Abstract:
A method, system and computer program product for (1) collecting information from a remote application unit and/or (2) diagnosing or controlling the remote application unit. By supporting dynamic generation of multiple data formats and/or multiple communication protocols, a computer code device increases the likelihood that a supported format and/or protocol will be either receivable or understandable by a receiver without having to pre-generate the protocol or format processor. By utilizing a shareable computer code device (e.g., a dynamic linked library), a new application can utilize tested, proven code without having to reproduce existing functionality.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   The present application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/453,935, filed May 17, 2000. The present application is related to the following U.S. applications and patents: Ser. No. 09/453,934 filed 2000-05-17; Ser. No. 09/453,936 filed 2000-05-17; Ser. No. 09/453,937 filed 2000-05-17; Ser. No. 09/440,692 filed 1999-11-16; Ser. No. 09/440,647 filed 1999-11-16, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,662,225; Ser. No. 09/440,646 filed 1999-11-16; Ser. No. 09/440,693 filed 1999-11-16; Ser. No. 09/440,645 filed 1999-11-16; Ser. No. 09/408,443 filed 1999-09-29, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,631,247; Ser. No. 09/407,769 filed 1999-09-29, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,581,092; Ser. No. 09/393,677 filed 1999-09-10; Ser. No. 09/311,148 filed 1999-05-13; Ser. No. 09/192,583 filed 1998-11-17; Ser. No. 09/190,460 filed 1998-11-13, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,208,956; Ser. No. 08/883,492 filed 1997-06-26; Ser. No. 09/108,705 filed 1998-07-01; Ser. No. 09/107,989 filed 1998 Jul. 1, now allowed; Ser. No. 08/997,482 filed 1997-12-23, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,085,196; Ser. No. 08/997,705 filed 1997-12-23, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,279,015; Ser. No. 08/738,659 filed 1996-10-30; Ser. No. 08/738,461 filed 1996-10-30; Ser. No. 09/457,669 filed 1999-12-09; Ser. No. 08/916,009 filed 1997-08-20, now abandoned; Ser. No. 07/902,462 filed 1992-06-19; Ser. No. 07/549,278 filed 1990-07-06; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,908,493; 5,887,216; 5,818,603; 5,819,110; 5,774,678; 5,649,120; 5,568,618; 5,544,289; 5,537,554; and 5,412,779. The contents of each of those applications and patents is incorporated herein by reference. 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Description of Related Art 
   With the rise of microprocessor-based appliances and devices, software development has clearly become a significant business. In evaluating and supporting the appliances and devices, it may be beneficial to monitor exactly how events in the appliance and device occur and how the states are changing. An example of events is an action caused by user interaction with an appliance. It may be helpful for a software developer to know which commands a user uses most often and how long those commands take to execute. Such an analysis is often referred to as “profiling.” (Analogous analysis was performed on instructions in instruction sets to develop reduced instruction set computing (RISC) instructions.) 
   Further, in designing devices with which a human interacts, it may be desirable to monitor how the user interacts with such a device. As an example, it may be desirable to monitor how a user utilizes a control panel of an image forming device such as a photocopier, facsimile machine, printer, scanner, an appliance such as a microwave oven, VCR, digital camera, cellular phone, palm top computer, etc. 
   Further, it may be desirable to monitor the state of the appliances and devices to provide diagnostics, services and maintenances. Some events may be caused by the internal changes within the appliances and devices. Some events may be caused by abnormal conditions such as paper jam in the copiers. Some error conditions and warning conditions may be caused by errors in the software installed in the target appliances and devices. 
   Further, users are increasingly utilizing the Internet. There is significant interest in how users use the Internet, particularly with respect to how users may use certain web pages. Monitoring a user&#39;s usage of the Internet may also become significant. 
   It may also be desirable to determine how a user is utilizing a certain application unit (e.g., a computer running a software application, a device with an interface to be operated by a user, or a web page). The user&#39;s usage of the application unit must be monitored and effectively communicated to a remote party. 
   2. Field of the Invention 
   This invention generally relates to a method and system that can monitor and communicate events using multiple protocols. Each of the plural protocols can be defined through the interface function. 
   BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   One object of the present invention is to provide a novel and effective system for monitoring events of a target application of an application unit. 
   A further object of the present invention is to provide a system for communicating data obtained by monitoring events of a target application of an application unit to a remote party. 
   A further object of the present invention is to provide a system for communicating data obtained by monitoring events of a target application of an application unit to a remote party allowing various data formats and communication protocols to facilitate the communication system configuration and received data analysis. 
   A further object of the present invention is to provide a system for communicating data obtained by monitoring events of a target application of an application unit to a remote party allowing various data formats that ease the analyses of received data at the receiving side. 
   A further object of the present invention is to efficiently communicate the monitored event information to a transmission unit. 
