Abstract:
The present disclosure is a novel utility of a software defined radio (SDR) based Distributed Antenna System (DAS) that is field reconfigurable and support multi-modulation schemes (modulation-independent), multi-carriers, multi-frequency bands and multi-channels. The present disclosure enables a high degree of flexibility to manage, control, enhance, facilitate the usage and performance of a distributed wireless network such as flexible simulcast, automatic traffic load-balancing, network and radio resource optimization, network calibration, autonomous/assisted commissioning, carrier pooling, automatic frequency selection, frequency carrier placement, traffic monitoring, traffic tagging, pilot beacon, etc.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/211,243, filed on Aug. 16, 2011, entitled REMOTELY RECONFIGURABLE DISTRIBUTED ANTENNA SYSTEM AND METHODS, which claims the benefit of U.S. Patent Application No. 61/382,836, filed on Sep. 14, 2010, entitled REMOTELY RECONFIGURABLE DISTRIBUTED ANTENNA SYSTEM AND METHODS, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention generally relates to wireless communication systems employing Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS) as part of a distributed wireless network. More specifically, the present invention relates to a DAS utilizing software defined radio (SDR). 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Wireless and mobile network operators face the continuing challenge of building networks that effectively manage high data-traffic growth rates. Mobility and an increased level of multimedia content for end users requires end-to-end network adaptations that support both new services and the increased demand for broadband and flat-rate Internet access. One of the most difficult challenges faced by network operators is caused by the physical movements of subscribers from one location to another, and particularly when wireless subscribers congregate in large numbers at one location. A notable example is a business enterprise facility during lunchtime, when a large number of wireless subscribers visit a cafeteria location in the building. At that time, a large number of subscribers have moved away from their offices and usual work areas. It&#39;s likely that during lunchtime there are many locations throughout the facility where there are very few subscribers. If the indoor wireless network resources were properly sized during the design process for subscriber loading as it is during normal working hours when subscribers are in their normal work areas, it is very likely that the lunchtime scenario will present some unexpected challenges with regard to available wireless capacity and data throughput. 
         [0004]    To accommodate this variation in subscriber loading, there are several candidate prior art approaches. 
         [0005]    One approach is to deploy many low-power high-capacity base stations throughout the facility. The quantity of base stations is determined based on the coverage of each base station and the total space to be covered. Each of these base stations is provisioned with enough radio resources, i.e., capacity and broadband data throughput to accommodate the maximum subscriber loading which occurs during the course of the workday and work week. Although this approach typically yields a high quality of service, the notable disadvantage of this approach is that during a major part of the time many of the base stations&#39; capacity is being wasted. Since a typical indoor wireless network deployment involves capital and operational costs which are assessed on a per-subscriber basis for each base station, the typically high total life cycle cost for a given enterprise facility is far from optimal. 
         [0006]    A second candidate approach involves deployment of a DAS along with a centralized group of base stations dedicated to the DAS. A conventional DAS deployment falls into one of two categories. The first type of DAS is “fixed”, where the system configuration doesn&#39;t change based on time of day or other information about usage. The remote units associated with the DAS are set up during the design process so that a particular block of base station radio resources is thought to be enough to serve each small group of DAS remote units. A notable disadvantage of this approach is that most enterprises seem to undergo frequent re-arrangements and re-organizations of various groups within the enterprise. Therefore, it&#39;s highly likely that the initial setup will need to be changed from time to time, requiring deployment of additional staff and contract resources with appropriate levels of expertise regarding wireless networks. 
         [0007]    The second type of DAS is equipped with a type of network switch which allows the location and quantity of DAS remote units associated with any particular centralized base station to be changed manually. Although this approach would seem to allow dynamic reconfiguration based on the needs of the enterprise or based on time of day, it frequently requires deployment of additional staff resources for real-time management of the network. Another issue is that it&#39;s not always correct or best to make the same DAS remote unit configuration changes back and forth on each day of the week at the same times of day. Frequently it is difficult or impractical for an enterprise IT manager to monitor the subscriber loading on each base station. And it is almost certain that the enterprise IT manager has no practical way to determine the loading at a given time of day for each DAS remote unit; they can only guess. 
         [0008]    Another major limitation of prior art DAS deployments is related to their installation, commissioning and optimization process. Some challenging issues which must be overcome include selecting remote unit antenna locations to ensure proper coverage while minimizing downlink interference from outdoor macro cell sites, minimizing uplink interference to outdoor macro cell sites, and ensuring proper intra-system handovers while indoors and while moving from outdoors to indoors (and vice-versa). The process of performing such deployment optimization is frequently characterized as trial-and-error and as such, the results may not be consistent with a high quality of service. 
