Abstract:
A convertible nephroureteral catheter is used in the treatment of urinary system complications, particularly on the need for a single surgically delivered device to treat patients who must be seen by an interventional radiologist (IR). In many current procedures, patients need to return to the operating room to remove a previously delivered nephroureteral catheter to exchange this catheter with a fully implanted ureteral stent delivered though the same access site at the flank. The present convertible nephroureteral catheter reduces the need to return for a second surgical procedure. Two weeks after initial implantation, the proximal portion of the convertible nephroureteral catheter extending out from the body may simply be removed. A simple action at the catheter hub allows this proximal portion to be removed, leaving behind the implanted ureteral stent within the patient&#39;s urinary system. Other medical procedures, devices, and technologies may benefit from the described convertible catheter.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/036,377, filed Aug. 12, 2014, which application is incorporated herein by reference. 
         [0002]    The subject matter of this application is related to the subject matter of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/559,946, filed Sep. 15, 2009 and now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,657,884, and Ser. No. 14/159,221, filed Jan. 20, 2014, which applications are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    The ureteral stent is a medical device used within a patient population which experience one or more complications associated with the urinary system which includes the kidneys, ureters and bladder. A host of complications may affect urinary flow and how these organs handle this function; these complications ranging from decreased urine flow to swelling of the kidneys or bladder, with many of these conditions being adversely impacted by the formation of kidney stones. To alleviate urinary system complications, a device or device(s) are placed either within the bladder, one or both of the kidneys, and/or one or both of the patient&#39;s ureters. The devices used in these areas are known as nephrostomy catheters (delivered percutaneously within a kidney collecting system), nephroureteral catheters (delivered percutaneously and extending distally into the bladder), urinary catheters (delivered through the urethra), or ureteral stents (delivered percutaneously or through the urethra). 
         [0004]    The focus of the present disclosure will surround the delivery method and use of the nephroureteral catheter and the ureteral stent, which are often used one after the other in percutaneous cases to deal with a patient&#39;s urinary system complications. Once a patient has exhibited urinary complications and a ureteral stent implantation is recommended, a urologically delivered stent placement will often be attempted. In some cases, this cannot be achieved by the urologist due to a variety of possible factors, resulting in the patient being sent to the interventional radiologist (IR). The IR may then attempts to deliver a nephroureteral stent percutaneously though the backside of the patient and into the impacted kidney, with said device extending distally into the bladder. The proximal end of the nephroureteral catheter thereby remains outside of the patient for up 2 weeks, giving the access site sufficient time to heal before removal. Once the access site has fully healed the patient is typically sent back to the operating room for a second interventional procedure whereby the nephroureteral stent is removed and a ureteral stent is then delivered. This ureteral stent differs from the nephroureteral stent in that its proximal tip terminates within the kidney&#39;s renal pelvis. This ureteral stent has a curl at its distal end which resides in the bladder and a proximal curl which resides in the renal pelvis. This device may reside in the patient for up to 6 months or in some cases longer and may be removed urologically. This two-step approach and the devices used may be less than ideal in many cases. There are needs to overcome at least some of their drawbacks. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0005]    According to many embodiments, integrating the functionalities of two existing devices used for the percutaneous treatment of urinary complications into a single device has been devised, with particular focus on the methods, designs and materials which may be utilized to couple these two devices together in a fashion which allows a decoupling at a later time state. Many embodiments provide a single device which may combine the functionalities of a nephroureteral catheter and ureteral stent, but can maintain the ability to perform the full removal of the proximal (catheter) portion of the device extending out of the patient&#39;s body during the early stages of implantation (up to 2 weeks). 
         [0006]    The decoupling (release) mechanism can allow the proximal portion of this combination device to be removed without the need for a second interventional procedure. The primary modes of function of this coupling mechanism include, but are not limited to, the following: (1) to maintain connection of proximal (catheter) portion of device to distal (stent) portion of device, and (2) to permit the removal of the proximal portion of device at a later time leaving behind distal portion of device within the patient&#39;s urinary collecting system. The decoupling nature of the proximal portion of the device may be achieved by providing an input to the proximal hub of the device which extends out of the patient&#39;s body. This input to decouple catheter from stent may be performed by the push of a button, the rotation of a luer, the insertion of a tool, the removal of a wire or a series of similar events all occurring at the proximal hub, or the like. Additionally, independent of the coupling mechanism, a strand of material, typically with a circular cross-section, can be used to assist in the closure of the stent&#39;s proximal loop once the device has been delivered into the patient. This is often necessary due to the tighter space the renal pelvis provides for this proximal loop to reside. This strand of material may be called the ‘proximal loop suture’ and may pass through side holes cut into the stent allowing for proximal loop closure. This ‘proximal loop suture’ may be fully removed from the device without inhibiting the functionality of the coupling interface between the proximal and distal portions of the device. 
         [0007]    Several depictions of the coupling interface between the catheter and stent are shown in the Figures. This coupling interface would permit the utilization of a single surgical procedure as opposed to two, putting the patient at significantly less risk for complications in the operating room environment. The decoupling may be achieved by an input to the proximal hub performed at bedside or by the insertion of a decoupling tool, thereby removing catheter portion of device once deemed necessary. A coupled device may be achieved in many ways as described herein. An example of a coupling may include an expandable inner member which retains the distal member with the proximal member by expanding within the stent lumen to couple and once an input is applied to proximal hub, said expanded element may collapse and decouple the device. Some of the depictions below may provide a safe and effective ways to combine the nephroureteral catheter and the ureteral stent while still providing the utility of separate devices and two surgical procedures. 
         [0008]    Aspects of the present disclosure provide surgically delivered medical devices. An exemplary medical device may comprise a proximal portion which extends outside of a patient&#39;s surgical access site. The proximal portion of device may be removed at a later date, converting the distal portion of device into an implant. The device may comprise a distal (stent) member and a proximal (catheter) member. The proximal and distal members may be coupled to one another in a concentric fashion via an inner member extending out from the proximal member. The proximal and distal members may be coupled in one of or a combination of many embodiments. 
         [0009]    In many embodiments, the device may employ suture loop lock(s) to couple the proximal member to the distal member. The suture loop lock(s) may wrap around one or more pull wire(s) at the inner member to stent interface. Furthermore, suture tail(s) may extend proximally to the hub of device and may be locked into place with tension applied to achieve leveraged coupled interface. 
