Abstract:
In one embodiment, a method is provided for receiving a song claim, and comparing the song claim to records of a database of songs. To this end, results of the comparing may be indicated. In various embodiments, such songs may include musical works, compositions, etc. Of course, songs in the form of a recording are also contemplated.

Description:
This is a continuation application of copending prior application Ser. No.: 10/547,171 filed Jun. 20, 2006, which, in turn, is a 35 USC §371 application of International Application No. PCT/US2004/005517 filed Feb. 24, 2004, designating the United States; which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/450,015 filed Feb. 25,2003, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present application generally relates to the field of regulating access to content. The present application relates more specifically to regulating downloading and other machine reproduction of content based on rights of owners of content. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Bootlegging, surreptitious copying and other methods of acquiring content without compensating a rights-holder for content is an old problem. From the advent of movable type (and relatively easy printing) through the introduction of photocopying, technology has made copying and effectively stealing content easier and easier. The march of technology has recently caught audio and video content in its wake, particularly with the rise of the Internet. 
     However, this latest technology is based on digital representations of content, which can also incorporate various forms of copy protection and can allow for monitoring of transactions. Peer-to-peer and centralized content outlets presently exist. Exemplary of peer-to-peer content outlets are Gnutella™ and Kazaa™. Exemplary of centralized content outlets are iTunes™, audible.com™ and the defunct Napster™. Such content outlets provide access to a repository of content available typically as individual tracks of either audio (songs for example) or audiovisual/visual (movies for example) works. Presently, most content outlets may also be categorized as either authorized or unauthorized, with authorized content outlets providing content under a license from rights-holders and unauthorized content outlets providing unlicensed content. While some content may not require a license, most content of interest to consumers exists under restrictions of copyright held by authors and performers or their assignees. Many of the rights-holders are assignees of performers. Examples of rights-holders include media controllers such as studios, record labels and media companies, along with individual authors or performers. With current download technology and methodologies, many of the copies of content made in the downloading process are not licensed, and the rights-holders are not compensated for these copies. Thus, it may be useful to provide a way of compensating rights-holders for these copies. Some rights-holders have lost records of what content they hold rights to. Thus, it may be useful to provide a way for rights-holders to claim content, and to resolve disputes between multiple claimants to individual content. Similarly, some rights-holders have rights to vast amounts of content whereas other rights-holders may be concerned with small amounts of content. It may be useful to provide a single point of access for content outlets to determine what is owed for content, rather than a myriad number of rights-holders to contact. 
     SUMMARY 
     In one embodiment, a method is provided for receiving a song claim, and comparing the song claim to records of a database of songs. To this end, results of the comparing may be indicated. In various embodiments, such songs may include musical works, compositions, etc. Of course, songs in the form of a recording are also contemplated. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Embodiments of the invention are illustrated in the figures. However, the embodiments and figures are illustrative rather than limiting, they provide examples of the invention. 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an embodiment of a system for controlling access to content. 
         FIG. 2A  illustrates an embodiment of a method of determining rights-holders of content. 
         FIG. 2B  illustrates an embodiment of a method of providing content. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates an embodiment of a system for providing content. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates an embodiment of a system for determining rights-holders of content. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates an embodiment of a record of content in a database. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates an embodiment of a medium (or media) which may in turn embody instructions which, when executed by a processor, may cause the processor to perform a method. 
         FIG. 7  shows embodiments of several computer systems that are coupled together through a network. 
         FIG. 8  shows one embodiment of a conventional computer system that can be used as a client computer system or a server computer system or as a web server system. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates an alternate embodiment of a system for controlling access to content. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present invention is described and illustrated in conjunction with systems, apparatuses and methods of varying scope. In addition to the aspects of the present invention described in this summary, further aspects of the invention will become apparent by reference to the drawings and by reading the detailed description that follows. 
     A method and apparatus for regulating content is provided. In one embodiment, the invention is a method. The method includes interfacing with a content outlet. The method further includes comparing attributes of content to be downloaded with attributes of content in a media database. The method also includes providing restrictions based on a result of the comparing. The method may further include monetizing the method. Additionally, the method may include distributing royalty payments to rights-holders of content. 
     In an alternate embodiment, the invention is a system. The system includes a database of content. The system also includes a rights-holder interface. The system further includes a content outlet interface. The system may further include a crawler. The system may also further include a financial interface. 
