Abstract:
An optoelectronic module for converting and coupling an information-containing electrical signal with an optical fiber including a housing having an electrical input for coupling with an external cable or information system device and for transmitting and receiving information-containing electrical signals over such input, and a fiber optic connector adapted for coupling with an external optical fiber for transmitting and receiving an optical signal; an electro-optic subassembly coupled to the information containing electrical signal and converting it to and/or from a modulated optical signal corresponding to the electrical signal; parametric data-collection means disposed in the housing acquiring environmental and/or operational data associated with the module; and a communication interface for wirelessly transferring the data to an external device, such as a portable terminal.

Description:
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/499,120 filed Aug. 4, 2006, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/620,317 filed Jan. 5, 2007, both assigned to the common assignee. 
     
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    The invention relates to optical communications devices, such as transmitters, receivers, and transceivers used in high throughput fiber optic communications links in local and wide area networks and storage networks, and in particular to the identification of such devices, and the monitoring of the performance of such devices by wireless communication of real time and stored data to a portable terminal. 
         [0004]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0005]    Communications networks have experienced dramatic growth in data transmission traffic in recent years due to worldwide Internet access, e-mail, and e-commerce. As Internet usage grows to include transmission of larger data files, including content such as full motion video on-demand (including HDTV), multi-channel high quality audio, online video conferencing, image transfer, and other broadband applications, the delivery of such data will place a greater demand on available bandwidth. The bulk of this traffic is already routed through the optical networking infrastructure used by local and long distance carriers, as well as Internet service providers. Since optical fiber offers substantially greater bandwidth capacity, is less error prone, and is easier to administer than conventional copper wire technologies, it is not surprising to see increased deployment of optical fiber in data centers, storage area networks, and enterprise computer networks for short range network unit to network unit interconnection. 
         [0006]    Such increased deployment has created a demand for electrical and optical transceiver modules that enable data system units such as computers, storage units, routers, and similar devices to be optionally coupled by either an electrical cable or an optical fiber to provide a high speed, short reach (less than  50  meters) data link within the data center. 
         [0007]    A variety of optical transceiver modules are known in the art to provide such interconnection that include an optical transmit portion that converts an electrical signal into a modulated light beam that is coupled to a first optical fiber, and a receive portion that receives a second optical signal from a second optical fiber and converts it into an electrical signal, and similar implementations employ one fiber for both optical signals, traveling in opposite directions. The electrical signals are transferred in both directions over an electrical connectors that interface with the network unit using a standard electrical data link protocol. 
         [0008]    The optical transmitter section of such transceiver modules includes one or more semiconductor lasers and an optical assembly to focus or direct the light from the lasers into an optical fiber, which in turn, is connected to a receptacle or connector on the transceiver to allow an external optical fiber to be connected thereto using a standard connector, such as SC, FC or LC. The semiconductor lasers are typically packaged in a hermetically sealed can or similar housing in order to protect the laser from humidity or other harsh environmental conditions. The semiconductor laser chip is typically a distributed feedback (DFB) laser with dimensions a few hundred microns to a couple of millimeters wide and 100-500 microns thick. The package in which they are mounted typically includes a heat sink or spreader, and has several electrical leads coming out of the package to provide power and signal inputs to the laser chips. The electrical leads are then soldered to the circuit board in the optical transceiver. The optical receive section includes an optical assembly to focus or direct the light from the optical fiber onto a photodetector, which in turn, is connected to a transimpedance amplifier/limiter circuit on a circuit board. The photodetector or photodiode it typically packaged in a hermetically sealed package in order to protect it from harsh environmental conditions. The photodiodes are semiconductor chips that are typically a few hundred microns to a couple of millimeters wide and 100 to 500 microns thick. The package in which they are mounted is typically from three to six millimeters in diameter, and two to five millimeters tall and has several electrical leads coming out of the package. These electrical leads are then soldered to the circuit board containing the amplifier/limiter and other circuits for processing the electrical signal. 