   A further object of the present invention is to efficiently verify the combination of the two parameters specifying the format and protocol and to meet the restriction requirement on the second parameter. 
   The present invention achieves these and other objects by monitoring the events of a target application of an application unit. Monitoring examples include (1) monitoring a software program being executed on a computer or workstation under control of a user, (2) monitoring usage of a control panel of an image forming apparatus (e.g., a copying machine, printer, facsimile, or scanner), an appliance (e.g., a microwave oven, VCR, digital camera, cellular phone, or palm top computer), (3) monitoring any internal state changes such as error conditions and warning conditions within appliances, devices and any systems and sending the results when requested or when events occur or when preset time interval occurs, (4) externally monitoring states of appliances, devices or system by polling at regular interval, and (5) generally monitoring any other device or service. The data obtained by monitoring events of a target application of an application unit, appliance, or device can, as a further feature in the present invention, be collected, logged and communicated to a desired location by a store-and-forward protocol (e.g., Internet e-mail) or a “direct” connection protocol in which a socket connection is made to an ultimate destination machine (e.g., using FTP or HTTP). The use of store-and-forward communication reduces the costs associated with communicating such data. The data can be communicated to the desired location at several instances. Such instances include each time a user exits a target application, or after a predetermined number of times that a user has utilized and exited the target application of the application unit. If the configuration allows and if necessary, the direct connection between the monitored application and the monitoring system can be established in addition to the store-and-forward communication. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     A more complete appreciation of the present invention and many of the attendant advantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
       FIG. 1  illustrates three networked business office machines connected to a network of computers and databases through the Internet; 
       FIG. 2  illustrates the components of a digital image forming apparatus; 
       FIG. 3  illustrates the electronic components of the digital image forming apparatus illustrated in  FIG. 2 ; 
       FIG. 4  illustrates details of the multi-port communication interface illustrated in  FIG. 3 ; 
       FIG. 5  illustrates an alternative system configuration in which business office devices are either connected directly to the network or connected to a computer which is connected to the network; 
       FIG. 6A  illustrates in block diagram format the flow of information to and from an application unit using electronic mail; 
       FIG. 6B  illustrates an alternative way of communicating using electronic mail in which the computer which is connected to the application unit also serves as a message transfer agent; 
       FIG. 6C  illustrates an alternative way of communicating using electronic mail in which an application unit includes a message transfer agent for exchanging electronic mail; 
       FIG. 6D  illustrates an alternative way of communicating using electronic mail in which a mail server acts as POP 3 server to receive mail for an Appliance/Device and as an SMTP server to send mail for Appliance/Device; 
       FIG. 7  illustrates an alternative manner of sending messages across the Internet; 
       FIG. 8  illustrates an exemplary computer which may be connected to the device and used to communicate electronic mail messages; 
       FIG. 9  is a block diagram illustrating connections between a monitoring and logging subsystem, a communications subsystem and a target application of an application unit in the present invention; 
       FIG. 10  shows a first example of an application unit to which the present invention can be applied; 
       FIG. 11  shows a second example of an application unit to which the present invention can be applied; 
       FIG. 12A  shows the general architecture of the system; 
       FIG. 12B  is an exemplary EventData class interface for use in the architecture of  FIG. 12A ; 
       FIG. 12C  is an exemplary FormattedEventData class interface for use in the architecture of  FIG. 12A ; 
       FIG. 13  shows the calling sequence of the interface functions from application software within application unit, appliance or device; 
       FIG. 14  shows the processing when the Application software instructs DLL to stop monitoring and send the monitored information with the specified format(s) using the specified protocol(s); 
       FIG. 15  shows the data structure used for intelligent formatting; 
       FIGS. 16A and 16B  shows the source code that implements the processing shown in  FIG. 14 ; 
       FIG. 17  shows the data structure to handle the intelligent protocol processing with caching of the processing function; 
       FIGS. 18A through 18D  show a Processor Builder class according to one embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 19  shows the processing when the Application software instructs the system to use the specified format and protocol to transmit the monitored data; 
       FIG. 20  shows the class structure to keep track of the combination of format and protocols; 
       FIG. 21  shows the processing of two parameters passed by the Application software through the System Manager computer code device; 
       FIG. 22  shows the processing to get a format parameters and associated list of protocols after checking the restriction on the protocol; 
       FIGS. 23A and 23B  are class specification of CFormatProtocol_InformationBase class that interface with the System Manager computer code device; 
       FIGS. 24A and 24B  are class specification of CFormatProtocolCombinationCheck class to verify the combination of format and protocol; and 
