Abstract:
A margarine-like composition for laminated doughs of reduced fat content comprising, in percentage weight of the total weight, from 35.0 to 80.0% of a fat phase containing a mixture of vegetable fats, and from 20.0 to 65.0% of an aqueous phase comprising inulin and pectin, and at least one emulsifier, is described; in addition, a process for the preparation of said composition is described.

Description:
FIELD OF APPLICATION  
       [0001]     The present invention refers, in general, to the technical sector of the food industry. The invention concerns, in particular, a margarine food composition of reduced fat content suitable for the production of laminated puff pastry doughs.  
       STATE OF THE ART  
       [0002]     Margarines of reduced fat content have long been available on the market. Such margarines include in their formulations ingredients such as maltodextrins, modified starch, xanthan gum, and other gelling agents (generally carbohydrates but also proteins) that have the function of replacing part of the fat content, thus reducing the calorie contribution per gram of margarine.  
         [0003]     Generally, however, such formulations show several limitations. Many of them mimic margarine only for applications at room temperature, and are therefore not suitable for puff pastry doughs, or in any case lead to outcomes that are unsatisfactory and not comparable with those obtained with conventional margarine. Indeed a margarine appropriate for the production of pastries must easily spread into even layers when compressed between two dough layers. Hence, the consistency must be such that it is neither too hard nor too soft: in the first instance, it would break the dough, and in the latter it would be partly absorbed by the dough itself.  
         [0004]     Other formulations contain butter, which the consumer does not perceive as an ingredient that is either healthy or dietetic, and which also renders the product unclassifiable as margarine. Certain formulations contain added ingredients such as modified starch, which is an artificial ingredient and, hence, perceived by the consumer as a chemical additive. Finally, certain compositions contain added ingredients such as maltodextrins that are not easy to satisfactorily match with an emulsifier and which, although less calorific than an equivalent amount of lipids, nevertheless carry 4 kcal/g.  
         [0005]     An example of such formulations is given in patent U.S. Pat. No. 5,695,806 (Mrs Bateman&#39;s Bakery) which describes a low fat puff pastry composition based on maltodextrins, water soluble pre-gelatinized starch, water and butter. However, the amount of butter necessary to obtain a product with the required characteristics varies between 1 and 40%. Hence, from the point of view of consumer perception, this formulation does not appear particularly healthy or dietetic, as butter has a high cholesterol content, which is notoriously associated with a high risk of cardiovascular disease. The composition may also include, among the other ingredients, xanthan gum and colorings.  
         [0006]     Patent EP 529894 (Staley) describes methods to produce low fat content foodstuffs using enzymatically de-branched amylopectin precipitates. The method involves enzymatic reactions on the amylopectin starch, thus forming precipitates that act -as gelling agents when dispersed in water. The precipitate is then fragmented to improve the amylopectin properties. This formulation is suitable for partial replacement of the fats used for the preparation of puff pastry doughs; however, its main drawback is its high sensitivity to excessive heat. Furthermore enzymatically de-branched amylopectin is not a natural ingredient.  
         [0007]     Patent U.S. Pat. No. 5,576,043 (American Maize-Products Company) concerns a shortening substitute for laminated dough the composition of which is based on pre-gelatinized unmodified starch, pre-gelatinized modified starch, monoglycerides, shortening and water. The formulation can also include the presence of a plasticizer, for example glycerine, and maltodextrin. This margarine thus contains “artificial” ingredients.  
