Abstract:
This invention discloses the development of a novel platform for recombinant production of bioactive glycoproteins and cancer specific vaccines in plants. Plants and plant cell cultures have been humanized with respect to human mucin-type protein O-glycosylation. A panel of plant cell factories for production of recombinant glycoproteins with designed human O-glycosylation, including an improved cancer vaccine candidate, has been developed. The platform provides basis for i) production of an essentially unlimited array of O-glycosylated human glycoprotein therapeutics, such as human interferon α2B and podoplanin, and ii) for further engineering of additional cancer specific O-glycans on glycoproteins of therapeutical value. Currently, mammalian cells are required for human O-glycosylation, but plants offer a unique cell platform for engineering O-glycosylation since they do not perform human type O-glycosylation. Introduction of O-glycosylation into plant cells requires i) that wild-type plant cells do not modify the target peptide substrates and ii) that the appropriate enzymes and substrates are introduced into of plant cells such that O-glycosylation in the secretory pathway proceed and the glycosylated peptide substrates are preferentially exported to the exterior of the cell or accumulated in the cell. In this invention i) the integrity of transiently and stably expressed ‘mucin’ type target peptides in plants cells has been determined and ii) mucin-type O-glycosylation has been established in plants by transient and stable introduction of a  Pseudomonas aeruginosa  C4-epimerase, the human polypeptide GalNAc-transferases T2 and T4 (GalNAc-T2 and T4) and various human target peptides or proteins. In the present invention GalNAc-T2 and -T4 have been used to produce a Tn cancer glycoform of MUC1.

Description:
This application claims benefit of Ser. No. 61/316,401, filed 23 Mar. 2010 in the United States and which application is incorporated herein by reference. A claim of priority to the extent appropriate is made. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention concerns the development of a novel platform for recombinant production of bioactive glycoproteins by engineering plant cells to produce mammalian type O-glycosylation. 
     The invention has provided a promising model cancer vaccine by producing mucins and other proteins with cancer specific mucin-type O-glycosylation. The invention include a number of proprietary host cell systems for recombinant production of designed O-glycosylation, i.e. “human-like” glycoproteins, cell systems for exploring regulation of mammalian O-glycosylation, and improved cancer vaccines. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Currently, mammalian cells are required for human O-glycosylation, but plants offer a unique cell platform for engineering O-glycosylation since they do not perform human mucin-type O-glycosylation. The invention has identified plant cells as the only eukaryotic cells without mammalian O-glycosylation or the competing (for sites) yeast O-mannosylation (Amano et al. 2008). Protein O-glycosylation in plants is intrinsically different to O-glycosylation in mammals, i.e. with respect to i) groups of proteins subjected to O-glycosylation, the particular amino acids modified and iii) the sugars constituting the O-glycans. 
     There are a number of alternative approaches to producing therapeutic proteins featuring modified O-glycans: Glycosylation in vitro using isolated glycosyltransferases and supplied nucleotide sugars solves the problem of undesired, further glycosylation of the O-glycan of interest, but does so at a price. Nucleotide sugars are expensive substrates and the method does not scale well. In addition for larger peptide/protein substrates, which can not be produced by chemical synthesis but have to be produced in non-glycosylating host cells like  E. coli , it is complicated and laborious to define in vitro glycosylation status and achieve a homogenous product. Engineering human-type O-glycosylation into a fungal host cell has been described in the prior art (US20090068702) and may be regarded as a parallel approach to the problem solved by the present invention. The fungal O-mannosylation machinery mentioned above targets serine and threonine residues and thus poses a much higher risk of cross-talk than is observed in plant cells. 
     Once the ability to carry out the first steps of human-style O-glycosylation in a plant cell has been demonstrated with the aim of producing controlled, truncated glycans, it will be obvious to workers skilled in the art, that further engineering will allow the production of native length O-glycosylation of target proteins or peptides. It is further obvious that there are a number of therapeutic proteins for which a host cell performing native O-glycosylation would be an attractive production platform. 
     So in general, production of therapeutics in plants offer the obvious advantages of high yields, low costs, low risk of cross-talk from competing post-translational mechanisms of protein modification and no risk of contamination with infectious agents. 
     Attractive cancer vaccine candidates are selected from proteins, or parts thereof, that e.g. are exposed on cell surfaces and which feature modified, typically truncated glycans that set these protein epitopes apart from the similar structural features on healthy cells. Mucins are one class of particularly important cell surface proteins in this regard. A large family of 20 polypeptide GalNAc-transferases control the initiation step of mucin-type O-glycosylation, which defines the sites and patterns of O-glycan decoration of glycoproteins. The polypeptide GalNAc-transferase isoforms (GalNAc-Ts) have been demonstrated in in vitro studies to have different peptide substrate specificities, however, a significant degree of overlap in specificities exists especially with mucin-like substrates with high-density clustered acceptor sites. Cell and tissue expression patterns of individual GalNAc-transferase isoforms are also distinctly different but with significant overlap, and it is expected that all cells express multiple isoforms. 
     Mucins are a family of large (&gt;200 kDa) heavily glycosylated proteins, which are characterized by a variable number of tandem repeats. Human mucin-1 (Muc1) is a member of this subfamily and has between 25 and 125 heavy glycosylated repeats, termed varying number of tandem repeats (VNTR), which is also known as the mucin-domain (Hattrup &amp; Gendler 2008), presented towards the extra cellular matrix. Successful introduction of mucin-type protein O-glycosylation into plant cells requires: 
     i) that host plant cells do not modify the target peptide substrates to be used and 
     ii) that the appropriate enzymes and substrates are introduced into the plant cells such that O-glycosylation in the secretory pathway proceed and the glycosylated peptide substrates are preferentially exported to the exterior of the cell. 
     Human mucins are large heavily O-glycosylated glycoproteins (&gt;200 kDa), which account for the majority of proteins in mucus layers, which hydrate, lubricate and protect cells from proteases as well as from pathogens. O-linked mucin glycans are truncated in many cancers, e.g. yielding the truncated cancer specific epitope Tn (a single GalNAc sugar attached to the amino acids Serine or Threonine, Cf. Tarp &amp; Clausen 2008). 
     Compared to healthy epithelia tissue the mucin-type MUC1 protein is highly overexpressed and the protein contains truncated aberrant O-glycosylation in epithelia cancer cells. 
     Glycosylation is the enzymatic addition of glycan moieties to proteins. The initial steps of glycosylation involve recognition events between target protein and a glycosyltransferase, which events determine the sites of glycan attachment. Different glycosyltransferases have been isolated and a number of specific sites of glycan addition to proteins have been determined. Glycosylation of serine and threonine residues during mucin-type O-linked protein glycosylation is catalyzed by a family of GalNAc-Transferases (EC 2.4.1.41). GalNAc-Transferases characterized to date have distinct and/or overlapping acceptor substrate specificities. Bennett et al. (1996), supra; Wandall et al. (1997); Bennett et al. (1998); Gerken et al. (2006); Wandall et al. (2007). Recent findings have suggested that the GalNAc-transferases comprise a gene family and that each GalNAc-Transferase has distinct functions. 
     In plants, O-glycosylation cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGP&#39;s) serine, threonine and hydroxyl-prolines (Hyp or ‘O’). HRGP&#39;s can be divided into three families: extensins, arbinogalactan proteins (AGP&#39;s) and proline-rich proteins (PRP&#39;s). Substantial evidence points to that the primary sequences of the HRGP&#39;s are determinants of HRGP hydroxylation and glycosylation (Jamet et al. 2008). Only two proline C4-hydroxylases (P4Hs) from higher plants have been cloned and characterized so far (Hieta &amp; Myllyharju 2002; Tiainen et al. 2005). Both recombinant P4Hs effectively hydroxylated synthetic peptides corresponding to Pro-rich repeats found in many plant glycoproteins. Plant and mammalian P4H sequence-specificities differ markedly. As a result, the proline residues of human collagen-I, which are otherwise hydroxylated in humans is e.g. not hydroxylated when produced in transgenic tobacco plants (Gomord and Faye 2004). A proposed code based on hydroxylation of a single Pro residue in vacuolar sporamin expressed in tobacco BY-2 cells correctly identifies many arabinogalactosylation sites in AGPs (Shimizu et al. 2005). The ideal P4H hydroxylation sequence motif was determined to be [AVSTG]-Pro-[AVSTGA]-[GAVPSTC]-[APS or acidic (D and E)] with the Pro residue being hydroxylated. While it is not claimed that this motif captures hydroxylation of every Hyp of the typical plant proteome, it is clear that plants are fundamentally different from mammals with regard to the amino acid sequences that are recognized as sites for O-glycosylation. There is but a single protein sequence from  homo sapiens  that serendipitously feature a plant O-glycosylation motif, and that is the hinge region 1 in IgA1, which was predicted to match the requirements for proline hydroxylation and glycosylation and also demonstrated experimentally to be hydroxylated and arabinosylated in a plant like fashion (Karnoup et al. 2005). Workers skilled in the art will appreciate that sequences of vaccine candidates may be evaluated by bioinformatic methods and modified should spurious plant glycosylation motives be detected. 
     Plants further do not contain GalNAc and this constitutes a second barrier to cross-talk from the glycosylation machinery of the plant cell. The side-activity of barley UDP-Glc/UDP-Gal C4-epimerase (UGE 1, EC 5.1.3.2) using UDP-GlcNAc in vitro has been measured to be 500-600 times lower than with the native substrates UDP-Glc and UDP-Gal (Qisen et al. 2006). Thus, UDP-GalNAc production has to be introduced into the plant cell. Subsequent successful introduction of GalNAc onto a polypeptide backbone will not render it recognizable be the post-translational modification system of the plant cell. 
     It is well known in the prior art that eukaryotic genes encoding, including mammalian genes, may be expressed in higher plants. The non-trivial interplay among gene products required for establishing mucin-type O-glycosylation in a plant host cell has, however, never been achieved. The present invention demonstrates successful glycosylation of mammalian target proteins using several types of higher plant host cells. 
     In the current invention introduction of basal mucin-type O-glycosylation in plants involves: 
     1. Engineering O-glycosylation capacity: Expression of Golgi-targeted human polypeptide GalNAc-Transferase(s) (GalNAc-T2 and optionally -T4) and a UDP-GlcNAc C4-epimerase (WbpP), which converts UDP-GlcNAc to UDP-GalNAc, as UDP-GalNAc is not part of the nucleotide sugar repertoire in plants.
 
