Abstract:
The invention relates to a method, system and computer program useful for producing a product, such as a microelectronic device, for example in an assembly line, where the production facility includes parallel production of assembly lines of products on identically configured chambers, tools and/or modules. Control is provided between such chambers. Behaviors of a batch of wafers (or of each wafer) are collected as the first batch (or each wafer) is processed by one of the identically configured chambers in one assembly line to produce the microelectronic device. The information relating to the behavior is shared with a controller of another one (or more) of the identically configured chambers, process tools and/or modules, to provide an adjustment of the process tool and thereby to produce a second batch (or next wafer) which is substantially identical, within tolerance, to the first batch (or wafer).

Description:
CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/365,782 filed Mar. 21, 2002, expressly incorporated herein by reference; and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/298,878 filed Jun. 19, 2001, expressly incorporated herein by reference. 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   The present invention concerns computer-implemented and/or computer assisted methods, systems and mediums for enabling improved control (e.g., parallel control) during advanced process control. More specifically, one or more embodiments of the present invention relate to enhanced control of the processing of products, such as semi-conductor wafers, on comparably configured processing devices, such as chambers, utilizing behavior information. 
   2. Related Art 
   Microelectronic products, such as semi-conductor chips, are fabricated in foundries. In a foundry, batches of products are typically fabricated in parallel on assembly lines using identically configured components such as, e.g., chambers, tools, and modules (e.g., a grouping of tools). The intention is that these assembly lines will produce batches of identical products. Typically, each of these products are made by utilizing a multitude of recipes, where each recipe may be thought of as a set of predefined process parameters required to effectuate a processing outcome. 
   It is also often the case that a batch of products, such as a small lot of specialized chips, are produced, and then the next batch of the same type of product is produced minutes, hours, days, weeks or even months later. This later parallel batch could be produced on the same or different assembly line. Despite the time lapse, it is intended that the products in these batches will be identical. 
   Though it may be desired that, in the situations mentioned above, the results of a particular recipe (and, where the sum total of the recipes are the same, the final products themselves) be identical from batch to batch, this in fact might not necessarily occur. One reason is because differences in the raw materials that are used from one batch of wafers to another may emerge. For example, one shipment of a raw material may contain chemical impurities that do not exist in a subsequent shipment. 
   Another reason for lack of identical results concerns those situations where the manufacture of two different products happens to involve the use of at least one recipe in common (but where, e.g., the recipes used prior to the common recipe for each product differs). Though two different end products may be the ultimate goal, it is still desirable for the specific common recipe to have the same specific result when used in the course of manufacturing each of the two products. However, in reality, the effect of the common recipes may differ somewhat, due to the fact that the processing tools had, prior to the common recipe steps, been performing different tasks in the course of manufacturing each of the two products. E.g., prior to implementing the common recipe, a tool manufacturing product X may have been tasked to provide a relatively deep etch, whereas a tool manufacturing product Y may have been tasked to provide a relatively shallow etch prior to implementing the common recipe. Thus, the ability of a processing tool to reset itself to perform a specific task may be affected by the type of task it had previously been performing. 
   When situations such as those mentioned above occur and cause the tools to produce results not otherwise desired by the recipes, techniques exist to allow appropriate modifications to be made to the tool settings. However, if one were to contemplate conveying those modification settings to, e.g., other tools on another assembly line making the same product, a problem one would encounter is that each component of an assembly line, e.g., chambers, tools and modules, is adjusted separately and independently, even though the same product is being fabricated in parallel on another assembly line. While modifications made to one tool or chamber on, e.g., one assembly line could be manually matched in another tool or chamber on, e.g., another assembly line (or re-used on the same assembly line at a later time), no method or process currently exists to provide for automated communication of the modification. These types of communication problems also exist with regard to components on the same assembly line, as well as sub-components on the same component (and even regarding use of the same component or sub-component at different times). 
   Consequently, what is needed is an improved scheme for capturing desired behaviors (e.g., parameter settings) of components, and communicating those behaviors to other (and/or later used) components to, e.g., improve consistency of the results of given recipes (or other instruction-based entities). 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention addresses the deficiencies of the conventional technology described above by, e.g., capturing behaviors of one or more assembly line components, and communicating those behaviors to appropriate components of, e.g., other assembly lines within a foundry to, e.g., improve the consistency of the results of a given recipe(s) from use to use. Thus, aspects of the present invention provide for a better form of control among comparably configured processing devices handling parallel workstreams. Accordingly, one or more embodiments of the present invention provide for sharing and/or reuse of behavior information for better control of, e.g., foundry components, even when parallel processing is spaced apart time wise. 
