Abstract:
The invention is a method and apparatus for acoustic logging including one or more acoustic transmitters and one or more acoustic receivers. One or more of the elements of a set made up of the acoustic receivers and acoustic transmitters are spaced radially apart from one or more of the remaining elements of the set. The acoustic receivers and acoustic transmitters are configured along with electronics and software incorporated in the tool to allow the acoustic receivers and acoustic transmitters to act as multi-pole receivers and multi-pole transmitters, respectively. The tool is configured to compute one or more acoustic velocities and to provide storage for unprocessed and processed, compressed and error correction coded data. The tool is configured to provide the data for transmission to the surface.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates generally to a method and apparatus utilized in hydrocarbon exploration. More specifically, the invention relates to the utilization of acoustic sources and receivers to determine acoustic properties of geologic formations as a logging tool traverses them, be it a wireline logging tool or a logging while drilling tool. More particularly, the present invention is directed to methods of and apparatus for determining certain acoustic velocities characteristic of the pertinent geologic formations. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Geologists and geophysicists are interested in the characteristics of the formations encountered by a drill bit as it is drilling a well for the production of hydrocarbons from the earth. Such information is useful in determining the correctness of the geophysical data used to choose the drilling location and in choosing subsequent drilling locations. In horizontal drilling, such information can be useful in determining the location of the drill bit and the direction that drilling should follow. 
     Such information can be derived in a number of ways. For example, cuttings from the mud returned from the drill bit location can be analyzed or a core can be bored along the entire length of the borehole. Alternatively, the drill bit can be withdrawn from the borehole and a “wireline logging tool” can be lowered into the borehole to take measurements. In still another approach, called “measurement while drilling” (“MWD”) or “logging while drilling” (“LWD”) tools make measurements in the borehole while the drill bit is working. There are a wide variety of logging tools, including resistivity tools, density tools, sonic or acoustic tools, and imaging tools. 
     An acoustic logging tool collects acoustic data regarding underground formations. The purpose of such a tool is to measure the “interval transit time” or the amount of time required for acoustic energy to travel a unit distance in a formation. In simple terms, this is accomplished by transmitting acoustic energy into the formation at one location and measuring the time that it takes for the acoustic energy to travel to a second location or past several locations. The measurement is complicated by the fact that the tool is roughly in the middle of a borehole of unknown diameter and is surrounded by mud. Further, the formation along the borehole may have been disturbed by the action of the drill bit and may no longer have the same acoustic characteristics as the undisturbed formation. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In general, in one aspect, the invention features a logging-while-drilling acoustic logging tool comprising one or more acoustic transmitters and one or more acoustic receivers. One or more elements of a set comprising the acoustic receivers and the acoustic transmitters are spaced radially apart from one or more of the remaining elements of the set. 
     Implementations of the invention may include one or more of the following. The tool may include a transmit module coupled to the acoustic transmitters, a data acquisition module coupled to the acoustic receivers, and a transmitter trigger signal coupled to the transmit module and to the data acquisition module. The transmit module may be configured to initiate transmission via the acoustic transmitters and the data acquisition module may be configured to initiate data acquisition via the acoustic receivers. 
     In general, in another aspect, the invention features a logging-while-drilling acoustic logging tool comprising a multipole-capable acoustic source. 
     Implementations of the invention may include one or more of the following. The multipole-capable acoustic source may comprise one or more acoustic transmitters. 
     In general, in another aspect, the invention features an acoustic logging tool comprising a multipole capable acoustic source. The source comprises one or more acoustic transmitters. Each acoustic transmitter is configured to have a transmission direction. An acoustic transmitter is paired with another acoustic transmitter having an azimuthally opposite transmission direction. 
     Implementations of the invention include one or more of the following. The acoustic logging tool may comprise a transmitter module coupled to the acoustic transmitters. The transmitter module may be configured to fire the acoustic transmitters. The transmitter module may be configured to fire each acoustic transmitter. One or more of the acoustic transmitters may be configured to transmit acoustic energy at one or more selectable frequencies. The transmitter module may be configured to control frequency content of the acoustic energy transmitted by one or more acoustic transmitters. The transmitter module may be configured to control timing of the acoustic energy transmitted by one or more acoustic transmitters. The transmitter module may be configured to cause one of the acoustic transmitters to transmit acoustic energy and at least one other acoustic transmitter to transmit acoustic energy with a controlled time delay or phase shift relative to the one acoustic transmitter. The transmitter module may be configured to control magnitude of the acoustic energy transmitted by one or more acoustic transmitters. 