2. Expression of human polypeptide target substrate in the O-glycosylation capacity background
 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In a first aspect the present invention provides a method for the initiation of mammalian O-glycosylation in a plant cell comprising the steps of introducing, by transient or stable transformation, a UDP-GlcNAc/UDP-Glc C4-epimerase and at least one polypeptide GalNAc-Transferase. 
     Preferably the GalNAc-Transferase is targeted to the Golgi apparatus and the UDP-GlcNAc/UDP-Glc C4-epimerase is cytosolic. In a particularly preferred embodiment the plant cell is further transformed with a UDP-GalNAc-Transporter. 
     In accordance with the method of the present invention it is preferred that the GalNAc-Transferase(s) is/are targeted to the Golgi apparatus and the UDP-GlcNAc/UDP-Glc C4-epimerase is targeted to the secretory pathway as a luminal protein or retained in the ER or in the Golgi. Also preferred is that the GalNAc-transferase(s) is/are selected from CAZy family GT27. More preferred is that the GalNAc-Transferase(s) is/are selected among the genes of  Homo sapiens  and their orthologs in other mammals. Most preferred is that the GalNAc-Transferase(s) is/are selected from genes encoding proteins that are more than 60% identical to the amino acid sequences of human UDP-GalNAc-T2 or human UDP-GalNAc-T4. 
     In an particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention the UDP-GlcNAc/UDP-Glc C4-epimerase is selected from either eukaryotic or prokaryotic C4′-epimerases, such as C4′-epimerase genes encoding proteins that are more than 45% identical to the amino acid sequence of the  Pseudomonas  WbpP epimerase. 
     The plant cell of the present invention is preferably selected from the genera  Nicotiana, Arabidopsis, Physcomitrella, Lemna, Hordeum, Triticum  or  Brachypodium , such as a Chlorophyte or Charophyte alga. 
     Preferably the plant cell is further transformed, transiently or stably, with a nucleotide construct encoding a mucin-type protein, such as a nucleotide construct encoding a non-mucin-type therapeutic protein. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention the protein of interest is secreted from the cell, in planta or in vitro. 
     In a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a mucin-derived or other therapeutic protein produced according to the method of the present invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows the expression of cytoplasmic WbpP 
         FIG. 2 . shows the expression of ER targeted WbpP 
         FIG. 3 . shows the expression of Golgi targeted WbpP 
         FIG. 4 . shows the expression of Golgi targeted GalNAc-T2 
         FIG. 5 . shows the expression of cytoplasmic FWbpP and HA tagged Golgi GalNAc-T2 from one polycistronic transcript 
         FIG. 6 . shows the expression of Golgi GalNAc-T2 and cytoplasmic WbpPF from one polycistronic transcript 
         FIG. 7 . shows the expression of cytoplasmic FWbpP and Golgi GalNAc-T2 from one polycistronic transcript 
         FIG. 8 . shows the expression of MUC1-3.5TR 
         FIG. 9 . shows the structure of  E. coli  derived MUC1-3.5TR 
         FIG. 10 . shows the structure of  A. thaliana  derived MUC1-3.5TR 
         FIG. 11 . shows mucin-type O-glycosylation of MUC1-3.5TR with fused C-terminal Glycomodule 
         FIG. 12 . shows mucin-type O-glycosylation of MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp target peptide 
         FIG. 13 . shows transient expression of MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp in the moss  Physcomitrella patens    
         FIG. 14 . shows structure of MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp expressed in WT and O-glycosylation capacity background 
         FIG. 15 . shows single and combined constructs encoding Golgi targeted epimerase and GalNAc-T2 conferring Mucin-type O-glycosylation 
         FIG. 16 . shows stable  Arabidopsis  line expressing a single construct conferring Mucin-type O-glycosylation 
         FIG. 17 . shows mucin-type O-glycosylation of Yfp-MUC1-3.5TR target peptide 
         FIG. 18 . shows mucin-type O-glycosylation of embedded G-MUC1-2TR-fp target peptide 
         FIG. 19 . shows the expression and Mucin-type O-glycosylation of MUC16 target peptide 
         FIG. 20 . shows the expression and O-glycosylation of human interferon α2B 
         FIG. 21 . shows the expression of human podoplanin (hPOD) 
         FIG. 22 . shows the expression of MUC1-3.5TR &amp; GalNAc-T2 and localization of GalNAc-T2 in stably transformed tobacco BY-2 cells 
         FIG. 23 . shows the co-expression of MUC1-3.5TR and GalNAc-T2 in stably transformed  Arabidopsis thaliana    
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The examples underpinning the present invention regard the heterologous expression of the desired product in different host cell systems that are engineered to undertake the desired posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Mode of expression—single cells in vitro, intact plants of different species and transient versus stable transformation of host cells—is addressed in different scenarios in the examples that are summarized in the following. Expression of a sugar nucleotide epimerase and a sugar nucleotide transporter that supply the glycosyltranferases with their donor substrate is addressed. The transporter is investigated relative to cytosolic localization of the epimerase and is contrasted with localizing the epimerase to the secretory pathway which renders the transporter superfluous. 
     The examples further relate to the expression of GalNAc-transferases (GalNAc-T2 and -T4) that recognize different acceptor sequence motifs of the target protein or peptides. The examples further address effects on expression level and product stability of chimeric constructs in which the target substrate is fused to arabinogalactan modules or yellow fluorescent proteins. 
     Example E1.1 and the accompanying  FIG. 1  demonstrate the successful expression of the UDP-GalNAc epimerase from  Pseudomonas . The sequence was tagged with a Flag Tag and analyzed by Western blotting. An antibody against the Flag Tag specifically detected a protein of the expected MW. 
     Example E1.2 and the accompanying  FIG. 2  demonstrate the successful expression of the epimerase of example E1.1 but targeted to the secretory pathway and retained in the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) using a signal peptide from rice and the KDEL ER-retention signal. Analysis by Western blots as in E1.1. 
     Example E1.3 and the accompanying  FIG. 3  demonstrate the successful anchoring of the epimerase to the Golgi membrane through the use of a chimeric construct comprising the N-terminal Golgi anchor of UDP-GalNAc-transferase T2, the epimerase and the Flag Tag. Analysis by Western blots as above. 
     Example E2 and the accompanying  FIG. 4  demonstrate the successful heterologous expression of the Golgi-targeted UDP-GalNAc-transferase T2 (GalNAc-T2). The native membrane anchor of GalNAc-T2 is used without addition of any tags. Detection by Western using a monoclonal antibody raised against the T2-protein itself. 
     Example E3.1 and E3.3 plus the accompanying  FIG. 5  and  FIG. 7  demonstrate the successful co-expression of GalNAc-T2 and the epimerase from a polycistronic construct. The GalNAc-T2 is targeted to the Golgi while the epimerase is targeted to the cytoplasm. Cleavage of the two proteins is accomplished by use of the self-splicing 2A sequence, which interspaces the two enzymes in the polycistronic gene product. Both transient and stable expressions are demonstrated; and both a single cell system (BY-2 cells cultured in vitro) and intact plant systems are provided. In E3.1 Golgi GalNAc-T2 has an N-terminal Hema Agglutinin (HA) tag. 
     Example E3.2 and  FIG. 6  accomplish the same as E3.1 and E3.3, with E3.2 having the inverse translational order of the two proteins in the polycistronic construct as compared to E3.1 and E3.3. E3.2 also embodies stable O-glycosylation capacity (here  N. benthaminana ) lines, in which virtually any O-glycosylation target peptide may be transiently expressed and O-glycosylated by the O-glycosylation machinery. 
     Example E4.1 demonstrates expression of the MUC1 target peptide both stably ( Arabidopsis , duckweed) and transiently ( N. benthamiana ). Mass spectrometric analysis of MUC1 of stable  Arabidopsis  demonstrates that the targets are not post translationally modified in host cells according to the invention. 
     Example 4.2 provides evidence for the effect on level of expression of the target MUC peptide of using fusions with arabinogalactan protein sequences. A positive effect was observed in transiently expressed in  N. benthamiana.    
     Example 4.6 demonstrates the transfer of GalNAc to the target MUC1 peptides linked to yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). 4.6.1 regards expression in example E3.1 background followed by analysis by Western using  Vicia villosa  lectin (VVA), which is specific to GalNAc rather than an antibody plus a pair of monoclonal antibodies specific to the naked peptide and the peptide with GalNAc residues, respectively. Example 4.6.2 demonstrates transient expression of the MUC1-YFP chimeric construct transiently in the moss  Physcomitrella patents . Analysis using immunolabeling of fixed cells with the antibodies of the preceding example. 
     Example 4.6.3 analyses the products of the products described in the foregoing examples. Mass spectrometric analysis proves that MUC1 peptides are produced with 1, 2 and 3 GalNAc residues and that it can be raised to 4 GalNAc residues in host cells that co-express UDP-GalNAc-transferase T4 (which transfers to different residues on the peptide than does T2). 
     Examples 4.6.4 and 4.6.5 generalize the above findings to the E3.3-background, i.e. where the epimerase is targeted to the Golgi (E4.6.4) and where O-glycosylation has been accomplished from a single construct (4.6.5), both using transiently and stably transformed host cells. 
     Example 4.7 and  FIG. 17  demonstrate that exchange of the translational order of the carrier (YFP) and target MUC1 peptides do not affect the expression level or glycosylation state or stability of the fusion target proteins in both transiently and stably transformed host cells systems. 
     Example 4.8 and  FIG. 18  demonstrate that target MUC1 peptides embedded within a carrier protein (here GFP) has retained its substrate specificity for the O-glycosylation machinery in both transiently and stably transformed host cells systems. 
     Example 4.9 and  FIG. 19  demonstrate, both in stably transformed BY-2 suspension cells and transiently transformed  N. benthamiana , that another mucin, MUC16 is also expressed and GalNAc&#39;ylated in an E3.1 background. 
     Example 4.10 further generalizes the invention to non-mucin targets using interferon α2B in a chimeric construct with an arabinogalactan protein module in an E3.1 background as in the previous example. 
     Example 5 regards co-expression of MUC1 target peptide along with the T2 GalNAc-Transferase, but no epimerase. No glycosylation of the target peptide is observed. The example demonstrates firstly that the epimerase is essential and secondly that the plant&#39;s own post-translational machinery does not take over. Rather, the naked target peptide is produced (as was already demonstrated in example 4.1). 
     Example 6 addresses pool-sizes of the essential UDP-GalNAc by demonstrating stimulation of GalNAc glycosylated MUC1 under e.g. example E3.1 conditions but with co-expression of the nucleotide sugar transporter hUGT1 from  Homo sapiens.    
     a) ABBREVIATIONS 
     35S, CaMV Cauliflower mosaic virus promotor and terminator; 
     AGPs, arabinogalactan proteins; 
     C, C-terminal tags; 
     CDS, Coding sequence; 
     CGM, C-terminal GlycoModule and tags; 
     ESI-MS, Electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry; 
     F, Flag tag ((M)DYKDDDD); 
     GalNAc-T2, GalNAc-transferase T2; 
     GalNAc-T4, GalNAc-transferase T4; 
     GM, Glyco Module; 
     Goi, gene of interest; 
     Gol, Cytoplasmic tail, TMD and stem region of Golgi anchored  H. sapiens  GalNAc-T2; 
     hPod=human podoplanin; 
     INF α2B, Interferon α2B; 
     N,N-terminal tags; 
     GalNAc, N-acetylgalactosamine 
     MALDI-TOF MS, Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy; 
     NGM, N-terminal GlycoModule and tags; 
     NOS, nopaline synthase of  Agrobacterium tumefaciens;    
     Pro, Promotor; 
     pCAMBIA, pC; 
     PTMs, Post Translational Modifications; 
     RC, Reverse Complement; 
     SP, Signal peptide; 
     T2, polypeptide GalNAc-Transferase T2 
     Term, Terminator; 
     Transferase, T; 
     Ubi, Ubiquitin promotor and terminator of the  Nicotiana tabacum  Ubi. U4 gene; 
     UDP, Uridine-di-phospho-; 
     Yfp, Yellow fluorescence protein; 
     b) DEFINITIONS 
     MUC1 shall, for the purposes of the present invention, mean nucleotide sequences as well as the encoded amino acid sequence comprising repeats the 20 highly conserved amino acid residues: HGV TS APD T RPAPG ST APPA (Tarp et al. 2007). The number of repeats need not be integer and the repeats may be flanked or interspersed with sequences that aid targeting, secretion, purification, presentation of the antigenic epitopes to the immune system, or combinations thereof. Variants at the nucleotide level that are codon optimized for the plant host cell are embraced by the definition. 
     Each repeat contains 3 threonine and 2 serine residues (underlined) which all are potential O-glycosylation sites. 
     The modular structure comprising repeats is a defining feature of the class of mucins. The worker skilled in the art will thus readily generalize the MUC1 construct definition to the other mucins and thus be able to derive e.g. vaccine candidates from their amino acid sequences. 
     The word “target” is used generically for the polypeptide to be glycosylated, be it MUC1, or other candidate therapeutic proteins with acceptor sites for O-glycosylation. 
     GalNAc-Transferase shall mean any transferase catalyzing the addition of a GalNAc to a serine or thereonine residue of a given peptide. Suffixes will denote particular genes/enzymes. The different human GalNAc-Transferases have different specificities when a 20 amino acid MUC1 TR is used as protein substrate. In vitro studies have shown that GalNAc-T1-3 and T11 can use unglycosylated MUC1 target where GalNAc-T4 preferentially use preglycosylated MUC1 as target (Sorensen et al. 2006; Tarp &amp; Clausen 2008). 
     In the present invention GalNAc-T2 (amino acid sequence posted under accession number NP — 004472.1) has been used partly to produce the appropriate Tn cancer glycoform of MUC1 (Tarp et al 2007, Bennett et al. 1998). Production of the complete appropriate Tn cancer glycoform of MUC1 will be obtained by the introduction of the GalNAc-T4 isoform (acc no. NP — 003765.2: Bennett et al. (1998)). Fifteen human GalNAc-T genes have been cloned and functionally expressed and additionally five putative GalNAc-T genes have been identified (Kato et al. (2006), Hassan et al. (2000), Ten Hagen (2005)). The twenty isoforms share 40-80% sequence identify and are grouped in CAZy-family GT27. Human glycosyltransferases, GalNAc-Ts included, are as a rule targeted correctly to the secretory pathway and are retained correctly in plant cells. 
     GalNAc-Ts included, are as a rule targeted correctly to the secretory pathway and are retained correctly in plant cells. This may not always apply, and in particular will not apply to many microbial gene products. Localization may alternatively be accomplished using signal sequences from plants or signal sequences with already known functionality in plant cells. Workers skilled in the art will know how to design chimeric constructs and thus amend GalNAc-Transferases with the appropriate targeting/retention signals. Variants at the nucleotide level that are codon optimized for the plant host cell are embraced by the definition. 
     UDP-GalNAc epimerase define the class of enzymes that catalyze the interconversion of UDP-GlcNAc and UDP-GalNAc. They are C4′-epimerases which, with overlapping specificities catalyse epimeration at C4′ of UDP-Glc, UDP-GlcA and UDP-GlcNAc. That is an enzyme which is annotated as a UDP-Glc:UDP-Gal epimerase for example will have some activity towards UDP-GlcNAc as well. The epimerase is not anchored to e.g. the ER or Golgi membranes; nor is it known to be part of a protein complex with the GalNAc-Transferase or with a nucleotide-sugar transporter. This activity may be targeted to the cytoplasm or to the secretory pathway as a soluble protein or it may be deliberately engineered to be retained using methods that are well known in the art. The epimerase may in most cases be sourced rather freely from a wide range of organisms and is thus defined by its biochemical activity and the definition embraces nucleotide sequences appropriately engineered to allow for expression in a plant host cell. Workers skilled in the art will understand how to select epimerase activities of various eukaryotic origins comprising but not limited to  Homo sapiens  GALE (Acc no Q14376), bird (XP — 417833.2), fish (NP — 001035389.1) insect (NP — 612044.1), yeast (NP — 596043.1). It is documented in the present invention that a prokaryotic epimerase may be used by in casu the WbpP gene of  Pseudomonas  encoding the amino acid sequence of accession number AAF23998.1 