         [0010]    In many embodiments, the device may employ suture loop lock(s) which wrap around the inner member at the stent interface region to achieve coupling of proximal and distal members. Furthermore, suture tail(s) may extend proximally to hub of device and may lock into place with tension applied to achieve leveraged coupled interface. 
         [0011]    In many embodiments, the device may comprise an inner member which is fixed at the distal region of proximal catheter. The inner member may contain a smaller tube affixed within its lumen. The smaller tube may be used as a receiver for a ball wire, which may extend from distal member, and a pull wire, which may extend from proximal member. Once the ball wire has passed through the smaller tube, the pull wire may be passed through which may prevent passing of ball until pull wire is removed from device. 
         [0012]    In many embodiments, the device may comprise an inner member which is fixed at the distal region of the proximal catheter. The inner member may include a superelastic/shape memory element which may be used as a receiver described above. 
         [0013]    In many embodiments, the proximal and distal members of the device may be coupled to one another using a ring locking style mechanism, with one ring element affixed to distal member and another ring element affixed to proximal member. The ring members may be held coincident using an inner member and a pull wire. 
         [0014]    In many embodiments, the device may comprise a keyed locking system, such as mating hexagonal elements, with one hex element affixed to proximal member and another hex element affixed to distal member to achieve coupling. The hex elements may be engaged or disengaged using a counter rotating tool. 
         [0015]    In many embodiments, the inner member may extend fully from proximal hub to achieve concentric junction between the distal and proximal members. In addition, the inner member may be fixed or movable at hub and along entire catheter length. 
         [0016]    In many embodiments, the inner member may be a component which is affixed to the distal or proximal member and only extends for a fractional portion of the device&#39;s length. 
         [0017]    In many embodiments, the inner member may be formed as a necking of the distal region of the catheter itself which is then inserted into the lumen of the distal (stent) member. 
         [0018]    In many embodiments, the proximal and distal members of the device may be coupled to one another through the employment of an adhesive layer on the inner member region which extends into the distal member. 
         [0019]    In many embodiments, the proximal and distal members of the device may be coupled to one another through the employment of an oversized diameter of the inner member resulting in a frictional fit with the stent. 
         [0020]    In many embodiments, the proximal and distal members of the device may be coupled to one another through the employment of a metallic or polymeric crimp which may be applied to the outside of the stent which overlaps the inner member extending into its lumen. 
         [0021]    In many embodiments, the proximal and distal members of the device may be coupled to one another through the employment of a superelastic/shape memory alloy affixed to the distal member which may interface with protrusions on the outer surface of the inner member. Thereby, the inner member may not be movable until the catheter or peel-away sheath has been removed and shape memory alloy mechanism releases inner member. 
         [0022]    In many embodiments, the proximal and distal members of the device may be coupled to one another through the use of a mechanically modified surface of the inner member which, once inserted into distal member, an interfacing region of the distal member may be heated and a polymer may be allowed to flow into the mechanical alterations of inner member. The polymer may furthermore be allowed to cool, forming a permanent mechanical interface between the two elements until the inner member is pulled away from distal member using a light to moderate pull force. 
         [0023]    In many embodiments, the proximal and distal members of the device may be coupled to one another through the use of a female to male thread style arrangement at the coupling interface. 
         [0024]    In many embodiments, the proximal and distal members of the device may be coupled to one another using electrically releasable metallic element(s), which may couple the proximal and distal members until a tool can be used to electrically disengage said elements. 
         [0025]    In many embodiments, the proximal and distal members of the device may be coupled to one another using magnets affixed to proximal and distal members and may be disengaged by pulling proximal member away from distal member or by rotating one or both of magnetic components within said members using a tool or other components incorporated within device. 
         [0026]    In many embodiments, the proximal and distal members of the device in their coupled state may be disengaged using a separate tool which may decouple proximal and distal members by an input of rotation, electrical stimulus or ultrasonic vibration. 
         [0027]    Aspects of the present disclosure also provide further stent delivery systems. An exemplary stent delivery system may comprise a catheter body, a stent member, an inner member, and a tether. The catheter body may have an inner lumen and a proximal end and a distal end. The stent member may have an inner lumen and a proximal end releasably coupled with the distal end of the catheter body. The inner member assembly may be disposed in the inner lumen of the catheter body and may extend into the inner lumen of the stent member to concentrically align the catheter body and the stent member. The tether may extend through or along the catheter body and into the inner lumen of the stent member to form a loop over at least a portion of the inner member assembly, thereby securing the stent member to the catheter body. Retraction of the inner member from the inner lumen of the stent member may free the inner member assembly from the loop such that the stent member is released from the stent body. 
         [0028]    The inner member assembly may comprise a locking pull wire. The locking pull wire may be threadable through the loop of the tether. The inner member assembly may comprise a hypotube. The inner member assembly may be configured to be actuated with one or more pull tabs or rotatable caps at a hub coupled to the proximal end of the catheter body. 
         [0029]    The tether may extend through the inner lumen of the catheter body. The tether may extend out of a lateral port of the catheter body near the distal end of the catheter body. The loop formed by the tether may extend into stent member through a lateral port of the stent member to be threaded through by the at least a portion of the inner member assembly within the inner lumen of the stent member. The tether may have a fixed end near the distal end of the catheter body and a free end. The tether may extend proximally toward the free end and the proximal end of the catheter body. The tether may have a first end and a second end. The tether may extend proximally toward both the first and second ends and the proximal end of the catheter body. 
         [0030]    The stent member may comprise a proximal loop and a distal loop. One or more of the proximal loop or the distal loop of the stent member may have a straightened configuration and a looped configuration. One or more of the proximal loop or the distal loop may be biased to assume the looped configuration. The stent delivery system may further comprise a loop pull wire extending through the inner lumen of the catheter body and coupled to the proximal loop. Retracting the loop pull wire may pull the proximal loop into the loop configuration or may lower a radius of the proximal loop. The loop pull wire may extends out from a first lateral port of the stent member near the proximal end of the stent member and may extend back into a second lateral port of the stent member near a distal end of the proximal loop. The loop pull wire may be retractable from a pull tab or rotatable cap at a hub coupled to the proximal end of the catheter body. 
         [0031]    Other exemplary stent delivery systems may comprise a catheter body, a catheter member, and an inner member assembly. The catheter body may have an inner lumen and a proximal end and a distal end. The catheter member may have an inner lumen and a proximal end which is fixed or releasably coupled with a stent element extending from within the lumen of the proximal end of the stent body. The inner member assembly may be disposed in the inner lumen of the catheter body and may extend into the inner lumen of the stent member to concentrically align the catheter body and the stent member. 