     In general, in another aspect, the invention features a logging-while-drilling acoustic logging tool comprising a multipole-capable acoustic receiver. The logging-while-drilling acoustic logging tool may further comprise a multipole-capable acoustic source. 
     In general, in another aspect, the invention features an acoustic logging tool comprising a multipole capable acoustic receiver, the receiver comprising one or more acoustic receivers. Each acoustic receiver is configured to have a receive direction. An acoustic receiver is paired with another acoustic receiver having an azimuthally different receive direction. 
     Implementations of the invention include one or more of the following. The acoustic logging tool may comprise one or more sample-and-hold amplifiers, each sample-and-hold amplifier configured to sample and hold a signal originating in the acoustic receivers and conditioned by one or more conditioning components. The one or more sample-and-hold amplifiers may sample substantially simultaneously. The acoustic logging fool may comprise a processor. The conditioning components may comprise an adjustable high-pass filter having a cutoff frequency adjustable under control of the processor. The processor control of the cutoff frequency may be adaptive. The conditioning components may comprise an adjustable amplifier having a gain adjustable under control of the processor. The adjustable amplifier may be configured to be adjusted separately for one or more receiver channels. The processor control of the adjustable amplifier may be adaptive. The conditioning components may comprise a low pass filter. The conditioning components may comprise a pre-amplifier interfaced to the receivers. The conditioning components may comprise an amplifier. The acoustic logging tool may comprise an analog-to-digital converter for converting the analog signals held by the one or more sample-and-holds to a digital signal. The digital signal may be coupled to the processor. The acoustic logging tool may comprise a multiplexer for selecting, based on an address, one of the analog signals held by the one or more sample-and-holds to couple to the analog-to-digital converter. The acoustic logging tool may comprise a counter for producing the address and a clock. The clock may drive the counter and the analog-to-digital converter. The counter may have a sample-and-hold output configured to cause the sample-and-holds to sample. The counter may have a processor output configured to inform the processor that the counter had completed a counter cycle. The acoustic logging tool may comprise a multipole-capable acoustic source. The acoustic logging tool may comprise one or more analog to digital converters, each analog to digital converter configured to sample a signal originating in one of the acoustic receivers and conditioned by one or more conditioning components. The one or more analog to digital converters may sample substantially simultaneously. 
     The acoustic logging tool may comprise one or more multiplexers and one or more analog to digital converters. Each analog to digital converter may be configured to sample signals originating in the acoustic receivers, conditioned by one or more conditioning components and multiplexed by one or more multiplexers. 
     In general, in another aspect, the invention features a logging-while-drilling acoustic logging tool comprising a tool housing, a first acoustic transmitter configured to transmit acoustic energy generally in a first direction relative to the tool housing, a second acoustic transmitter configured to transmit acoustic energy generally in a second direction relative to the tool housing, a processor configured to make acoustic measurements in the first direction using any combination of transmitters and a receiver. The processor is further configured to male acoustic measurements in the second direction using any combination of transmitters and receiver. 
     In general, in another aspect, the invention features a logging-while-drilling tool for measuring acoustic velocity in any geologic formation comprising an acoustic transmitter configured to create and sustain multiple types of acoustic waves in the geologic formation. 
     In general, in another aspect, the invention features an acoustic logging tool comprising a transmit module configured to cause one or more acoustic transmitters to transmit acoustic energy. The tool includes a data acquisition module configured to accept signals from one or more acoustic receivers, convert the signals to unprocessed data, and process the unprocessed data to produce processed data. The tool includes a data storage module configured to store the processed data. 
     Implementations of the invention may include one or more of the following. The data storage module may be configured to store the unprocessed data. The data storage module may be configured to store processed and unprocessed data. The data storage module may be configured to store processed and unprocessed data for an entire mission. The data storage module may be configured to compress the processed data. The data storage module may adaptively choose a compression algorithm to compress the processed data. The data storage module may be configured to apply error correction code to the processed data before storage. The data storage module may adaptively choose an error correction coding algorithm to apply error correction code to the processed data before storage. 
     In general, in another aspect, the invention features a logging-while-drilling acoustic logging tool comprising a processor, and a computer-readable medium coupled to the processor having computer-readable program code embodied thereon for controlling the operation of the logging-while-drilling acoustic tool. The tool comprises two or more radially offset transmitters. 
     Implementations of the invention may include one or more of the following. The computer-readable program code may comprise computer-readable code for causing the processor to compute one or more formation acoustic velocities using the collected data. The computer -readable program code may include computer-readable code for causing the processor to store the computed one or more acoustic velocities in the data memory. The computer-readable program code may include computer-readable code for causing the processor to provide the collected data to a communication device configured to transmit the collected data. The computer-readable program code may comprise computer-readable code for causing the processor to provide the computed one or more acoustic velocities to a communication device configured to transmit the computed velocity. 