         [0009]    A major limitation of prior art DAS equipment employing digital transmission links such as optical fiber or wired Ethernet is the fact that the prior-art RF-to-digital conversion techniques utilize an approach whereby the system converts a single broad RF bandwidth of e.g., 10 to 25 MHz to digital. Therefore all the signals, whether weak or strong, desired or undesired, contained within that broad bandwidth are converted to digital, whether those signals are desired or not. This approach frequently leads to inefficiencies within the DAS which limit the DAS network capacity. It would be preferable to employ an alternative approach yielding greater efficiencies and improved flexibility, particularly for neutral host applications. 
         [0010]    In 2008 the FCC further clarified its E-911 requirements with regard to Phase 2 accuracy for mobile wireless networks. The information required in Phase 2 is the mobile phone number and the physical location, within a few dozen yards, from which the call was made. The Canadian government is reportedly considering enacting similar requirements. Also the FCC is eager to see US mobile network operators provide positioning services with enhanced accuracy for E-911 for indoor subscribers. There is a reported effort within the FCC to try to mandate Phase 2 accuracy indoors, within the next 2 years. 
         [0011]    Many wireless networks employ mobile and fixed broadband wireless terminals which employ GPS-based E-911 location services. It has been demonstrated that GPS signals from satellites outdoors don&#39;t propagate well into the indoor space. Therefore an alternative, more robust E-911 location determination approach is required for indoors, particularly if the FCC requirements are changed to be more stringent. 
         [0012]    Several US operators have expressed concern about how they can practically and cost-effectively obtain these enhanced location accuracy capabilities. Operators are very eager to identify a cost-effective approach which can be deployed indoors for enhanced location accuracy. 
         [0013]    One proposed approach toward indoor location accuracy enhancement for CDMA networks would employ a separate unit known as a CDMA Pilot Beacon. A notable disadvantage of this approach for an indoor OAS application is that since the CDMA Pilot Beacon unit is a separate and dedicated device and not integrated within the OAS, it would likely be costly to deploy. The Pilot Beacon approach for CDMA networks employs a Pilot Beacon with a unique PN code (in that area) which effectively divides a particular CDMA network coverage area (e.g., indoors) into multiple small zones (which each correspond to the coverage area of a low-power Pilot Beacon). Each Pilot Beacon&#39;s location, PN code and RF Power level are known by the network. Each Pilot Beacon must be synchronized to the CDMA network, via GPS or local base station connection. A variable delay setting permits each Pilot Beacon to have the appropriate system timing to permit triangulation and/or Cell 10 position determination. One optional but potentially costly enhancement to this approach would employ a Wireless Modem for each Pilot Beacon to provide remote Alarms, Control and Monitoring of each CDMA Pilot Beacon. No known solution for indoor location accuracy enhancement has been publicly proposed for WCDMA networks. 
         [0014]    One candidate technically-proven approach toward indoor location accuracy enhancement for GSM networks would employ a separate unit known as a Location Measurement Unit or LMU. A notable disadvantage of this approach for an indoor DAS application is that, since the LMU is a separate and dedicated device and not integrated within the DAS, it is costly to deploy. Each LMU requires a backhaul facility to a central server which analyzes the LMU measurements. The LMU backhaul cost adds to the total cost of deploying the enhanced accuracy E-911 solution for GSM networks. Despite the availability of the already technically-proven LMU approach, it has not been widely deployed in conjunction with indoor DAS. 
         [0015]    Based on the prior art approaches described herein, it is apparent that a highly efficient, easily deployed and dynamically reconfigurable wireless network is not achievable with prior art systems and capabilities. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0016]    The present invention substantially overcomes the limitations of the prior art discussed above. The advanced system architecture of the present invention provides a high degree of flexibility to manage, control, enhance and facilitate radio resource efficiency, usage and overall performance of the distributed wireless network. This advanced system architecture enables specialized applications and enhancements including flexible simulcast, automatic traffic load-balancing, network and radio resource optimization, network calibration, autonomous/assisted commissioning, carrier pooling, automatic frequency selection, radio frequency carrier placement, traffic monitoring, traffic tagging, and indoor location determination using pilot beacons. The present invention can also serve multiple operators, multi-mode radios (modulation-independent) and multi-frequency bands per operator to increase the efficiency and traffic capacity of the operators&#39; wireless networks. 