     The term “plant” includes whole plants, shoot vegetative organs and/or structures (e.g., leaves, stems and tubers), roots, flowers and floral organs (e.g., bracts, sepals, petals, stamens, carpels, anthers), ovules (including egg and central cells), seed (including zygote, embryo, endosperm, and seed coat), fruit (e.g., the mature ovary), seedlings, plant tissue (e.g., vascular tissue, ground tissue, and the like), cells (e.g., guard cells, egg cells, trichomes and the like), and progeny of same. The class of plants that can be used in the method of the invention is generally as broad as the class of higher and lower plants amenable to transformation techniques, including angiosperms (monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants), gymnosperms, ferns, mosses and various classes of algae, comprising but not limited to prasinophytes, chlorophytes and charophyacean green algae. 
     Plant-based production systems may be comprised of intact, autotrophic plants grown in soil or another substrate or the intact plant may be grown either heterotrophically or autotrophically in aseptic in vitro culture. Such in vitro systems for culturing intact organisms have been developed for  Lemna  (angiosperm),  Physcomitrella  (moss) and several species of algae; and may readily be adapted to other species. Plant-based production systems may also be comprised of cells or tissues isolated from a multicellular plant and cultured in vitro. Tobacco BY-2 cells will used to exemplify this type of production systems, but tissue and suspension cultures can in general be established from any multicellular plant. 
     The terms “nucleic acid” and “polynucleotide” are used synonymously and refer to a single or double-stranded polymer of deoxyribonucleotide or ribonucleotide bases read from the 5′ to the 3′ end. The phrase “a nucleic acid sequence encoding” refers to a nucleic acid which contains sequence information for a structural RNA such as rRNA, a tRNA, or the primary amino acid sequence of a specific protein or peptide, or a binding site for a trans-acting regulatory agent. This phrase specifically encompasses degenerate codons (i.e., different codons which encode a single amino acid) of the native sequence or sequences that may be introduced to confirm with codon preference in a specific host cell. 
     The term “promoter” or “regulatory element” refers to a region or sequence determinants located upstream or downstream from the start of transcription that direct transcription. As used herein, a promoter includes necessary nucleic acid sequences near the start site of transcription, such as, in the case of a polymerase II type promoter, a TATA element. A promoter also optionally includes distal elements, which can be located as much as several thousand base pairs from the start site of transcription. A “constitutive” promoter is a promoter that is capable of initiating transcription in most environmental and developmental conditions and in nearly all tissue types, whereas a “tissue-specific promoter” initiates transcription only in one or a few particular tissue types. An “inducible” promoter is a promoter that is active under environmental or developmental regulation. The term “operably linked” refers to a functional linkage between a nucleic acid expression control sequence (such as a promoter) and a second nucleic acid sequence, the gene of interest, wherein the expression control sequence directs transcription of the nucleic acid corresponding to the second sequence. 
     The product encoded by the gene of interest will often comprise a signal peptide, which is a short (typically 3-60 amino acids long) peptide chain that directs the transport of a protein. Signal peptides may also be called targeting signals and signal sequences. Targeting to the secretory pathway are of particular relevance to the present invention, and here signal peptides are N-terminally located sequences usually comprising at least five hydrophobic amino acids. Targeting to the secretory pathway in a plant cell may be accomplished using both mammalian and fungal signal peptides as well as plant-derived signals. The gene of interest may thus encode a chimeric protein. 
     Techniques for transformation are well known and described in the technical and scientific literature. They vary by organism such that stable integration of the gene constructs in angiosperms is preferably carried out by particle bombardment or by  Agrobacterium  mediated transformation whereas homologous recombination is used for some algae and mosses. Workers skilled in the art will readily appreciate that once homologous recombination becomes practical in angiosperms, new strategies for transformation becomes realistic such as having the coding sequence of interest controlled by an endogenous promoter. 
     c) COMPONENTS FOR ENGINEERED MUCIN-TYPE O-GLYCOSYLATION IN PLANTS 
     The core genes/constructs needed for implementation of mucin-type O-glycosylation are described in the following. 
     UDP-GalNAc Production—Expression of the Epimerase. 
     The freedom to employ UDP-GalNAc-epimerase sourced over large phylogenetic distances argued above is documented here using the wbpp gene which is part of the B-band LPS cluster in  Pseudomonas aeruginosa  O6 (GenBank accession number AAF23998.1, Belanger et al. 1999). Kinetic properties and substrate specificities of cytosolic  P. aeruginosa  WbpP are described in Creuzenet et al. (2000) and Demendi et al. (2005). A patent ‘WbpP and a method for assay of WbpP’ has been issued (U.S. Pat. No. 6,582,910). In order to employ various existing UDP-GlcNAc pools in the plant cell, the WbpP has, in the current invention, been expressed as a N-terminally Flag-tagged cytosolic, ER—and Golgi targeted single enzyme or co-expressed with the GalNAc-T2 enzyme. 
     A Golgi transporter for transporting cytosolic UDP-GalNAc into the Golgi apparatus is not specifically needed. Transport may be limiting, however, in which case introduction of a specific transporter may increase the O-glycosylation capacity. The inventors will therefore additionally express the human UDP-Gal and UDP-GalNAc-Transporter (hUGT1) (Segawa et al. 2002) as part of the machinery for O-glycosylation capacity. 
     UDP-GalNAc-Transporters—Optimization of Golgi Lozalized UDP-GalNAc Pool. 
     UDP-GalNAc-Transporters are well-known integral membrane proteins that transport UDP-GalNAc synthesized in the cytoplasm into the secretory pathway.  Homo sapiens  UGT1 (Acc P78381-2) and UGT2 (Acc P78381-1) of the most studied examples of transporters that are useful in the present inventions. Other examples may be found among birds (e.g. NP 001026445.1) nematodes (NP 493723) and insects such as the fruitfly DmUGT (AB055493). 
     Expression of GalNAc-T2. 
     Successful engineering of mucin-type O-glycosylation machinery depends correct localization to the Golgi. The inventors have shown that fungal signals (Sorensen et al. 2000) as do Golgi targeting sequences from mammals (Skjøt et al 2002) work in plants. Our results agree with those of other workers leading to the general conclusion that signals for Golgi retention are generally understood across eukaryotic kingdoms and GalNAc-T2 is therefore expressed as the native full length Golgi targeted enzyme and Golgi targeted WbpP is expressed with the N-terminal cytoplasmic tail, TMD and stem region of GalNAc-T2 fused to the N-terminus of WbpP to enable co-localization with GalNAc-T2 in the Golgi apparatus. In this invention co-expression of these various WbpP&#39;s and full length native GalNAc-T2 are designated mucin-type O-glycosylation capacity (Cf. C3 and E3). 
     Expression of Targets with Mucin-Type O-Glycosylation Sites for Secretion Via the Secretory Pathway. 
     The mucin targets MUC1-3.5TR &amp; MUC161.2TR and the mucin-type O-glycosylation site containing protein therapeutics human interferon α2B (hINF α2B), and podoplanin (hPod), have been N-terminally fused with various plant and fungal signal peptides for targeting to the secretory pathway. The targets have in addition fused affinity and antigen tags, and in some cases, additional glycomodules for enhanced secreted expression levels targeted at the endogenous plant O-glycosylation machinery (Xu et al. 2007). 
     The Plant Host Cells. 
     Production in plant cells may manifest itself in several different ways, each of which has its advantages. Aseptic production can be accomplished using cells cultured in vitro or whole plants for which sterile culture systems have been developed. Most practical of the latter category are members of the duckweed genus (Lemnaceae). Plant biotechnologists will realize that algae constitute a single cell alternative to aseptically grown duckweed. Expression in intact plants, field grown or cultivated in glasshouses or climate chambers, may either accomplished by transient or stable expression and it may be accomplished using constitutive expression or expression in particular organs, such as, but not limited to: tubers, seeds, fruits and photosynthetic tissues. Three plant expression systems are documented in the present invention: Mucin-type protein O-glycosylation has been accomplished transiently in Tobacco leaves and stably in Tobacco suspension culture BY-2 cells (higher plant, liquid based),  Arabidopsis thaliana  (higher plant, soil-grown) and partly in Duckweed (higher plant, liquid based). In present invention GalNAc-T2 and optionally -T4 have been used to produce the appropriate Tn cancer glycoform of MUC1 (Tarp et al 2007, Bennett et al. 1998). Certain tissues in multicellular systems are better suited to protein accumulation than others. Most notable are seeds and grains, which both offer cellular systems for protein accumulation and a system for dehydrated, stable storage. EP1668137, for example, discloses a method for accumulation heterologous protein at the expense of the native seed storage proteins in grains of barley. Such strategies are readily applicable to the present invention and workers skilled in the art will know how to generalize the method and select promoters and targeting sequences to accomplish accumulation of the heterologous protein in particular cells and organelles. 
     d) MATERIALS AND METHODS 
     Plant Cell Factories 
       Lemna minor  is obtained from United States Department of Agriculture—APHiS, Plant Protection and Quarantine, 4700 River Road, Unit 140, Riverdale. Md. 20737. Transformation, cultivation and fermentation are done in accordance to Yamamoto et al (2001). 
     Tobacco Bright Yellow 2 (BY-2) suspension cells are cultivated, transformed and fermentation in accordance to Mayo et al. (2006). In accordance to (Lee et al. 2002), 2% gelatin was occasionally added as an additive. 
     Transformation, Inoculation and Growth Conditions of  A. thaliana  and  N. benthamiana    
       Agrobacterium tumefacience  strain C58C1 pGV3850 was used for both stable transformation and transient  agrobacterium  mediated expression. Transformation is described in Horsch et al. (1985). Growth conditions for transgenic  Arabidopsis thaliana  plants are described in Egelund et al. (2007). 
     DNA Constructs for Plant Transformation and Transient Expression 
     Open source vectors used for transient  Agrobacterium  mediated expression and stable transformation in the present invention are: 
     pBI121 (genbank acc no AY781296) 
     pCAMBIA 2300 (genbank acc no AF234315) 
     pCAMBIA 1302 (genbank acc no AF234298) 
     For legacy of open source pCAMBIA binary vectors see http://www.cambia.org. 
     pPS48 is an intermediate  E. coli  only vector, which contains a cassette with the 35S promotor, a MSC and the 35S terminator (Odell et al. 1985), where the gene of interest (goi) is cloned in front of the 35 promotor using the MSC and the entire transcriptional unit (35S-Pro-goi-35S-term) is excised using XbaI or HindIII. pPS48 is a generous gift from Poul Erik Jensen, Faculty of Life, Copenhagen University. 
     Modified public domain vectors used for transient  Agrobacterium  mediated expression and stable transformation in the present invention is: 
     pC1302D 
     39 bp of the MSC of pCAMBIA1302 (9736-9792) was deleted leaving the SphI and HindIII sites resulting in the sequence gaattg gcatgcaagctt  (SphI and HindIII are underlined) yielding pC1302D. 
     pC2300D 
     Similar to the construction of p1302D, the MSC of pCAMBIA2300 was deleted leaving the SphI and HindIII sites, yielding pC2300D 
       Nicotiana tabacum  Ubiquitin Promotor and Terminator Regions 
       Nicotiana tabacum  Ubi.U4 gene (Genbank acc no X77456, Genschik et al. (1994)). Ubi.U4 gene derived promotor is pos 567-1360 (UbiPro) and Ubi.U4 gene derived terminator is pos 2401-2785 (UbiTer) in X77456, respectively. UbiPro is flanked with 5′- aagcttctagaggtacc -3′ (HindIII, XbaI, KpnI) at the 5′ end and with 5′- gagctccatgg -3′ (SacI, NcoI) in the 3′ end. UbiTer is flanked with 5′- gagctcgtcgacggtaacc -3′ (SacI, SalI, BstEII) at the 5′ end and with 5′- gcatgctctagaagctt -3′ (SphI, XbaI, HindIII) in the 3′ end. 
     35S Promoter and Terminator Sequences of pCAMBIA and pPS48 Derived Cassette 
     Cauliflower mosaic virus (CMV) 35S promoter (35SPro) and terminator (35STerm) sequence are derived from (Odell et al. 1985, GenBank Accession no X05868 and V00140). 
     Signal Peptides (SP) 
       Aspergillus aculeatus  Rhamnogalacturonan acetylesterase [CAA61858] Kauppinen et al. (1995) 
     AaSP: MKTAALAPLFFLPSALA 
       Oryza sativa  (japonica cultivar-group) alpha-amylase (CAA39778) 
     OsSP: MAKHSTTMSC LLFFVLLCLG SHLAQA/QV 
       Physcomitrella patens  aspartic protease (ASP) (EMBL acc. No. AJ586914) (Schaaf et al. 2005) 
     PpSP: MGASRSVRLAFFLVVLVVLAALAEA 
     NtSP:  Nicotiana tabacum  proline-rich protein 3 (UniProt acc no T03236, Q40502) 
     MGKMASLFASLLVVLVSLSLA 
     AtSP:  Arabidopsis thaliana  Basic Chitinase (UniProt Q9SXJ4) (Samac et al. 1990) 
     MGKTNLFLFLIFSLLLSLSSA 
       Nicotiana tabacum  extensin precursor (Q40502_TOBAC) 
     NtSP2: MGKMASLFATFLVVLVSLSLA 
     The SPs were codon-optimized with 1. organism:  Nicotiana tabacum  and 2. organism:  Arabidopsis thaliana.    
     Enzymes, Genes and Constructs 
     The Epimerase 
     pET23-WbpP (Creuzenet et al. 2000) was a generous gift from Joseph S. Lam (Dept of Microbiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada). 
     The GalNAc-Transferases 
     Sequence of  Homo sapiens  UDP—N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase transferase T2 and T4 (GalNAcT2 and -T4) are described in White et al. (1995), Bennett et al. (1998) and U.S. Pat. No. 6,465,220—Glycosylation using GalNAc-T4 transferase. 
     BvT2: N-terminal His- and T7 tagged GalNAc-T2 (pAcGP67A-GalNAc-T2-sol) is cloned, expressed in insect  Spodoptera frugiperda  21 (Sf21) cells and purified as described in: Bennett et al. (1996), Glycosylation using GalNAc-T4 transferase—U.S. Pat. No. 6,465,220, pred. MW 58.000 Daltons. 
     Peptides and Proteins Targeted for O-Glycosylation 
     EcMUC1-3.5TR: MUC1-3.5TR(P15941) was cloned in pET28, yielding MUC1-3.5TR-pET28, and transformed into  E. coli  BL21(DE3) cells. 100 ml cultures of were inoculated and grown ON to a density of OD 600  0.6 where after protein expression was induced by adding Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) to a final conc of 0.15 mM and incubated for 5 h, 37° C., 200 RPM. Briefly, the cells were spun down, resuspended in 10 mL 50 mM Na—PO 4 , 250 mM NaCl, 8 M Urea, pH 8.0), subjected to sonication using a Branson Model 450 sonifier, 2 times for periods of 30 sec (power set to 5). The sonicated fraction was spun at 20,000 g, 4° C., 10 min and the supernatant recovered. His-Tag purification of EcMUC1-3.5TR from the supernatant was done under denaturation conditions including 8M Urea using Ni-NTA beads in accordance to manufacturers recommendations (The QIAexpressionist™, Qiagen). 
     Monoclonal Antibodies for Use in Analysis 
     Monoclonal antibodies for detailed characterization of subcellular localization of enzymes used in this invention are described in Rottger et al. (1998) and Mandel et al. (1999). Antibodies that specifically binds GalNAc-glycosylated MUC1 product (Tn) are described in Tarp et al. (2007) and Sorensen et al. (2006). 
     Mouse 5E10 anti MUC1+/−GalNAc (epitope) mAb 
     Mouse 5E5 anti GalNAc-decorated MUC1 (epitope) mAb 
     Mouse 6B7 anti  H. sapiens  GalNAc-T2 GalNAc (epitope) mAb 
     Mouse 4C4 anti  H. sapiens  GalNAc-T2 GalNAc (epitope) mAb 
     Mouse 5B3 anti  H. sapiens  GalNAc-T4 GalNAc (epitope) mAb 
     Mouse M11 anti  H. sapiens  Mucin 16 (epitope) mAb 
     Mouse anti  P. aeruginosa  WbpP PAb raised against His-purified  E. coli  (H) 6 WbpP 
       Vicia Villosa  lectin, HRP conjugated  Vicia Villosa  (VVA) lectin is from EY laboratories, San Mateo, USA and binds GalNAcα1, O-Ser/Thr (T n -antigen) blotting and development, was carried out in accordance to Wandall et al. (1997). 
     Western Positive Control Proteins 
     T7-control: T7-positive control (31.1 kDa) was from Roche. 
     BAP: Amino-terminal Bovine Serum Albumin Protein Met-FLAG (BAP) (468 a.a., 49.4 kDa) was from Sigma-Aldrich. 
     Standard PCR Conditions: 
     PCR is performed in 50 μl reaction volumes using the Expand High Fidelity system (Roche) with the touchdown cycle parameters: 3 min 97° C. (Denaturation), 20 cycles: 94° C. for 30 s, 68° C. for 30 s (with decrease of 0.5° C. after each cycle) and 72° C. for 1′, then 10 cycles: 94° C. for 30 s, 58° C. for 30 s and 72° C. for 1′ followed by 5 min at 72° C. All PCR amplifications are cloned into the pCR®2.1 vector using the TOPO-TA cloning kit (Invitrogen) and the authenticity of the inserts was verified by sequencing, before the final cloning into the end vector. 
