Abstract:
An alternating current thin-film lectroluminescent device includes a plurality of pixel electrodes. An electroluminescent phosphor material is located between a first dielectric layer and a second dielectric layer. A transparent electrode layer, wherein at least a portion  10  of the electroluminescent phosphor material and the first and second dielectric layers are located between the pixel electrodes and the transparent electrode layer. The first dielectric layer is closer to the transparent electrode layer than the second dielectric layer. A non-uniform substantially non-conductive light absorbing material is located between the transparent electrode layer and the first dielectric layer.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    The present invention relates to a thin-film electroluminescent device providing improved optical properties.  
           [0002]    In general, AMEL displays are constructed of a thin-film laminar stack comprising a transparent front electrode carrying an alternating current illumination signal, which is typically indium tin oxide deposited on a transparent substrate (glass). An electroluminescent phosphor layer is sandwiched between front and rear dielectric layers, all of which is deposited behind the front electrodes. Pixel electrodes are behind the rear dielectric layer, typically consisting of a pad of metal or poly-silicon, positioned at each location a pixel is desired within the phosphor layer. An insulator made of any suitable material, such as SiO 2  or glass, is on the pixel electrodes and the rear dielectric layer. The insulator layer is preferably constructed with holes in the insulator layer commonly referred to as VIA for each pixel electrode, to permit the connection of the pixel electrodes to a circuit layer which is deposited on a substrate layer, such as silicon. The circuit layer permits the individual addressing of each pixel electrode. As such, an individual pixel within the electroluminescent layer may be selectively illuminated by the circuit layer permitting a sufficient electrical field to be created between the front electrode and the respective pixel electrode. Normally the AMEL display is fabricated starting with the substrate. One example of an AMEL device is described by Khormaei, U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,279, incorporated by reference herein.  
           [0003]    For many applications, such as computer graphics, video, and virtual reality, a multi-color display is desirable. There are several currently accepted techniques to obtain a color display. One such method is the use of spatially patterned filters superimposed over a “white” screen to provide the three primary colors, such as red, blue, and green. Each of the filters of a pixel provides a respective sub-pixel. An example of a thin-film electroluminescent screen of this type is disclosed by Sun et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,598,059. However, as the pitch between adjacent pixels becomes increasingly small a greater percentage of the light directed toward and intended for a particular sub-pixel is directed through the filter material overlying an adjacent sub-pixel of a different color. The result is a degradation in the ability to produce accurate colors. A further refinement to increase the color purity includes patterning a substantially non-conductive light absorbing material over the front transparent electrode surrounding the color filters to decrease the light intended for a particular sub-pixel from actually passing through adjacent sub-pixels of a different color.  
           [0004]    Tuenge, U.S. patent Ser. No. 08/856,140 discloses an approach to construct a color AMEL device that includes a field-sequential liquid crystal color shutter in series with a broad band white electroluminescent phosphor. The color shutter switches the colors displayed by each pixel using fast transition liquid crystal cells. Unfortunately, the liquid crystal cells absorb a substantial amount of light incident thereon thereby reducing the overall brightness of the display. In addition, the number of different colors that can be displayed during a particular frame is restricted to the switching time of the liquid crystal cells and the electroluminescent light source. Moreover, the liquid crystal cells increase the weight and thickness of the display. Also, the liquid crystal cells are temperature sensitive and reduce the operating temperature range of the device to less that it would have been without the liquid crystal cells.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0005]    The present invention overcomes the aforementioned drawbacks of the prior art by providing an alternating current thin-film electroluminescent device including a plurality of pixel electrodes. An electroluminescent phosphor material is located between a first dielectric layer and a second dielectric layer. A transparent electrode layer, wherein at least a portion of the electroluminescent phosphor material and the first and second dielectric layers are located between the pixel electrodes and the transparent electrode layer. The first dielectric layer is closer to the transparent electrode layer than the second dielectric layer. A non-uniform substantially non-conductive light absorbing material is located between the transparent electrode layer and the first dielectric layer.  
           [0006]    The foregoing and other objectives, features, and advantages of the invention will be more readily understood upon consideration of the following detailed description of the invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0007]    [0007]FIG. 1 is a sectional view of an AMEL display.  