     In general, in another aspect, the invention features a method for acoustic logging-while-drilling using an acoustic logging tool comprising a processor, one or more transmitters under processor control and one or more receivers under processor control, the method comprising spacing one or more elements of a set comprising the transmitters and the receivers radially apart from one or more of the remaining elements of the set, firing the one or more transmitters, and collecting data from the receivers. 
     Implementations of the invention may include one or more of the following. The method may include computing one or more formation velocities from the collected data. 
     The method may include storing the computed one or more formation velocities. The method may include storing the collected data. 
     In general, in another aspect, the invention features a method for acoustic logging using an acoustic logging tool comprising a processor, a transmitter under processor control and a receiver under processor control, the method being accomplished by the processor. The method comprises transmitting acoustic energy into a formation using the transmitter, controlling the azimuthal profile of the acoustic wave emitted into the formation, and receiving acoustic energy from the formation using the receiver. 
     Implementations of the invention may include one or more of the following. The method may comprise processing the received acoustic energy using the processor to produce processed data. The method may comprise adaptively processing the received acoustic energy using the processor to produce processed data. Adaptively processing may comprise applying decision logic to determine which of one or more acoustic signal processing algorithms to execute. The method may comprise compressing the processed data. Compressing may comprise adaptively compressing the processed data. The method may comprise error correction coding the processed data. Error correction coding may comprise adaptively error correction coding the processed data. 
     In general, in another aspect, the invention features a logging-while-drilling acoustic logging tool comprising a tool housing, a first acoustic receiver configured to receive acoustic energy generally from the first direction relative to the tool housing, and a second acoustic receiver configured to receive acoustic energy generally from the second direction relative to the tool housing. A processor is configured to make acoustic measurements in the first direction using any combination of a transmitter and receivers. The processor is further configured to make acoustic measurements in the second direction using any combination of transmitter and receivers. 
     In general, in another aspect, the invention features a logging-while-drilling acoustic logging tool comprising a processor, a computer-readable medium coupled to the processor having computer-readable program code embodied thereon for controlling the operation of the logging-while-drilling acoustic tool; and two or more radially offset receivers. 
     Implementations of the invention may include one or more of the following. The computer-readable program code may comprise computer-readable code for causing the processor to compute one or more formation acoustic velocities using the collected data. The computer-readable program code may comprise computer-readable code for causing the processor to store the computed one or more acoustic velocities in the data memory. The computer-readable program code may comprise computer-readable code for causing the processor to provide the collected data to a communication device configured to transmit the collected data. The computer-readable program code may comprise computer-readable code for causing the processor to provide the computed one or more acoustic velocities to a communication device configured to transmit the computed velocity. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is an illustration of a logging while drilling system incorporating an acoustic logging while drilling tool of the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 is an illustration of the generation of acoustic waves when an incident wave intersects the interface of two media with different acoustic properties. 
     FIG. 3 is a representation of a prior art acoustic logging tool. 
     FIG. 4 is an illustration of the acoustic wave generated by a monopole source. 
     FIG. 5 is an illustration of the radiation pattern emitted from a monopole source. 
     FIG. 6 is an illustration of the fundamental principle of acoustic velocity determination based on first arrival moveout between two receivers. 
     FIG. 7 is an illustration of the acoustic wave generated by a dipole source. 
     FIG. 8 is an illustration of the radiation pattern emitted from a dipole source. 
     FIG. 9 is an illustration of the radiation pattern emitted from a quadrupole source. 
     FIG. 10 is an illustration of the radiation pattern emitted from a sextupole source. 
     FIG. 11 is an illustration of an acoustic logging tool of the present invention with dipole transmitters and receivers. 
     FIG. 12 is an illustration of an acoustic logging tool of the present invention with quadrupole transmitters and receivers. 
     FIG. 13 is an overall block diagram of the electronics for the acoustic logging tool of the present invention. 
     FIG. 14 is a block diagram of the transmitter module for the acoustic logging tool of the present invention. 
     FIG. 15 is a block diagram of the data acquisition, conditioning and digitization electronics for the acoustic logging tool of the present invention. 
     FIG. 16 is a block diagram of an alternative embodiment of the digitization electronics. 
     FIG. 17 is a block diagram of an alternative embodiment of the digitization electronics. 
