Abstract:
Methods of reducing phase and amplitude ripples in a BAW resonator frequency response by providing a substrate, fabricating a Bragg mirror having alternate layers of a high acoustic material and a low acoustic material on a first surface of the substrate, fabricating a BAW on the Bragg mirror, and coating a second side of the substrate opposite the first side with a lossy material having an acoustic impedance in the range of 0.01× to 1.0× the acoustic impedance of the layers of high impedance material, the second surface of the substrate being a polished surface. Various embodiments are disclosed.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to the field of piezoelectric resonators. 
     2. Prior Art 
     Piezoelectric resonators are primarily used for signal filtering and reference oscillators. These resonators are commonly referred to as FBAR (film bulk acoustic resonators) or BAW (bulk acoustic wave resonators). 
     The resonator consists of piezoelectric material (i.e., aluminum nitride, AlN) sandwiched between two electrodes as shown in  FIG. 1 . For good performance the resonator must be acoustically isolated from the mechanical substrate (typically a silicon wafer). This is accomplished by an air gap (FBAR) or a Bragg mirror for solidly mounted resonators (SMR) of alternating high and low acoustic impedance materials designed to be one-quarter wavelength thick (λ L /4) at the operating frequency. These devices are not new and are well documented in the literature. (See “Face-mounted piezoelectric resonators”, W. E. Newell, Proc. IEEE, Vol. 53, June 1965, Pgs. 575-581, U.S. Pat. No. 5,373,268, “Stacked Crystal Filters Implemented with Thin Films”, K. M. Lakin et al., 43rd Ann. Freq. Contr. Symp., May 1989, Pgs. 536-543 and “Advancement of MEMS into RF-Filter Applications”, R. Aigner et al., Proc. of IEDM 2002, San Francisco, Dec. 8-11, 2002, Pgs. 897-900.) The following is more specific to the SMR class of BAW devices. 
     Bragg mirrors have been developed in both microwave and optical applications to create a high reflection coefficient at a specified interface. In the case of the BAW resonator, the interface of interest is between the bottom electrode of the BAW resonator and the top of the Bragg mirror stack. An ideal Bragg mirror stack would create a unity reflection coefficient at this interface and perfectly isolate the BAW resonator from the substrate. In that case the substrate (typically silicon) would have no influence on the performance of the BAW resonator. This is not achievable in practice, since for an acceptable level of isolation (i.e., nominally 99% or better reflection coefficient) at the interface, several layers of high and low impedance materials (also called bi-layers) are required, which is generally not practical from a processing or cost standpoint. Typically only 2 to 3 bi-layers are practical, which allows some leakage of acoustic energy into the substrate that manifests itself as loss in the passband. Of interest to this invention is that when the substrate is an odd multiple of quarter wavelengths thick, it can present a boundary condition at the bottom of the Bragg mirror stack that will cause the required reflection condition to fail, causing ripples in the passband. These ripples are harmonically related to the substrate thickness T. Both of these phenomena are shown in  FIG. 2 . This condition can be prevented if a lossy material having an optimal acoustic impedance is applied to the substrate backside. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , the acoustic energy that leaks through the Bragg mirror causes two problems. The first is increased insertion loss due to energy leakage out of the BAW resonator, as illustrated by arrow  1 . The second is reflections of acoustic energy off of the substrate backside, causing a boundary condition at the Bragg mirror backside that results in ripples in the BAW resonator passband, at frequencies where the substrate is an odd number of quarter wavelengths thick, as illustrated by arrow  2 . 
     It has been proposed that BAW resonator performance can be improved by roughening the substrate backside, by either mechanical or chemical means (See “Face-mounted piezoelectric resonators”, W. E. Newell, Proc. IEEE, Vol. 53, June 1965, Pgs. 575-581 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,373,268) and/or adding an epoxy (See “Face-mounted piezoelectric resonators”, W. E. Newell, Proc. IEEE, Vol. 53, June 1965, Pgs. 575-581) or other material to that rough backside as shown in  FIG. 3 . The theory is that the acoustic energy that leaks through the Bragg stack will be either “partially scattered” by the rough surface or absorbed by the epoxy (or other absorptive material). This will in turn improve the passband performance by reducing the amplitude of acoustic energy reflected back into the bottom of the Bragg stack and hence reduce passband ripple. 
