Abstract:
A data processing system for implementing transaction management of auction-based trading for specialized items such as fixed income instruments. The data processing system provides a highly structured trading protocol implemented through a sequence of trading paradigms. The system employs a distributed computer processing network linking together a plurality of commonly configured program controlled workstations. The protocol and its program controlling logic enhances trading efficiency, rewards market Makers, and fairly distributes market opportunity to system users.

Description:
STATEMENT OF RELATED CASE 
     This is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/766,733, filed Dec. 13, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,905,974, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to data processing systems for assisting in financial transactions. More particularly, the present invention relates to a data processing apparatus and method for the managed trading of select classes of assets including securities, financial instruments, commodities, and their derivatives in accordance with specific protocols in an auction format with controlled sequences of auction events. The inventive system is presented in the context of a selected fixed income financial instruments auction for fairly and quickly transacting bid-offer trading, while providing for distribution of trading incentives. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Economic activity has at its centerpiece the buyer-seller transaction for all goods and services produced and consumed in the market economy. It is the fundamental mechanism that allocates resources to producers and output to consumers. The operation of the buyer-seller mechanism can and often is a critical determinant of economic efficiency and when operated properly, will substantially enhance market performance. 
     Through history, there have been many different approaches adopted to bringing buyers and sellers together, each with the key objective of permitting transactions at or as close as possible to the “market” price of the goods satisfying the desires of both buyers and sellers. By definition, the market price is the price (in given currency terms) that a fully educated market, given full access will transact select goods. Discovery of the market price can only be accomplished by permitting full access to the transaction by essentially all potential buyers and sellers and allowing expression of each party&#39;s desires. However, the buyer-seller transaction must be structured to operate at very low costs—or it will distort the market price of goods with artificially high transaction costs. Thus, the two keys to effective buyer/seller transactions—full access of expression and knowledge coupled with low transaction costs—can be and are often conflicting, necessitating trade-offs between trading efficiency and market knowledge. 
     One well-known and particularly successful buyer-seller transaction system is known as the “open outcry auction”. This involves a process wherein buyers and sellers collect in one location and brokers present prices for select goods to the group, via simple vocal offerings. This approach has been used for almost all kinds of goods, but is particularly useful where there are no established trading locations or markets for the selected items. It is the dominant trading forum for exotic items such as rare pieces of art and the like. Although successful in bringing interested parties to the transaction, the overall process can be very expensive, adding significantly to the market-distorting transaction costs. 
     Open outcry auction techniques, modified over time, have also found successful application in many trading activities, including the buying and selling of farm produce and livestock, commodities contracts, futures contracts on a variety of items and—particularly germane to the preferred embodiment of the present invention—fixed income securities. Many of these trading activities focus on the buying and selling of essentially fungible items, that is, items that are without meaningful differentiation from like items on the market. For example, a bushel of wheat for February delivery is considered for sale and delivery at a price independent, of its source. Similarly, a 30-year U.S. Treasury bond paying a coupon rate of 6.75% and having an August 1996 issue date is indistinguishable from one owned by another investor. Accordingly, the price at which buyers are willing to pay and sellers are willing to accept defines the market price of all 30-year U.S. Treasury bonds of that same vintage, allowing open outcry auction trading that is transparent as to its sources. 
     The fixed income securities issued by the United States government are known as U.S. Treasuries. These instruments typically span maturities of 13 to 52 weeks (T-bills), one to ten years (notes), and up to 30 years (Bonds). T-Bills are pure discount securities having no coupons. Almost all other Treasuries having longer terms are coupon notes or bonds, with a defined interest payment cycle of semi-annual payments to the holder. An additional and more recent type of Treasury security provides for inflation indexed payments. 
     Although treasuries are used exclusively in the following discussions, the principles of the present invention may be applied to other types of assets, including securities, financial instruments, commodities, and their derivatives without departing from the inventive concepts. 
     New Treasury securities are auctioned by the U.S. government at pre-established auction dates. The auction prices for newly issued Treasuries having a face value with a set coupon rate defines the Treasuries&#39; yields when issued. After the auction, the Treasuries enter the secondary market and are traded typically “over the counter,” i.e., without a defined exchange. As inflation expectations and supply and demand conditions change, the prices of recently auctioned Treasuries fluctuate on the secondary market. The new prices are reflected by competing bid and offer prices communicated among institutions, banks, brokers, and dealers in the secondary market. 
     The newly auctioned securities are traded with and in conjunction with the securities issued in earlier auctions. In this context, some securities are traded more often than others and are called the “actives”; the actives usually correspond to the recently issued securities as opposed to the older securities in the market. Indeed, some older securities are infrequently traded, resulting in an illiquid market that may or may not reflect the market—determined interest rate for the more current securities at the same maturity length. 
     Accordingly, the very size and diversity of the Treasury market requires a high level of sophistication by market participants in the bidding, offering, buying, and selling transactions involving these securities. The very complexity associated with the transaction and the scale of trading undertaken by banks, brokers, dealers, and institutional participants necessitates a rigidly structured approach to trading. 
     In the past, open outcry auction bond brokering has served its customers well, providing efficient executions at nearly accurate market pricing. The open outcry auction applied to bond trading was implemented by a broker working with a collection of customers to create and manage a market. Typically, customer representatives—for both buyers and sellers—would congregate at a common location (e.g., a single room) and communicate with each other to develop pricing and confirm transactions. This process involved representatives expressing various bid and offer prices for the fixed income security at select volumes (i.e., how many million dollars of bonds at a given maturity). This expression took the form of the loud oral “cry” of a customer-proposed bid or offer and the coordination with the fellow representatives regarding the extraction of complimentary positions—until a transaction match was made and a deal done. This “trade capture” process relies on after-the-fact reporting of what just transpired through the oral outcry trade. 
     Recently, the trade capture process was performed by designated clerks inputting data into electronic input devices. An input clerk would attempt to interpret the open outcry of many individual brokers simultaneously, making verbally known the trading instructions of their customers. The quality of the data capture was a function of the interpretive skill of the input clerk, and the volume and the volatility of customer orders. A significant drawback to this type of auction data capture process is the difficulty in discerning the distinct trading instructions verbalized in rapid succession during a quickly moving market, so that an accurate sequence of data can be captured. 
     The many permutations of this process will be discussed in detail below. At this juncture, suffice to say that, at lower volumes of transactions existing at the time of its development, and the lack of suitable alternatives, the open outcry auction process remained the dominant trading mechanism for decades. However successful, this approach was not perfect. Indeed, in recent years, some of the problems in an open outcry auction forum have been amplified by the vastly increased level of trading now undertaken in the fixed income field. Generally, difficulties would occur by the injection of trader personalities into the open outcry auction process. For example, a loud, highly vocal representative may in fact dominate trading—and transaction flow—even though the representative may only represent a smaller and less critical collection of customers. Although such aggressive actions at open outcry auction may be beneficial to those particular customers in the short run, overall, such dominance of the trading can and will distort pricing away from the actual market and leave some buyers and sellers unsatisfied. 
     Other problems exist in open outcry auctions that retard efficient trading. The speed at which trading flows and the oral nature of the auction process injects a potential for human error that often translates into many millions of dollars committed to trades unrelated to customer objectives. On some occasions, the broker is left at the end of each trading day with a reconciliation process that may, under certain market conditions, wipe out all associated profit from that day&#39;s trading. Also, customers may quickly change direction regarding the trading, based on new information available to the market. Shifting position or backing out of a previously committed transaction on very short notice is often very difficult in the traditional open outcry process. 
     There have been many past efforts to incorporate computers into trading support for select assets and financial instruments, including automating the auction process through systems that control auction protocols. Indeed, almost all trading today involves some computer support, from simple information delivery to sophisticated trading systems that automate transactions at select criteria. However, these systems have not significantly impacted the issues presented relating to satisfying the complex desires of buyers and sellers in completing a transaction as they relate to open outcry auction and traditional trading in the fixed income field. It was with this understanding of the problems with certain trading processes involving the buyer and the seller that formed the impetus for the present invention. 
     OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION 
     It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a data processing system to implement a trading system capable of high volume trading activity. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide a data processing method supporting a transaction enabling process for trading securities at accelerated levels with few errors and low costs. 
     It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a data processing system to support a formalized trading protocol governing the control of trading on a bid/offer market. 
     It is also another object of the present invention to provide a system for collecting, displaying, and distributing in real time information on current market activity in securities, and for processing this information to quantify the extent of order and trading activity of participants in real time. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide an apparatus for the select processing of several types of data wherein data is qualified prior to use, and for translating the qualified data into order and trading states for fixed income securities. 
     It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a data processing system that provides controlled access to trading commands pursuant to pre-established interactive, rather than traditional, bidding, offering, and trading criteria. 
     It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a computer system that includes multiple workstations linked by high speed communication paths to permit rapid distribution and exchange of market data to participants. 
     It is still another object of the present invention to provide a system that by granting priorities rewards participants that create liquidity while insuring that participants&#39; orders are satisfied in an orderly and equitable fashion. 
     It is another object of the present invention to encourage buyers and sellers to reveal their total buy and sell indications through the commencement of a trading action that improves price execution. 
     It is another object of the present invention to quantify price improvement of trading incentives of buyers and sellers and bidders and offerors. 
     It is yet another object of the present invention to distribute price improvement trading incentives to buyers and sellers. 
     It is still another object of the present invention to allocate trades in uniform trading increments among buyers and sellers. 
     It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a database system linked to a price improvement protocol processor for collecting, filtering, and distributing select market data in real time. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide a computer system with a dedicated input system for a workstation, that is customized for the trading undertaken at that workstation and may be customized to the trading patterns of a given participant at that workstation. 
     It is still another object of this invention to provide customized trading tools particular to a given participant, such as price improvement orders, stop and limit orders, contingent orders, and flags warning such that a particular participant has reached a trading limit, margin limit, trade initiation limit, and the like. 
     The above and other objects of the invention are provided by a computer-based, data processing system having program controlled logic for managing select trading. The data processing system employs a plurality of trading workstations linked with a server for coordinated data flow and processing. Communication is provided by a network, such as, for example, an Ethernet, token ring, token bus, or other hierarchical LAN and/or WAN configuration. The system preferably includes a dedicated keypad for input at each workstation that provides individually programmed keystroke commands; alternatively other keyboards, keypads or voice controlled electronic devices can be used with the present system. Central processing logic dictates the available order, trading and allocation options, and screen displays for each workstation. As orders and transactions are entered, various protocols affect the allocation of bid-offer control, priority generation, exclusive trading time, and interactive trade management. As trades are completed, the system updates a linked database with newly entered transactional data. 
     In accordance with the present invention, the controlling logic provides a sequence of trading states for each participant. The five states are: 
     