   It is envisioned (by one or more embodiments of the present invention) that the present invention can be used in the production of a micro-electronic device using a series of “parallel” assembly lines, where each assembly line includes one or more entities being and/or containing one or more components (e.g., chambers, tools and/or modules) that are configured identically to components of at least one other assembly line. In operation, for example, the component behaviors and the model and/or recipe parameters for converging the results of processing are collected as a first batch is processed by one of a number of components in an assembly line to produce at least one type of micro-electronic device. The information relating to the collected behavior is then shared among identically configured components in another assembly line to produce a second batch of that type of micro-electronic device(s). In one or more embodiments of the present invention, the aforementioned second batch may also be produced later in time (using the behaviors and model parameters collected during production of the first batch) by one or more components of the same assembly line (or same stand-alone component) as produced the first batch. The present invention also provides, according to one or more embodiments, for extrapolating model parameters for a portion of the assembly line, such as one of the processing devices, to a product (whether same, similar or different) with a similar initial model for that part of the assembly line. 
   In accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention, there are provided methods, systems and computer programs for converging, to a target setting, results generated by one or more semi-conductor processing entities including (or itself acting as the) at least one comparably configured component. The present invention includes collecting data representative of one or more behaviors of at least one of the one or more processing entities, said one or more behaviors being collected in the course of the results of the one or more processing entities converging to (or attempting to maintain proximity with) the target setting. The present invention also includes sharing information relating to the data representative of the one or more behaviors with the one or more processing entities from which the data was collected, wherein the sharing of the information facilitates the one or more processing entities receiving the data to converge to (or to attempt to maintain proximity with) the target setting. 
   In accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention, the sharing of the information is performed on a wafer-to-wafer basis, and/or performed on a run-to-run basis. 
   Collecting data may optionally include measuring the at least one device on a metrology tool. Converging may optionally include adjusting a process parameter for at least one of the comparably configured components subsequent to measuring of the at least one device and prior to processing of a next device. 
   According to one or more embodiments of the present invention, collecting data includes measuring the at least one device in a batch of devices on a metrology tool, and sharing includes adjusting a process parameter for at least one of the comparably configured components subsequent to measuring of the batch and prior to processing of a next batch. 
   According to one or more embodiments of the present invention, the comparably configured components are on a same semi-conductor processing entity; and/or the comparably configured components are on at least two semi-conductor processing entities. 
   Optionally, the adjustment is performed on a same processing entity at substantially different processing times. Optionally, the adjustment is performed on a different processing entity, at a substantially different processing time and/or a substantially same processing time. 
   Optionally, sharing includes modifying a recipe for at least one of the comparably configured components subsequent to measuring of the batch and prior to processing of a next batch. 
   Optionally, the semi-conductor processing entity includes an integrated metrology tool, and/or a separate metrology tool is provided for the semi-conductor processing entity. 
   According to one or more embodiments of the present invention, the at least one semiconductor processing entity may be controlled from a controller. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The above mentioned and other advantages and features of the present invention will become more readily apparent from the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings, in which: 
       FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating an example process tool without advanced process control, with stand-alone metrology. 
       FIG. 2  is a block diagram of an example process tool without advanced process control, with integrated metrology. 
       FIG. 3  is a block diagram of an example process tool with advanced process control, using stand-alone metrology. 
       FIG. 4  is a block diagram of an example process tool with advanced process control, having integrated metrology. 
       FIG. 5  is a block diagram of processing devices used for one or more embodiments of the present invention used in connection with chamber and tool matching on a run-to-run basis. 
       FIG. 6  is a block diagram of processing devices used for one or more embodiments of the present invention in connection with chamber and tool matching on wafer-to-wafer basis. 
       FIG. 7  is a block diagram illustrating one or more alternative and/or overlapping embodiments of the present invention used in connection with various process tools. 
       FIG. 8  is a plan view block diagram showing an example of a tool cluster with chambers, for use in connection with the one or more embodiments of the present invention. 
       FIG. 9  is a line graph illustrating test results of one or more embodiments of the present invention used for chamber matching on processing stations running a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) undoped silicate glass (USG) process. 
       FIG. 10  is a line graph illustrating test results of one or more embodiments of the present invention in connection with chamber matching on processing stations running a subatmospheric chemical vapor deposition (SACVD) USG process. 
       FIG. 11  is a block diagram illustrating inputs used to model a process for use in connection with one or more embodiments of the present invention, together with outputs. 
       FIG. 12  is a line graph illustrating simulated results of one or more embodiments of the present invention in connection with chamber matching on processing stations running Black Diamond (™) film on a PECVD processor showing open loop vs. closed loop runs. 
       FIG. 13  is a line graph illustrating simulated predicted results for use of one or more embodiments of the present invention in connection with a closed-loop run of Black Diamond (™) film on the PECVD processor. 