       FIGS. 25A ,  25 B and  25 C are class specification of CProtocolRestrictionCheck class where the steps in the oneFormatRestriction function shows the process to modify the map structure. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   Referring now to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate identical or corresponding parts throughout the several views,  FIG. 1  illustrates (1) various machines and (2) computers for monitoring, diagnosing and controlling the operation of the machines. In  FIG. 1 , there is a first network  16 , such as a Local Area Network (LAN) connected to computer workstations  17 ,  18 ,  20  and  22 . The workstations can be any type of computers including IBM Personal Computer compatible devices, Unix-based computers, or Apple Macintoshes. Also connected to the network  16  are (1) a digital image forming apparatus  24 , (2) a facsimile machine  28 , and (3) a printer  32 . As would be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, two or more of the components of the digital image forming apparatus  24  and the facsimile machine  28  can be combined into a unified “image forming apparatus.” The devices  24 ,  28  and  32  and the workstations  17 ,  18 ,  20  and  22  are referred to as machines or monitored devices and other types of devices may be used as the machines or monitored devices, including any of the devices discussed below. In some configurations, one or more workstations may be converted to business office appliance. One example of such appliance is eCabinet from Ricoh demonstrated at Fall Comdex in 1999 at Las Vegas. Also, a facsimile server (not illustrated) may be connected to the network  16  and have a telephone, ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network), cable or wireless connection. In addition to the digital image forming apparatus  24 , facsimile machine  28 , and printer  32  being connected to the network  16 , these devices may also include conventional telephone and/or ISDN and/or cable and/or wireless connections  26 ,  30  and  34 , respectively. As is explained below, the business office machines, business devices or business office appliances  24 ,  28  and  32  communicate with a remote monitoring, diagnosis and control station, also referred to as a monitoring device, through the Internet via the network  16  or by a direct telephone, ISDN, wireless, or cable connection. 
   In  FIG. 1 , a wide area network (WAN) (e.g., the Internet or its successor) is generally designated by  10 . The WAN  10  can either be a private WAN, a public WAN or a hybrid. The WAN  10  includes a plurality of interconnected computers and routers designated by  12 A- 12 I. The manner of communicating over a WAN is known through a series of RFC documents obtained by HTTP//:www.ietf.org/rfc.html, including RFC 821 entitled “Simple Mail Transfer Protocol”; RFC 822 entitled “Standard for the Format of ARPA Internet Text Message”; RFC 959 entitled “File Transfer Protocol (FTP)”; RFC 2045 entitled “Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies”; RFC 1894 entitled “An Extensible Message Format for Delivery Status Notifications”; RFC 1939 entitled “Post Office protocol—Version 3”; and RFC 2298 entitled “An Extensible Message Format for Message Disposition Notifications.” The contents of each of those references are incorporated herein by reference. 
   TCP/IP related communication is described, for example, in the book “TCP/IP Illustrated,” Vol. 1, The Protocols, by W. R. Stevens, from Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1994, which is incorporated herein by reference. Volumes 1-3 of “Internetworking with TCP/IP” by Corner and Stevens are also incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
   In  FIG. 1 , a firewall  50 A is connected between the WAN  10  and the network  16 . A firewall is a device that allows only authorized computers on one side of the firewall to access a network, computers or individual parts on the other side of the firewall. Firewalls are known and commercially available devices and/or software (e.g., SunScreen from Sun Microsystems Inc.). Similarly, firewalls  50 B and  50 C separate the WAN  10  from a network  52  and a workstation  42 , respectively. Additional details on firewalls can be found in “Firewalls and Internet Security” by W. R. Cheswick, and S. M. Bellovin, 1994, Addison-Wesley Publishing, and “Building Internet Firewalls” by D. B. Chapman and E. D. Zwicky, 1995, O&#39;Reilly &amp; Associates, Inc. The contents of those references are incorporated herein by reference. 
   The network  52  is a conventional network and includes a plurality of workstations  56 ,  62 ,  68  and  74 . These workstations may be in different departments (e.g., marketing, manufacturing, design engineering and customer service departments) within a single company. In addition to the workstations connected via the network  52 , there is a workstation  42 , which is not directly connected to the network  52 . Information in a database stored in a disk  46  may be shared using proper encryption and protocols over the WAN  10  to the workstations connected directly to the network  52 . Also, the workstation  42  includes a direct connection to a telephone line and/or ISDN and/or cable and/or wireless network  44  and the database in disk  46  may be accessed through the telephone line, ISDN, cable or wirelessly. The cable used by this invention may be implemented using a cable which typically is used to carry television programming, a cable which provides for high speed communication of digital data typically used with computers or the like, or any other desired type of cable. 
   Information of the business office machines, business devices or business office appliances  24 ,  28  and  32  may be stored in one or more of the databases stored in the disks  46 ,  54 ,  58 ,  64 ,  70  and  76 . Known databases include (1) SQL databases by Microsoft, Oracle and Sybase (2) other relational databases, and (3) non-relational databases (including object oriented databases). Each of the customer service, marketing, manufacturing, and engineering departments may have their own database or may share one or more databases. Each of the disks used to store databases is a non-volatile memory such as a hard disk or optical disk. Alternatively, the databases may be stored in any storage device including solid state and/or semiconductor memory devices. As an example, disk  64  contains the marketing database, disk  58  contains the manufacturing database, disk  70  contains the engineering database and disk  76  contains the customer service database. Alternatively, the disks  54  and  46  store one or more of the databases. 