     In another alternate embodiment, the invention is a method. The method includes receiving a song selection. The method also includes comparing the song selection to records of a database of songs. The method further includes indicating results of the comparing. The method may also include monetizing the method. The method may further include providing restrictions to the song. The method may also include indicating the song is unclaimed. The method may further include prohibiting copying of the song. 
     In yet another alternate embodiment, the invention is an apparatus. The apparatus includes means for tracking content. The apparatus also includes means for interfacing between content users and the means for tracking content. The apparatus further includes means for interfacing between content rights-holders and the means for tracking content. 
     In yet another alternate embodiment, the invention is a method. The method includes receiving a song claim. The method also includes comparing the song claim to records of a database of songs. The method further includes indicating results of the comparing. The method may further include indicating a dispute exists. The method may also include resolving the dispute. The method may further include forwarding royalties. 
     In still another embodiment, the invention is a method. The method includes crawling a network with an intelligent agent to find content. The method further includes evaluating the content. The method also includes transmitting a digital fingerprint of the content to a database of content. The method further includes storing the digital fingerprint of the content in the database of the content. 
     Note, preferably, the system operates in real-time or near real-time. For example, a query may be sent by a content outlet to a database, with a response from the database delivered with minimal delay based on results of the query. This may be achieved in part based on local caching of responses at the content outlet system. This may also be achieved through use of known database technology. 
     The apparatus and methods may be understood by reference to an embodiment of a system.  FIG. 1  illustrates an embodiment of a system for controlling access to content. The system may be used to determine who holds rights to content, identify content to be downloaded, and restrict access to content based on preferences of the rights-holder(s). Moreover, this may allow for monetization of this process. System  100  includes a database  140 , content outlets  110 ,  120  and  130 , a claim interface  150 , rights-holders  160 ,  170  and  180 , and a crawler  190 . 
     Database  140  includes attributes related to content. For example, a piece or item of content may have attributes for title, author, performer, rights-holders, size/length, type of content, digital fingerprint, rights restrictions, and other attributes. Moreover, a piece of content may have an authorized copy of the content, and the authorized copy may incorporate digital rights management or other restrictive parameters used to implement rights restrictions specified by rights-holders. 
     Traditional retailers  110  are content outlets which operate using licensed content and provide compensation to rights-holders. Unauthorized peer-to-peer networks  120  are content outlets which provide content regardless of licensing status and without attempting to compensate rights-holders. Authorized peer-to-peer networks  130  are downloading networks using peer-to-peer technology which use licensed content and provide compensation to rights-holders. Note that not all of content outlets  110 ,  120  and  130  all exist (are in business or organized as a network for example) at one time. When a content outlet ( 110 ,  120  or  130 ) is ready to provide a song or other content for download, it may query database  140  and determine restrictions on the content. If the content in question is identifiable in comparison to content for which attributes are stored in the database  140 , then other attributes of the content will provide information about restrictions on the content (such as limited copying, play-only versions, limited-use versions for example). These restrictions may then be embedded with the content which is provided for download by the content outlet. Alternatively, an authorized copy of content may be provided, thereby embedding desired restrictions and preserving quality at a certain level. 
     Determining the restrictions on content requires determining who owns or has rights to the content (the rights-holders). Claim interface  150  allows for access to the database  140  by rights-holders. Rights-holders  160 ,  170  and  180  may all use claim interface  150  to assert ownership or other rights in content. Preferably, rights-holders provide content which they have rights in, and that content may then be evaluated to determine attributes such as title, type of content, and digital fingerprint. Alternatively, content may be discovered on the Internet or other networks, and rights-holders may then use the claim interface to assert rights in the work embodied in the content so discovered. For example, the crawler  190  may be implemented to traverse links on the World Wide Web and thereby discover content, which may then be evaluated by rights-holders to determine whether anyone has a claim to ownership of the content. 
     Note, in some embodiments, claim interface  150  is an API, or application programming interface for example. The claim interface  150  may operate in a variety of ways. For example, it may be a graphical user interface, allowing for entry of information about content, such as attributes including author, title, performer, for example. This information may be used to query database  140  to determine if such content is known to the database  140 , or it may be used to enter these attributes into the database  140 . Alternatively, the claim interface  150  may be implemented for some form of bulk or batch data entry, whereby a stream or file of data is provided to the claim interface related to numerous separate or related pieces of content, either for query purposes or for data entry purposes for example. Moreover, the claim interface  150  may allow for entry of actual content into the database  140 . Whether actual content or a digital fingerprint of the content (or both) is stored, querying the database  140  based on content may occur by comparing digital fingerprints. 