       FIG. 14  is a block diagram illustrating one process tool for use in connection with one or more embodiments of the present invention. 
       FIG. 15  is a block diagram illustrating two process tools for use with one or more embodiments of the present invention. 
       FIG. 16  is a block diagram illustrating a process tool communicating with a controller for use in connection with one or more embodiments of the present invention. 
       FIG. 17  is a block diagram illustrating multiple peer process tools controlled by a controller for use in connection with one or more embodiments of the present invention. 
       FIG. 18  is a block diagram illustrating multiple process tools, including different types of peers, controlled by a controller for use with one or more embodiments of the present invention. 
       FIG. 19  is a block diagram illustrating a process module and various applications of one or more embodiments of the present invention. 
       FIG. 20  is a block diagram illustrating process module level control for use in connection with one or more embodiments of the present invention. 
       FIG. 21  is a flow chart illustrating a portion of the control processing in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   The following detailed description includes many specific details. The inclusion of such details is for the purpose of illustration only and should not be understood to limit the invention. Throughout this discussion, similar elements are referred to by similar numbers in the various figures for ease of reference. In addition, features in one embodiment may be combined with features in other embodiments of the invention. 
   A process control system, such as a semi-conductor fabrication plant, may include process tools each perhaps with multiple chambers, wherein each of the chambers is intended to work in parallel on a stream of products, to produce essentially identical products or products where at least some of the processing is essentially identical. One or more embodiments of the present invention concern matching (e.g., imparting the behavior information of one component to another component) between one or more comparably configured components (e.g., chambers on one or more process tools) where products are processed in parallel. One or more embodiments of the present invention also provides for matching where the products are processed at different times, perhaps on the same or different process tool(s). The designation “parallel” is used to indicate that two (or more) streams of products are being subjected to at least some comparable processing (e.g., parallel assembly lines), whether at more or less the same time or at different times. 
     FIGS. 1 and 2  are block diagrams illustrating process tools  101 ,  201 . Each has multiple chambers  103 , each of which may process one or more wafers. The process tool  101  in  FIG. 1  has a separate, stand alone metrology tool  105 . 
   A batch of wafers processed by the process tool  101  is measured by the metrology tool  105  for specification compliance after processing of the batch is completed. On the other hand, the process tool  201  of  FIG. 2  incorporates a metrology tool  203 ; wafers may be measured by the incorporated metrology tool  203  as they are processed in the process tool  201  without necessarily awaiting completion of processing on the batch. 
   With some process control to control and/or coordinate the configuration of the chambers  103 , matching of the desired configurations and/or output of the chambers  103  becomes possible. The closer that the process control is integrated into the processing, the faster the chambers  103  can be matched. The ability to control the configuration of chambers  103 , regardless of the tool  101 ,  201  on which they are located, renders the tool  101 ,  201  essentially invisible to the process of chamber matching. 
     FIGS. 3 and 4  illustrate process tools  301 ,  401  with advanced process control (APC)  303  (or some portion thereof) integrated therein. Chamber matching can be done on the process tool  301  in  FIG. 3  on a run-to-run basis, since the metrology tool  105  is separate. However, for the process tool  401  with integrated metrology tool  203 , matching may be done on a wafer-to-wafer basis because each wafer may be measured after processing (if desired) and the result of the measurement may be used to adjust the recipe and/or model parameters for subsequent wafers. 
   Reference is made to  FIGS. 5 and 6 . Alternatively, the system can match one or more comparably configured chambers on different tools; or some combination thereof. Consider an example of two copies of the same tool,  301 ,  401  each having one or more particular chemical vapor deposition (CVD) chambers  103  running a particular CVD process. The present invention according to one or more embodiments will match the performance of one or more of those chambers, even though they may be on different tools. The chambers are configured in a comparable way, so that in respect to their portion of processing on the intended product, each is intended to produce an “identical” (considering tolerances) result. The chambers are “identical” in that they are supposed to perform the same processing, optionally, in a physically different tool. In essence, there are multiple copies of the same tool and/or chamber working in parallel on different batches of chips. 
   The match could be at the chamber level or it could be at the tool level. That is, it could be matching just a chamber, it could be matching any two or more chambers on the same tool or any two or more chambers on different tools or the same chamber on the same tool at a later time, providing they are the same kind of chamber running the same kind of process. Also, one can match the whole tool performance to two (or more) separate tools of the same type, provided they are identical copies. 