     FIG. 18 is a flowchart for the basic adaptive gain algorithm for the gain stage of the signal conditioning part of the electronics for the acoustic logging tool of the present invention. 
     FIG. 19 is a flowchart for the basic adaptive filter algorithm for the high pass filter of the signal conditioning part of the electronics for the acoustic logging tool of the present invention. 
     FIG. 20 is a flowchart for the adaptive data processing of the receiver data from the acoustic logging tool of the present invention. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     As shown in FIG. 1, a drilling rig  10  (simplified to exclude items not important to this application) comprises a derrick  12 , derrick floor  14 , draw works  16 , hook  18 , swivel  20 , kelly joint  22 , rotary table  24 , drillstring  26 , drill collar  28 , LWD tool  30 , LWD acoustic logging tool  32  and drill bit  34 . Mud is injected into the swivel by a mud supply line  36 . The mud travels through the kelly joint  22 , drillstring  26 , drill collars  28 , and LWD tools  30  and  32  and exits through ports in the drill bit  34 . The mud then flows up the borehole  38 . A mud return line  40  returns mud from the borehole  38  and circulates it to a mud pit (not shown) and back to the mud supply line  36 . 
     The data collected by the LWD tools  30  and  32  is returned to the surface for analysis by telemetry transmitted through the drilling mud. A telemetry transmitter  42  located in a drill collar or in one of the LWD tools collects data from the LWD tools and modulates the data onto a carrier which can be transmitted through the mud. A telemetry sensor  44  on the surface detects the telemetry and returns it to a demodulator  46 . The demodulator  46  demodulates the data and provides it to computing equipment  48  where the data is analyzed to extract useful geological information. 
     When an acoustic plane wave crosses the boundary between two media with different acoustic characteristics, part of the wave will be reflected and part of the wave will be transmitted through the boundary. 
     The reflection and refraction of acoustic waves can be visualized by use of Huygen&#39;s principle. FIG. 2 shows the interface of two media that are characterized by two different densities, and compressional and shear velocities, which are different in the two regions. In FIG. 2, an incident wave  50  arrives at the interface  52  between medium  1  and medium  2  at an angle ω off perpendicular to the interface between medium  1  and medium  2 . Two acoustic waves are generated in medium  2 : a refracted shear wave  54  and a refracted compressional wave  56 . 
     Based on the law of refraction (Snell&#39;s law) it is known that if the angle of incidence becomes large enough, then the refracted wave will travel parallel to the interface surface. This critical incidence angle ω crit , is given (for the compressional wave with velocities v pl  and v p2  in the two media) by          sin                   ω   crit       =       v   p1       v   p2                              
     Waves that are critically refracted and travel along the boundary are referred to as “head waves”. As they travel along the interface, they radiate energy back into the initial medium. It is this phenomenon which allows detection, by an acoustic device positioned in the borehole, of acoustic energy which has propagated primarily in the formation. 
     A very important parameter in the field of borehole acoustics is the slowness, defined as the inverse of wave velocity. 
     If the slowness is independent of frequency, then the wave is said to be “non-dispersive”. That is, all frequencies travel at the same slowness so the shape of the arrival will not change with transmitter to receiver offset. If the slowness does depend upon frequency, then the wave shape changes, typically broadening in time and narrowing in frequency, or disperses, with increasing offset from the source. Theoretically, in sonic logging applications, the modes are dispersive in nature; however, this dispersion is often difficult to see in the waveforms. Part of the problem is that dispersion is difficult to observe over the short array aperture of a sonic tool (typically only about one wavelength long). 
     If the slowness of a mode is real-valued, then the mode is said to be “perfectly trapped”, or “guided”. In this case, the wave does not lose energy as it propagates. If the slowness is complex-valued, then there is an exponential decay with increasing transmitter to receiver offset and the mode is said to be “leaky”. 
     The actual modes present in the fluid channel (borehole) can be divided into three sets: (1) the slightly dispersive Stoneley mode; (2) the strongly dispersive shear normal modes (or pseudo-Rayleigh modes in cylindrical boreholes); and (3) a similar series of dispersive compressional normal modes. It is well known to those skilled in the art that knowledge of three parameters, i.e. density, compressional velocity and shear velocity, can yield the physical parameters that can fully characterize the mechanical properties of the rock. The density measurement can be performed with several classical nuclear methods. The measurement of the compressional and shear velocity can only happen with acoustic means, i.e. through the calculation of acoustic velocities. In logging applications it is customary to discuss the subject in terms of “interval travel times”, or “acoustic transit times”, which is the reciprocal of the acoustic velocities. By definition the unit for the interval travel time is (velocity)−or slowness. In SI it would be s/m, or due to its rather small value for rocks and most material of interest μs/m. In most cases the quoted numbers are given in μs/ft. 