     Expression and Purification of EcWbpP for Production of a Mouse Polyclonal Ab (pAb) 
     His tagged pET23-(H) 6 wbpp (Creuzenet et al. 2000) was transformed into  E. coli  BL21(DE3) cells. 100 ml cultures of were inoculated and grown ON to a density of OD600 0.6 where after protein expression was induced by adding Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) to a final conc of 0.15 mM and incubated for at 5 h, 30° C., 200 RPM. Briefly, the cells were spun down, resuspended in 10 mL of native buffer (50 mM Na—PO 4 , 250 mM NaCl pH8.0), subjected to sonication using a Branson Model 450 sonifier, 2 times for periods of 30 sec, power set to 5. The sonicated fraction was spun at 20.000 g, 4C, 10 min and the supernatant recovered. His-Tag purification of EcWbpP from the supernatant was done under native conditions (50 mM Na—PO 4 , 250 mM NaOH, pH 8.0) out using Ni-NTA beads in accordance to manufacturers recommendations (The QIAexpressionist™, Qiagen). 
     Generation of Polyclonal mouse Ab against EcWbpP was performed by immunizing mice with 5-10 μg recombinant expressed and purified protein as previously described (Mandel et al. 1999) and collection of blood by tail bleed 10 days after last boost. 
       Agrobacterium  Mediated Transient Expression in  Nicotiana benthamiana  Leaves 
       Agrobacterium  mediated expression was done essentially according to the method devised by Sainsbury and Lomonossoff (2008). 3-4 week old  N. benthamiana  plants were inoculated Agrobaterium containing the construct(s) in question and left for 6 days, where after proteinacious leaf extracts were prepared as described in the section ‘Preparation of leaf extracts’. 
     Preparation of BY-2 Protoplasts 
     1 ml of BY-2 cells in exponential phase was pellet gently (150×g) then resuspended in 1 ml EB (25 mM MES, pH 5.5, 2 mM CaCl 2 , 600 mM mannitol) containing 0.25% macerozyme (Yakult Honsha Co. Ltd., Japan) and 1% cellulase (Yakult Honsha Co. Ltd., Japan) and incubated for &gt;=2 h with mild shaking (45 rpm). The suspension was then pelleted (150×g, RT) and resuspended in 0.5 ml EB. Generation of intact protoplast was checked—either visually (round spherical cells) or with 0.01% Calco flour white (which stains the cell wall) in distilled water for 2 sec to 2 min, then washed briefly in water. 
     Immunostaining of BY-2 Protoplasts 
     Protoplasts were dried onto Teflon printed diagnostic slides (Immuno-Cell Int., USA). Dried protoplasts were acetone fixed at −20° C. for 8 min&#39;s and airdried 1 h at room temperature. Protoplast permeabilization was done with 5% BSA incl. 0.2% saponin for 20 min&#39;s at room temperature. Slides were overlaid with primary antibody over night at 4° C. Slides were incubated with secondary fluorephore labeled secondary antibodies for 45 min&#39;s at room temperature. All washing steps between procedures were done with 1×PBS. Finally slides were mounted with fluoromount anti fade and imaged. 
     Preparation of Leaf Extracts 
     Freshly harvested leaves is frozen in liquid N 2  and comminuted using a pestle and mortar with 2 ml extraction buffer A (50 mM Na—PO 4 , 250 mM NaOH, 5 mM Imidazol, pH8.0) containing Complete Proteinase Inhibitor (Roche) and 1 mM phenylmethanesulfonylfluoride (PMSF) per g tissue (fresh weight). The sample is incubated for 10 min. on ice and insoluble material pelleted by centrifugation (20,000×g) for 10 min., the supernatant is recovered and stored at −20° C. 
     Preparation of Plant Total Microsome Fraction 
     Freshly harvested leaves were crushed by a polytron for 30 sec, in (1 g leaves/3 ml microsome extraction buffer) microsome extraction buffer (50 mM Potassium Phosphate buffer, pH 7.2, 400 mM sucrose, 100 mM sodium ascorbate, 1 tablet of proteinase inhibitors (Roche)). The sample was then cleared by a pre-centrifugation at 1000×g for 10 min, 4° C., and total microsome was obtained by a 50 K rpm centrifugation, 1 hr, 4° C., using a Beckman Ultra SW70 Ti centrifugator. 
     SDS-PAGE and Western Blot 
     Leaf and cell suspension culture extracts were subjected to SDS-PAGE and Western Blot analysis were essentially done as described in Petersen et al. (2009). Primary antibodies 5E10 and 5E5 (cf below) in the form of unpurified hybridomas cell secrete were used for detection of MUC1-3.5TR target peptides. Primary antibodies 6B7 (western, denatured conditions) 4C4 (immunostainings, native conditions), in the form of unpurified hybridomas cell secrete, were used to detect GalNAc-T2. Detection of Flag-tagged WbpP on western blots is described in Petersen et al. (2009). 
     His-Tag Purification 
     50 ml cleared supernatant was incubated with 0.5 ml of Ni-NTA agarose beads (Qiagen) for 2 h, 4° C., under gentle rolling, then the beads were washed, 10 min with 20 ml of wash-buffer (50 mM Na—PO 4 , 250 mM NaOH, 20 mM Imidazol, pH 8.0). His-tagged proteins were eluted from the beads using elution buffer (50 mM Na—PO 4 , 250 mM NaOH, 250 mM Imidazol, pH 8.0). 
     Purification of MUC1-3.5TR Expressed in Plants and  E. coli    
     Eluate from Ni-NTA column was applied on a Thermo C18 column attached to a HP 1100 HPLC. Proteins were separated based on reverse phase condition. Solvent used in separation were: A, 0.1% TFA in water; B, 0.1% TFA in 90% Acetonitrile. The program was: constant flow of 10% of B for 5 min, 15 min with linear increase of B to 100%, followed by 5 min of constant wash in 100% B. 210 nm and 280 nm signals of eluate were recorded by a HP 1100 Diode Array Detector. 
     Sample Purification Using Zip-Tip Column 
     A Zip-Tip column attached to a 20 μl micropipet (Gilson&#39;s Pipetman P20) was pre-conditioned using 100% ACN and milli-Q water. The sample dissolved in 20 μL of 0.1% TFA was withdrawn through the column and desalted using 0.5% formic acid. The peptides were extracted with 0.5% formic acid in 1:1(v/v) water: ACN and 100% ACN into a 200 μL eppendorf tube for MS analysis. 
     Matrix Assisted Desorption Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) Analysis of Mucin-Type Targets 
     Structure of MUC1 is determined using MALDI-TOF according to Wandall et al. (1997). Peptides from HPLC fractions were lyophilized, and resolved in 20 μl water. All mass spectra were acquired on a Voyager-Elite MALDI time of flight mass spectrometer (Perseptive Biosystem Inc., Framingham, Mass.), equipped with delayed extraction. The MALDI matrix was 25 g/L 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (Sigma-Aldrich) dissolved in a 1:1 mixture of water and methanol. Samples were prepared for analysis by placing 0.5 μl of sample solution on a probe tip followed by 0.5 μA of matrix. All spectra were obtained in the linear mode and calibrated using external calibration. 
     Endo-Asp Digestion of MUC-3.5TR and subsequent HPLC purification 
     Approximately 25 μg purified MUC1-3.5TR-YFP was incubated with 1 μg endoproteinase Asp-N from  Pseudomonas fragi  (Sigma-Aldrich, product code P3303) in a 300 L reaction containing 100 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, for 16 hours at 37° C. 
     HPLC was carried out on a Dionex system consisting of a P580 Pump Unit and an AS1 100 Automated Sample Injector. Prior to injection, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) was added to each sample to a final concentration of 0.05% (v/v). 40 μL of digested MUC1-3.5TR-YFP, containing approximately 2.5 μg total protein, was separated by reverse phase HPLC on a 150×4.6 mm Jupiter Proteo C12 column (Phenomenex) with a 90 Å pore size, 4 micron particle size, pre-equilibrated with 0.05% TFA, and 5% acetonitrile, in degassed water. Chromatographic separation was carried out in a two eluent system where eluent A was 0.05% TFA in water and eluent B was 0.05% TFA in acetonitrile, and the pump speed was a constant 0.5 mL min −1 . From 0-5 min, the eluent was 5% B, from 5-35 min, eluent B increased in a linear gradient to 40%, and from 35-45 min eluent B increased to 100%. Eluted peptides were monitored by measuring absorbance at 215 nm wavelength on a Dionex UVD340S detection system, and fractions collected manually in volumes of 200 pt, corresponding to an elution period of 24 s. Samples were freeze dried prior to preparation for mass spectroscopy analysis. 
     Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography (HIC) 
     NaCl was added to a final concentration of 3 M to cleared leaf total extract, and pH was adjusted to 8.0 using 1 M Tris. The solution was incubated at 4° C. for one hour, centrifuged at 25000×g for 30 min and the supernatant was loaded to 15 ml CL-4B phenyl Sepharose® (GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK) column, which was washed with 25 ml of 50 mM Tris, pH 8.0, 2 M NaCl. Proteins were eluted by a gradient of B (33%-100%) in buffer A (50 mM Tris, pH 8.0, 3 M NaCl) and buffer B (MiliQ H 2 O), 10 min with a flow rate of 3 ml/min, using a ÄKTA FPLC system. 
       Vicia Villosa  Agglutinin Lectin Affinity Purification 
     Eluents (10 ml) from HIC were pooled and exchanged into 1×PBS by adding (1 ml 10×PBS buffer) and transferred to tubes containing 400 μA  Vicia Villosa  Agglutinin (VVA) lectin argarose beads (Sigma-Aldrich L9388), prewashed 5 min in 5 ml 1×PBS, incubated 3 hours at 4° C. under gentle rotation. Washes were done using 10 ml 1×PBS for 15 min at 4° C. Beads were collected by centrifugation at 1000×g for 5 min and loaded to a home made column. Elution of lectin bound MUC1 3.5TR-yfp was carried out by 1.5 ml of 40 mM GalNAc in 1×PBS. 
     The use of the above general method may be understood by reference to the following non-limiting examples, which are subdivided into examples of DNA-vector constructs, referred to by the letter ‘C’, and examples of detected expressed protein, including downstream analysis, referred to by the letter ‘E’. Examples of preferred embodiments are also summarized in Table 1 and 2. 
     e) CONSTRUCT (C) LISTING 
     The construct is trailed by the encoded protein sequences, listed in the bracket ‘(SEQ ID NO X, . . . )’ 
     C1 Constructs Generating Sub-Cellular Pools of UDP-GalNAc 
     C1.1 A Construct Generating Cytoplasmic UDP-GalNAc 
     pC2300-35SPro-Fwbpp-35Sterm (SEQ ID NO 1) 
     Full length wbpp was PCR amplified using standard PCR conditions, pET23-WbpP as template and the primers: 5′-gagctcatggattacaaggacgacgacgacaagcacgtggaattcgccatggttatgatgagtcgttatgaaga-3′ (PBY7For) and 5′-agcgctaggcctgagctc tca tttcaaaaacatgatgta-3′(PBY7Rev; SEQ ID NO 12), where underscoring designates SacI, PmlI, EcoRI, NcoI, StuI &amp; AfeI, italicized letters designates the Flag-tag sequence ((M)DYKDDDDK; SEQ ID NO 60), bold designates the 5′ and 3′ end sequence of Fwbpp, stop codon is bold and italicized. The PCR fragment was digested with SacI and sub-cloned into the SacI site of pPS48, a clone with the correct orientation with respect to the 35S promotor and 35S terminator sequence of pPS48 was obtained and the entire transcriptional unit (35SPro-Fwbpp-35STerm) was excised by HindIII and cloned into the MSC-HindIII site in pC2300, yielding pC2300-35SPro-Fwbpp-35Sterm (C1.1.). 
     C1.2 A construct generation ER localized UDP-GalNAc 
     pC2300-35SPro-AaSP-FwbppKDEL-35STerm (SEQ ID NO 2) 
     Full length wbpp with was PCR-amplified using standard PCR conditions, pET23-wbpp as template and the primers: 5′-gagctcATGAAGACTGCTGCTTTGGCTCCTTTGTTTTTTTTGCCTTCTGCTTTGGCT gattacaaggacgacgacga-3′ (PBY12For; SEQ ID NO 23) and 5′-agcgctaggcctgagctctcatagctcatctttcaaaaacatgatgtacc-3′ (PBY12Rev; SEQ ID NO 61) where underscoring designates SacI, StuI, AfeI &amp; SacI, italicized designates the Flag-tag sequence (DYKDDDDK), capital letters  A. aculeatus  signal peptide (AaSP), bold designates 5′ and 3′ sequence end of wbpp, ER retention signal KDEL bold and underscored, stop codon bold and italicized. The PCR fragment was digested with SacI, isolated and sub-cloned into the SacI site of pPS48 and the entire transcriptional unit (35SPro-Fwbpp-35STerm) was excised by HindIII, isolated and inserted into the MSC-HindIII site of pC2300, yielding pC2300-35SPro-AaSP-FwbppKDEL-35STerm (C1.2.). 
     C1.3 A Construct for Generation Golgi Localized UDP-GalNAc 
     pC2300-35SPro-FT2Golwbpp-35STerm (SEQ ID NO 3) 
     PCR amplification and cloning of T2-anchor-stem-region: 5′ end of human GalNAc-T2, comprising 5′cytoplasmic tail, cytoplasmic tail, TMD and stem region (1-414 bp 5′-atgcggcggcgctcg . . . gatctgccggccacc-3, ‘MRRRS . . . DLPAT’, Genbank acc no. X85019) was PCR amplified using a full length cDNA clone as template (unpublished), standard PCR conditions, and the primers: 5′-cacgtggaattcgccatggttatgcggcggcgctcgcggatgct-3′ (PT2anchorFor; SEQ ID NO 32) and 5′-cgactcatcatggtggccggcagatccacccg-3′ (PT2anchorRev; SEQ ID NO 33) where underscoring designates PmlI, EcoRI &amp; NcoI and Topo-TA cloned in pCR2.1TA (Invitrogen) yielding pCR2.1TA-Golwbpp. 
     PCR amplification and cloning of wbpp: Full length soluble wbpp with was amplified by PCR using standard PCR conditions, pET23-wbpp as template and the primers: 5′-5′-gccggccacc (3′ end of T2Stem) atgatgagtcgttatgaagagc-3′ (PwbppFor; SEQ ID NO 62) and 5′-agcgctaggcctgagctc tcatttcaaaaacatgatgtac-3′ (PwbppRev; SEQ ID NO 63) where underscoring designates AfeI, StuI &amp; SacI and Topo-TA cloned in pCR2.1TA, yielding pCR2.1TA-wbpp. 
     Golwbpp fusion was obtained by recombinant PCR using the primers PGolFor and PGolRev yielding the fragment Golwbpp. An N-terminal Flag-tag was introduced by replacing wbpp of pC2300-35SPro-AaSP-FwbppKDEL-35STerm with FGolwbpp using the using PmlI and BstEII yielding pC2300-35SPro-Golwbpp-35STerm (C1.3). 
     C2 Constructs Conferring Golgi Targeted Polypeptide: GalNAc-Transferase Activity 
     C2.1 Construct Encoding Secreted MUC1-3.5TR and Golgi Targeted GalNAc T2 
     pC1302D-35SPro-AaSP-MUC1-3.5TR-35STerm, 35SPro-T2-35STerm (SEQ ID NO 4, SEQ ID NO 5) 
     The NcoI-BstEII-Yfp fragment was excised from pC1302D-35SPro-AaSP-MUC1-3.5TR-35STerm, A double stranded oligo-linker was inserted into the NcoI/BstEII site of pC1302D, resulting in a deletion the NcoI site and introduction of a StuI site. Full length GalNAc-T2 (Genbank acc no. X85019) was excised from an existing PBKS plasmid with EcoRI, blunt ended and inserted into the StuI site thus leaving GalNAc-T2 under the control of 35S promotor and terminator sequence of pC1302D-35SPro-AaSP-MUC1-3.5TR-35STerm (C2.2) yielding pC1302D-35SPro-AaSP-MUC1-3.5TR-35STerm, 35SPro-T2-35STerm (C2.1) (promotor-5′CDS (ccatccggatccgaattctgcagagctcatg . . . ; SEQ ID NO 64, where underscoring designates BamHI, EcoRI, PstI and SacI, italics and bold designate 3′promotor sequence and 5′CDS, respectively) and 3′ CDS-terminator sequence ( . . . taggaacctagcgctggtgacc agctcga; SEQ ID NO 65, where underscoring, bold and italics designate BstEII and 3′stop codon of CDS and 5′end of pC1302D 35S terminator, respectively). 
     C2.2 Construct Encoding Golgi Targeted GalNAc T2 
     pC1302D-35SPro-T2-35STerm (SEQ ID NO 5) 
     The HindIII-flanked SPro-AaSP-MUC1-3.5 TR-35STerm fragment of pC1302D-35SPro-AaSP-MUC1-3.5TR-35STerm, 35SPro-T2-35STerm (C2.1.) was excised and re-ligated, yielding pC1302D-35SPro-T2-35STerm. 
     C2.3 Construct Encoding Golgi Targeted GalNAc T4 
     pBI121-35SPro-T4-NosTerm (SEQ ID NO 6) 
     Human GalNAc-T4 (Y08564) was PCR amplified using standard PCR conditions, pcDNA-T4 (Bennett et al. 1998) as template, and the primers: P-T4For (SEQ ID NO 36): 5′-GGATCCACGCGTAAAATGGCGGTGAGGTGGACTTGGGC-3′, P-T4Rev (SEQ ID NO 37): 5′-GGATCCCTATTTCTCAAAACTCCAAATTTGA-3′, yielding fragment BamHI-T4-BamHI, subcloned in to pCR2.1-TA and inserted into the BamHI site of pBI121, yielding pMI21-35SPro-T4-35STerm. 
     C3 Constructs Conferring Mucin-Type O-Glycosylation Capacity 
     C3.1 Construct Encoding Polycistronic HA Tagged Golgi Targeted GalNAc-T2 and Cytosolic Epimerase 
     pC1302-35SPro-HAT2-2A-Fwbpp-35STerm (SEQ ID NO 7) 
     PCR amplification and cloning of HAT2: Heme Agglutenin (HA) N-terminally fused to GalNAc-T2 (HAT2) was PCR amplified using standard PCR conditions, GalNAc-T2 (C2.1) as template and the primers: P-HAT2For (SEQ ID NO 38): 5′-ggcttaaUatgtacccatacgacgtcccagactacgcccggcggcgctcgcggatgctgct-3′ and P-HAT2Rev (SEQ ID NO 39): 5′-ACT TAAGCAAAUCAAAATTCAAAGTTTGACCAGAACCCTGCTGCAGGTTGAGCGTGAAC-3′, yielding the HAT2 fragment with uracil nucleotides at both ends. 
     PCR amplification and cloning of Fwbpp: Flag-tagged wbpp was PCR amplified using standard PCR conditions, pC2300-35SPro-Fwbpp-35Sterm (C1.1.) as template and the primers: PFwbppFor (SEQ ID NO 40): 5′-ATTTGCTTAAGUTGGCAGGAGATGTGGAATCTAACCCAGGACCTATGGATTACAAGGACGACGACG-3′, PFwbppRev (SEQ ID NO 41): 5′-ggtttaaU tcatttcaaaaacatgat-3′, yielding the Fwbpp fragment with uracil at both ends. The two fragments were cloned into the USER vector pC130035Su in accordance to Nour-Eldin et al. (2006) and Geu-Flores et al. (2007). HAT2 3′-end-2A-5′ Fwbpp fusion is: 
                         cgctcaacctgcagcag                    T  L  N  L  Q  Q                 ggttctggtcaaactttgaattttgatttgcttaagttggcaggagatgtggaatctaacccagga         * cct *                 G    S    G    Q    T    L    N    F    D    L    L    K    L    A    G    D    V    E    S    N    P    G   *          *               Atggattacaaggacgac (SEQ ID NO 66)                M  D  Y  K  D  D (SEQ ID NO 67)            
where italics designates the 2A sequence (Szymczak et al. 2004, El Amrani et al. 2004), ‘P’ the site of cleavage, ‘MDYKDD . . . ’ start of Flag tag, yielding pC1302-35SPro-HAT2-2A-Fwbpp-35STerm (C3.1.). HA sequence YPYDVPDYA (Chen et al. 1993); Yfp was cloned from pC2300u vector (Nour-Eldin et al. 2006).
 
