Abstract:
A search index structure which extends a typical composite index by incorporating an index which is optimized for fast retrieval from storage and which eliminates data which is specific to phrase searching. Other data is represented in a manner which allows it to be calculated rather than stored. Associating variable length entries with logical categories allows their length to be inferred from the category rather than stored. Using delta values between document IDs rather than the ID itself generates a compact, dense symbol set which is efficiently compressed by Huffman encoding or a similar compression method. Using an upper threshold to remove large, and thus rare, delta values from the symbol set prior to encoding further improves the encoding performance.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    Searching for keywords or similar data items within a search domain made up of a number of documents typically involves the use of an index. Often, this is an inverted index which associates keywords with documents. 
         [0002]    Where the search index is general purpose in nature, it must support a variety of types of searches. One common example is a keyword search where the user supplies one or more keywords, or values, and the search result is all documents within the search domain which contain all of the keywords. Another example is a phrase search where the user supplies a phrase made up of two or more words in a specified order. The search result in this case is all documents from the search domain which contain the phrase exactly as supplied (i.e., all words adjacent and in the same order). An index which supports phrase queries must contain significantly more data than one which does not because it must include the position within the document of every occurrence of the word. 
         [0003]    In order to meet the user&#39;s needs, searching must be both fast and accurate. At the index level this levies competing requirements. The index must be complete in order to be accurate, but this drives a need for a larger index. The index must be small in order to be accessed quickly, but this drives a need to eliminate data. Compression schemes can be used to reduce the amount of data which must be read in, but this may not be sufficient to meet the user&#39;s need for quick results. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0004]    This Summary is provided to introduce in a simplified form a selection of concepts that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter. 
         [0005]    Various aspects of the subject matter disclosed herein are related to a search index structure in which an extension to the pre-existing structure is used to optimize non-phrase searches. This optimization includes the elimination of information about the location of keyword occurrences within the document. 
         [0006]    Other aspects relate to the elimination of data by structuring the index in such a way that it can be calculated rather than stored. Associating variable length occurrence count fields with logical categories allows the size of the field to be inferred from the category rather than stored. Using continuous symbols values within, and across categories allows the symbol vales to be calculated rather than stored in the category. Ordering the symbol entries within the categories, and matching that ordering in the encoding table allows the symbol which corresponds to a code to be calculated rather than stored. 
         [0007]    The approach described below may be implemented as a computer process, a computing system or as an article of manufacture such as a computer program product. The computer program product may be computer storage medium readable by a computer system and encoding a computer program of instructions for executing a computer process. The computer program product may also be a propagated signal on a carrier readable by a computing system and encoding a computer program of instructions for executing a computer process. 
         [0008]    A more complete appreciation of the above summary can be obtained by reference to the accompanying drawings, which are briefly summarized below, to the following detailed description of present embodiments, and to the appended claims. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0009]      FIG. 1  illustrates an embodiment of a structure of a composite search index. 
           [0010]      FIG. 2  shows the high level logical flow of an embodiment of a method to perform a multiword, non-phrase, query. 
           [0011]      FIG. 3  shows the high level logical flow of an embodiment of a method to perform a phrase query. 
           [0012]      FIG. 4  illustrates an embodiment of a top level structure of a content index extension. 
           [0013]      FIG. 5  illustrates an embodiment of a structure for a compression table page. 
           [0014]      FIG. 6  illustrates an embodiment of a structure for a category descriptor. 
           [0015]      FIG. 7  illustrates an embodiment of a structure for a data page. 
           [0016]      FIG. 8  illustrates an embodiment of a structure for a page directory entry. 
           [0017]      FIG. 9  illustrates an embodiment of a structure for a document ID bitstream entry. 
           [0018]      FIG. 10  shows the general flow of the compression process. 
           [0019]      FIG. 11  shows the general flow of the decompression process. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0020]    This detailed description is made with reference to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, and which show, by way of illustration, specific embodiments. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice what is taught below, and it is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and that logical, mechanical, electrical, and other changes may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and its scope is defined only by the appended claims. 