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 1. Bid-Offer State 
               
               
                   
                 2. When State 
               
               
                   
                 3. Workup State 
               
               
                   
                 4. Second Look State 
               
               
                   
                 5. Workdown State 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As various transactions are entered, workstations operate in one of these five states. The workstation “state” determines the options available to that participant—and thus controls the flow of orders and trades in a cost-efficient and error-free manner. While participants may bid offer, and trade on differently configured workstations, the protocols are universal for all participants, thereby precluding aggressive control of transactions without true capital commitment. 
     The foregoing features of the present invention may be more fully appreciated by review of specific illustrative examples thereof, presented herein below in conjunction with a descriptive set of figures. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1  is a system block diagram depicting the salient hardware components of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  provides a flow diagram depicting the transmission of trading related information; 
         FIGS. 3A-B  depicts the salient features of the dedicated keypad; 
         FIG. 4  is a block diagram of the various system states and pathways therebetween; 
         FIG. 5  is a logic diagram for trading data input; 
         FIG. 6  is a logic diagram for Bid-Offer State; 
         FIG. 7  is a logic diagram for the When State; 
         FIG. 8  is a logic diagram for the Workup State; 
         FIG. 9  is a logic diagram for the Second Look State; 
         FIG. 10  is a logic diagram for the Workdown State; 
         FIG. 11  is a trading logic summary table; and 
         FIG. 12  is a drawing of an interactive keyboard useful for practicing the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to a data processing system for implementing complex trading rules in support of select transactions. The first aspect of the invention relates to a particular hardware arrangement that provides a specifically tailored platform for processor enhanced and supported trading. This hardware arrangement encompasses a plurality of custom designed workstations linked together for communication. Each workstation communicates to a central server that orchestrates the trading process in accordance with program controlled logic. The workstation includes a display for presenting the particulars of trading activity. Preferably a customized keypad permits enhanced data/trade entry by a participant or a participant selected input interface. 
     The second aspect of the invention is the governing logic for controlling system dynamics. This logic is stored in system memory and provides the sequence of protocols and rules that allocate trading priority. The logic also provides system responses to operative commands entered by the participants, either directly or through brokers or terminal operators, at the workstations. The system logic is important in two ways. First, it is important as the guiding principles underlying the system and thus performance is tied directly thereto. Second, system logic must be known to all participants as the rules dictating market access and response—to eliminate any confusion and to place participants on as close to an equal footing as possible. The the system preferably provides fair and complete access to the trading process to all registered participants. 
     To better appreciate the following details, the nomenclature is defined below. The illustrative examples herein, but not limited to them, all focus on fixed income instruments and the trading of these instruments in large volumes—with the volume of a given transaction delineated in, but not limited to, dollars (e.g., $25 million of 10 year treasuries). 
     The following terms are used with the associated definition: 
     
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Bid 
                 Dollar or yield amount bid to  buy  a security - 
               
               
                   
                 Issue 
               
               
                 Offer 
                 Dollar or yield amount offered to  sell  a security - 
               
               
                   
                 Issue 
               
               
                 Spread 
                 Difference between best Bid(s) and best 
               
               
                   
                 Offer(s) on market 
               
               
                 Issue 
                 A common class of fixed income securities, 
               
               
                   
                 e.g., the most recently issued 10-year 
               
               
                   
                 Treasuries. 
               
               
                 Participant 
                 A person or controlling entity receiving data on 
               
               
                   
                 trading and responding thereto. While the 
               
               
                   
                 Participant is often a trader, terminal operator, 
               
               
                   
                 or broker acting on behalf of a customer, this is 
               
               
                   
                 not the only arrangement. For example, the 
               
               
                   
                 customers may interact as Participants directly. 
               