C3.2 Construct Encoding Polycistronic Cytosolic Epimerase and Golgi Targeted GalNAc-T2
 
pBI121-35SPro-wbppF-2A-T2-NosTerm (SEQ ID NO 8)
 
     35SPro-wbppF-2A-T2 was PCR-amplified using standard PCR conditions, pBI121-35Pro-PpSP-MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp-2A-Golwbpp-2A-T2-NosTerm (C6.1.) as template and the primers: 5′-tctagaATGATGAGTCGTTATGAAGAGC-3′ (PwbppFor; SEQ ID NO 68) and 5′-gagctcctactgctgcaggttgagcgt (PT2Rev; SEQ ID NO 69) were used to PCR-amplify the fragment wbppF-2A-T2-35STerm. This fragment was then inserted into pBI121 vector using the XbaI and SacI site, yielding pBI121-35SPro-wbppF-2A-T2-NosTerm. 
     C3.3 Construct Encoding Polycistronic Golgi Targeted GalNAc-T2 and Cytosolic Epimerase 
     p1302D-35SPro-T2-2A-Fwbpp-35STerm (SEQ ID NO 9) 
     The HindIII flanked 35SPro-AaSP-MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp(H) 6 -35STerm cassette of pC1302D-35SPro-AaSP-MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp(H) 6 -35STerm; 35SPro-T2-2A-FWbp (C6.2.) (cf below) was cut out by HindIII and re-ligated to yield p1302D-35SPro-T2-2A-Fwbpp-35STerm. 
     C3.4 Construct Encoding Cytosolic Epimerase and Golgi Targeted GalNAc-T2 from Separate Transcripts 
     pC1302D-35SPro-FWbpP-35STerm; 35SPro-T2-35STerm (SEQ ID NO 1, SEQ ID NO 5) 
     The XbaI-35SPro-FWbpP-35STerm-XbaI fragment was excised of pC2300-35SPro-Fwbpp-35Sterm (C1.1), and inserted into XbaI site of pC1302D-35SPro-T2-35STerm (C2.2.), yielding pC1302D-35SPro-FWbpP-35STerm; 35SPro-T2-35STerm. 
     C3.5. Construct Encoding Polycistronic Golgi Targeted Epimerase and Golgi Targeted GalNAc-T2 
     pBI121-35SPro-FT2GolWbpP-2A-T2-NosTerm (SEQ ID NO 11) 
     35SPro-FT2GolWbpP-2A-T2 was PCR-amplified using standard PCR conditions, pBI121-35Pro-PpSP-MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp-2A-Golwbpp-2A-T2-NosTerm (C6.1) as template and the primers: 5′-tctagaatggattacaaggacgacgacgacaag-3′(PFlagFor; SEQ ID NO 43) and 5′-gagctcctactgctgcaggttgagcgt (PT2Rev; SEQ ID NO 42) were used to PCR-amplify the yielding fragment FT2Golwbpp-2A-T2. This fragment was then inserted into pBI121 vector using the XbaI and SacI sites, yielding pBI121-35SPro-FT2Golwbpp-2A-T2-NosTerm. 
     C4 Constructs Expressing Mucins and Other O-Glycosylation Target Peptides 
     C4.1 Construct Encoding MUC1-3.5TR with AaSP Signal Peptide 
     pC1302D-35SPro-AaSP-MUC1-3.5TR-35STerm (SEQ ID NO 4) 
     MUC1-3.5TR (P15941) was PCR-amplified using standard PCR conditions, pET28-MUC1-3.5TR as template and the primers: 5′-CtgcagATGAAGACCGCCGCTCTTGCACCGCTCTTCTTCCTCCCCTCTGCCCTCGCCACTACTcacgtgcatcatcatcatcatcacAgtagcggcctggtgccgcgcggcagccatatggctagcatgactggtggacagcaaatgg gtcgggatccgaattctGTCACCTCGGCCCCGGACACCAGGCCGGCCCCGGGCTCCACCGCCC CCCAAGCCCACGGT-3′ (PBY9For; SEQ ID NO 44) and 5′-gagctcCTAGGTGTCCGGGGCCGAGGT-3′ (PBY9REV; SEQ ID NO 45). The PCR fragment was digested with PstI and SacI, isolated and sub-cloned into the PstI-SacI site of pPS48 and the entire transcriptional unit (35SPro-AaSP-MUC1-3.5TR-35STerm) was excised by HindIII, isolated and inserted into the MSC-HindIII site of pC1302D, yielding pC1302D-35SPro-AaSP-MUC1-3.5TR-35STerm. 
     C4.2 Construct Encoding MUC1-3.5TR with OsSP Signal Peptide and C-Terminal Glycomodule 
     pC2300-UbiPro-OsSP-MUC1-3.5TR-CGM-35STerm (SEQ ID NO 13) Codon optimized (1. Organism:  Nicotiana tabacum,  2. Organism:  Arabidopsis thaliana ) OsSP-MUC1-3.5TR-CGM (C-terminal GM and tags) flanked by UbiPro and 35STerm was synthesized and inserted into pUC57 by GenScript (USA Inc.), yielding pUC57-UbiPro-OsSP-MUC1-3.5TR-CGM-35STerm. UbiPro-OsSP-MUC1-3.5 TR-CGM-35STerm was excised by HindIII, isolated and inserted into the MSC-HindIII site of pC2300, yielding pC2300-UbiPro-OsSP-MUC1-3.5TR-CGM-35STerm.
 
C4.3 Construct Encoding MUC1-3.5TR with OsSP Signal Peptide and C-Terminal T7 and His Tag
 
pC2300-UbiPro-OsSP-MUC1-3.5TR-C-35STerm (SEQ ID NO 14)
 
     pC2300-UbiPro-OsSP-MUC1-3.5TR-C-35STerm (C4.3) is derived from pC2300-UbiPro-OsSP-MUC1-3.5TR-CGM-35STerm (C4.2) where the PacI flanked (SP) 10  GM was excised and re-ligated. 
     C4.4 Construct Encoding MUC1-3.5TR with N-Terminal OsSP Signal Peptide and N-Terminal Tag T7 and his Tag 
     pC2300-UbiPro-OsSP-MUC1-3.5TR-35STerm) (SEQ ID NO 15) 
     Codon optimized (1. Organism:  Nicotiana tabacum,  2. Organism:  Arabidopsis thaliana ) N-OsSP-MUC1-3.5TR (N-terminal tags) was synthesized GenScript (USA Inc.) and inserted into pUC57. The SacI-OsSP-MUC1-3.5TR-CGM fragment of pUC57-UbiPro-OsSP-MUC1-3.5TR-CGM-35STerm was replaced by the SacI-OsSP-MUC1-3.5TR fragment, yielding pUC57-UbiPro-OsSP-MUC1-3.5TR-UbiTerm35STerm. UbiPro-OsSP-MUC1-3.5TR-35STerm was excised by HindIII, isolated and inserted into the MSC-HindIII site of pC2300, yielding pC2300-UbiPro-OsSP-MUC1-3.5TR-35STerm. 
     C4.5 Construct Encoding hPOD with N-Terminal OsSP Signal Peptide and N-Terminal Glycomodule 
     p2300D-UbiPro-OsSP-NGM-hPod-35STerm (SEQ ID NO 16) 
     Codon optimized  Homo sapiens  podoplanin (GenBank acc no AY194238) (1. Organism:  Nicotiana tabacum,  2. Organism:  Arabidopsis thaliana ) OsSP-NGM-hPod (N-teuninal GM and tags) was synthesized and delivered in pUC57 by GenScript (USA Inc.). OsSP-MUC1-3.5TR-CGM of pUC57-UbiPro-OsSP-MUC1-3.5TR-CGM-35STerm was cut out using SacI and replaced by SacI-fragment OsSP-NGM-hPod, yielding pUC57-UbiPro-OsSP-NGM-hPod-35STerm. UbiPro-OsSP-NGM-hPod-35STerm was excised by HindIII, isolated and inserted into the MSC-HindIII site of pC2300D, yielding pC2300D-UbiPro-OsSP-NGM-hPod-35STerm. 
     C4.6 Construct encoding MUC1-3.5TR N-terminally fused to Yfp with PpSP signal peptide pC2300u-35SPro-PpSP-MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp(H) 6 -35STerm (SEQ ID NO 17) MUC1-3.5TR was synthesized by MWG (Germany), and codon optimized for expression in  Arabidopsis thaliana , and the signal peptide for secretion was from  Physcomitrella patens  aspartic protease (ASP) (EMBL acc. No. AJ586914, Schaaf et al. 2005). MUC1-3.5TR was PCR-amplified using the primers 5′-GGCTTAAUatgggggcatcgagga-3′ (PPpSP-MUC1-3.5TRFor) and 5′-ggtttaaUactgtatccggtgcggaagtga-3′ (PMUC1-3.5TRRev), and inserted into pC2300u vector containing Yfp (Nour-Eldin et al. 2006), yielding pC2300u-35SPro-PpSP-MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp(H) 6 -35STerm.
 
