Abstract:
A method is set forth for calculating an expected Echo Return Loss Enhancement (ERLE) in an echo canceller. The expected ERLE is used to control the adaptation step of an adaptive filter in the echo canceller. Also, a novel echo canceller is set forth where the adaptation step of its adaptive filter is controlled based on the expected ERLE.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to echo cancellers, and more particularly to a method of evaluating the expected level of achievable Echo Return Loss Enhancement (ERLE), controlling the adaptation step of an adaptive filter using the expected ERLE compared to current ERLE given by the adaptive coefficients of the filter. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The signal path between two telephones, involving a call other than a local one, requires amplification using a four-wire circuit. The cost and cabling required discourages extending a four-wire trunk circuit to a subscriber&#39;s premises from the local exchange. For this reason, the four-wire trunk circuits are coupled to two-wire local circuits, using a device called a hybrid. 
     Hybrid echo, the primary source of echo generated from the public-switched telephone network (PSTN) is created as voice signals are transmitted across the network via the hybrid connection at the two-wire/four-wire PSTN conversion points. 
     Unfortunately, the hybrid is by nature a leaky device. As voice signals pass from the four-wire to the two-wire portion of the network, the energy in the four-wire section is reflected back, creating an echo of the speech signal. Provided that the total round-trip delay occurs within just a few milliseconds, the echo results in a user perception that the call is ‘live’ by adding sidetone, thereby making a positive contribution to the quality of the call. 
     In cases where the total network delay exceeds 36 ms, however, the positive benefits disappear, and intrusive echo results. The actual amount of signal that is reflected back depends on how well the balance circuit of the hybrid matches the two-wire line. In the vast majority of cases, the match is poor, resulting in a considerable level of signal being reflected back. 
     The effective removal of hybrid echo is one key to maintaining and improving perceived voice quality on a call. This has led to intensive research into the area of echo cancellation, with the aim of providing solutions that can reduce echo from hybrids. By employing the results of this research, the overall speech quality has significantly improved. 
     It is known in the art to employ adaptive filtering to address hybrid echo cancellation. In Normalized Least Mean Square (NLMS) adaptive filtering, adaptive filter coefficients are used to map the hybrids in the signal path. Using these coefficients, the NLMS adaptive filter cancels signal reflections from the hybrids in the signal path. To adapt and stabilize the adaptive coefficients so that the Echo Return Loss Enhancement (ERLE) is maximized for all hybrids, the adaptation step of the NLMS algorithm is varied. 
     Under ideal conditions, a generally acceptable convergence time requires that the echo canceller achieve 27 dB of ERLE (Echo Return Loss Enhancement) in 0.5 sec. Once the coefficients are converged, the echo is canceled from the input signal. 
     It is an object of an aspect of the present invention to minimize the convergence time of the adaptive filter for different hybrids in the signal path and to obtain as much ERLE possible under different line conditions. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to the present invention, information on the level of energy in the reference signal (Rin), the noise level on the input signal (Sin), and the estimated Echo Return Loss (ERL) is used to evaluate an expected level of achievable Echo Return Loss Enhancement (ERLE). The adaptation step of the NLMS algorithm is then controlled based on a comparison of the expected ERLE to the current ERLE given by the adaptive coefficients. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       An embodiment of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the attached Figures, wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic representation of an echo canceller according to the prior art; and 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic representation of an adaptation step calculator for use with the echo canceller of  FIG. 1 , according to the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     According to the prior art system of  FIG. 1 , a reference signal (Rin) is applied to an input of echo canceller  100  and to the echo path (i.e. the network echo path resulting from line impedance mismatch) as Rout. The echo path gives rise to an Echo Return Loss (ERL), which is a measure of the actual amount of reflected signal. A high ERL indicates only a relatively small signal reflected back to the talker, and vice versa. The echo canceller  100  models an estimation of the echo introduced by the echo path using the well known NLMS algorithm (although other adaptive algorithms may be used), and subtracts the echo signal from the Line Input Signal (Sin) which contains the undesirable echo, via a subtractor  110 . Provided that the transfer function of the model of the echo path provided by echo canceller  100  is identical to the transfer function of the echo path, the error signal becomes zero and the echo canceller  100  converges to the correct transfer function, resulting in perfect echo cancellation. Echo Return Loss Enhancement (ERLE) is given by the expected echo level subtraction, and is an indicator of the amount of echo removed by an echo canceller. 
     Echo Return Loss Enhancement (ERLE) is defined as:
 
 ERLE (dB)=10log 10 [Power( Sin )/Power( Ein )].
 