   In addition to the workstations  56 ,  62 ,  68 ,  74  and  42  being connected to the WAN, these workstations may also include a connection to a telephone line, ISDN, cable, or wireless network which provides a secure connection to the machine being monitored, diagnosed and/or controlled and is used during communication. Additionally, if one communication medium is not operating properly, one of the others can be automatically used for communication. 
   A feature of the present invention is the use of a “store-and-forward” mode of communication (e.g., Internet e-mail) or transmission between a machine and a computer for diagnosing and controlling the machine. Alternatively, the message which is transmitted may be implemented using a mode of communication that makes direct, end-to-end connections (e.g., using a socket connection to the ultimate destination). 
     FIG. 2  illustrates the mechanical layout of the digital image forming apparatus  24  illustrated in  FIG. 1 . In  FIG. 2 ,  101  is a fan for the scanner,  102  is a polygonal mirror used with a laser printer, and  103  designates an F lens used to collimate light from a laser (not illustrated). Reference numeral  104  designates a sensor for detecting light from the scanner.  105  is a lens for focusing light from the scanner onto the sensor  104 , and  106  is a quenching lamp used to erase images on the photoconductive drum  132 . There is a charging corona unit  107  and a developing roller  108 . Reference numeral  109  designates a lamp used to illustrate a document to be scanned and  110 ,  111  and  112  designate mirrors used to reflect light onto the sensor  104 . There is a drum mirror  113  used to reflect light to the photoconductive drum  132  originating from the polygon mirror  102 . Reference numeral  114  designates a fan used to cool the charging area of the digital image forming apparatus, and  115  is a first paper feed roller used for feeding paper from the first paper cassette  117 , and  116  is a manual feed table. Similarly,  118  is a second paper feed roller for the second cassette  119 . Reference numeral  120  designates a relay roller,  121  is a registration roller.  122  is an image density sensor and  123  is a transfer/separation corona unit. Reference numeral  124  is a cleaning unit,  125  is a vacuum fan,  126  illustrates a transport belt,  127  is a pressure roller, and  128  is an exit roller. Reference numeral  129  is a hot roller used to fix toner onto the paper,  130  is an exhaust fan and  131  is the main motor used to drive the digital image forming apparatus. 
     FIG. 3  illustrates a block diagram of the electronic components illustrated in  FIG. 2 . The CPU  160  is a microprocessor and acts as the system controller. Random access memory (RAM)  162  stores dynamically changing information including operating parameters of the digital image forming apparatus. A non-volatile memory (e.g., a read only memory (ROM)  164  or a Flash Memory) stores (1) the program code used to run the digital image forming apparatus and (2) static-state data, describing the copier (e.g., the model number, serial number of the copier, and default parameters. 
   There is a multi-port network interface  166  which allows the digital image forming apparatus to communicate with external devices through at least one network. Reference number  168  represents a telephone, ISDN, or cable line, and numeral  170  represents another type of network. Additional details of the multi-port network interface are described with respect to  FIG. 4 . An interface controller  172  is used to connect an operation panel  174  to a system bus  186 . The operation panel  174  includes standard input and output devices found on a digital image forming apparatus including a copy button, keys to control the operation of the copier such as number of copies, reducement/enlargement, darkness/lightness, etc. Additionally, a liquid crystal display may be included within the operation panel  174  to display parameters and messages of the digital image forming apparatus to a user. 
   The local connection interface  171  is a connection through local ports such as RS232, the parallel printer port, USB, and IEEE 1394. FireWire (IEEE 1394) is described in Wickelgren, I., “The Facts About “FireWire”, IEEE Spectrum, April 1997, Vol. 34, Number 4, pp. 19-25, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Preferably, communication utilizes a “reliable” protocol with error detection and retransmission. 
   A storage interface  176  connects storage devices to the system bus  186 . The storage devices include a flash memory  178  which can be substituted by a conventional EEPROM and a disk  182 . The disk  182  includes a hard disk, optical disk, and/or a floppy disk drive. There is a connection  180  connected to the storage interface  176  which allows for additional memory devices to be connected to the digital image forming apparatus. The flash memory  178  is used to store semi-static state data which describes parameters of the digital image forming apparatus which infrequently change over the life of the copier. Such parameters include the options and configuration of the digital image forming apparatus. An option interface  184  allows additional hardware such as an external interface to be connected to the digital image forming apparatus. A clock/timer  187  is utilized to keep track of both the time and date and also to measure elapsed time. 