         [0008]     Therefore, there is the need to provide a reduced fat margarine that is suitable for the production of puff pastry doughs, which has a reduced fat content and which is perceived as a healthy and natural food, without suffering any of the drawbacks of existing formulations.  
         [0009]     Some patents give a partial solution to such a problem by including inulin in the formulation. Inulin is a dietary fiber produced by extraction from plants such as chicory, asparagus, garlic, banana, etc., and is therefore a natural ingredient. Its molecule consists of β-2,1 linked fructose units, resistant to human digestive enzymes, and a glucose unit at the chain end. Inulin is classified as a prebiotic, in that it passes through the human digestive tract and finally reaches the colon intact, where it exerts a beneficial action on the intestinal flora. As it cannot be digested, inulin confers 1-1.2 kcal/g only. Patent U.S. Pat. No. 6,132,793 (Olivia Gourmet) describes a butter-like composition which includes a solidified emulsion of vegetable oil, water and a dietary fiber, preferably inulin. The formulation may also include lecithin as an emulsifier. The vegetable oil, preferably olive oil, is liquid at room temperature and is not hydrogenated. This, however, is not a true and proper margarine as unmodified vegetable oil is used and, furthermore, it is not specifically intended for puff pastry dough. Document EP 648425 (Kraft) describes a spreadable or squeezable margarine which includes, as well as water and inulin, branched chain maize amylopectin starch together with gelling type maltodextrins or modified starch as fat mimetics. Non-gelling maltodextrins, polydextrose or low DE (that is, relatively long chained) corn syrup solids may also be included in the formulation. The recipe may include the addition of preservatives. This formulation does not necessarily include the presence of fats. Nevertheless, in this case also, the product is not suitable for use in puff pastry doughs but is limited to use at room temperature.  
         [0010]     Finally, the Research Disclosure 394035 (Coop Cosun) document describes a margarine exhibiting the characteristics of hardness, consistency and plasticity required for oven baking, reduced fat content (up to 18.99%) and including, among other ingredients, inulin (up to 20%) and gelatin. However, it is not mentioned—and it is doubtful—whether the properties of this composition are such that it is suitable for incorporation into puff pastry doughs. Also, because it contains gelatin, it is not suitable for the preparation of vegetarian food. Finally it is well known that many consumers have some reservations over foods containing ingredients—such as gelatin—which can be linked to the BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) issue.  
         [0011]     The problem at the basis of the following invention has therefore been that of providing a reduced fat content margarine, having a formulation that includes only ingredients perceived as natural and/or beneficial by the consumer, and that has the properties and behaviour of conventional margarine for puff pastry, in particular for “Danish pastry” dough types.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0012]     Such a problem has been solved, according to the invention, by a margarine-type composition for laminated doughs comprising in percent weight of the total weight, from 35.0 to 80.0% of a fat phase containing vegetable fats, from 20.0 to 65.0% of an aqueous phase comprising inulin and pectin and at least one emulsifier.  
         [0013]     Preferably, the composition contains, in weight of the total weight, 45 to 65% of a fat phase and 35 to 55% of an aqueous phase, advantageously 50 to 60% of a fat phase and 40 to 50% of an aqueous phase.  
         [0014]     Preferably, the vegetable fats consist of interesterified and/or fractionated vegetable oils, particularly palm oil. The emulsifier preferably consists of mono- and diglycerides of dietary fatty acids, in quantities varying between 0.2 and 2.0% in weight of the total weight of the composition.  
