Abstract:
A coke drum bottom de-heading system having an internal shroud enclosure and a shroud end cap opened by a flange to a coke bottom de-heading valve capable of accepting the end of a gate valve upon actuation. Acting in coordination with the shroud enclosure to prevent the escape of steam is a gate seal assembly having a gate seal slidably engaged against the sliding gate to prevent the passage of steam thereby.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 10/873,022 filed Nov. 1, 2004, entitled,“Coke Drum Bottle Throttling Valve and System,” which claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/274,280, filed Oct. 18, 2002 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,843,889 entitled,“Coke Drum Bottom Throttling Valve and Systems,” which claims priority to Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/408,537, filed Sep. 5, 2002. 
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a device and system for use with a de-heading vessel containing a fluid, distillates, or an unconsolidated debris byproduct, such as the several types of coke. Specifically, the present invention relates to a system and device, namely a shroud for use with a de-header valve and that is coupled to a coke drum which serves to safely and effectively de-head the coke drum following the formation of coke, or other byproducts, to facilitate the removal of coke during the coking process. 
     2. Background 
     In the hydrocarbon processing industry, many refineries recover valuable products from the heavy residual oil that remains after refining operations are completed. This recovery process is known as delayed coking and produces valuable distillates and coke in large vessels or coke drums. Coke drums are usually in operation in pairs so that when one coke drum is being filled with the byproduct or residual material, the feed may be directed to an empty drum so that the filled drum may be cooled and the byproduct purged from the coke drum, a process known as decoking. This allows the refinery process to operate in a continuous manner, without undue interruption. 
     When one coke drum is full, it must be purged of the byproduct fed into it. The drum is steam purged and cooled with quench water. The drum is then drained of water and vented to atmospheric pressure, after which the top and bottom heads are removed (i.e. the coke drum is de-headed) to allow the coke to be cut from the drum and fall into a catch basin, typically a rail car. This process of de-heading the coke drum can be extremely dangerous for several reasons. To mention only a few, the cooling water introduced into the hot drums prior to the removal of the bottom head becomes extremely hot and could leak from the loosened head and scald surrounding operators, the load of un-drained water and loose coke within the drum may exceed the limits of the support system and cause it to fail. Positioning the chute and necessary removal of the flanges or heads is done with operators who are in close proximity to the drums, potentially falling coke may injure workers as the heads are removed, and operating personnel may be exposed to finely divided coke particles, steam, hot water and noxious gases, when the drum is opened. Indeed several fatalities occur each year as a result of this manufacturing process. Once the coke is removed, the heads are replaced and the coke drum is prepared to repeat the cycle. 
     Prior art systems and methods have tried too more efficiently and effectively de-head coke drums, as well as to minimize many of the dangers inherent in the de-heading process. One such method involves placing a de-heading cart under the drum, raising a flange support ram, with braces installed, and loosening some (up to one half) of the flange bolts by manual operation with an impact wrench. Following the water quench and drain, the remaining bolts are manually removed, braces are removed from the ram, the approximately 4-ton flange is lowered, and the cart, with flange resting thereon, is moved away. This is extremely dangerous due to the manual labor requirements. 
     Other systems have been disclosed, which somewhat reduce human or manual involvement. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,726,109 to Malsbury et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 4,960,358 to DiGiacomo et al. describe a remote unheading device for coking drums. The device includes a head unit for attachment to a lower flange of a coking drum and a plurality of swing bolts which are disconnected by remotely operated de-tensioning equipment. A platform device lowers the head unit, moves it laterally to one side and tips it for cleaning. A chute attached to the frame can be raised into engagement with the coking drum lower flange for removal of coke from the drum. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,098,524 to Antalfy et al. filed on Dec. 10, 1990 discloses a coke drum unheading device having a pivoting actuator system operable from a location remote from a drum outlet. The actuator is adapted to move a drum head between closed and open positions and to retain the drum head in a closed position under a load. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,500,094 to Fruchtbaum provides a coke drum unheading device that retracts and tilts the bottom head incrementally so that falling debris such as shot coke can be caught by a chute. Following disposal of the loose debris, the head can be withdrawn from the area of the drum for maintenance. Specifically, the invention provides an unheading device for removing a bottom head from a flange on a lower end of a coke drum. An unheading car is horizontally movable into and from position below the bottom head. A vertically adjustable bottom head support member is mounted on the car. A bearing plate is pivotally mounted at an upper end of the support member for engaging a lower surface of the bottom head. A retractable arm has first and second sections hingedly connected at one end and having respective opposite ends secured to the bearing plate and the support member for pivoting the bearing plate and bottom head supported thereon with respect to horizontal, preferably to tilt the head towards an adjacent chute. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,581,864 to Rabet discloses an apparatus and method enabling removal of the drum head of a coke drum, which comprises an apparatus remotely placing a carriage under the drum head and the carriage is adapted to remotely engage the drum head, tightly support the head against the drum while workers are in the area, and to lower the head and carry it away. A safety feature is also included and disclosed, wherein the carriage is normally supported by springs which, in the event of excessive loads, automatically transfers the load carrier to an overhead beam designed to carry any excessive loads. 