       Overview 
       [0021]    The present disclosure addresses searching a set of documents (or files) within a search domain to find those most relevant to the user. Searching typically involves obtaining a set of keywords from the user to direct the search and then identifying all documents within the search domain which match those keywords. In attempting to identify these candidate documents, the search engine may look for the keywords within the body of the document or within specific sections, or properties, of the document (e.g., title, abstract, etc). 
         [0022]    The resulting set of candidate documents contains all documents from the search domain which may be relevant. A ranking algorithm may then be applied to the candidate documents to predict the relevance of the documents to the user. The candidate documents are then typically presented to the user in decreasing order of predicted relevance. 
         [0023]    Embodiments of this type of searching typically utilize an inverted index structure which associates keywords with documents. Referring to  FIG. 1  it can be seen that such an index  100  may consist of several components. Of primary interest to the present disclosure are the content index  102  and content index extension  106 . While important to the overall searching process, the basic scope index  104  and compound scope index  108  are not directly relevant to the present disclosure. 
         [0024]    The content index  102  is a complete index of the keywords found in documents in the search domain. It is structured to support a variety of types of searches and can be used independently of the content index extension  106 . A flag within the content index  102  indicates whether there is information available for use in the content index extension  106 . This flag is present for each keyword, providing control over how and when the extended information is used. 
         [0025]    One type of search which the content index  102  supports is a “phrase” query. This is a query where the user is looking for a specific combination of words appearing in a specific order. A simple example is a search for the phrase “the quick brown fox.” A document is a candidate if it contains that exact phrase, but not if it contains all of the words, scattered throughout the document or in a different order. For efficiency, this type of query requires that the index contain information about where each keyword appears within the document so that the search engine can determine whether they are adjacent and in the proper order. This information increases the size of the index and thus the amount of data which must be read in from the storage medium (e.g., disk drive) containing the index. For large search domains in which one or more of the supplied keywords appears in a high percentage of the documents, the time required to read in this data comprises a significant portion of the time required to perform the search. 
         [0026]    The content index extension  106  is optimized for non-phrase queries involving keywords which appear in large number of documents. One use is for situations where the user supplies a set of keywords, all of which must appear in each candidate document, but not necessarily in any particular order. Another use is as an initial filter for a phrase query, weeding out those documents which do not contain all of the words prior to using the content index  102  to perform the more costly determination of whether the specific phrase is contained within the remaining documents. 
         [0027]    Because the content index extension  106  does not need to support phrase queries, it does not need to contain information about the specific location(s) at which each keyword appears within each document (referred to as occurrence data). At most, it will store a count of how many times the word occurs, an Occurrence Count. This single value is far smaller than the set of numbers needed to represent each location within a document, especially where the word is widely used in the document. The elimination of this data reduces the amount of data which must be read from storage for each keyword. This decreases the time required to process each keyword, speeding up the search. 
         [0028]    For the simplicity and clarity in the present disclosure the index will be described as consisting of separate files for each of the components. Clearly, the use of files is only one embodiment and is not intended as a limitation of the disclosure. The index is also described in terms of “keywords” which exist within “documents.” The keyword is not restricted to be a “word.” It could be a phrase, number, code, or any similar value to be searched for within the documents. In a similar manner, the term “document” will be used to refer to those entities which are being searched and which contain the keywords. They may be documents, files, cards, or any other logical structure having the requisite characteristics. 
         [0029]    To further reduce the amount of data which needs to be read from storage, portions of the content index extension  106  are compressed as described below. One embodiment utilizes Huffman encoding which is a lossless entropy encoding scheme having the characteristic of using shorter codes for the more frequently occurring data items. Where the coding is applied to the differences (or step sizes) between document IDs, the compression becomes more efficient as the frequency of occurrence of the keyword within the search domain increases. This is a good match to the disclosed approach where the content index extension is only used for commonly used keywords. 
         [0030]    The content index extension  106  can be used in many ways in support of keyword searching. One use is illustrated in  FIG. 2  which shows the high level logical flow of a multiword, non-phrase, query. The keywords are obtained from the user at step  200 . Loop decision  202  controls the processing of each keyword. Within this loop, each keyword at step  204  is separately looked up in the content index  102  to determine if a content index extension (“CIX”) is available for the keyword. This can be done without reading in the large amount of occurrence data because the requisite data can be stored within the header information for the keyword. If the flag is set within the content index  102  it will be accompanied by an offset into the content index extension  106  where the word is located. This allows the relevant information to be accessed directly. The indexing information from the content index extension  106  is then used to determine the list of documents which contain the current word at step  208 . If there is not a content index extension  106  entry available, the list of candidate documents will be generated using the occurrence data in the content index  102  at step  206 . After the list of candidate documents is obtained for each keyword individually, the intersection of these lists will be formed  210  generating a single list of all documents in which all of the keywords appear. This is the search result which will be made available to the user. 