         [0017]    Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a capability for Flexible Simulcast. With Flexible Simulcast, the amount of radio resources (such as RF carriers, CDMA codes or TDMA time slots) assigned to a particular RRU or group of RRUs by each RRU Access Module can be set via software control as described hereinafter to meet desired capacity and throughput objectives or wireless subscriber needs. To achieve these and other objects, an aspect of the present invention employs software-programmable frequency selective Digital Up-Converters (DUCs) and Digital Down-Converters (DDCs). A software-defined Remote Radio Head architecture is used for cost-effective optimization of the radio performance. Frequency selective DDCs and DUCs at the Remote Radio Head enable a high signal to noise ratio (SNR) which maximize the throughput data rate. An embodiment shown in  FIG. 1  depicts a basic structure and provides an example of a Flexible Simulcast downlink transport scenario.  FIG. 2  depicts an embodiment of a basic structure of a Flexible Simulcast uplink transport scenario. 
         [0018]    It is a further object of the present invention to facilitate conversion and transport of several discrete relatively narrow RF bandwidths. In another aspect of the invention, an embodiment converts only that plurality of specific, relatively narrow bandwidths that carry useful information. Thus, this aspect of the present invention allows more efficient use of the available optical fiber transport bandwidth for neutral host applications, and facilitates transport of more operators&#39; band segments over the optical fiber. To achieve the above result, the present invention utilizes frequency-selective filtering at the Remote Radio Head which enhances the system performance. In some embodiments of this aspect of the invention, noise reduction via frequency-selective filtering at the Remote Radio Head is utilized for maximizing the SNR and consequently maximizing the data throughput. It is a further object of the present invention to provide CDMA and WCDMA indoor location accuracy enhancement. In an aspect of the present invention, an embodiment provides enhanced location accuracy performance by employing pilot beacons.  FIG. 3  depicts a typical indoor system employing multiple Remote Radio Head Units (RRUs) and a central Digital Access Unit (DAU). The Remote Radio Heads have a unique beacon that is distinct and identifies that particular indoor cell. The mobile user will use the beacon information to assist in the localization to a particular cell. 
         [0019]    It is a further object of the present invention to enhance GSM and LTE indoor location accuracy. In another aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides localization of a user based on the radio signature of the mobile device.  FIG. 4  depicts a typical indoor system employing multiple Remote Radio Head Units (RRUs) and a central Digital Access Unit (DAU). In accordance with the invention, each Remote Radio Head provides unique header information on data received by that Remote Radio Head. The system of the invention uses this header information in conjunction with the mobile user&#39;s radio signature to localize the user to a particular cell. It is a further object of the present invention to re-route local traffic to Internet VOIP, Wi-Fi or WiMAX. In this aspect of the invention, an embodiment determines the radio signatures of the individual users within a DAU or Island of DAUs and uses this information to identify if the users are located within the coverage area associated with a specific DAU or Island of DAUs. The DAUs track the radio signatures of all the active users within its network and record a running data base containing information pertaining to them. One embodiment of the present invention is for the Network Operations Center (NOC) to inform the DAU that, e.g., two specific users are collocated within the same DAU or Island of DAUs, as depicted in  FIG. 6 . The DAUs then reroute the users to Internet VOIP, Wi-Fi or WiMAX as appropriate. Another embodiment of the present invention is to determine the Internet Protocol (IP) addresses of the individual users&#39; Wi-Fi connections. If the individual users&#39; IP addresses are within the same DAU or Island of DAUs, the data call for these users is rerouted over the internal network. 
         [0020]    Applications of the present invention are suitable to be employed with distributed base stations, distributed antenna systems, distributed repeaters, mobile equipment and wireless terminals, portable wireless devices, and other wireless communication systems such as microwave and satellite communications. The present invention is also field upgradable through a link such as an Ethernet connection to a remote computing center. 
         [0021]    Appendix I is a glossary of terms used herein, including acronyms. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0022]    Further objects and advantages of the present invention can be more fully understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: 
           [0023]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram according to one embodiment of the invention showing the basic structure and an example of a Flexible Simulcast downlink transport scenario based on having 2 DAU and 4 DRU. 
           [0024]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram in accordance with an embodiment of the invention showing the basic structure and an example of a Flexible Simulcast uplink transport scenario based on having 2 DAU and 4 DRU. 