         [0008]    [0008]FIG. 2 is a partial top view of the AMEL display of FIG. 1.  
         [0009]    [0009]FIG. 3 is a pictorial view of an exemplary embodiment of an AMEL display constructed in accordance with the present invention.  
         [0010]    [0010]FIG. 4 is a sectional view of another embodiment of an AMEL display constructed in accordance with the present invention.  
         [0011]    [0011]FIG. 5 is a sectional view of yet another embodiment of an AMEL display constructed in accordance with the present invention.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0012]    Referring to FIG. 1, normally the rear pixel electrodes  100  are constructed from titanium tungsten and are raised from the general overall upper surface of the rearwardly disposed silicon wafer substrate. On (or within) the silicon wafer  102  are control circuitry for individually or collectively addressing the pixel electrodes. Preferably the pixel electrodes are 0.3 microns thick and have a generally polygonal shape, such as a rectangle, an octagon, or a square. A rear dielectric layer  104 , such as aluminum tin oxide, is formed on the substrate  102  and the pixel electrodes  100 . Preferably the rear dielectric layer  104  is 0.2 microns thick. One or more thin-film phosphor layers  106   a  and  106   b  are deposited over the substrate  102 , the pixel electrodes  100 , and the rear dielectric layer  104 . Preferably, the phosphor layer(s) produce light output suitable for a large gamut of the visible spectrum, such as red, blue, and green light emission. For example, a SrS:Ce phosphor layer (0.8 microns) may be used to provide blue/green light and a ZnS:Mn phosphor (0.4 microns) may be used to produce a yellow light. The phosphors layers are constructed using any suitable process such as atomic layer epitaxy, sputtering, etc. In addition the phosphor layer(s)  106  may provide narrow band(s) of light output or wide band(s) depending on the particular application. Moreover, the phosphor layers may be patterned, if desired. A front dielectric layer  108 , such as aluminum tin oxide, is formed on the phosphor layer  106 B. Preferably the front dielectric layer  108  is 0.2 microns thick. A front transparent electrode  110 , such as indium tin oxide, is formed over the front dielectric layer  108 , preferably 0.3 microns thick. Over the front transparent electrode  110  is located one or more color filters  109 . The color filters may BE of any design to selectively pass light of a particular color or wavelength range therethrough.  
         [0013]    Referring also to FIG. 2, the present inventors came to the realization that one of the major sources of light emission being directed from a region of the phosphor material proximate a pixel electrode corresponding to its sub-pixel in a direction toward another sub-pixel, such as an adjacent sub-pixel, comes from the phosphor material adjacent corner regions  120  of the pixel electrodes  100 . The phosphor regions  120  proximate the corner regions of the pixel electrodes has a greater tendency to direct light in a substantially non-perpendicular direction to the pixel electrode thereby resulting in light exiting through a non-desired sub-pixel, as generally illustrated in FIG. 2. In addition, the phosphor regions proximate the corner regions of the pixel electrodes is relatively close to adjacent sub-pixels in comparison to the phosphor material proximate the central region of the pixel electrodes so the light, even if directed generally forward, has a greater tendency to exit an adjacent sub-pixel. Also, a portion of the light generated from the regions proximate the corner regions  120  of the pixel electrodes  100  having an angle with respect to the surfaces of the phosphor layer  106  less than the critical angle will tend to internally reflect within the phosphor material (as illustrated by light  122 ). Accordingly, the phosphor layer  106  has a tendency to guide light away from the pixel electrode and some of this guided light will exit through another unintended sub-pixel if the light&#39;s angle increases past the critical angle of the phosphor  106 —front dielectric layer  108  interface.  
         [0014]    Referring to FIG. 3, one potential solution to reduce the light guiding of the phosphor layer(s) is to pattern the front dielectric layer  108  or front transparent electrode  110  with light absorbing material  124  therein in regions generally between adjacent sub-pixels and/or pixels. The light absorbing material  124  will block the transmission of light in undesirable locations. While a potential solution, the patterning of the front dielectric layer  108  requires difficult processing techniques.  