         [0032]    In some embodiments, the stent delivery system further comprises a wire extending through or along the entire or a portion of the catheter body and into the inner lumen of the stent body to interface the catheter member, with the stent element thereby securing the stent body to the catheter body. Retraction of the wire from the inner lumen of the catheter member may free the inner member assembly from the stent element such that the catheter member is released from the stent body. 
         [0033]    In some embodiments, the stent delivery system may further comprise a wire extending through or along the entire or a portion of the catheter body and into the inner lumen of the stent member, subsequently interfacing with the superelastic assembly in a releasable fashion to secure the stent member to the catheter body. Retraction of the wire from the inner lumen of the stent member may free the superelastic inner member assembly from such that the stent member is released from the stent body. 
         [0034]    In some embodiments, the stent delivery system may further comprise a tether extending through or along the catheter body and into the inner lumen of the stent member to form a loop over at least a portion of the inner member assembly, thereby securing the stent member to the catheter body. Retraction of the inner member from the inner lumen of the stent member may free the inner member assembly from the loop such that the stent member is released from the stent body. 
         [0035]    In some embodiments, the stent delivery system may further comprise a tether extending through or along the catheter body and into the inner lumen of the stent member to form a loop over at least a portion of the inner member assembly, thereby securing the stent member to the catheter body. Retraction of the inner member from the inner lumen of the stent member may free the inner member assembly from the loop such that the stent member is released from the stent body. 
         [0036]    In some embodiments, the stent delivery system may further comprise an adhesive which is applied to the inner lumen of the stent member to affix the inner member assembly to the stent member extending through or along the catheter body and into the inner lumen of the stent member, thereby securing the stent member to the catheter body. Retraction of the inner member at a threshold load may allow a break away from the bonded surface of the stent member such that the inner member is released from the stent body. 
         [0037]    In some embodiments, the stent delivery system may further comprise a frictional interference between the inner member and the stent member. The frictional interference may be applied to the inner lumen of the stent member to affix the inner member assembly to the stent member extending through or along the catheter body and into the inner lumen of the stent member, thereby securing the stent member to the catheter body. Retraction of the inner member at a threshold load may allow a breakaway of the frictional interference with the stent member such that the inner member is released from the stent body. 
         [0038]    In some embodiments, the stent delivery system may further comprise a metallic crimp or swaged band element. The metallic crimp or swaged band element may be applied over the outside of the stent body toward its distal end to affix the inner member assembly to the stent member extending through or along the catheter body and into the inner lumen of the stent member thereby securing the stent member to the catheter body. Retraction of the inner member at a threshold load may allow a breakaway from the frictional interference resulting from the crimp element such that the inner member is released from the stent body. 
         [0039]    In some embodiments, the stent delivery system may further comprise a superelastic mechanism extending from the stent body. The superelastic mechanism may interface with the inner member in a locked state until the catheter body is removed, at which point the superelastic mechanism may release the inner member from its locked state allowing its complete removal. 
         [0040]    In some embodiments, the stent delivery system may further comprise a thermoforming process applied to the inner member allowing it to interface with the stent member to affix the inner member assembly to the stent member extending through or along the catheter body and into the inner lumen of the stent member, thereby securing the stent member to the catheter body. Retraction of the inner member at a threshold load may allow a breakaway from the thermoformed surface of the stent member such that the inner member is released from the stent body. 
         [0041]    In some embodiments, an inner member and stent member may interface and lock together via threaded surfaces to affix the inner member assembly to the stent member extending through or along the catheter body and into the inner lumen of the stent member, thereby securing the stent member to the catheter body. Rotation of the inner member out from the stent member may enable inner member to be released from the stent body. 
         [0042]    The stent delivery systems may further be configured in any number of ways described above and herein. 
         [0043]    Aspects of the present disclosure also provide methods for delivering nephroureteral or other stents. A stent delivery system may be advanced through a percutaneous access site so that a distal end of a stent member of the stent delivery system is positioned in a bladder and a proximal end of the stent member is positioned in a renal pelvis. The distal end of the stent member may form a distal loop in the bladder. The proximal end of stent member may be actuated to form a proximal loop in the renal pelvis. The stent member may be decoupled from a catheter body of the stent delivery system. The catheter body of the stent delivery system may be retracted from the percutaneous access site, leaving the stent member in place. 
         [0044]    To actuate the proximal end of the stent member to form a proximal loop in the renal pelvis, a loop pull wire extending through the catheter body may be retracted to reduce a radius of the proximal end of the stent member. 
         [0045]    To decouple the stent member from the catheter body, a lock pull wire may be retracted from the stent member to free a tether loop extending into the stent member from the catheter body and/or an inner member may be retracted from the stent member. The inner member may be configured to concentrically align the catheter body with the stent member when advanced therethrough. 
         [0046]    The member and the catheter body of the stent delivery system may be left in place for at least 3 days before the stent member is decoupled from the catheter body and the catheter body is retracted from the percutaneous access site. In some embodiments, urine is be drained through the catheter body of the stent left in place. In some embodiments, the catheter body of the stent left in place is capped. 
       INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE 
       [0047]    All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0048]    The novel features of the present disclosure are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present disclosure will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the present disclosure are utilized, and the accompanying drawings which display various embodiments of the coupling mechanism to be used in the fabrication of the convertible nephroureteral catheter and are described as follows. 
           [0049]      FIG. 1  is a side view of an example convertible nephroureteral catheter, according to many embodiments. 
           [0050]      FIG. 2  is a side section view detailing two coupling methods utilizing the principle of a suture loop lock in conjunction with a pull wire, according to many embodiments. 
           [0051]      FIGS. 3A and 3B  are side section views of a suture loop lock similar to that of the previous figures, but where the inner member of the catheter is grabbed by the suture loop(s) as opposed to using a pull wire, according to many embodiments. 
           [0052]      FIGS. 4A ,  4 B,  4 C, and  4 D are side section views of the coupling region between the catheter (proximal member) and stent (distal member) with elements that have been affixed to both proximal and distal members which may be used for coupling and decoupling of said members (with decoupling means achieved by removing pull wire from assembled elements), according to many embodiments. 
           [0053]      FIGS. 5A and 5B  are perspective and side section views, respectively, of the coupling region which may utilize a superelastic/shape memory alloy affixed to proximal and/or distal member, according to many embodiments. 