     Each of these prior art devices share common deficiencies in that they are incapable of providing simple, efficient, and safe solutions to the de-heading of a coke drum. Specifically, each of the assemblies or devices require that the head unit be completely removed from the flange portion of the coke drum after each coking cycle and prior to the purging of the coke from the coke drum. This creates an extreme hazard to workers and provides an inefficient and time consuming procedure. Removal of the head unit increases the chance for accident, while at the same time increases human involvement as the head unit must be properly placed on the coke drum each time despite the automation involved. In addition, a large amount of floor space is required to accommodate those assemblies and devices that automate the removal and lifting of the head unit from the coke drum. Finally, such devices and systems may not be operable in an environment where there the bottom headroom is less than the diameter of the bottom head. 
     SUMMARY 
     A typical de-header system comprises a dual seated, linear motion goggle blind gate valve, or de-header valve, that is removably coupled to and seals against the flanged portion of a coke drum much the same way a conventional head unit would be attached. The de-header valve is equipped with a sliding blind having an orifice therein, a flat surface adjacent the orifice, a stroke slightly greater than the diameter of the orifice in the de-header valve, and upper and lower seats, wherein one of such seats is a dynamic, live loaded seat that is capable of automatic adjustment so as to seal the blind between the upper seat. As such, the sliding blind can be moved in a substantially linear bi-directional manner between upper and lower seats, or dual seats, thus causing the orifice located thereon to move between an open, closed, and partially open position relative to the orifice in the coke drum. In a closed position, the de-header valve and coke drum are prepared to receive the byproduct feed from the refinery process used to manufacture coke. Once the drum is full, the valve may be actuated causing the sliding blind to open. In doing so, coke that has accumulated on the blind is sheared by the upper and lower seats, thus de-heading the coke drum and facilitating the removal of coke using methods commonly known in the art. 
     The present invention operates in an environment wherein a coke drum de-heading system may comprise (a) at least one coke drum containing manufactured coke therein, wherein the coke drum has a top orifice and a bottom orifice; (b) a de-header valve removably coupled to the coke drum and designed to facilitate the removal of coke from the coke drum by de-heading the coke drum and allowing the coke to pass there through; and (c) an exchange system, including an upper and lower bonnet and other elements and members adapted to integrate the de-heading system, and particularly the de-header valve, into the manufacturing system. The de-header valve itself may comprise (1) a main body having an orifice dimensioned to align, in a concentric relationship, with either the top or bottom orifice of the coke drum when the de-header valve is coupled thereto; (2) a live loaded seat assembly coupled to the main body and comprising a floating dynamic, live loaded seat, a live seat adjustment mechanism coupled to the main body and designed to control and adjust the force and resulting seat load of the dynamic, live loaded seat, and a force transfer module in juxtaposition to the dynamic, live loaded seat for transferring the force from the live loaded seat adjustment mechanism to the dynamic, live loaded seat; (3) a static seat positioned opposite from and counteracting or counterbalancing the dynamic, live loaded seat; and (4) a blind or sliding blind capable moving in a linear, bi-directional manner within the de-header valve and between the dynamic, live loaded seat and the static seat, the blind physically controlled by an actuator and having a force exerted thereon by the dual seats, namely the dynamic, live loaded seat and the static seat, such that a seal is created between the dynamic, live loaded seat, the blind, and the static seat. In essence, the de-header valve de-heads the coke drum and facilitates the removal of the coke from the coke drum upon actuation of the blind from a closed to an open position. 