         [0009]    Optical transceiver modules are therefore packaged in a number of standard form factors which are “hot pluggable” into a rack mounted line card network unit or the chassis of the data system unit. Standard form factors set forth in Multiple Source Agreements (MSAs) provide standardized dimensions and input/output interfaces that allow devices from different manufacturers to be used interchangeably. Some of the most popular MSAs include XENPAK (see www.xenpak.org), X2 (see www.X2msa.org), SFF (“small form factor”), SFP (“small form factor pluggable”), XFP (“10 Gigabit Small Form Factor Pluggable”, see www.XFPMSA.org), and the 300-pin module (see www.300pinmsa.org). 
         [0010]    Customers and users of such modules are interested in small or miniaturized transceivers in order to increase the number of interconnections or port density associated with the network unit, such as, for example in rack mounted line cards, switch boxes, cabling patch panels, wiring closets, and computer I/O interfaces. 
         [0011]    The identification of individual modules in connection with assessing reliability of such modules is an important consideration network management. When a module degrades or fails, users must reconfigure the system to bypass the inoperative module. Moreover, performance degradation must be understood as an essential step in preventing recurrence of that failure. Thus, producers of optical modules expend much effort in failure analysis to determine the root cause of any failures that occur and to subsequently improve products to eliminate similar failures in the future. Such failure analysis is after the fact, and very labor intensive, requiring technologists referred to as reliability analysts. Such failure analysis often requires an extensive suite of test equipment, which also represents a significant expense to the manufacturer. 
         [0012]    The failure analysis process is relatively expensive to the manufacturer, and consequently the producer has an interest in conducting the analysis as efficiently as possible such as when the module is still installed in the system. Additionally, sometimes the failure is covered by a warranty, and honoring the warranty represents an expense to the manufacturer. 
         [0013]    If more information regarding the operational history of the optical module could be made available during a real time basis, then determining the warranty status would be made more straightforward, and aspects of the failure analysis would be simpler. Failure analysis involves a search for information about the causes and circumstances of product failure, often by exploiting very subtle clues, and any information that can be made explicitly available to the reliability analyst has the potential to make their task more productive, effective, and efficient. 
         [0014]    This concept of module data analysis is extendable to cases in which no failure has occurred. In this case, a reliability analyst may analyze a used optical module to observe parametric shifts in performance, and the information gained may be used to define design and manufacturing process improvements to make the product even more reliable in the future. Because of the importance of reducing failures and parametric shifts in product performance, a need exists for better methods of tracking operational performance of optical modules by users and vendor maintenance personnel. 
         [0015]    The use of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags is well known in industry for article identification, location, tracking, and inventory management. The use of personal and local area networks for wireless communication with devices is also known. 
         [0016]    Identification information, such as transceiver type, capability, serial number, compatibility information may be stored, or be capable of being stored, in a transceiver (see, for example, U.S. Patent Application Publication 2003/0128411). Prior to the present invention such information has not been readily accessible, or capable of being monitored by a portable or mobile terminal for assessing the status and reliability of such modules during real time operation. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Objects of the Invention 
       [0017]    It is an object of the present invention to provide an optoelectronic module in a small pluggable standardized form factor with embedded identification and parametric data monitoring and collection devices in the module, and a wireless communications interface. 
         [0018]    It is also another object of the present invention to provide a module for use in an optical fiber transmission system with means for collecting total elapsed operating time, temperature, temperature change, and data transmission error rate, and wirelessly externally communicating such data to a portable terminal. 
         [0019]    It is still another object of the present invention to provide an optical transceiver with a means for collecting and transmitting environmental and operational data at periodic time intervals wirelessly to an external network manager. 
         [0020]    It is still another object of the present invention to provide an RFID tag in an optoelectronic module for transmitting alerts of excursions from normal environmental and operational conditions to an external network manager. 
         [0021]    It is another object of the present invention to provide an optical transceiver for use in an optical transmission system with an RF beacon to externally communicate the existence of abnormal operating conditions. 
         [0022]    It is still another object of the present invention to provide an optoelectronic module in a small pluggable standardized form factor with wirelessly communicable embedded identification and authorization data. 
         [0023]    It is also another object of the present invention to provide a module for use in an optical fiber transmission system with means for authenticating the module when plugged into a host unit connected to a network. 
         [0024]    It is still another object of the present invention to provide an optical transceiver with a means for communicating with a network manager when plugged into a host unit for verifying and authorizing use of such module. 