     On occasion, rights-holders may assert multiple conflicting claims to content. Not all multiple claims will conflict. For example, authorship and performance of a song may both provide copyright rights for a separate author and performer, without an outright conflict. That the two rights-holders disagree about how to handle content is not the same as a conflict where two entities purport to be the owner of an authorship copyright on a song. When the same rights are asserted by multiple parties, some form of conflict resolution may be necessary. Royalties may be held in trust, or the song (or other content) may be restricted from any copying. Alternatively, ownership conflicts may be initially decided based on a reputation rating maintained by the claim interface, with high reputation rankings assigned to reputable companies or companies having previously proven content ownership, and low rankings assigned to those having asserted false claims or with little prior experience. Preferably, an appeal process may be implemented to allow for human intervention after a determination based on reputation rankings occurs. For example, a reputable label may assert claims to its catalog as it stood on a particular date. Another small label may assert claims to a set of songs within this catalog. The reputations may be such that the reputable label wins. However, the small label may be able to show an assignment of rights to a human and thus prove its claims. Alternatively, the small label may be acting improperly, and thus correctly have its claims rejected. 
     Various methods may be used to determine who is legitimately a rights-holder to content.  FIG. 2A  illustrates an embodiment of a method of determining rights-holders of content. The method may be implemented in conjunction with a system such as that described with respect to  FIG. 1 , or with alternative systems for example. The method includes identifying media, receiving claims to the media, resolving disputed claims, and registering the rights-holder. At module  210 , the media or content is identified. This may occur as a result of content submitted for identification by a content outlet, content submitted as part of a claim by a rights-holder, or content discovered by a software process or agent which crawls a network. 
     At module  220 , claims to the content are asserted. Note that these modules may interact in a fashion other than linearly, such that claims may be asserted well after content is identified, and even after a rights-holder has been identified. With a claim asserted, information about the content will also be supplied, such as author, performer, title, digital fingerprint of content, even an authorized copy of content. 
     If multiple claims are asserted, at module  230  disputes between claims are resolved. As mentioned with respect to  FIG. 1 , this may involve reputation based resolution, or may involve only human intervention. At module  240 , rights-holder(s) to the content are registered, along with their requirements of restrictions on copying the content. At this point, access to the content may be controlled based on rights asserted by the rights-holders, and royalties on the content may be distributed to the rights-holders as copying occurs. Moreover, changes in rights to content may be tracked, allowing for assignments or expirations of copyrights (should that ever be allowed). Note that not all of these modules may be required for a working method, as a useful method may be implemented using some subset of the modules described. Also, note that monetization of this method may occur, such as through a fee for asserting claims or resolving disputes, or through some form of subscription or periodic fee for example. 
     Whether the rights-holders to content are clear or not, some content may be provided by various methods.  FIG. 2B  illustrates an embodiment of a method of providing content. The method may be implemented in conjunction with a system such as that described with respect to  FIG. 1 , or with alternative systems for example. The method includes receiving a request for media or content, comparing media to contents of a database, providing restrictions to the media, collecting royalties, and forwarding royalties. Note that not all of these modules may be required for a working method, as a useful method may be implemented using some subset of the modules described. 
     At module  250 , a request for media or content is received. This request may come from a content outlet for example, which is attempting to satisfy requirements imposed by copyright law. At module  260 , the media or content is compared to records in a database to determine what the content is. Preferably, a digital fingerprint or similar technology is used to identify the content, such that digital fingerprints may be compared. Alternatively, attributes such as title, author, and/or performer for example may be compared. Moreover, content may be compared bodily, such that two digital files representing songs may be compared on a bitwise level for example. When a hit or a match is found, the database may have information about copyright restrictions and rights-holders who are due royalties. 
     At module  270 , any available restrictions are provided. This may be as simple as providing a message or set of parameters, with the parameters embedded or otherwise including as digital rights management restrictions. Alternatively, this may involve providing an authorized copy with embedded restrictions. As another alternative, a rights-holder may prohibit copying, such that the content outlet must not perform the download. 