           [0054]      FIGS. 6A ,  6 B, and  6 C are perspective views of a coupling region which utilizes locking ring elements to join proximal and distal members; and,  FIG. 6D  is a side section view of this coupling region. 
           [0055]      FIG. 7A  is a side view of a coupling region which utilizes hexagonal elements affixed to proximal and distal members to achieve coupling;  FIG. 7B  shows a front section view of the coupling region;  FIG. 7C  shows a side view of the coupling region;  FIG. 7D  shows a perspective view of the coupling region;  FIG. 7E  shows a tool that may be used to actuate the hexagonal elements in the coupling region; and  FIG. 7F  shows a handle mechanism for the tool, according to many embodiments. 
           [0056]      FIGS. 8A ,  8 B, and  8 C shows side views of coupling configurations, according to many embodiments. 
           [0057]      FIG. 9  shows a side section view of the application of an adhesive on inner member of catheter to achieve coupling between proximal and distal members, according to many embodiments. 
           [0058]      FIG. 10  shows a side section view of a friction/press fitting of the inner member of the catheter into the lumen of the stent to achieve coupling of proximal and distal members, according to many embodiments. 
           [0059]      FIGS. 11A and 11B  show side views of a metallic element applied to the outer surface of the stent to crimp a catheter inner member to achieve coupled state, according to many embodiments. 
           [0060]      FIGS. 12A and 12B  show side views of the use of a superelastic/shape memory alloy affixed to stent used to couple proximal and distal members, according to many embodiments. 
           [0061]      FIGS. 13A and 13B  show side views of a method to couple proximal and distal members by thermally processing a region of stent, according to many embodiments. 
           [0062]      FIG. 14  shows a side section view detailing a threaded coupling whereby distal member (stent) has female threads (inner surface) and proximal member (catheter) has male threads over its outer surface within the coupling region, according to many embodiments. 
           [0063]      FIGS. 15A ,  15 B, and  15 C show side views displaying the proximal loop suture and its independent functionality from the coupling mechanism, according to many embodiments. 
           [0064]      FIGS. 16A ,  16 B, and  16 C show side views detailing several proximal hub configurations, according to many embodiments. 
           [0065]      FIG. 17A  shows a side view of a nephroureteral stent system, according to many embodiments. 
           [0066]      FIG. 17B  show a side view of the nephroureteral stent system of  FIG. 17A  with the stent member detached. 
           [0067]      FIG. 17C  shows a side section view of the coupling and release mechanism of the nephroureteral stent system of  FIG. 17A . 
           [0068]      FIG. 17D  shows a perspective view of the lock/release wire of the coupling and release mechanism of  FIG. 17C . 
           [0069]      FIG. 17E  shows a side view of the nephroureteral stent system of  FIG. 17A . 
           [0070]      FIG. 17F  shows a magnified view of the proximal loop of the stent member of the nephroureteral stent system of  FIG. 17A . 
           [0071]      FIGS. 18A ,  18 B, and  18 C show side section views of a coupling and release mechanism releasing the stent member of a nephroureteral stent system, according to many embodiments. 
           [0072]      FIG. 19  shows a side section view of a side section view of a coupling and release mechanism for a nephroureteral stent system, according to many embodiments. 
           [0073]      FIG. 20  shows a side section view of a side section view of a coupling and release mechanism for a nephroureteral stent system, according to many embodiments. 
           [0074]      FIG. 21  shows a side section view of a side section view of a coupling and release mechanism for a nephroureteral stent system, according to many embodiments. 
           [0075]      FIGS. 22A and 22B  show perspective and perspective side section views of an exemplary hub for a nephroureteral stent system, according to many embodiments. 
           [0076]      FIGS. 23A-23D  show another exemplary hub for a nephroureteral stent system, according to many embodiments.  FIGS. 23A ,  23 B, and  23 C show perspective views of the hub.  FIG. 23A  shows the hub being axially collapsed,  FIG. 23B  shows the hub being partially separated, and  FIG. 23C  shows the hub being fully separated out so that multiple pull tabs can be used.  FIG. 23D  shows a side section view of the hub. 
           [0077]      FIG. 24  shows further exemplary hubs for nephroureteral stent systems, according to many embodiments. 
           [0078]      FIG. 25A  show perspective views of various rotating hemostat type valves usable for various convertible stent systems, according to many embodiments. 
           [0079]      FIG. 25B  shows a perspective view of a center lever lock usable for various convertible stent systems, according to many embodiments. 
           [0080]      FIG. 26  shows a section view of a convertible stent system showing the arrangement of its loop suture, according to many embodiments. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0081]      FIG. 1  provides a perspective of an example configuration of the convertible nephroureteral catheter  100 .  FIG. 2  details the coupling region of proximal member (catheter)  110  and distal member (stent)  120  with two example configurations shown. The release mechanism shown may comprise two elongated members—suture  130  and pull wire  140 . As shown in  FIG. 2 , the suture  130  may exit through the wall of the proximal member  110  and reenter the distal member  120 , holding the proximal and distal members  110 ,  120  together across the junction  150 . The pull wire  150  can keep the suture  140  from pulling out until the pull wire (lock wire)  150  is removed or proximally retracted. The distal portion of the suture  140  may form a loop through which the distal portion of the pull wire  150  is threaded through. Additionally, an inner-member  160  may be included to cross the junction  150  on the inside to keep junction aligned (concentric) and facilitate passage of other components across the junction  150 . Various configurations are shown in  FIG. 2 , where the suture  130  can be inside the inner member  160  and pass through the inner member  160  in addition to proximal and distal members  110 ,  120  (Configuration  2 A). Alternatively or in combination, the suture  130  can be outside the inner member  160  and pass through only the proximal and distal members  110 ,  120  (Configuration  2 B). Both the pull wire  140  and the suture  130  may be made of various suitable materials and shapes of materials, as well as other components. To release the locking suture  130 , the pull wire  140  may be pulled proximally from a pull tab  170  on the handle portion or proximal hub  100   a  of the convertible catheter  100 .  FIGS. 3A and 3B  detail an additional configuration of the suture loop  130  lock(s) which may wrap around inner member  160  as opposed to utilizing a pull wire  140  to achieve coupling. The distal portion of the suture  140  may form a loop through which the distal portion of the inner member  160  is threaded through ( FIG. 3A ). When the inner member  160  is retracted proximally, the distal loops of the suture  140  may be released which allows the proximal and distal members  110 ,  120  to separate. In some embodiments, the inner member  160 , the proximal member  110 , and the distal member  120  may form an interference fit with one another at the junction  150  to prevent displacement of the proximal and distal members  110 ,  120 , although this interference fit may be decoupled by retraction of the inner member  160  relative to the junction  150 . In some embodiments, the distal member  120  may comprise stops  125  along the inner surface of its lumen to restrict the distal advancement of the inner member  160  into the lumen ( FIG. 3B ). 
