Abstract:
A power converter includes a plurality of switching stages, each switching stage including a series coupled pair of MOS-gated switching elements coupled together at a common node, each switching stage being connectable from a voltage source to a ground potential; a plurality of inductors coupled, at respective first ends, to the respective common nodes of the switching stages; and a shunt capacitor coupled from second ends of the plurality of inductors to the ground potential.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is based on and claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/063,415, filed Oct. 28, 1997, entitled PARALLEL AND INTERWOVEN BUCK CONVERTER FOR HIGH EFFICIENCY, LOW VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLY. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of Invention 
     The present invention relates to pulse width modulated power supplies and, more particularly, to paralleled buck converters employing an interwoven inductor scheme to improve power conversion efficiency. 
     2. Related Art 
     With reference to FIG. 1, prior art buck converters employing synchronous rectification include a series pass element, for example, a MOSFET QA and a shunt element, for example, a MOSFET QB operating in synchronism to produce a pulse width modulated signal for input to an inductor L coupled in series with a capacitor C. As is known in the art, a control circuit 10 produces gate drive signals for input to the MOSFETs QA, QB, such that the MOSFETs are alternately biased on and off to couple either Vin or ground to the inductor L, thereby producing the pulse width modulated signal. 
     The control 10 receives a feedback signal VFB from a resistor divider network comprising R1 and R2, such that a sample of the output voltage VO is fed back to the control 10 so that the control 10 may make appropriate modifications to the timing of the gate drive signals to the MOSFETs QA, QB. 
     The inductor L and capacitor C produce a second order output filter which filters the high frequency components from the pulse width modulated signal input to the inductor L such that a relatively smooth DC voltage is produced at VO. Further, since the resistor divider R1, R2 and control 10 provide a feedback voltage control, the DC voltage at VO is also regulated. As is known in the art, Vo=D×Vin, where D is the duty cycle of the pulse width modulated signal. Thus, Vout is less than or equal to Vin. 
     It is known that the current flowing through inductor L is substantially triangular with inflection points being substantially coincident with the switching times of the MOSFETs QA, QB. In order to meet ripple voltage requirements of the converter, a substantially large capacitor C must be selected to filter out voltage ripple which would result from the current ripple through the inductor L. 
     Unfortunately, in order to substantially reduce the voltage ripple at VO, excessively large capacitors C and/or inductors L must be employed which result in excessive cost and low power density of the convertor. Although the voltage ripple VO may be reduced by increasing the switching frequency of the MOSFETs QA, QB, such increases in switching frequency also result in increases in switching losses which also reduces the efficiency of the converter. The circuit shown in FIG. 1 typically has a n efficiency of about 85%. 
     Accordingly, there is a need in the art for a buck power converter which substantially reduces the ripple voltage at the output, VO, while also improving efficiency of the converter. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In order to overcome the disadvantages of the prior art, the circuit of the present invention includes a plurality of switching stages, each switching stage including a series coupled pair of MOS-gated switching elements coupled together at a common node, each switching stage being connectable from a voltage source to a ground potential; a plurality of inductors coupled, at respective first ends, to the respective common nodes of the switching stages; and a shunt capacitor coupled from second ends of the plurality of inductors to the ground potential. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there is shown in the drawing a form which is presently preferred, it being understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the precise arrangement and instrumentality shown. 
     FIG. 1 shows a schematic circuit diagram of a prior art buck converter employing synchronous rectification; 
     FIGS. 2a and 2b are schematic circuit diagrams showing a buck converter in accordance with the present invention; 
     FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an interleaved inductor in accordance with the invention; and 
     FIG. 4 is a chart showing inductor current in accordance with the invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Referring now to the drawings, wherein like numerals indicate like elements, there is shown in FIG. 2 an interleaved quasi-square wave buck converter in accordance with the present invention. The converter 20 includes n stages for producing n pulse width modulated signals for input to an output filter. Each of the n stages is operatively coupled to an input bus, Vin, which is preferably a DC voltage of, for example, about 22 volts. Each of the n stages includes a series pass element QA and a shunt element QB. Preferably, the series element and shunt element are MOS-gated devices, for example, MOSFET&#39;s (as shown in FIG. 2a) or IGBJT&#39;s (as shown infigure 2b). As is known in the art, MOSFETs include an anti-parallel diode thereacross, which is shown in FIG. 2. 
     Each of the series and shunt elements receives a gate drive signal from a control 11, such that the series and shunt elements are alternately biased on and off to produce the pulse width modulated signals. Preferably, the gate drive signals from the control 11 are phase shifted from one another such that the series elements from each of the stages are not biased on and off at the same instant. Similarly, it is preferred that the shunt elements of the stages are not biased on and off at the same instant. 
     The pulse width modulated signals from each of the stages are input to inductors L1 through Ln, respectively. Inductors L1 through Ln may be separate inductors; however, it is preferred that inductors L1 through Ln are wound on a common core in an interleaved fashion. FIG. 3 shows a toroidal inductor which includes windings from stages 1 through n wound on a common core 30. As shown, the inductor is a toroidal inductor and the core 30 may be, for example, an MPP core. 
     Inductors L1 through Ln are each connected, at one end, to stages 1 through n. Opposite ends of inductors L1 through Ln are coupled together and a capacitor C is connected in a shunt relationship from that common connection to ground. Thus, interleaved inductors L1 through Ln and capacitor C form a low pass filter for filtering the pulse width modulated signals from stages 1 through n to produce a substantially smooth DC voltage at VO. 
     Resistors R1 and R2 are coupled in a resistor divider network to sample the DC output voltage, VO, and produce a feedback voltage VFB for input to the control 11. 
     It has been found that paralleling stages 1 through n and interleaving the inductors L1 through Ln substantially improves the efficiency of the converter 20. Indeed, it has been found that the efficiency of a converter employing the techniques shown in FIG. 2 achieves an efficiency of about 90%, and may exceed 90%. This is so at least in part because the switching losses of the transistors QA and QB of the respective stages experience lower switching losses due, for example, to the lower currents carried thereby and to the potentially lower switching frequencies which may be employed. 
     Referring to FIG. 4, it can be seen that employing interleaved inductors L1 through Ln in the output filter results in a lower ripple current in the total inductor current IO. More particularly, a component of the total output current IO produced by stage 1 (labelled IL1) combines with a component of the total output current IO from stage 2 (labelled IL2) to produce a total output current IO having a lower ripple current than either of the component currents IL1, IL2 taken alone. 
     Further, the frequency of the total output current ripple is higher than either of the ripple currents of the current components IL1 or IL2. Consequently, the output voltage ripple resulting from the current ripple on IO is substantially reduced using the interleaved inductors L1 through Ln. 
     Still further, the output voltage ripple requirements for the convertor 20 may be more easily met using the paralleled stages and interleaved inductors because the output bulk capacitor C may be reduced, thereby reducing cost and increasing power density. It has been found that employing the circuit of FIG. 2 may result in about a 50% reduction in the value of the capacitance C. 
     Transient response may be improved by saturating the control 11 when required. Thus, the inductor currents IL1 through ILn may rise concurrently, thereby resulting in improved transient response. This may also result in reducing the amount of filter capacitance required. 
     It is noted that the system of FIG. 2 permits the use of larger inductances for each of the inductors L1 through Ln (without adversely impacting the ripple current) which has the additional benefit of substantially reducing any negatively flowing inductor current. 
     The foregoing description of the preferred embodiment of the present invention has been provided for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. It is intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description, but rather by the claims appended hereto.