real field of view at 50% vignetting, and arc  17  represents the apparent filed of view at 50% vignetting (“vignetting” is a term of the art that is discussed below). The light rays defining the range of the real field of view defined by arc  15  are the 50% vignetted light rays  19  in  FIG. 1 .  
         [0042]     According to aspects of the present invention, an array of telescopes, or telescopic lens sets, is provided which provide the viewer with a wide field of view, for example, a wide contiguous field of view, as shown in  FIG. 2 . With reference to  FIG. 2 , the observer&#39;s eye  34  is mobile; it rotates about its center of rotation to view a wide contiguous field of view through the array of telescopes. According to aspects of the present invention, the design of an array of telescopes requires the consideration, analysis, and specification of several optical and mechanical parameters. Among the optical and mechanical design parameters that are considered are: lens diameters and powers, eye pupil size, angular magnification, eye relief, telescope field of view (FOV) based on appropriate vignetting, angular and geometric alignments of telescopes, lens aperture shape, and the specification of prisms to obtain contiguity of magnified field elements, among others. These and other parameters will be defined and discussed below.  
         [0043]     As is known in the art, the field of view of Galilean telescopes is dependent upon the size of the objective lens, which cannot be arbitrarily set in the array design. Through analysis, the inventor has shown that the widths of the objective lenses seen in the front view are affected, and in some instances fixed, by the need to provide physical clearance of adjacent lenses and the desire to provide contiguous horizontal fields of view. The vertical field of view of individual telescopes may be larger than the horizontal field, but the vertical filed of view may be limited by the need to avoid too complex an objective lens design to correct the concomitant increase in aberrations.  
         [0044]     As is known in the art, the magnification (M) of lens set  10  is typically given by Equation 1: 
 
 M=f   o   /−f   e    Equation 1, 
 
 where f o  is the positive focal length of objective lens  14  and f e  is the negative focal length of ocular lens  16 . As is also known in the art, the distance between objective lens  14  and ocular lens  16 , that is, the “lens separation,” d, is given by Equation 2: 
 
 d=f   o   +f   e    Equation 2, 
 
 The lens separation is identified by  18  in  FIG. 1 . The relative aperture opening, F/# or f-stop, chosen for objective lens  14  determines the diameter of objective lens, D o ,  14  and is governed by Equation 3: 
 
 F/#=f   o   /D   o    Equations 3. 
 
         [0045]     Objective lens  14  and ocular lens  16  are separated by a distance  18  and ocular lens  16  and eye are separated by a distance  20 , that is, the “eye relief,” e. The diameter of the ocular (or eye) lens  16  is represented by D e . The eye position is basically fixed when looking through a single telescope. To view different directions, the telescope and head of the viewer must turn. To view the wide FOV presented by aspects of the present invention, the mobile eye must rotate in its socket about its center of rotation O, as it normally does in everyday seeing. The diameter of the hypothetical aperture stop at the center of rotation O is represented by D a . In the art of the present invention, the desirable distance from the ocular lenses to the center of rotation O, that is, the eye relief, e, is generally 27 mm. According to aspects of the present invention, the arrays of one or more telescopic lens sets may be arranged so that the optical axes of all lens sets intersect at the center of rotation of the eye, O. According to one aspect of the invention, a hypothetical aperture stop  21 , D a , is located at the center of rotation, O.  
         [0046]     In one aspect of the present invention, the optical effect referred to as “vignetting” is significant. According to one photonics dictionary, vignetting is the gradual reduction of image illuminance as the off-axis angle increases, resulting from limitations of the clear apertures of elements within an optical system. For example, in old-fashioned portrait photography, the corners of a picture may be darkened (for artistic effect); this is an example of vignetting. The standard definition of field of view (FOV) is the angle at which vignetting is 50%. According to some aspects of the invention, 50% vignetting is not the optimum amount of vignetting for optimal contiguity. According to one aspect of the invention, it is desirable to provide substantially contiguous fields of view among telescopic lens sets without overlap or gaps. In one aspect of the invention, these substantially contiguous fields of view among telescopic lens sets may be provided by employing specific amounts of vignetting. In order to investigate the effect of vignetting on the contiguity of the fields of view of the optical arrangements according to aspects of the present invention, the inventor developed Equation 4.  
               tan   ⁢           ⁢   u     =         (       D   0     /     (     2   ⁢           ⁢   M     )       )     +       (     V   -   0.5     )     /   Da           (     e   ⁢           ⁢   M     )     +   d               Equation   ⁢           ⁢   4             
 
 In Equation 4, u is one-half the FOV of the optic, in degrees; D o  is the diameter (or width) of the objective lens, a length, for example, millimeters; M is the magnification of the lens set, a ratio; D a  is the diameter of the hypothetical aperture stop at the center of rotation, a length, for example, millimeters; e is the eye relief, a length, for example, millimeters; d is the lens separation, a length, for example, millimeters; and V is the vignetting percent or ratio expressed as a decimal. 
 
         [0047]     In addition, the inventor developed Equation 5 to determine the diameter of the ocular lens, D e , as a function of vignetting V. The variables in Equation 5 are the same  
               D   e     =     2   ⁢       [         eD   0     /   2     -       (     V   -   0.5     )     ⁢     dD   a         ]         (   eM   )     +   d                 Equation   ⁢           ⁢   5             
 
 as those defined for Equation 4. 
 
         [0048]     An example calculation will illustrate the use of Equations 4 and 5. Assuming that lens set  10  has a power of 2×, that is, M=2; an f-stop of F/2.5 for objective lens  14 ; a focal length, f o , of 16 mm; an objective lens  14  diameter (or width), D o , of 6.4 mm; an ocular lens  16  focal length, f e , of −8 mm; a separation between objective lens  14  and ocular lens  16 , d, of 8 mm; an aperture stop diameter, D a , of 3 mm; an eye relief, e, of 27 mm; and 100% vignetting (that is, V=1.0), Equations 4 and 5 are evaluated in Equations 6 and 7, yielding the tan of the half field of view, u, and the diameter (or width) of the ocular lens, D e :  
               tan   ⁢           ⁢   u     =           (     6.4   ⁢           ⁢     mm   /     (     2   ×   2     )         )     +       (     1.0   -   0.5     )     ⁢   3   ⁢           ⁢   mm           (     27   ⁢           ⁢   mm   ×   2     )     +     8   ⁢           ⁢   mm         =   0.050             Equation   ⁢           ⁢   6                 D   e     =       2   ⁢       [       27   ⁢           ⁢   mm   ×   6.4   ⁢           ⁢     mm   /   2       -       (     1.0   -   0.5     )     ⁢   8   ⁢           ⁢   mm   ×   3   ⁢           ⁢   mm       ]         (     27   ⁢           ⁢   mm   ×   2     )     +     8   ⁢           ⁢   mm           =     2.40   ⁢           ⁢   mm               Equation   ⁢           ⁢   7             
 