           [0025]      FIG. 3  shows an embodiment of an indoor system employing multiple Remote Radio Head Units (RRUs) and a central Digital Access Unit (DAU). 
           [0026]      FIG. 4  shows an embodiment of an indoor system in accordance with the invention which employs multiple Remote Radio Head Units (RRUs) and a central Digital Access Unit (DAU). 
           [0027]      FIG. 5  illustrates an embodiment of a cellular network system employing multiple Remote Radio Heads according to the present invention. 
           [0028]      FIG. 6  is a depiction of local connectivity according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0029]      FIG. 7  illustrates an embodiment of the basic structure of the embedded software control modules which manage key functions of the DAU and RRU, in accordance with the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0030]    The present invention is a novel Reconfigurable Distributed Antenna System that provides a high degree of flexibility to manage, control, re-configure, enhance and facilitate the radio resource efficiency, usage and overall performance of the distributed wireless network. An embodiment of the Reconfigurable Distributed Antenna System in accordance with the present invention is shown in  FIG. 1 . The Flexible Simulcast System  100  can be used to explain the operation of Flexible Simulcast with regard to downlink signals. The system employs a Digital Access Unit functionality (hereinafter “DAU”). The DAU serves as an interface to the base station (BTS). The DAU is (at one end) connected to the BTS, and on the other side connected to multiple RRUs. For the downlink (DL) path, RF signals received from the BTS are separately down-converted, digitized, and converted to baseband (using a Digital Down-Converter). Data streams are then I/Q mapped and framed. Specific parallel data streams are then independently serialized and translated to optical signals using pluggable SFP modules, and delivered to different RRUs over optical fiber cable. For the uplink (UL) path optical signals received from RRUs are deserialized, deframed, and up-converted digitally using a Digital Up-Converter. Data streams are then independently converted to the analog domain and up-converted to the appropriate RF frequency band. The RF signal is then delivered to the BTS. An embodiment of the system is mainly comprised of DAU 1  indicated at  101 , RRU 1  indicated at  103 , RRU 2  indicated at  104 , DAU 2  indicated at  102 , RRU 3  indicated at  105 , and RRU 4  indicated at  106 . A composite downlink input signal  107  from, e.g., a base station belonging to one wireless operator enters DAU 1  at the DAU 1  RF input port. Composite signal  107  is comprised of Carriers  1 - 4 . A second composite downlink input signal from e.g., a second base station belonging to the same wireless operator enters DAU 2  at the DAU 2  RF input port. Composite signal  108  is comprised of Carriers  5 - 8 . The functionality of DAU 1 , DAU 2 , RRU 1 , RRU 2 , RRU 3  and RRU 4  are explained in detail by U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/374,593, entitled “Neutral Host Architecture for a Distributed Antenna System,” filed Aug. 17, 2010 and attached hereto as an appendix. One optical output of DAU 1  is fed to RRU 1 . A second optical output of DAU 1  is fed via bidirectional optical cable  113  to DAU 2 . This connection facilitates networking of DAU 1  and DAU 2 , which means that all of Carriers  1 - 8  are available within DAU 1  and DAU 2  to transport to RRU 1 , RRU 2 , RRU 3  and RRU 4  depending on software settings within the networked DAU system comprised of DAU 1  and DAU 2 . The software settings within RRU 1  are configured either manually or automatically such that Carriers  1 - 8  are present in the downlink output signal  109  at the antenna port of RRU 1 . The presence of all 8 carriers means that RRU 1  is potentially able to access the full capacity of both base stations feeding DAU 1  and DAU 2 . A possible application for RRU 1  is in a wireless distribution system is e.g., a cafeteria in an enterprise building during the lunch hour where a large number of wireless subscribers are gathered. RRU 2  is fed by a second optical port of RRU 1  via bidirectional optical cable  114  to RRU 2 . Optical cable  114  performs the function of daisy chaining RRU 2  with RRU 1 . The software settings within RRU 2  are configured either manually or automatically such that Carriers  1 ,  3 ,  4  and  6  are present in downlink output signal  110  at the antenna port of RRU 2 . The capacity of RRU 2  is set to a much lower value than RRU 1  by virtue of its specific Digital Up Converter settings. The individual Remote Radio Units have integrated frequency selective DUCs and DDCs with gain control for each carrier. The DAUs can remotely turn on and off the individual carriers via the gain control parameters. 