   Reference is made to  FIG. 5 , one example of where chamber matching may be done on a batch basis. The system will process a batch of wafers in one of the chambers  103  on the process tool  301 , and take them out of the process tool  301  to a stand alone metrology tool  105 , measure them, and enter the measurement results into the APC  303  software. The APC  303  software will determine any adjustments to be made, provide a modified recipe for the next batch of wafers, and then input that recipe into the process tool for the next batch of wafers. 
   Reference is made to  FIG. 6 , which shows one example where chamber matching may be done on a run-to-run basis. In order to make adjustments wafer-to-wafer within a batch, there should be provided a way to measure and/or adjust wafer-to-wafer. In this example, this includes an integrated metrology tool  203  and the APC  303  (or a portion thereof) running on the process tool  401 . 
   The APC  303  provides a program (or communication with a program running on a controller) that is controlling the process on the chambers  103  and/or process tools  401  to be matched. It includes a process that makes recipe adjustments, preferably automatically, and changes set points on the process tool  401 . Preferably, these set points are provided in a table and are based on a simulated outcome from a previous process. They may be predetermined, based on simulations, actual results and/or calculations (as discussed further below). 
     FIGS. 5 and 6  also reference a Separate Module Controller (SMC)  501 . The SMC is implemented, according to one or more embodiments, as hardware and/or software, for enabling connection to and communication of adjustments for matching regarding tools, process modeling and/or process control. The SMC may, for example, be a computer with communications capability. It links two or more process tools, and it provides the communication between the various process tools that are connected to it. Also, the SMC may, for example, be configured so as to communicate with the individual process tools via a remote module controller, or the module controller can be integrated into each tool. The module controller may also include dial in capabilities or may otherwise communicate in any appropriate method with a common server, in order to access the controller software. 
   Reference is made to  FIG. 7 , showing various alternative (and/or overlapping) implementations of a system that may be used in connection with one or more embodiments of the present invention. In the first implementation  701 , the APC is executed on a separate CPU running the APC  703 ; it is not embedded in the tool controller  705  or process tool  707 . An appropiate communications interface, such as for example the standard Semiconductor Equipment Communication Standard (SECS)  725  communication protocol, interfaces between the APC  703  and the tool controller  705 . The APC  703  provides the program (or communication with the program running on a controller) that controls the process(es) on the chambers and/or tools  707  to be matched. 
   The SMC software that performs the actual process control computation, according to these implementations, is on a stand alone computer  713 . The SMC computer  713  is linked, for example such as through a local area network (LAN) or through hardwiring  715  to the process tool  707  and the SMC computer  713  communicates with the tool controller  705  included on the process tool  707 . (Process tools conventionally include some type of a tool controller.) 
   Whether or not the process tool  707  is executing under the APC, the tool controller  705  conventionally provides the ability to run the recipes on the process tool. In the first implementation  701 , the APC  703  is a separate device, physically separated from the process tool  707  and communicating therewith. 
   In the second implementation  709 , the APC  703  is embedded into the process tool  707 . The APC  703  is packaged on the tool, and it communicates on an interface  718  with the tool controller  705  through an application programming interface (API), such as for example a conventional dcom API interface protocol. In the second implementation  709  the API is included in the APC  703 , and the APC  703  is located physically on the process tool  707 . 
   The third implementation  711  may be considered to be an extension of an idea embodied in the second implementation  709 . Here, the separate APC  703  is not provided as a physically separate stand alone hard drive. According to this implementation the APC software advantageously runs on the same hard drive on which the tool controller  705  runs, so that the APC  703  is physically embedded in both the process tool  707  and the tool controller  705 . This presents a more unitary implementation for use in connection with one or more embodiments of the invention. 
   Reference is made to  FIG. 8 , a block diagram of an example process tool  801 . In this example, there are provided three chambers  803  that are on the top and the left and right side (in the plan view). Each chamber  803  includes two processing stations  807  where the wafers sit, so each chamber can process two wafers at a time, on this particular tool. Not all process tools are configured in this manner. The principles discussed here nevertheless apply to other types of process tools. The two stations  807  are referred to as “left” and “right” twins. This particular process tool  801  can be configured with three identical chambers, all depositing the same film, or configured with different chambers, each running a different type of film. The control concepts according to one or more embodiments of the present invention are used to match two or more products produced by two or more selected chambers  803 , and/or left and right twins to each other. A wafer is loaded into a chamber  803  by a loadlock  805 . A number of such process tools can be used in an assembly line. There might be a bank of perhaps five process tools  801  in a row, all running a particular step. These would further be incorporated into several assembly lines. A specific example of a process tool  801  is the Producer (™) from Applied Materials of Santa Clara, Calif. 