 Therefore, for 100% vignetting, the object space half-field of view, u, of optic arrangement  10  is evaluated in Equation 8 as: 
 
 u   100 %=arctan(tan  u )=arctan 0.050=2.8624 degrees=2.86 degrees   Equation 8 
 
 and the image space or apparent half field of view, u′, is given by Equation 9 as 
 
 u′=Mu= 2(2.86 degrees)=5.72 degrees   Equation 9 
 
         [0049]     According to one aspect of the invention, a rectangular lens shape will maximize contiguity of an azimuthal array of adjoining telescopic lens sets  10 . The objective lenses of adjacent lens sets may have straight and parallel sides. In the previous example, an array of three lens sets  10  would provide a total real field of view in the azimuthal (or circumferential) direction of 3×2×2.86 degrees=17.16 degrees; an array of seven lens arrangements  10  would provide a total real field of view in azimuth of 7×2×2.86 degrees=40.0 degrees. Accordingly, the image space, u′, or apparent field of view, is twice as large, that is, about 34.32 degrees and about 80.1 degrees, respectively. According to other aspects of the invention, other numbers of lens sets will provide corresponding total real and apparent fields of view.  
         [0050]     According to one aspect of the invention, by making the objective lenses  14  rectangular in shape, with a longer vertical dimension, rather than square or circular, each lens arrangement  10  may cover a larger field in elevation. (The field of view of a Galilean telescope depends on the size of the objective lens.) Thus, a lens set  10  having a rectangular objective lens  14 , that is, for example, 6.4 mm wide (D o ) and 9.6 mm in height (that is, having an aspect ratio of 1.5) would cover about 5.72 degrees in the azimuthal (or circumferential) direction and about 1.5×5.72=8.6 degrees in elevation. Such an array of three lens arrangements 10 could provide a real field of view of about 17.16 degrees×8.6 degrees; an array of seven lens sets  10  could provide a real field of view of about 40 degrees×8.6 degrees. With a magnification of 2×(M=2), the apparent field of view will be twice as large.  
         [0051]     Though in the above example, 100% vignetting was assumed, that is, V=1.0, according to one aspect of the invention, vignetting may be varied. For example in one aspect, vignetting may vary from 50% to 100%, or be selected at any value in between 50% and 100 %. In one aspect of the invention, vignetting may be constant for all lens sets in an array. In another aspect, the vignetting may vary from one lens set to another, or from one row or section of lens sets to another row or section of lens sets in an array of lens sets.  
         [0052]      FIG. 2  is a schematic plan view of an arrangement or array  30  of three telescopic lens sets  31 ,  32 , and  33  coupled to a human eye  34  according to one aspect of the invention. In  FIG. 2 , and in other figures illustrating aspects of the invention, the relative size and positions of lens sets  31 ,  32 , and  33  and the relative size and position of human eye  34  are not necessarily drawn to scale, but are drawn to best illustrate aspects of the invention. In one aspect of the invention, lens sets  31 ,  32 , and  33  comprise telescopes, for example, Galilean telescopes. As shown in  FIG. 2 , the object space axial rays  51 ,  52  and  53  continue into and coincide with telescopic lens sets  31 ,  32 , and  33 , respectively, and substantially intersect at the center of rotation of the eye, O. Similar to telescopic lens set  10  shown in  FIG. 1 , telescopic lens sets  31 ,  32 , and  33  include objective lens  35 ,  36 , and  37 , respectively, and ocular lenses  38 ,  39 , and  40 , respectively. The total real and apparent fields of view of arrangement  30  are indicated by arcs  44  and  46 , respectively, in  FIG. 2 . As shown in  FIG. 2 , the edge rays associated with each lens set  31 ,  32 , and  33  are designated with the letters “a” and “b.” For example, for lens set  31  receiving axial ray  51 , the lower edge ray entering lens set  31  is designated  51   a  and the upper edge ray is designated  51   b.  Similar designations are also shown for the other lens sets  32  and  33  in  FIG. 2 .  
         [0053]     Simply pointing each telescope in the array at adjacent real fields in the object space would result in severely overlapped apparent fields due to the angular magnification of lens sets  31 ,  32 , and  33 . On the other hand, if lens sets  31 ,  32 , and  33  are aimed so that the magnified image space fields do not overlap, true contiguity will not result because the lens sets will have viewed noncontiguous portions of the object fields. In other words, portions of the real field may be missing. According to one aspect of the invention, to substantially obtain contiguity, the actual inner and outer edges of the edge-of-the-field ray angles of adjacent lens sets are preferably substantially identical and the objective lens preferably do not overlap. According to one aspect of the invention, in order to provide contiguity, at least one optical element  41 ,  42 , and  43 , for example, a prism, may be positioned in front of each lens set  31 ,  32 , and  33 . Optical element  41 ,  42 , and  43  may be a refracting optical element, that is, any element that refracts light rays wherein the light rays are at least partially redirected, for example, toward their respective objective lens. In one aspect of the invention, optical elements  41 ,  42 , and  43  refract or bend the incoming light to deviate adjacent real object space fields so that their corresponding magnified fields in image space are seen by the viewer to be adjacent to each other. Optical elements  41 ,  42 , and  43  may comprise prisms, for example, plastic or glass prisms, diffractive optical elements, or mirrors, among others. Though optic elements  41 ,  42 , and  43  may be any refracting optical element, in the following discussion and in the accompanying claims, optical elements  41 ,  42 , and  43  will be referred to as prisms  41 ,  42 , and  43 . Though optical element  42  may be referred to as a “prism,” in some aspects of the invention, the optical element positioned along the centerline  45 , for example, optical element  42  in  FIG. 2 , may refract little or no incoming light, that is, optical element  42  may not be a prism. Since the light passing through objective lens  36  is transmitted from the object directly into objective lens  36 , no optical deviation of this light may be necessary. In one aspect of the invention, the optical element positioned along the centerline  45  may non-deviating, for example, a window, or may be omitted.  
         [0054]     According to one aspect of the present invention, the lens sets  31 ,  32 , and  33  are preferably pointed to magnify contiguous real FOVs into contiguous apparent FOVs. As discussed above, the half FOV in object space for each lens set is the value u. According to aspects of the present invention, prisms  41 ,  42  and  43  are preferably provided, for example, with a power P to deviate incoming light rays to provide a contiguous apparent FOV with the required magnification. According to one aspect of the invention, the object space axial rays  51 ,  52  and  53  striking prisms  41 ,  42  and  43  are separated by an angle equal to the FOV=2 u. After deviation by prisms  41 ,  42 , and  43 , the axial rays are separated by an angle of M×2 u. In this example M=2. For example, assuming the half FOV u, in object space for each lens set  31 ,  32  and  33  is 2.86 degrees, the axial rays  51 ,  52  and  53  striking prisms  41 ,  42  and  43  are separated by an angle equal to the FOV=2×u=5.72 degrees. After deviation by the prisms the axial rays are separated by an angle of M×2×u=11.44 degrees.  
