Abstract:
An illumination apparatus includes a semiconductor laser providing light-output in first and second mutually perpendicular axes. The light-output propagates in a direction mutually perpendicular to the first and second axes. An optical system is arranged cooperative with the semiconductor laser to focus the light-output inn the first and second axes at respectively first and second focal points spaced apart in the propagation direction. At a plane intersecting the first focal point perpendicular to the direction of propagation, the focussed diode-laser light-output is formed into a line of light having a width in the first axis and a length in the second axis.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates in general to optical systems for shaping illumination from a diode-laser. The invention relates in particular to an optical system for projecting light from a diode-laser into a narrow line. 
     DISCUSSION OF BACKGROUND ART 
     Diode-lasers are commonly used as sources of illumination in various graphics applications such as display systems, optical printing systems and optical recording systems. For such applications many optical systems have been devised to optically shape the characteristic astigmatic light output of a diode-laser into a symmetrical anastigmatic form that can be focussed into an biaxially symmetrical spot or illuminating area. By way of example, a very small, uniform spot of light projected from a diode-laser can be used to record correspondingly small spots on a light sensitive medium. A plurality of small spots recorded over an area can be used to record a graphic image or pattern. A line of small spots in a particular sequence and spacing can be used to optically record data. 
     There are other applications for diode-laser illumination which would be possible if the diode-laser light could be projected into the form of a fine line having a width no greater than about 6.0 micrometers (μm). Such applications include laser microwelding and laser machine alignment. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In one aspect, the present invention is directed to providing an illumination apparatus for projecting the light-output of a semiconductor-laser into a fine line. The line preferably has a width less than about 6.0 μm. One preferred embodiment of the inventive apparatus includes a semiconductor-laser providing light output in first and second mutually perpendicular axes. The light-output propagates in a direction mutually perpendicular to the first and second axes. The inventive apparatus includes an optical system arranged cooperative with the semiconductor-laser to focus the light-output in the first and second axes at respectively first and second focal points spaced apart in the propagation direction. At a plane intersecting the first focal point perpendicular to the direction of propagation, the focused semiconductor-laser light-output is formed into a line of light having a width in the first axis and a length in the second axis. 
     Preferably the first focal point is closer to the optical system than the second focal point. The diode laser may be a semiconductor laser emitting light-output having a different divergence in characteristic fast and slow axes. The fast and slow axes correspond to above discussed first and second axes respectively. The semiconductor laser may be a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). Such a laser has an essentially symmetrical light-output, in which case the above-discussed first and second axes correspond to respectively Y and X axes of the optical system. 
     In one preferred embodiment, the optical system includes first, second and third lenses spaced apart in consecutive numerical order in the direction of propagation. The first and third lenses each have positive dioptric power in both the first and second axes. The second lens has zero dioptric power in the first axis and positive dioptric power in the second axis. The first lens is spaced apart from the semiconductor laser by a distance equal to about its focal length. The second lens is spaced apart from the third lens by a distance greater than the second-axis focal length. The third lens has a focal length greater than the focal length of the first lens,and the second lens has a second-axis focal length greater than the focal length of the third lens. The first focal point is closer to the optical system than the second focal point 
     In one example of the inventive line-illumination system incorporating the above-exemplified optical system the semiconductor is a single-mode edge-emitting diode laser. A line of light having a width of about 3.0 μm is projected at a distance of about 0.23 inches from the optical system. The projected line of light has a length of about 170.0 μm. The first and second back-focal lengths of the optical system are about 0.23 and 0.80 inches respectively. The 3.0 μm line-width and all other line-widths referred to herein are the widths measured at across the 1/e2 points of the lines. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, schematically illustrate a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and together with the general description given above and the detailed description of the preferred embodiment given below, serve to explain the principles of the invention. 
     FIG. 1 schematically illustrates astigmatic light-output of an edge-emitting diode laser. 
     FIGS. 2A and 2B schematically illustrate a preferred embodiment of a diode-laser line-illuminating system in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 3 schematically illustrates one preferred method of using the laser of FIGS.  2 A and  2 B. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Turning now to the drawings, FIG. 1 schematically illustrates an example of light output from an edge-emitting diode laser  10 . Diode-laser  10  is supported on a mount or heat sink  12 . Diode-laser light-output is emitted as beam  14  from an output aperture  16 . For diode-laser emitting at about 638 nanometers (nm), output aperture  16  has a height of about 1.0 micrometers (μm) and a width which may be between about 3.0 and 4.0 μm for a single-mode diode-laser and about 80 μm or more for a multimode diode-laser. 
     Beam  14  diverges in a slow (horizontal) axis X (see rays  14 X), aligned with the width of aperture  16 , at an included angle of about 8.0°,and diverges in a fast (vertical) axis Y (see rays  14 Y), perpendicular to slow axis X, at an included angle of about 31.0°. Beam  14  propagates generally along an axis Z mutually perpendicular to the X and Y-axes. A result of the differing divergence is that beam  14  appears to originate in the fast axis at a point  18  in diode-laser  10  relatively close to output aperture  16  thereof, while in the slow axis appearing to originate at a point  20  further into diode-laser  10 . The astigmatism of beam may be quantified as the distance D between points  18  and  20 . Distance D may vary from about 6.0 μm for a single-mode diode-laser to about 50.0 μm for a multimode diode-laser. 
     Referring now to FIG.  2 A and FIG. 2B, one preferred embodiment  22  of a diode-laser line-illuminating system in accordance with the present invention includes a diode-laser  10  and an optical system  24  for shaping light-output (beam  14 ) of the diode-laser. 