     One of the classic forms for an acoustic tool  58  (well known to those skilled in the art) is the single transmitter-dual receiver tool, a schematic of which is shown in FIG.  3 . In the figure the basic mode of propagation of the compressional (P or primary) and the shear (S or secondary) wave are also shown. 
     The tool consists of an acoustic transmitter (T)  60 . The tool also contains two receivers (R 1  and R 2 )  62 ,  64  spaced apart at a distance L. The transmitter is typically designed as a ring or a cylinder aligned with the borehole axis so as to produce axisymmetric excitation of waves. Such a transmitter is called a monopole transmitter  66 , as illustrated in FIG.  4 . For this transmitter the wave excitation has the general shape shown in FIG.  4  and the radiation pattern  300  can in two dimensions be approximated by the form shown in FIG.  5 . For the simple case of a fluid-filled borehole in a rock formation, there are essentially four types of acoustic waves that propagate: two head-waves and two guided waves. The P-wave  68  begins as a compressional wave in the borehole fluid, is critically refracted into the formation as a P wave and then is refracted back into the fluid as a compressional wave. The S wave  70  begins as a compressional wave in the borehole fluid, is critically refracted into the formation as an S wave and is refracted back into the fluid as a compressional wave. Another wave is the reflected conical wave, also called the pseudo-Rayleigh wave. It is a guided wave that decays radially away from the borehole wall in the solid and is oscillatory in the fluid. Another wave, called the Stoneley wave, is a slightly dispersed guided wave that propagates along the borehole wall. The amplitude of a Stoneley wave decays exponentially away from both sides of the fluid/rock interface. This wave is especially prominent when the receiver is placed close to the borehole wall (as in the case of an MWD sonic tool). 
     The classical Δt measurement is illustrated in FIG.  6 . Waveform  72  is a representation of the acoustic energy received at receiver R 1   62  and waveform  74  is a representation of the acoustic energy received at receiver R 2   64 , with the time scale being the same for both waveforms. It is clear that the difference of arrival time of the compressional wave to the receivers R 1  and R 2  only depends on the distance between receivers (L) and on the compressional velocity of the formation (v p ). Simple physics dictates that            Δ                 t     =     L     v   p         ,     or                 that               1     v   p       =       Δ                 t     L                            
     In the classic acoustic tools, Δt was calculated by estimating the time of first arrival at receivers R 1  and R 2  by utilizing simple threshold techniques on the analog signals representing the acoustic waves. This method is usually referred to as a “two-receiver moveout” method, as it estimates the velocity from the time difference (moveout) of a single wave arrival to two different receivers. 
     From the discussion above, it becomes clear that this simple formula for calculation of formation slowness depends on two key points: accurate determination of Δt, and symmetry of the tool/borehole/formation system. Taking advantage of symmetry is one way by which the other time components that will affect the arrival of the wave to the receiver (travel time in the mud, travel time down the borehole to the first receiver etc.) can be eliminated. Response of a dual-receiver acoustic device is generally adversely affected by non-uniform borehole size, sonde tilt, and gas-cut borehole fluid. 
     In order to eliminate most of the adverse effects of non-symmetric systems, several combinations of multi-transmitter, multi-receiver tools have been utilized for acoustic logging. Most of these devices are called “borehole compensated” since they eliminate the borehole size effect. Array tools also take advantage of advanced signal processing techniques, to accurately calculate Δt or directly estimate slowness from the analysis of the full waveform. 
     As is well known to those skilled in the art, acoustically slow formations are those in which the shear wave velocity is lower than that of the acoustic wave velocity of the borehole fluid (drilling mud or water). In such formations, compressional or pressure wave energy generated in the borehole fluid column can not be critically refracted as mode converted shear wave along the borehole wall and radiate back into the borehole to be picked up by the receivers. Thus direct determination of shear wave velocity in slow formations is not possible with the classic acoustic tools that contain a monopole (axisymmetric) transmitter. There are two ways to estimate shear wave velocities in acoustically slow formations: first, a direct measurement by utilization of multipole sources; second, indirect estimation methods based on analysis of other wave components such as the tube (Stoneley) wave or the leaky compressional mode. The indirect methods are not very accurate and have many other limitations. 
     The most direct method of measuring the shear wave velocity of the formation is direct shear wave logging. This is achieved by using non-axisymmetric sources. Currently non-axisymmetric sources can be divided into two types: dipole and quadrupole sources. Dipole sources are usually provided in wireline by using a bender element or a movable cylinder. 