   On the left side of  FIG. 3 , the various sections making up the digital image forming device are illustrated. Reference numeral  202  designates a sorter and contains sensors and actuators used to sort the output of the digital image forming device. There is a duplexer  200  which allows a duplex operation to be performed by the digital image forming device and includes conventional sensors and actuators. The digital image forming device includes a large capacity tray unit  198  which allows paper trays holding a large number of sheets to be used with the digital image forming device. The large capacity tray unit  198  includes conventional sensors and actuators. 
   A paper feed controller  196  is used to control the operation of feeding paper into and through the digital image forming device. A scanner  194  is used to scan images into the digital image forming device and includes conventional scanning elements such as a light, mirror, etc. Additionally, scanner sensors are used such as a home position sensor to determine that the scanner is in the home position, and a lamp thermistor is used to ensure proper operation of the scanning lamp. There is a printer/imager  192  which prints the output of the digital image forming device and includes a conventional laser printing mechanism, a toner sensor, and an image density sensor. The fuser  190  is used to fuse the toner onto the page using a high temperature roller and includes an exit sensor, a thermistor to assure that the fuser  190  is not overheating, and an oil sensor. Additionally, there is an optional unit interface  188  used to connect to optional elements of the digital image forming device such as an automatic document feeder, a different type of sorter/collator, or other elements which can be added to the digital image forming device. 
     FIG. 4  illustrates details of the multi-port network interface  166 . The digital image forming device may communicate to external devices through a Token Ring interface  220 , a cable modem unit  222  which has a high speed connection over cable, a conventional telephone interface  224  which connects to a telephone line  168 A, an ISDN interface  226  which connects to an ISDN line  168 B, wireless interface  228 , and a LAN interface  230  (e.g., Ethernet) which connects to a LAN  170 . Other interfaces (not shown) include, but are not limited to, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) (original DSL, concentric DSL, and asymmetric DSL). A single device which connects to both a Local Area Network and a telephone line is commercially available from Megahertz and is known as the Ethernet-Modem. 
   The CPU or other microprocessor or circuitry executes a monitoring process to monitor the state of each of the sensors of the digital image forming device, and a sequencing process is used to execute the instructions of the code used to control and operate the digital image forming device. Additionally, there is (1) a central system control process executed to control the overall operation of the digital image forming device and (2) a communication process used to assure reliable communication to external devices connected to the digital image forming device. The system control process monitors and controls data storage in a static state memory (e.g., the ROM  164  of  FIG. 3 ), a semi-static memory (e.g., the flash memory  178  or disk  182 ), or the dynamic state memory (e.g., a volatile or non-volatile memory (e.g., the RAM  162  or the flash memory  178  or disk  182 )). Additionally, the static state memory may be a device other than the ROM  164  such as a non-volatile memory including either of the flash memory  178  or disk  182 . 
   The above details have been described with respect to a digital image forming device but the present invention is equally applicable to other business office machines or devices such as an analog copier, a facsimile machine, a scanner, a printer, a facsimile server, or other business office machines and business office appliance, or appliances (e.g., a microwave oven, VCR, digital camera, cellular phone, palm top computer). Additionally, the present invention includes other types of devices which operate using store-and-forward or direct connection-based communication. Such devices include metering systems (including gas, water, or electricity metering systems), vending machines, or any other mechanical device (e.g., automobiles) that need to be monitored during operation or remote diagnosis. In addition to monitoring special purpose machines and computers, the invention can be used to monitor, control, and diagnose a general purpose computer which would be the monitored and/or controlled device. 
     FIG. 5  illustrates an alternative system diagram of the invention in which different devices and subsystems are connected to the WAN  10 . However, there is no requirement to have each of these devices or subsystems as part of the invention. Each component or subsystem illustrated in  FIG. 5  is individually part of the invention. Further, the elements illustrated in  FIG. 1  may be connected to the WAN  10  which is illustrated in  FIG. 5 . In  FIG. 5 , there is illustrated a firewall  50 - 1  connected to an intranet  260 - 1 . The service machine  254  connected to the intranet  260 - 1  includes therein or has connected thereto data  256  which may be stored in a database format. The data  256  includes history, performance, malfunction, and any other information including statistical information of the operation or failure or set-up and components or optional equipment of devices which are being monitored. The service machine  254  may be implemented as the device or computer which requests the monitored devices to transmit data or which requests that remote control and/or diagnostic tests be performed on the monitored devices. The service machine  254  may be implemented as any type of device and is preferably implemented using a computerized device such as a general purpose computer. 
   Another sub-system of  FIG. 5  includes a firewall  50 - 2 , an intranet  260 - 2 , and a printer  262  connected thereto. In this sub-system, the functions of sending and receiving electronic messages by the printer  262  (and similarly by a copier  286 ) are performed by (1) circuitry, (2) a microprocessor, or (3) any other type of hardware contained within or mounted to the printer  262  (i.e., without using a separate general purpose computer). 