         [0082]      FIGS. 4A-4D  display enhanced perspectives of the coupling region between distal (stent) members  110  and proximal (catheter) members  120  of the device  100 . Various elements which may be fabricated from metallic or polymeric materials, may be affixed to the coupling region of the proximal member  120 . Shown by  FIGS. 4A-4D  is a large diameter tube segment  401  and joined to inner surface of said element  401  may be a small tube element  402 . On the distal member  120 , a marker band  406  may be applied, with a ball wire  403  extending proximally from marker band  406  and terminating at junction  404  ( FIGS. 4A ,  4 B). The ball wire  403  may be passed through the small tube element  402  with the diameter of the ball wire  402  being slightly smaller than the inner diameter of the small tube element  402 . Once the ball portion of ball wire  403  has fully passed through small tube element  402 , a pull wire  405  can then be passed through small tube element  402  as in  FIGS. 4C and 4D . The additive diameter of the pull wire  405  and the diameter of the ball wire  403 , but not the ball itself, may not be greater than the inner diameter of the small tube element  402 . The ball wire&#39;s  403  ball diameter plus the pull wire  405  diameter may exceed the inner diameter of the small tube  402 , coupling the distal and proximal members  110 ,  120  until the pull wire  405  is removed. This pull wire  405  may be affixed to a region on the proximal hub  110   a , allowing for removal by pulling it out of the device  100 . 
         [0083]      FIGS. 5A and 5B  display proximal member  110  which may function in a similar fashion to the corresponding member  110  shown in  FIGS. 4A-4D . The proximal member  110  may include a superelastic/shape memory element or tab  501  used to receive ball wire and pull wire components. This superelastic/shape memory element or tab  501  may function in a similar fashion to the small tube segment or element  402  shown in  FIGS. 4A-4D . The tab  501  may replace the small tube segment or element  402  and the tab  501  may be integral to the proximal member  110 . The tab  501  shown on the proximal member  110  may be heat set into a downward or upwards position to couple the distal member  120  and the superelastic properties of the tab  501  may enable it to relocate as an input is induced to the proximal hub  110   a  or interior lumen so as to allow a decoupling to occur. This tab  501 , along with all other inner member components, may be situated anywhere along the entire length of the proximal member  110 . 
         [0084]      FIGS. 6A-6D  show perspective views of the coupling region or junction  150  which utilizes locking ring elements  601  to join proximal and distal members  110 ,  120 , which may be held coincident using a pull wire  606 .  FIG. 6A  shows the proximal and distal members  110 ,  120  with locking ring elements  601  and  FIG. 6B  shows the same with the pull wire  606  threaded through the holes or apertures of the locking ring elements  601  to hold the proximal and distal members  110 ,  120  together.  FIGS. 6C and 6D  show locking ring elements  110   a ,  120   b  which may extend out from the interfacing ends of proximal and distal members  110 ,  120  at the junction  150 . The two ring members  110   a ,  120   a  can be screwed (e.g., the ring members may have a high pitch such as a ¼ turn) and a wire  606   a  may lock the two ring members  110   a ,  120   a  in place. The two ring members  110   a ,  120   a  may be easily un-coupled once the wire  606   a  is removed. The locking ring elements  110   a ,  120   a  may have apertures or holes through which the pull wire  606   a  is threaded through. 
         [0085]      FIGS. 7A-7D  show views of the coupling region or junction  150  which utilizes keyed (hexagonal shape shown to illustrate) elements affixed to proximal and distal members  110 ,  120  to achieve coupling. The inner member assembly coupling the stent to the catheter may be threaded/rotationally interlocked (like a ¼ turn or other thread) and keyed (e.g., hexed). As shown in  FIG. 7A , one of the proximal or distal members  110 ,  120  may be held stationary while the other is turned to decouple the proximal and distal members  110 ,  120 . A tool with coaxial members may be provided. The tool may hold one of the proximal or distal members  110 ,  120  stationary and can rotate the other to unscrew them. The tool may put down the catheter/proximal member  110  (i.e., advanced within the lumen of the catheter) to engage the inner member assembly at the time of disconnect. The stent/distal member  120  may be held steady and the part affixing the stent/distal member  120  to the catheter/proximal member  110  may be unscrewed. The catheter/proximal member  110  may be twisted while the stent/distal member  120  is decoupled. A pull wire may not be necessary with use of the tool to assist decoupling.  FIG. 7B  shows a side section view of the junction  150 , showing a first keyed portion  701   a  coupled to the second keyed portion  701   b .  FIG. 7C  shows a side view of the junction  150 , showing the first keyed portion  701   a  in alignment with the second keyed portion  701   b .  FIG. 7D  shows a perspective section view of the same. While hexagonal shapes for the keyed portions are shown, other shapes such as star or torx like shapes may be used instead. The present disclosure also provides a counter rotating tool  751  to engage and unlock proximal and distal portions  110 ,  120 , without twisting the distal portion  120  ( FIGS. 7E ,  7 F). The handle mechanism of the tool may allowed the keyed shape to be rotated while the outer bodies of the proximal and/or distal portions  110 ,  120  are held stationary. 
         [0086]      FIGS. 8A to 8B  show side section views of the coupling region  150  in which the use of the inner member  160  of the catheter  100  is utilized in separate configurations to maintain concentricity between stent member  120  and catheter member  110 . A variety of coupling mechanisms may be used with any of these inner member  160  configuration styles.  FIG. 8A  shows a configuration in which the functionality of the inner member  110  has been formed onto the distal tip of the catheter member  110 . This distal tip of the catheter member  110  may slide into the lumen of the stent member  120 .  FIG. 8B  shows a configuration whereby the inner member  160  does not extend back to the proximal hub  100   a ; this inner member  160  may be a component which is affixed to the catheter member  110  of the device  100  similar to the design style shown in  FIGS. 4A-4D .  FIG. 8C  displays a configuration in which the inner member  160  extending fully back to the proximal hub  100   a  and being fixed into place at the hub region. The catheter distal tip may be formed to taper in toward the inside lumen of stent, it may utilize a fixed inner member at the catheter&#39;s distal end, or it may be a slidable component which may be fully removed from the catheter lumen. 