         [0055]     For example, with reference to  FIG. 2 , assuming a half FOV u, at the selected vignetting (for example, 100% in this example), of 2.86 degrees in object space for each lens set  31 ,  32  and  3 , then the total real FOV is 2×u=is 5.72 degrees. The total field of view is delimited by the two edge rays for each lens set  31 ,  32  and  33 . For instance, to provide contiguity between FOVs, the two object space edge rays for lens set  32  make angles of −2.86 degrees and +2.86 degrees with reference to the centerline  45 ; the two object space edge rays of lens set  33  make angles of +2.86 degrees and +8.58 degrees (that is, 2.86+5.72); and the two object space edges of lens set  31  make angles of −2.86 degrees and −8.58 degrees. Correspondingly, the axial rays  51 ,  52  and  53  in object space of each lens set  31 ,  32 , and  33 , to provide contiguity, are preferably, −5.72 degrees, 0 degrees, and +5.72 degrees, respectively. According to aspects of the present invention, these angular values in image space will be magnified by magnification M to provide the apparent angular values for each lens set. For example, for magnification of M=2, the apparent FOV=M×FOV for each lens set  31 ,  32 , and  33  will be 2×5.72 degrees=11.44 degrees and the apparent half apparent FOV=of lens set  32  will range from +5.72 degrees to +17.16 degrees (that is, M×u+M×FOV=+17.16 degrees). Thus, the axis of lens set  33  will be directed at +11.44 degrees, midway between +5.72 and +17.16 degrees (that is, [5.72+17.16]/2). In  FIG. 2  and others, the edge rays for each lens set are shown individually for the sake of clarity. However, according to aspects of the present invention, the edge rays of the FOVs of adjacent lens sets are preferably substantially collinear and parallel, thus providing a substantially contiguous FOV to the viewer. For this example, the total real FOV for the array  30  shown in  FIG. 2  is about ±8.58 degrees (that is, 17.16 degrees.); the total apparent FOV is about ±17.17 degrees (that is, 34.34 degrees).  
         [0056]     In one aspect of the invention where optical elements  41 ,  42 , and  43  comprise prisms, optical elements  41 ,  42 , and  43  may be designed to refract or deviate light rays from the center of the object field so that the light rays emerge perpendicular to the rear surface of each prism. In one aspect of the invention, this perpendicular direction may be coincident with the alignment angle (or telescope pointing angle), φ, of each lens set (or telescope)  31 ,  32 , and  33 . According to this aspect of the invention, the alignment angle of a lens set is the angle the centerline of the lens set makes with the centerline  45  of the array of lens sets, for example, angle φ in  FIG. 2  is the alignment angle of lens set  33 . As discussed above, in one aspect, where each of the FOVs of each adjacent lens set is contiguous with its adjacent lens sets, the angle in object space of center ray  53  that will coincide with the axis of lens set  33  and thus establish its alignment angle, is a function of half FOV, u. For example, in one aspect, the object space angle of ray  53  of lens set  33  may be θ=2×u, for example, 5.72 degrees. The alignment angle of lens set  33  thus may be φ=M×2×u., for example, 11.44 degrees.  
         [0057]     In another aspect of the invention, where each of the FOVs of each adjacent lens set is contiguous with its adjacent lens sets, the angle of orientation of the axial rays of a lens set, φ, may also be a function of u. For example, in one aspect, the angle of the axial ray of the lens set  33  is θ=2×u. Assuming that u=2.86 degrees, the alignment angle φ and the angle of the object space axial ray line θ for each lens set  31 ,  32 , and  33 , according to one aspect of the invention, are summarized in Table 1, where nominal values correspond to the axial rays. Table 1 also provides the slopes in object space of the edge rays  51   a,    51   b,    52   a,    52   b,    53   a  and  53   b  for each of the lens sets  31 ,  32 , and  33 , respectively. The slopes of these rays after deviation by the prisms are increased by the lens set magnification. According to one aspect of the invention, the slopes of edge rays  51   b  and  52   a  of lens sets  41  and  42  are substantially equal, as are the edges rays  52   b  and  53   a  of lens sets  42  and  43 , thus providing contiguity. In one aspect, because the edge and axial rays are each deviated to different degrees by prisms  31  and  33 , errors in contiguity may occur. These errors may be minimized or eliminated by adjusting the ray set axis angles and prism angles, for example, by iteratively evaluating Equation 10 to trace the slopes of the edge rays through the prisms until the slopes of adjacent lens set edge rays (for example, rays  51   b  and  52   a,  and  52   b  and  53   a ) are substantially equal. In one aspect, this procedure results in the corrected values for prism deviation and prism angle provided in Table 1. Other values of θ and φ will be provided as the value of u varies, for example, as one or more of the parameters in Equation 4 vary.  
                                                             TABLE 1                           Angles Associated with Lens Sets of  FIG. 2         (u = 2.86 degrees)                Lens set (or telescope)                31   32   33                        Object field angle of ray sets,   −5.72   0   5.72       θ degrees       Ray set alignment angle, φ, degrees   −11.44   0   11.44       Slope of ray 53b in object space,           8.59       degrees       Slope of ray 53a in object space,           2.86       degrees       Slope of ray 52b in object space,       2.86       degrees       Slope of ray 52a in object space,       −2.86       degrees       Slope of ray 51b in object space,   −2.86       degrees       Slope of ray 51a in object space,   −8.59       degrees       Nominal Prism deviation, δ, degrees   −5.72   0   2u = 5.72       Nominal Prism angle, β, degrees   −10.819   0   10.819       Corrected Prism deviation, δ, degrees   −5.616   0   5.616       Corrected Prism angle, β, degrees   −10.622   0   10.622                  
 
         [0058]     In one aspect of the invention, in order for prisms  41 ,  42 , and  43  to deviate the path of the incoming light whereby the light emerges from prisms  41 ,  42 , and  43  in a direction substantially coincident with the alignment angle, φ, the prism deviation angle, δ, that is, the angle through which the incident light is bent by a prism, may be the difference between alignment angle, φ, and the object space axial ray angle, θ. That is, in one aspect of the invention, δ=φ−θ. The prism deviation angle, δ, for lens sets  31 ,  32 , and  33  also appears in Table 1.  
         [0059]     The refraction of light through a prism is governed by Snell&#39;s law for refraction that is expressed in Equation 10. 
 