         [0015]    Referring to FIG. 4, the present inventors came to the realization that it is preferable to control the regions within the phosphor material  106  upon which a sufficient voltage is imposed to generate light. In order to provide control over the voltages within the phosphor material  106  the present inventors further came to the realization that the inclusion of an additional patterned layer of light absorbing and /or blocking material (opaque)  130 , such as dyed photo-resist, in a region between the front dielectric layer  108  and the front electrode layer  110  is useful. It is to be noted that additional layers may be included between the front dielectric layer  108  and the front electrode layer  110 . The light absorbing material  130  in the embodiment shown in FIG. 4 is not overlapping with the pixel electrodes  100 . An additional smoothing layer  153  may be included under the filters  109 .  
         [0016]    One of the effects of including a light absorbing material  130  at a location under the front electrode layer  110  is to position the light absorbing material  130  closer to the phosphor material  106  (shown as a single phosphor layer) thereby reducing the angular range  142  of light from one pixel electrode region that can pass to adjacent sub-pixels, as illustrated in FIG. 4. This improves the potential color purity of the display.  
         [0017]    In addition, the light absorbing material significantly increases the distance between the pixel electrode  100  and the front electrode  110  in a region generally under the light absorbing material  130  which decreases the magnitude of the electric field in the phosphor material  144  generally under the light absorbing material  130  relative to the magnitude of the electric field in the phosphor material  146  directly over the pixel electrode. The reduction in the magnitude of the electric field in the phosphor material  144  generally under the light absorbing material  130  is sufficient to reduce the imposed voltage to less than the threshold voltage for light emission of the phosphor material  144 . The reduction, and preferably the near elimination of light emission in the phosphor material  144  generally under the light absorbing material  130  decreases the generation of light closer adjacent sub-pixels which in turn decreases the amount of light that is misdirected to adjacent sub-pixels.  
         [0018]    In addition, the present inventors observed that many AMEL devices include a ground plane therein, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,279, between the substrate and the pixel electrodes. An electric field is generated between the ground plane and the pixel electrodes. Since all, or at least a portion of, the ground plane is disposed under the pixel electrode, the ground plane electrically couples to the pixel electrodes. Since the coupled ground plane extends under other pixel electrodes the ground plane will, in turn, electrically couple to the rear dielectric layer  104  at locations between the pixel electrodes. The rear dielectric layer  104 , having a significant voltage imposed thereon by the electrical coupling effect, may be sufficient to cause intermediate light generation in regions between pixel electrodes. In effect, the coupled regions of the rear dielectric layer  104  acts as additional pixel electrodes potentially setting up sufficient electrical fields to produce light in the phosphor material between the pixel electrodes and in regions proximate other pixel electrodes. The light absorbing material  130  displaces the front electrode layer  110  further away from the rear dielectric layer  104  at locations generally between the pixel electrodes which decreases the electrical field imposed in portions of the phosphor layer. This likewise reduces the light generation within the phosphor material at locations intermediate to the pixel electrodes which in turn increases the color purity.  
         [0019]    Accordingly, locating the light absorbing material between the front electrode layer and the phosphor layer serves both the purpose of blocking the transmission of light and also controls the generation of light itself from within the phosphor material itself by changing the electric field (voltage) otherwise imposed therein.  
         [0020]    Referring to FIG. 5, the present inventors came to the realization that a further improvement in color purity may be realized by patterning the light absorbing material  160  so as to overlap at least a portion of the pixel electrodes  100 . The overlapping light absorbing material  160  reduces the electrical field between the portions of the pixel electrode proximate the corners thereof and the corresponding front electrode layer  110 . The reduced electrical field within the phosphor material proximate the corners of the pixel electrodes  110  likewise decreases the amount of light which is misdirected toward adjacent sub-pixels, as previously described. Accordingly, the light absorbing material reduces the effective fill factor of the AMEL device while retaining larger pixel electrodes which are easier to fabricate.  
         [0021]    Another embodiment of the present invention includes the replacement of the light absorbing material, either in an overlapping or non-overlapping fashion, with a substantially non-light absorbing material (e.g., transparent material). While not providing the light absorbing functionality, the non-light absorbing material still displaces the transparent electrode layer which reduces, or otherwise eliminates, the voltage imposed in a portion of the phosphor material, as previously discussed. The non-light absorbing material is preferably primarily non-conductive. This improves the color purity of the display.