     At module  280 , royalties are collected. This may occur in the form of a payment from the content outlet to the operator of the database, with records of the database used to account for such payments. Note that rather than processing a micropayment for each song or other piece of content, periodic payments of many individual royalties may be made (such as monthly payments for example). Moreover, at module  290 , royalties are forwarded to rights-holders. This may again involve a periodic payment based on multiple individual micropayments. Additionally, royalties may be forwarded after deduction of a fee for handling the royalties, either as a percentage or as some form of fixed fee. Likewise, payments may be required for each request for media, each successful request (a match is found), or each request resulting in a download for example. Other options for monetization may also be employed, such as a subscription model for example. 
     In various embodiments of methods of providing content, various systems may be used.  FIG. 3  illustrates an embodiment of a system for providing content. The system may allow for interaction between content outlets (retailers) and a database of content to determine restrictions on content and collect royalties. System  300  includes a database  340 , plug-in interface  345 , retail interface  325 , plugin  335 , and may be used in conjunction with retailers  310  and  315 . The system illustrated may be part of a larger system—the portion illustrated is useful for working with content outlets. 
     Database  340  is a database of content, attributes related to content, or both. It may be accessed through plugin interface  345  or through retail interface  325 . Retailer  315  is a content outlet which accesses database  340  through retail interface  325 . Retailer  315  may allow for download of music through its system for example, and may query database  340  to determine the status of songs to be downloaded. The query may be sent with attributes of the songs/content or with the actual songs/content. The return information from database  340  may include an indication the content has not been claimed, restrictions on the content, an authorized copy of the content, or an indication of prohibition of copying content. As illustrated, retailer  315  must handle these signals and properly format its queries for use with interface  325 , but otherwise directly queries database  340 . 
     Alternatively, retailer  310  may be a content outlet which integrates into its software plugin  335 . Plugin  335  may be a local interface module which works with software used by retailer  310  in either a previously specified or a customized manner. Retailer  310  may query plugin  335  about availability of content (such as a song) for download. Plugin  335  may then pass the query to plugin interface  345 , which may then properly query database  340  about the content in question. The response from database  340  may then be interpreted or reformatted by plugin interface  345  and plugin  335  such that retailer  310  may use the response in its processing. Generally, the response would be the same as that provided to retailer  315  in the above description. Note that plugin  335  may perform relatively simple activities such as reformatting data, or more complex activities, such as determining a digital fingerprint for content provided by retail outlet  310 . 
     Just as various methods of providing content may use various systems, various methods of determining rights-holders may use various systems.  FIG. 4  illustrates an embodiment of a system for determining rights-holders of content. The system illustrated may be part of a larger system—the portion illustrated is useful for working with rights-holders. The system may allow for interaction between rights-holders and a content database to register rights-holders and resolve disputes. The system  450  includes a database  440 , bulk claim interface  455 , claim interface  465 , and is designed to work with rights-holders  475  and  485  (among others). 
     Database  440  is a content database, such as database  140  of  FIG. 1 . Database  440  may include content, attributes of content, or both. Bulk claim interface  455  is an interface that allows for submission of multiple or numerous claims (such as submission of claims for performance copyright to a set of songs and the associated collections of those songs for example). Bulk claim interface  455  may be restricted to access by rights-holders known to submit multiple claims, or may be provided for any rights-holder willing to use a stream of information rather than a user interface. As an example, rights-holder  475  may assert claims to all songs in a catalog it has just purchased from another rights-holder by providing a file with information about all of the content in the catalog in question. 
     Alternatively, for assertions of rights to only a few songs or pieces of content, claim interface  465  may be used. Claim interface  465  may be a graphical user interface or other human-interactive interface which an employee of a rights-holder to an individual rights-holder may use. For example, rights-holder  485  may assert authorship copyright to his or her set of published songs (which may be a small number for many authors) using claim interface  465 . One may expect that claim interface  465  would allow for entry of all available attributes, along with submission of a digital fingerprint or authorized copy of content. 