   Reference is made to  FIG. 9 , a graph illustrating an example of matching of different processing stations. This data was generated by a Producer (™) tool running a PECVD USG (plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition undoped silicate glass) process, and shows film thickness data. The left station thickness  903  and right station thickness  901  converge to within 20 angstroms after about 15 wafer pairs. The RF (radio frequency) processing time  905 ,  907  in the left  905  and right  907  chambers is adjusted after nine wafer pairs are processed. (An adjustment of the RF processing time will affect the wafer thickness.) There is a target thickness mean, in this case, of 10,000 angstroms, hence, the indicated target film thickness  911  is 10,000 angstroms. The open loop result, i.e., with no process control, is 10,173 angstroms; with process control, the result is 10,003 angstroms. As is illustrated by the graph, without use of the present invention, the mean thickness is 173 angstroms too high. On the other hand, using an embodiment of the present invention, the result is well within tolerances. The standard deviation without the invention is 70, whereas with an embodiment of the invention it is 48, a smaller and therefore more desirable number. 
   As illustrated in  FIG. 9 , embodiments of the invention were used to match the film thickness between the left and right processing station of the same chamber. The chamber had two processing stations internally that were matched using an embodiment of the invention, to match the results of the left processing station with the right station. The results of those two processing stations were brought into convergence toward each other and toward the target results utilizing the invention. This example illustrates one possible use of the invention to do left-to-right matching, within the same chamber. One or more embodiments of the present invention also contemplate chamber-to-chamber matching, and similar results including convergence are anticipated. 
   There are up to three chambers on a typical Producer (™) tool; therefore there are up to six processing stations. So using one or more embodiments of the present invention, one could cause any combination of two or more of those processing stations, even all six processing stations, to converge to the target. Other tools with which the invention might be used might have any number of chambers, with single, double or more wafer processing capacity. The measured stress results are an indication of film integrity. If there is a high stress in the film, the film is more likely to crack or peel or have other defects; hence, typically there is a target stress value as well as a target thickness. There is also a target refractive index (RI) value. While adjusting the thickness under control it is preferable not to negatively affect some other target film property such as stress or RI. 
   The results in the graph of  FIG. 9  confirm that although the thickness is converging to the target value, this did not have any detrimental impact on the stress or the RI. To the contrary, the data shows that the embodiments of the present invention used to generate the data in  FIG. 9  favorably tightened the distribution on both the stress value and RI value as well as the thickness. Use of the invention resulted in data closer to the target results. 
   The left axis of the graph shows thickness measurements in angstroms that are taken from wafer pairs from different matched chambers. The right axis shows processing time consumed for RF processing of each wafer, the processing time being the parameter that is being adjusted. 
   The RF time,  905 ,  907  begins at 71,000 milliseconds. Both left and right RF time  905 ,  907  are the same initially because the invention is operating under open loop conditions and so is not making any adjustments. During open loop conditions, all wafers use the same RF time. When the embodiments of the present invention depicted in  FIG. 9  began running adjustments at wafer pair number  9 , adjustments were made to the RF time between the left and right processing station, and hence the graph shows a difference in processing time. 
   In order to match these two chambers, the system adjusts the right and left RF time  905 ,  907  in the right and left chambers, respectively, to make the selected adjustment. The graph illustrates the right RF time  907  after wafer pair number  9  coming down to 69,400, then oscillating around 69,800 after wafer pair number  16 . The left RF time  905  is still staying up around 70,600 milliseconds after wafer pair number  14 . 
   Still referring to  FIG. 9 , the two sets of data showing right and left thickness  901 ,  903  on the top part of the graph begin with wafer pair number  1 ; there is a difference in thickness, exhibited out to about wafer pair number  13 . The reason for the initial difference is that the system is running in open loop mode for the first ten wafer pairs. When the present embodiments of the invention begin making adjustments at wafer pair number  10 , the thickness measurements converge about three wafers thereafter. Then once it is converged by about wafer pair number thirteen, the two lines, and hence the left and right thickness  901 ,  903  are tracking each other. 
   When new lot  909  is introduced a first wafer effect is created and the system needs to recalibrate itself. This may take two or three wafers. 
   In this particular example, the system can affect the RF time to adjust the film thickness. (RF is a wafer treatment for depositing film wherein the chamber energizes certain gases therein for a period of time to cause the deposition of film on the wafer.) In other types of processing, other model or recipe parameters would be adjusted to achieve desired different results. Although the example of  FIG. 9  is PECVD of USG film, it should be understood that the present invention may be used with any type of process tool and/or other components, with other types of processing, and/or with other adjustments, as would be understood by one of skill in this art, to achieve desired results. However, the invention is not limited to the types of chambers and processing (or other necessary specific results or criteria) which are provided herein by way of example, and these examples are not intended to be exhaustive. 
