Abstract:
Inertial rate sensor and method in which a drive signal consisting initially of a square wave and thereafter a sine wave is applied to a vibratory rate sensing element, a pickup circuit is coupled to the rate sensing element for providing an output signal corresponding to movement of the rate sensing element, the magnitude of the drive signals is adjusted to set a scale factor which determines the sensitivity to movement of the rate sensing element, and a signal in the drive circuit is monitored to detect a failure.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of Invention 
     This invention pertains generally to inertial rate sensors and, more particularly, to an inertial rate sensor and method with improved tuning fork drive. 
     2. Related Art 
     Inertial rate sensors are used in a wide variety of applications including aircraft navigation, the guidance of missiles and spacecraft, and automotive stability control systems. In many of these applications, safety is critical, and measures must be taken to guard against failures of the sensor. 
     OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is in general an object of the invention to provide a new and improved inertial rate sensor and method. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide an inertial rate sensor and method with improved tuning fork drive. 
     These and other objects are achieved in accordance with the invention by providing an inertial rate sensor and method in which a drive signal consisting initially of a square wave and thereafter a sine wave is applied to a vibratory rate sensing element, a pickup circuit is coupled to the rate sensing element for providing an output signal corresponding to movement of the rate sensing element, the magnitude of the drive signals is adjusted to set a scale factor which determines the sensitivity to movement of the rate sensing element, and a signal in the drive circuit is monitored to detect a failure. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram of one embodiment of an inertial rate sensor incorporating the invention. 
     FIG. 2 is block diagram of the drive oscillator in the embodiment of FIG.  1 . 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     As illustrated in FIG. 1, the rate sensor includes a quartz sensing element  11  in the form of a double-ended tuning fork. This tuning fork is fabricated of single crystal quartz material, and has an H-shaped configuration, with drive tines  12  at one end and pick-up tines  13  at the other. Each pair of tines is disposed symmetrically about the longitudinal axis  14  of the tuning fork. 
     The drive tines are driven to oscillate at the natural frequency of the tuning fork and in the plane of the tuning fork. When the tuning fork is subjected to rotation about its longitudinal axis, the Coriolis force causes the tines to deflect out of the plane of the fork, stimulating the pickup mode of oscillation. The drive and pickup signals are coupled to the tines in a conventional manner by the use of electrodes (not shown), with the drive signals stimulating piezoelectric vibration of the tines and the pickup signals being in the form of electric charge generated piezoelectrically in response to strain produced by the Coriolis force. 
     Although the sensing element is illustrated as being a double ended tuning fork, another type of vibratory sensing element, including a single ended tuning fork, can also be utilized, if desired. 
     The pickup signals pass through a charge amplifier  16 , to a preamplifier  17 , and then to a demodulator  18 . The signals from the demodulator pass through a low pass filter  19  to a compensation summer  21  and then to an output amplifier  22 , with the rate output signal appearing at the output of the output amplifier. With voltage inputs of +5 volts and 0 volts, the rate output is biased to +2.5 volts for zero input and swings to a more positive voltage for positive rate inputs and toward zero volts for a negative rate input. The +2.5 volt level is often referred to as virtual ground. 
     Compensation signals are applied to the summer to adjust the output signal for factors such as temperature and to make the system ratiometric so that the scale factor of the unit varies in direct proportion to the applied power, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,942,686. 
     The system includes digital logic  23  which operates in conjunction with an external EEPROM 24 whereby the unit can be calibrated electronically without the need for hand-soldered components. The digital logic also provides a built-in test function for detecting the occurrence of faults in the unit. Signals from the digital logic are applied to compensation summer  21  through a digital-to-analog converter  26  and to output amplifier  22 . 
     The vibratory sensing element or tuning fork  11  is used as the clock reference for the digital logic, with clock signals derived from the drive circuit or oscillator  28  being applied to the digital logic through a clock filter  29 . The clock filter prevents incorrect clock signals from being delivered in response to spurious oscillations both during start-up and during continuous operation, and it also ensures the same fixed phase relationship will always exist between the system clock and the oscillations of the tuning fork. 