               
                   
                 Other arrangements are also possible. 
               
               
                 Hit 
                 Accepting a pending Bid 
               
               
                 Take or Lift 
                 Accepting a pending Offer 
               
               
                 Size 
                 The volume in dollars of a particular Bid-Offer 
               
               
                 Makers 
                 Participants with pending Bids and Offers - 
               
               
                   
                 making a market 
               
               
                 Uncleared Entry 
                 Current Bids-Offers that only a Maker 
               
               
                   
                 can hit or take 
               
               
                 Traders 
                 After a trade is initiated, all Participants 
               
               
                   
                 involved in the transaction (as buyer or seller) 
               
               
                 Exclusive Time 
                 A time period commenced by a trading action 
               
               
                   
                 during which the first best bidder/offerer has 
               
               
                   
                 the opportunity to trade more 
               
               
                 Price Improvement 
                 An accepted sell order at and/or below the 
               
               
                 Hit 
                 current best Bid to sell a security - issue 
               
               
                   
                 initially for more volume than shown on the 
               
               
                   
                 Passive Side 
               
               
                 Price Improvement 
                 An accepted buy order at and/or above the 
               
               
                 Take 
                 current best Offer to buy a security - issue 
               
               
                   
                 initially for more volume than shown on the 
               
               
                   
                 Passive Side 
               
               
                 Trade 
                 A string of transactions at one or more prices 
               
               
                   
                 initiated by a Hit or Take and continuing until 
               
               
                   
                 timed out or done 
               
               
                 Aggressor 
                 A Participant who initiates a trade 
               
               
                 Active Side 
                 Group of traders on the same side of market as 
               
               
                   
                 the Aggressor 
               
               
                 Passive Side 
                 Group of traders on opposite side of the market 
               
               
                   
                 from the Aggressor 
               
               
                 Trader Surplus 
                 Describes and quantifies the situation where an 
               
               
                   
                 Aggressor has traded the entire size shown on 
               
               
                   
                 the Passive Side at one or more price levels 
               
               
                   
                 and is showing intent to trade more or where a 
               
               
                   
                 passive Participant is willing to buy or sell 
               
               
                   
                 above or below the current trading price. 
               
               
                   
                 These situations lead the way to a Price 
               
               
                   
                 Improvement trade between Aggressor(s) and 
               
               
                   
                 passive Participants. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The general context of system operation is based on the repetitive operation of several functions and, in its original embodiment, implements these functions through a specially designed keypad or other input means. Generally, the process begins when Participants place Bids and Offers for a defined class of instruments. These various orders are exhibited on the display screen in specific ways to reflect priority, size, and kind. A Participant can establish trading priority by placing a Bid or Offer at a select price and volume; bids at the same price are displayed on the screen in time order in which they enter the system (as are Offers). As such a “queue” of Bids and Offers develops, with place in line set by time at the same price. Alternatively, the queue can be set by a different metric ranking, e.g., a combination of time and size. This queue (or a summary thereof) is displayed on screen at the Participant&#39;s workstation. Typically, there is a small difference between the Bid price and the Offer price—the “Spread”. If no difference exists, this is known as a “locked” market. 
     Importantly, a Bid and Offer are commitments—once placed, a Bid can be “Hit” and an Offer can be “taken or lifted” by a Participant willing to trade the instrument at the set price or set of prices. 
     To control trading between many Participants, a level of hierarchy is set. A Participant who Hits a Bid or Lifts an Offer is promoted to a new level known as the “Aggressor”. By acting on a Bid or Offer, the Aggressor defines (and thus establishes) the Active Side of the trade. For example, if the Participant hits a Bid, selling becomes the Active Side of the trade and buying turns passive. However, if the Participant takes an Offer, buying is active. This is an important practical consideration, as by some conventions the Active Side pays commissions on the ensuing transactions. When a Price Improvement trade takes place, however, the commission on this trade can be divided among the Participants in the trade. This allocation of commissions is premised on the notion that the active Participants are taking advantage of liquidity—while the Passive Side is supplying liquidity to the market, and on the notion that if a better price can be obtained during Price Improvement trading, a passive trader is provided with value for which he/she is willing to pay. Further combinations of commission allocation are warranted to encourage trading, e.g., choices among volume discounts, annual fixed fees, both sides pay, and paying based on time and place of execution. 
     For controlled implementation, the above-noted delineation between Active and Passive Sides is important and carries more significance in processing transactions than the different sides of the transaction, i.e., the Bid and Offer. 
     Focusing further on the nomenclature for the system logic, a “Trade” is considered a sequence of trading events, triggered by the initial Hit or Take that defines the Aggressor, and continues for all such transactions until the trade “clears”. During a non-price improvement trade, the Aggressor side remains active and all transactions take place at the price set by the initial Hit or Take—regardless of the number of following transactions. To properly track activity, a trade generates a (virtual and/or real) single trade ticket—with associated and screen-displayed reference number. Where a transaction reflects more than a single buy/sell, several trade tickets each reflecting the total size transacted per Participant, per side is recorded. A set of average price tickets or their equivalent may be generated. 
     In addition, the system controls the Participant&#39;s maximum command size thereby preventing a Participant from committing order transmittals that are outside the Participants&#39; permissible trading parameters. This control logic also protects the novice Participant. Through this process, Participants with different skills can trade on a more level playing field. The processor can also control the hierarchy of Participants to allow management intervention. 
       FIG. 1  depicts the various hardware components found in an operative embodiment of the present invention. In this context, a plurality of workstations  10  are provided, each individually linked to a central server  20  via network lines  15 . Server  20  includes controlling software for managing the interaction of the dataflows to the individual workstations  10  in accordance with system constraints. 
     Continuing with  FIG. 1 , the system may be linked to Participants at remote locations directly, indirectly, and/or through the Internet. Access to trading activity is accomplished at communication server  30  and remote server  40  to a remote distribution hub  50  and remote workstation  60 . Supplemental communication lines are utilized via conventional phone link  90 . The above platform further includes a 32-bit operating system to manage the multi-tasking environment within the network. The present invention has been successfully implemented using an open VMS64-bit operating system running on DEC Alpha clustered servers; however, other operating systems may be substituted. Alternatively, the desktop client machines can be implemented in OS/2®; Windows N/T 4.0 is a migration substitute. The workstation provides display and input and can be selected from Pentium® processor based PCs, SPARC Station® (using UNIX®), or other hardware and software systems and/or languages providing the requisite functionality. 
     Now turning to  FIG. 2 , the overall information paths of the present invention are presented in block diagram form. This market information is derived from the auction process and is a highly valuable source of data to related markets, futures and options, or cash as the case may be. Beginning with block  100 , market data is collected from the plurality of on-line terminals operated by Participants within the relevant market sector. A continual exchange of information flows among the Participants, depicted in block  100 , i.e., as Bids, Offers, and trades are transacted in real time. This information is collected by the system proprietor and entered into the data processor database. 
     On-line market data is then transferred to the data filter and enhancer module, block  115 , which acts to clarify and articulate the continuous incoming market data for use, e.g., by data accumulators, block  120 . One aspect of the data enhancer operation will be the conversion of on-line trading information into digital form for transmission to the classification processor, block  130 . The operation of the classification processor is directed to creating a data set in proper format for further manipulation. This includes the generation of a coordination array of data in matrix format. 
     Once properly formatted, the on-line market data is then transmitted to the qualification processor, block  140 , for determination of a real time command selection. The qualification processor also provides both Participants&#39; validation and credit limit approval with Participant and security type linkages among Participant relationships and security identifiers. The information is then unloaded into the security database, block  150 , and then passed to the distribution processor, block  160 . 
     The foregoing operation will result in the real time distribution among Participant workstations for decision execution and for select distribution within the fixed income investment community, through communication lines and screen displays. In the context of the present invention, three segments of this community are provided with the data. At block  180  and block  170 , system proprietors involved in automated options and futures processing are provided the cash market data for quantifying and evaluating specific options and futures positions pursuant to the trading of option and futures contracts on specifically identified securities, including indices and notional securities derived therefrom. In a similar manner, the securities data is provided to system proprietors regarding options and futures contracts to permit proper transactions in the trading of options and futures contracts based on the identified securities data. 
     In the present context, the data relating to the auctioning of cash market securities is used to support trading in their derivative markets. Likewise, if the context were the auctioning of derivative securities, distribution flow would be to support trading in the underlying security. 
     The third channel of distribution for the Securities is to the data accumulators and vendors at block  190 . This is followed by the continual distribution of the securities data to Participants within the investment and trading community, block  200 , the support of automated trading, block  210 , and finally, declaring and reporting functions associated with such trading, block  220 , to include clearance operators among others. 
     The trading activity is highly fluid and fast paced. Accordingly, efficient input systems are helpful to effectuate the multiple trading choices which may be enhanced by use of a highly specialized keypad that permits higher trading efficiency in the present context. Accordingly, a separate aspect of the present invention is the unique keypad depicted in  FIGS. 3A-B . 
     During processing, various “states” are reached, depending on the type of inputs received by the system. The core state of Bid-Offer reflects the open status of the market. In this state, Participants are referred to as “Makers” and “contra-makers”; during other states, Participants are considered “Traders” and “contra-traders”. Under this notation, Traders and Makers are those Participants that issue a trading command, while contra-makers and contra-traders are those who receive a trading command. Some Participants e.g., first buyer and/or first seller, in the Workup State are known as “current workers” and are vested with the authority under system logic to control a trade for a predetermined duration of time. Depending on the fixed income security or instrument, this duration of time may be zero. Important character distinctions among Participants at various stages of trade processing are displayed on screen by reverse highlight or similar display attributes. 
     The interrelationship of these five system “states” is depicted in FIG.  4 . Initial trading is always predicated on the Bid-Offer State,  400 , with the sequence process,  420 , assessing system inputs for a change of current state. As inputs are entered, a state change is triggered and processing shifts to paradigms associated with each of the five states. As each state is entered, the protocols are shifted and new rules to trading apply. 
     Information about trading progress and Participants are provided at each workstation in the form of a selectively configured screen display. In particular, the system provides for screen display in the form of a trading quadrant or “quad” wherein key trading indicators are displayed. A sample QUAD is depicted below: 
     