     As the blind is actuated from a closed position, opening of the blind exposes the drum to the outside atmosphere. As can be seen in  FIGS. 1A and 1B , this causes depressurization of any residual pressure in the drum and allows coke and any liquid contained within the drum to fall down the material discharge chute. By varying the speed of the actuation of the valve, the flow of this material may be regulated or throttled so as to prevent surges of material from flowing down the chute and overwhelming the coke receiving area or any equipment below. In addition to the residual pressure in the drum, steam can also be released around the blind if not properly prevented. For example, in order to prevent outflow of material from the drum, the valve is body pressurized with a 20-PSI gradient above the pressure within in the drum. Upon actuation of the blind, there remains a 20-PSI steam pressure within the valve body. 
     The inventive shroud and side valve seals significantly reduce the amount of steam released through the open blind when the valve is throttling. Upon complete closing of the blind, the shroud cap end plate is engaged overcoming a biasing pressure on shroud cap return springs and releasing steam pressure from the valve body into the shroud. Upon stroking of the valve in the opposite direction to open the the blind, the shroud cap return springs bias the cap closed on the end of the shroud to prevent any further migration of steam pressure from the body cavity into the shroud. The benefits of the shrouding closure and valve side gate seals is that the amount of steam lost from the system during the throttling is greatly reduced and the shroud prevents dropping of any coke which accompanies the movement of the opening of the blind valve from falling into the bonnet. This is especially important in a throttling situation where the inner diameter of the opening of the blind will communicate with the interior of the shroud for extended periods of time thus having a greater opportunity to retain coke fragments. The openings in the gate valve also have an opportunity to fill. Without the shroud, this material would be deposited in the bonnet upon actuation of the valve. Instead, because of the close tolerance between the shroud and the blind, any deposited materials will accompany the blind as it is actuated and be pushed out through the downstream port of the valve as the valve is closed. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a cutaway view of the entire valve body demonstrating the interaction between the blind orifice and the valve body in the closed position (bonnets removed for clarity); 
         FIG. 2  is a perspective view of the valve body and shroud; 
         FIG. 3  is a an exploded view of the gate seal assembly; 
         FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view taken through the gate seal of  FIGS. 2 and 3  demonstrating the interaction between the internal components; and 
         FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view of a nose ring inside a blind. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     It will be readily understood that the components of the present invention, as generally described and illustrated in the figures herein, could be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations. Thus, the following more detailed description of the embodiments of the system, device, and method of the present invention, as represented in  FIGS. 1A-4 , is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, as claimed, but is merely representative of the presently preferred embodiments of the invention. 
     The presently preferred embodiments of the invention will be best understood by reference to the drawings wherein like parts are designated by like numerals throughout. Although reference to the drawings and a corresponding discussion follow below, it is first advantageous to provide a general background of the coking process, including the process of de-heading the coke drums at the end of a manufacturing cycle. 
     General Discussion on Delayed Coking and Coke De-Heading 
     In the typical delayed coking process, high boiling petroleum residues are fed to one or more coke drums where they are thermally cracked into light products and a solid residue—petroleum coke. The coke drums are typically large cylindrical vessels having a top head and a conical bottom portion fitted with a bottom head. The fundamental goal of coking is the thermal cracking of very high boiling point petroleum residues into lighter fuel fractions. Coke is a byproduct of the process. Delayed coking is an endothermic reaction with a furnace supplying the necessary heat to complete the coking reaction in a drum. The exact mechanism is very complex, and out of all the reactions that occur, only three distinct steps have been isolated: 1) partial vaporization and mild coking of the feed as it passes through the furnace; 2) cracking of the vapor as it passes through the coke drum; and 3) cracking and polymerization of the heavy liquid trapped in the drum until it is converted to vapor and coke. The process is extremely temperature-sensitive with the varying temperatures producing varying types of coke. For example, if the temperature is too low, the coking reaction does not proceed far enough and pitch or soft coke formation occurs. If the temperature is too high, the coke formed generally is very hard and difficult to remove from the drum with hydraulic decoking equipment. Higher temperatures also increase the risk of coking in the furnace tubes or the transfer line. As stated, delayed coking is a thermal cracking process used in petroleum refineries to upgrade and convert petroleum residuum (or resid) into liquid and gas product streams leaving behind a solid concentrated carbon material, or coke. A fired heater is used in the process to reach thermal cracking temperatures, which range upwards of 1,000° F. With short residence time in the furnace, coking of the feed material is thereby “delayed” until it reaches large coking drums downstream of the heater. In normal operations, there are two coke drums so that when one is being filled, the other may be purged of the manufactured coke. These coke drums are large structures that are approximately 25-30 meters in height and from 4 to 9 meters in diameter. They are equipped with a top blind flange closure or orifice that is typically about 1.5 meters in diameter, and a bottom blind flange orifice that is typically about 2 meters in diameter. 