       FIG. 3  schematically illustrates a substrate with a rough backside and absorber on the backside. Acoustic energy that leaks through the Bragg mirror stack is scattered by the rough surface and absorbed. The benefit is reduced ripple due to attenuation of reflected acoustic energy into the BAW resonator. The penalty is energy loss in the passband due to scattered and absorbed energy. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic drawing of a solidly mounted resonator on a Bragg mirror stack of two bi-layers. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates the leakage of acoustic energy through the Bragg mirror. 
         FIG. 3  schematically illustrates a substrate with a rough backside and absorber on the backside. 
         FIGS. 4A and 4B  illustrate a typical BAW resonators and Bragg mirrors on a substrate. 
         FIG. 5  shows S21 data for a filter using BAW resonators on a 725 μm versus 325 μm thick substrate. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a BAW resonator on a 325 μm thick substrate with a polished backside with epoxy. 
         FIG. 7  shows the phase response for a BAW resonator on a 325 μm thick substrate with a polished backside, with and without epoxy. 
         FIG. 8  shows the associated ripple in the transmission coefficient (S 21 ) for a filter constructed out of similar BAW resonators on a 325 μm thick substrate with a polished backside, with and without epoxy. 
         FIG. 9  shows the transmission coefficient (S 21 ) response for a filter using BAW resonators on a 725 μm thick substrate with a polished backside, with and without epoxy. 
         FIGS. 10A and 10B  illustrates the generic structure of a BAW resonator on a Bragg mirror on a substrate without and with epoxy on the backside of the substrate. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates a generic BAW resonator structure with a piezoelectric layer bounded by two electrodes. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates a cross-section of a BAW resonator for a substrate with thickness T. 
         FIG. 13  shows how the acoustic load impedance Z load  and input impedance Z n  vary with acoustic backside impedance Z backside  for a silicon substrate (Z sub =19.3×10 6  kg/m 2 s) that is an odd number of quarter wavelengths thick (T=(2n+1)λ L /4/n=0, 1, 2 . . . ). 
         FIG. 14  shows reflection coefficient R at the interface between the BAW resonator in  FIG. 11  and the four layer Bragg mirror in  FIG. 12  versus backside acoustic impedance when the silicon substrate thickness T is T=(2n+1)λ L /4. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     A typical BAW resonator and Bragg mirror on a substrate is shown in  FIGS. 4A and 4B , specifically, in  FIG. 4A  on a nominally 725 μm thick substrate and in  FIG. 4B  on a nominally 325 μm thick substrate. The scattering parameter transmission coefficient (S 21 ) through a filter constructed using thick ( FIG. 4A ) and thin ( FIG. 4B ) substrates are shown in  FIG. 5 . 
     In  FIGS. 4A and 4B , the BAW resonators on a thick (725 μm) and thin (325 μm) substrate have a polished backside. The filter on the 725 μm thick substrate shows in  FIG. 5  a passband ripple occurring nominally every 6.1 MHz due to the primary longitudinal mode leaking out of the BAW resonator bottom electrode through the Bragg mirror and then into the substrate. At frequencies where the substrate thickness T is an odd multiple of longitudinal quarter wavelengths, a condition can exist at the bottom of the Bragg mirror causing ripples in the passband if the acoustic impedance of the substrate backing is not in a proper range of values. These ripples are caused by increased transmission of acoustic energy into the Bragg mirror when a high impedance condition exists at the top of the substrate, as subsequently explained in greater detail. It will be shown that for a 725 μm “thick” silicon substrate, the ripples are spaced at 6.1 MHz intervals, and for a 325 μm “thin” substrate they are spaced at 13.5 MHz. The advantage to using a thinned substrate is that there are fewer ripples in the passband. 
     This is shown  FIG. 5 , wherein the transmission coefficient S 21  data for a filter using BAW resonators on a 725 μm versus 325 μm thick substrate is presented. On the 725 μm thick substrate, leakage of the longitudinal mode into the substrate causes a passband ripple every 6.1 MHz. By thinning the substrate to 325 μm, the ripple spacing is increased to 13.5 MHz. The other ripples are due to spurious modes that are not strongly influenced by the substrate thickness. 
     To reduce passband ripple, the substrate backside can be coated with a lossy material preferably having an acoustic impedance in the range of 0.01× to 1.0× that of the acoustic impedance of the high impedance Bragg mirror layer. This prevents a condition that causes the Bragg mirror to not function correctly, as subsequently described. To accomplish this, the material, such as epoxy, is bonded to a polished substrate backside as shown in  FIG. 6 . The procedure is to first back-grind the wafer to the desired thickness and then fine polish (peak-to-peak roughness ˜1000 A) the backside surface. By polishing the surface, a more uniform interface is created to provide a well defined boundary condition. 