       
         
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 QUAD 1 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     In the above QUAD, the current bid price is “100.01” (100 plus {fraction (1/32)} nd ); continuing across on the same line, the current Offer price is set at “100.03”—indicating a Spread of 0.02 ({fraction (2/32)} nds ). When a trade is in progress—as initiated by a Hit or Take from the Bid-Offer State, the Participant&#39;s attention is mainly directed to the conditional prompt showing the total size that is being bid or offered and that can be acted upon by the Participants. This number is displayed at the intersection of the Totals line and one of the Bid-Offer columns. This total is further defined in the quad into individual prequantities, indicating the Participant sizes in their respective rows. Other QUADS or arrangements can be under Participant or logic control to display trading state information. 
     Above the BOT and SOLD captions in QUAD  1 , a second totals counter provides the Makers total size. In the Bid-Offer State, this total is the same as the conditional prompt because no trades have been executed. This changes after the first transaction when a “Traders list” is created—and the conditional prompt tracks the traders total, while the Maker&#39;s total keeps track of quantity left in the Maker&#39;s list. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 5 , the data selected for display on the Quad is processed in accordance with the depicted logic. The system enters a new Participant, CUST(ID), block  520 , e.g., “2001” and stores this in active memory with associated trade data/command TRD(ID), block  530 . The trading command is confirmed at a systems level, i.e., rejecting system errors via Alarm, at  550 . Once confirmed, the new data/command TRD(ID) is distributed to the screen buffers for the associated work status for display, block  560 . This is repeated for each new entry, block  570 . 
     The following discussion now focuses on the Bid-Offer State, wherein market Makers are inputting various Bids and Offers into the system while waiting for an execution as the market matures. The best first Bidders and Offerers receive trading priorities during clearing and Exclusive Time. These pending commitments may be acted upon via Hit or Take commands by Makers currently showing or by a third party without showing its position prior to the Hit (or Take). As new Bids and Offers are made, the price attendant therewith determines the placement in the queue, with equally priced Offers (or Bids) placed in time order. Accordingly, as the market tightens with better Bids and Offers (reducing the Spread), these new positions are moved to the top of the queue as displayed. 
     In addition to price, Bids, and Offers, a size component is included, that is used to express the dollar volume of the pending Bid (or Offer). For a Participant to increase the size of the Bid or Offer, a new entry is made, and placed into the queue separately as the system will not increment the size component—unless the entry was made adjacent in time to an existing Bid-Offer already in the queue. Alternatively the sizes could be combined in this way: as Bids and Offers are entered during this state, they are displayed in relation to their respective size, with the total Bid-Offer count (aggregate size) displayed at the noted conditional prompt. As such, the conditional prompt serves as the main impetus for a transaction due to its measure of apparent market capacity at a given price. 
     A Bid-Offer is typically (but not always) entered as “uncleared” during the Bid-Offer State—indicating that the Bid or Offer is only available to the first-best market Participant, i.e., on the top of the first queue. Accordingly, uncleared presentations are available for action by only this Participant for a system set time interval—and only this Participant can Hit or Take these uncleared entries. After the preset time interval has run (tracked by a system internal clock), the uncleared bids/offers—if still extant—become available beyond the current Makers. In fact, for certain securities, the preset time interval may be zero. Most often, a known interval is established. There is a business purpose for this arrangement. By allowing Participants are rewarded with active Bid-Offers the first chance for the new entry, these Participants for showing the market on their side. Thus, the initial bidders/offerors are invited to become Aggressors—and the system preset interval provides these bidders/offerors time to make their decision by preventing new buyers and sellers from entering into the trade (i.e., hitting or taking) for this discrete interval. 
     The system logic associated with the Bid-Offer State is depicted in FIG.  6 . Logic conceptually begins at block  600 , with the data/command entry block at  620 . The State Selector qualifies the State as Bid-Offer, block  620 . At block  630 , the CUST_X profile is taken from the new entry and all associated data passed into a parameter string, block  640 , which is entered. 
     Continuing on this logic path, the system compares the new Price entry, PRC(I) entered into the system at Test  650 , with pending Bids (or Offers—if PRC(I) is associated with an Offer). Test  650  results with one of three choices: if the new entry PRC(I) is better than the current market, logic branches to block  655  and the previous top tier queue, Q 1  is demoted (moved) to Q 2 . The new entry then forms the first line in the new top queue, Q 1 _TOP at block  660 . In this way, the system creates multiple queues at select price points for each side of the market. The multi-queue environment permits “Price Improvement” trading as will be detailed below. 
     Continuing in  FIG. 6 , if the new entry is out of the market, i.e., “worse” than the best current Bid-Offer, logic branches to block  685  and a new queue, Q(N) is created. In this instance, the new queue, having a price point worse than the market leaders, is displayed below the top queue. At block  690 , the new entry is placed at the top of the new queue, Q(N)_TOP. 
     As more entries are inputted, the system assesses each and places them in the multiple queues in accordance with price; and within each queue in accordance with time priority. This results in several price defined queues for each side of the market and allows for Price Improvement trading if and when a new Aggressor takes/hits all showing volume for one and up to all shown contra-queues. 
     In  FIG. 6 , the final outcome from Test  650  is a qualified price, which leads to block  680 . This entry is placed at the bottom of Q 1  because of time priority. 
     At test  700 , system checks for a new Hit/Take; if none, logic continues to the next entry, block  710 . A positive response to Test  700  shifts processing to the next state, block  720 . 
     The screen display will change according to the various entries into the bidding process. In QUAD 2  depicted below, Participants  3001 - 3003  on the bid side reflect a market of 27 million, see conditional prompt “27” on the totals line. This includes a first bid by Participant, CUST  3001  of 5.0 million, followed a little later by a second bid of 20 million. In this example, Participant, CUST  3007  (e.g., a bank or other institutional Participant) has entered the picture with an uncleared Offer of 10 million (asterisk indicates the Offer is uncleared); this is the 10 million depicted on the conditional prompt line on the Offer side. As such, controlling logic gives the original Makers the first chance for the new Offer by  3007 . After the interval, the market is again opened and the asterisk is removed. 
     