     Using the tuning fork as the frequency determining element for the system clock reduces the size and cost of the rate sensor by eliminating the need for an external clock and thereby reducing the overall part count and circuit board area. It also simplifies the task of fault detection since monitoring tuning fork integrity automatically monitors the integrity of the clock signal. In addition, the clock signal is synchronous with the output signal, and there can be no aliased signals or beat tones at sum and difference frequencies. 
     In the preferred embodiment, the fundamental frequency of the tuning fork is used as the clock reference for the digital logic. Alternatively, a phase-locked loop can be utilized to generate a multiple of the fork drive frequency for faster signal processing. In either case, the frequency determining element is the same tuning fork that serves as the sensing element. 
     As illustrated in FIG. 2, the drive circuit or oscillator  28  comprises a loop which is sometimes referred to as an AGC (automatic gain control) servo loop. When the drive tines are oscillating, a current is generated across the drive electrodes. This current is passed through a current-to-voltage amplifier  31  to produce a voltage which is applied to the input of a demodulator  32 . A voltage comparator  33  connected to the output of the current-to-voltage amplifier produces a square wave at the drive frequency. This square wave is applied to the control input of the demodulator, and with the demodulator operating at the drive frequency, its output includes a term at dc. 
     The dc term from the demodulator is applied to a summing circuit  34  where it is combined with a fixed scale factor reference voltage  36  and a programmable scale factor reference voltage  37 . The output of the summing circuit is connected to the input of an integrator  38 . 
     The output of the integrator will move either toward a more positive voltage or toward a more negative voltage if its input is non-zero. This means that in a steady state condition, the input to the integrator must, on average, be zero. Thus, the output of the demodulator must exactly cancel the sum of the two scale factor reference voltages. Since the output voltage of the demodulator represents the amplitude of oscillation of the drive mode of the tuning fork, the two scale factor reference voltages set the magnitude of the drive mode oscillation. 
     The rate sensing capability of the tuning fork depends on the Coriolis force which couples input rotation about the axis of symmetry of the drive tines to an out-of-plane torsional mode. The Coriolis force is proportional to the product of the rate of rotation and the velocity of the tines, and that velocity is proportional to the amplitude of the tine oscillation. Thus, as the tines are driven to oscillate with a greater amplitude of displacement and velocity, the response to rotation via the Coriolis force will be proportionally greater. Thus, the scale factor, or response per unit rotation of the tuning fork, increases proportionally with the drive amplitude. 
     In determining the amplitude of oscillation of the drive mode of the tuning fork, scale factor reference voltages  36 ,  37  also determine the scale factor of the device. The fixed voltage is used to set the nominal scale factor, and the programmable voltage is used for fine adjustment. This permits the scale factor of each unit to be corrected for minor variations in individual tuning fork characteristics so that each rate sensor produced can have the proper scale factor output. 
     The programmable data for setting the programmable scale factor reference voltage is derived from a digital coefficient stored in EEPROM  24  and accessed by digital logic  23 . That data is converted to an analog voltage which is applied to the programmable bias voltage input of summing circuit  34 . In one presently preferred embodiment, the range of adjustment of the programmable component of the scale factor reference is on the order of ±35 percent of the fixed component. 
     The voltage level at the output of integrator  38  is monitored by a window comparator  39  which detects unacceptable conditions or failures in the drive loop. The window comparator comprises a pair of comparators  41 ,  42  and an inverting OR gate  43 , with the outputs of the comparators being connected to the inputs of the inverting OR gate. The upper and lower voltage limits are set by reference voltages +REF and −REF which define the trip points of the circuit. The other two comparator inputs are connected together for receiving the signal from the integrator. The output of the inverting OR gate is passed through a low pass filter  44  and monitored by the built-in test logic. 
     As long as the output of the integrator is within the limits set by reference voltages, the output of the window comparator will be determined to be acceptable by the built-in test logic  46 . If at any time the output of the integrator should fall outside these limits, the test logic will detect a failure and trigger output stage  22  to shift its output rapidly to the positive voltage rail, which is interpreted as a failure condition. 
