Abstract:
A VCSEL structure is provided. The VCSEL structure comprises a substrate. The structure may also include one or more conducting layers positioned on the substrate. There may be void spaces positioned between portions of the conducting layers to electrically isolate the portions. A method for fabricating the VCSEL structure is also provided.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a Division of application Ser. No. 10/936,218 filed Sep. 7, 2004, which is based upon and claims the benefit of claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Ser. No. 60/500,728, filed Sep. 4, 2004, the entire contents of both of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates generally to semiconductor lasers, and more particularly to temperature increase of tunable Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs). The invention describes an approach developed to reduce the device temperature and consequently improve its performance. 
       DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART 
       [0003]    Optical communication systems are a substantial and fast growing constituent of communications networks. Such optical systems include, but are not limited to, telecommunication systems, cable television systems, and Local Area Networks (LANs). Optical systems are described in Gowar, Ed. Optical Communication Systems, (Prentice Hall, N.Y.) c. 1993, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Currently, the majority of optical systems are configured to carry an optical channel of a single wavelength over one or more optical wave-guides. To convey the information form plural sources, time division multiplexing is frequently employed (TDM). In time division multiplexing, a particular time slot is assigned to each information source, the complete signal being constructed from the signal collected from each time slot. While this is a useful technique for carrying plural information sources on a s single channel, its capacity is limited by fiber dispersion and the need to generate high peak power pulses. 
         [0004]    While the need for communication systems increases, the current capacity of existing wave-guiding media is limited. Although capacity may be expanded, e.g. by laying more fiber optic cables, the cost of such expansion is prohibitive. Consequently, there exists a need for a cost-effective way to increase the capacity of the existing optical wave-guides. 
         [0005]    Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) have been explored as approaches for increasing the capacity of the existing fiber optic networks. Such system employs plural optical signal channels, each channel being assigned a particular channel wavelength. In a typical system, optical signal channels are generated, multiplexed to form an optical signal comprised of the individual optical signal channels, transmitted over a single wave-guide, and de-multiplexed such that each channel wavelength is individually routed to a designated receiver. Through the use of optical amplifiers, such as doped fiber amplifiers, plural optical channels are directly amplified simultaneously, facilitating the use of WDM and DWDM approaches in long distance optical systems. 
         [0006]    Crucial to providing sufficient bandwidth for WDM and DWDM, while at the same time avoiding bottlenecks, is the ability to assign and re-assign wavelengths as needed throughout the network and providing the bandwidth when and where needed. Allowing more flexibility in the way fiber capacity is provisioned is the driving force behind the requirements of next generation optical networks. Future network capacity needs will probably require a multi fold scalability beyond a network&#39;s initial installed capacity and also a rapid service activation to allow high capacity links to be deployed as needed. 
         [0007]    Tunable lasers that can be tuned over a wide range of wavelengths and switched at nanosecond speeds best meet such requirements. A number of schemes have been proposed and studied to obtain frequency tuning of semiconductor lasers. These methods have typically relied on tuning the index of refraction of the optical cavity. The resulting tunable range is, however, restricted to approximately 10 nm. 
         [0008]    In addition, the bulk of the tuning schemes have been attempted with edge emitting laser structures. Unlike vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSEL), these structures are not single mode and consequently the use of distributed Bragg reflectors or distributed feedback, both of which are difficult to fabricate, are required to select a single mode. 
         [0009]    Interferometric techniques that rely on variable selection of different Fabry-Perot modes for tuning from a comb of modes have also been proposed. Among these are asymmetric y-branch couplers and vertical cavity filters. These methods produce tuning ranges of up to 100 nm, but are, however, restricted to discrete tuning only and are potentially unstable between the tuning steps. 
         [0010]    Most of the above mentioned techniques are polarization sensitive and therefore cannot be readily adopted to optical communications systems, which need to be robust and inexpensive and consequently insensitive to beam polarization. 
         [0011]    A critical and costly problem in all WDM and DWDM is created by the need for exact wavelength registration between transmitters and receivers. A tunable receiver capable of locking to the incoming signal over a range of wavelengths variation would relax the extremely stringent wavelength registration problem. The tunability requirement can best be met by proper VCSEL utilization. VCSELs possess desirable qualities for telecommunications: circular mode profile that makes them ideally suited for coupling into optical fibers, single mode operation, surface mode operation and compact size. Complete description of the VCSEL device and its operation can be found in the U.S. issued patent numbers: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,629,951 and 5,771,253 both of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
         [0012]    VCSEL of this invention is a cantilever apparatus based on the principle of an electrostatic force pulling on a simple cantilever arm. The device so formed is capable of continuously tuning the resonant frequency of the Fabry-Perot cavity over a wide range of wavelengths. The resonant cavity is formed between two distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) mirrors. The top reflector is composed of a movable top DBR supported in a cantilever arm, a variable thickness air spacer layer and a fixed DBR. The bottom reflector is fixed in the substrate. By applying a tuning voltage to create electrostatic attraction, the cantilever arm may be deformed towards the substrate, thereby changing the thickness of the air spacer layer and consequently the resonant wavelength of the Fabry-Perot cavity. A precise control of substrate to cantilever arm distance is necessary in order to maintain the desired wavelength and meet the wavelength stability requirements. 