       
         
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 QUAD 2 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The When State is triggered by a trading command against an uncleared Bid-Offer by an Aggressor who is not the first best original Maker. However, system control will not allow this trading command by the new Aggressor to be instantaneously executed. In accordance with system logic, the trading processor creates a time interval or delay, and thereby provides the first best original Maker time to assess the new situation created by the Aggressor by permitting response to the Uncleared Entry on the Passive Side. 
     In particular, as noted above, the uncleared status exists for a defined interval—controlled by computer driven timer. It is only during this time interval that a When State can be instituted, which can then only last until resolved by either the action of the first best original Maker on the Active Side or by the expiration of the interval timer within system logic. 
     During When State processing, the system displays the original Makers—existing with Bid-Offers outstanding prior to the entry of the new Aggressor—and the new trader(s) entering via Hit or Take commands on the pending uncleared Bid-Offer. These Makers and Traders are clearly separated on the screen. (See QUAD  3 B below). Importantly, these original Makers are given the opportunity to trade at the new price point established by the Aggressor; multiple Makers from the original list will each have access to take the new price in the order of their priority in the queue. The system will increment through each Maker, if one issues a buy/sell order at their size, they become the Aggressor. If this occurs, the logic departs the When State and can either enter the Workup State or Workdown State depending on whether the new Aggressor takes the entire volume indicated at the conditional prompt. 
     Once When State processing has been initiated, no trade entries from the Passive Side are permitted. Furthermore, Participants are blocked from entering on the Active Side. Specifically, entries on the uncleared (active) side will come from the new traders, extant traders, or the original Makers. If, for example, a trader has 10 offered and 5 are traded, during the When State the trader preferably can cancel the amount which is not yet committed. 
     However, if the second interval timer expires without any intercession by the original Makers, the When entries (one or several) will automatically trade—and the original Makers will not take part in this trade. During the time-controlled interval, WTAK flashes on screen to the Makers showing a trade on the uncleared Offer. WHIT will flash for a Hit on an uncleared Bid. During this interval, the size entries for pending Makers are all initialized to zero, and no longer presented at the conditional prompt. 
     When State processing is depicted in FIG.  7  and is triggered by a trading command CMD(I), block  810 . Test  820  confirms that the new trading command (Hit or Lift) is from a new Aggressor; if not, logic continues to block  880  and to either Workup or Workdown State. 
     However, a positive response to Test  820  branches logic to block  830 , wherein the market is blocked for a pre-set time interval. At block  840 , all then current Active Side Makers are reset to zero. At test  850 , the system determines if these Makers intercept the Aggressor before the time interval expires. If yes, the intercepting maker becomes the Aggressor, block  860 , with full control over the succeeding trade sequence. If not, the new Aggressor is set, block  870 , and logic continues to the next State, block  880 . 
     The following sequence reflects the foregoing system logic. In QUAD  3 A below, the Bid-Offer State has two Participants, CUST,  3002  and  3003  each showing bids at 10 million; Participant, CUST  3007  has just placed an uncleared Offer for 1 million. Participant, CUST  3001  wishes to take the new Offer by Participant, CUST  3007 —but he can&#39;t automatically. In QUAD  3 B below, Participant, CUST  3001  attempts to take the Offer by Participant, CUST  3007  forcing the system into the When State and creates an uncleared list for the Active Side (bid here). However, the prequantity of the first two bidders is reduced to zero—as the system logic requires that these bids cannot be enforced at the new price point (108.04+). In this example, the second interval timer provides both original Makers ( 3002  and  3003 ) priority over Participant, CUST  3001 ; with Participant, CUST  3002  retaining overall priority via placement in the queue. 
     
       
         
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 QUAD 3A 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 QUAD 3B 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Transactions forming a trade take place in accordance with the present invention during one of two trading states, known as the Workup and Workdown States. The Workup State occurs pursuant to Hits or Lifts by an Aggressor taking the entire inventory of volume shown on the Passive Side; once established, the Workup State gives exclusive rights to the trade to the initial traders—who the system recognizes as the current workers. On screen, current workers are highlighted in a defined manner known to other Participants. Current workers control the trade and can submit additional transaction volume to their contra-traders; this is to the exclusion of outside Participants. Current workers on the Active Side of the trade will include the Aggressor, and possibly other traders, below the Aggressor with transactions that move the trade into the “Workup” State by filling residual volume that needs “Workdown”. For the Passive Side, an Aggressor that takes the entire size limits current worker status to himself and his counterparty. 
     The status of current worker dissipates upon entry of “done” by the Participant, or the lapsing of the trading inactivity interval. Again, this interval is a pre-set system parameter triggered via system logic. Absent such termination, current workers can trade almost indefinitely, as long as they continue to respond to their contra-party&#39;s size offerings. 
     The Workup State logic is depicted in FIG.  8  and is principally tied to size and new order data. The Aggressor size is entered as is the Passive Side prior to trade entry; block  910  and  920 , respectively. At test  930 , the system determines if the Aggressor has taken the entire market offering at time of trade; if “no” to test  930 , logic continues to block  990  and ultimately the Workdown State (FIG.  9 ). 
     A positive response to Test  930  passes logic to blocks  940  and  950 , wherein the current workers are assigned and new trades are entered by the current workers, to the exclusion of other Participants. Under these conditions, and if more than one price queue exists on the Passive Side, the system provides for Price Improvement trading. In this context, the Aggressor has taken trades at multiple price points, indicating a willingness to trade at prices worse than the best Offers-Bids. The system measures the Spread between the best and worst price shown for each contra-trader. A mathematically determined value is set bridging the two price points, e.g., the average of the two prices. This is accomplished at block  955 , with the new price difference variable, Delta (ID), for that trader. Given this new price point (a “Price Improvement” from both party&#39;s viewpoint) new trades are entered, Test  960 , and processed, block  970 . This continues until the current workers are done or times out, Test  980 . The system then tests for (block  965 ) and executes (block  975 ) any new transactions entered (via Hit or Take commands) by new Participants. 
     The above logic is better understood in the context of specific examples. A system without the Price Improvement feature is shown in QUAD  4 A below, with a typical opening Bid-Offer displayed. 
     