     When Tungsten is the Bragg mirror high impedance layer (101×10 6  kg/m 2 s), the material applied to the polished substrate backside preferably should have an acoustic impedance in the range of 1−100×10 6  kg/m 2 s. In the following examples, an epoxy is used that has an acoustic impedance of approximately 2.4×10 6  kg/m 2 s, which satisfies this condition. 
     Reduction of passband ripple after epoxy is applied is shown in  FIGS. 7 and 8  for a 325 μm thick silicon substrate. In  FIG. 7 , the phase of the input impedance of a single BAW resonator is shown for a BAW resonator on a 325 μm thick substrate with a polished backside, with and without epoxy. In the case without epoxy, the substrate is placed on a foam layer having an acoustic impedance on the order of that for air (430 kg/m 2 s). The ripples are eliminated after epoxy is added. The phase is shown since it illustrates ripple better than the magnitude of the impedance for this type of device. The associated ripple in the transmission coefficient (S 21 ) for a filter constructed out of similar BAW resonators on a 325 μm thick substrate with a polished backside, with and without epoxy, is shown in  FIG. 8 . In the case without epoxy, the substrate is placed on a foam layer having an acoustic impedance on the order of air (430 kg/m 2 s). The ripples are eliminated when the epoxy is added. 
     Thinning the wafer improves the effectiveness of the epoxy on suppression of passband ripple. This is illustrated by an example of suppressing ripple in the transmission coefficient S 21  for a BAW filter on a thick wafer (725 μm) as shown in  FIG. 9 . The epoxy reduces the ripple amplitude, but the reduction in ripple amplitude is not as pronounced as shown for the thinner substrate (325 μm) in  FIG. 8 . This is due to the thicker substrate allowing more dispersion of acoustic energy into the substrate that leaked through the Bragg mirror, which diminishes the available acoustic energy that can be reflected from the backside material having the optimal acoustic impedance. For this reason it is desirable to use thin wafers (i.e., ≦400 μm) to improve the effectiveness of the epoxy on suppression of passband ripple. 
     The following description is to provide a better understanding of the various aspects of the invention. The generic structure of a BAW resonator on a Bragg mirror on a substrate is shown in  FIG. 10A . In this case the substrate backside may be polished or rough and the substrate backing is arbitrary. One aspect of the invention is that to reduce phase and amplitude ripples in the BAW resonator frequency response, the substrate backside should be polished and coated with a material that has an acoustic impedance in the range of 0.01× to 1× that of the Bragg mirror high impedance layer (i.e., 101×10 6  kg/m 2 s for tungsten) and is also a good absorber of acoustic energy (i.e., epoxy), as shown in  FIG. 10B . 
     To understand the operation of this invention, consider the basic BAW resonator shown in  FIG. 11 . The BAW resonator is composed of the AlN piezoelectric layer sandwiched between two electrodes as shown. In general the BAW resonator is designed to have a low acoustic impedance load (i.e., &lt;&lt;1000 kg/m 2 s) presented to each electrode to provide a high reflection coefficient R at each electrode. This will reflect acoustic energy back into the piezoelectric AlN layer for proper operation. For a typical BAW resonator, with a piezoelectric layer that is nominally one-half wavelength thick at the operating frequency, the reflection coefficients are both near negative unity (i.e., R≈−1). For simplicity, the contribution of the electrode mechanical impedance is ignored in this analysis. The mismatch between the relatively high acoustic impedance AlN (34×10 6  kg/m 2 s) and air (&lt;1000 kg/m 2 s) results in R≈−1 as shown. When air is on each side of the AlN (ignoring the contribution of the top and bottom electrodes), then R≈−1 (i.e., −100%) which satisfies this condition. 
     In a practical BAW resonator this requirement for R≈−1 is easily accomplished for the top electrode by having air as the load impedance, but requires a Bragg mirror (See FIG.  12 ) to achieve this condition for the bottom electrode in an SMR (solidly mounted resonator) BAW by generating the virtual low impedance Z n . To accomplish this, the acoustic load impedance Z load  should be lower than the acoustic impedance of the high acoustic impedance Bragg mirror layers (i.e., tungsten, W, with an acoustic impedance of 101×10 6  kg/m 2 s). 
     To understand the operation of the Bragg mirror, start with the transmission line impedance equation that computes the input impedance Z i  for a section of transmission line of phase shift θ i , with characteristic impedance Z i  and terminating impedance Z i-1 : 
     