sin α=n sin α′  Equation 10 
 
 where α and α′ are the incident and refracted angles, respectfully, and n is the index of refraction of the prism. A typical prism  50  and the related geometry and light paths are illustrated in  FIG. 3 . Prism  50  is characterized by a prism angle β and a prism deviation angle, δ. As shown in  FIG. 3 , A is an incoming light beam, B is the point of contact of light beam A with the surface of prism  50 , C is the point of emergence of the refracted light beam D, and E is the path light beam A would take if not refracted by prism  50 . N is the normal to the incident surface of prism  50  at the point of contact B. Angle α is the angle between the direction of the incoming light beam A and normal N. Angle α′ is the angle between the direction of the refracted light beam D and normal N. In one aspect of the invention, light beam D may emerge perpendicular to the surface of prism  50  at point C. Under these conductions, for prism  50 , the prism angle β substantially equals the prism deviation angle δ, that is, β=δ. It is recognized in the art, that under these conditions, the relationship recited in Equation 11 applies and can be used to determine the desired refraction angle for a prism.  
               tan   ⁢           ⁢   β     =       sin   ⁢           ⁢   δ       n   -     cos   ⁢           ⁢   δ                 Equation   ⁢           ⁢   11             
 
 The variables in Equation 11 were defined above. For example, in one aspect, prism  43  of lens set  33  deviates light rays through an angle δ=2×u=5.725 degrees (see Table 1). For a prism having an index of refraction n=1.517 (for example, for a borosilicate crown glass prism), Equation 11 yields  
               tan   ⁢           ⁢   β     =         sin   ⁢           ⁢   5.725       1.517   -     cos   ⁢           ⁢   5.725         =   0.1911             Equation   ⁢           ⁢   12             
 
 which yields β=10.819 degrees. 
 
         [0060]     Therefore, for prism  43  of lens set  33  to deviates light rays whereby a substantially contiguous field of view is provided to the observer, angle β of prism  43  may have a value of about 10.819 degrees. The corresponding prism angles β for prisms  41 ,  42 , and  43  are also listed in Table 1. The angles presented in Table 1 are nominal angles. Because the edge and axial rays may each be deviated to different degrees by the prisms  41  and  43 , errors in contiguity may occur. In one aspect, these errors may be minimized or eliminated by iteratively evaluating Equation 10 to trace edge rays through the prisms until adjacent edge rays of adjoining ray sets are substantially equal and, thereby, correct the deviation angles and prism angles. Additional modifications may be made as a result of trigonometric ray tracing used to design the ray sets. Errors in contiguity, for example, due to manufacturing tolerances, can be corrected by adjusting the values of angle β and/or adjusting the orientation of the lens sets. This may require one or more iterations.  
         [0061]     According to aspects of the present invention, the vignetting (V) of the optical device may be optimized to provide optimal contiguity between fields of view. Typically, in conventional optical devices, 50% vignetting is used to define the field of view (FOV); however, 50% vignetting may result in undesirable overlapping of FOVs by the lens sets of one aspect of this invention. In one aspect of the invention, a maximum of 100% vignetting is provided. Though 100% vignetting may preclude overlap of FOVs by adjacent lens sets, a falloff of illumination at the edges of the FOVs may be perceived as a gap in the FOV. Manufacturing tolerances may, for example, also result in gaps between FOVs of adjacent lens sets. To prevent these gaps, in one aspect of the invention, the vignetting may be greater than about 50% and less than about 100%. For example, in one aspect of the invention, a slight overlap in the FOVs may be preferred. In one aspect, the vignetting may be between about 85% and about 95%, for instance, about 90%.  
         [0062]     According to one aspect of the invention, at least 2 telescopic lens sets may be used to provide the benefits of the present invention. In other aspects of the invention, at least three lens sets may be used as shown in  FIG. 2 . In other aspects of the invention, the number of lens sets is only limited by acceptable size of the optical system, by the physical restrictions of the user, for example, having one or two eyes, having a limited field of view, for example, less than 180 degrees. For example, in some aspects of the invention,  4 ,  5 ,  6 ,  7 , or  8  or more lens sets may be used. However, aspects of the invention may not be limited for use by humans, but may be coupled to any light-detecting device, for example, close-coupled devices (CCD), to detect light. In this aspect of the invention, lens sets may be arranged in arrays spanning at least 180 degrees or more, for example, even 360 degrees, in the azimuthal (or circumferential) direction. In other aspects of the invention, to increase the elevation FOV, lens set arrays may be positioned in rows above and below the horizontal azimuthal plane, for example, the elevation FOV of the horizontal azimuthal ray set may be about +u and about −u degrees, or multiples thereof. For example, in one aspect, the elevation FOV of the rows of lens sets above the azimuthal plane may range from about +u to about +3u degrees, or more, and the elevation FOV of the rows of lens sets below the azimuthal plane may range from about −u to about −3u degrees, or more. In one aspect of the invention, the total elevation FOV equals about 6 u degrees. In one aspect, the lens sets may be arranged in multiple altitudes or rows, each altitude or row spanning an azimuthal field angle. In one aspect of the invention, lens sets may be arranged in a spherical configuration having azimuths ranging from 0 degrees to 360 degrees and altitudes scanning from 0 degrees to 360 degrees, or any azimuth or altitude angle in between these extremes.  
         [0063]      FIG. 4  is a schematic plan view of an arrangement  60  of seven telescopic lens sets  61 ,  62 ,  63 ,  64 ,  65 ,  66 , and  67  according to one aspect of the present invention. Lens sets  61  through  67  direct light a hypothetical aperture stop  121  of a representative human eye  68  having center of rotation O. Similar to lens sets  41 ,  42 , and  43 , each lens set  61 ,  62 ,  63 ,  64 ,  65 ,  66 , and  67  includes an ocular lens  71 ,  72 ,  73 ,  74 ,  75 ,  76 , and  77 ; an objective lens  81 ,  82 ,  83 ,  84 ,  85 ,  86 , and  87 ; and a prism  91 ,  92 ,  93 ,  94 ,  95 ,  96 , and  97 , respectively. In a manner similar to that used in  FIG. 2 , in  FIG. 4 , axial rays and edge rays associated with each lens sets  61  through  67  are designated with the letters “a,” “b,” and “c,” where the axial ray associated with a lens set is designated with a “c,” the lower edge ray is designated with an “a,” and the upper edge ray is designated with a “b.” For example, lens set  61  receives an axial ray  61   c,  a lower edge ray  61   a,  and an upper edge ray  61   b.  Similar designations are also shown for the lens sets  62  and  67 , but are omitted from lens sets  63  through  66  for the sake of clarity.  
         [0064]     Similar to prism  42  discussed with respect to  FIG. 2 , prism  94  may be a non-deviating window. Again, in one aspect of the invention, prism  94  may be omitted without affecting the performance of the invention. The corresponding lens set parameters for telescopic lens sets  61  through  67  according to one aspect of the invention are summarized in Table 2; again, a half FOV angle of 2.86 degrees is assumed. The real FOV for the array  60  shown in  FIG. 4  is about 40.04 degrees (that is, 7×5.72); the apparent FOV is about 80.08 degrees (that is, 7×2×5.72), assuming a half FOV, u, of 2.86 degrees. Because the edge and axial rays may each be deviated to different degrees by any one of the prisms  91 ,  92 ,  93 ,  94 ,  95   96  and  97 , errors in contiguity may occur. In one aspect of the invention, these errors may be minimized or eliminated by adjusting the axis angles and/or the prism angles.  
                                                                                             TABLE 2                           Angles Associated with Lens Sets of  FIG. 4         (u = 2.86 degrees)                Lens set (or telescope)                61   62   63   64   65   66   67                        Object field angle of ray sets, θ degrees   −17.17   −11.45   −5.725   0   5.725   11.45   17.17       Ray set alignment angle, φ, degrees   −34.35   −22.90   −11.450   0   11.450   22.90   34.35       Nominal Prism deviation, δ, degrees   −17.17   −11.45   −5.725   0   5.725   11.45   17.17       Nominal Prism angle, β, degrees   −27.74   −20.29   −10.819   0   10.819   20.29   27.74       Corrected Prism deviation, δ, degrees   −15.124   −10.758   −5.616   0   5.616   10.758   15.124       Corrected Prism angle, β, degrees   −25.313   −19.247   −10.622   0   10.622   19.247   25.313                  
 