   An alternate type of sub-system includes the use of an Internet service provider  264  which may be any type of Internet service provider (ISP), including known commercial companies such as America Online, Earthlink, and Niftyserve. In this sub-system, a computer  266  is connected to the ISP  264  through a digital or analog modem (e.g., a telephone line modem, a cable modem, modems which use any type of wires such as modems used over an ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) line, ASDL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line), modems which use frame relay communication, wireless modems such as a radio frequency modem, a fiber optic modem, or a device which uses infrared light waves). Further, a business office device  268  is connected to the computer  266 . As an alternative to the business office device  268  (and any other device illustrated in  FIG. 5 ), a different type of machine may be monitored or controlled such as a digital copier, any type of appliance, security system, or utility meter such as an electrical, water, or gas utility meter, or any other device discussed herein. 
   Also illustrated in  FIG. 5  is a firewall  50 - 3  connected to a network  274 . The network  274  may be implemented as any type of computer network, (e.g., an Ethernet or token-ring network). Networking software which may be used to control the network includes any desired networking software including software commercially available from Novell or Microsoft. The network  274  may be implemented as an Intranet, if desired. A computer  272  connected to the network  274  may be used to obtain information from a business office device  278  and generate reports such as reports showing problems which occurred in various machines connected to the network and a monthly usage report of the devices connected to the network  274 . In this embodiment, a computer  276  is connected between the business office device  278  and the network  274 . This computer receives communications from the network and forwards the appropriate commands or data, or any other information, to the business office device  278 . Communication between the business office device  278  and the computer  276  may be accomplished using wire-based or wireless methods including, but not limited to radio frequency connections, electrical connections and light connections (e.g., an infrared connection, or a fiber optics connection). Similarly, each of the various networks and intranets illustrated in  FIG. 5  may be established using any desired manner including through the establishment of wireless networks such as radio frequency networks. The wireless communication described herein may be established using spread spectrum techniques including techniques which use a spreading code and frequency hopping techniques such as the frequency hopping wireless technique which is disclosed in the Bluetooth Specification (available at the world wide web site www.bluetooth.com), which is incorporated herein by reference. 
   Another sub-system illustrated in  FIG. 5  includes a firewall  50 - 4 , an intranet  260 - 4 , a computer  282  connected thereto, a business office appliance  285  and a copier  286 . The computer  282  may be used to generate reports and request diagnostic or control procedures. These diagnostic and control procedures may be performed with respect to the business office appliance  285  and the copier  286  or any of the other devices illustrated in or used with  FIG. 5 . While  FIG. 5  illustrates a plurality of firewalls, the firewalls are preferable but optional equipment and therefore the invention may be operated without the use of firewalls, if desired. 
     FIG. 6A  illustrates a Device/Appliance  300  connected to a typical e-mail exchange system which includes components  302 ,  304 ,  306 ,  308 ,  310 ,  312 ,  314 ,  316 , and  318  which may be implemented in a conventional manner and are taken from  FIG. 28.1  of Stevens, above. A computer  302  interfaces with any of the application units  300  described herein. While  FIG. 6A  illustrates that the Device/Appliance  300  is the sender, the sending and receiving functions may be reversed in  FIG. 6A . Furthermore, if desired, the user may not be needed to interface with the Device/Appliance  300  at all. The computer interface  302  then interacts with a mail agent  304 . Popular mail agents for Unix include MH, Berkeley Mail, Elm, and Mush. Mail agents for the Windows family of operating systems include Microsoft Outlook and Microsoft Outlook Express. At the request of the computer interface  302 , the mail agent  304  creates e-mail messages to be sent and, if desired, places these messages to be sent in a queue  306 . The mail to be sent is forwarded to a Message Transfer Agent (MTA)  308 . A common MTA for Unix systems is Sendmail. Typically, the message transfer agents  308  and  312  exchange communications using a TCP/IP connection. Notably, the communication between the message transfer agents  308  and  312  may occur over any size network (e.g., WAN or LAN). Further, the message transfer agents  308  and  312  may utilize any communication protocol. In the present invention, steps  302  and  304  reside in the library to monitor the application unit&#39;s usage. 
   From the message transfer agents  312 , e-mail messages are stored in user mailboxes  314  which are transferred to the mail agent  316  and ultimately transmitted to the user at a terminal  318  which functions as a receiving terminal. 
   This “store-and-forward” process avoids the sending mail agent  304  from having to wait until establishment of the direct connection with the mail recipient. Because of network delays, the communication could take a substantial amount of time during which the application would be unresponsive. Such an unresponsiveness is generally unacceptable to users of the application unit. By using e-mail as the store-and-forward process, retransmission attempts after failures occur automatically for a fixed period of time (e.g., three days). In an alternate embodiment, the application can avoid waiting by passing communicating requests to one or more separate threads. Those threads can then control communication with the receiving terminal  318  while the application begins responding to the user interface again. In yet another embodiment in which a user wishes to have communication completed before continuing, direct communication with the receiving terminal is used. Such direct communication can utilize any protocol not blocked by a firewall between the sending and receiving terminals. Examples of such protocols include FTP and HTTP. 