C4.7 Construct Encoding MUC1-3.5TR C-Terminally Fused to Yfp with ChiSP Signal Peptide
 
p2300D-UbiPro-chiSP-YfpMUC1-3.5TR-35STerm (SEQ ID NO 18)
 
     AtSp-YfpMUC1-3.5TR-TrT7(H) 6  was PCR-amplified using standard PCR conditions, pC2300u-35SPro-PpSP-MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp(H) 6 -35STerm (C4.6) as template and the primers: 5′-gagctccatgggtaagactaatctttttctctttctcatatttcacttctcctatcattatcctcggccgagcaa Gtgagcaagggcgaggagct-3′ (PAtSpYfpFor; SEQ ID NO 46) and 5′-catatgatgtacagctcgtccatg-3′ (PYfpRev; SEQ ID NO 47), where Tr, T7 &amp; (H) 6  designate, Trombin cleavage site, T7 epitope, &amp; (H) 6 , respectively, underscore designate SacI, BamHI &amp; NdeI, italics designates AtSp sequence and 5′ Yfp sequence, isolated and inserted into p2300D using NdeI and EcoRI, yielding pC2300D-UbiPro-AtSp-YfpMUC1-3.5TR-TrT7(H) 6 -35STerm. 
     C4.8 Construct Encoding Interferon of2B with C-Terminal Glycomodule and NtSP2 Signal peptide 
     p2300D-UbiPro-NtSP2-INF-α2B-CGM-35STerm (SEQ ID NO 19) 
     Codon optimized (1. Organism:  Nicotiana tabacum,  2. Organism:  Arabidopsis thaliana )  Homo sapiens  Interferon α2 B (INF-α2B-CGM, Genebank acc no. AY255838.1, C-terminal GM and tags) was synthesized and delivered in pUC57 by GenScript (USA Inc.). where NtSP2 designates signal sequence of  Nicotiana tabacum  proline-rich protein 3 (UniProt acc no T03236, Q40502), SP designates signal sequence of  Nicotiana tabacum  proline-rich protein 3 (UniProt acc no T03236, Q40502)), underscore designate EcoRI, SacI, NcoI, AscI, MluI, SalI, AfeI &amp; BstEII, His tag (H) 6 , Trombin cleavage recognition sequence (LVPRGS; SEQ ID NO 70), T7 epitope tag (MASMTGGQQMG; SEQ ID NO 71) and (SP) 10  Glyco module (GM). The SacI fragment in p2300D-UbiPro-OsSP-NGM-hPod-35STerm (C4.5) was replaced by the SacI-flanked INF-α2B-CGM fragment, yielding p2300D-UbiPro-NtSP2-INF-α2B-CGM-35STerm. 
     C4.9 Construct Encoding MUC1-2TR Embedded in YFP with OsSP Signal Peptide 
     pC2300-UbiPro-OsSP-GF-((H) 8 MUC1-2TR-c-myc)FP-35STerm (SEQ ID NO 20) 
     (H) 8 MUC1-2TR fragment was PCR-amplified using pC2300-UbiPro-OsSP-MUC1-3.5TR-CGM-35STerm (C4.2) as template and the primers: P-MUC1-2TR For (SEQ ID NO 50): 5′-CCATGGCTCTGTTACTAGTGCTCCAGATA-3′, P-MUC1-2TRRev SEQ ID NO 51): 5′-CCATGGGATCCCGGAGCAGGTCTTGT-3′, sub-cloned into pCR2.1TA, and excised using NcoI, yielding NcoI-(H) 8 Muc1-2TR-NcoI, which was inserted into pCold III-mfGFP vector (Kobayashi et al. 2008) between amino acid Asp173-Gly174 of GFP with a C-terminal c-myc tag, yielding the translational G-(H) 8 Muc1-2TR-FP-c-myc fusion. GF-((H) 8 MUC1-2TR-c-myc)FP was then PCR amplified using the primers: P-GFPFor SEQ ID NO 52): 5′-GAGCTCCATGGGTAAGACTAATCTTTTTCTCTTTCTCATCTTTTCACTTCTCCTATCAT TATCCTCGGCCGAGCAAGTGAGCAAGGGCGAGGAGCTGT-3′, and P-GFPRev (SEQ ID NO 53) 5′-GAGCTCCTACCCCTTGTACAGCTCGTCCATGC-3′, subcloned into pCR2.1TA, and inserted into pC2300-UbiPro-OsSP-MUC1-3.5TR-CGM-35STerm (C4.2) using SacI, yielding pC2300-UbiPro-OsSP-GF-((H) 8 MUC1-2 TR-c-myc)FP)-35STerm. 
     C4.10 Construct Encoding MUC16-1.2TR with OsSP Signal Peptide and C-Terminal T7 and His tag 
     pC2300-UbiPro-OsSP-Muc16-1.2TR-T7-(H) 6 -35STerm (SEQ ID NO 21) 
     Codon optimized (1. Organism:  N. benthamiana,  2. Organism:  Arabidopsis thaliana ) OsSP-MUC16 1.2TR-T7H 6  (C-terminal T7 and H 6  tags) was synthesized using human Mucin 16 (AF414442.2) as template and inserted into pUC57 by MWG (Germany), yielding pUC57-OsSP-MUC16-1.2TR-T7(H) 6 -35STerm. OsSP-MUC16-1.2TR-T7(H) 6  was excised by SacI, isolated and inserted into the SacI site of pC2300-UbiPro-OsSP-MUC1-3.5TR-CGM-35STerm (C4.2), yielding pC2300-UbiPro-OsSP-Muc16-1.2TR-T7-H 6 -35STerm. 
     C5 Construct for Determining the Presence or Absence of UDP-GalNAc in Plants 
     For construction of pC1302D-35SPro-AaSP-MUC1-3.5TR-35STerm, 35SPro-T2-35STerm (C2.1) see pC1302D-35SPro-T2-35STerm (C2.2). 
     C6 Single Constructs Implementing Mucin-Type O-glycosylation 
     C6.1 Single Polycistronic Construct Encoding MUC1-3.5TR-YFP and Golgi Targeted Epimerase and GalNAc T2 Interspaced by Two 2a Sequences 
     pBI121-35Pro-PpSP-MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp-2A-Golwbpp-2A-T2-NosTerm (SEQ ID NO 17, SEQ ID NO 3, SEQ ID NO 5) 
     PpSP-MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp was PCR amplified using standard PCR conditions, pC2300u-35SPro-PpSP-MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp(H) 6 -35STerm (C4.6) as template and the primers: PpSP-MUC1-3.5TR-YfpFor (SEQ ID NO 54): 5′tctaga ATGGGGGCATCGAGGAGTGT-3′ and reverse primer PpSP-MUC1-3.5TR-YfpRev (SEQ ID NO 55): 5′ GttaacaaagatcctctcccttcaccactaccactaGTGTGATGGTGATGGTGATGCTT-3, where underscore disignate XbaI, HpaI, italics designates 2A sequence, capital letters designate 5′-MUC1 and 3′-Yfp sequences, yielding the ‘MUC1-Yfp-2A’ where 2A is partial. Resulting 3′-Yf P (H) 6 -2A-5′-GalNAc-T2 (SEQ ID NO 72): 5′-catcaccatcaccatcacactagt ggtagtggtgaagggagaggatctttgttaacttgtggagacgtggaagagaaccctgga *cct* atgcggcggcgctcg-3′, HHHHHHTS GSGEGRGSLLTCGDVEENPG *P* MRRRS (SEQ ID NO 73). 
     2A(partial)-Golwbpp-2A-(2A-5′end) was PCR amplified using standard PCR conditions, pC2300-35SPro-FT2Golwbpp-35STerm (C1.3) as template and the primers 5′-gttaacttgtggagacgtggaagagaaccctggacct ATGCGGCGGCGCTCGCGGAT-3′ (PGolwbppFFor; SEQ ID NO 56), 5′-gctagcttcaggagatcaaaattaagagtttgcccgctgccctcgag CTTGTCGTCGTCGTCCTTGT-3′ (PGolwbppFRev; SEQ ID NO 57), where underscore designate HpaI &amp; NheI, italics designates 2A sequence, capital letters designate Golwbpp. Resulting 3′-GolT2wbppF-2A-5′-GalNAc-T2 (SEQ ID NO 74): 5′-gacgacgacaagctcgag ggcagcgggcaaactcttaattttgatctcctgaagctagctggagacgttgagtcaaatccaggt *ccg* atgcggcggcgctcg, DDDKLE GSGQTLNFDLLKLAGDVESNPG *P* MRRRSU (SEQ ID NO 75). 2A(partial)-T2 was PCR amplified using standard PCR conditions, pC1302D-35SPro-AaSP-MUC1-3.5TR-35STerm, 35SPro-T2-35STerm (C2.1) as template and the primers: 5′-gctagctggagacgttgagtcaaatccaggtccg ATGCGGCGGCGCTCGCGGAT (P2AT2For; SEQ ID NO 58) 5′-gagctcCTACTGCTGCAGGTTGAGCGT-3′ (P2AT2Rev; SEQ ID NO 59), where underscore designate NheI &amp; SacI, italics designates 2A sequence, capital letters designate GalNAc-T2. 
     2A sequences were codon optimized for expression in  Nicotiana tabacum  and  Arabidopsis thaliana.    
     Assembling the three fragments: first, the NheI-T2-SacI fragment was cloned into TOPO vector pCR2.1 already containing the HpaI-GolwbppF-NheI fragment using NheI and SacI. Then XbaI-MUC1-Yfp-2A-HpaI was inserted using XbaI and HpaI. The XbaI-SacI three genes—2×2A fragment was isolated and inserted into XbaI-SacI of pBI121, yielding pBI121-35Pro-PpSP-MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp-2A-Golwbpp-2A-T2-NosTerm. 
     C6.2 Single Construct Encoding MUC1-3.5TR-YFP and Polycistronic Cytosolic Epimerase and GalNAc T2 Interspaced by the 2A Sequence 
     pC1302D-35SPro-AaSP-MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp(H) 6 -35STerm; 35SPro-T2-2A-FWbp (SEQ ID NO 17, SEQ ID NO 5, SEQ ID NO 1). 
     Removal of Hema Aglutinin (HA) tag: The 35SPro-T2-Fwbpp-35Sterm was PCR-amplified using 35SPro-pC1300-HAT2-Fwbpp-35Sterm (C3.1) as template and the primers 5′-cacgtggaattcgccatggttatgcggcggcgctcgcggatgct-3′ (PT2anchorFor; SEQ ID NO 32) and 5′-agcgctaggcctgagctc tcatttcaaaaacatgatgtac-3 (PwbppRev; SEQ ID NO 76) where underscoring designates SacI, StuI, AfeI, SacI, bold designates 5′ T2 and 3′ wbpp sequences and stop codon bold and italicized. The PCR fragment was digested with StuI and AfeI, isolated and StuI-AfeI fragment of pC1302D-35Pro-MUC1-3.5TR-35STerm; 35Pro-T2-35STerm was replaced by the StuI-AfeI C-terminal part of T2. 
     Substituting AaSP-MUC1-3.5TR with AaSP-MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp(H) 6 : 35 SPro-AaSP-MUC1-3.5TR-35STerm of pC1302D-35SPro-AaSP-MUC1-3.5TR-35STerm; 35SSPro-T2-35STerm was replaced by 35Pro-AaSP-MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp(H) 6 -35STerm of pC2300-AaSP-MUC1 Yfp(H) 6  using HindIII site, yielding p1302D-35SPro-AaSP-MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp(H) 6 -35STerm; 35SProT2-2A-FWbp with both transcriptional units having the same orientation. 
     C7. Construct for Introduction of UDP-GalNAc-Transporter hUGT1 
     pC2300-UbiPro-hUGT1-c-myc-35STerm (SEQ ID NO 24) 
     Codon optimized (1. Organism:  N. benthamiana,  2. Organism:  Arabidopsis thaliana ) C-terminal c-myc tagged hUGT1 (P78381-2) is synthesized and cloned into pUC57 by MWG (Germany). The SacI-insert of pC2300-UbiPro-OsSP-MUC1-3.5TR-CGM-35STerm (C4.2) is replaced with SacI delineated fragment of hUGT1 of hUGT1-pUC57, yielding pC2300-UbiPro-hUGT1-c-myc-35STerm. 
     f) EXAMPLE E1-E7 
     Example E1 
     Subcellular Specific Expression of  P. aeruginosa  C4 Epimerase (WbpP) 
     E1.1 Expression of Cytoplasmic WbpP 
     pC2300-35SPro-Fwbpp-35Sterm (C1.1) 
     N-terminal Flag tagged soluble epimerase (FWbpP) is expressed with the expected size (39.7 kDa) in  Arabidopsis thaliana  transgenic for the construct pC2300-35SPro-Fwbpp-35Sterm (C1.1). 
       FIG. 1 . Western analysis of total proteinacious leaf derived extracts of wt and a transgenic  Arabidopsis thaliana  line expressing cytoplasmic N-terminally Flag-tagged WbpP (FWbpP) pC2300-35SPro-Fwbpp-35Sterm (C1.1). Primary mAb: anti Flag (DYKDDDD) M2 mAb (Sigma-Aldrich). Positive control: Flag-tagged Bovine Serum albumine Protein (BAP, Sigma-Aldrich). 
     E1.2 Expression of ER Targeted WbpP 
     pC2300-35SPro-AaSP-FwbppKDEL-35STerm (C1.2) 
     N-terminal Flag tagged soluble WbpP (FWbpP-KDEL) including aa N-terminal  Oryza sativa  alpha-amylase signal peptide (AaSP) and the C-terminal ER retention signal KDEL (FWbpP-KDEL) is expressed with the expected size (40.1 kDa) in  Arabidopsis thaliana  transgenic for the construct pC2300-35SPro-AaSP-FwbppKDEL-35Sterm (C1.2.). 
       FIG. 2 . Western analysis using anti Flag primary mAb on total protein leaf-extracts of wt and a transgenic  Arabidopsis thaliana  line ER targeted FWbpP-KDEL pC2300-35SPro-Fwbpp-35Sterm (C1.2). Primary mAb: anti Flag (DYKDDDD) M2 mAb (Sigma-Aldrich). Positive control: Flag-tagged Bovine Serum albumine Protein (BAP, Sigma-Aldrich). 
     E1.3 Expression of Golgi Targeted WbpP 
     pC2300-35SPro-FT2Golwbpp-35STerm (C1.3) 
     N-terminal Flag tagged Golgi targeted WbpP (FT2GolWbpP: Flag-tagged GalNAc-T2 cytoplasmic tail+TMD and stem region fused to WbpP) is expressed with the expected size (56.1 kDa) in  Arabidopsis thaliana  transgenic for the construct pC2300-35SPro-FT2Golwbpp-35STerm (C1.3). 
       FIG. 3 . Western analysis using anti Flag primary mAb on total proteinacious leaf-extracts of wt and a transgenic  Arabidopsis thaliana  line expressing Flag-tagged Golgi targeted WbpP (FT2GolWbpP: Flag-tagged GalNAc-T2 cytoplasmic tail, TMD and stem region fused to WbpP, pC2300-35SPro-FT2Golwbpp-35STerm (C1.3). Primary mAb: anti Flag (DYKDDDD) M2 mAb (Sigma-Aldrich). Positive control: Flag-tagged Bovine Serum albumine Protein (BAP, Sigma-Aldrich). 
     Example E2 
     Expression of Golgi Targeted GalNAc-Transferases 
     E2.1. Expression of Golgi Targeted GalNAc-T2 
     pC1302D-35SPro-T2-35STerm (C2.2) 
     GalNAc-T2 is stably expressed with the expected size (64.7 kDa) in  Arabidopsis thaliana  transgenic for the construct pC1302D-35SPro-T2-35STerm (C2.2) and GalNAc-T2 is associated with membranes (microsomal fraction) as demonstrated by Western blot analysis of total proteinacious leaf-extracts which was sub-fractionated in to a microsomal (total membrane) and soluble fraction. 
       FIG. 4 . Western analysis of total proteinacious leaf-extracts of wt and a transgenic  Arabidopsis thaliana  (A) and total proteinacious leaf-extracts of transient  N. bethamiana , which were sub-fractionated into a microsomal (total membrane) and soluble fraction (B) both expressing GalNAc-T2 (pC1302D-35SPro-T2-35STerm (C2.2)). Primary mAb 6B7 (anti GalNAc-T2), T.E. (Total proteinacious extracts), Sup. (Soluble fraction), Mic. (Microsomal fraction). Positive control: soluble part of GalNAc-T2 expressed in and purified from Baculo virus Sf9 cells (BvT2). 
     E2.2 Expression of Golgi Targeted GalNAc-T4 
     Example E3 
     Expression of Enzymes Conferring Mucin-Type O-glycosylation Capacity 
     E3.1 Expression of Cytoplasmic FWbpP and HA Tagged Golgi GalNAc-T2 from One Polycistronic Transcript 
     pC1302-35SPro-HAT2-2A-FWbpP-35STerm (C3.1) 
     Mucin-type O-glycosylation capacity has been implemented by the polycistronic construct pC1302-35SPro-HAT2-2A-Fwbpp-35STerm (C3.1) where (HA)GalNAc-T2 (Golgi targeted) and  P. aeruginosa  C4 epimerase (WbpP, cytosolic), interspaced by the self splicing 2A sequence (Cf Materials and Methods), are expressed as a single polyprotein which is co-translationally spliced into the respective two functional proteins, as e.g. evidenced by stable and transient expression of pC1302-35SPro-HAT2-2A-Fwbpp-35STerm (C3.1) in  A. thaliana , and  N. benthamiana , respectively. (HA)GalNAc-T2 has a Hemma Agglutinin (HA) tag fused to the N-terminus of GalNAcT2. 
       FIG. 5 . Western analysis of GalNAc-T2 and  P. aeruginosa  C4 epimerase (WbpP) expressed transiently in  N. benthamiana  from polycistronic construct pC1302-35SPro-HAT2-2A-FWbpP-35STerm (C3.1). Total protein extracts from  N. benthamiana  leaves, inoculated with (+) or without (−) pC1302-35SPro-HAT2-2A-FWbpP-35STerm (C3.1) construct, containing polycistronic sequence encoding Golgi targeted GalNAc-T2 transferase and cytosolic WbpP, were subjected to immunoblotting using the primary mAbs 6B7 (anti GalNAc T2, A) anti-Flag M2 mAb (FWbpP, B), respectively. Calculated approximate MWs of GalNAc-T2 and FWbpP are 66 and 39 kDa, respectively. Strong signals are detected at positions consistent with these masses in protein extracts from the inoculated plants, and absent in the control sample. Protein molecular mass marker is indicated (M), and presence or absence of pC1302-35SPro-HAT2-2A-FWbpP-35STerm (C3.1) in the inoculated  N. benthamiana  is indicated with (−) or (+). Approximately 30 μg total protein was loaded in each lane. 
     E3.2 Expression of Golgi GalNAc-T2 and Cytoplasmic WbpPF from One Polycistronic Transcript 
     pBI121-35SPro-wbppF-2A-T2-35STerm (C3.2) 
     Mucin-type O-glycosylation capacity has been implemented by the polycistronic construct pBI121-35SPro-wbppF-2A-T2-NosTerm (C3.2) where  P. aeruginosa  C4 epimerase (WbpP, cytosolic) and GalNAc-T2 (Golgi targeted), interspaced by the self splicing 2A sequence (Cf Materials and Methods) are expressed as a single polyprotein which is co-translationally spliced into the respective two functional proteins, as e.g. evidenced by transient expression of pBI121-35SPro-wbppF-2A-T2-NosTerm (C3.2) in  N. benthamiana , and stable expression both in  N. benthamiana  and BY-2 cells. pBI121-35SPro-wbppF-2A-T2-NosTerm (C3.2) and pC1302-35SPro-HAT2-2A-FWbpP-35STerm (C3.1) have reverse translational order of the functional Golgi targeted and cytosolic enzymes. 
       FIG. 6 . Western analysis of  P. aeruginosa  C4 epimerase (WbpP, cytosolic) and GalNAc-T2 (Golgi targeted) expressed transiently in  N. benthamiana  from polycistronic construct pBI121-35SPro-wbppF-2A-T2-35STerm (C3.2). Total protein extracts from  N. benthamiana  leaves, inoculated with (+) or without (−) the pBI121-35SPro-wbppF-2A-T2-NosTerm (C3.2) construct, containing polycistronic sequence encoding cytosolic WbpP and Golgi targeted GalNAc-T2, were subjected to Western analysis using the primary mAbs anti-Flag M2 (FWbpP, B) and 6B7 (GalNAc-T2, A), respectively. Calculated approximate MWs of GalNAc-T2 and FWbpP are 66 and 39 kDa, respectively. Strong signals are detected at positions consistent with these masses in protein extracts from the inoculated plants, and absent in the control sample. Protein molecular mass marker is indicated (M), and presence or absence of pBI121-35SPro-wbppF-2A-T2-NosTerm (C3.2) in the inoculated  N. benthamiana  is indicated with (−) or (+). Positive control: soluble part of GalNAc-T2 expressed in and purified from Baculo virus Sf9 cells (BvT2) and Flag-tagged Bovine Serum albumine Protein (BAP, Sigma-Aldrich). Approximately 30 μg total protein was loaded in each lane. 
     E3.3 Expression of Cytoplasmic FWbpP and Golgi GalNAc-T2 from One Polycistronic Transcript 
     p1302D-35SPro-T2-2A-Fwbpp-35STerm (C3.3) 
     Mucin-type O-glycosylation capacity has been implemented by the polycistronic construct p1302D-35SPro-T2-2A-Fwbpp-35STerm (C3.3) where Golgi targeted GalNAc-T2 and cytosolic  P. aeruginosa  C4 epimerase (WbpP) interspaced by the self splicing 2A sequence (Cf Materials and Methods), are expressed as a single polyprotein which is co-translationally spliced into the respective two functional proteins, as e.g. evidenced by transient expression in  N. benthamiana , and stable expression in BY-2 cells and  A. thaliana . The difference between pC1302-35SPro-HAT2-2A-FWbpP-35STerm (C3.1) and p1302D-35SPro-T2-2A-Fwbpp-35STerm (C3.3) is the presence of a Hemma Agglutinin (HA) tag in the N-terminus of GaNAc T2 ((HA)GaNAc T2) inpC1302-35SPro-HAT2-2A-FWbpP-35STerm (C3.1). 
       FIG. 7 . Western analysis of GalNAc-T2 and  P. aeruginosa  C4 epimerase (WbpP) expressed transiently in  N. benthamiana  from polycistronic construct p1302D-35SPro-T2-2A-Fwbpp-35STerm (C3.3). Total protein extracts from  N. benthamiana  leaves, inoculated with (+) or without (−) the p1302D-35SPro-T2-2A-Fwbpp-35STerm (C3.3) construct, containing polycistronic sequences encoding Golgi targeted GalNAc-T2 transferase and cytosolic WbpP, were subjected to Western analysis using the primary mAbs 6B7 (anti GalNAc T2, A) and anti-Flag M2 (FWbpP, B), respectively. Calculated approximate MWs of GalNAc-T2 and FWbpP are 66 and 39 kDa, respectively. Strong signals are detected at positions consistent with these masses in protein extracts from the inoculated plants, and absent in the control sample. Protein molecular mass marker is indicated (M), and presence or absence of p1302D-35SPro-T2-2A-Fwbpp-35STerm (C3.3) in the inoculated  N. benthamiana  is indicated with (−) or (+). Positive control: soluble part of GalNAc-T2 expressed in and purified from Baculo virus Sf9 cells (BvT2) and Flag-tagged Bovine Serum albumin Protein (BAP, Sigma-Aldrich). Approximately 30 μg total protein was loaded in each lane. 
     Example E4 
     Expression and Structure of Mucin-type O-Glycosylation Target Peptides in wt and O-Glycosylation Capacity Backgrounds 
     It should be noted that MUC1-3.5TR peptide tends to migrate as a dimer (i.e. ca 2× the predicted MW) on the SDS-PAGE gel system used here. This is also the case for the identical MUC1-3.5TR (positive control: EcMUC1-3.5TR) expressed in, and purified form,  E. coli  cells. 
     E4.1.1 Expression of MUC1-3.5TR 
     pC1302D-35SPro-AaSP-MUC1-3.5TR-35STerm (C4.1) 
     The 3.5 Tandem Repeat of the mucin MUC1 (MUC1-3.5TR) has been expressed with the somewhat predicted MW (10.2 kDa) (Cf. above) in stable transgenic  Arabidopsis thaliana  and  Lemna minor  and transiently in  N. benthamiana.    
       FIG. 8 . Western analysis of total proteinacious leaf-extracts of wt and  A. thaliana  (A),  Lemna minor  (B),  N. benthamiana  (C) expressing MUC1-3.5TR from pC1302D-35SPro-AaSP-MUC1-3.5TR-35STerm (C4.1) using primary mAb 5E10 (MUC1-3.5TR specific). Positive control: MUC1-3.5TR expressed and purified from  E. coli  (EcMUC1). Approximately 30 μg total protein was loaded in each lane. 
     E4.1.2 Structure of  E. coli  Derived MUC1-3.5TR 
     The 3.5 Tandem Repeat of the mucin MUC1 (MUC1-3.5TR) was expressed in  E. coli  with a mass (ESI-MS) identical to the predicted mass, i.e. without secondary post translations modifications (PTMs) thus allowing for  E. coli  derived MUC1-3.5TR (EcMUC1-3.5TR) to be used as experimental ‘zero’ reference. 
       FIG. 9 . MS analysis of Asp-N digest following C18 zip tip column clean up of MUC1-3.5TR purified from  E. coli . m/z with red star marker (Z=+3 charge peaks: m=629.65, m=639.99, and m=702.01) are the peptide-fragments identified from the MUC1-3.5TR amino acid sequence. 
     E4.1.3 Structure of  A. thaliana  Derived MUC1-3.5TR 
     pC1302D-35SPro-AaSP-MUC1-3.5TR-35STerm (C4.1) 
     pC1302D-35SPro-AaSP-MUC1-3.5TR-35STerm, 35SPro-T2-35STerm (C2.1) 
     MUC1-3.5TR of  E. coli  and stable transgenic  A. thaliana  line (5.10) is expressed as with identical masses (MALDI-TOF MS) and MUC1-3.5TR is thus expressed as native unmodified peptide, i.e. without secondary post translations modifications (PTMs), in the two  A. thaliana  transgenic lines. 
     The identical masses of  E. coli  and  A. thaliana  expressed MUC1-3.5TR strongly indicate that the plant derived MUC1-3.5TR is not modified by e.g. the endogenous plant prolyl-hydroxylation/O-glycosylation machinery in  A. thaliana.    
       FIG. 10 . MALDI-TOF MS analysis of A) a transgenic  A. thaliana  line co-expressing MUC1-3.5TR and GalNAc-T2 (pC1302D-35SPro-AaSP-MUC1-3.5TR-35STerm, 35SPro-T2-35STerm, C2.1), and B) a transgenic  A. thalinana  line only expressing MUC1-3.5TR from pC1302D-35SPro-AaSP-MUC1-3.5TR-35STerm (C4.1). MUC1-3.5TR was purified, Asp-N digested, following by C18 zip tip column clean up (Cf Materials and Methods). The MUC1-3.5TR Asp-N digested peptides m/z 1886.96=DTRPAPG STAPPAHGVT SAP, 1917.96=DTRPAPG STAPQAHGVT SAP, 2103.03=DTRPAPGSTAPPAHGVTSAPDT are identical for both the co- and the single expression(s). The residual minor peaks m/z=1955,91, 2153,12, 2301,16 and 2332,17 do not correspond to plant derived proline hydroxylations or glycosylations, and are considered minor non-relevant contaminants. 
     E4.2 Mucin-Type O-Glycosylation of MUC1-3.5TR with Fused C-Terminal Glycomodule 
     pC2300-UbiPro-OsSP-MUC1-3.5TR-CGM-35STerm (C4.2) 