       
         
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 QUAD 4A 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Assume that the Bid is Hit by Participant, CUST  3005  selling the entire size (16 million) to the Passive Side. This results in Participant, CUST  3005  as the Aggressor and the contra-trader (Participant, CUST  3001 ) as the current workers. It is now the Workup State as the Aggressor has taken all initial size from the Passive Side. Those with priority, the Aggressor and first best bidder, are highlighted by video attribute indicated by a rectangular box. See QUAD  4 B. 
     
       
         
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 QUAD 4B 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Participant, CUST  3002 , wishing to continue, adds an additional 5 million size (adding to Participant, CUST  3002 &#39;s original 5 million), which is displayed as 5 under Buy and 5 under BOT. See QUAD  4 C. A new Participant, CUST  3004 , now enters a sell order (Hit) for 50 million. 
     
       
         
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 QUAD 4C 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     New Participant, CUST  3004  must wait until the current workers are done (via keyboard entry or timer controlled system interval). After this, the system executes for Participant, CUST  3004  the sale of the additional 5 million to Participant, CUST  3002 , while leaving 45 million remaining to be sold. See QUAD  4 D which shows the display after Participant, CUST  3004  has traded with Participant, CUST  3002 . The asterisks next to the entries for Participant, CUST  3001  and Participant, CUST  3005  indicate that these initial traders are done or have timed-out. 
     
       
         
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 QUAD 4D 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As shown in QUAD  4 D above, because there is no longer a current worker, no one can control the trade to the exclusion of others. 
     As can be appreciated, various Participant moves in the market are often fast paced and, on occasion, position changes may occur almost simultaneously. An example of this may be a first Participant hitting a second Participant&#39;s bid of a certain size, via the buy/sell all key—an instant after this second Participant has significantly increased the bid size—say from 5 to 20 million. In this situation, the Aggressor, within the system, has now taken much more than he planned. This situation can be very disturbing in a rapidly shifting market. 
     System logic addresses this problem by creating a supplemental state, known as “Second Look” State. If during this processing, the Passive Side size is increased just prior to a Hit or Lift command, the system discriminates the very recent increase in volume of Offers-Bids from the earlier entries, via an “age timer”, i.e., a system interval that tracks the pendency of all Bids and Offers and creates a Second Look State whenever a Hit/Lift (via buy/sell all key) occurs while a Bid-Offer is under, e.g., two seconds old. 
     The Second Look, however, is limited. The Aggressor must complete the transaction excluding the new, i.e., “unaged” Bid-Offer. This new size is left untraded and others may add more Bids-Offers on this, the Passive Side—but these stay below the line. Even though the Aggressor did not fill the entire size displayed, the Aggressor assumes current worker status and has the right to:
         1. Take the new size, creating the Workup State with the contra-trader.   2. Refuse the new size; the Aggressor&#39;s refusal (via “done” command) sets the trade into the Workdown State.   3. Take/Hit a “partial” amount and then lose priority, with the system then entering the Workdown State;       

     The Second Look State is governed by logic depicted in FIG.  9 . In this arrangement, the trading command is entered—time stamped at block  1020 . The extant passive maker entries are also entered, block  1030  and Test  1040  determines if the Passive Side entries, PASS(ID) are “aged”, i.e., not just recently entered. If yes, logic branches to Test  1090 , to determine if PASS(ID) is the last entry, PASS_END. If not, the next one is incremented with logic returning to the sequence start. 
     A negative response to Test  1040  shifts logic to block  1050  wherein the new entry is parsed; the Aggressor is then given the opportunity to take the new additional size within the trade at Test  1060 . The system maintains the commitment of the Aggressor to the original size of the Take or Hit. If accepted, logic branches to Block  1080  and to the Workup State. If negative, logic is shifted to the Workdown State, Block  1070 . 
     These principles are delineated in the following sequence of screen displays in QUADS  5 A- 5 C below, wherein Participants, CUST  3001 ,  3002 , and  3003  are showing 5 million, 1 million, and 1 million, respectively, as having been bought. Just prior to the sell order by Participant, CUST  3007 (HIT ALL), CUST  3004  enters with a 1 million size. All size transacts, except this late 1 million as it has not “aged” sufficiently—as measured by system interval timer. This amount remains untraded, and the system enters the Second Look State. 
     
       
         
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 QUAD 5A 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     If Participant, CUST  3007  decides to fill this outstanding 1.0 million size, the state moves out of “Second Look” and into the Workup State with Participant, CUST  3007  and Participant, CUST  3001  as Current Workers. As shown in QUAD  5 B, Participant, CUST  3007  has also entered a sell order for a volume of 2 million. The blinking or highlighting of the priority box signifies that the Aggressor is in the Second Look State. 
     
       
         
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 QUAD 5B 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     If, however, Participant, CUST  3007  passes, the trade goes to the Workdown State. (QUAD  5 C). New Participant, CUST  3005  now enters and is positioned below the line and can only trade after Participant, CUST  3001  is done and Participant, CUST  3004  trades. 
     
       
         
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 QUAD 5C 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Another state for trading logic is known as the Workdown State, and it occurs when the original Aggressor takes less than all of the size showing on the Passive Side. The remaining size must be worked down to complete the trade. This rewards those Participants that show Bids-Offers, (their intent to buy/sell), thus providing liquidity in the market. If the original Aggressor returns for the remaining size from the Passive Side, the Workup State is initiated. Another trader from the Active Side may “Workdown” the remaining Passive Side quantity and the trade will go to the Workup State—with this new trader as the current worker—including obtaining exclusive time if all the remaining size from the original Bid-Offer State is taken. 
     The Workdown State allows new Aggressors to complete the remaining un-hit bids on the Passive Side with logic conforming to the flowchart of FIG.  10 . In this process, the Trading command; CMD(I), is entered at block  1210 . At Test  1220 , the system confirms that the trade is for less than the total Passive Side, TOTL. If not, logic branches to block  1280  and is directed to the Workup State. 
     A positive response to Test  1220  passes logic to block  1230  wherein the system opens trading to new Aggressors, to complete the pending Passive Side volume. However, no new Passive Side entries are entitled to exclusive time, block  1240 , for the trade duration. Test  1250  confirms the last trade via timer Test  1260 ; if either results in a “yes”, Workdown is terminated and the process returns to the Bid-Offer State. 
     Importantly, new traders presenting on the Passive Side must wait until all the remaining original size is worked down—and their position is held below the line. This is depicted in QUADS  6 A- 6 C. 
     