         [0013]    One of the important advantages of semiconductor lasers is that they can be directly modulated, i.e. one can readily obtain short optical pulses useful for optical communications by modulating the laser current. This is typically accomplished by placing a small amplitude modulated alternating current signal onto a direct current signal. Typical laser frequency response (transfer function) showing the output power as a function of frequency is shown in  FIG. 1 . The power peak is observed at the laser&#39;s resonant frequency. The output power is strongly affected by the laser parasitic capacitance&#39;s. The adverse effect of the increasing parasitic capacitance on the output power is shown in  FIG. 2 . At higher operating frequencies this effect becomes even more pronounced. In a typical VCSEL, the primary contributors to the parasitic capacitance are the tuning pad, laser head and the bonding pad. Semiconductor laser manufacturers have resorted to creative but costly approaches to reduce the effects of parasitic capacitance. Most typically, a deep proton implants are utilized to electrically isolate the regions contributing to the capacitance. The deep implant is intended to isolate the laser head from the tuning pad. The shallow implant defines the aperture around the laser head. Since the layers that require implant are several microns thick and the background concentration that needs to be overcome for the isolation to be effective is of the order of 10exp18, a high energy and a high dose proton implants are mandatory. Typically, a deep implant requires energies of the order of 1 mega electron volts (MeV). In spite of high proton beam energies, due to normal process variations, the process may not succeed in completely isolating the implanted areas, i.e., some portion of the background doping of semiconducting layers may not be neutralized and a current path may exist between the areas intended to be isolated from each other. Moreover, inherent to the implant process is an additional photolithography process step requiring a photoresist layer to protect the areas of the device not to be implanted. The photoresist thickness needs to be approximately 25 micrometers (um). As a result of high proton beam energy and the time required to complete the deep implant process, the photoresist layer is exposed to very high temperature for long periods of time that cause it to polymerize and change to a very hardened state. Numerous dry and wet photoresist stripping steps need to be implemented to successfully remove the photoresist after an implant step. 
         [0014]    Additionally, the deep implant has several drawbacks. It causes substantial damage to the implanted areas of the device that cannot be annealed out in this application since the anneal process would electrically activate the implanted region and defeat the main purpose of the implant process. The high energy of a deep implant also damages the cantilever and makes it more droop prone. The cantilever droop would causes a shift in the device resonant wavelength and a possible failure of communications equipment the laser is installed in. Furthermore, the process cycle time due to the implant and the subsequent photoresist stripping step is substantially increased as several process steps are added and the cost of an implant run is of the order of several thousand dollars. The device reliability due to the damage to cantilever and other areas of the device may also be compromised. 
         [0015]    Due to the deficiencies of the existing technologies described here there is a need for an improved process that meets electrical isolation requirements and avoids costly photolithography and implant process steps. The invention disclosed herein meets such requirements. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0016]    This invention is directed to an etch process that removes the semiconducting layers that would normally be implanted through. An etch tunnel is created in single or multiple locations by a combination of well known dry and wet etch processes. The etch tunnels physically and electrically isolate the device active area from the sources of parasitic capacitance. An electrical test measuring the current between the areas separated by etch is performed to assure that all the material has been removed. An additional capacitance measurement may be performed to confirm the results of the current measurement. Therefore, the laser head is fully electrically isolated from the tuning pad and the bonding pad and their respective contributions to the device capacitance are removed. 
       OBJECTS AND ADVANTAGES OF THE INVENTION 
       [0017]    It is an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus for tuning the resonance wavelength of a Fabry-Perot cavity in a continuous manner over a wide range of wavelengths. 
         [0018]    It is a further object of the present invention to provide a vertical cavity apparatus with cantilever arm for tuning the resonance wavelength of a Fabry-Perot cavity in a continuous manner over a wide range of wavelengths. 
         [0019]    Another object of the present invention is to ensure that the laser head of the apparatus has been electrically isolated from the laser tuning pad. 
         [0020]    Another object of the present invention is to ensure that the laser head of the apparatus has been electrically isolated from the laser drive pad. 
         [0021]    It is a further object of the present invention to ensure that a dry etch process is employed to achieve electrical isolation. 
         [0022]    Another object of the present invention is to ensure that a wet etch process is employed to achieve electrical isolation. 