         [0065]     In one aspect, the flanking, or off-centerline, telescopic lens sets may provide the wider peripheral fields which are used to acquire objects of interest that are then viewed through the center lens set  64  by turning the head toward the objects acquired by the off-center lens sets. The extreme object space edge rays  61   a  and  67   b  in  FIG. 4  are oriented at about +20.04 degrees and about −20.04 degrees to the centerline. Edge rays  61   a  and  67   b  delimit the real FOV  69  of the array of lens sets. The apparent FOV  70  in  FIG. 4  is delimited by the projection of rays  61   a  and  67   b  in image space (after magnification by the respective lens sets). For a magnification, M, of 2, the corresponding angles of FOV  70  are about +40.07 degrees and about −40.07 degree, respectively.  
         [0066]     In one aspect of the invention, telescopic lens sets may straddle a centerline.  FIG. 5  is a schematic plan view of an arrangement  100  of two telescopic lens sets  101  and  102  according to another aspect of the present invention. In this aspect of the invention, lens sets  101  and  102  straddle the centerline  110  of arrangement  100  and direct light to representative human eye  103 . Lens sets  101  and  102  include ocular lenses  104  and  105 , objective lenses  106  and  107 , and prisms  108  and  109 , respectively. Though not shown in  FIG. 5 , additional lens sets may be introduced to arrangement  100  to broaden the field of view of arrangement  100 , for example, arrangement  100  may include at least 3 lens sets, 4 lens sets, or 8 or more lens sets.  
         [0067]      FIG. 6  is a plan view of binocular arrangement or array  120  of telescopic lens sets according to another aspect of the invention. In this aspect of the invention, binocular arrangement  120  is associated with right eye  122  and left eye  124 . Arrangement  120  includes a right eye lens set array  130  comprising lens sets  131 ,  132 ,  133 , and  134 ; and left eye lens set array  140  comprising lens sets  141 ,  142 ,  143 , and  144 . Lens sets  131 - 134  and  141 - 144  each include an ocular lens, an objective lens, and refracting element (for example, a prism), as is typical of other aspects of the invention. The total apparent field of view of lens arrangement  120  is represented by arc  146  and the total real field of view of lens arrangement  120  is represented by arc  148 . According to one aspect of the invention, right eye  122  looks through a center telescopic lens set  131  and the right flanking lens sets  132 ,  133 , and  134  to view the field of view to the right. Left eye  124  looks through a center telescopic lens set  144  and the left flanking lens sets  141 ,  142 , and  143  to view the field of view to the left. According to one aspect of the invention, only the center lens sets  131 ,  144  may have substantially identical fields of view and provide binocular vision. As discussed above and as shown in  FIG. 6 , the representative edge rays and axial ray associated with each lens set  131  through  134  and  141  through  144  are designated “a,” “b,” and “c” to facilitate discussion of these rays. Again, not all rays are identified in  FIG. 6  for the sake of clarity.  
         [0068]     In one aspect, axial rays  144   c  and  131   c  may have zero slopes, rays  144   a  and  131   a  may have slopes of −u, and rays  144   b  and  131   b  have slopes of +u relative to the centerlines of each lens set. Again, the flanking telescopic lens sets may provide the wider peripheral fields which are used to acquire objects of interest that are then viewed through the center lens sets  131 ,  144  by turning the head toward the objects acquired by the off-center lens sets. According to other aspects of the invention, though  FIG. 6  illustrates four lens sets associated with each eye  122 ,  124 , binocular lens array  120  may include any number of lens sets. For example, lens array  120  may only comprise a right eye array  130  or a left eye array  140 . In another aspect of the invention, arrays  130  and/or  140  may include  1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 ,  5 , or more lens sets each. The optical design parameters of the telescopic lens sets shown in  FIG. 6  may be determined in a similar, if not identical, manner as the corresponding lens sets discussed above, that is, in the monocular arrays.  
         [0069]     Aspects of the invention also provide devices that function as telemicroscopes, that is, devices that can be used to magnify for reading and/or near work.  FIG. 7  illustrates a plan view of one telemicroscope device  150  according to one aspect of the invention. In the aspect shown, device  150  includes a plurality of lens sets  151 ,  152 ,  153 ,  154 ,  155 ,  156 , and  157  for magnifying an object, for example, as indicated by object plane  160 , such as, a page of a book. The magnified image is directed toward an eye (not shown) identified by the center of rotation O. Though a total of seven lens sets are shown in  FIG. 7 , according to aspects of the invention, device  150  may include 2 or more lens sets, for example, as shown in  FIGS. 2, 4 , and  5 . Lens sets  151  through  157  may be similar to other lens sets described previously, for example, lens sets  61  through  67  shown in  FIG. 4 , and include corresponding ocular lenses, objective lenses, and refracting elements, such as prisms. According to this aspect of the invention, lens sets  151  through  157  may be designed, for example, with appropriate parameters θ, β, φ, etc. discussed above, to provide the substantially contiguous field of view, as also discussed above.  
         [0070]     According to this aspect of the invention, at least some lens sets  151  through  157  may also include at least one magnifying optical element  161 ,  162 ,  163 ,  164 ,  165 ,  166 , and  167 , for example, mounted in front of at least some of the refracting elements of lens sets  151  through  157 . In one aspect of the invention, magnifying optical elements  161  through  167  may comprise any optical element adapted to collimate light from near object and magnify the light image introduced to lens sets  151  through  157 . In one aspect of the invention, substantially all of lens sets  151  through  157  include at least one magnifying element  161  through  167 . According to one aspect, magnifying elements  161  through  167  may be a magnifying convex lens or a lens cap. In one aspect of the invention, the separation between the objective and the ocular lenses may be varied, for example, increased, to vary the focus of the lens set. For instance, in one aspect, the separation between lenses may be increased to improve the focus on near objects. However, this may result in less magnification than with the use of lens caps.  