       
         
           
             
               Z 
               i 
             
             = 
             
               
                 Z 
                 i 
               
               ⁡ 
               
                 [ 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         Z 
                         
                           i 
                           - 
                           1 
                         
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       cos 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         θ 
                         i 
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       
                         jZ 
                         i 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       sin 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         θ 
                         i 
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       
                         Z 
                         i 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       cos 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         θ 
                         i 
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       
                         jZ 
                         
                           i 
                           - 
                           1 
                         
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       sin 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         θ 
                         i 
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 ] 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Where:
         i=1 . . . n, where i=1 is the layer next to the substrate and i=n is the layer nest to the piezo (AlN) layer   Z i  is the acoustic impedance of the considered layer i   Z i-1  is the acoustic impedance of the previously considered layer   θ i  is the phase shift across layer i       

     
       
         
           
             
               θ 
               i 
             
             = 
             
               
                 ω 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                   xd 
                   i 
                 
               
               
                 v 
                 i 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Where:
         v i  is the velocity of the acoustic wave in layer i   d i  is the thickness of layer i   ω is the radian frequency       

     The reflection coefficient R at the top surface of the Bragg mirror is computed using the standard equation: 
     
       
         
           
             R 
             = 
             
               
                 
                   Z 
                   n 
                 
                 - 
                 
                   Z 
                   p 
                 
               
               
                 
                   Z 
                   n 
                 
                 + 
                 
                   Z 
                   p 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Where: 
     Z p  is the acoustic impedance of the piezoelectric (AlN) material. 
     Z n  is the acoustic impedance at the top surface of layer n, which is adjacent to the bottom of the piezoelectric (AlN) layer. For simplicity, the electrodes may be ignored, so assume that the bottom of the AlN piezoelectric layer is in contact with the top of the Bragg mirror. 
     The above equations are used to compute the reflection coefficient R at the top of the Bragg mirror for the longitudinal wave mode using the acoustic impedances and velocities listed in Table 1. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Acoustic impedance and velocity for longitudinal 
               
               
                 wave mode. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Longitudinal 
                 Longitudinal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 wave acoustic 
                 wave acoustic 
               
               
                   
                   
                 velocity v 
                 impedance 
               
               
                   
                 Material 
                 (m/s) 
                 (10 6  kg/m 2 s) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Al 
                 6422 
                 17.3 
               
               
                   
                 W 
                 5230 
                 101 
               
               
                   
                 AlN 
                 10400 
                 34 
               
               
                   
                 SiO2 
                 5970 
                 13.1 
               
               
                   
                 Si 
                 8847 
                 19.3 
               
               
                   
                 SiN 
                 11150 
                 36.2 
               
               
                   
                 Mo 
                 6660 
                 48.6 
               
               
                   
                 Epoxy 
                 2200 
                 2.4 
               
               
                   
                 Air 
                 N/A 
                 0.00043 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     To meet the requirement that the substrate have a lower acoustic impedance than the Bragg mirror high acoustic impedance layer (W in this case), it is typically assumed that the substrate is silicon and infinitely thick. At frequencies where the low and high impedance layers in the Bragg mirror are a quarter wavelength thick (λ L /4) for the longitudinal mode, as shown in  FIG. 12 , this condition will create a very low input acoustic impedance, Z n , and consequently a reflection coefficient R that approaches negative unity. For example, an infinitely thick silicon substrate will present an acoustic load impedance of Z load =19.3×10 6  kg/m 2 s, and the four layer Bragg mirror will generate an input impedance of Z n =0.00546×10 6  kg/m 2 s. Ignoring the bottom electrode gives a reflection coefficient R at the AlN piezoelectric interface of R=−0.9997 (−9.997%). 
     For a finite thickness substrate (with acoustic impedance Z sub ) there are frequencies where the substrate thickness T is equal to odd multiples of a longitudinal mode quarter wavelength. When this happens the acoustic impedance of the substrate backside Z backside  will be transformed into an acoustic load impedance Z load  at the bottom of the Bragg mirror given by:
 