       
         
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 QUAD 6A 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     In QUAD  6 A, the Bid-Offer State is depicted with Participant, CUST  3001  showing a bid of 5 million and Participant, CUST  3002 , showing a bid of 10 million. As the Aggressor, Participant, CUST  3001 , Takes an Offer from Participant, CUST  3007 , but only for 5 million of Participant, CUST  3007 &#39;s showing of 25 million; leaving 20 million on the Passive Side. See QUAD  6 B. 
     
       
         
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 QUAD 6B 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     At this juncture, if Participant, CUST  3006  enters with a 10 million Offer, it must wait until the original Passive Side clears; Participant, CUST  3006  is thus kept below the line as the remaining size is worked down. See QUAD  6 C. 
     
       
         
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 QUAD 6C 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     A trade is cleared by a system controlled timer or directly by the Participant, when that price point engenders no further buyers or sellers. The “Clearing” function will resurrect a new Bid-Offer State, retaining original Makers from the Active Side—(unless superceded) and the remaining untraded size from the Passive Side. 
     As discussed above, the system can provide enhanced performance allowing Price Improvement processing. Price Improvement applies a modified interactive Bid-Offer State and transforms the auction process into a multiple price auction process, where buy or sell orders are executed at one or more prices. 
     For Price Improvement, the Bid-Offer State reveals that Participants are willing to trade at prices above or below the current best market prices, particularly at sizes that may be significantly larger than the current sizes shown to the marketplace at the best Bid-Offer. All rules of Bid-Offer State apply to each individual price stack or tier under this arrangement. Priority is retained only in the top tier and by the best price, first bidder/offeror. If an Aggressor acts on only one level, then Workup or Workdown State (as previously described) is initiated and limited to that queue&#39;s price level. 
     Even in this single level environment, a trade may be “price improved” by system logic. This may occur, for example, if an Aggressor enters the Workup State. In this State, Price Improvement will be triggered by a passive trader entering a better priced buy/sell. If the initial “best” passive trader matches this new better price, the trade will be consummated, but at a price between (via system defined allocation) this new better price and the original trade price, thus improving the price for both sides of this trade. This is an example of Price Improvement initiated by the Passive Side, via “When” State processing. The same allocation of price would occur if the initial best passive trader declines to match, turning the trade over to the new Passive Side trader. 
     The foregoing demonstrates that, by becoming an Aggressor in a Price Improvement trade, the Aggressor creates the possibility that the buy or sell order may be executed at a better price than is revealed by the current state of Bids and Offers that are displayed on the system. By doing so, the Aggressor initiates a modified Workup State. (See  FIG. 8 , discussed supra). 
     As shown in QUAD  7 A, there are three levels of Bids and Offers. The number of levels, of Bids and Offers depicted is a system parameter, and is typically tied to the number of price increments on the Bid and Offer sides, i.e., a cardinal arrangement (e.g., {fraction (1/32)} increments); an alternative tier arrangement includes an ordinal arrangement (e.g., “top five tiers”). All Participants will be aware that there are four bids for a total of 67 million (2+20+45), ranging from 100.01 down to 100.00 and five offers for a total of 85 million (15+10+60), ranging from 100.02 up to 100.03+. This contrasts with the single queue Bid-Offer State where only two Bids totalling 2 million at 100.01 and two Offers totalling 15 million at 100.02 are shown. 
     An alternative arrangement applies logic (not shown) that may not disclose all prices and sizes to all Participants. In this case, system logic controls the secondary tiers and buy and sell allocations. 
     
       
         
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 QUAD 7A 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The logic of the Workup State with Price Improvement encourages Participants to reveal their trading intentions even away from the best price shown by allowing them to participate in a Price Improvement trade if one is initiated. For example, Price Improvement will attach to a Participant by becoming an Aggressor away from the best market prices of 100.01 and 100.02. By revealing this intention, the Aggressor gains first priority for potential price improvement during execution of the volume associated with the price surplus. Priority rankings provide the opportunity for purchases and sales at better prices than the best market of 100.01 and 100.02 by allowing the Buyers or Sellers Surplus that is created upon the initiation of a Price Improvement trade to be allocated among the Participants. 
     The Aggressor who initiates the Price Improvement trade is granted protection by allowing contra-trader(s) to buy or sell more at the higher or lower prices shown as the case may be. This is accomplished through system logic that measures the surplus and allocates any available surplus among the trader and the contra-traders. By allowing one or both sides of the trade to execute trades at better prices than their respective revealed intentions, aggressive and/or passive traders are better off. The system benefits the market by creating greater liquidity, improving revealed intentions of bidders and offerors, increasing depth of markets, allowing multiple price trades, and forming the foundation for alternative commission fees. 
     Once trading commences, state sequencing follows the logic of a single price trade. For example, in the Price Improvement Bid-Offer State, shown in QUAD  7 A, a new seller becomes the Aggressor with a command to sell 90 million down to 99.31 (i.e., 99+31/32 nds). In order to improve the seller&#39;s ability to sell at the “best price” available, the first best bidder whose priority is ranked on a price and time basis, or by metric comprised therefrom, or including size as well, is given the opportunity to buy additional volumes at an improved price after the 67 million has been Hit, i.e., 2 million sold at 100.01, 20 million sold at 100.00+, and 45 million sold at 100.00. By offering to sell a total of 90 million down to 99.31, the seller sells the first 67 million and has “intent” to sell 23 million more. The first best bidder now can execute more at an improved price. The level of improvement is allocated between the bid price of 100.01 (i.e., 100+{fraction (1/32)}nd) and the 99.31 reservation price. Thus, if buyer  2001  trades the remaining 23 million with the 99.31 seller, then a Price Improvement trade of 23 hit at 100.00 is consummated. Here, buyer  2001  maintains his/her priority by committing to buy 23 million more at his/her bid level of 100.01. However, the actual trade price is 100.00 providing the buyer with 0.01 ({fraction (1/32)}) price improvement and the seller with a like amount 0.01 price improvement over his/her reservation price of 99.31. 
     The system logic has apportioned the Trader Surplus between the aggressive and passive sides of the trade, benefitting both parties. System logic could also allocate the surplus into alternative logic, e.g., providing the Aggressor with ⅔, all or none of the surplus. The allocation mechanism could also dynamically change depending on the size of the trade or other customer or trade characteristics. The system flashes the sequence of three trades, 2 @ 100.01, 20 @ 100.00+, 68 (45+23) @ 100.00, incorporating highlighting that indicates the sequence is a set of Price Improvement trades. Alternatively, the total trade at the average price could be displayed. At the end of the trade, the system logic returns control to the Bid-Offer State. 
     Under Price Improvement processing, there are separate mechanisms to present and display multiple Bid-Offers at different price levels. The first option is to remove all out of market Bid-Offers, i.e., all inferior offerings are not displayed. The second option provides the bidder with the choice as to whether his/her inferior bid is left on the display, or removed when topped with a better price. The third option is to display all bids on screen even when topped. This forms a “good till cancel” offering. Another option allows Participants to customize their Bids and Offers under system controlled parameters. 
     Price Improvement processing also permits priority preserved trading, known as the When State. The When State occurs when a non-priority Participant initiates or responds to a trading command. Under this circumstance, system logic triggers the When State, and this allows the priority bidder, e.g., first best price on the passive market side, to intercede and assume control of the trade. A timer controls the period of time given to the priority bidder during the When State to decide whether to intercede, the original buyer (whose trading command initiated the When State) is placed right behind the priority bidder, and other non-priority buyers are placed in sequence behind the first Aggressor. If, however, the priority bidder does not intercede, logic turns the trade over to the ranked list of buyers and the trade moves to the Workup or Workdown State for completion. By interceding, the first best bidder maintains priority by matching the best price among the When Take trades. 
     Here, initiating a Price Improvement, the Hit, highlighted by video attribute, is for more size than is shown on the number of tiers of Bids or Offers that are available for price improvement. 
     In order to provide a greater and more diverse opportunity for price improvement and to protect the price improvement Aggressor, all buy and sell orders received during Exclusive Time are ranked and matched to provide the greatest amount of price protection to the price improvement Aggressor. Because of multi-levels of Bids and Offers, the first best bidder/offeror will maintain priority only if he/she responds at his/her price, or, if necessary, matches the best When Take/Hit price. 
     As shown in QUAD  7 B, Participant CUST  2008  becomes the Aggressor by initiating a Price Improvement trade by committing to sell 90 million down to a price of 99.31. During Exclusive Time, Participant CUST  2001  commits to buy 5 million more at 100.01, Participant CUST  2009  commits to buying 20 million at 100.01+, and Participant CUST  2002  commits to buying 5 million more at 100.01. Customer  2001  does not then match the buy price of 100.01+. 
     