         [0071]     According to one aspect of the invention, magnifying elements  161  through  167  each may have dioptric power, that is, the refractive power of the lens. The dioptric power of the magnifying elements  161  through  167  will be dependent upon the desired magnification and/or distance from the object, for example, a book, being viewed. The magnifying element or lens cap may serve as a simple magnifier. According to the conventional art, the magnification of a magnifying lens, M, is given by M=F/4, where F is the dioptric power of the magnifying lens. As is also known in the art, the dioptric power of a lens is equal to reciprocal of its focal length in meters. For example, for a dioptric power F=8 diopters, a magnifying lens, for example, lens cap  161 , has a magnification of M=F/8=8/4=2, or 2× magnification. According to one aspect of the invention, the magnification power of the magnifying element  161  through  167  is multiplied by the magnifying power of the lens set  151  through  157 , respectively, to provide the total magnifying power of the combination of lens set and magnifier element. For example, the total magnifying power of a 2× magnifying lens introduced before a 2× lens set is M  32  2×2=4× magnification. According to aspects of the present invention, magnifying lenses  161  through  167  may have a magnification greater than 1×, or greater than 2×, or more, for example, 4× or 6× or more. In one aspect of the invention, magnifying lens sets  161  through  167  are designed to ensure the desired vignetting of the array of lens sets to which that are applied, for example, to maintain the approximately 100% vignetting desired in one aspect of the invention.  
         [0072]     In one aspect, the magnifying optical elements  161  through  167  may have a magnification M c  of 250/f c , where f c  is the focal length, in mm, of the magnifying optical element. For example, when f c =100 mm, the magnification of an element is about M c =250/100=2.5. Other magnifications and relationships to focal length may also be used as appropriate. According to one aspect of the invention, elements  161  through  167  may have the same shape as the prisms with which the respective elements are associated, for example, circular or polygonal in shape, for example, hexagonal, and may mount in front of their respective prisms, for example, mounted at a common radius of a circle, cylinder, or sphere.  
         [0073]     In one aspect of the invention, magnifying optical elements  161  through  167  are adapted to address the disadvantage of increasing obliquity that can occur with lens caps of telemicroscopes. For example, for telemicroscopes of substantially identical focal length, when observing a flat near object, the image may have been blurred due to an inadequate depth of field. According to one aspect of the invention, to maintain resolution, the focal length of the lens cap may be varied, for example, increased, as a function of its position with respect to the central axis of the array. This may correct the blurred image due to the increased distance to the object for obliquely pointed lens sets, that is, telemicroscopes. For example, for a given focal length of the central lens cap positioned on the centerline of the array, for example, lens cap  164  in  FIG. 7 , of 100 mm, the focal lengths of adjacent lens caps,  165 ,  166 , and  167 , may be 100.5 mm, 102.0 mm, and 104.7 mm, respectively. As a result, the angular magnification of these lens caps may be reduced to less than the nominal magnification. For example, if the nominal magnification of lens set  154  having lens cap  164  is 5.0, the magnification of lens sets  165 ,  266 , and  167  may become 4.98, 4.90, and 4.78, respectively.  
         [0074]     Magnifying optical element  161 ,  162 ,  163 ,  164 ,  165 ,  166 , and  167 , for example, magnifying lenses, may be provided as individual elements for mounting in front of their corresponding prisms and objective lenses. In one aspect of the invention, elements  161  through  167 , or a subset thereof, may be provided as an array of elements, for example, a molded array of elements that may be mounted before one or more prisms and objective lenses. These elements may be removably attached whereby they may be removed, for  
         [0075]      FIG. 8  is a schematic plan view of another telemicroscope device  170  according to another aspect of the invention. In the aspect shown, device  170  includes a plurality of lens sets  171 ,  172 ,  173 ,  174 ,  175 ,  176 , and  177  for magnifying an object, for example, as indicated by object plane  180 , such as, a page of a book. The magnified image is directed toward an eye (not shown) identified by the center of rotation O. Again, as for device  150  shown in  FIG. 7 , though a total of seven lens sets are shown in  FIG. 8 , according to aspects of the invention, device  180  may include 2 or more lens sets, for example, as shown in  FIGS. 2, 4 , and  5 . Lens sets  171 - 177  may be similar to other lens sets described previously, for example, lens sets  61  through  67  shown in  FIG. 4 , and include corresponding ocular lenses, objective lenses, and refracting elements, such as prisms. According to this aspect of the invention, lens sets  171  through  177  may be designed, for example, with appropriate parameters θ, β, and φ discussed above, to provide the substantially contiguous field of view, as also discussed above.  
         [0076]     According to this aspect of the invention, one or more meniscus lenses  181  may be positioned before and refract at least some light entering at least some lens sets in the array of lens sets  171  through  177  to provide a telemicroscopic device. The dioptric power of the meniscus lens  181  will be dependent upon the desired magnification and/or distance from the object  180 , for example, a book, being viewed. According to aspects of the invention, meniscus lens  181  may have a magnification power greater than 1×, or greater than 2×, or more, for example, 4× or 6×. The corresponding refractive powers of meniscus lens  181  may be 8, 16, and 32 diopters. For a single array of lens sets shown in  FIG. 8 , the shape of the meniscus lens may be wide enough to extend to the extreme azimuthal object space edge rays of at least some of, preferably all of, lens sets  171  and  177 . The height of the meniscus lens  181  may cover at least some of, again, preferably, all of, the extreme elevation object space edge rays of all ray sets. For example, see the front elevation view in  FIG. 11  of a lens set that meniscus lens  181  may cover both the azimuthal and elevation object space of, according to one aspect of the invention.  