         [0015]     The inulin content is preferably between 5.0 and 20.0%, advantageously between 10 and 18% in weight of the weight of the composition, and preferably has a degree of polymerization of between 10 and 50 units.  
         [0016]     Inulin, being a soluble fiber, is associated with improved digestion and absorption of certain minerals, particularly calcium, hence preventing osteoporosis and other mineral deficiency related conditions, and to a reduced risk of colon cancer. Furthermore, being a prebiotic fiber, inulin favors the growth of probiotic bacteria in the intestine with all the related beneficial effects.  
         [0017]     Preferably, pectin is contained in an amount between 0.1 and 10.0%, advantageously between 0.2 and 5.0%, in weight of the weight of the composition, and is of the non-gelling type with a high degree of esterification, and is stable at a pH between 2 and 9. Moreover the water-dispersed particles are between 100 and 1200 μm in size.  
         [0018]     Pectin is an acidic polysaccharide consisting mainly of a chain of galacturonic acid units, 300 to 1000 units in length, linked together by α-1,4 bonds. Pectin is a soluble, non-digestible fiber that constitutes about 40% of the fiber in fruit, especially in apples and citrus fruits, from which it is extracted under mild acidic conditions. It has a number of beneficial health effects, including a hypocholesterolemic effect. It is used in the food industry for its gelling properties, and it is a natural product.  
         [0019]     Moreover, the aqueous phase of the present composition may contain milk proteins in an amount of 0.1-2.0% in weight of the weight of the composition.  
         [0020]     Milk proteins are whey proteins having good emulsifying properties. It has been found that whey proteins act synergistically with the emulsifiers used in the present composition, thus considerably increasing their effect.  
         [0021]     The present food composition is prepared by a process, also the subject of the present invention, comprising the steps of:  
         [0022]     a) Preparing a homogeneous aqueous dispersion of pectin, inulin and possibly milk proteins;  
         [0023]     b) Preparing a homogeneous dispersion of the emulsifier in the vegetable fats;  
         [0024]     c) Emulsifying the two dispersions of steps a) and b) at a temperature of 50-90° C., advantageously at 65-75° C., plasticizing the margarine-like food composition thus obtained, and leaving it to rest for 3-4 days at 8-20° C.  
         [0025]     This process offers the advantage of not requiring the traditional four weeks of ageing as the crystalline structure of the margarine stabilizes after a rest-period of only three to four days.  
         [0026]     Preferably, said aqueous dispersion is prepared by first dispersing the pectin in water at 90-100° C. with stirring and adding, still with stirring, the inulin and possibly the milk proteins. The aqueous dispersion is then cooled to 50-80° C., advantageously 65-75° C., still with continuous stirring.  
         [0027]     Preferably, the dispersion of the emulsifier in the vegetable fats is carried out by dispersing, with stirring, at 50-80° C. and advantageously 65-75° C., the emulsifier in the vegetable fats.  
         [0028]     Conveniently, the dispersion of the emulsifier in the vegetable fats is carried out in a homogenizer-emulsifier by adding an amount of water not greater than 20% of the total water content of the final composition. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES  
       [0029]      FIG. 1  shows a croissant obtained from Danish pastry dough prepared using the margarine-like composition according to the invention.  
         [0030]      FIG. 2  shows a croissant obtained from Danish pastry dough prepared using conventional margarine. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0031]     The present invention will be further described with reference to the embodiment examples that follow and that are given for illustrative, and not limiting, purposes.  
       EXAMPLE 1  
       [0032]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Water 
                 30.5% 
               