     For each interface ( 455 ,  465 ), results may come in the form of registration of the rights-holder, indication of a conflict (with or without resolution), indication of a match between the content registered and previously entered content (such as found by a crawler or requested by a content outlet), or some other result. In the case of the bulk claim interface  455 , these results may be provided as a file or stream of results sent to the rights-holder  475 , or as information available for access by the rights-holder  475  at convenience of the user. In the case of claim interface  465 , these results may be provided graphically or in another manner intelligible to a user, or may be available for lookup after periodic processing/updates of the database occur. Note that operations of this system may be monetized, such that rights-holders may pay to register claims, to receive royalties, or for some other form of service. Payment of royalties, such as due to registration of a rights-holder for an item of content, are not illustrated in the figure, but may be understood as to occur either electronically or by means of mailing of checks to rights-holders for example. 
     To track information related to content and rights-holders, various data structures may be used.  FIG. 5  illustrates an embodiment of a record of content in a database. The record  510 , in one embodiment, is organized into a set of attributes  515 , which may be stored as name-value pairs (or code-value pairs). Note that none of the attributes  515  are necessarily mandatory. Attributes illustrated include title  520  (title of a song for example), author  530  (author/composer of a song for example), performer  540  (performer of a song for example), fingerprint  550  (digital fingerprint of a song in digital format for example), length  560  (playing time of a song for example), authorized copy  570  (copy to be provided when content is requested for example), rights-holder  580  (first rights-holder associated with content for example), and rights-holder  590  (second rights-holder associated with content for example). 
     Note that each of these attributes may also apply to a movie, comedic performance, document (maybe not the performer  540  in that case) or other form of content. Also, note that other attributes may be stored, such as restrictions for DRM purposes or prohibitions on copies for example. Similarly, other formats or relationships for the data in question may be utilized, such as formats dictated by metadata in a database for example. Thus, the data structure or record of  FIG. 5  is illustrative rather than restrictive in nature. 
     Data structures of various types may be used with programs, which are typically embodied in media or a medium.  FIG. 6  illustrates an embodiment of a medium (or media) which may in turn embody instructions which, when executed by a processor, may cause the processor to perform a method. A medium may be a single piece of media or a collection of media, without materially changing the medium. In the embodiment illustrated, the medium includes a control module, claim interfaces (for rights-holders), outlet interfaces, and a database interface. More specifically, medium  600  includes a control module  610 , bulk claim interface  620 , individual claim interface  630 , database interface  640 , plugin interface  650 , and retailer interface  660 . 
     Bulk claim interface  620  and individual claim interface  630  are modules which implement the claim interface for rights-holders. Rights-holders with large numbers of claims to content or a steady stream of claims to content may use bulk claim interface  620  to provide claim information. Rights-holders with few claims or infrequent claims may use individual claim interface  630 . Similarly, plugin interface  650  and retailer interface  660  are modules which implement the interface with content outlets. Content outlets may include a plugin, and thereby use plugin interface  650 , or not include a plugin, and communicate directly with retailer interface  660 . 
     Database interface  640  interfaces with a database of content and rights-holder information. Control module  610  controls each of the other modules. Thus, control module  610  may process a request from a retailer through plugin interface  650  or retailer interface  660  by causing database interface  640  to search for content within an associated database. Upon finding a match, information from database interface  640  may be directed back to either plugin interface  650  or retailer interface  660  and thereby to the content outlet originally submitting the request. 
     Similarly, control module  610  may receive a claim either through bulk claim interface  620  or individual claim interface  630 , and direct that information through database interface  640  to the associated database. Control module  610  may manage resolution of conflicting claims based on feedback from database interface  640 . Moreover, control module may send information about royalty rates and download frequency through claim interfaces  620  and  630  to rights-holders, along with electronic payments of royalties. Note that control  610  may also direct a crawler interface (not shown) which may be used to receive information about content and populate a database through database interface  640 . Such a medium may be used in conjunction with various computer or machine embodiments. 
     The following description of  FIGS. 7-8  is intended to provide an overview of computer hardware and other operating components suitable for performing the methods of the invention described above, but is not intended to limit the applicable environments. 
     Similarly, the computer hardware and other operating components may be suitable as part of the apparatuses of the invention described above. The invention can be practiced with other computer system configurations, including hand-held devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and the like. The invention can also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. 
       FIG. 7  shows several computer systems that are coupled together through a network  705 , such as the Internet. The term “Internet” as used herein refers to a network of networks which uses certain protocols, such as the TCP/IP protocol, and possibly other protocols such as the hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) for hypertext markup language (HTML) documents that make up the World Wide Web (web). The physical connections of the Internet and the protocols and communication procedures of the Internet are well known to those of skill in the art. 
