Abstract:
A method of generating shift schedules for a vehicle having a transmission with a plurality of gears includes providing a plurality of a transmission operational modes categorized by ratios of available traction power after a transmission gear shift compared to available traction power before the transmission gear shift. Based on the list of available traction power the available traction power is determined for each of the plurality of gears over a range of engine speeds. This includes adjusting for parasitic losses and dynamic de-rate conditions at each engine speed datum point. Shift schedules are generated for shifts between gears of the transmission for at least a first transmission operational mode in terms of ratios of available traction power before and after gear shifts.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     1. Technical Field 
     The technical field relates to the operation of motor vehicle transmissions, and in particular, to a method for dynamic adaptation of shift schedules used with automatic transmissions to support diverse performance objectives. 
     2. Description of the Technical Field 
     Contemporary motor vehicles typically provide control modules for major vehicle sub-systems and one or more communication channels over which data are exchanged between the control modules. Vehicles having an internal combustion engine and transmission sub-systems are typically provided with an engine controller/engine control unit (ECU) and a transmission control module (TCM). The communication channels are usually a physical data bus such as a twisted wire pair provided as part of a controller area network (CAN). Overall vehicle fuel economy and driving performance has been enhanced by the cooperation in controller operation using networking technology such as CAN. 
     Conventionally, transmission control software has been installed on the TCM. Transmission control software includes shift control logic (SCL) which has access to a plurality of shift schedules. Shift schedules operate on vehicle operating variables, particularly engine speed and vehicle speed, to select a transmission gear within an allowed range and to control shifting to the selected gear. On vehicles equipped with “automatic manual transmissions,” clutch control logic (CCL) implements engagement and disengagement of the transmission clutch(es). The SCL selects a shift schedule based on selected performance objective (for example economy, performance) and a gear ratio from those available according to the shift schedule. The timing of shifts to the selected gear ratio occur in coordination with the CCL whereby the selected gear becomes the achieved gear. 
     Shift schedules have been supplied by transmission original equipment manufacturers based on base engine performance characteristics. The shift schedules have been particular to a specified vehicle and engine combination on a vehicle. 
     SUMMARY 
     A method of generating shift schedules for a vehicle transmission with a plurality of gears includes obtaining transmission operational parameters and determining vehicle operating conditions and providing in response thereto a plurality of shift schedules categorized in terms of ratios of available traction power after a transmission gear shift compared to available traction power before the transmission gear shift. The available traction power is determined for each of the plurality of gears over a range of engine speeds. This determination includes adjusting for parasitic losses at each engine speed datum point. Shift schedules are generated for shifts between gears of the transmission for each of a plurality of exogenously provided transmission operational modes. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a high level schematic of a vehicle control system. 
         FIG. 2  is a high level flow chart of an algorithm for generating shift schedules. 
         FIG. 3  is a graph of power versus engine speed. 
         FIG. 4  is a graph of power versus engine speed. 
         FIG. 5  is a graph of power versus engine speed. 
         FIG. 6  is a graph of power versus engine speed. 
         FIG. 7  are graphs of power versus engine speed. 
         FIG. 8  is a table relating to generation of shift schedules for a transmission. 
         FIG. 9  is a table relating to generation of shift schedules for a transmission. 
         FIG. 10  is a table relating to generation of shift schedules for a transmission. 
         FIG. 11  is a table relating to generation of shift schedules for a transmission. 
         FIG. 12  is a graphical illustration of a representative set if shift schedules. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following detailed description, like reference numerals and characters may be used to designate identical, corresponding, or similar components in differing drawing figures. Furthermore, example sizes/models/values/ranges may be given with respect to specific embodiments but are not to be considered generally limiting. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , a high level schematic of a control system  21  for a motor vehicle is illustrated. An electrical system controller (ESC)  24 , a type of a body computer, and several sub-system controllers exchange data and instructions over a public data-link  18 . The sub-system controllers exercise direct control over various vehicle sub-systems such as its internal combustion (IC) engine  28 , an auto-clutch  22 , or a transmission  30 . Data-link  18  is commonly the backbone of a controller area network (CAN) conforming to the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) J1939 standard. 
     Four major sub-system controllers exclusive of the ESC  24  are shown. These are coupled for communication, that is the exchange of data and commands, over public data-link  18 . The illustrated sub-system controllers include an engine controller/control unit (ECU)  46 , a transmission controller/control module (TCM)  42 , a gauge cluster controller  58  and an anti-lock brake system controller (ABS)  50 . It will be understood that other controllers may be connected to data-link  18 . ABS controller  50 , as is conventional, controls application of brakes  52  and receives wheel speed sensor signals from wheel speed sensors  54 . Wheel speed may be averaged and reported over data-link  18  as vehicle speed which is monitored by transmission controller  42  and engine controller  46 . TCM  42  may communicate with a gear selection mechanism such as a transmission push button controller  60  over a transmission dedicated data-link  19 . The control architecture shown is illustrative only and not intended to limit possible control arrangements. 