     A dipole source  76  generates a positive displacement of the borehole fluid in one direction  250  and an equal but negative displacement in the opposite direction  252 , as illustrated in FIG.  7 . The radiation pattern  302  of the pressure generated in the borehole by a dipole source  304  is illustrated in FIG.  8 . The radiation pattern of  306  a quadrupole source  308  is illustrated in FIG.  9 . The radiation patterns for higher order multipole sources are similar. For example, the radiation pattern for a sextupole source is illustrated in FIG.  10 . 
     In simple terms, the dipole transmitter emits asymmetric energy “pushing” on one side of the borehole and “pulling” on the other to generate a flexural wave in the formation/borehole interface. At low frequencies, this flexural wave travels down the borehole wall at the formation shear velocity. Dipole receivers can be located at the center of the tool/borehole and are sensitive to differential pressures thus detecting the flexural wave. Since the receivers are not sensitive to axially symmetric pressure fields, both the compressional and the Stoneley waves are suppressed, allowing the flexural wave to be accurately identified. 
     Referring now to FIG. 11, the present invention is an LWD acoustic logging tool  78  with multipole-capable transmitters and multipole-capable receivers capable of generating and sustaining acoustic waves in a geologic formation. The multipole-capable transmitter consists of two or more transmitters  80  and  82  mounted in the drill collar  84  so that they direct their energy in substantially opposite directions. The frequency, magnitude and time-of-fire of the energy transmitted by each of the transmitters can be controlled as discussed below. Consequently, energy transmitted by transmitter  80  can be time-displaced with respect to the energy transmitted by transmitter  82  but with the same frequency and magnitude. The result is a simulated dipole transmitter. The two transmitters can also be fired synchronously to simulate a monopole transmitter. Further, the two transmitters can be fired in any combination of frequency, magnitude and timing desired to generate a variety of vibration modes in the formation. 
     The multipole-capable receiver is constructed, for example, as two rows of seven spaced receivers mounted in such a way that they are in diametrically opposed sides of the drill collar  84 . Each receiver has its own data acquisition channel with adjustable gain and signal conditioning characteristics. Each receiver channel is sampled substantially simultaneously and each sample is converted into digital form. A digital signal processor inside the tool performs a variety of calculations using the sampled data including At calculations. The collected data and the calculated data are stored in the tool for later analysis and the calculated data is transmitted to the surface through mud telemetry as described above. 
     The approach described above can be used to create tools with quadrupole, sextupole or any other multipole characteristic by increasing the number of transmitters and the number of receivers. For example, FIG. 12 illustrates a tool with a quadrupole-capable transmitter and a quadrupole-capable receiver. The tool includes four transmitters  86  (only three are shown) and four rows of seven receivers  88  (only three rows are shown). The transmitters and receivers can be manipulated as described above to create a quadrupole-capable transmitter and receiver set. 
     A block diagram of the preferred electronics embodiment for the acoustic tool  78  is shown in FIG. 13. A Main Control Module (MCM)  90  contains a controller (such as a microprocessor, a micro-controller or a Digital Signal Processor) that is responsible for the initialization of the logging sequence. A Transmitter Module (TM)  92  is connected to the MCM  90  through a set of control  94  and data  96  lines. The TM is further connected to the transmitter  80  (or transmitters  80  and  82  for the preferred embodiment)(marked as block  98  in the figure). The MCM  90  is further connected preferably through a bus  100  to one or more Data Acquisition Modules  102  (DAQ) and the Data Storage Module  104  (DSM). The DAQ  102  is in turn connected to the receivers  106 , to the TM  92  and to the DSM  104 . If more than one DAQ modules are in the system they are preferably connected to each other through a control and data link. The DSM is connected to a Communications Module  108  (CM). 
     Referring to FIG. 14 the TM is further comprised of a Transmitter Controller  110  (TC) and one or more Transmitter Drivers (TD) of which two are shown  112  and  114 . The TC is connected to the TD through a set of power and control lines  116 , which include but are not limited to power (could be high voltage), a frequency select line and a trigger (transmitter fire) line. Each TD is further connected to the acoustic transmitter  118  and  120 . The frequency select line allows the transmitter to be fired with more than one frequency, selectable through a control signal such as the one presented by the frequency select line. It is well known to those skilled in the art that multiple frequency selection can be obtained either through switching of inductors, or through the use of a linear amplifier, or through the use of multiple sets of transmitters tuned to different frequencies. 