         [0023]    Yet another object of the present invention is to ensure that a dry etch and a wet etch are both employed to achieve electrical isolation. 
         [0024]    It is a further object of the present invention that the apparatus is polarization insensitive. 
         [0025]    It is another object of the present invention to ensure that the apparatus be simple in construction, easy to control and straightforward to manufacture. These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent after considering of the ensuing description and the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0026]      FIG. 1  shows a typical laser output power v. frequency behavior. 
           [0027]      FIG. 2  shows the effect of increased capacitance on output power. 
           [0028]      FIG. 3  is a side view of the existing vertical cavity cantilever apparatus 
           [0029]      FIG. 4  shows the vertical cavity cantilever apparatus with deep implant isolating the tuning pad from the laser head 
           [0030]      FIG. 5  is a top view of the device of this invention showing the etched areas. 
           [0031]      FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional view of the device of this invention showing the etched area isolating the laser head from the tuning pad. 
           [0032]      FIG. 7  is a cross-sectional view of the device of this invention showing the etched area isolating the laser head from the bonding pad. 
           [0033]      FIG. 8  is cross-sectional view of an alternative etch approach to isolating the laser head from the bonding pad. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0034]    In the most basic embodiment, a cantilever arm apparatus according to the invention makes use of an electrostatic force pulling on a simple cantilever arm. The mechanical deflection resulting from this force can be used to change the length of the Fabry-Perot microcavity and consequently to tune the resonant wavelength.  FIG. 3  shows a side view of simple embodiment of such an apparatus. If desired the device can also be operated at the fixed wavelength. 
         [0035]    In particular, a cantilever arm apparatus  20  has a cantilever structure  22  consisting of a base  24 , a cantilever arm  26 , and active head  28 . In the embodiment shown, the bulk of cantilever arm structure  22  consists of four reflective layers  30 , which form a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR). It is preferable to make layers  30  of AlGaAs. Different compositional ratios are used for individual layers  30 , e.g., Al(0.09)Ga(0.91)As/Al(0.58) Ga(0.42)As. The topmost layer  30  is heavily doped to ensure good contact with an electrical tuning contact  32  deposited on top of cantilever structure  22 . The actual number of layers  30  varies from 1-20 depending on the desired reflectivity of DBR  30 . Furthermore, any suitable reflective material other than AlGaAs may be used to produce the reflective layers  30 . A person skilled in the art will be able to choose the right materials and dimensional parameters for the reflective layers  30 . Finally, it is not even necessary that the cantilever arm  26  or the base  24  be made of reflective layers as long as the active head  28  includes the reflective layers  30 . 
         [0036]    In the embodiment shown, base  24  is rectangular and suitably large to ensure dimensional stability of the cantilever structure  22 . The width of the cantilever arm  26  ranges typically from 5 to 10 microns while the length is 100 to 500 microns or more. The cantilever arm stiffness increases as the length decreases. Consequently, a shorter cantilever arm requires greater forces to deform but the shorter cantilever arm also resonates at a higher frequency. The preferred diameter of the active head  28  falls between 10 and 40 microns. Of course, the other dimensions are also possible and a person skilled in the art will be able to compute them according to the requirements at hand. 
         [0037]    Electrical tuning contact  32  may reside on top of cantilever arm structure  22  or may be suitably placed elsewhere on the device. In this embodiment, electrical tuning contact  32  is made of gold. However, any other electrically conducting material can be used. The only limitation is that the electrical tuning contact  32  be sufficiently large to allow application of the first tuning voltage V(t 1 ) as discussed below. 
         [0038]    Base  24  rests on a support block  34  across which a voltage can be sustained. In this case, block  34  is composed of GaAs or InP. Block  34  sits on an electrically responsive substrate  36 , preferably made of suitably doped GaAs or InP. A voltage difference between layers  30  and substrate  36  causes a deflection of arm  26  towards substrate  36 . If layers  30  and substrate  36  are opposite doped, then a reverse bias voltage can be established between them. Substrate  36  is sufficiently thick to provide mechanical stability to entire cantilever arm apparatus  20 . Inside substrate  36  and directly under active head  28  are lodged one or more sets of reflective layers  30  forming a second DBR. 
         [0039]    A Fabry-Perot cavity  38  is formed by a top reflector  40 , an active region or medium  52 , a conventional cavity spacer layer  42 , and a bottom reflector  44 . Top reflector  40  is formed by DBR layers  30 , an air gap  48 , which acts as a DBR layer, and a second set of reflective layers  46  in the substrate  36 . In other words, top reflector  40  is composed of two semiconductor portions sandwiching tunable air gap  48 . The first semiconductor portion is contained in active head  28  in the layers  32 . The second semiconductor portion, consisting of layers  46 , is lodged inside substrate  36 . 