         [0087]      FIG. 9  shows the use of an adhesive may be applied to the region of the inner member  160  region  160   a  which is in contact with the lumen of the stent member  110 . This adhesive joint may effectively couple the inner member  160  and its corresponding outer catheter member  110  to the stent member  120  (outer catheter member  110  not shown in  FIG. 9  or  10 ). 
         [0088]      FIG. 10  shows the use of an interference fit where the inner member  160  has an oversized diameter, which when passed into the lumen of the stent member  120 , a frictional fitting joint is achieved. 
         [0089]      FIGS. 11A and 11B  show the use of a metallic or polymeric crimp  1101  applied to the outside of the stent member  120 , circumferentially collapsing that region over the inner member  160  of the catheter member  110  resulting in a coupled region. 
         [0090]      FIGS. 12A and 12B  show the use of a superelastic/shape memory alloy which in this case has been affixed to the stent member  120  which may interface with protrusions  1206  affixed to the inner member  160  of the catheter  100 . The stent member  120  may comprise a peel-away sheath  1201  acting as the catheter tube ( FIG. 12A ), whereby the peel away sheath  1201  would be the first element of the device  100  to be removed resulting in the release (shape alloy memory effect) of the wires grabbing protrusions  1206  on the outer surface of the inner member  160  from a super elastic component  1211  of the stent member  120 , thus allowing for the complete removal of the inner member  160  thereafter. 
         [0091]      FIGS. 13A and 13B  show where the region of the stent member  120  that interfaces with the inner member  160  is thermally processed.  FIG. 13A  shows the coupling region or junction  150  before processing and  FIG. 13B  shows the coupling region or junction  150  after processing. The inner member  160  may have a series of grooves  160   a  cut circumferentially about its surface, these grooves  160   a  serving as a region with which the polymer material of the stent member  120  may flow into when said region is heated. Once the stent member polymer is heated and has joined to the inner member  160 , it is then allowed to cool permanently forming a mechanical interface between the two elements. A light to moderate pull force applied to the inner member  160  would allow it to break away from the stent member  120 . 
         [0092]      FIG. 14  details a coupling configuration which permits the distal member (stent)  120  to receive a threaded proximal member (catheter)  110  into the lumen of the stent member  120 . The female threaded coupling region  1420  of the stent member  120  may receive a proximal member  110  which has a male type thread arrangement  1410  over its outer surface within its coupling region  150 . This permits proximal member  110  to be coupled to distal member  120  by threading into position and later proximal member  110  may be removed by unthreading (rotating) the proximal portion  110  of the device  100 . 
         [0093]      FIGS. 15A-15C  depict the strand material used to close the proximal loop  120   a  of the distal portion (stent)  120  of the device  100  once it is within the renal pelvis of the kidney. This strand of material referred to as the proximal suture loop  1501  may pass through holes located through the sidewall of the bottom of the loop  120   a . As the distal stent loop or curl  120   a  and the proximal stent loop or curl  120   b  are straightened for delivery, the distal curl  120   b  of the stent member  120  may reform upon straightener removal due to the large space in the bladder. The proximal loop  120   a  may need mechanical encouragement to reform in the tighter renal pelvis region. The present device  100  can use a proximal loop suture  1501  which is pulled in tension at the proximal hub  100   a  of the device  100  to reform the proximal loop  120   a  of the stent  120 . This proximal loop suture  1501  may be removed by cutting one end of the strand at the hub  100   a  and pulling on the other end until it is fully removed. The proximal suture loop  120   b  and its function may act independently of the coupling mechanism. 
         [0094]      FIGS. 16A ,  16 B, and  16 C display several configurations of proximal hubs. The coupling components may extend out from various hub configurations enabling removal and/or features such as a push button may permit decoupling of the device. That is, the pull wire(s) or suture loop(s) may be retracted from various ports of the proximal hubs.  FIG. 16A  shows a proximal hub  100   a ′ with a main port  101   a  and a lateral port  101   b . In an example, the suture loop  1501  may be proximally retracted from the lateral port  101   b  to facilitate the (re)formation of the proximal loop  120   a  and the pull wire  140  may be retracted from the main port  101   a  to release the stent member  120 .  FIG. 16B  shows a proximal hub  100   a ″ with a main port  101   a  and two lateral ports  101   b ,  101   c . The additional lateral port  101   c  may, for example, be used for retraction of the suture  130  after the pull wire  140  has been retracted.  FIG. 16C  shows a proximal hub  100   a ″&#39; with only a main port, which may be used for one or more of the pull wire(s) or suture(s). When the stent member  120  has been left implanted in the patient, the suture(s) may be one or more of cut, retracted, or left in place. 
         [0095]    Further nephroureteral stent systems and joining or coupling mechanisms are described below. Many of the elements of the figures and their corresponding reference numbers are listed below. 