     The types of failures which can be detected within the oscillator loop include a defective or broken tuning fork, an open electrical trace leading to or from the fork, a change in the fork mode “Q” factor caused by a leak in the backfill gas of the package in which the tuning fork is encapsulated, and a shorted or open feedback component across the integrator. 
     To permit failures of the integrator to be detected by the built-in test logic, the output of the integrator is combined with a bias voltage  48  in a summing circuit  49  to move the steady state output of the integrator away from virtual ground, i.e. the midpoint between the positive and negative supply voltages, to a desired value. This is necessary because if the feedback path across the integrator becomes shorted, the output of the integrator will remain at virtual ground, i.e. +2.5 volts for a system with supply voltages of +5 volts and 0 volts. In order to detect this failure, the acceptable range of integrator output voltages must be biased away from virtual ground, typically to a range of about +2.6 volts to +4.0 volts for normal operating conditions. 
     If the feedback path across the integrator becomes open, the integrator amplifier will pass all the double frequency components created by the demodulator. This double-frequency signal, when passed through the window comparator, will result in a stream of digital “ones” and “zeros” as the amplifier output transitions through the trip limits. Low pass filter  44  reduces this pulse stream to a dc voltage which is detected by the built-in test logic as a failure. 
     The output of summing circuit  49  is amplified by an amplifier  51  and applied to an amplitude modulator  52  to modulate the output voltage from voltage comparator  33 . The output of the voltage comparator is a rail-to-rail square wave, and the modulator adjusts the peak-to-peak amplitude of that square wave to provide a variable drive voltage for the drive tines of the tuning fork. 
     The square wave from the modulator is applied to the drive tines through a multiplexer  53  which is controlled by a signal from the logic circuitry. It is also applied to the input of a bandpass filter  54  with a gain of 1.0 at its center frequency which is approximately equal to the natural frequency of the drive mode of the tuning fork. This filter significantly attenuates the harmonic content of the square wave, and produces another drive signal which is nearly a pure sine wave. That signal is applied to a second input of the multiplexer. 
     The peak-to-peak voltage of the square wave drive signal rises more rapidly and results in a faster turn-on than the sine wave. It is applied to the drive tines during the initial phase of turn-on to minimize turn-on time. Once the amplitude of the tuning fork oscillations reaches a level such that the output of integrator  38  exceeds the lower control limit of window comparator  39 , the built-in test logic generates a command signal to the multiplexer to switch its output from the square wave to the sine wave. The relatively harmonic-free sine wave is then used to drive the tuning fork for the remainder of its operation until the next turn-on sequence. 
     This provides the advantages of both types of drive signals without the disadvantages of either. The square wave provides more rapid onset of fork oscillation and stabilization at the amplitude control level. However, it also has a high harmonic content which can, in some instances, couple to higher order modes of the tuning fork structure and cause undesired bias shifts in the sensor output. The sine wave is relatively free of such harmonics, and it couples only to the fundamental drive frequency. However a sine wave rises more slowly and produces a slower turn-on than the square wave. Consequently it is not as good for start-up operation. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the circuitry for the sensor is constructed in integrated form as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The tuning fork and the EEPROM are external to the ASIC, and compensation values can be loaded via computer interface into the EEPROM through the digital logic in the ASIC. In one presently preferred embodiment, the ASIC has only three connector terminals: +5 volts, ground (0 volts), and the output signal. 
     The invention has a number of important features and advantages. The use of the square wave drive signal during start-up and the sine wave drive signal during normal operation provides the advantages of both types of drive signals without the disadvantages of either. The AGC control loop is compatible with external programming of the fork drive amplitude and scale factor. Thus, the scale factor of each unit can be corrected for minor variations in individual tuning fork characteristics so that each rate sensor produced can have the proper scale factor output. By monitoring a signal in the drive loop with a window comparator, a number of different types of failures can be detected. 
     It is apparent from the foregoing that a new and improved inertial rate sensor and method have been provided. While only certain presently preferred embodiments have been described in detail, as will be apparent to those familiar with the art, certain changes and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the following claims.