         [0025]    It is still another object of the present invention to provide a feature in a network operating system receiving alerts of excursions from normal environmental and operational conditions from pluggable transceiver modules. 
         [0026]    It is also another object of the present invention to provide an optical transceiver for use in an optical transmission system with tamper proof identification devices and to wirelessly externally communicate the identity and existence of such module to a network manager and to report abnormal operating conditions. 
       FEATURES OF THE INVENTION 
       [0027]    Briefly, and in general terms, the present invention provides an optoelectronic module for coupling an information system device with an optical fiber comprising: a housing including an electrical connector for coupling with an external electrical cable or information system device and for transmitting information-containing electrical signals over such connector, and a fiber optical connector adapted for coupling with an external optic fiber for transmitting an optical signal; an electro-optic subassembly disposed in the housing coupled to the cable or information system device for converting the electrical signal to a modulated optical signal at a predetermined wavelength corresponding to the electrical signals; a means disposed in the housing for providing an electrical signal representing operational data associated with the module; and a communication interface means disposed in the housing for wirelessly transferring the operational data to an external device. 
         [0028]    In another aspect, the present invention provides an optical transceiver for converting and coupling an information-containing electrical signal from an information system device with an optical fiber including a housing including an electrical connector for coupling with an external electrical cable or information system device and a fiber optic connector adapted for coupling with an external optical fiber, at least one electro-optical subassembly in the housing for converting between an information containing electrical signal and a modulated optical signal corresponding to the electrical signal including either a transmitter or a receiver, or both; parametric collection means in the housing for collecting operational data associated with the transmitter; data compression means in the housing for compressing the operational data; and means disposed in said housing for wirelessly transferring said data to an external device. 
         [0029]    In another aspect, the present invention provides a data communication network including a plurality of network units and a plurality of pluggable optoelectronic modules coupled to one or more of such network units, the modules functioning to couple the associated network unit to an optical fiber for transmitting and/or receiving optical signals over such fiber, each module having a unique electronic identifier that is selectable from a set of identifiers, and means for wirelessly transmitting the identifier to an external device. 
         [0030]    Additional objects, advantages, and novel features of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art form this disclosure, including the following detailed description as well as by practice of the invention. While the invention is described below with reference to preferred embodiments, it should be understood that the invention is not limited thereto. Those of ordinary skill in the art having access to the teachings herein will recognize additional applications, modifications and embodiments in other fields, which are within the scope of the invention as disclosed and claimed herein and with respect to which the invention could be of utility. 
     
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0031]    These and other features and advantages of this invention will be better understood and more fully appreciated by reference to the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
           [0032]      FIG. 1  is an exploded perspective view of an optoelectronic module in accordance with an illustrated embodiment of the invention; 
           [0033]      FIG. 2  is a perspective view of a module being inserted into a receptacle or cage in a host unit; 
           [0034]      FIG. 3  is a highly simplified block diagram of certain elements of the module, the host unit, and a remote terminal; 
           [0035]      FIG. 4  is a top plan view of a portable terminal used in an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0036]      FIG. 5  is a highly simplified diagram of a computer network in which the present invention may be employed; 
           [0037]      FIG. 6  is a flow chart depicting the initialization or encoding of an RFID tag in the module during manufacture; 
           [0038]      FIG. 7  is a flow chart depicting access of modules using a challenge-response protocol by a portable terminal; and 
           [0039]      FIG. 8  is a graphical user interface depicting the acquisition of a module&#39;s operational data as part of a network management system in a portable terminal. 
       
    
    
       [0040]    Additional objects, advantages, and novel features of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this disclosure, including the following detailed description as well as by practice of the invention. While the invention is described below with reference to preferred embodiments, it should be understood that the invention is not limited thereto. Those of ordinary skill in the art having access to the teachings herein will recognize additional applications, modifications and embodiments in other fields, which are within the scope of the invention as disclosed and claimed herein and with respect to which the invention could be of utility. 
       DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
       [0041]    Details of the present invention will now be described including exemplary aspects and embodiments thereof. Referring to the drawings and the following description, like reference numbers are used to identify like or functionally similar elements, and are intended to illustrate major features of exemplary embodiments in a highly simplified diagrammatic manner. Moreover, the drawings are not intended to depict every feature of the actual embodiment nor the relative dimensions of the depicted elements, and are not drawn to scale. 