     Depending on the type of hybrid and some other conditions such as noise on the lines, the ERLE that the NLMS algorithm can provide will vary. This is the result of the background Noise Level on the line interface, which limits the total ERL+ERLE. For example, in a hybrid that gives a wideband ERL of 10 dB, it may be possible to obtain an ERLE of 30 db whereas with a 27 db ERL, it might only be possible to obtain 13 dB of ERLE. The expected ERLE is also dependant on the level of the reference signal (Rin) and the level of the noise on the Input signal (sin). Depending on the Reference Signal (Rin), we can cancel its echo down to the noise level of the input signal (Sin). A louder reference signal gives rise to a louder echo allowing the adaptive coefficients to provide more ERLE. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 2 , an adaptation step calculator is shown according to the preferred embodiment. Reference signal (Rin) is applied to an energy calculation block  200 , whose output (Er) is sent to the input of a block  210  for estimating the expected ERLE and to a block  215  for calculating the Echo Return Loss (ERL). 
     The input signal (Sin) is applied to a further energy calculation block  230 , whose output (Es) is connected to a further input of ERL calculator  215 , and to an input of current Echo Return Loss Enhancement (ERLE) calculator  270 . The input signal (Sin) is also applied to a noise level calculator  240 , whose output (En) is connected to another input of block  210 . The error signal (Ein) output from subtractor  110  ( FIG. 1 ) is connected to a further energy calculator  260 , whose output (Ee) is connected to the second input of block  270 . 
     The output of block  270  (Current ERLE) is connected to a first input, and the output of block  210  (Expected ERLE) is connected to a second input of an adaptation step block  220 , whose output (Mu) is used to control the adaptation rate of filter  100  ( FIG. 1 ). 
     While the echo canceller is running, the expected ERLE is updated via block  210  on a per-sample basis as follows:
 
 ERLE   —expected=   Er /(EnergyNoise* ERL ),
     where Er is the energy of the reference signal (Rin),   ERL is evaluaged using the ERL Calculator  215 , and   

     EnergyNoise is the noise Energy on Sin evaluated by noise level calculator  240 . 
     The current ERLE is evaluated in block  270  as follows:
 
 ERLE   —current =   Es/Ee,  
 
where Es is the Energy of the Input Signal (Sin) and Ee is the Energy of the error signal (ein).
 
     The adaptation step (Mu) of the NLMS algorithm is then reduced depending on the difference between the current ERLE (db) and the expected ERLE (db). When ERLE_current is low compared to the expected ERLE, a big step is used to adapt the coefficients. When ERLE_current is close to the expected ERLE, the step size is reduced to provide greater stability and to obtain more precision with the adaptive coefficients. 
     For example: 
     If (ERLE_current(in dB)&gt;ERLE_expected (in dB)*Stage1_ERLEFactor) 
     Then Mu=Mu*MuRedFactorMin; 
     If (ERLE_current (in dB)&gt;=ERLE_expected (in dB)) 
     Then Mu=Mu*MuRedFactorMax. 
     Typical values for these constants are: Stage1_ERLEFactor=0.5, MuRedFactorMin=0.5 and MuRedFactorMax=0.25, resulting in a reduction in adaptation step useful for maximizing the convergence level for all types of hybrid. 
     It will be appreciated that, although embodiments of the invention have been described and illustrated in detail, various modifications and changes may be made. Different implementations may be made by those familiar with the art, without departing from the scope of the invention.