   Reference is made to  FIG. 10 , illustrating the invention as applied in an example using another alternative embodiment to a different type of process tool, here a Sub-Atmospheric Chemical Vapor Deposition (SACVD) process tool. This example uses a different kind of hardware to deposit the same film, illustrating that one or more embodiments of the present invention can apply to multiple types of processes and multiple types of films. The typical mismatch between the left and right processing station in this example is around 70 angstroms. The graph shows the left-right difference  1001 . The goal is for this difference  1001  to become or approach zero.  FIG. 10  shows the difference  1001  approaching zero after closed loop control is initiated. 
   In this example, the spacing between the wafer and the shower head is being adjusted to achieve the match. In the previous example, time was adjusted to achieve the match. As shown in the graph of  FIG. 10 , the left spacing and right spacing  1005 ,  1007  are essentially the same up to wafer set number  5 , and then they start to deviate. The Best Known Method (BKM) spacing  1003  or the recommended spacing is 300 mils. for either left or right side. In order to achieve a match of film thickness this embodiment of the invention used 303 mil for the left spacing  1005  and 297 mils for the right spacing  1007 . One may observe from this that there are extremely minute but important changes in the wafer position, relative to the shower head such that a small amount of tweaking enables matching. The adjustment is very sensitive. 
   The APC determines the amount of adjustment to be made, according to one or more embodiments, by use of any available model that describes the process. One appropriate model that determines an adjustment is the iAPC configuration option, available from Applied Materials, in connection with tools sold under trademarks including Producer(™), Centura(™), Mirra (™), Reflexion (™) or Endura(™). According to one such model, the first wafer is run on the process tool and then the result is measured on the first wafer; the measured result is entered into the model. The model computes what the result should have been, compares it to the actual result, and determines a different set of processing conditions, if any, that would theoretically meet the target. That information includes an adjustment in the recipe for the next wafer. In the time it takes the robot to move the next wafer into the chamber, the calculations are done, the new recipe set point (including the adjustment) is determined, and the adjustment to the process tool is made. 
   Reference is made to  FIG. 11 . This is a block diagram illustrating typical input parameters and measured output for a Black Diamond (™) (available from Applied Materials) process, used for determining an appropriate adjustment in a recipe. The model  1113  simulates for a given inputted value of RF time  1101 , spacing  1103 , and power  1105 , the resulting film thickness  1107 , stress  1109 , and refractive index  1111 . 
   A unique model is built for each process and subsequently stored and made available for later reference. Hence, the model illustrated here would be different for other devices. For example, the input parameters could differ. On an etch tool, as one example, the typical adjusted parameters could include RF time, power, and/or one or more gas flow rates. There might be three or four or even more different input parameters, and likewise the outputs that are measured will differ. These and other models for determining adjustments are commercially available, as mentioned above. 
   Reference is made to  FIG. 12 , showing a simulated example Black Diamond (™) process, with open loop and closed loop data. This simulation illustrates that closer chamber matching is possible with closed loop control. In this particular example,  351  pairs were run through the simulated invention. A left chamber  1201  and right chamber  1203  are run under open loop conditions  1209 . The left and right mean is 11,000 angstroms, the standard deviation is 120, and the left to right mean in angstroms is 155. In contrast, a left chamber and right chamber  1205 ,  1207  run under closed looped conditions  1211  yield a left and right mean of 11,000 angstroms, a standard deviation of 85, a left to right mean of 1.2 angstroms, and a standard left to right deviation of 99; the left mean is 11,001 angstroms, the standard deviation is 77, the right mean is 11,000 angstroms, and the right standard deviation is 94. 
   Reference is made to  FIG. 13  illustrating a simulated closed loop run, with RF time adjusted, of Black Diamond (™) film thickness. This graph illustrates the right and left time  1301 ,  1303 , as well as the left and right thickness  1305 ,  1307 , under simulated closed loop run conditions. As is illustrated, the left and right mean is 11,000 angstroms, and the standard deviation is 85; the left mean is 11,001 and the left standard deviation is 77, the right mean is 11,000 angstroms, the right standard deviation is 94, the left to right mean is 1.2 angstroms, and the left to right standard deviation is 99. This illustrates that left and right chamber matching is achieved by continuous RF time control. 