         [0042]    The present invention relates generally to the identification and parametric environmental and operational data monitoring of pluggable optical communications modules such as transmitters, receivers, and transceivers used in fiber optic communications systems. 
         [0043]    Referring now to  FIG. 1 , there is shown an exploded view of an exemplary pluggable optical transceiver module  100  according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. In this particular embodiment, the module  100  is compliant with the IEEE 802.3ae 10GBASE-LX4 Physical Media Dependent sub-layer (PMD) and is implemented in the XFP form factor having a length of 78 mm, a width of 18.35 mm, and a height of 8.5 mm. It is to be noted, however, that in other embodiments the transceiver module  100  may be configured to operate under various other standard protocols (such as Fibre Channel or SONET) and be manufactured in various alternate form factors such as XENPAK, X2, etc. The module  100  is preferably a 10 Gigabit Wide Wavelength Division Multiplexed (WWDM) transceiver having four 3.125 Gbps distributed feedback lasers that enable 300 meter transmission of an optical signal at least 300 meters over a single legacy installed multimode fiber or a distance from 10 to 40 km over a single standard single mode fiber. 
         [0044]    The transceiver module  100  includes a two-piece housing  102  including a base  104  and a cover  106 . In addition, contact strips (not shown) may be provided to ground the module to an external chassis ground as well. The housing  102  is constructed of die-case or milled metal, preferably die-cast zinc, although other materials also may be used, such as specialty plastics and the like. Preferably, the particular material used in the housing construction assists in reducing EMI. 
         [0045]    The front end of the housing  102  includes a faceplate  131  for securing a pair of receptacles  124 ,  126 . The receptacles,  124 ,  126  are configured to receive fiber optic connectors (not shown) which mate with optical plugs  128 ,  130  respectively. In the preferred embodiment, the connector receptacles  124 ,  126  are configured to receive industry standard LC duplex connectors. As such, keying channels  132 ,  134  are provided to ensure that the LC connectors are inserted into the receptacles  124 ,  126  in their correct orientation. Further, as shown in the exemplary embodiment and discussed further herein, the connector receptacle  124  is intended for an LC transmitter connector, and the connector receptacle  126  receives an LC receiver connector. 
         [0046]    In one embodiment, the housing  102  holds three subassemblies or circuit boards, including a transmit board  108 , a receive board  110 , and a physical coding sublayer (PCS)/physical medium attachment (PMA) board  112 , which is used to provide an electrical interface to external computer or communications units (not shown). The transmit subassembly includes four distributed feedback (DFB) semiconductor lasers, which may be mounted in a single, hermetically sealed enclosure  415 , which interfaces to a fiber coupling subassembly  416 . The transmit board  108  is secured in place at the bottom of the housing using a brace  418  attached to the coupling subassembly  416 . The brace also functions as a heat sink for dissipating heat from the metallic fiber coupling subassembly  416  and hermetically sealed enclosure  415 . In addition, the transmit board  108  and receive board  110  are connected to the PCS/PMA board  112  by respective flex interconnects  121  and  120 , or other board-to-board electrical connectors or cables. Thermally conductive gap pads may be provided to transmit the heat generated by the lasers or other components in the transmitter subassembly to the base  104  or cover  106  of the housing, both of which act as a heat sink. The receiver subassembly  110  is directly mounted on the housing base  104  using a thermally conductive adhesive to achieve heat dissipation. Different subassemblies therefore dissipate heat to different portions of the housing for a more uniform heat dissipation. The output optical signal from the four lasers is multiplexed and input into a single optical fiber  420  which coils and reverses direction, and is preferably attached or mounted on a flexible substrate  140 . The flexible material may be an optical flexible planar material such as FlexPlane™ available from Molex, Inc. of Lisle, Ill., although other flexible substrate may be used as well. The optical fiber  420  originating from the transmitter subassembly is thereby routed to the transmit optical connector plug  130 , which is attached to the faceplate  131 , which is attached to the housing  102 . The fiber is routed and attached in such a manner as to minimize sharp bends in the optical fiber to avoid optical loss and mechanical failure. 