     Access to the Internet  705  is typically provided by Internet service providers (ISP), such as the ISPs  710  and  715 . Users on client systems, such as client computer systems  730 ,  740 ,  750 , and  760  obtain access to the Internet through the Internet service providers, such as ISPs  710  and  715 . Access to the Internet allows users of the client computer systems to exchange information, receive and send e-mails, and view documents, such as documents which have been prepared in the HTML format. These documents are often provided by web servers, such as web server  720  which is considered to be “on” the Internet. Often these web servers are provided by the ISPs, such as ISP  710 , although a computer system can be set up and connected to the Internet without that system also being an ISP. 
     The web server  720  is typically at least one computer system which operates as a server computer system and is configured to operate with the protocols of the World Wide Web and is coupled to the Internet. Optionally, the web server  720  can be part of an ISP which provides access to the Internet for client systems. The web server  720  is shown coupled to the server computer system  725  which itself is coupled to web content  795 , which can be considered a form of a media database. While two computer systems  720  and  725  are shown in  FIG. 7 , the web server system  720  and the server computer system  725  can be one computer system having different software components providing the web server functionality and the server functionality provided by the server computer system  725  which will be described further below. 
     Client computer systems  730 ,  740 ,  750 , and  760  can each, with the appropriate web browsing software, view HTML pages provided by the web server  720 . The ISP  710  provides Internet connectivity to the client computer system  730  through the modem interface  735  which can be considered part of the client computer system  730 . The client computer system can be a personal computer system, a network computer, a Web TV system, or other such computer system. 
     Similarly, the ISP  715  provides Internet connectivity for client systems  740 ,  750 , and  760 , although as shown in  FIG. 7 , the connections are not the same for these three computer systems. Client computer system  740  is coupled through a modem interface  745  while client computer systems  750  and  760  are part of a LAN. While  FIG. 7  shows the interfaces  735  and  745  as generically as a “modem,” each of these interfaces can be an analog modem, ISDN modem, cable modem, satellite transmission interface (e.g. “Direct PC”), or other interfaces for coupling a computer system to other computer systems. 
     Client computer systems  750  and  760  are coupled to a LAN  770  through network interfaces  755  and  765 , which can be Ethernet network or other network interfaces. The LAN  770  is also coupled to a gateway computer system  775  which can provide firewall and other Internet related services for the local area network. This gateway computer system  775  is coupled to the ISP  715  to provide Internet connectivity to the client computer systems  750  and  760 . The gateway computer system  775  can be a conventional server computer system. Also, the web server system  720  can be a conventional server computer system. 
     Alternatively, a server computer system  780  can be directly coupled to the LAN  770  through a network interface  785  to provide files  790  and other services to the clients  750 ,  760 , without the need to connect to the Internet through the gateway system  775 . 
       FIG. 8  shows one example of a conventional computer system that can be used as a client computer system or a server computer system or as a web server system. Such a computer system can be used to perform many of the functions of an Internet service provider, such as ISP  710 . The computer system  800  interfaces to external systems through the modem or network interface  820 . It will be appreciated that the modem or network interface  820  can be considered to be part of the computer system  800 . This interface  820  can be an analog modem, ISDN modem, cable modem, token ring interface, satellite transmission interface (e.g. “Direct PC”), or other interfaces for coupling a computer system to other computer systems. 
     The computer system  800  includes a processor  810 , which can be a conventional microprocessor such as an Intel Pentium microprocessor or Motorola Power PC microprocessor. Memory  840  is coupled to the processor  810  by a bus  870 . Memory  840  can be dynamic random access memory (DRAM) and can also include static RAM (SRAM). The bus  870  couples the processor  810  to the memory  840 , also to non-volatile storage  850 , to display controller  830 , and to the input/output (I/O) controller  860 . 
     The display controller  830  controls in the conventional manner a display on a display device  835  which can be a cathode ray tube (CRT) or liquid crystal display (LCD). The input/output devices  855  can include a keyboard, disk drives, printers, a scanner, and other input and output devices, including a mouse or other pointing device. The display controller  830  and the I/O controller  860  can be implemented with conventional well known technology. A digital image input device  865  can be a digital camera which is coupled to an I/O controller  860  in order to allow images from the digital camera to be input into the computer system  800 . 