   Reference is now made to  FIG. 14 , illustrating a block diagram of a process tool with integrated automatic process control (APC), as envisioned for use with one or more embodiments of the present invention. As is illustrated here, according to one or more embodiments of the present invention, an APC  1417  is included at least in part on a particular process tool  1405 , and is used to optimize the wafer results by controlling operational performance of a process tool  1405 , using model based control. The APC includes data collection, appropriate hardware and software models to enable the process tool to operate as desired. A customer  1401  will supply its desired wafer result target(s)  1403  to the process tool  1405 . The result target(s)  1403  will be incorporated into the processing by the APC  1417 , which will drive the tool controller  1411  in order to obtain the result target. The APC obtains (and/or shares) behavior information and attempts to converge the results of the process tool to the target utilizing the behavior information to adjust the processing parameters. Note that appropriate communications devices may optionally be included, in this illustrated embodiment including generic equipment model (“GEM”)/SECS interface  1415  and/or a graphical user interface (GUI)  1409 . Additionally, if desired, external data  1407  can be taken into account as input by the process tool  1405 . 
   Reference is now made to  FIG. 15 , showing a block diagram of one or more embodiments of the present invention used with an optional separate module control (“SMC”). The SMC contains module level models that provide for automatically setting process tool results targets, for example in a multi-tool environment. As illustrated, multiple process tools  1503  such as smart tools (i.e. having embedded computer intelligence) are included. Each of the process tools  1503  in this example includes an APC  1505 , which enables the process tool  1503  to become part of a process module, and a tool controller  1507 . The APC obtains (and/or shares) behavior information and attempts to converge the results of the process tool to the target utilizing the behavior information to adjust the processing parameters. 
   Reference is now made to  FIG. 16 , a block diagram illustrating top level control for one or more embodiments of the present invention. The process tool  1601  includes a tool controller  1603 , as well as a SECS  1605 , communicating to a cell controller  1609 . The cell controller communicates with other devices via a fab message bus  1607 . Multiple process tools and/or devices of other types may be connected together via a fab message bus. Moreover, the fab message bus may communicate with a fab controller providing overall control over an assembly line. Communications include, inter alia, behavior information used to coverage processing results. The benefits of tool level control are that the tool monitoring is embedded, which allows a high level performance on control. Further, this enables automatic process results, rather than trial-and-error or manual process parameter settings. Additionally, this enables enhanced process tool performance both on a wafer-to-wafer level and a within-wafer level, together with integrated metrology. Standard interfaces may be utilized to allow monitoring of data. Reference is now made to  FIG. 17 , a block diagram illustrating a multiple tool level control over peer process tools that may be used in connection with one or more embodiments of the invention. An SMC  1701  is provided to control multiple peer tools  1705 , that is, process tools of a similar type. As illustrated, these peer tools are capable of being configured in a comparable manner. The SMC  1701  communicates with the peer tools  1705  via a message bus  1707 . This allows for unified control over any porting of models, remote viewing of the process tools, and results matching from chamber to chamber and/or process station to station, regardless of process tool, as well as from tool to tool. The level of commonality of the chambers and the results can be analyzed, preferably by the SMC  1701 . Further, the productivity can be matched and the throughput can be balanced by appropriate control in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. Optionally, the SMC  1701  includes GUI  1703  interface. 
   Reference is made to  FIG. 18 , a block diagram illustrating multiple tool level control that may be used in connection with one or more embodiments of the present invention. Here, the SMC  1701  communicates to the process tools  1805 ,  1807  via the fab message bus  1607  communicating with an APC  1811  on each process tool  1805 ,  1807 . The customer  1803  provides the module target  1801  to the SMC  1701 . The SMC utilizes its typical process models in order to determine the recipes that should be loaded onto each of the process tools  1805 ,  1807 . The SMC can adjust each process tool recipe in order to achieve a particular result target. The SMC can also enable chamber matching across the various different types of process tools  1805 ,  1807 . 
   Reference is now made to  FIG. 19 , a block diagram illustrating a system having a process module application, which may be used with one or more embodiments of the present invention. The illustrated system includes an SMC  1701  with optional GUI  1703 , communicating with various process tools  1911 ,  1913 ,  1915  via a fab message bus  1607 . An assembly line is provided, including a chemical mechanical polisher (“CMP”)  1909 , electrico-chemical platter (“ECP”)  1907  and physical vapor deposition (“PVD”)  1905 . Chambers can be matched across process tools that are of the same type, in order to permit assembly line processing through the CMP, ECP and PVD tools. More or fewer tools, or tools of different types and/or configurations, could be implemented in other embodiments. 
   Reference is now made to  FIG. 20 , a block diagram illustrating a system having process module level control for use in connection with one or more embodiments of the invention. A controller  2001  is provided, in this example, a module server on a computer. The controller  2001  communicates with the process tools  2005  via a fab message bus  1607 , using SECS protocol  2011 . Alternatively, the module server may communicate with the APC  2009  via a network connection such as an Ethernet network  2008 . In this illustration, there are provided multiple process tools  2005  connected directly or indirectly to the controller  2001 . 