         [0031]    A second use is illustrated in  FIG. 3  which illustrates the high level steps which can be used to perform a phrase query. Steps  300 ,  302 ,  304 , and  308  are the same as Steps  200 ,  202 ,  204 , and  208  discussed above with respect to  FIG. 2 . The processing within the loop differs in that when there is no content index extension  106  available for use with a keyword, it is skipped rather than generating a list using the content index  104 . This is because the processing within the loop is acting as a filter and not generating a final answer. When searching for a phrase, it is only necessary to check for the phrase for those files in which all of the keywords occur. This set of files is necessarily a subset of those files in which any combination of the keywords appears. While it is desirable to develop a candidate list for all of the keywords prior to forming the intersection, it is not necessary. Even filtering on a single word can reduce the overhead sufficiently to speed up the search. After the intersection is formed  310  of all of the candidate document lists, the remaining documents are processed  312  using the content index  104  to determine which, if any, contain the exact phrase. That list is the search result which will be made available to the user. 
       Content Index Extension Structure 
       [0032]    Referring to  FIG. 4  the top level structure of the content index extension  106  can be seen. There is a separate segment  400  for each keyword in the index. In one embodiment, each segment starts on a  4096  byte page boundary. The segment can then span as many pages as necessary to hold the data. Within each keyword segment, there are two distinct sets of data. Beginning at the initial page boundary is the Compression Table Page,  402 . After this, starting at the next page boundary is a series of one or more Data Pages,  404 . Note that page alignment is not required to implement the concepts of the present disclosure but may offer improved performance. 
         [0033]    An embodiment of the present disclosure encodes the data for each word separately. This approach enables the use of a separate Encoding Table  504  (See  FIG. 5 ) for each set of keyword data, optimizing the compression within each keyword. In order to decompress the data, decoding information must be available for each keyword. One embodiment stores the Encoding Table  504  with the keyword as part of the Compression Table Page. This is done because the required decoding table can be derived from the Encoding Table  504  and the Encoding Table  504  is smaller, saving storage space. Once the decoding table is generated, the Data Pages  404  can be decompressed and used. 
         [0034]      FIG. 5  illustrates the structure of the Compression Table Page  402 . This structure can best be understood by also referencing the Data Page  404  as illustrated in  FIG. 7 . At a high level, the data stored for each keyword is a series of references to documents containing the keyword. For each document, two items of information are needed: the document ID (DocID) and an Occurrence Count (OccurCnt) of the number of times the keyword appears in the document. These are stored in separate sections of the data page, the DocID Bitstream  708  and the OccurCnt Bitstream  710 . This is due in part to the fact that the occurrence data is not always used and storing it separately means that it does not have to be retrieved with the DocID. Both of these items of information are encoded using the Compression Table Page  402  but in different manners. 
         [0035]    OccurCnts are stored in the OccurCnt Bitstream  710  as a series of variable length bit fields. OccurCnt values can vary widely across documents. Because of this, the number of bits required to store the OccurCnt also varies. In one embodiment, a fixed number of different sizes are used to store the OccurCnt. For example, the field may be one of 0, 3, 7, 12, or 20 bits in length. As a result, each document will have an OccurCnt which is stored in a field having one of these finite numbers of lengths. Using this attribute, the documents can then be grouped by the length of their corresponding OccurCnt. In the Compression Table Page  402  these groups are termed Categories and each is represented by a Category Descriptor  502 . Because all documents in a particular Category have the same OccurCnt field length, that length only needs to be stored once, as the Bits In Occurrence field  606  in the Category Descriptor  502  rather than with each DocID. This eliminates a significant amount of redundant data from the Content Index Extension  106 . A value of 0 for Bits In Occurrence is used to indicate that the OccurCnt value is the same as for the previous DocID. There are no entries in the OccurCnt Bitstream  710  for these entries. The first category contains all DocID Deltas which have this characteristic. 