 Z   load   =Z   sub   2   /Z   backside  
 
       FIG. 13  shows how the acoustic load impedance Z load  and input impedance Z n  vary with acoustic backside impedance Z backside  for a silicon substrate (Z sub =19.3×10 6  kg/m 2 s) that is an odd number of quarter wavelengths thick (T=(2n+1)λ L /4, n=0, 1, 2 . . . ). For example, if the substrate backside is air (Z backside =430 kg/m 2 s) then Z load ≈9×10 12  then the Bragg mirror (when it is operating at its design frequency where each layer is at or near λ L /4 thick) will transform Z load  into Z n =2635×10 6  kg/m 2 s and R=0.975 (97.5%), as shown in  FIG. 14 . This does not satisfy two necessary conditions for proper operation of the BAW resonator: 
     1. The bottom electrode reflection coefficient (R=0.975) is not of the same sign as the top electrode reflection coefficient (R≈−1). This does not satisfy the necessary boundary condition for proper operation of the BAW resonator. 
     2. The reflection coefficient is not large enough in magnitude (i.e., &gt;0.99) to prevent leakage from the resonator into the Bragg mirror. 
     This condition will cause ripples in the BAW resonator response, and they will occur at frequencies where the substrate thickness T is an odd multiple of a quarter wavelength, as given by: 
     
       
         
           
             
               freq 
               = 
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     
                       2 
                       ⁢ 
                       n 
                     
                     + 
                     1 
                   
                   ) 
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     
                       v 
                       sub 
                     
                     
                       4 
                       ⁢ 
                       T 
                     
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             , 
             
               n 
               = 
               0 
             
             , 
             1 
             , 
             2 
             , 
             
               3 
               ⁢ 
               
                   
               
               ⁢ 
               … 
             
           
         
       
     
     For example, for silicon v sub =8847 (m/s) and T=725 μm, then freq=(2n+1)3.05 MHz, which means that the ripples will occur every 6.1 MHz as shown in  FIG. 5 . The acoustic losses in the silicon substrate and the multiple reflection paths from the substrate backside to the bottom of the Bragg mirror (see  FIG. 2 ) smooth out the ripples, which would be much more pronounced in an ideal one dimensional model. 
       FIG. 14  provides the reflection coefficient R at the interface between the BAW resonator in  FIG. 11  and the four layer Bragg mirror in  FIG. 12  versus backside acoustic impedance when the silicon substrate thickness T is T=(2n+1)λ L /4. For proper resonator operation the ideal boundary condition at the interface is R=−1.  FIG. 14  shows that Z backside  must be greater than about 1×10 6  kg/m 2 S to achieve a high reflection coefficient of negative polarity (i.e., R=−0/994 for this value). This impedance can be achieved with a variety of epoxy type materials (Table 1 shows that a typical value for an epoxy is 2.4×10 6  kg/m 2 s, which gives R=99.7%) that will adhere to a polished substrate backside. To avoid problems associated with reflections at the epoxy backside itself, this material should have high acoustic attenuation. Most epoxies are lossy to acoustic energy (i.e., 35 dB/mm at 5 MHz), so a 0.25 mm (˜0.01″) thick layer of epoxy will have about ˜10 dB attenuation as the signal propagates each way, for a total of ˜20 dB return loss. This has been demonstrated to perform well as shown by the data in  FIGS. 7 to 9 . The upper bound on the backside impedance is approximately that of this high impedance Bragg mirror layer (i.e., 101×10 6  kg/m 2 s for W in this example), otherwise a similar problem will occur when the substrate thickness T is integer multiples of a half-wavelength. 
     In summary, the acoustic impedance of the material applied to the polished backside should be on the order of 0.01× to 1.0× that of the acoustic impedance of the high impedance Bragg mirror layer. In this example where Tungsten is the high impedance layer, the acoustic impedance of the material applied to the polished substrate backside should range from 1−100×10 6  kg/m 2 s. In the data shown, the impedance of the epoxy used was approximately 2.4×10 6  kg/m 2 s, which satisfies this condition. 
     The invention solves the inherent problem of passband ripple in BAW resonators and BAW filters caused by longitudinal modes resonating in the finite thickness BAW resonator substrate. The consequence of this achievement is improved passband linearity, reduced phase dispersion, and adherence to passband insertion loss (I.L.) specifications through elimination of dips in passband. 
     Thus while certain preferred embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed and described herein for purposes of illustration and not for purposes of limitation, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.