     In the preferred embodiment, a generalized sequence of operation would be the following: the MCM  90  determines that it is time to acquire data. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that such a determination can be time or depth based and can either be preprogrammed or be initiated upon request from an external source to the MCM. The MCM initializes the TM  92  and the DAQ  102  and transfers to them all pertinent information including but not limited to: transmitter waveform characteristics such as amplitude, frequency, and time of fire; receiver channel sequence such as time delay from transmission of waveform until initialization of receiver channel acquisition, and sampling frequency; receiver channel conditioning such as initial gain settings; processing information such as computational parameters required to estimate the slowness of the pertinent acoustic waves. 
     The DAQ  102  triggers the TM  92 . In the case where more than one DAQ  102  module is present, one of them, considered to be the master, triggers the rest of them. In the preferred embodiment there are two DAQ  102  modules. Upon triggering by the DAQ  102  the following actions take place. The TM  92  fires the transmitters  98  with the determined amplitude, frequency and time-of-fire delay between transmitters when more than one transmitter is fired. After an initial determined time delay (which could be zero) the DAQ  102  initiates the acquisition of acoustic waveforms from the receivers  106 . The received signal is sampled substantially simultaneously in all channels and is conditioned through programmable signal conditioning as explained below when discussing FIG.  15 . When the acquisition is complete the MCM  90  provides further instructions to the DAQ  102  through the bus  100  regarding data processing and storage options. The DAQ  102  processes the data through an adaptive processing algorithm (see description below in FIG.  20 ). Processed data are conveyed to the MCM  90  through the bus  100 , so that they can be forwarded to the mud pulse telemetry system  42 , and then transmitted to the surface. 
     The MCM  90  further instructs (through the bus  100 ) the DSM  104  to collect and store the data. The DSM through the bus  100  collects the data from the DAQ  102  and the MCM  90 , and proceeds to compress, apply error-correction-code, and eventually store the data. Upon command the DSM  104  transmits the data to an external host through the CM  108 . 
     Referring now to FIG. 15, it can be seen that in the preferred embodiment acoustic waves are received and processed in three stages. The first stage  122  contains the acoustic receivers  124  and their associated drive electronics  126 , which in the preferred embodiment include a low impedance amplifier. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that other modes of pre-amplification can also be used, such as a charge pump. Any appropriate acoustically sensitive device such as piezoelectric elements, magnetostrictive elements, pressure transducers or accelerometers can construct the receivers  124 . The second stage  128  contains the programmable signal conditioning. And finally the third stage  130  contains the electronics that accomplishes the substantially simultaneous acquisition of all the received channels. 
     Stage  128  contains, in order, an amplifier/buffer  132 , an adjustable high pass filter  134 , an adjustable gain amplifier  136  and an adjustable low pass filter  138 . The adjustable gain amplifier can be implemented either through a voltage control amplifier or through adjusting the gain resistance of the amplifier itself. In the preferred embodiment the cutoff frequency for the high pass filter  134  is determined by a clock signal  140  from the Digital Signal Processor  142  (DSP). The setting of the gain amplifier  136  through the signal  144  from the DSP  142  determines the gain of the amplification stage. The cutoff frequency for the low pass filter is controlled by the signal  146  from the DSP  142 . Those skilled in the art will appreciate that although in the preferred embodiment all of the settings are adaptively adjustable, one could select to set any or all of them. 
     The fundamental requirement for stage  130  is that the signal from the different receivers is sampled substantially simultaneously so that there is no appreciable time skew between the sampling of the different channels. Stage  130  can be implemented in many ways, three of which are most usable: one could choose to have one dedicated Analog to Digital Converter (A/D) for each channel; one could choose to have a set of Sample-And-Hold (S/H) amplifiers sampling substantially simultaneously and feeding a single A/D; or one could choose to have a multiplexed A/D if it could be sampled in a high enough frequency so that the inherent time skew between separate channels would become insignificant. 
     FIG. 15 shows an implementation of the S/H method. The signal from all receivers  124  as conditioned through stage  122  is input to a set of S/H amplifiers  148  and is available at the inputs of multiplexer  150 . A counter  152  controlled by the DSP  142  through the clock signal  154  selects the appropriate channel of the multiplexer  150  to be digitized by A/D  156 . The A/D output is latched into memory  158  through a latch  160 . For ease of description memory  158  is shown as external to the DSP  142 . A completely equivalent implementation would use data memory  158  internal to the DSP  142 . 
     FIGS. 16 and 17 show alternative implementations of the digitization electronics just described. In FIG. 16, an A/D  162  is assigned to each channel. In FIG. 17, a multiplexer  164  selects signals to provide to a fast A/D  166 . 