     MUC1-3.5TR has been expressed as a single protein with a C-terminal glycomodule (CGM, (SP) 10 ), for direction of AGP type of plant derived glycosylation to the glycomodule ((SP) 10 ) with an somewhat apparent MW centered around 20-25 kDa, when transiently expressed in  N. benthamiana . The presence of the C-terminal GM ((SP) 10 ) resulted in an ca. 5 fold increase in the expression level as compared to constructs MUC1-3.5TR devoid of the GM. 
       FIG. 11 . Western analysis of total proteinacious leaf-extracts of wt (p19) and wt of  N. benthamiana  transiently expressing MUC1-3.5 TR-CGM from pC2300-UbiPro-OsSP-MUC1-3.5TR-CGM-35STerm (C4.2), i.e. MUC1-3.5TR with a C-terminal (SP) 10  glycomodule (MUC1-CGM) using primary mAb 5E10 (MUC1-3.5TR specific). Positive control (EcMUC1-3.5TR). Approximately 30 μg total protein was loaded in each lane. 
     E4.6 Mucin-Type O-Glycosylation of MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp Target Peptide 
     pC1302-35SPro-HAT2-2A-FWbpP-35STerm (C3.1) 
     pC2300u-35SPro-PpSP-MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp(H) 6 -35STerm (C4.6) 
     pBI121-35SPro-T4-NosTerm (C2.3) 
     E4.6.1 Mucin-Type O-Glycosylation of MUC1-3.5TR-YFP Target Peptide 
     Mucin-type O-glycosylation was accomplished by co-expression of construct for expression of the target MUC1-3.5TR from pC2300u-35SPro-PpSP-MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp(H) 6 -35STerm (C4.6) together with a construct expressing the O-glycosylation machinery (pC1302-35SPro-HAT2-2A-FWbpP-35STerm (C3.1)) as evidenced Western blot analysis using glycosylation sensitive mAb 5E5 (MUC1-3.5TR-GalNAc specific (Tn)) and  Vicia villosa  lectin (VVA) blot and mAb 5E10 (MUC1-3.5TR specific). Introduction of heterologous expressed ER-Golgi localized UDP-GalNAc transporter is thus not strictly needed. 
       FIG. 12 . Mucin-type O-glycosylation of MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp from pC2300u-35SPro-PpSP-MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp(H) 6 -35STerm (C4.6) expressed in  N. benthamiana  leaves inoculated with (+) or without (−) polycistronic construct pC1302-35SPro-HAT2-2A-FWbpP-35STerm (C3.1), expressing (HA)GalNAc-T2 transferase and  P. aeruginosa  C4 epimerase (FWbpP) as evidenced by A) MUC1-3.5TR specific (mAb 5E10) and B) MUC1-3.5TR-GalNAc (Tn) specific (mAb 5E5) Western blot and C)  Vicia villosa  (VVA) lectin blot analysis. M, protein molecular mass marker; p19, protein extracts from  N. benthamiana  inoculated only with p19 anti-silencing construct. Signal was detected at approximately 40 kDa, which is close to the predicted molecular mass of MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp. The appearance of a double band may indicate partial processing of the 20 aa signal peptide located on MUC1-3.5TR-YFP. The absence of a signal in this sample on both the 5E5 mAb probed immunoblot and the VVA lectin-blot indicated that the MUC1-3.5TR component of MUC1-3.5TR-YFP was not modified by GalNAc sugars. When the MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp was co-expressed with pC1302-35SPro-HAT2-2A-FWbpP-35STerm (C3.1), a signal of ca. 42 kDa was also detected by 5E5 (MUC1-3.5TR-GalNAc specific) mAb and VVA lectin. This strongly indicated that the MUC1 moiety of the MUC1-3.5TR-YFP was modified with GalNAc sugars in these samples. In each case, the signal from plants co-inoculated with pC1302-35SPro-HAT2-2A-FWbpP-35STerm (C3.1) had an apparent molecular mass of about 1-2 kDa greater than that detected in samples expressing only MUC1-3.5TR-YFP. This is consistent with a mass increase resulting from the modification of MUC1 with GalNAc sugar residues. Approximately 30 μg total protein was loaded in each lane. 
     E4.6.2 Transient Expression of MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp in the Moss  Physcomitrella patens    
     pC2300u-35SPro-PpSP-MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp(H) 6 -35STerm (C4.6) 
     Transient expression of MUC1-3.5TR-YFP in the moss  Physcomitrella patens  was achieved as evidenced from fluorescence microscopy, i.e. florescence derived from YFP (carrier) of target MUC1-3.5TR-YFP in protoplasts of  P. patens  transiently transformed with pC2300u-35SPro-PpSP-MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp(H) 6 -35STerm (C4.6). 
       FIG. 13 . Red fluorescence represents chlorophyll autofluorescence (A), Green fluorescence derived for a single protoplast cell expressing MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp, B) (Except for the wavelengths, A and B is the same picture). Formation of protoplasts was essentially done as described in ‘Preparation of BY-2 protoplasts’ in the ‘Material and Methods’ section. 
     E4.6.3 Structure of MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp Expressed in WT and O-Glycosylation Capacity Background 
     pC1302-35SPro-HAT2-2A-FWbpP-35STerm (C3.1) 
     pC2300u-35SPro-PpSP-MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp(H) 6 -35STerm (C4.6) 
     pBI121-35SPro-T4-NosTerm (C2.3) 
     Structural data (ESI and MALDI-TOF MS) demonstrating O-glycosylation of MUC1-3.5TR, i.e. mucin-type O-glycosylation was accomplished by co-expression of target MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp from pC2300u-35SPro-PpSP-MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp(H) 6 -35STerm (C4.6) and the O-glycosylation machinery (pC1302-35SPro-HAT2-2A-FWbpP-35STerm (C3.1)), thus cooperating the data presented in e.g. E4.6.1. GalNAc-T2 mediated glycosylation yielded 1-, 2- and 3 GalNAc sugars attached per MUC1-1TR (full GalNAc-T2 mediated occupancy), which seemingly could be increased to 4 GalNAcs per MUC1-1TR when GalNAc-T4 (pBI121-35SPro-T4-NosTerm (C2.3)) was ectopically expressed. 
       FIG. 14 . Structural determination of mucin-type O-glycosylation of MUC1 derived peptides as part of a MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp from pC2300u-35SPro-PpSP-MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp(H) 6 -35STerm (C4.6) transiently expressed together with GalNAc-T2 transferase and WbpP (pC1302-35SPro-HAT2-2A-FWbpP-35STerm (C3.1), upper panel), and ectopically expressed with GalNAc-T4 transferase (pC1302-35SPro-HAT2-2A-FWbpP-35STerm (C3.1)+pBI121-35SPro-T4-NosTerm (C2.3), lower panel), in leaves of  N. benthamiana . MS data was obtained by ESI-MS and MALDI-TOF MS for the combinations: pC1302-35SPro-HAT2-2A-FWbpP-35STerm (C3.1)+pC2300u-35SPro-PpSP-MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp(H) 6 -35STerm (C4.6) and pC1302-35SPro-HAT2-2A-FWbpP-35STerm (C3.1)+pBI121-35SPro-T4-NosTerm (C2.3)+pC2300u-35SPro-PpSP-MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp(H) 6 -35STerm (C4.6), respectively. 
     E4.6.4 Single and Combined Constructs Encoding Golgi Targeted Epimerase and GalNAc-T2 Conferring Mucin-Type O-Glycosylation 
     pBI121-35Pro-PpSP-MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp(H) 6 -2A-FGolwbpp-2A-T2-NosTerm (C6.1) 
     pBI121-35SPro-GolwbppF-2A-T2-NosTerm (C3.5) 
     pC2300u-35SPro-PpSP-MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp(H) 6 -35STerm (C4.6) 
     Mucin-type O-glysosylation was accomplished using one single construct pBI121-35Pro-PpSP-MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp-2A-Golwbpp-2A-T2-NosTerm (C6.1), which mediated expression of the target MUC1-3.5TR-YFP and the O-glycosylation machinery (Golgi targeted epimerase (FGolWbpP) and GalNAc-T2) as one single polyprotein, with two times 2A auto splicing sequence interspacing the three proteins, driven by a single promoter transiently in leaves of  N. benthamiana  and in stably transformed tobacco BY-2 cells as evidenced by glycosylation insensitive (mAb 5E10) and glycosylation sensitive (mAb 5E5) MUC1-3.5TR specific Western blot analysis of the target MUC1-3.5TR. 
     Mucin-type O-glysosylation was additionally accomplished using the construct pBI121-35SPro-T2GolWbpPF-2A-T2-NosTerm (C3.5), identical to pBI121-35Pro-PpSP-MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp-2A-Golwbpp-2A-T2-NosTerm (C6.1) but with the target MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp-cassette excised, in combination with pC2300u-35SPro-PpSP-MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp(H) 6 -35STerm (C4.6) as evidenced by glycosylation insensitive (mAb 5E10) and glycosylation sensitive (mAb 5E5) MUC1-3.5TR specific Western blot analysis of target MUC1-3.5TR. 
       FIG. 15 . A. Mucin-type O-glysosylation in leaves of  N. benthamiana  obtained from a single polyprotein synthesizing construct pBI121-35Pro-PpSP-MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp(H) 6 -2A-FGolwbpp-2A-T2-NosTerm (C6.1) consisting of the target protein MUC1-3.5TR-YFP follow by Golgi targeted epimerase FGolWbpP and GalNAc-T2, with the three proteins interspaced by two 2A auto-splicing sequences, as evidenced from glycosylation insensitive (mAb 5E10, upper panel) and glycosylation sensitive (mAb 5E5, lower panel) MUC1-3.5TR specific Western blot analysis of the target MUC1-3.5TR in crude proteinacious leaf extracts. The pBI121-35Pro-PpSP-MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp-2A-Golwbpp-2A-T2-NosTerm (C6.1) derived construct pBI121-35Pro-GolwbppF-2A-T2-NosTerm (C3.5), where the target MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp-cassette has been excised, showed the same functionality when transiently co-expressed with pC2300u-35SPro-PpSP-MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp(H) 6 -35STerm (C4.6) for expression of MUC1-3.5TR-YFP) in leaves of  N. benthamiana . B, ESI-MS data demonstrating addition 1- and 2 GalNAc sugars onto the target MUC1-3.5TR-YFP protein, when transiently co-expressed in leaves of  N. benthamiana  with O-glycosylation machinery pBI121-35Pro-GolwbppF-2A-T2-NosTerm (C3.5), encoding Golgi targeted epimerase and GalNAc-T2 transferase. p19, protein extracts from  N. benthamiana  inoculated only with P19 anti-silencing construct, Positive control: Glycosylated MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp transiently expressed in- and purified from  N. benthamiana  plants (Tobacco MUC1-YFP Tn Control). Approximately 30 μg total protein was loaded in each lane. 
     E4.6.5 Stable  Arabidopsis  Line Expressing a Single Construct Conferring Mucin-Type O-Glycosylation. 
     pC1302D-35SPro-AaSPMUC1-3.5TR-Yfp(H) 6 -35STerm; 35SPro-T2-2A-Fwbpp (C6.2) 
     Mucin-type O-glysosylation was accomplished using one single construct expressing the target MUC1-3.5TR-YFP and the O-glycosylation machinery (Golgi targeted GalNAc-T2 and cytosolic C4-epimerase (FWbpP) interspaced by the 2A auto splicing sequence) from two separate promoters (pC1302D-35SPro-AaSP-MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp(H) 6 -35STerm; 35SPro-T2-2A-FWbp (C6.2)) as demonstrated by glycosylation insensitive (mAb 5E10) and glycosylation sensitive (mAb 5E5) MUC1-3.5TR specific Western blot and structural (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis of the target MUC1-3.5TR. 
       FIG. 16 . Mucin-type O-glysosylation in stably transformed  Arabidopsis thaliana  line 2A9.3 obtained from transformation of a single construct pC1302D-35SPro-AaSPMUC1-3.5TR-Yfp(H) 6 -35STerm; 35SPro-T2-2A-Fwbpp (C6.2) containing the target protein MUC1-3.5TR-YFP and the O-glycosylation machinery, Golgi targeted GalNAc-T2 followed by the cytosolic epimerase (FWbpP) interspaced by the 2A auto splicing sequence, driven by two separate 35S promotors. O-glycosylation of target MUC1-3.5TR-YFP was accomplished as evidenced by glycosylation insensitive (mAb 5E10) and glycosylation sensitive (mAb 5E5) MUC1-3.5TR specific Western blot and  Vicia villosa  (VVA) lectin blot analysis of the target MUC1-3.5TR in crude proteinacious extracts and MALDI-TOF analysis of purified and Asp-N digested MUC1-3.5TR-YFP (Cf Material and Methods section). MUC1-1TR with 1, -2 and 3-GalNAc sugars were identified, when expressed stably in  A. thaliana . A) VVA lectin mediated purification (Cf Material and Methods section) of MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp as evidenced by: coomassie stained SDS-PAGE (upper panel) and Western analysis using mAb 5E10 (middle panel) and mAb 5E5 (lower panel). HIC (Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography, eluate of Phenyl sepharose CL-4B column), FT (Flow through), W1-2 (Wash), E1-4 (Elution from VVA—lectin agarose). 10 μl was loaded in each lane. B. MALDI-TOF of E2. E2 was and subjected to Asp-N digestion, C18 clean up and then finally to MALDI-TOF analysis as described in the Material and Methods section. MUC1-1TR substituted by 1-(2091.1), 2-(2293.88) and 3 GalNAc (2496.76) sugars are indicated with red circles. Approximately 30 μg total protein was loaded in each lane. 
     E4.7 Mucin-Type O-Glycosylation of Yfp-MUC1-3.5TR Target Peptides 
     p2300D-UbiPro-chiSP-YfpMUC1-3.5TR-TrT7(H) 6 -35STerm (C4.7) 
     Exchange of the translational order or the carrier (YFP) and target peptide (MUC1-3.5TR), i.e. MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp (e.g. pC23000-35SPro-PpSP-MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp(H) 6 -35STerm (C4.6) vs Yfp-MUC1-3.5TR, appeared not to affect the expression level, glycosylation state or stability of the two fusion proteins. 
       FIG. 17 . Western analysis using glycosylation sensitive MUC1-3.5TR specific mAb 5E5 on total proteinacious extracts of wt and BY-2 cells expressing Yfp-MUC1-3.5TR from p2300D-UbiPro-chiSP-YfpMUC1-3.5TR-35STerm (C4.7). Positive control: MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp transiently expressed in- and purified from  N. benthamiana  plants. Approximately 30 μg total protein was loaded in each lane. 
     E4.8 Mucin-Type O-Glycosylation of Embedded G-MUC1-2TR-fp Target Peptide 
     pC2300-UbiPro-OsSP-Gf-((H) 8 Muc1-2TR-c-myc)fP-35STerm (C4.9) 
     pC1302D-35SPro-FWbpP-35STerm; 35SPro-T2-35STerm (C3.4) 
     Mucin target was embedded within a carrier protein (here GFP) while retaining its substrate specificity for the O-glycosylation machinery. Mucin-type O-glycosylation of MUC1-2TR embedded in GFP (G-(H) 8 MUC1-1TR-c-myc-FP from pC2300-UbiPro-OsSP-GF-(H) 8 MUC1-2TR-c-myc)FP-35STerm (C4.9) expressed in O-glycosylation capacity background (pC1302D-35SPro-FWbpP-35STerm; 35SPro-T2-35STerm (C3.4), in the stable double transgenic tobacco suspension BY-2 cell line 62.70.5 was accomplished as evidenced by glycosylation state independent (mAb 5E10) and dependent (mAb 5E5) MUC1-3.5TR specific Western analysis of crude proteinacious extracts and MALDI-TOF analysis of purified and Asp-N digested G-(H) 8 MUC1-1TR-c-myc-FP (Cf Material and Methods section). 
       FIG. 18 . Mucin-type O-glycosylation of GF-(H) 8 MUC1-1TR-c-myc-FP from pC2300-UbiPro-OsSP-GF-((H) 8 MUC1-2TR-c-myc)FP-35STerm (C4.9) in tobacco suspension BY-2 cell line 62.70.5 designates wt BY-2 transformed firstly with the target pC2300-UbiPro-OsSP-GF-((H) 8 MUC1-2TR-c-myc)FP-35STerm (C4.9), secondly with O-glycosylation machinery pC1302D-35SPro-FWbpP-35STerm; 35SPro-T2-35STerm (C3.4). His-tag purification of His-tagged embedded MUC1-2TR in GFP (GF-(H) 8 MUC1-2TR-c-myc-FP) is described in the Material and Methods section. TE (Total Extract), FT (Flow through), E1-3 (Elution from Ni-NTA-column). 10 μl was loaded in each lane. A) Comassie stained SDS-PAGE (upper panel) and Western analysis using mAb 5E10 (middle panel) and mAb 5E5 (lower panel). B. MALDI-TOF analysis of E2. E2 was and subjected to Asp-N digestion, C18 clean up and then finally to MALDI-TOF analysis as described in the Material and Methods section. Naked MUC1-1TR is 1886.2. MUC1-1TR substituted by 1-(2090.1) and 2 GalNAc (2293.54) sugars are indicated with red circles. 
     E4.9 Expression and Mucin-Type O-Glycosylation of MUC16 Target Peptide 
     pC2300-UbiPro-OsSP-Muc16-1.2TR-T7-(H) 6 -35STerm (C4.10) 
     pC1302-35SPro-HAT2-2A-FWbpP-35STerm (C3.1) 
     1.2Tandem repeat (1.2TR) of target Mucin 16 was stably expressed in BY-2 suspension cells and transiently in leaves of  N. benthamiana , where co-expression with the O-glycosylation machinery (pC1302-35SPro-HAT2-2A-FWbpP-35STerm (C3.1)) conferred O-glycosylation as evidenced by O-glycosylation specific Western/blot and lectin blot analysis. 
       FIG. 19 . A. Western blots (mAbs M11 (MUC16 specific) and T7) and VVA lectin blot of transient co-expression of MUC16 1.2TR from pC2300-UbiPro-OsSP-Muc16-1.2TR-T7-(H) 6 -35STerm (C4.10)) with O-glycosylation machinery (pC1302-35SPro-HAT2-2A-FWbpP-35STerm (C3.1)) in leaves of  N. benthamiana . B. Stable tobacco BY-2 cell lines (63.16) expressing MUC16-1.2TR from pC2300-UbiPro-OsSP-Muc16-1.2TR-T7-(H) 6 -35STerm (C4.10) 
     E4.10 Expression and O-Glycosylation of Human Interferon α2B 
     p2300D-UbiPro-NtSP2-INF-α2B-CGM-35STerm (C4.8) 
     Mucin-type O-glycosylation of human INF-α2B has been accomplished by expression of target peptide NtSP2INF-α2B-CGM (INF-α2B with an N-terminal fused signal peptide for direction into the secretory pathway and a C-terminal situated glycol module (CGM) for direction of AGP type of plant derived glycosylation to the glycomodule ((SP) 10 ) co-expressed with the construct conferring O-glycosylation capacity (pC1302-35SPro-HAT2-2A-FWbpP-35STerm (C3.1)) transiently in leaves of  N. benthamiana  as evidenced by VVA Lectin blot analysis. An apparent shift in MW from 28 kDa to 30 kDa was observed when expressed in the O-glycosylation capacity background. Also, it should be noted that INF-α2B contain only a single mucin-type O-glycosylation site (Thr, T) in GVGVTETPLM sequence from INF-α2B protein. 
       FIG. 20 . Western analysis using prim T7 mAb on total proteinacious leaf extracts of  N. benthamiana  wt (p19) and wt transiently expressing human interferon INF-α2B-CGM (p2300D-UbiPro-NtSP2INF-α2B-CGM-35STerm (C4.8)) with and without the O-glycosylation machinery (pC1302-35SPro-HAT2-2A-FWbpP-35STerm (C3.1)). Positive control: T7 tagged positive protein (Novagen USA). Approximately 30 μg total protein was loaded in each lane. 
     E4.11 Expression of Human Podoplanin (hPOD) 
     p2300D-UbiPro-OsSP-NGM-hPod-35STerm (C4.5) 
     Human podoplanin (hPOD) was transiently expressed in leaves of  N. benthamiana  with an apparent MW (24.9 kDa) corresponding to the predicted MW of hPOD. 
       FIG. 21 . Western analysis using primary T7 mAb on  N. benthamiana  total proteinacious leaf extracts of wt (p19) and wt transiently expressing human podoplanin NGM-hPod (p2300D-UbiPro-OsSP-NGM-hPod-35STerm (C4.5)) with an N-terminal situated glycol module (NGM) for direction of AGP type of plant derived glycosylation to the glycomodule ((SP) 10 ). Positive control: T7 tagged positive protein (Novagen USA). Approximately 30 μg total protein was loaded in each lane. 
     Example E5 
     Co-Expression of MUC1-3.5TR &amp; GalNAc-T2 
     E5.1 Expression of MUC1-3.5TR &amp; GalNAc-T2 and Localization of GalNAc-T2 in Stably Transformed Tobacco BY 2 Cells 
     pC1302D-35SPro-AaSP-MUC1-3.5TR-35STerm, 35SPro-T2-35STerm (C2.1) 
     Stably transformed and expressed GalNAc-T2 is targeted to sub-cellular structures compatible to the Golgi apparatus and thus expected to localize correctly in Golgi membranes of Tobacco suspension BY-2 cells. 
       FIG. 22 . A BY-2 cell line 5.8, transformed with a construct expressing MUC1-3.5TR and GalNAc-T2 (MUC1+T2) from two transcripts (pC1302D-35SPro-AaSP-MUC1-3.5TR-35STerm, 35SPro-T2-35STerm (C2.1)) were shown to express GalNAc-T2 in cellular structures compatible to the Golgi apparatus. Immunostaining of GalNAc-T2 (green) using prim mAb 4C4 in protoplasts of the BY-2 line 5.8 and wild type (WT) BY-2 (control). After immunostaining nuclei were visualised using PI stain (orange). 
     E5.2 Co-Expression of MUC1-3.5TR and GalNAc-T2 in Stably Transformed  Arabidopsis thaliana    
     pC1302D-35SPro-AaSP-MUC1-3.5TR-35STerm, 35SPro-T2-35STerm (C2.1) 
     Stable co-expression with following structural analysis of MUC1-3.5TR (directed to the secretory pathway by means of the N-terminal fused AaSP signal peptide) and Golgi targeted GalNAc-T2, showed that MUC1-3.5TR is expressed without the presence of plant derived PTMs strongly indicating that plant derived MUC1-3.5TR is not modified by e.g. the endogenous plant prolyl-hydroxylation/O-glycosylation machinery in  A. thaliana  (For ESI-MS data see E4.1.3. Expression of MUC1-3.5TR). 
       FIG. 23 . Western analysis using 5E10 mAb on approximately 30 μg total protein extracts of wt and  Arabidopsis  expressing MUC1-3.5 TR together with GalNAc-T2 transferase (MUC1+T2) (pC1302D-35SPro-AaSP-MUC1-3.5TR-35STerm, 35SPro-T2-35STerm (C2.1)). Positive control: MUC1-3.5 TR expressed in- and purified from  E. coli  (EcMUC1). 
     Example E6 
     Introduction of UDP-GalNAc-Transporter 
     E6 Introduction of UDP-GalNAc-Transporter hUGT1 
     pC2300-UbiPro-hUGT1-c-myc-35STerm (C7) 
       Homo sapiens  hUGT1 (P78381-2) is ectopically expressed in O-glycosylation capacity backgrounds (pC1302-35SPro-HAT2-2A-FWbpP-35STerm (C3.1), pBI121-35SPro-wbppF-2A-T2-NosTerm (C3.2), pC1302D-35SPro-AaSP-MUC1-3.5TR-Yfp(H) 6 -35STerm; 35SPro-T2-2A-FWbp (C6.2), pC1302D-35SPro-FWbpP-35STerm; 35SPro-T2-35STerm (C3.4)). The transporter med be expressed transiently along with other components of the glycosylation machinery or it may be stably expressed in the host cell whether this is used for stable or transient production of the target. 
     Enhanced GalNAc&#39;ylation of the target is demonstrated using MS and MSMS, see materials and methods. Increase of flux through the secretory pathway is demonstrated by semi-quantitative Western blotting and quantization of recovered glycoprotein from the plant or medium in case of in vitro production. 
     g) TABLES 
     Cross Referencing Expressed Enzymes and Hosts 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Enzyme X is active in hosts Y 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Host 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   N. ben - 
                 BY-2 
                 