   Reference is now made to  FIG. 21 , a flow diagram for one or more embodiments of the invention, showing the processing at the process tool level. This example could be executed, for example, on the processing devices corresponding to that shown in  FIG. 4  and  FIG. 6 . Here, at step  2101 , the process tool obtains a wafer for processing. At step  2103 , the process tool (or controller, such as process tool controller or process controller) checks whether behavior information exists for this process tool. At step  2105 , the process tool (or other controller) checks whether the behavior information is appropriate for this type of processing. The “same type” process could be, for example, the identical processed device, or a same recipe (or recipe combination) used for this processing step even if the ultimate processed device is different. 
   According to one or more embodiments, steps  2103  and  2105  are also executed when the process tool detects that it has switched to processing a new type of device. If for example the process tool was an etch device, it would detect that it received a new family of recipes, as a result of a user instructing the fab as to the family of recipes to use for that step. The etch recipe can then be tuned, if behavior information exists, to the appropriate recipe for the new product. This allows the system to more quickly characterize and optimize the performance of a process tool. 
   The behavior information has been provided in some manner, such as a broadcast from a parallel processing tool, or central storage for example. If there is appropriate behavior information, at step  2107 , the process tool uses the behavior information and parameters to adjust the recipe. By use of behavior information, the process tool “learns” and applies the learning from prior processing that is sufficiently similar or analogous to the current processing. 
   At step  2109 , the process tool processes the wafer in accordance with the recipe, which may have been adjusted to take into consideration available behavior information. At step  2111 , the process tool (or other metrology tool) measures the wafer as usual. At step  2113 , having obtained the metrology results, the process tool obtains a process control computation, probably from the process controller. The process control computation, discussed above, may be provided in any appropriate manner, and is intended to adjust the processing to be closer to specification. Process control computations are available to those skilled in the art. 
   At step  2115 , the process tool determines whether a recipe parameter was adjusted. This could be determined, for example, because the process tool received an adjusted parameter, or received a new recipe. If the recipe parameter was adjusted, the process tool broadcasts the recipe parameter adjustment to parallel process tools at step  2117 . The broadcast could be accomplished, for example, by transmitting the adjusted recipe and/or adjusted recipe parameters to the process controller, which then broadcasts the adjustment to parallel process tools. Alternatively, if the process tools communicate with each other, the adjustment could be broadcast directly to the parallel process tools. As a further alternative, the recipe adjustments (behavior information) could be stored centrally, and could be accessed by each process tool. The adjusted recipe parameter is also stored at the process tool, at step  2119 . The process tool determines whether it is done processing wafers at step  2121 , and if not, it loops back to obtain the next wafer for processing at step  2101 . 
   In connection with the flow chart of  FIG. 21 , it will be noted that conventional methods can be provided for avoiding collisions between behavior information. If there is a collision, for example, the system could take most recent data, or data having results closest to target, or data from highest numbered process tool, or any combination of the foregoing. It is possible to provide for allocation and de-allocation of storage at appropriate points in the flow chart, if more sophistication is desired. Further, it will be appreciated that the broadcast of behavior information could be provided in a number of ways. For example, a simple transmission could be in accordance with any utilized communication protocol between process tools and/or process controller(s). Moreover, a broadcast of behavior information data could be provided to local and/or remote process tools, even over the Internet. Hence the invention is not necessarily limited to use in a single fab, and indeed the broadcast data could be transmitted among multiple fabs and/or customers and/or users if desired. 
   While this invention has been described in conjunction with the specific embodiments outlined above, many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the preferred embodiments of the invention as set forth are intended to be illustrative and not limiting. Various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims. 
   The invention has been described in connection with specific process tools, although other examples of process tools have been provided. It is not intended to limit the invention to these specified process tools. More specifically, this invention is intended to accommodate any process tool, including any type of process tool used in manufacturing semi-conductors. 
   As another example, the advanced process control may be implemented on a general purpose computer or on a specially programmed computer. It may also be implemented as a distributed computer system, rather than a single computer system. Further, some of the distributed systems might include embedded systems; the programming may be distributed among processing devices and/or metrology tools and/or other parts of the process control system. 
   Similarly, the processing may be controlled by software on one or more computer systems and/or processors and/or process tools, or could be partially or wholly implemented in hardware. Moreover, the advanced process control may communicate directly or indirectly with relevant metrology tools and processing tools, or the metrology tools and processing tools may communicate directly or indirectly with each other and the advanced process control. 
   Further, the invention has been described as being implemented on a closed network. It is possible that the invention could be implemented over a more complex network, such as an Intranet, the Internet, or it could be implemented on a single computer system. Moreover, portions of the system maybe distributed (or not) over one or more computers, and some functions maybe distributed to other hardware, such as tools, and still remain within the scope of the invention.