       
         
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 QUAD 7B 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     CUST  2001  has a priority over Participant CUSTS  2002  and  2009  by having been the original best bidder and commits to buying more at his/her original price. At the end of the Exclusive Time, 20 of the 23 million to be sold is matched with the best buys shown, hence 20 million is sold to  2009 . The remaining 3 million is sold to Participant CUST  2001 . By not matching the 100.01+ price, CUST  2001  only obtains the 3 million. By maintaining price and time priority, price improvement is obtained and the Aggressor is protected. The trades are shown in QUAD  7 C. 
     
       
         
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 QUAD 7C 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The Participants interact with system logic during Price Improvement trading via an input device. Various input devices can be used as exemplified by the specialized keyboard depicted in FIG.  12 . The keyboard includes special LCD keys, whose function and display is directly tied to the state of the Trading Processor. The keyboard has two vertical rows of 5 LCD keys each and a horizontal row of 7 LCD keys. The horizontal row of LCD keys dynamically display the three different price levels available on both the Bid and Offer Sides. This row is called the “Price Row”. This display updates in real-time as prices change in the Trading Processor. The center key in this row shows a price incrementor value. The most appropriate incrementor value is determined by the Trading Processor, based on the range of the Spread between the best and worst markets. This incrementor value is also updated real-time as prices change. The bid prices travel to the left of the keyboard from the center key in order of best to worst. Similarly, the Offer prices travel to the right. As different price levels appear in the Price Improvement Bid-Offer State, they are displayed in the Price Row. To facilitate data entry and quickly react to the market, the Participant simply needs to press one of the LCD keys to chose which price level he wants to trade. After selecting the price, the Participant will choose one of the action keys represented by the vertical row of the LCD keys. If the Participants wants to trade below or above the prices present in the market at that point, Participant can use the incrementor key to indicate how far below or above he wants to go. 
     The capabilities of the foregoing keyboard arrangement can be realized in several alternate embodiments. For example, the input commands can be arranged on a touch screen, touch pad transducer (e.g., “mouse”). Other vehicles for inputting commands include voice command, voice activated navigation, and other “location” devices that may be exchanged as is, per se, well known in the art. The use of the term key is meant to include a command or data entry trigger, i.e., a device or switch, that when activated accomplishes a particular task. 
     The logic associated with the five states discussed herein is summarized in tabular form in FIG.  11 . Features of the foregoing system have resulted in a dramatic increase in efficiency and reduction of order errors. 
     The often frenetic environment of Bidding, Offering, and Trading and the entry of commands on the preferred dedicated keypad, shown in  FIGS. 3A-B , and the likelihood of Participants changing their minds all contribute to the possibility that a trade has been made in error. More particularly, errors can arise due to incorrect entries into the system, a miscommunication between Participant and the like. These errors can often force a “principal” Participant into an unintended position during a trade. 
     This invention preferably provides ways for the Participant to effectively “undo” a trade, either by canceling a pending order, or rolling-back executions during a trade State. As shown in  FIGS. 3A-B , the keypad provides CANCEL, DONE, and UNDO keys to facilitate this process. The function of these keys when the system is in a particular state is described below, it being understood that the names given these keys are arbitrary and any input means can be used to effect the desired action(s). 
     In the Bid-Offer State, the CANCEL command removes a maker&#39;s existing markets from one or more instruments. 
     In the When State, CANCEL removes a maker&#39;s markets only if there are no pending active BUY or SELL orders against it. Also, DONE removes a potential Aggressor, as well as trade Participants, from trading lists before orders are matched. 
     During the Workdown State, CANCEL removes any remaining passive maker&#39;s markets. DONE performs the same function as CANCEL removes and also allows the Passive trading Participants in the Workdown State to remove themselves from trading lists, thereby effectively removing their committed sizes before the system has had a chance to execute them. UNDO functions to “unroll” the trade and reduce the size shown to Participants if executed during a predefined time period after the initial trade. Additionally, the UNDO function proportionately reduces the amount traded by all passive Makers. The restriction of a predefined time period discourages a trader from taking unfair advantage of this correction facility. Analogously, if no more than one trader participated in the trade, then the UNDO function causes the trader to join the contra-side for the size desired to be undone. The UNDO function can be invoked at any time by any Participant, on the Active Side or the Passive Side; the system applies controlling logic to maintain the fairness of this trading protocol. 
     During the Workup State, a Participant can use the DONE function to remove himself from being a Participant from the Active Side or the Passive Side, or both sides simultaneously, regardless of the size traded or solicited. Thus, the DONE function removes the Participant from the trade. The UNDO function can also roll back the trade provided that the first active trader has executed this function within a predefined time period following the trade. If the UNDO function is not invoked during this predefined period, or the trader is not the first active trader, then the trader is entered in the queue to buy or sell on the contra-side immediately. Preferably, the trader is placed at the top of the list so that the UNDO function can be effectively invoked immediately, provided there is a contra-trader. Most preferably, the rights of the first active and passive traders will be maintained to assure fairness. 
     Although the invention has been described in detail for the purpose of illustration, it is to be understood that such detail is solely for that purpose and that variations can be made therein by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention except as it may be limited by the claims.