         [0047]    The flexible substrate  140  may include an opening  142  or hole in a portion of the material that is located directly above the retimer IC or other heat generating components mounted on the PCS/PMA board  112 . The opening  142 , which is substantially an area the size of the unused portion of the substrate  140 , enables the cover  106  which acts as a heat sink, to contact a heat transmission gap pad  160 , so as to provide access and a heat conductive path to the mounted components on the board  112 . This area on the board  112  normally would be inaccessible if not for the opening  142 . The gap pad  160  is installed without interfering with the routing of the optical fibers on the substrate  140  and without removing the mounted substrate  140  to allow access to the PCS/PMA board  112 . 
         [0048]    Although the embodiment described above is a pluggable 10 Gigabit WWDM transceiver, the same principles are applicable in other types of optical transceivers suitable for operating over both multimode (MM) and single mode (SM) fiber using single or multiple laser light sources, single or multiple photodetectors, and an appropriate optical multiplexing and demultiplexing system. The design is also applicable to a single transmitter or receiver module, or a module as either a transmitter, receiver, or transceiver to communicate over different optical networks using multiple protocols and satisfying a variety of different range and distance goals. 
         [0049]    Although in the depicted embodiment, the transceiver  100  is manufactured in a modular manner using three separate subassemblies mounted in the housing—a transmitter subassembly, a receiver subassembly, and a protocol processing board—with each subassembly or board having dedicated functions and electrically connected to each other using either flex circuitry or mating multipin connectors, land grid arrays, or other electrical interconnect devices, the invention may also be implemented in a transceiver having a single board or subassembly mounted inside the housing. 
         [0050]    The modern optical transceiver or module, such as that of  FIG. 1 , as well as those complying with the XENPAK, X2, XPAK, or 300 pin form factors, possesses underutilized resources for collecting information and nonvolatile memory in which to store it. Optical modules  100  typically employ synchronous digital circuitry, which gives them the capability to measure Elapsed Run Time (ERT) in an Elapsed Run Time Meter (ERTM) as has long been done in the field of industrial-grade internal combustion engines. The present invention implements an ERTM in a digital logic circuit  209  or other means within the housing of the module  100  for recording and storing the total operating time of the optical module without a microprocessor or alternately may implement the ERTM using a clock-counter resource within an embedded microprocessor  210 , depending on the hardware resources available within the optical module. 
         [0051]    The purpose of the ERTM within the module  100  is to count and to store the number of time units the module has run since first being built and provided to the user, and to make that information available to the producer if the user should ever return the module to the producer for warranty service, or for any other reason. For the ERTM to be useful to the producer&#39;s reliability analyst, the ERTM must by default retain the ERT value in nonvolatile memory when power is removed from the optical module. Furthermore, the ERTM must by default continue counting ERT when power is once again applied to the optical module, resuming with the previous value rather than starting over from zero. In addition to the default behaviors of the. ERTM, which enable autonomous operation without intervention by the user, the producer must have a means to override default ERTM behaviors for maintenance and diagnostic purposes, including the ability to reset the ERTM to zero, to read the ERTM&#39;s value, to set the ERTM to non-zero values, and to freeze (i.e., halt or stop) and restart the ERTM. 
         [0052]    The ERTM&#39;s demands on nonvolatile storage space within the module  100  are quite modest. For example, a one-minute resolution meter with thirty years duration may be implemented in only 24 bits of nonvolatile memory (i.e., 30 years×365.25 days/year×24 hours/day×60 minutes/hour=15,778,800 minutes. It may be noted that 15,778,800 minutes is less than the maximum value of a 24 bit register, which may represent a maximum of 2 24 −1, which equals 16,777,215). 
         [0053]    In practice, the ERTM is not constrained to measure time in conventional time units (e.g., hours, minutes, seconds). The ERTM may measure elapsed time in some local timebase, which may be a convenient multiple of the period of any synchronous digital clock employed within the optical module or some multiple of the signaling period of data passing through the module. (Often optical modules recover a digital clock signal from the received pseudorandom optical data waveform.) The necessary general purpose processing to convert the ERTM&#39;s timebase to conventional time units need not be present within the optical module, since general purpose processing capability will be conveniently available to the producer&#39;s reliability analyst. 