         [0077]     According to aspects of the present invention, cach telescopic lens set in an array may be mounted in an individual housing as shown in  FIG. 9 . According to one aspect of the invention, by enclosing the lens sets in housings, the sides of adjacent set housings block “crosstalk”, that is, the housings may minimize or prevent light from the FOV of a given lens set from entering an adjoining lens set.  FIG. 9  is a plan view of an arrangement  190  telescopic lens set housings  191 ,  192 ,  193 ,  194 ,  195 ,  196 , and  197 . The magnified image is directed toward an eye identified by the center of rotation O. Though a total of seven lens set housings are shown in  FIG. 9 , according to aspects of the invention, arrangement  190  may include 2 or more lens set housings, for example, 2, 4, 5, 8 or more housings. Lens set housings  191  through  197  may include lens sets similar to other lens sets described previously, for example, lens sets  61  through  67  shown in  FIG. 4 , and may include corresponding ocular lenses, objective lenses, and refracting elements, such as prisms (all shown in phantom). Lens sets  191  through  197  may also include one or more magnifying elements, such as, lens caps as described with respect to  FIG. 7 . According to this aspect of the invention, lens sets in lens set housings  191  through  197  may be designed, for example, with appropriate parameters θ, β, φ, etc., discussed above, to provide the substantially contiguous field of view, as discussed above. According to one aspect of the invention, the lens sets in lens set housings  191  through  197  (and any other telescopic lens sets disclosed herein) may be set to afocal by adjusting the spacing between the respective objective and ocular lenses. In one aspect, the arrangement or array  190  may be housed in a support structure or base (see  FIGS. 10, 11 , and  12 ) that may allow fine or gross azimuthal angular and/or fine or gross altitudinal angular adjustments of the axes of the individual lens set housings  191  through  197  to optimize contiguity. The arrangement or array  190  may be enclosed by a cover that attaches to the support structure or base.  
         [0078]      FIGS. 10, 11 , and  12  illustrate one optical device  200  for mounting a plurality of lens sets according to one aspect of the invention.  FIG. 10  is a top plan view of a the device  200  having a housing  210  and plurality of lens set housings  201 ,  202 ,  203 ,  204 ,  204 ,  205 ,  206 , and  207  (all shown in phantom), for example, lens set housing similar to lens set housings  191  through  197  shown in  FIG. 9 .  FIG. 11  is a front elevation view of optical device  200  shown in  FIG. 10  as viewed along lines  11 - 11  shown in  FIG. 10 . Again, though a total of seven lens set housings are shown in  FIG. 10 , according to aspects of the invention, device  200  may include 2 or more lens set housings, for example, 2, 4, 5, 8 or more housings. Lens set housings  201  through  207  may include lens sets similar to other lens sets described previously, for example, lens sets  61  through  67  shown in  FIG. 4 , and may include corresponding ocular lenses, objective lenses, and refracting elements, such as prisms. Lens sets  201  through  207  may also include one or more magnifying elements, such as, lens caps as described with respect to  FIG. 7 . According to this aspect of the invention, lens sets in lens set housings  201  through  207  may be designed, for example, with appropriate parameters θ, β, φ, etc., discussed above, to provide the substantially contiguous field of view, as discussed above. Housing  210  includes a base  212  and a cover  214  mounted to base  212 , for example, by means of mechanical fasteners.  
         [0079]      FIG. 12  is a cross-sectional view of device  200  shown in  FIGS. 10 and 11  as viewed along lines  12 - 12  in  FIG. 11 .  FIG. 12  illustrates a cross-section of base  212 , cover  214 , and lens set housing  202 . As shown in  FIG. 12 , as is typical of lens set housings  201  through  207 , lens set housing  202  may include a lens housing  220  having an ocular lens  222 , an objective lens  224 , a prism  226 , and optionally a lens cap  228 . As shown in  FIG. 12 , lens set housing  202  may be supported by a lens set holder  230 . Lens holder  230  may be mounted to base  212  by conventional means, for example, an adhesive, welding, or mechanical fasteners, such as, one or more screws  213 .  
         [0080]     As shown in  FIG. 11 , in one aspect of the invention, lens set holders  201  through  207  and the elements they contain, for example, the lens and prisms, may be rectangular in shape. In other aspects of the invention, lens sets  201  through  207  and the elements they contain may be circular, oval, or polygonal in shape, for example, triangular, square, pentagonal, or hexagonal, among other shapes.  
         [0081]      FIGS. 13, 14 ,  15 , and  16  illustrate detailed views of base  212  and cover  214  according to one aspect of the present invention.  FIG. 13  is a top plan view of base  212 .  FIG. 14  is a side elevation view of base  212  as viewed along lines  14 - 14  in  FIG. 13 . Base  212  includes a bottom plate  215  and two side plates  216 . Base  212  and  215  may comprise an integral construction, for example, machined from a single block, forged, cast, or welded, or separate parts assembled by an adhesive or mechanical fasteners. Base  212  may be adapted to mount and position the lens set housings, for example, lens set housings  201  through  207  shown in  FIGS. 10 and 11 . In one aspect, base  212  includes a plurality of holes  217  for mounting lens set housings  201  through  207  to base  212 , for example, a plurality of counter-sunk through holes. Side plates  216  may also be adapted to mount cover  214 , for example, side plates  216  may include one or more threaded holes  218  adapted to accepted threaded fasteners (not shown).  
         [0082]     Base  212  may be metallic or non-metallic. For example, base  212  may be made from one or more of the following metals: iron, steel, stainless steel, aluminum, titanium, nickel, magnesium, brass, bronze, or any other structural metal. Base  212  may also be made from one or more the following plastics: polyamide (PA), for example, nylon, polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyester (PE), polytetraflouroethylene (PTFE), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), and polyvinylchloride (PVC), among other plastics.  
         [0083]      FIG. 15  is a top plan view of cover  214 .  FIG. 16  is a side elevation view of cover  214  as viewed along lines  16 - 16  in  FIG. 15 . Cover  214  may include a plurality of holes  219  for mounting cover  214  to base  212 , for example, a plurality of counter-sunk through holes. Cover  214  may be metallic or non-metallic and made from one or more of the metals or plastics listed above with respect to base  212 .  
         [0084]     The size of base  212  and cover  214  may vary depending upon the size of the optics mounted therein. In one aspect of the invention, base  212  and cover  214  may have a length  221  of between about 25 mm and about 3 meters, typically, between about 50 mm and about 100 mm, for example, about 60 mm. In one aspect of the invention, base  212  and cover  214  may have an inner radius  223  of between about 5 mm and about 250 mm, typically, between 20 mm and about 40 mm, for example, about 29 mm. In one aspect of the invention, base  212  and cover  214  may have an outer radius  225  of between about 5 mm and about 250 mm, typically, between 35 mm and about 55 mm, for example, about 44 mm. In one aspect of the invention base  212  may have a height  227  of between about 5 mm and about 250 mm, typically, between about 5 mm and about 25 mm, for example, about 13 mm. In one aspect of the invention cover  214  may have a thickness  229  of between about 1 mm and about 50 mm, typically, between about 1 mm and about 5 mm, for example, about 3 mm.  