     A vehicle drive train  20  is the primary object of operations of the control system  21 . In vehicle drive train  20  the IC engine  28  can be connected to and detached from the automatic transmission  30  by an auto-clutch  22 . The automatic transmission  30  is in turn is mechanically coupled to drive wheels  26 . IC engine  28  is generally taken here to be a 4-stroke, diesel cycle engine. The automatic transmission  30  can be any one of a number types of automatic transmission. 
     A crankshaft position sensor  32  signal which is read directly by the ECU  40 . This signal is used by the ECU  40  to develop an engine speed signal which it in turn reports it over public data-link  18  providing the function of a tachometer. Engine speed is one variable used to trigger gear changes in transmission  30  and is used to determine instantaneous parasitic load on the IC engine  28  which reduce available traction power to the drive wheels  26 . 
     ESC  24  may also be directly or serially connected to external inputs and outputs (I/O). Inputs to ESC  24  may include control inputs relating to vehicle operation such as an ignition switch input, a brake pedal position input, an accelerator position sensor and a park brake position sensor input. Outputs can include control signals for external lights. External inputs to ESC  24  may also be taken to include operating condition related data such as geographic position, ambient temperature, density altitude, any one of which may trigger an ESC  24  command to the ECU  46  to derate the IC engine  28 . External inputs may be further taken to include data accessed from look up tables by ESC  24 . IC engine  28  may also be derated due to emergency or maintenance related condition indicated by such external inputs. 
     For purposes of this disclosure a vehicle transmission operational mode (for example performance mode or economy mode) may be taken to be exogenously provided. The transmission operational mode may be operator selected external input to ESC  24  or generated by ESC  24  in response to operator driving style. External inputs may also result in ESC  24  instructing an engine controller (ECU)  40  to derate the IC engine  28  which may drive the operational mode. 
     External inputs, as well as data signals received over data-link  18  such as engine speed, may also be used by the ESC  24  or the ECU  40  to determine the parasitic load on IC engine  28 . As elaborated on below, parasitic loads may be engine speed dependent and highly variable over short periods of time. For example, an engine cooling fan, when engaged, may absorb up to 100 horsepower. Such a cooling fan has an increasing capacity to absorb power with increasing engine speed. Air-conditioning compressors, pneumatic pumps, alternators, power take-off applications and the like are all possible direct parasitic loads on an engine which the ECU  40  or ESC  24  may be programmed to calculate. 
     Excluding continuously variable transmissions, most transmissions are built using a series of discrete gear ratios to couple output of the IC engine  28  to the drive wheels  26 . The currently engaged gear changes successively to next higher gears during acceleration. For automated manual transmissions, as on a manual transmission, each gear has a fixed ratio relationship between vehicle speed and engine speed. Gear selection is executed by shift control logic (SCL) operating on transmission controller  42 . SCL has used shift schedules generated by calculations of how much power and torque is available against engine speed and more particularly by comparisons of how available power and torque will change due a given shift. Shift schedules are developed from transmission parameters broadcast by the transmission controller  42  and dynamically adjusted based on changing engine operating conditions. 
     IC engine  28  torque and power output curves against engine RPM are generally represented as known quantities, however these are subject to change based on environmental conditions and vehicle operating conditions. Available power and torque can change substantially over short periods of time. In addition, the power and torque available to the drive wheels  26  may differ substantially from what is produced by the IC engine  28  and this to can change over time, sometimes abruptly. 
     Altitude is an example of an environmental condition which affects engine output. Above certain altitudes an engine may be derated by its ECM  46 . Other conditions can result in dynamic derating of an engine. Engagement of operation of a cooling fan, represented here as a parasitic load  38  is an example of a vehicle operating condition which imposes a substantial load on IC engine  28  which results in a substantial reduction in available power to the drive wheels  26  without a change in engine power output. Cooling fans generally have a non-linear and increasing power consumption curve with increasing engine speed. Increases in engine speed during fan operation result in a downward displacement in the power available at any RPM and a lowering of the RPM at which peak power available to the drive wheels as compared to when the fan is disengaged. Employing a shift schedule developed for an engine operating under average conditions when a cooling fan is operating can result in shifts occurring later then they should occur to achieve maximum available performance and increase fuel consumption. 
     Vehicle performance for acceleration (change in speed (delta v) over time) is maximized by selective matching the current achieved gear in transmission  30  to power output of IC engine  28  in order to keep the IC engine  28  output as close as feasible around peak power output. Fuel economy (brake specific fuel consumption or BSFC) during acceleration is generally improved by operating the IC engine  28  at a high load and low speed. A shift schedule which emphasizes fuel economy over raw acceleration is oriented to shifts which keep the IC engine operating closer to peak torque output. Torque usually peaks at a lower engine speed than power and thus shifts during acceleration occur prior to peak power output. Varying terrain is an operational condition which can result in seeking or shift cycling, repeated shifts to and from gear, by a transmission controller. Upshift and downshift shift schedules may be generated to deal with such circumstances. 
     Fuel consumed by an internal combustion engine is often measured in Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), currently understood in the art to mean:
 