         [0054]    Typically, when a user decides that a module has failed, such conclusion is one from the user&#39;s viewpoint, and thus the failure will be related to some parameter of direct interest to the user, and that failure will likely not involve the ERTM, which is of only indirect interest to the user. When the user removes the optical module from operation, by unplugging it from the host unit, the optical module will no longer receive the electrical power required to operate, and so the ERTM will cease to run. And so, when the producer receives a failed module returned by the user, the ERTM will provide the total elapsed run time experienced by the module up to the point of failure, which is something that otherwise would impossible to know and difficult to estimate. 
         [0055]    Another feature of the present invention is the data compression of data acquired in the module  100 . A data compression algorithm may be implemented in software and executed on the microprocessor  210 . Run length encoding is a preferred data compression technique for environmental data such as temperature which may remain substantially the same value for an extended period of time. One of the lossy data compression techniques of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/499,120 may be employed to retain the most recent readings and less frequent samples of the older readings. A data communications interface circuit  211  may be used to assemble the compressed data into a data packet which can be periodically transferred to the host unit. The data packet may contain the serial number of the module, the time and date of the sample, the type of sample data, and the data itself. 
         [0056]      FIG. 2  is a perspective view of a module being inserted into a receptacle or cage in a host unit. The perspective view of the chassis  250  of the host unit or information system device for receiving a pluggable module according to the present invention depicts receptacles  251 ,  252  adapted for receiving a pluggable module  100 , a cage  253  for securing the module adjacent to a printed circuit card  254 , and an electrical connector  255  connected to the printed circuit card  254  and adapted for receiving the electrical connector  256  associated with the module. The printed circuit card  254  includes power and bus lines  257 , a processor  258 , and associated components such as memory  259 . An optical cable connector  259  is employed to connect module  100  to the host optical cable plant  260 . 
         [0057]      FIG. 3  is a highly simplified block diagram of certain elements of the module  100 , the host unit  310 , and a portable terminal  315 . In particular, the module  100  includes an EEPROM  301  for temporarily storing parametric data, a serial number ROM  302  which contains the identity of the manufacturer and the manufacturer&#39;s serial number of the module. The sensors  303  acquire the parametric data described in connection with the designation of  FIG. 1 . A PIN or cryptographic key  304  is also provided, which is utilized to verify the authorization of the module, or its validity, to the host unit prior to the module being capable of operation. 
         [0058]    Various manufacturers data, such as date of manufacture, warranty period, service record, etc. may be stored in the module memory area  305 . Control software  306  is provided to coordinate operation of the various stored items and controlling the communication of the stored data to the host unit  310  and the portable terminal  315 . A wireless transmitter  307  provides infrared or RF communication with the portable terminal  315 . 
         [0059]    The host unit  310  is depicted as including a slot or receptacle  251 ,  252  for insertion of the module  100  with an electrical connector  255  in the rear of the case  253  for mating with the electrical connector  256  on the module  100 . In this representation, there is also depicted a set of control and ID lines from each connector  255  connected to an internal bus  312  in the host unit  310 . A power line  256  is also provided in host unit  310  which connects to each connector  255 . 
         [0060]    The portable terminal  315  may preferably include a display  316 , keyboard or data entry buttons  317  (or touch screen display), a processor  318 , memory  319 , and an infrared or RF transceiver  320 . Software  321  is also provided for a variety of operations and applications to be subsequently described. 
         [0061]    One key aspect of the present invention is that operational data associated with the module  100  is collected in the module and transferred to a data collection unit exteriorly of the module. In the embodiment described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/620,317, the data collection unit resides in the host information unit  310  to which the module is connected. In that embodiment, a communications interface is provided in the module to transfer the operational data over the input/output connector directly to the host unit. In  FIG. 1 , the communications IC  211  provides a communications interface. 
         [0062]    In the embodiment of the present invention, the parametric collection means in the module transfers the data either to an active RF transmitter in the module, or a passive programmable RFID transponder in the module. In the first case, the RF transmitter broadcasts the collected data, along with module identification information. In the second case, the collected data is stored in the RFID transponder, which transfers the stored data when interrogated by an RF signal from an external data collection device. 