         [0031]    In a similar manner as described previously for RRU 1 , the software settings within RRU 3  are configured either manually or automatically such that Carriers  2  and  6  are present in downlink output signal  111  at the antenna port of RRU 3 . Compared to the downlink signal  110  at the antenna port of RRU 2 , the capacity of RRU 3  which is configured via the software settings of RRU 3  is much less than the capacity of RRU 2 . RRU 4  is fed by a second optical port of RRU 3  via bidirectional optical cable  115  to RRU 4 . Optical cable  115  performs the function of daisy chaining RRU 4  with RRU 3 . The software settings within RRU 4  are configured either manually or automatically such that Carriers  1 ,  4 ,  5  and  8  are present in downlink output signal  112  at the antenna port of RRU 4 . The capacity of RRU 4  is set to a much lower value than RRU 1 . The relative capacity settings of RRU 1 , RRU 2 , RRU 3  and RRU 4  and can be adjusted dynamically as discussed in connection with  FIG. 7  to meet the capacity needs within the coverage zones determined by the physical positions of antennas connected to RRU 1 , RRU 2 , RRU 3  and RRU 4  respectively. 
         [0032]    The present invention facilitates conversion and transport of several discrete relatively narrow RF bandwidths. This approach allows conversion of only those multiple specific relatively narrow bandwidths which carry useful or specific information. This approach also allows more efficient use of the available optical fiber transport bandwidth for neutral host applications, and allows transport of more individual operators&#39; band segments over the optical fiber. As disclosed in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/374,593, entitled “Neutral Host Architecture for a Distributed Antenna System,” filed Aug. 17, 2010 and also referring to  FIG. 1  of the instant patent application, Digital Up Converters located within the RRU which are dynamically software-programmable as discussed hereinafter can be re-configured to transport from the DAU input to any specific RRU output any specific narrow frequency band or bands, RF carriers or RF channels which are available at the respective RF input port of either DAU. This capability is illustrated in  FIG. 1  where only specific frequency bands or RF carriers appear at the output of a given RRU. 
         [0033]    A related capability of the present invention is that not only can the Digital Up Converters located within each RRU be configured to transport any specific narrow frequency band from the DAU input to any specific RRU output, but also the Digital Up Converters within each RRU can be configured to transport any specific time slot or time slots of each carrier from the DAU input to any specific RRU output. The DAU detects which carriers and corresponding time slots are active. This information is relayed to the individual RRUs via the management control and monitoring protocol software discussed hereinafter. This information is then used, as appropriate, by the RRUs for turning off and on individual carriers and their corresponding time slots. 
         [0034]    Referring to  FIG. 1  of the instant patent application, an alternative embodiment of the present invention may be described as follows. In a previous description of  FIG. 1 , a previous embodiment involved having downlink signals from two separate base stations belonging to the same wireless operator enter DAU 1  and DAU 2  input ports respectively. In an alternative embodiment, a second composite downlink input signal from e.g., a second base station belonging to a different wireless operator enters DAU 2  at the DAU 2  RF input port. In this embodiment, signals belonging to both the first operator and the second operator are converted and transported to RRU 1 , RRU 2 , RRU 3  and RRU 4  respectively. This embodiment provides an example of a neutral host wireless system, where multiple wireless operators share a common infrastructure comprised of DAU 1 , DAU 2 , RRU 1 , RRU 2 , RRU 3  and RRU 4 . All the previously mentioned features and advantages accrue to each of the two wireless operators. 
         [0035]    As disclosed in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/374,593, entitled “Neutral Host Architecture for a Distributed Antenna System,” filed Aug. 17, 2010 and also referring to  FIG. 1  of the instant patent application, the Digital Up Converters present in the RRU can be programmed to process various signal formats and modulation types including FDMA, CDMA, TDMA, OFDMA and others. Also, the Digital Up Converters present in the respective RRUs can be programmed to operate with signals to be transmitted within various frequency bands subject to the capabilities and limitations of the system architecture disclosed in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/374,593, entitled “Neutral Host Architecture for a Distributed Antenna System,” filed Aug. 17, 2010. In one embodiment of the present invention where a wideband CDMA signal is present within e.g., the bandwidth corresponding to carrier  1  at the input port to DAU 1 , the transmitted signal at the antenna ports of RRU 1 , RRU 2  and RRU 4  will be a wideband CDMA signal which is virtually identical to the signal present within the bandwidth corresponding to carrier  1  at the input port to DAU 1 . 