   Public WANs, such as the Internet, are not considered to be secure. Therefore, messages transmitted over the public WANs (and multi-company private WANs) should be encrypted to keep the messages confidential. Encryption mechanisms are known and commercially available which may be used with the present invention. For example, a C library function, crypto, is available from Sun Microsystems for use with the Unix operating system. Other encryption and decryption software packages are known and commercially available and may also be used with this invention. One such package is PGP Virtual Private Network (VPN) available from Network Associates. Other VPN software is available from Microsoft Corporation. 
   As an alternative to the general structure of  FIG. 6A , a single computer may be used which functions as the computer interface  302 , the mail agent  304 , the mail queue  306  and the message transfer agent  308 . As illustrated in  FIG. 6B , the Device/Appliance  300  is connected to a computer  301  which includes the message transfer agent  308 . 
   A further alternative structure is shown in  FIG. 6C  in which the message transfer agent  308  is formed as part of the Device/Appliance  300 . Further, the message transfer agent  308  is connected to the message transfer agent  312  by a TCP/IP connection  310 . In the embodiment of  FIG. 6C , the Device/Appliance  300  is directly connected to the TCP/IP connection  310  and has an e-mail capability. One use of the embodiment of  FIG. 6C  includes using a facsimile machine with an e-mail capability (defined in RFC 2305 (a simple mode of facsimile using Internet mail)) as the Device/Appliance  300 . 
     FIG. 6D  shows a system where an appliance or a device does not itself have the capability to receive directly e-mail, but uses the POP3 protocol to retrieve the received mail from mail server. 
     FIG. 7  illustrates an alternative implementation of transferring mail and is based on  FIG. 28.3  of Stevens.  FIG. 7  illustrates an electronic mail system having a relay system at each end. The arrangement of  FIG. 7  allows one system at an organization to act as a mail hub. In  FIG. 7 , there are four MTAs connected between the two mail agents  304  and  316 . These MTAs include local MTA  322 A, relay MTA  328 A, relay MTA  328 B, and local MTA  322 D. The most common protocol used for mail messages is SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) which may be used with this invention, although any desired mail protocol may be utilized. In  FIG. 7 ,  320  designates a sending host which includes the computer interface  302 , the mail agent  304 , and the local MTA  322 A. The Device/Appliance  300  is connected to, or alternatively included within, the sending host  320 . As another case, the Device/Appliance  300  and host  320  can be in one machine where the host capability is built into the Device/Appliance  300 . Other local MTAs  322 B,  322 C,  322 E and  322 F may also be included. Mail to be transmitted and received may be queued in a queue of mail  306 B of the relay MTA  328 A. The messages are transferred across the TCP/IP connection  310  (e.g., an Internet connection or a connection across any other type of network). 
   The transmitted messages are received by the relay MTA  328 B and if desired, stored in a queue of mail  306 C. The mail is then forwarded to the local MTA  322 D of a receiving host  342 . The mail may be placed in one or more of the user mailboxes  314  and subsequently forwarded to the mail agent  316  and finally forwarded to the user at a terminal  318 . If desired, the mail may be directly forwarded to the terminal without user interaction. 
   The various computers utilized by the present invention, including the computers  266  and  276  of  FIG. 5 , may be implemented as illustrated in  FIG. 8 . Further, any other computer utilized by this invention may be implemented in a similar manner to the computer illustrated in  FIG. 8 , if desired, including the service machine  254 , computer  272 , and computer  282  of  FIG. 5 . However, not every element illustrated in  FIG. 8  is required in each of those computers. In  FIG. 8 , the computer  360  includes a CPU  362  which may be implemented as any type of processor including commercially available microprocessors from companies such as Intel, AMD, Motorola, Hitachi and NEC. There is a working memory such as a RAM  364 , and a wireless interface  366  which communicates with a wireless device  368 . The communication between the interface  366  and device  368  may use any wireless medium (e.g., radio waves or light waves). The radio waves maybe implemented using a spread spectrum technique such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDA) communication or using a frequency hopping technique such as that disclosed in the Bluetooth specification. 