         [0036]      FIG. 6  illustrates an embodiment of the category descriptor  502 . Symbol Count  602  specifies the number of Symbols in the Category. DocID Delta Threshold  604  specifies the upper limit on DocID Deltas that will be encoded within the category. Bits In Occurrence  606  specifies the number of bits used to store each OccurCnt entry in the OccurCnt Bitstream  710  that corresponds to a Symbol in the Category. The Base Symbol Value  608  (“BSV”) defines the value which is added to each DocID Delta value to make it unique to this Category. 
         [0037]    Each Symbol used in a Category is the sum of a DocID Delta and the BSV for that Category. The DocID Delta values for each Category range from zero (0) to (DocID Threshold −1). The BSV for the first Category is zero (0) and the BSV for all other Categories is equal to the BSV of the previous category plus the number of symbols in the category. As a result the full set of Symbols represented by all of the Categories is a continuous series from the smallest DocID Delta (0) to the BSV of the last Category plus the largest encoded DocID Delta. Within this series, the set of distinct DocID Deltas repeats in each Category, encoded as a different Symbol by using a different BSV. This approach results in each DocID Delta value appearing in each Category, thus being paired with each available value for Bits In Occurrence. 
         [0038]    An embodiment also uses sequential DocID Delta values within each Category. Each Category will contain the same series of values. This allows the DocID Delta value to be calculated from the Symbol and the Category Descriptors. The value of the Symbol serves as an index into the series of DocID deltas represented by the Categories. Which Category it falls into determines the corresponding Bits In Occurrence value and the BSV for the Category. Subtracting the BSV from the Symbol determines the DocID Delta value. Because the ordering defines the Symbol values in each category, it is not necessary to store the symbols. Rather, a Symbol value can be calculated as needed. Other fixed ordering of values within the Categories could also be used to achieve the same result. 
         [0039]    Within the Encoding Table  504  the Codes are stored in order corresponding to the entries in the Category Descriptors  502 . The number of entries in the Encoding Table  504  is equal to the total number of entries in all of the Categories combined. This correspondence allows a Code to be mapped to a Symbol by using the Code&#39;s index in the Encoding Table  504  to index into the Categories. This enables direct calculation of a DocID Delta or the generation of a decoding table from the Category definitions and the Encoding Table  504 . Because the decoding can be performed in this manner, discrete Symbol values do not need to be stored in the Encoding Table  504  along with the Codes as would be typical for a Huffman encoding scheme. 
         [0040]    One of the concepts of the present disclosure is that the occurrence information within the Content Index Extension  106  does not contain any data about where the keyword occurs in the associated document. The only data is the number of times that the keyword occurs in the document. This occurrence count data supports queries which use a relevance ranking algorithm which differentiates candidate documents based on how often the word appears. This can be done with much less data than would be required for phrase queries which the Content Index Extension  106  of the present disclosure specifically does not support. Another concept of the present disclosure is that the occurrence count data is stored in a separate bitstream from the DocID Delta information. This enables the retrieval of DocID data without retrieving the occurrence data. This further optimizes the index for use where the DocID alone is sufficient. Document length, also used in some relevance ranking algorithms, is also not stored in the Content Index Extension  106 , further reducing the amount of stored data. 
         [0041]    Referring now to  FIG. 7 , DocIDs are stored within the DocID Bitstream  708  as a series of symbols generated by the Huffman encoding algorithm. The first step is to convert each DocID into a step size (or delta) from the previous DocID. This DocID Delta is the numerical difference between 2 sequential DocIDs. If the current DocID is known, the delta value enables the next DocID to be calculated. Because the delta is smaller than the DocID, using the delta reduces the amount of data to be stored. It also maps the list of unique DocIDs into a much smaller finite set of numeric values which Huffman compression needs. 