         [0036]    As disclosed in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/374,593, entitled “Neutral Host Architecture for a Distributed Antenna System,” filed Aug. 17, 2010 and also referring to  FIG. 1  of the instant patent application, it is understood that the Digital Up Converters present in the respective RRUs can be programmed to transmit any desired composite signal format to each of the respective RRU antenna ports. As an example, the Digital Up Converters present in RRU 1  and RRU 2  can be dynamically software-reconfigured as described previously so that the signal present at the antenna port of RRU 1  would correspond to the spectral profile shown in  FIG. 1  as  110 , and also that the signal present at the antenna port of RRU 2  would correspond to the spectral profile shown in  FIG. 1  as  109 . The application for such a dynamic rearrangement of RRU capacity would be e.g., if a company meeting were suddenly convened in the area of the enterprise corresponding to the coverage area of RRU 2 . Although the description of some embodiments in the instant application refers to base station signals  107  and  108  as being on different frequencies, the system and method of the present invention readily supports configurations where one or more of the carriers which are part of base station signals  107  and  108  and are identical frequencies, since the base station signals are digitized, packetized, routed and switched to the desired RRU. 
         [0037]    Another embodiment of the Distributed Antenna System in accordance with the present invention is shown in  FIG. 2 . As disclosed in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/374,593, entitled “Neutral Host Architecture for a Distributed Antenna System,” filed Aug. 17, 2010 and also as shown in  FIG. 2  the Flexible Simulcast System  200  can be used to explain the operation of Flexible Simulcast with regard to uplink signals. As discussed previously with regard to downlink signals and by referring to  FIG. 1 , the uplink system shown in  FIG. 2  is mainly comprised of DAU 1  indicated at  201 , RRU 1  indicated at  203 , RRU 2  indicated at  204 , DAU 2  indicated at  202 , RRU 3  indicated at  205 , and RRU 4  indicated at  206 . In a manner similar to the downlink operation explained by referring to  FIG. 1 , the operation of the uplink system shown in  FIG. 2  can be understood as follows. 
         [0038]    The Digital Down Converters present in each of RRU 1 , RRU 2 , RRU 3  and RRU 4  are dynamically software-configured as described previously so that uplink signals of the appropriate desired signal format(s) present at the receive antenna ports of the respective RRU 1 , RRU 2 , RRU 3  and RRU 4  are selected based on the desired uplink band(s) to be processed and filtered, converted and transported to the appropriate uplink output port of either DAU 1  or DAU 2 . The DAUs and RRUs frame the individual data packets corresponding to their respective radio signature using the Common Public Interface Standard (CPRI). Other Interface standards are applicable provided they uniquely identify data packets with respective RRUs. Header information is transmitted along with the data packet which identifies the RRU and DAU that corresponds to the individual data packet. 
         [0039]    In one example for the embodiment shown in  FIG. 2 , RRU 1  and RRU 3  are configured to receive uplink signals within the Carrier  2  bandwidth, whereas RRU 2  and RRU 4  are both configured to reject uplink signals within the Carrier  2  bandwidth. When RRU 3  receives a strong enough signal at its receive antenna port within the Carrier  2  bandwidth to be properly filtered and processed, the Digital Down Converters within RRU 3  facilitate processing and conversion. Similarly, when RRU 1  receives a strong enough signal at its receive antenna port within the Carrier  2  bandwidth to be properly filtered and processed, the Digital Down Converters within RRU 1  facilitate processing and conversion. The signals from RRU 1  and RRU 3  are combined based on the active signal combining algorithm, and are fed to the base station connected to the uplink output port of DAU 1 . The term simulcast is frequently used to describe the operation of RRU 1  and RRU 3  with regard to uplink and downlink signals within Carrier  2  bandwidth. The term Flexible Simulcast refers to the fact that the present invention supports dynamic and/or manual rearrangement of which specific RRU are involved in the signal combining process for each Carrier bandwidth. 
         [0040]    Referring to  FIG. 2 , the Digital Down Converters present in RRU 1  are configured to receive and process signals within Carrier  1 - 8  bandwidths. The Digital Down Converters present in RRU 2  are configured to receive and process signals within Carrier  1 ,  3 ,  4  and  6  bandwidths. The Digital Down Converters present in RRU 3  are configured to receive and process signals within Carrier  2  and  6  bandwidths. The Digital Down Converters present in RRU 4  are configured to receive and process signals within Carrier  1 ,  4 ,  5  and  8  bandwidths. The respective high-speed digital signals resulting from processing performed within each of the four RRU are routed to the two DAUs. As described previously, the uplink signals from the four RRUs are combined within the respective DAU corresponding to each base station. 