         [0063]    Short-range wireless communication capability is becoming more widespread in use in a variety of different mobile devices such as portable terminals, cellular phones, personal digital assistants, pagers, MP3 players, and other mobile devices. Such devices may include short-range communication receivers or transceivers, so that the devices have the ability to communicate via RFID, Bluetooth, IEEE 803.11, IEEE 803.15, infrared or other types of short-range communication protocols dependent upon the application and type of receiver or transceiver associated with the mobile device. In one embodiment of the present invention, the portable terminal  315  may be equipped with an RF reader to interrogate and receive information from a transponder, also referred to as an RFID tag in the module  100 . The portable terminal  315  may also be equipped with short-range wireless LAN communication transceivers, so as to be capable of accessing a network for further information and services. 
         [0064]    Passive RFID tags include a small antenna tuned to the interrogating frequency, and do not include a battery or other internal power supply. A small electrical current is induced in the antenna by the incoming radio frequency signal which is coupled to a CMOS integrated circuit in the tag, which is powered up. Most passive tags signal by backscattering the carrier signal from the reader. This means the antenna has to be designed to both collect power from the incoming signal and also to transmit the outbound backscatter signal. Since a passive RFID tag may include a non-volatile EEPROM for storing parametric operational data, the return signal may include the identity of the module and the stored operational data. 
         [0065]    There are a variety of different passive RFID tags that can be used in the present invention. The EPC RFID tags have practical read distances ranging from about 10 cm (4 in.) (ISO14443) up to a few meters (EPC and ISO 18000-6) depending on the chosen radio frequency and antenna design/size. 
         [0066]    In addition to the components noted above, portable terminals may utilize other data entry media such as magnetic stripe cards, RFID tags, biometric sources, SIM devices, smart cards, electronic key access cards, or the like, as well as a printer for providing a display or print-out of the information transmitted and/or received by the terminal. 
         [0067]      FIG. 4  is a top plan view of an embodiment of a portable terminal  315  with a display  316  depicting the various parameters and data that may be acquired in real time from the module by wireless transmission and displayed to the user, who in one application or example may be a maintenance technician located in the vicinity of the host units, and checking on the operational status and condition of the modules  100  associated with a host unit. 
         [0068]    In particular,  FIG. 4  depicts a variety of buttons  317 , a scroll button  318 , used to adjust the display. An example of the type of data that may be displayed when the portable terminal  315  is in communications range with one or more modules  100  includes identification of the host  326 , identification of the port  327 , identification of the module (e.g. by serial number or customer identification number)  328 , identification of the manufacturer of the module  329 , the model number  330 , the current status of operation  324 , elapsed time in use  331 , and one or more other environmental or operational data fields  333 . 
         [0069]      FIG. 5  shows a computer or data communications network as might be employed in multi-site enterprise information systems, and a possible typical configuration or interconnection between a plurality of modules  100  associated with different hosts, several hosts  310  (identified as Host-A, Host-B, and Host-C), a portable or mobile terminal  315 , and an authentication server  406 . In some instances, the modules  100  may be on the same private network  401  as the authentication server  406 . In other cases, the modules  100  may connect directly to the public network  402 , such as the Internet. An Ethernet LAN  500  is associated with Host-A  310 , including an access point  501 . 
         [0070]    Similarly, the authentication server may connect to the Internet  402  or one or more private networks  401 ,  403 . When a module  100  and authentication server are on separate private networks, these private networks may be connected directly together by network equipment (bridge, router, or switch)  405 . 
         [0071]    Alternately, when the module  100  and authentication server  406  are on separate private networks  401 ,  403 , these private networks may first connect to the Internet  402  via network equipment  404 ,  405  in order to form the necessary end-to-end connectivity between the module  100  and the authentication server  406 . 
         [0072]    Moreover, a plurality of authentication servers  406  may be distributed around the network for improved fault tolerance and/or improved speed of access. In the case of a plurality of authentication servers  406 ., these authentication servers will periodically synchronize their databases among themselves. 