     FIGS. 2A and 2B depict illumination system  22  in respectively the slow axis and fast axis thereof. Optical system  24  includes a first axially symmetric lens  26  having positive dioptric power; a cylindrical lens  28  which has positive dioptric power in the slow axis only, and a second axially symmetric lens  30  having positive dioptric power. The term axially symmetric as used herein means having the same dioptric power in both fast and slow axes. Preferably lens  30  has a longer effective focal length than that of lens  26 . Lens  28  has a longer focal length than that of lens  30 . 
     Lens  26  preferably has an effective focal length significantly greater than the largest anticipated astigmatism in diode-laser  10 , for example, more than an order of magnitude greater. Lens is located at a distance about equal to its effective focal length from diode-laser  10 . Lens  26  effectively collimates beam  14  in both the fast and slow axes. The term “effectively collimates” here recognizes that the astigmatism of beam  14  is not corrected by lens  26 . Lens  28 , in the slow axis brings the collimated beam to an intermediate focus IF between lens  28  and lens  30 , while in the fast axis the beam remains collimated. Lens  30  receives a diverging beam in the slow axis and a collimated beam in the fast axis. Accordingly, light in the fast axis is brought to a sharp focus FA and light in the slow axis is brought to a focus FB further removed from exit face  30 B of lens  30  than focus FA. A result of this is that in an X-Y plane (dotted line  32  in FIGS. 2A and 2B) at focus FA there is a line of light L having a width in the fast axis defined by the fast axis focal-spot size and a length in the slow axis defined by the beam width W in the slow axis at distance A from exit-face  30 B of lens  30 . The ratio between the beam width in the slow axis and the focal-spot size in the fast axis should be at least 20:1 and preferably 50:1. 
     Distances A and B of foci FA and FB respectively may be referred to as the back-focal lengths of optical system  24  in respectively the fast and slow axes. Clearly optical system  24  has a shorter back focal length in the slow axis than it has in the fast axis, i.e., the dioptric power of optical system  24  is greater in the fast axis than in the slow axis. The difference between distances A and B can be defined as the extent to which optical system  24  is astigmatic and is significantly greater than the astigmatism of beam  14  as it is emitted from aperture  16  of diode-laser  10 . Preferably B is at least about two times greater than A 
     In one example of line-illuminator  22 , diode-laser  10  is a single-mode, edge-emitting diode-laser. Such a diode laser is commercially available as part number HL6720G from the Hitachi Corporation of Japan. Lens  26  is a convex-convex lens having a numerical aperture of 0.55 and an effective focal length of 4.51 millimeters (mm). Convex surface  26 B of lens  26  is aspheric for reducing spherical aberration. Such a lens is commercially available as part number 350230 from Geltec, Inc. of Orlando, Fla. Convex surface  26 A of lens  26  is located with its principal plane at about one focal length from aperture  16  of diode-laser  10 . Lens  28  is a plano-convex cylindrical lens having an effective focal length of 50.0 mm and is located with convex surface  28 A thereof at a distance of about 9.1 mm from convex surface  26 B of lens  26 . Lens  30  is a convex-convex lens having a numerical aperture of about 0.5 and an effective focal length of 8.0 mm. Convex surface  30  of lens  26  is also aspheric for reducing spherical aberration. Such a lens is commercially available as part number 350240 from Geltec, Inc. of Orlando, Fla. Surface  30 A of lens  30  is located at a distance of 61 mm from plano surface  28 B of lens  28 . Line of light L in plane  32  has a width of about 3 μm across the 1/e 2  points and a length of about 170.0 μm for an aspect ratio of greater than 50:1. 
     In a method of using the illumination apparatus  22  an object to be illuminated is placed in plane  32  at focal point FA to be illuminated with line of light L. This is schematically depicted in FIG. 3, wherein illumination system  22  and plane  32  are illustrated in perspective form. For simplicity, optical system  24  is schematically depicted as being contained in a housing  25 . First and second axis rays  14 X and  14 Y focussed by the optical system are illustrated as they emerge from exit face  30 B of lens  30 . Diode-laser  10  is schematically depicted in an arrangement wherein it is contained in a housing  11 , having leads  13  extending therefrom for connecting power to the diode-laser. This arrangement is typical of commercially available diode-lasers. An object could be held stationary while being illuminated. Alternatively, an extended object could be translated through plane  32  while being illuminated. This could be done for example to illuminate a flowing liquid medium in a capillary tube or the like, or to record an extended “track” on a moving photosensitive recording medium. In such cases, motion would be in the direction of line L, i.e., in the direction of the X-axis as indicated by double arrows X. 
     The above described arrangement of optical system  24  relative to diode laser  10  is but one example of an optical system in accordance with the present invention. Those skilled in the art may devise other optical systems of more or less lenses or optical elements without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. By way of example, optical system may be shortened by using a lens having negative dioptric power as  28 . Some increase in line width, however, may be experienced. 
     Further it should be noted that while the present invention has been described as including an edge-emitting diode-laser (semiconductor-laser) having an astigmatic light-output, principles of the invention are equally applicable to a vertical-cavity surface-emitting semiconductor-laser (VCSEL) which is known to have an essentially an astigmatic light-output. 
     The present invention has been described in terms of a preferred and other embodiments. The invention is not limited, however, to the embodiments described and depicted, rather the invention is limited only by the claims appended hereto.