     The non-volatile storage  850  is often a magnetic hard disk, an optical disk, or another form of storage for large amounts of data. Some of this data is often written, by a direct memory access process, into memory  840  during execution of software in the computer system  800 . One of skill in the art will immediately recognize that the terms “machine-readable medium” or “computer-readable medium” includes any type of storage device that is accessible by the processor  810  and also encompasses a carrier wave that encodes a data signal. 
     The computer system  800  is one example of many possible computer systems which have different architectures. For example, personal computers based on an Intel microprocessor often have multiple buses, one of which can be an input/output (I/O) bus for the peripherals and one that directly connects the processor  810  and the memory  840  (often referred to as a memory bus). The buses are connected together through bridge components that perform any necessary translation due to differing bus protocols. 
     Network computers are another type of computer system that can be used with the present invention. Network computers do not usually include a hard disk or other mass storage, and the executable programs are loaded from a network connection into the memory  840  for execution by the processor  810 . A Web TV system, which is known in the art, is also considered to be a computer system according to the present invention, but it may lack some of the features shown in  FIG. 8 , such as certain input or output devices. A typical computer system will usually include at least a processor, memory, and a bus coupling the memory to the processor. 
     In addition, the computer system  800  is controlled by operating system software which includes a file management system, such as a disk operating system, which is part of the operating system software. One example of an operating system software with its associated file management system software is the family of operating systems known as Windows® from Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash., and their associated file management systems. Another example of an operating system software with its associated file management system software is the LINUX operating system and its associated file management system. The file management system is typically stored in the non-volatile storage  850  and causes the processor  810  to execute the various acts required by the operating system to input and output data and to store data in memory, including storing files on the non-volatile storage  850 . 
     Some portions of the detailed description are presented in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data bits within a computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions and representations are the means used by those skilled in the data processing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. An algorithm is here, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of operations leading to a desired result. The operations are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like. 
     It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unless specifically stated otherwise as apparent from the following discussion, it is appreciated that throughout the description, discussions utilizing terms such as “processing” or “computing” or “calculating” or “determining” or “displaying” or the like, refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer system&#39;s registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices. 
     The present invention, in some embodiments, also relates to apparatus for performing the operations herein. This apparatus may be specially constructed for the required purposes, or it may comprise a general purpose computer selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer. Such a computer program may be stored in a computer readable storage medium, such as, but is not limited to, any type of disk including floppy disks, optical disks, CD-ROMs, and magnetic-optical disks, read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic or optical cards, or any type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions, and each coupled to a computer system bus. 
     The algorithms and displays presented herein are not inherently related to any particular computer or other apparatus. Various general purpose systems may be used with programs in accordance with the teachings herein, or it may prove convenient to construct more specialized apparatus to perform the required method steps. The required structure for a variety of these systems will appear from the description below. 
     In addition, the present invention is not described with reference to any particular programming language, and various embodiments may thus be implemented using a variety of programming languages. 
     Alternate Embodiment 
     The illustrated database system of  FIG. 9  is an embodiment of a complete open online licensing and royalty distribution system for digital media. Traditionally, licenses for media required individually negotiating deals with copyright holders with terms that are not generally publicly disclosed, making it an extremely time intensive task. 
     Such a database system, in some embodiments, provides a centralized clearinghouse for all digital media. The system may enable content owners to protect the content owner&#39;s intellectual property rights associated with the content. The system can also provide authentication services, as well as tracking and reporting services associated with the management of the distribution of content. 
     The system may, in various embodiments, provide a centralized system for the following functions: 
     1) allow copyright holders to offer licenses of their copyrighted intellectual property; 
     2) allow copyright holders to request filtering for their content; 
     3) allow online media distributors to get access, in real-time, to the licenses offered by the copyright holders based on the capabilities of the particular service; 
     4) handle real-time licensing rights accounting; 
     5) handle royalty collection; 
     6) handle royalty distribution; and 
     7) allow online media distributors to determine, in real-time, the licensing status (or lack thereof) of items of content. 
     The system may eliminate the barrier that prevents content from getting into the media distribution market. At the same time, the system may allow the content industries to leverage the system to filter out, in real-time, the content of illicit distribution services. 