         [0042]    To further restrict the number of possible values, all DocID Deltas greater than a selected DocID Delta Threshold  604  are stored explicitly within the DocID Bitstream  708  rather than as an encoded value. Referring to  FIG. 9 , encoded DocID entries will only have a Symbol Code  902 . Those DocIDs with a delta value greater than the DocID Delta Threshold will be represented by a special symbol value and the delta value will be stored explicitly in the next field as an un-encoded DocID Delta  904 . An embodiment uses the value of (BSV+DocID Delta Threshold) as the special symbol. This is a modification to the standard Huffman encoding scheme. It has the advantage of reducing the number of symbols which need to be encoded and incurs minimal size penalty. This is because in a search domain where a large percentage of the documents contain the keyword, the DocID Delta values will typically be distributed across a set of relatively small values. Large delta values will occur rarely. In the Huffman encoding scheme this would result in them being assigned the longest codes. The difference in length between the code which would be used and the delta value itself is relatively small so the cost of storing the delta as an un-encoded value is minimal. In some cases, the combined length of the un-encoded delta and associated special symbol value could actually be smaller than the symbol that would have been assigned in a standard encoding approach. A further embodiment uses two different special symbol values to select two different storage sizes for the explicit DocID Delta value (i.e. two bytes vs. four bytes) to further optimize storage usage. 
         [0043]    Referring again to  FIG. 7  it can be seen that each Data Page  404  begins with housekeeping information. In one embodiment this comprises Last DocID  702  which specifies the last document ID stored on this page and Number of DocIDs Left  704  which specifies the number of document IDs remaining, including those on the current page. These are used in navigating through the Data Pages  404 . The next section of the Data Page  404  is the Page Directory  706  which is a directory of DocIDs on the current page. For each DocID, there is a Page Directory Entry  800 . An embodiment is shown in  FIG. 8 . The DocID field  802  identifies the specific Document ID to which the entry applies. The DocID Cnt field  804  specifies number of DocIDs in the page prior to the current DocID. The DocID Offset field  806  specifies the offset in bits from the beginning of the DocID Bitstream  708  to the location of the encoded DocID entry within the DocID Bitstream  708 . The OccurCnt Offset field  808  specifies the offset in bits from the beginning of the OccurCnt Bitstream  710  to the location of the OccurCnt entry within the OccurCnt Bitstream  710 . These values enable direct access to the information for a selected DocID within the Data Page  404  where it is not desirable to traverse the list in order to find the information. 
       Compression Overview 
       [0044]    Generating the compressed data for the content index extension  106  involves two separate high level processes: generating the encoding data; and encoding each entry. Each of these is repeated for each keyword to be listed in the content index extension  106 . One approach is described below and illustrated in  FIG. 10 . 
       Generate Encoding Data 
       [0045]    The first step in generating the encoding data is to determine the list of documents  1002  in the search domain which contain the keyword. For each document, the DocID Delta and OccurCnt values are determined  1004  along with the Bits In Occurrence value needed to hold the OccurCnt. The full set of these values, across all relevant documents, is stored in a single document list. Using this list, the DocID Delta Threshold value to be used for the Categories is determined based on the DocID Delta values. 
         [0046]    With the information from the document list available, the Categories can be defined  1006  and Category Descriptors  502  specified. For each Category, the Symbol Count  602  is defined as one less than the DocID Delta Threshold value. The Symbol Count  602  and DocID Delta Threshold  604  values are common across all Categories. Each Category is assigned a different value for the Bits In Occurrence field  606  selected sequentially from the predefined set of values. Each Category is then assigned a different Base Symbol Vale (BSV)  608  starting at zero (0) and incrementing by Symbol Count  602  for each subsequent Category. 
         [0047]    With the Categories defined, the full set of Symbols, spanning all Categories, is specified  1008 . Each Symbol is calculated as the BSV for the Category plus the appropriate DocID Delta value. Huffman encoding is then used to generate a distinct Code for each Symbol  1010 , utilizing frequency information derived from the document list. The number of times that each unique pair of DocID Delta and Bits In Occurrence occurs in the list is an input to the encoding process with the more frequently used pairs being given shorter Codes. These Codes are combined to create the Encoding Table  504  in the format discussed above. The combined set of Category Descriptors  502  and the Encoding Table  504  can then be written  1012  to the content index extension  106  as the Compression Table Page  402  for the keyword. 