         [0041]    An aspect of the present invention includes an integrated Pilot Beacon function within the each RRU. In an embodiment, each RRU comprises a unique software programmable Pilot Beacon as discussed hereinafter This approach is intended for use in CDMA and/or WCDMA indoor DAS networks. A very similar approach can be effective for indoor location accuracy enhancement for other types of networks such as LTE and WiMAX. Because each RRU is already controlled and monitored via the DAUs which comprise the network, there is no need for costly deployment of additional dedicated wireless modems for remote monitoring and control of pilot beacons. 
         [0042]    An RRU-integrated Pilot Beacon approach is employed for both CDMA and WCDMA networks. Each operational pilot beacon function within an RRU employs a unique PN code (in that area) which effectively divides the WCDMA or CDMA indoor network coverage area into multiple small “zones” (which each correspond to the coverage area of a low-power Pilot Beacon). Each Pilot Beacon&#39;s location, PN code and RF Power level are known by the network. Each Pilot Beacon is synchronized to the WCDMA or CDMA network, via its connection to the DAU. 
         [0043]    Unlike the transmit signal from a base station which is “dynamic”, the Pilot Beacon transmit signal will be effectively “static” and its downlink messages will not change over time based on network conditions. 
         [0044]    For a WCDMA network, in Idle mode each mobile subscriber terminal is able to perform Pilot Signal measurements of downlink signals transmitted by base stations and Pilot Beacons. When the WCDMA mobile subscriber terminal transitions to Active mode, it reports to the serving cell all its Pilot Signal measurements for base stations and for Pilot Beacons. For CDMA networks, the operation is very similar. For some RRU deployed in an indoor network, the RRU can be provisioned as either a Pilot Beacon or to serve mobile subscribers in a particular operator bandwidth, but not both. 
         [0045]    For a WCDMA network, existing inherent capabilities of the globally-standardized networks are employed. The WCDMA mobile subscriber terminal is able to measure the strongest CPICH RSCP (Pilot Signal Code Power) in either Idle mode or any of several active modes. Also, measurements of CPICH Ec/No by the mobile subscriber terminal in either Idle mode or any of several active modes are possible. As a result, the mobile subscriber terminal reports all available RSCP and Ec/No measurements via the serving base station (whether indoor or outdoor) to the network. Based on that information, the most likely mobile subscriber terminal location is calculated and/or determined. For CDMA networks, the operation is very similar to the process described herein. 
         [0046]    A previously described embodiment of the present invention referring to  FIG. 1  involved having a wideband CDMA signal present within e.g., the bandwidth corresponding to carrier  1  at the input port to DAU 1 . In the previously described embodiment, the transmitted signal at the antenna ports of RRU 1 , RRU 2  and RRU 4  is a wideband CDMA signal which is virtually identical to the signal present within the bandwidth corresponding to carrier  1  at the input port to DAU 1 . An alternative embodiment of the present invention is one where a wideband CDMA signal is present within e.g., the bandwidth corresponding to carrier  1  at the input port to DAU 1 . However, in the alternative embodiment the transmitted signal at the antenna port of RRU 1  differs slightly from the previous embodiment. In the alternative embodiment, a wideband CDMA signal is present within e.g., the bandwidth corresponding to carrier  1  at the input port to DAU 1 . The transmitted signal from RRU 1  is a combination of the wideband CDMA signal which was present at the input port to DAU 1 , along with a specialized WCDMA pilot beacon signal. The WCDMA pilot beacon signal is intentionally set well below the level of the base station pilot signal. 
         [0047]    A further alternative embodiment can be explained referring to  FIG. 1  which applies in the case where CDMA signals are generated by the base station connected to the input port of DAU 1 . In this further alternative embodiment of the present invention, the transmitted signal at the antenna port of RRU 1  is a combination of the CDMA signal which was present at the input port to DAU 1 , along with a specialized CDMA pilot beacon signal. The CDMA pilot beacon signal is intentionally set well below the level of the base station pilot signal. 
         [0048]    An embodiment of the present invention provides enhanced accuracy for determining location of indoor wireless subscribers.  FIG. 4  depicts a typical indoor system employing multiple Remote Radio Head Units (RRUs) and a central Digital Access Unit (DAU). Each Remote Radio Head provides a unique header information on data received by that Remote Radio Head. This header information in conjunction with the mobile user&#39;s radio signature are used to localize the user to a particular cell. The DAU signal processing can identify the individual carriers and their corresponding time slots. A header is included with each data packet that uniquely identifies the corresponding RRU. The DAU can detect the carrier frequency and the corresponding time slot associated with the individual RRUs. The DAU has a running data base that identifies each carrier frequency and time slot with a respective RRU. The carrier frequency and time slot is the radio signature that uniquely identifies the GSM user. 