         [0096]      1 : Stent 
         [0097]      2 : Detachable drainage/delivery catheter 
         [0098]      3 : Hub 
         [0099]      4 : Loop suture lock 
         [0100]      5 : Loop suture
         5   a : Tensioning end of loop suture     5   b : Loop locking end of loop suture     5   c : Removal end w/tab (for lock suture proximal exit hole  20 )         
         [0104]      6 : Proximal loop 
         [0105]      7 : Distal loop 
         [0106]      8 : Distal radiopaque marker 
         [0107]      9 : Proximal radiopaque marker 
         [0108]      10 : Junction stent to drainage catheter (shown with gap for clarity) 
         [0109]      11 : Lock Suture
         11   a : Distal lock suture loop     11   b : Hub attachment (example of possible location)     11   c : Distal lock suture tie down         
         [0113]      12 : Coupler, retractable 
         [0114]      13 : Protective cap (pull wire) 
         [0115]      14 : Protective cap (for loop suture  5 ) 
         [0116]      15 : Lure thread connector (standard) 
         [0117]      16 : Tapered tip
         16   a : Drainage hole     16   b : Drainage hole         
         [0120]      17 : Drainage holes (interior of loops) 
         [0121]      18 : Lock/Release wire
         18   a : Proximal part (going from coupler  12  to pull tab  19 )     18   b : Distal end (going through lock distal lock suture loop  11   a )         
         [0124]      19 : Lock/Release wire pull tab 
         [0125]      20 : Lock suture proximal exit hole 
         [0126]      21 : Lock Suture Distal entry hole 
         [0127]      22 : Distal reinforcement on stent (e.g., SS hypotube) 
         [0128]      23 : Proximal reinforcement on catheter (e.g., SS hypotube) 
         [0129]      24 : Alternative reinforcement or in combination with other reinforcement, higher durometer or tougher tubing than main body 
         [0130]      25 : Advancement Stop 
         [0131]      26 : Lock suture tie down reinforcement (swaged hypotube, for example, not shown swaged flush for clarity) 
         [0132]      27 : Separate lock/release wire 
         [0133]      28 : Inner member 
         [0134]      29 : Fixed coupler 
         [0135]      30 : Coupler to catheter attachment 
         [0136]      31 : Slip fit 
         [0137]      32 : Lock wire 
         [0138]      33 : Wire 
         [0139]    As shown in  FIGS. 17A-17F , a nephroureteral stent system  200  may comprise three major components: a distal and releasable stent or stent member  1 , a catheter  2  and a hub  3 , and a coupling and release mechanism which may comprise a loop suture  5 , a lock suture  11 , a retractable coupler  12 , a lock/release wire  18 , and a lock/release wire pull tab  19 . The hub  3  may be fixed to the catheter  2 , while the stent  1  may be releasably fixed to the catheter  2  at the junction  10  by the coupling and release mechanism. The coupling and release mechanism may operate in a manner similar to the coupling mechanisms described above and herein. For example, referring to  FIG. 17C , the lock/release wire  18  may threaded through the distal lock suture hub attachment  11   b  of the lock suture  11 , the lock/release wire may be retracted therefrom to release the lock suture  11  such that the stent  1  may decouple from the catheter  2 , and the lock suture  11  may be proximally retracted further. 
         [0140]    A straightener (e.g., a hypotube with a hub) can be put in to straighten the loops  6 ,  7  of the stent  1  out and the system  200  can be put over a guidewire in the body to be placed. The straightener can be then removed allowing the proximal and distal loops  6 ,  7  of the stent  1  to form. Usually, the proximal loop  6  will not form on its own in tight spaces and may need to be formed by pulling on the loop suture  5  similarly described above with reference to  FIGS. 15   a - 15   c.    
         [0141]    As shown in  FIGS. 17A-17F , one end of the loop suture  5   c  may be tied down to a pull tab  20 , the loop suture going down the inner lumens of the catheter  2  and of the stent  1  to the proximal loop  6  where it may exit one drain hole  16   a  and re-enters another drain hole  16   b  and returns to the hub through the loop suture lock  4 . The two drainage holes  16   a ,  16   b  may be configured so that when the loop suture  5  is tensioned, such as by pulling on tensioning end  5   a , the loops suture  5  pulls the proximal loop  6  into a loop. The loop suture  5  can be locked in place by lock mechanism  4  to help retain the system  200  in the body. Additional drainage holes may exist on the proximal loop  6 , generally residing on the inner portion of the loop  6 . 
         [0142]    In some embodiments, the nephroureteral systems may not need the loop suture  5  removed. In such systems, the loop suture lock  4  can be unlocked to free up the proximal loop  6  and the whole catheter  2  including the loop suture mechanism can be removed. Such systems may not require the distal lock suture tie down  5   c  and the lock suture proximal exit home  20 ; and instead, the ends of the loop suture  5  may be un-accessibly tied down in the hub  3 . Nevertheless, it can be critical to be able to withdrawal the loop suture  5  entirely before converting and releasing the stent  1 . Hence, the distal lock suture tie down  5   c  and the lock suture proximal exit home  20  can be accessible. 
         [0143]    The tension in the loop suture  5  can be relieved by unlocking the loop suture lock  4 , which can allow the proximal loop  6  to relax and un-fold as the system  200  is removed through an access channel/hole. 
         [0144]    Referring to  FIGS. 18A-18C , the coupling or lock mechanism for the system  200  can be similar to those described above and herein. The lock mechanism may comprise a lock wire (pull wire)  18  that may be permanently affixed to a coupler (e.g., a coupling cylinder)  12  of the inner member and may pass beyond the coupling cylinder  12  to engage or thread through the lock suture  11  at the distal lock suture tie down  11   c  as shown in  FIG. 18A . As shown in  FIG. 18B , the lock wire  18  may be retracted to free the distal lock suture tie down  11   c . Such retraction frees the lock suture  11  and can retract the coupler  12  from the stent  1 , allowing the lock suture  11  to be retracted and the stent  1  to be released. 
         [0145]    In some embodiments, a coupler cylinder  29  may be affixed to the catheter  2  through the coupler to catheter attachment  30  and may not be able to be independently pulled back ( FIG. 19 ). A lock wire  32  retractable to free the lock suture  11  may be separate from the coupler  29 . In some cases, however, the fixed coupler  29  may hang up on inside the stent  1  during removal (for example, due to friction, biofouling, etc.) if not pulled back independently. 
         [0146]    In some embodiments, the coupler  12  may be connected to a wire  33  that is separate from the lock/release wire  27 , and the wire  33  may be pulled as an additional step (which could be mitigated by interlocking the pullback actions). 
         [0147]    In some embodiments, the coupler  12  may be attached to a co-axial inner member  28 , which may be affixed to the hub so that it can be pull back. The coupler  12  may comprise an inner member, which may be solid polymer, nitinol, braided or coiled shafts (not shown). 
         [0148]    Referring back to  FIGS. 17A-17F , to deploy the stent portion  1 , the operator may first unlock the loop suture  11 , remove the loop suture cap  14 , and pull the loop suture out. To actually deploy the stent  1 , the cap  13  may be removed and the lock wire  18  may be pulled back by pulling the lock wire tab. The lock wire  18  may be in communication (e.g., attached) to the coupler  12  such that the coupler  12  may be pulled back while it is pulling out of the lock suture loop  11   b , disconnecting the stent  1 . 