         [0085]      FIGS. 17, 18 , and  19  illustrate views of lens holder  230  shown in  FIG. 12  according to another aspect of the invention.  FIG. 17  is a side elevation view of lens holder  230 .  FIG. 18  is a plan view of lens holder  230  as viewed along lines  18 - 18  in  FIG. 17 .  FIG. 19  is a side elevation view of lens holder  230  as viewed along lines  19 - 19  in  FIG. 17 . According to one aspect of the invention, lens holder  230  includes a first section  231  adapted to receive the objective lens end of a lens set housing, such as, lens set housings  201  through  207  of  FIG. 10 , and a second section  232  adapted to receive the ocular lens end of a lens set housing. Section  232  may comprise a slope having an angle of between about 10 and 50 degrees, depending upon the size of the optics being used. In one aspect, section  232  comprises an angle of between about 20 degrees and about 30 degrees, for example, about 22 degrees. Sections  231  and  232  may included rounded depressions (not shown) adapted to receive a circular lens set housing. Lens holder  230  may include one or more holes, for example, one or more threaded holes by which lens holder  230  may be mounted to housing  210 , for example, threaded holes  234 ,  235 , and  236  (shown in phantom).  
         [0086]     The size of lens holder  230  may vary depending upon the size of the optics mounted therein. In one aspect of the invention, lens holder  230  may have a length  237  of between about 5 and about 50 mm, typically, between about 8 and about 16 mm, for example, about 11 mm. In one aspect of the invention, lens holder  230  may have a width  238  of between about 3 and about 25 mm, typically, between about 5 and about 12 mm, for example, about 7 mm. In one aspect of the invention, lens holder  230  may have a height  239  of between about 2 and about 25 mm, typically, between about 3 and about 7 mm, for example, about 5 mm. Lens holder  230  may be metallic or non-metallic, for example, lens holder  230  may be made from one or more of the metals or plastics identified above with respect to base  212 .  
         [0087]     According to one aspect of the invention, a lens set arrangement or array may be provided having a plurality of rows of lens sets.  FIG. 20  is a front development elevation view of an array or arrangement  240  of multiple rows of telescopic lens sets according to one aspect of the invention. Again, though a total of seven lens are shown in each of three rows in  FIG. 20 , according to aspects of the invention, array  240  may include 2 or more lens sets per row, for example, 3, 4, 5, 8 or more lens sets per row, and 2 or more rows. The lens sets in array  240  may include lens sets similar to other lens sets described previously, for example, lens sets  61  through  67  shown in  FIG. 4 , and may include corresponding ocular lenses, objective lenses, and refracting elements, such as prisms. The lens sets in array  240  may also include one or more magnifying elements, such as, lens caps, as described with respect to  FIG. 7 . According to this aspect of the invention, lens sets in array  240  may be designed, for example, with appropriate parameters θ, β, φ, etc., discussed above, to provide the substantially contiguous field of view, as discussed above.  
         [0088]      FIG. 20  comprises a development for ease of illustration. Though aspects of the invention may provide an array  240  having a plurality of lens sets arranged in a planar fashion, in one aspect, the array  240  may be arranged whereby the lens sets are arranged in an array having a radius, for example, as shown in  FIGS. 3, 4 , and  7 . The radiused array  240  may be arranged in a cylindrical fashion, that is, where the lens sets are arranged as if mounted on the surface of a circular cylinder, or in spherical fashion, wherein the lens sets are arranged as if they were mounted on the surface of a sphere, for example, having the sphere&#39;s center coincident with the center of rotation of the eye.  FIG. 21  is schematic front elevation view of a row of telescopic lens sets  280  as positioned in a spherical fashion about sphere  290  according to one aspect of the invention. The radius of sphere  290  may vary from between about 5 mm and about 250 mm, typically, between 35 mm and about 55 mm, for example, about 44 mm.  
         [0089]     In order to facilitate the identification of each lens set in  FIG. 20 , each lens set is identified by a two integer code (x, y), where x is the row of the lens set and y is the relative position of the lens set in each row with respect to the vertical centerline  242  of array  240 . Using this nomenclature, the middle row of the array aligned along horizontal centerline  244  is designated the “0” row. Also, as shown in  FIG. 20 , the center lens set is designated (0, 0) and the right-most lens set in the upper row is designated (1, 3).  
         [0090]     In one aspect of the invention, the lens set housings of the lens sets in  FIG. 20  may be shaped to conform to adjacent housings in the array. For example, in the array shown, the housings of the lens sets are hexagonal in shape to provide for optimum compatibly and packing of the lens set housings. In one aspect of the invention, the housings may also be circular, oval, triangular, square, rectangular, or any polygonal shape. As shown in  FIG. 20 , the lens sets may be mounted in a staggered relationship relative to adjacent lens sets. In another aspect of the invention, the lens sets may be arranged directly on top of the lens sets above and below, whereby the centerlines of the lens sets are substantially aligned with the centerlines of the lens sets above and below. In another aspect, the centerlines of lens sets in adjacent rows may not be aligned.  
         [0091]     In the spherical array  280  of  FIG. 21  the lens sets and prisms above and below the row of lens sets shown may require progressive changes in shape and orientation due their positioning on tilted great circles of sphere  290 .  
         [0092]     Aspects of the invention provide methods and devices for improving the vision of both those of normal vision and the visually impaired by providing a wider field of view than provided by the prior art, and in some aspects, a contiguous wide field of view. Aspects of the invention may be used to facilitate the acquisition of targets of interest, for example, street signs or driving hazards, and allow the user to turn and view the target. Aspects of the invention may be used for opera-type glasses and provide a wider field of view of the stage, the track, the court, or the field for the opera or theater lover or sports fan. The wider field of view provided by aspects of the present invention may also improve outdoor tracking or viewing, such as in military surveillance or bird watching. Other applications of aspects of the invention will be apparent to those familiar with the art.  
         [0093]     While several aspects of the present invention have been described and depicted herein, alternative aspects may be provided by those skilled in the art to accomplish the same objectives. Accordingly, it is intended by the appended claims to cover all such alternative aspects as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.