         [0049]    The DAU communicates with a Network Operation Center (NOC) via a Ethernet connection or an external modem, as depicted in  FIG. 5 . Once a E911 call is initiated the Mobile Switching Center (MSC) in conjunction with the NOC can identify the corresponding BaseTransceiver Station (BTS) where the user has placed the call. The user can be localized within a BTS cell. The NOC then makes a request to the individual DAUs to determine if the E911 radio signature is active in their indoor cell. The DAU checks its data base for the active carrier frequency and time slot. If that radio signature is active in the DAU, then that DAU will provide the NOC with the location information of the corresponding RRU. 
         [0050]    A further embodiment of the present invention includes LTE to provide enhanced accuracy for determining the location of indoor wireless subscribers. GSM uses individual carriers and time slots to distinguish users whereas LTE uses multiple carriers and time slot information to distinguish users. The DAU can simultaneously detect multiple carriers and their corresponding time slots to uniquely identify the LTE user. The DAU has a running data base that identifies the carrier frequencies and time slot radio signature for the respective RRU. This information can be retrieved from the NOC once a request is made to the DAU. 
         [0051]    Referring next to  FIG. 7 , the DAU embedded software control module and RRU embedded software control module can be better understood in connection with the operation of key functions of the DAU and RRU. One such key function is determining and/or setting the appropriate amount of radio resources (such as RF carriers, CDMA codes or TDMA time slots) assigned to a particular RRU or group of RRUs to meet desired capacity and throughput objectives. The DAU embedded software control module comprises a DAU Monitoring module that detects which carriers and corresponding time slots are active for each RRU. The DAU embedded software control module also comprises a DAU Management Control module which communicates with the RRU over a fiber optic link control channel via a control protocol with the RRU Management Control module. In turn, the RRU Management Control module sets the individual parameters of all the RRU Digital Up-Converters to enable or disable specific radio resources from being transmitted by a particular RRU or group of RRUs, and also sets the individual parameters of all the RRU Digital Down-Converters to enable or disable specific uplink radio resources from being processed by a particular RRU or group of RRUs. 
         [0052]    In an embodiment, an algorithm operating within the DAU Monitoring module, that detects which carriers and corresponding time slots for each carrier are active for each RRU, provides information to the DAU Management Control module to help identify when, e.g., a particular downlink carrier is loaded by a percentage greater than a predetermined threshold whose value is communicated to the DAU Management Control module by the DAU&#39;s Remote Monitoring and Control function. If that occurs, the DAU Management Control module adaptively modifies the system configuration to slowly begin to deploy additional radio resources (such as RF carriers, CDMA codes or TDMA time slots) for use by a particular RRU which need those radio resources within its coverage area. At the same time, in at least some embodiments the DAU Management Control module adaptively modifies the system configuration to slowly begin to remove certain radio resources (such as RF carriers, CDMA codes or TDMA time slots) for use by a particular RRU which no longer needs those radio resources within its coverage area. Another such key function of the DAU embedded software control module and RRU embedded software control module is determining and/or setting and/or analyzing the appropriate transmission parameters and monitoring parameters for the integrated Pilot Beacon function contained within each RRU. These Pilot Beacon transmission and monitoring parameters include Beacon Enable/Disable, Beacon Carrier Frequencies, Beacon Transmit Power, Beacon PN Code, Beacon Downlink BCH Message Content, Beacon Alarm, Beacon Delay Setting and Beacon Delay Adjustment Resolution. The RRU Pilot Beacon Control module communicates with the pilot beacon generator function in the RRU to set and monitor the pilot beacon parameters as listed herein. 
         [0053]    In summary, the Reconfigurable Distributed Antenna System of the present invention described herein efficiently conserves resources and reduces costs. The reconfigurable system is adaptive or manually field-programmable, since the algorithms can be adjusted like software in the digital processor at any time. 
         [0054]    Although the present invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiments, it will be understood that the invention is not limited to the details described thereof. Various substitutions and modifications have been suggested in the foregoing description, and others will occur to those of ordinary skill in the art. Therefore, all such substitutions and modifications are intended to be embraced within the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.