       FIG. 9  is a block diagram that illustrates an overview of an embodiment of the system. Copyright-holders (rights-holders), such as labels, studios and artists publish on the system (in the database for example), the terms associated with digitally distributing the content owned by the copyright-holders. Distributors of digital media can then secure and pay for the content on the system. This potentially allows the consumer to get full-breadth of high quality content (digital media) in a seamless and legal manner. In certain embodiments, the system employs a plug-in architecture that enables essentially instant access to a legitimate library of digital media. 
     According to certain embodiments, an apparatus is configured to accept, in real-time, licensing information about digital media from copyright holders or from owners of licensing rights, and allow third-party media distribution services to select, in real-time, the licenses for digital media that the media distribution services are interested in distributing. The apparatus, in some embodiments, may also be configured to process, in real-time, license requests for digital media from online media distribution services and to account for, in real-time, each license that is accessible. 
     In further detail, the system  900  illustrated in  FIG. 9  is an alternate embodiment of a system for controlling access to content. Database  950  stores data related to rights-holders (e.g.  980 ,  985 ,  990 ,  995  for example), distributors (such as content retailers or outlets  910 ,  920 ,  930 , or  940  for example), and related to content (such as attributes or actual content for example). As illustrated, distributors  910 ,  920 ,  930  and  940  each use a plug-in  915  to interface with database  950 , thereby allowing for requests for permission to distribute content and responses including denial, unconditional permission, restricted permission, known good copies, or lack of data related to the content. Moreover, the plug-in  915  may function to monetize content transactions, allowing for use of the database  950  as a clearinghouse for royalties for example. 
     Rights-holders ( 980 ,  985 ,  990 , and  995 ) each claim rights through usage module  970  and set pricing or other restrictions through pricing module  975  for example. Data from modules  970  and  975  may be some or all of the data stored or encoded in database  950 . Accounting module  960  provides an interface to database  950  allowing for financial examination and control of database  950 . Similarly, reports module  965  provides an interface to database  950  allowing for production of visually perceptible presentations of data from database  950 , such as activity or commercial charts for example. 
     According to certain embodiments, a mechanism is provided for: 
     1) determining licenses for digital media using multiple fingerprint technologies based on the type of media requested; 
     2) determining, in real-time, the licenses that are available to digital media distribution services based on the capability of the digital media distribution services to handle licensing restrictions; 
     3) enabling the filtering (banning) of certain media files on third-party distributed systems; 
     4) trusted accounting for media file license requests with third-party media distribution services; 
     5) determining, in real-time, the affects on income due to potential changes in licenses of online media; 
     6) modifying the available licenses for media files in real-time and causing the modified licenses to propagate to all participating media distribution services immediately; 
     7) providing time-based and limited licensing restrictions for digital media based on time of day, promotional periods, number of users who have the digital media file, etc. that are only made available to online media distribution services when the restrictions for the licenses are met by a system; 
     8) determining, in real-time, the licenses that are available to digital media distribution services based on the consumer&#39;s country of origin. 
     Sources of revenue for the system may include one or more of the following: 
     1) Charge transaction fee for content deployed by distribution services; 
     2) Charge content owners for running the database and preventing piracy; 
     3) License technology to music services (both free and pay music services) 
     4) Provide an authoring tool for content creators to easily copyright and fingerprint their work online; 
     5) Provide services for creation of the copyright database (content owners); 
     6) Enabling new music services such as: 
     A) Collection of ongoing fees for administration of rights accounting; 
     B) Offering data-mining, reporting, &amp; custom analytics; 
     C) Audit rights compliance across music services; 
     D) Enabling a consumer “personal rights locker”; 
     E) OEM music infrastructure, “Google of music”, search &amp; recommendations, for example. 
     From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, but that various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, the disclosed methods and apparatuses have been described primarily in terms of use with songs, while content of many different forms may be managed in the same manner. In some instances, reference has been made to characteristics likely to be present in various or some embodiments, but these characteristics are also not necessarily limiting on the spirit and scope of the invention. In the illustrations and description, structures have been provided which may be formed or assembled in other ways within the spirit and scope of the invention. 
     In particular, the separate modules of the various block diagrams represent functional modules of methods or apparatuses and are not necessarily indicative of physical or logical separations or of an order of operation inherent in the spirit and scope of the present invention. Similarly, methods have been illustrated and described as linear processes, but such methods may have operations reordered or implemented in parallel within the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as by the appended claims.