       Encode Data For Each Document 
       [0048]    With the encoding data available, each of the DocID Delta/OccurCnt pairs in the document list can be encoded. For each document in the list  1014 , the associated Bits In Occurrence value  606  is used to determine in which Category the data will be encoded  1016 . The BSV  608  for the Category is added to the DocID Delta to determine the Symbol  1018 . This Symbol is mapped to its associated Code using the Encoding Table  1020 , and the Code appended  1022  to the end of the DocID Bitstream  708 . If Bits In Occurrence is non-zero, the OccurCnt is appended  1026  to the end of the OccurCnt Bitstream  710  in that number of bits. 
         [0049]    For the special case  1024  where the DocID Delta is greater than the DocID Delta Threshold  604 , a code corresponding to a special symbol will be used from step  1020  and the DocID Delta will be written  1026  to the DocID Bitstream  708  immediately following the encoded symbol as shown in  FIG. 9 . 
         [0050]    When sufficient data has been accumulated in step  1028  in the DocID Bitstream  708  and OccurCnt Bitstream  710  to fill a Data Page  404  the header information comprising Last DocID  702 , Number of DocIDs Left  704 , and Page Directory  706  are generated and the complete Data Page written  1030  to the content index extension  106  in the format shown in  FIG. 7  and a new Data Page  404  started. This continues until all document information has been encoded and written to the content index extension  106 , including writing  1032  the last, possibly partial, data page. Processing then moves to the next keyword to be inserted into the content index extension  106 . 
       Decompression Overview 
       [0051]    In a similar manner to compression, decompression involves two major processes: generating the decoding information; and then decoding the information for each document. Typically this is done for individual keywords, those specified in a query, rather than for the entire keyword list at once. One approach is described below and illustrated in  FIG. 11 . 
       Generate Decoding Table 
       [0052]    The Encoding Table  504  stored in the Compression Table Page  402  is converted into a decoding table  1102  by reference to the Category Descriptors  502 . Because the Codes in the Encoding Table  504  are stored in the same order as the Symbols appear in the Categories, the Code to Symbol mapping can be recreated as a Decoding Table by enumerating the Symbols and matching them to Codes in the sequence that they are stored in the Encoding Table  504 . 
       Decode Data For Each Document 
       [0053]    For each document  1104 , the Code is read  1106  from the DocID Bitstream  708  and mapped to a Symbol  1108  using the Decoding Table. Comparing the Symbol to the BSVs for the Category Descriptors  502  allows the correct Category to be determined  1110 . This determines the Bits In Occurrence  606  value to be used. The symbol is checked  1112  to determine if it is a normal Symbol or a special Symbol. If it is normal, the DocID Delta is calculated  1114 . Subtracting the BSV  608  for the Category from the Symbol generates the corresponding DocID Delta value. Adding the DocID Delta to the previously processed DocID generates the current DocID. If the OccurCnt is needed, it can be read  1118  from the OccurCnt Bitstream  710  using the Bits In Occurrence  606  value. 
         [0054]    In the special case where the Code read from the DocID Bitstream  708  maps to the special symbol indicating a DocID Delta which exceeds the DocID Delta Threshold  604 , the DocID Delta value is read  1116  from the DocID Bitstream  708  immediately following the Code. After step  1118  flow returns to step  1104 . 
         [0055]    In one embodiment, two modes of access to the bit streams are supported. Sequential access is available by starting at the beginning of each bitstream and maintaining a pointer to the current position in each. The pointer for the DocID Bitstream  708  advances a single bit at a time as each Code is read. Because Huffman encoding uses prefix free codes, the codes vary in length and can be recognized by their bit sequence. This means that a Code could be recognized with any bit read. The pointer for the OccurCnt Bitstream  710  increments by the Bits In Occurrence value corresponding to the Symbol. Direct access is also available via the Page Directory  706 . The directory can be searched to find the Page Directory Entry  800  containing the DocID field  802  corresponding to the document being accessed. The DocID Offset  804  supplies an offset into the DocID Bitstream  708  and the OccurCnt Offset  808  supplies an offset into the OccurCnt Bitstream  710 . The data for document being accessed can then be retrieved or sequential access can start from that point. 
         [0056]    Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that many changes in construction and widely differing embodiments and applications will suggest themselves without departing from the scope of the disclosed subject matter.