Fuel Consumed/(Brake Horsepower*time)
 
Or
 
Fuel Consumed/Gross Output Energy
 
Engine control units have the ability to calculate the instantaneous BSFC through available engine data, and they have the capability to predict and map BSFC across the engines entire speed and load operating range.
 
     An analogous concept to net power related to BSFC would be net BSFC or:
 
Fuel Consumed/(wheel horsepower*time)
 
or
 
Fuel Consumed/Net Output Energy
 
or
 
Fuel Consumed((Brake horsepower−losses)*time)
 
Net BSFC would be based around the power available to actually drive the vehicle forward rather than gross output. In general, this will make clearer the benefits of operating a vehicle in conditions of low parasitic losses (fan, alternator, power steering pump). Friction would not factor into this calculation as it is already included in the gross BSFC number.
 
     While power ratios are the first approach discussed here, transmission shifting directed to an operational mode emphasizing reduced fuel consumption based on calculated BSFC maps can be used to create a BSFC Ratio to command transmission shifting. BSFC ratio would provide a direct correlation between transmission gear and engine fuel consumption. The power ratio approach is, in comparison, a more heuristic or indirect method. However, the flow of information and associated hardware remains unchanged if BSFC is used instead of power ratios during economy mode operation. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 2 , a flow chart illustrates ECU  46  generation of upshift and downshift shift schedules for use by the transmission controller  42 . The process of the flow chart is executed repeatedly during vehicle operation. Step  64  reflects access to the gear ratio array and output shaft speed array (block  62 ) by a vehicle by an engine RPM array calculation step  64 . Next the power available to transmission  30  is calculated at step  68 . This is determined by subtracting parasitic losses and derate limitations from the power curve. These values are available from a lookup table  66 . Next, at step  70 , a series of output power curves from the transmission  30  for each gear in the transmission is calculated. From this calculation it is possible to determine “power ratios” which will be used to dynamically develop shift schedules for the transmission controller  42 . For economy mode operation based on BSFC, BSFC maps would exist for each gear. These maps would take into account the same parasitic, pumping losses, and derates as the power available maps. BSFC desired arrays are provided for shift up and down gear change. 
     Essentially the power ratio is the ratio of power available to the drive wheels  26  at each of two possible engaged gears. For example, during upshifting the engaged gear generally progresses from a lower ratio gear to the next higher ratio gear. The power available to the drive wheels  26  at the higher ratio gear (power after shift or Pa) is compared to the power available to the drive wheels at the lower ratio gear (power before shift or Pb):
 
Pa/Pb=Power Ratio (Pr)
 
From the foregoing it should be clear that the power ratio Pr changes at given engine rpms with changes in parasitic loads and engine operating conditions.
 
     Steps  72  and  78  reflect generation of upshift and downshift shift schedules, respectively, generated by developing the power ratios at each gear. Following steps  72  and  78  exogenous performance criteria are provided (inputs  76  and  82 ) and a shift schedule is generated for upshifting and downshifting (steps  74  and  80 ). Steps  75  and  84  reflect transmission of the shift schedules from ECU  46  to the transmission controller  42 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 3 , power and torque curves against rpm are illustrated showing a hypothetical shift calculated to minimize fuel usage per distance traveled while accelerating to a target speed. Before and after shift engine speeds are targeted to yield a power ratio (Pr) of 0.8 or compared to a BSFC map. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 4 , power and torque curves against rpm are illustrated showing a hypothetical shift calculated to maximize acceleration to a target speed. Before and after shift engine speeds are targeted to yield a power ratio (Pr) of 1.0. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 5 , power and torque curves against rpm available for propulsion are illustrated showing a the effects of engaging and disengaging a fan. The consequences for an upshift are illustrated as moving to lower engine rpms to maintaining a power ratio (Pr) of 1.0 used to maximize acceleration. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 6 , power and torque curves against rpm available for propulsion are illustrated showing a the effects of an increase in elevation producing an altitude de-rate of an engine. The consequences for an upshift are illustrated as moving to lower engine rpms to maintain a power ratio (Pr) of 1.0 used to maximize acceleration. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 7 , a upshift hold situation, typical of the situation during hill climbing, is illustrated. Power and torque curves against rpm available for propulsion are illustrated The power ratio (Pr) is held above 1.0 to prevent shift cycling. Since there is more power available in the higher gear after the shift the vehicle accelerates despite the high road load. Because power drops off before upshift speed, upshift speed is not achieved. No shift cycling occurs. 
       FIGS. 8-12  illustrate generation of shift schedules.  FIG. 8  reflects generation of a high resolution set of data points for engine power and torque against engine speed.  FIG. 9  reflects data inputs including four performance settings defined in terms of power ratios (Pr) for the transmission controller  42 . The performance settings are characterized as economy, standard, performance and hill climbing. Values for a gear ratio look up table are provided.  FIG. 10  gives representative power ratio shift schedules for the performance categories.  FIG. 11  deals with shift schedules modified due to transmission constraints. Implicitly the shift schedule generation method disclosed is adaptable to a variety of transmissions. Engine speed based schedules are substituted for power ratios. Finally,  FIG. 12  is a plot of a representative set of shift schedules for a vehicle.