         [0073]      FIG. 6  is a flow chart depicting the initialization or encoding of the module during manufacture; in particular, at step  501 , the module is plugged into a test or initialization unit, powered and configured to receive identification and security data; at step  502  the PIN or cryptographic key  304  is externally generated and written into the module, after which the module is removed  503  from the programming setup unit. In addition to including information on the specific customer or class of customer equipment for which the module is authorized to be operative with, the key may cryptographically encrypt the serial number or other manufacturer&#39;s data, with a digital signature or watermark. 
         [0074]      FIG. 7  is a flow chart depicting the operation of the portable terminal  315  in the vicinity of one or more modules  100  in one embodiment of the present invention. As noted above, there may be several modules that are in range of the portable terminal  315 , so the first task of the operation is to determine which of the modules should be analyzed. Step  701  suggests that a list of accessible modules be presented on the display  316 , and the operator may then select one of the modules by identification number by activation of an appropriate key  317  at step  702 . Once the module is selected, the environmental and operational data from the module is downloaded and displayed, at step  703 . 
         [0075]      FIG. 8  is a flow chart which depicts another aspect of the present invention in which the identification, environmental and/or operational data in the module is wirelessly transferred to a network manager for authorization, analysis and/or corrective action. 
         [0076]    The flow chart of  FIG. 8  which describes one embodiment of the operation. At step  801 , sensor data (such as temperature, elapsed time, etc.) is acquired in a module. At step  802 , the acquired data is wirelessly transferred from the module to an access point, a wireless terminal connected to a wired network. Since there may be multiple host units in the network, at step  803  the data is transferred from the access point over a LAN to a host unit, and then to the network manager. Step  804  illustrates one of a variety of possible operations by the network manager on the acquired data. In this embodiment, the data is periodically sampled and compared against predetermined operational criteria. Such criteria may be used to determine if the specific module is operating within normal environmental and operational parameters, or subject to occasional stress which may affect reliability or lifetime. Step  805  illustrates an action of the network manager, in the example of the predetermined criteria being exceeded, by sending a signal to the module which results in disabling the module (such as by switching off power to the module). 
         [0077]    Various modifications and improvements of the present invention may also be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Thus, the particular combination of parts described and illustrated herein is intended to represent only certain embodiments of the present invention, and is not intended to serve as limitations of alternate devices within the spirit and scope of the invention. Various aspects of the techniques and apparatus associated with the parametric signal processing aspect of the invention may be implemented in digital circuitry, or in computer hardware, firmware, software, or in combinations of them. Apparatus of the invention may be implemented in computer products tangibly embodied in a machine-readable storage device for execution by a programmable processor, or on software located at a network node or web site which may be downloaded to the transmitter automatically or on demand. The foregoing techniques may be performed by, for example, a single central processor, a multiprocessor, on one or more digital signal processors, gate arrays of logic gates, or hardwired logic circuits for executing a sequence of signals or program of instructions to perform functions of the invention by operating on input data and generating output. The methods may advantageously be implemented in one or more computer programs that are executable on a programmable system including at least one programmable processor coupled to receive data and instructions, from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a data storage system, at least one in/out device, and at least one output device. Each computer program may be implemented in a high-level procedural or object-oriented programming language, or in assembly or machine language if desired; and in any case, the language may be compiled or interpreted language. Suitable processors include by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors. Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from read-only memory and/or random access memory. Storage devices suitable for tangibly embodying computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, including by way of example, semiconductor devices, such as EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM disks. Any of the foregoing may be supplemented by or incorporated in, specifically designed application-specific integrated circuits (ASICS). 
         [0078]    It will be understood that each of the elements described above, or two or more together, also may find a useful application in other types of constructions differing from the types described above. 
         [0079]    While the invention has been illustrated and described as embodied in a module and network manager for an optical communications network, it is not intended to be limited to the details shown, since various modifications and structural changes may be made without departing in any way from the spirit of the present invention. 
         [0080]    Without further analysis, the foregoing will so fully reveal the gist of the present invention that others can, by applying current knowledge, readily adapt it for various applications without omitting features that, from the standpoint of prior art, fairly constitute essential characteristics of the generic or specific aspects of this invention and, therefore, such adaptations should and are intended to be comprehended within the meaning and range of equivalence of the following claims.