               
                   
                 Inulin 
                 20.0% 
               
               
                   
                 Milk proteins 
                 0.8% 
               
               
                   
                 Pectin 
                 10.0% 
               
               
                   
                 Interesterified palm fats 
                 38.5% 
               
               
                   
                 Mono- and diglycerides 
                 0.2% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0033]     In this formulation, a low percentage of fats and emulsifier and a high percentage of aqueous phase ingredients are used. The percentage of fat phase is 38.7% and the water phase percentage is 61.3% of which 30.5% is water.  
         [0034]     The margarine-like composition was prepared as follows.  
         [0035]     A homogeneous aqueous dispersion of pectin, inulin and milk proteins, constituting the aqueous phase of the margarine-like composition according to the invention, was prepared according to the following process.  
         [0036]     The pectin is dispersed in boiling water (90% of the total water of the final composition, that is to say 27.45% of the total weight of the composition) using a homogenizer-emulsifier equipped with a turbine emulsifier head (“Mixer 500” of the company Nilma).  
         [0037]     Inulin and milk proteins are added to the thus obtained aqueous dispersion, still with stirring by the emulsifier head of the above mentioned homogenizer-emulsifier, until a homogeneous dispersion is obtained (about 6 minutes). The thus obtained homogeneous dispersion is left to cool down, still under the mechanical action of the emulsifier head, to about 70° C.  
         [0038]     The fat phase of the composition according to example 1 was prepared by dispersing the mono- and diglycerides in the interesterified palm fats, using the emulsifier head of the homogenizer-emulsifier mentioned above, at a temperature of 70° C. Then, the remaining formulation water was added (that is 3.05% of the total composition weight), still under the action of the emulsifier head and at a temperature of 70° C., until a perfectly homogeneous dispersion was obtained (about 7 minutes).  
         [0039]     The thus prepared aqueous and fat phases were pooled, still at a temperature of 70° C., and subjected to the action of the emulsifier head of the homogenizer-emulsifier for about 12 minutes, until a homogeneous emulsion was obtained, which was then transferred to a scraped surface plasticizer for plasticization and was finally sent on to packaging and storage for 3-4 days at 15° C. The margarine was then already ready to be used for the preparation of laminated doughs, without requiring the conventional ageing phase of 3-4 weeks.  
       EXAMPLE 2  
       [0040]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Water 
                 15.6% 
               
               
                   
                 Inulin 
                 5.0% 
               
               
                   
                 Milk proteins 
                 0.2% 
               
               
                   
                 Pectin 
                 0.1% 
               
               
                   
                 Interesterified palm fats 
                 77.1% 
               
               
                   
                 Mono- and diglycerides 
                 2.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0041]     In this formulation, relatively high percentages of fats and emulsifiers and a low percentage of the aqueous phase ingredients are used. The fat phase percentage is 79.1% and the aqueous phase percentage is 20.9% of which 15.6% is water. The composition was prepared according to the process described in example 1.  
       EXAMPLE 3  
       [0042]                                                            Water   33.0%           Inulin   15.0%           Milk proteins   0.4%           Pectin   1.0%           Interesterified palm fats.   50.0%           Mono- and diglycerides   0.6%                        
 In this formulation, an intermediate percentage of fats, emulsifiers and aqueous phase ingredients are used. The percentage of the fat phase is 50.6% and the percentage of the aqueous phase is 49.4% of which 33.0% is water. The composition was prepared according to the process described in example 1. 
 
       EXAMPLE 4  
       [0043]     Comparative test for the preparation of semifinished Danish pastry dough products for croissants using an 80:20% dough base to margarine ratio in which the dough base has the formulation described below, and in which the added margarine is, in one case a conventional margarine containing 84% interesterified palm fats, 1% mono- and diglycerides and 15% water, and in the other case a margarine-like composition prepared according to the recipe of example 3:  
                                                                     parts per           Dough base:   weight                                        Flour   100.0           Eggs   36.4           Sugar   15.0           Water   13.0           Margarine   10.0           Glucose syrup   6.0           Yeast   3.0           Emulsifiers   3.5           Salt   1.5           Vanillin   0.2                      
 
         [0044]     The dough base contains the same conventional margarine as above.  
         [0045]     The semifinished products obtained by lamination of the Danish pastry doughs prepared using the two different margarines, were oven-baked at 180/190° C. for 9-10 minutes.  
         [0046]     As can be seen from  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the croissant obtained from the laminated Danish pastry doughs prepared using the margarine-like formulation according to the invention ( FIG. 1 ) exhibits characteristics that are comparable, if not superior, to those of the croissant ( FIG. 2 ) obtained from the laminated Danish pastry dough prepared using traditional margarine. Indeed, the surface of the reduced fat Danish croissant is regular in appearance and the air bubble distribution and size across the inside dough appears uniform and homogeneous. Also from the organoleptic point of view no appreciable differences were found. From the nutritional point of view, instead, there was a notable decrease in calorie content (of 14%) and fat content (of 30%). Due to the presence of inulin, which constitutes 3.5% in weight of the final weight of the croissant, the fiber content increased by 205%.