         [0040]    Bottom reflector  44  is composed of four reflecting layers  50 . Just as in the case of layers  30 , the number of layers  50  will depend on the desired reflectivity of bottom reflector  44 . If, as in a filter, no active region or spacer layer is required, the top reflector may be composed of only top DBR layers  30 . In this case, air gap  48  may itself form the spacer layer, and the bottom reflector is formed by layers  50 . 
         [0041]    In a Fabry-Perot cavity such as cavity  38 , the total number of layers similar to layers  44  can vary from none to several tens. If no active layer is needed, tunable air gap  48  can itself form the spacer layer and the top reflector can be entirely formed from layers  30  lodged in active head  28 . However, where an active layer is required, such as in laser or in detector, tunable air gap  48  and the cavity spacer layer such as layer  42  may be distinct and independent. In this case, at least one layer  46  is required. The actual number of layers  46  depends on the number of layers  30 , the desired reflectivity, the desired tuning range, and other well-known optical parameters of the apparatus. However, in any bridge arm apparatus similar to apparatus  20 , active head  28  has to contain at least one layer  30 . The size of the active head  28  can be tailored to suit the specific device requirements. Additionally, a current confinement layer  54  may be employed in laser applications. The layer  54  is comprised of group III-V material and another readily oxidizable element, preferably aluminum, or the layer  54  function may be accomplished by an ion implantation or similar process. If needed the heat spreader layer  56  may be utilized to reduce the heat accumulation in the device. The layer  56  is comprised of group III-V materials, such as GaAs, InP or similar. 
         [0042]    The remaining part of Fabry-Perot cavity  38  consists of a conventional cavity spacer  42 , active medium  52 , and four reflecting layers  50 . The latter constitute bottom reflector  44 . Just as in the case of layers  30  and  46 , the number of layers  50  will vary depending on the desired reflectivity of bottom reflector  44 . 
         [0043]    The electrical isolation of the device of this invention is achieved by etching the tunnels  64  and  66 . The etch tunnel  64 , shown in  FIGS. 5 and 6 , isolates the laser head  58  from the tuning pad  74  and eliminates any tuning pad  74  capacitance contribution. The etch tunnel  64  extends through the reflective layers  46 , spacer layer  42 , current confinement layer  54  and heat spreader layer  56 . Additional layers may be etched if desired. The etch tunnel  66  isolates the laser head  58  from the laser drive pad  62 . The etch tunnel  66  extends through the same layers as the etch tunnel  64 .  FIG. 7  is a cross-sectional view showing the etch tunnel  66  that isolates the laser head  58  from the bonding pad  62 . Another embodiment of isolating the laser head from the laser drive pad is shown in  FIG. 8  with the etch tunnel  72 . A person skilled in the art will easily determine proper etch formulations for the types of materials included in the layers to be etched. Both, dry etch and wet etch processes may be employed as a combination or individually. The etch methods described can be used to similarly reduce parasitic capacitance due to any other source on any other device. 
         [0044]    As indicated in  FIG. 3 , the height of block  34  is typically 2.5 micrometers; thus the cantilever arm structure  22  is situated distance D=2.5 micrometers above substrate  36 . Of course, block  34  can be placed significantly higher or lower, depending on the desired tuning range. 
         [0045]    The operation of the cantilever arm apparatus  20  is best visualized in  FIG. 3  To tune the Fabry-Perot cavity  38  a first tuning voltage Vt 1  is applied to a tuning contact  32 . The application of Vt 1  results in charge accumulation on contact  32  and the bridge structure  22 . The charge on contact  32  and structure  22  causes an equal and opposite charge to accumulate at the surface of electrically responsive substrate  36 . The attracting charges produce a vertical force Fd acting on the bridge arm  26  and the active head  28 . Vertical force Fd causes the bridge arm  26  to deform and distance D to decrease. 
         [0046]    As distance D decreases so does the effective length of Fabry-Perot cavity  38 . A change in the cavity length alters the resonance wavelength of the cavity. Thus, decreasing distance D results in decease in the resonance wavelength of the Fabry-Perot micro cavity. Furthermore since distance D is a continuous function of tuning voltage Vt 1 , and since Vt 1  can be adjusted continuously, the tuning of the wavelength is continuous. Because active head  28  is nearly circularly symmetric, the bridge arm apparatus  20  is polarization-insensitive and thus well suited for applications in optical communications systems. Apparatus  20  is also simple in construction, easy to control and all layers may be grown in one processing step. 
         [0047]    Although the present invention has been described in considerable detail, other variations are possible. Therefore, the spirit and the scope of the claims should not be limited to the description of the version contained herein. 
         [0048]    The foregoing description of a preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Obviously, many modifications and variations will be apparent to practitioners skilled in this art. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the following claims and their equivalents. What is claimed is