     In a typical petroleum refinery process, several different physical structures of petroleum coke may be produced. These are namely, shot coke, sponge coke, and/or needle coke, and are each distinguished by their physical structures and chemical properties. These physical structures and chemical properties also serve to determine the end use of the material. Several uses are available for manufactured coke, some of which include fuel for burning, the ability to be calcined for use in the aluminum, chemical, or steel industries, or the ability to be gasified to produce steam, electricity, or gas feedstock for the petrochemicals industry. 
     To produce the coke, a delayed coker feed originates from the crude oil supplied to the refinery and travels through a series of process members and finally empties into one of the coke drums used to manufacture coke. The delayed coking process is a batch-continuous process, which means that the process is ongoing or continuous as the feed stream coming from the furnace alternates filling between the two or more coke drums. As mentioned, while one drum is on-line filling up with coke, the other is being stripped, cooled, decoked, and prepared to receive another batch. This is a timely process, with each batch in the batch-continuous process taking approximately 12-20 hours to complete. In essence, hot oil, or residue as it is commonly known, from the tube furnace is fed into one of the coke drums in the system. The oil is extremely hot (95° F.) and produces hot vapors that condense on the colder walls of the coke drum. As the drum is being filled, a large amount of liquid runs down the sides of the drum into a boiling turbulent pool at the bottom. As this process continues, the hot residue and the condensing vapors cause the coke drum walls to heat. This naturally in turn, causes the residue to produce less and less of the condensing vapors, which ultimately causes the liquid at the bottom of the coke drum to start to heat up to coking temperatures. After some time, a main channel is formed in the coke drum, and as time goes on, the liquid above the accumulated coke decreases and the liquid turns to a more viscous type tar. This tar keeps trying to run back down the main channel which can coke at the top, thus causing the channel to branch. This process progresses up through the coke drum until the drum is full, wherein the liquid pools slowly turn to solid coke. When the first coke drum is full, the hot oil feed is switched to the second coke drum, and the first coke drum is isolated, steamed to remove residual hydrocarbons, cooled by filling with water, opened, and then decoked. This cyclical process is repeated over and over again in the manufacture of coke. 
     The decoking process is the process used to remove the coke from the drum upon completion of the coking process. Due to the shape of the coke drum, coke accumulates in the area near and attaches to the heads during the manufacturing process. To decoke the drum, the heads must first be removed. Typically, once full, the drum&#39;s contents are stripped and water quenched down to a temperature of 200° F. or less and vented to atmospheric pressure and the top head (typically a 4-foot diameter flange) is unbolted and removed to enable placement of a hydraulic coke cutting apparatus. After the cooling water is drained from the vessel, the bottom head (typically a 6-foot-diameter blind plate quench) is unbolted and removed. This process is commonly known as “de-heading” and can be a very dangerous procedure because of the size of the heads, the high temperatures within the drum, potential falling coke, and other reasons as mentioned above. Once the heads are removed, the coke is removed from the drum by drilling a pilot hole from top to bottom of the coke bed using high pressure water jets. Following this, the main body of coke left in the coke drum is cut into fragments which fall out the bottom and into a coke receiving area, and in some cases into, a bin or a rail cart, etc. The coke is then dewatered, crushed and sent to coke storage or loading facilities. 
     Present Invention Coke Drum De-Heading System 
     Although the present invention is applicable and utilized on both the top and bottom openings of a coke drum, the following detailed description and preferred embodiments will be discussed in reference to a bottom de-heading system only. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the invention as explained and described herein for a coke drum bottom de-heading system may also be designed and used as a coke drum top or side de-heading system and the following discussion pertaining to the bottom de-heading system is not meant to be limiting to such. 