     In the preferred embodiment the gain setting for the Gain Amplifier  136  is adaptively set, according to the method described in FIG.  18 . The adaptive gain algorithm  168  starts with the acquisition of the data  170  from all receivers. A first test is performed  172  to determine if the amplitude signals within a selected time window are “clipped”  174  (amplitude exceeds maximum input amplitude to the Gain amplifier and the A/D converter). 
     If the signals are clipped  176  the gain is set such that the estimated maximum signal would not be clipped  178 , and that gain setting is used in the next acquisition  180 . If the signals are not clipped  182  a different path is followed. All pertinent acoustic velocities are calculated  184  with the method described in FIG. 20. A test is then performed  186  to see if the velocities were calculated. If the signals were too low no velocity calculations would be possible. At that time  188  the gain is adjusted higher by a predetermined percentage  190 , and that gain is used in the next acquisition  180 . If the velocities were successfully calculated (signal amplitudes within a usable range) a different path  192  is followed. The amplitudes of the signals of the calculated acoustic velocities are then compared to each other and the maximum amplitude is estimated  194 . The gain is then set  196  with DSP signal  144  such that the gain-adjusted amplitude of the maximum velocity would be slightly less than the maximum amplitude accepted as an input to the A/D converter  156 . This gain is then used to acquire  180  the next set of data from the receivers. In the preferred embodiment, blocks  184 ,  186 ,  194  and  190  are skipped (for ease of implementation) when no clipping occurs. In that case, path  182  connects directly to block  196 . 
     The high pass filter cutoff frequency is adaptively set according to the method described in FIG.  19 . The adaptive filter algorithm  198  starts with the acquisition of data from all receiver channels  200 . The energy content of the drilling noise in a window at the beginning of these waveforms is then calculated  202  and compared to a preset programmable threshold  204 . If the energy level in the window exceeds the threshold the high pass filter cutoff frequency is changed  206  and the loop repeats until the energy is less than the threshold. At that time  208  the cutoff frequency is set  210  with DSP signal  140  (reference FIG.  15 ). 
     There are several methods that can be used to estimate the acoustic velocities of the pertinent acoustic waves. Those skilled in the art know that the simplest is threshold detection. The next level of complexity would involve a correlation type method such as N-th root stack or multi-receiver velocity moveout cross-correlation. Yet another level of complexity would be the utilization of the Maximum Likelihood Method. Still another level of complexity would involve Prony&#39;s method. Another level of complexity would include the wavelet transform. Yet a higher level of complexity would involve neural networks or genetic algorithms. As the methods become more and more complex the computing power requirements increase significantly. Accordingly one could assign an index number to each algorithm, the index number increasing with algorithm complexity. 
     In the present embodiment decision logic is utilized to select the most appropriate algorithm to be utilized for the estimation of the acoustic velocities. The estimation of the acoustic velocities is adaptively performed according to the method  212  described in FIG.  20 . 
     The method starts by collecting the data from all channels  214 . The data are then band-pass filtered  216  as required to eliminate ambient noise, including but not limited to that from drilling, drilling fluid circulation and tool movement induced pressure variations. An index is initialized  218 , the index referring to the appropriate velocity estimation algorithm. The algorithm is then used to calculate  220  the acoustic velocities. A weighted error function is then estimated  222  that effectively determines the likelihood that the estimated acoustic velocities are the correct ones. The error function is the weighted average of a previous set of acoustic velocities coupled with the uncertainty of the current acoustic velocities. The error function is then compared  224  with a programmable threshold. If the limit is exceeded  226  then the algorithm index is increased  228  and the loop repeats by utilizing the next algorithm in the series. The process repeats until the error function no longer exceeds the limit  230 , at which time the calculated acoustic velocities are considered final  232 . 
     The preferred embodiment includes a data storage module  104  to which the data is stored in non-volatile memory, such as EEPROM or FLASH or battery backed RAM. It is known to those skilled in the art that the data from acoustic logging, be it wireline or logging-while drilling, requires a large amount of storage. In the preferred embodiment the data is compressed before storage and error-correction-code is applied to the data to eliminate storage errors. The preferred compression method amongst the ones well known to those skilled in the art is adaptively selected based on the mission requirements and the available storage memory. Similarly the preferred error-correction-code is adaptively selected based on the available storage memory. 
     The foregoing describes preferred embodiments of the invention and is given by way of example only. Although the description of the preferred embodiment is that for an acoustic logging-while-drilling tool, a very similar description would apply to a wireline tool. The invention is not limited to any of the specific features described herein, but includes all variations thereof within the scope of the appended claims.