                   A. 
                 
                 
                   L. 
                 
               
               
                 Enzyme 
                 
                   thamiana 
                 
                 cells 
                 
                   thaliana 
                 
                 
                   minor 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Epimerase 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Cytoplasmic WbpP (SEQ ID NO 1) 
                 E 
                   
                 E 
                 nd 
               
               
                 ER WbpP (SEQ ID NO 2) 
                 E 
                   
                   
                 nd 
               
               
                 Golgi WbpP (SEQ ID NO 3) 
                 E 
                 nd 
                 E 
                 nd 
               
               
                 Cytoplasmic WbpP (SEQ ID NO 8) 
                 A 
                 A 
                 nd 
                 nd 
               
               
                 Cytoplasmic WbpP (SEQ ID NO 9) 
                 A 
                 A 
                 nd 
                 nd 
               
               
                 Cytoplasmic WbpP (SEQ ID NO 23) 
                 A 
                 A 
                 A 
                 nd 
               
               
                 Cytoplasmic WbpP (SEQ ID NO 10) 
                 A 
                 A 
                 nd 
                 nd 
               
               
                 Golgi WbpP (SEQ ID NO 11) 
                 A 
                 A 
                 nd 
                 nd 
               
               
                 Golgi WbpP (SEQ ID NO 22) 
                 A 
                 A 
                 nd 
                 nd 
               
               
                 Polypeptide GalNAc-Transferases 
               
               
                 Golgi GalNAc-T2 (SEQ ID NO 4) 
                 E 
                 E 
                 E 
                 E 
               
               
                 Golgi GalNAc-T2 (SEQ ID NO 7) 
                 A 
                   
                   
                 nd 
               
               
                 Golgi GalNAc-T2 (SEQ ID NO 8) 
                 A 
                 E 
                   
                 nd 
               
               
                 Golgi GalNAc-T2 (SEQ ID NO 9) 
                 A 
                 A 
                 nd 
                 nd 
               
               
                 Golgi GalNAc-T2 (SEQ ID NO 23) 
                 A 
                 A 
                 A 
                 nd 
               
               
                 Golgi GalNAc-T2 (SEQ ID NO 5) 
                 nd 
                 nd 
                 nd 
                 nd 
               
               
                 Golgi GalNAc-T2 (SEQ ID NO 10) 
                 A 
                 A 
                 nd 
                 nd 
               
               
                 Golgi GalNAc-T2 (SEQ ID NO 11) 
                 A 
                 A 
                 nd 
                 nd 
               
               
                 Golgi GalNAc-T2 (SEQ ID NO 22) 
                 A 
                 A 
                 nd 
                 nd 
               
               
                 Golgi GalNAc-T4 (SEQ ID NO 6) 
                 A 
                 nd 
                 nd 
                 nd 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 E = Expression/Presence of enzyme as demonstrated by Western analysis or immunostaining. A = Activity demonstrated, nd = not determined; 4 × nd = construct made but not tested 
               
               
                 Expression and activity determinations:  N. benthamiana  was used for transient  Agrobacterium  mediated expression, while the three other species were stably transformed plants or cell lines. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     h) 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Expressed and/or demonstrated O-glycosylation of target peptides for secretion 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Host 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   N . 
                 BY-2 
                   A . 
                   L . 
                   P . 
               
               
                 Target peptides 
                 
                   benthamiana 
                 
                 cells 
                 
                   thaliana 
                 
                 
                   minor 
                 
                 
                   patens 
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MUC1-3.5TR (SEQ ID NO 12) 
                 G 
                   
                 E 
                 E 
                   
               
               
                 MUC1-3.5TR-CGM (SEQ ID NO 13) 
                 G 
                   
                   
                 nd 
                   
               
               
                 MUC1-3.5TR-NGM (SEQ ID NO 14) 
                 G 
                   
                   
                 nd 
                   
               
               
                 MUC1-3.5TR (SEQ ID NO 15) 
                 G 
                   
                   
                 nd 
                   
               
               
                 NGM-hPod (SEQ ID NO 16) 
                 E 
                 E 
                 nd 
                 nd 
                   
               
               
                 MUC1-3.5TR-YFP(H) 6 (SEQ ID NO 17) 
                 G 
                 G 
                 G 
                 nd 
                 E 
               
               
                 Yfp-MUC1-3.5TR (SEQ ID NO 18) 
                 E 
                 E 
                 nd 
                 nd 
                   
               
               
                 INF-α2B-CGM (SEQ ID NO 19) 
                 G 
                 E 
                 E 
                 nd 
                   
               
               
                 MUC1-3.5TR (SEQ ID NO 4) 
                 E 
                   
                 E 
                 E 
                   
               
               
                 Embed G-MUC1-FP(SEQ ID NO 20) 
                 G 
                 G 
                 E 
                 nd 
                   
               
               
                 MUC16 1.2TR (SEQ ID NO 21) 
                 G 
                 E 
                 E 
                 nd 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 G = O-glycosylation demonstrated 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     REFERENCES 
     
         
         Amano K, Chiba Y, Kasahara Y, Kato Y, Kaneko M K, Kuno A, Ito H, Kobayashi K, Hirabayashi J, Jigami Y, Narimatsu H (2008) Engineering of mucin-type human glycoproteins in yeast cells.  Proc Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A.  105: 3232-3237. 
         Bennett E P, Hassan H, Clausen H (1996) cDNA Cloning and Expression of a Novel Human UDP-N-acetyl-a-D-galactosamine polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase, GalNAc-T3 . J Biol Chem  271(29):17006-12. 
         Bennett E P, Hassan H, Mandel U, Mirgorodskaya E, Roepstorff P, Burchell J, Taylor-Papadimitriou J, Hollingsworth M A, Merkx G, van Kessel A G, Eiberg H, Steffensen R, Clausen H (1998)  J Biol. Chem.  273, 30472-30481 
         Belanger M, Burrows L L, Lam J S (1999) Functional analysis of genes responsible for the synthesis of the B-band O antigen of  Pseudomonas aeruginosa  serotype O6 Lipopolysaccharide.  Microbiol.  145:3505-3521 
         Creuzenet C, Belanger M, Wakarchuk W W, Lam J S (2000) Expression, Purification, and Biochemical Characterization of WbpP, a New UDP-GlcNAc C4 Epimerase from  Pseudomonas aeruginosa  Serotype O6 . J Biol Chem,  275:19060-19067 
         Chen Y T, Holcomb C, Moore H P (1993) Expression and localization of two low molecular weight GTP-binding proteins, Rab8 and Rab10, by epitope tag.  Proc Nat. Acad Sc. U.S.A.  90:6508-6512 
         Demendi M N, Ishiyama J S, Lam A M, Berghuis, Creuzenet C (2005) Towards a better understanding of the substrate specificity of the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine C4 epimerase WbpP.  Biocheml J.  389:173-180. 
         Egelund J, Obel N, Ulvskov P, Geshi N, Pauly M, Bacic A, Petersen B L (2007) Molecular characterization of two  Arabidopsis thaliana  glycosyltransferase mutants, rra-1 and -2, which have a reduced content of arabinose in a polymer tightly associated with the cellulose residue.  Plant Mol Biol  64:439-451 
         El Amrani A, Barakate A, Askari B M, Li X, Roberts A G, Ryan M D, Halpin C (2004) Coordinate expression and independent subcellular targeting of multiple proteins from a single transgene.  Plant Physiol.  135:16-24 
         Gerken T A, Raman J, Fritz T A, Jamison O (2006) Identification of Common and Unique Peptide Substrate Preferences for the UDP-GalNAc: Polypeptide-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases T1 and T2 Derived from Oriented Random Peptide Substrates.  J Biol Chem  281:32403-32416S 
         Genschik P, Marbach J, Uze M, Feuerman M, Plesse, B and Fleck J (1994) Structure and promoter activity of a stress and developmentally regulated polyubiquitin-encoding gene of  Nicotiana tabacum. Gene  148: 195-202 
         Gomord V, Faye L (2004) Posttranslational modification of therapeutic proteins in plants.  Current Opinion in Plant Biology  7:171-181 
         Hattrup C L, Gendler S J (2008) Structure and function of the cell surface (tethered) mucins.  Annual Review of Physiology.  70:431-457. 
         Hieta R, Myllyharju J (2002): Cloning and characterization of a low molecular weight prolyl 4-hydroxylase from  Arabidopsis thaliana. Journal of Biological Chemistry . Vol. 277, no. 26, pp. 23965-23971 
         Hassan H, Bennett E P, Mandel U, Hollingsworth M A, and Clausen H (2000) Control of Mucin-Type O-Glycosylation: O-Glycan Occupancy is Directed by Substrate Specificities of Polypeptide GalNAc-Transferases. Wiley-VCH chapter “Saccharides in Chemistry and Biology—a Comprehension Handbook” (B. Ernst, G. Hart, and P. Sinay, eds.) Wiley-VCH Publishers, Weinheim, N.Y., Cambridge, pp. 273-292 
         Horsch R B, Fry J E, Hoffmann N L, Eichholtz D, Rogers S G, Fraley R T (1985) A simple and general method for transferring genes into plants.  Science  227:1229-1231 
         Jamet E C, Albenne G, Boudart M, Irshad H, Canut, Pont-Lezica R (2008): Recent advances in plant cell wall proteomics.  Proteomics.  8: 893-908 
         Karnoup A S, Turkelson V, Anderson W H K (2005): O-linked glycosylation in maize expressed human IgA1 . Glycobiol  15: 965-981 
         Kato K, Jeanneau C, Tarp M A, Benet-Pages A, Lorenz-Depiereux B, Bennett E P, Mandel U, Strom T M, Clausen H (2006) Polypeptide GalNAc-transferase T3 and familial tumoral calcinosis. Secretion of fibroblast growth factor 23 requires O-glycosylation. J Biol Chem 281:18370-7 
         Kauppinen S, Christgau S, Kofod L V, Halkier T, Dorreich K and Dalboge H (1995) Molecular cloning and characterization of a rhamnogalacturonan acetylesterase from  Aspergillus aculeatus . Synergism between rhamnogalacturonan degrading enzymes. J Biol Chem 270: 27172-27178 
         Kobayashi T, Morone N, Kashiyama T, Oyamada H, Kurebayashi N, Murayama T. (2008) Engineering a novel multifunctional green fluorescent protein tag for a wide variety of protein research.  Plos ONE  3(12):e3822. 
         Lee J H, Kim N S, Kwon T H, Jong Y S, Yang M S (2002) Increased production of human granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) by the addition of stabilizing polymer in plant suspension cultures.  J Biotechnol  96:205-211 
         Mandel U, Hassan H, Therkildsen M H, Rygaard J, Jakobsen M H, Juhl B R, Dabelsteen E, Clausen H (1999) Expression of polypeptide GalNAc-transferases in stratified epithelia and squamous cell carcinomas: immunohistological evaluation using monoclonal antibodies to three members of the GalNAc-transferase family.  Glycobiol  9:43-52 
         Mayo K J, Gonzales B J, Mason H S (2006) Genetic transformation of tobacco NT1 cells with  Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Nature Protocols  1:1105-1111 
         Nour-Eldin H H, Hansen B G, Norholm M H H, Jensen J K, Halkier B A (2006): Advancing uracil-excision based cloning towards an ideal technique for cloning PCR fragments.  Nucleic Acids Research. Vol.  34, no. 18 
         Odell J T, Nagy F, Chua N H (1985) Identification of DNA sequences required for activity of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter.  Nature  313:810-812 
         Qisen Z, Hrmova M, Shirley N J, Lahnstein J, Fincher G B (2006) Gene expression patterns and catalytic properties of UDP-D-glucose 4-epimerases from barley ( Hordeum vulgare  L.).  Biochem J  (2006) 394: 115-124 
         Petersen B L, Damager I, Faber K, Jensen J K, Egelund J, Yang Z, Bennett, P E, Scheller H V, Ulvskov P (2009) Assay and heterologous expression in  Pichia pastoris  of plant cell wall type-II membrane anchored glycosyltransferases.  Clycocon J  26: 1235-1246 
         Rottger S, White J, Wandall H H, Olivo J C, Stark A, Bennett E P, Whitehouse C, Berger E G, Clausen H, Nilsson T (1998) Localization of three human polypeptide GalNAc-transferases in HeLa cells suggests initiation of O-linked glycosylation throughout the Golgi apparatus  J. Cell Sci.  111 (Pt 1), 45-60 
         Schaaf A, Tintelnot S, Baur A, Reski R, Gorr G Decker E L (2005) Use of endogenous signal sequences for transient production and efficient secretion by moss ( Physcomitrella patens ) cells.  Bmc Biotechnology . Vol. 5 
         Segawa H, Masao K, Nobuhiro I (2002) Human and  Drosophila  UDP-galactose transporters transport UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine in addition to UDP-galactose.  Eur J Biochem/FEBS  2002; 269:128-38 
         Shimizu M T, Igasaki M, Yamada K, Yuasa J, Hasegawa T, Kato H, Tsukagoshi K, Nakamura H, Fukuda K. Matsuoka (2005): Experimental determination of proline hydroxylation and hydroxyproline arabinogalactosylation motifs in secretory proteins.  Plant J.  42:877-889. 
         Skjøt M, Pauly M, Bush M S, Borkhardt B, McCann M C, Ulvskov P (2002) Direct Interference with Rhamnogalacturonan I Biosynthesis in Golgi Vesicles.  Plant Physiol  129: 95-102 
         Sainsbury F, Lomonossoff G P (2008) Extremely High-Level and Rapid Transient Protein Production in Plants without the Use of Viral Replication.  Plant Physiol  148:1212-1218 
         Samac D A, Hironaka C M, Yallaly P E, and Shah D M, (1990) Isolation and Characterization of the Genes Encoding Basic and Acidic Chitinase in  Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol.  93:907-914 
         Sorensen S O, Pauly M, Bush M, Skjøt M, McCann M C, Borkhardt B, Ulvskov P (2000) Pectin engineering: Modification of potato pectin by in vivo expression of an endo-1,4-b-D-galactanase.  Proc Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A.  97(13): 7639-7644 
         Sorensen A L, Reis C A, Tarp M A, Mandel U, Ramachandran K, Sankaranarayanan V, Schwientek T, Graham R, Taylor-Papadimitriou J, Hollingsworth M A, Burchell J, Clausen H (2006): Chemoenzymatically synthesized multimeric Tn/STn MUC1 glycopeptides elicit cancer-specific anti-MUC1 antibody responses and override tolerance.  Glycobiol  16(2):96-107. 
         Szymczak A L, Workman, Creg J, Wang, Yao, Vignali, Kate M, Dilioglou, Smaroula, Vanin, Elio F, Vignali, Dario A, (2004) Correction of multi-gene deficiency in vivo using a single ‘self-cleaving’ 2A peptide-based retroviral vector.  Nat Biotech  22:589-594. 
         Tarp M A, Sorensen A L, Mandel U, Paulsen H, Burchell J, Taylor-Papadimitriou J, Clausen H (2007) Identification of a novel cancer-specific immunodominant glycopeptides epitope in the MUC1 tandem repeat.  Glycobiol  17(2): 197-209 
         Tarp M A, Clausen H (2008): Mucin-type O-glycosylation and its potential use in drug and vaccine development.  Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta - General Subjects.  1780(3): 546-563. 
         Ten Hagen K G, Fritz T A, Tabak L A (2003) All in the family: the UDP-GalNAc: polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases.  Glycobiol.  13(1):1R-16R. Epub 2002 Nov. 1 
         Tiainen P, Myllyharju J, Koivunen P (2005) Characterization of a second  Arabidopsis thaliana  prolyl 4-hydroxylase with distinct substrate specificity.  J Biol Chem  280(2):1142-1148. 
         Wandall H H, Hassan H, Mirgorodskaya E, Kristensen A K, Roepstorff P, Bennet E P, Nielsen P A, Hollingsworth M A, Burchell J, Taylor-Papadimitriou J, Clausen H. (1997) Substrate specificities of three members of the human UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine: Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase family, GalNAc-T1, -T2, and -T3 . J Biol. Chem.  272:23503-23514 
         Wandall H H, Irazoqui F, Tarp M A, Bennett E P, Mandel U, Takeuchi H, Kato K, Irimura T, Suryanarayanan G, Hollingsworth M A, Clausen H. (2007) The lectin domains of polypeptide GalNAc-transferases exhibit carbohydrate-binding specificity for GalNAc: lectin binding to GalNAc-glycopeptide substrates is required for high density GalNAc-O-glycosylation.  Glycobiol.  2007, 7:374-87 
         White T, Bennett E P, Takio K, Sorensen T, Bonding N, Clausen H (1995) Purification and cDNA cloning of a human UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine: polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase.  J Biol Chem.  270: 24156-65 
         Xu J, Tan L, Goodrum K J, Kieliszewski M J (2007) High-yields and extended serum half-life of human interferon 2b expressed in tobacco cells as arabinogalactan-protein fusions.  Biotechnology and Bioengineering  97:997-1008 
         Yamamoto Y T, Rajbhandari N, Lin X, Bergmann B A, Nishimura Y, Stomp, A-M (2001) Genetic transformation of duckweed  Lemna gibba  and  Lemna minor. In vitro Cell Dev. Biol .—Plant 37: 349-353. 
         U.S. Pat. No. 6,465,220—Glycosylation using GalNAc-T4 transferase US Patent Issued on Oct. 15, 2002, Estimated Patent Expiration Date: Dec. 21, 2018, Inventors Hassan, Frau Helle, Clausen, Henrik, Bennett, Eric Paul, Eisenkratzer, Detlef, Gatgens, Jochen. 
         U.S. Pat. No. 5,871,990 UDP-N-acetyl-.alpha.-D-galactosamine: polypeptide Nacetylgalactosaminyltransferase, GalNAc-T3, 16/2, 1999 
         U.S. Pat. No. 6,582,910—WbpP and method for assay of WbpP, US Patent Issued on Jun. 24, 2003, No. 580929 filed on May 26, 2000. Inventors: Lam, Joseph S. Creuzenet, Carole 
         United States Patent Application, publication no. 2009-0068702—METHOD FOR PRODUCING A MUCIN-TYPE GLYCOPROTEIN Application Filed on Feb. 26, 2007 Application Published on Mar. 12, 2009