     The present invention is used in conjunction with a device for de-heading a coke drum following the manufacture of coke therein. As the present invention is especially adapted to be used in the coking process, the following discussion will relate specifically in this manufacturing area. It is foreseeable however, that the present invention may be adapted to be an integral part of other manufacturing processes producing various elements other than coke, and such processes should thus be considered within the scope of this application. 
     The present invention comprises a shroud and gate seal assembly. The inventive shroud and gate seal assembly may be used in conjunction with a dual seated, linear motion, goggle blind valve or other types of de-heading gate valves.  FIGS. 1A and 1B  depict the environment in which a typical de-heading gate valve is employed. As can be seen in more detail in  FIG. 2 , a shroud  20  is shown attached to a valve body  22 . The shroud has a shroud cap  24 , shroud body  26  and springs  28  which bias the shroud cap  24  against shroud body  26 . Upon actuation of the valve, a blind is moved from an open position as shown in  FIG. 2  and as the blind travels from the open position, it contacts shroud end cap  24  and releases steam pressure built up within shroud body  26 . Upon actuation of the blind in the opening direction, the blind will move away from contact with shroud cap  24  allowing spring  28  to bias cap  24  against shroud body  26  thereby sealing the shroud and preventing the escape of steam. Shroud  20  is attached to valve body  22  by a flange  30 . It is important that the shroud be aligned with the valve body  22  to allow proper passage of the blind as it is actuated. The tolerances and clearances between the blind and the shroud body are important. Any residual coke that follows the blind into the shroud must either remain within the blind or must be held within the shroud so that it does not fall into the lower bonnet of the valve. Any coke particulate held within the shroud will be acted upon by the steam and much of it will be ejected from the shroud cap as it is encountered by the end of the blind as it is actuated. 
     Turning now to another portion of the inventive system, a gate seal assembly  32  is shown located within valve body  22  in  FIG. 2 .  FIG. 3  depicts an exploded view of the contents of the assembly which comprises a seal cap  34 , a guide cup  36 , a load spring  38 , and seal plate  40 , and a gate seal  42 . Seal cap  40  is used to hold the contents inside valve body  22 . Guide cups  36  serves to guide the movement of gate seal  42  which floats freely therein and operates against the sides of the blind. Because the seal between gate seal  42  and the side of the blind is not perfect, load spring  48  provides pressure against guide seal  42  to insure a fit which will prevent the flow, or at least reduce the flow of steam there through. Since valve body  22  has internal components which are under a constant positive pressure to prevent the flow of contaminates from the drum into the valve body, actuation of the blind allows pressure to flow out of the pressurized body cavity through the up stream and downstream ports of the valve. This pressure loss can result in a negative pressure boundary flowing from the drum into the body cavity. Gate seal  42  prevents the escape of this steam or at least reduces it to the point where the escape is minimal. Thus the body cavity retains a positive pressure over that of the drum. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 4 , a cross-sectional view taken along lines AA and  FIG. 2  is depicted. The interaction between gate seal  22  and gate  44  is depicted. Gate seal assembly  32  remains statically in place as gate  44  moves in a linear manner when actuating the valve. The interface between the two components is kept tight by the pressure from load spring  38  against gate seal  32 . Gate seal  32  is comprised of a material such as a metal impregnated graphite composite which maintains a tight seal and also provides some limited degree of lubrication to allow gate  44  to slide thereby. Seal cap  34  allows access to these internal components for maintenance and replacement. 
       FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view of a nose ring  60  inside the orifice  62  of a blind  64 . When used for throttling, the area around the orifice edge is exposed to harsh conditions including heat, friction and pressure. To increase the life of the blind, a replaceable nose ring  60  is installed. Nose ring  60  must have extremely close tolerances to remain attached to blind  64 . Downward pressure on the inner edge will urge the ring out of the blind. To resist the pressure from coke traveling over the ring, a ring bolt or retainer extends from the lower face of the blind to secure the ring in place. The ring should be constructed of a strong material such as grade 512 chrome nitrided 4/10 stainless steel or other wear resistant material.