         [0149]    As shown in  FIG. 17C , an exemplary method of fixing the lock suture  11  is for one end  11   c  to be fixed near the distal end of the catheter  2  and the other end  11   b  fixed to the hub  3  for tensioning the catheter  2  and stent  1  together after the lock wire  18  is in place. Fixing one end  11   c  near the distal end of the catheter  2  while having the other end  11   b  be fixed more proximally can reduce instances of the catheter material pulling back or bunching up (and gaping at the junction) as the system  200  is advanced. Alternatively, both ends of the lock suture  11  can be tied down at the distal end or fixed down at the hub  3 . The lock suture ends may be locked down or fixed by tying around two holes, gluing, embedding, swaging marker, etc. 
         [0150]    The lock suture  11  may be made of a high tensile strength, low elongation material and flexible material like UHMWPE (Spectra, Honeywell) or other material, including stainless steel or other metallic materials, or a combination of materials. It could be a single ribbon with a hole at the end to pass lock wire through, or other configurations. 
         [0151]    The stiff coupler  12  may be made of implant grade materials such as stainless steel, NiTi, PEEK, or other materials know in the art. More flexible couplers are possible, but do not support the catheter  2  and stent  1  at the junction under bending, resulting in splaying open of the junction. 
         [0152]    Various configurations of hubs are also disclosed, including a triple arm hub  220  which may be preferred in at least some cases ( FIGS. 22A ,  22 B). A single side arm  221  of the triple arm hub  220  may comprise two pull tabs  222   a ,  22   b . The hubs can be in axial configurations with pull tabs or laid out in a side arm or triple arm configuration. Alternatively, the hubs  230  could be axially stacked components (like rocket stages), that separate (unscrew for instance) in sequence to provide the necessary actions ( FIGS. 23A ,  23 B,  23 C). As shown in  FIGS. 23B and 23C , the body of the hub  230  may be axially pulled apart so that pull tabs  232   a ,  232   b  may be accessed. A handle with a slide or twist mechanism may be used in some embodiments. The hubs shown may use a rotating hemostat type valve (shown in  FIG. 25A  by locks  250 , for example) to wrap and lock the loop suture, although other mechanisms such as a center lever to lock the suture and seal out the side (shown in  FIG. 25B , by lever mechanism  251 , for example) may be used as well. 
         [0153]      FIG. 24  shows further hubs that may be used for the devices  200 , include a side armed hub  241 , a barrel hub  242 , and a triple armed hub  243 . 
         [0154]    In the side or triple arm hubs described above, the wire or sutures could be affixed directly to the caps, but may twist and bind if not provided a anti twist feature in cap. Since ports  15  on these devices  200  may need to be flushed periodically, a person un-familiar with the devices  200  might unscrew a cap inadvertently. Hence in preferred embodiments, pull tabs are separate from caps. 
         [0155]    In some embodiments, the catheter  2  and the stent  1  may be decoupled from one another electrolytically or by electrical resistance based melting of a connector. The device  200  may comprise a sacrificial joint between the catheter  2  and the stent  1  that may dissolve in the presence of urine when an electrical charge is applied, similar to the mechanisms described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,122,136 and 5,643,254. The device  200  may use current resistance to soften or melt a connector, and since the connector may be internal to the catheter, no tissue may be affected by the temperature and the volume of body fluids flowing through the catheter may keep fluid temperatures within acceptable ranges. The device  200  may comprise shape memory component(s) and heating these components by electrical current can cause them change shape to release the catheter  2  and stent  1  from one another. 
         [0156]    As shown in  FIG. 26 , the lock suture  11  may be tied down to the catheter  2  at multiple distal lock suture tie down locations  11   c . The catheter  2  may be reinforced at the tie down locations  11   c  with reinforcements  24 . The reinforcements  24  may comprise coil reinforced areas. These coil reinforced areas may be provided so that the lock suture  11  does not tear through the material of the catheter  2  under high load scenarios, as discussed further below. In some embodiments, a coil or other mode of reinforcement would also be located in a region of the lock suture distal entry hole  21  of the stent  1 . 
         [0157]    Lock Suture Distal Termination Methods: At least one or both ends of the lock suture  11  may be terminated toward the distal end of the catheter  2  to prevent separation of the stent-catheter junction under loading scenarios during delivery of the device. 
         [0158]    The suture  11  may be terminated on pull wire  18  by passing through the braid of the suture  11  itself or tie knot to pull wire shaft. The knot or braid may slide longitudinally over the wire  18  as it is displaced or removed during a detachment event. 
         [0159]    The knotted suture  11  may terminate within the lumen of the catheter  2  which may leverage against a small diameter hole. The hole which suture knot leverages against may be covered with an adhesive, marker band, and/or other polymeric sheathing. 
         [0160]    A hypotube or marker band may be applied or crimped to the outer diameter, inner diameter, or embedded within the surface of the catheter  2  and/or stent  1  polymer. The metallic surfaces of the applied hypotube or marker band may be utilized for attaching suture material. 
         [0161]    Lock Suture Hole Reinforcement: The holes punched (e.g., punched using a coring tool) through the wall of the catheter  2  and stent  1  in which the lock suture  11  passes through may require reinforcement to enhance the tear resistance of the thermoplastic used in many device applications which may cause the catheter  2  and/or stent  1  to soften at body temperature for optimal patient comfort. Locking suture materials usable in some applications may have the propensity to tear through the holes in the wall of the device under high load scenarios. A stiff metallic, polymeric, or fibrous braid or coil may be embedded, extruded, or laminated within the wall of one or more of the stent  1  or the catheter  2  to prevent such tearing. A segment of hypotube or other high strength material may be embedded, overlaid, or affixed near the holes of interest, but typically only near that region so as to not greatly impact the overall comfort characteristics of the device, so the suture may leverage against this stiff substrate under load. 
         [0162]    While the convertible catheter devices are described above as being used to deliver a nephroureteral stent, the convertible catheter devices and their methods of use may be applicable for other anatomical structures as well. The dimensions and/or material properties of the convertible catheter devices may be modified to be appropriate for the other anatomical structures. For example, convertible catheter devices according to many embodiments may be suitable for use as a biliary stent to maintain the patency of a bile duct; and, the convertible catheter device usable to deliver a biliary stent may have a smaller proximal loop or a J-hook configuration of the proximal hook suitable for the shape of the gallbladder and/or gallbladder neck. In another example, convertible catheter devices according to many embodiments may be suitable for use as an ileal conduit catheter. While the convertible catheter devices adapted for use as a nephroureteral stent may have a proximal to distal loop distance ranging from about 20 cm to about 28 cm, the convertible catheter devices adapted for use as ileal conduit catheters would have a longer loop to loop distance. 
         [0163]    While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.