   There is a ROM  370  and a flash memory  371 , although any other type of non-volatile memory (e.g., EPROM, or an EEPROM) may be utilized in addition to or in place of the flash memory  371 . An input controller  372  has connected thereto a keyboard  374  and a mouse  376 . There is a serial interface  378  connected to a serial device  380 . Additionally, a parallel interface  382  is connected to a parallel device  384 , a universal serial bus interface  386  is connected to a universal serial bus device  388 , and also there is an IEEE 1394 device  400 , commonly referred to as a fire wire device, connected to an IEEE 1394 interface  398 . The various elements of the computer  360  are connected by a system bus  390 . A disk controller  396  is connected to a floppy disk drive  394  and a hard disk drive  392 . A communication controller  400  allows the computer  360  to communicate with other computers (e.g., by sending e-mail messages) over a telephone line  402  or a network  404 . An I/O (Input/Output) controller  408  is connected to a printer  410  and a hard disk  412 , for example using a SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) bus. There is also a display controller  416  connected to a CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)  414 , although any other type of display may be used including a liquid crystal display, a light emitting diode display, a plasma display, etc. 
   One feature in the present invention is to monitor how a user uses a target application of an application unit. The term application unit in this instance refers to a system which a user interacts with and controls. A “target application” refers to a user controlled system that controls the application unit. For example, an application unit may typically be a computer and a target application may then be a software program, e.g. a word processor, running on the computer which a user operates, for example by moving a pointer on a computer screen and “clicking” on certain command icons to cause the software program to perform certain functions. In this sense, an application unit in the present invention can refer to any of workstations  17 ,  18 ,  20 ,  22 ,  56 ,  62 ,  68 ,  74 ,  42  shown in  FIG. 1  running a software program, the computer  301  shown in  FIG. 6B  running a software program, etc. An application unit can also refer to an image forming device such as any of the digital image forming apparatus  24 , facsimile machine  28 , and printer  32  in  FIGS. 1 and 2 . In this instance, each of these device application units includes a user interface, such as operation panel  174  (see  FIG. 3 ), which a user interacts with and utilizes to control the device application unit. The present invention can monitor a user selecting controls on such an operation panel. As a further example, the application unit could also be an appliance, such as a microwave oven, with an operation panel. An application unit can also refer to any other device, including software, with which a user interacts, and in this case the target application may refer to only one feature of the software which the user interacts with. 
   One feature of the present invention is to monitor the user&#39;s usage of such a target application of an application unit, and to communicate data of the monitored usage. This data will typically be transmitted by e-mail by the computer interface  302  of  FIG. 6A , or the computer  301  of  FIG. 6B  or the Device/Appliance  300  of  FIG. 6C . This data of a user&#39;s usage of a target application of an application unit can then be utilized in many ways, for example in improving software development, in monitoring usage of a device (e.g., an image forming device), discovering user difficulties with appliances and software, and finding most frequently used features of application units. 
     FIG. 9  shows various elements of the present invention. More particularly,  FIG. 9  shows an Device/Appliance  300  including target applications  510 ,  512  and  513 . The user interface  510  is an interface for a user to control the appliance or device. As discussed above, in one common instance, the target appliance  300  may be a software program running on one of the workstations  17 ,  18 ,  20 ,  22  ( FIG. 1 ) of the present specification. In this instance, the user interface  510  may be a display on a monitor of one of these workstations. In such a case, the monitoring system  515  may monitor the user behavior of clicking the selected menu. Another application may be that the appliance  300  is a copier where “application 2” ( 512 ) is a sorting of the multiple copies. Both User interface  510  and “Application 2” ( 512 ) would send event messages to Monitoring System  515  to be logged. The Monitoring System  515  is implemented either only in hardware or using a combination of hardware and software where the combination includes at least one computer readable medium. Examples of computer readable media are compact discs  119 , hard disks  112 , floppy disks, tape, magneto-optical disks, PROMs (EPROM, EEPROM, Flash EPROM), DRAM, SRAM, SDRAM, etc. Stored on any one or on a combination of computer readable media, the present invention includes software for controlling both the hardware and for enabling the system to interact with a human user. Such software (in the form of computer code devices) may include, but is not limited to, device drivers, operating systems and user applications, such as development tools. Such computer readable media further includes the computer program product of the present invention for monitoring and controlling an application unit. The computer code devices of the present invention can be any interpreted or executable code mechanism, including but not limited to scripts, interpreters, dynamic link libraries, classes (e.g., Java or C++), packages (e.g., Java or C++) and complete executable programs. 
   Another illustrative embodiment of  FIG. 9  is an office device such as a digital copier where Application 1 ( 510 ) is the aforementioned user interface. Application 2 ( 512 ) is the software error tracking system to monitor the internal error conditions of the software system. Application 3 ( 513 ) is the mechanical error tracking system to monitor the mechanical error condition such as jam and toner out. All of the applications are using the Monitoring System ( 515 ) and Sending Block ( 520 ). As a further example, and as noted above, the Device/Appliance  300  may be an image forming device such as the digital image forming apparatus  26 , facsimile machine  28 , or printer  32  also shown in  FIG. 1 . In this instance, the user interface  510  may take the form of an operation panel (e.g., operation panel  174  in  FIG. 3 ) with a plurality of keys and/or a touch screen which a user operates to control the image forming device. When the Device/Appliance  300  in  FIG. 9  is an image forming device with a user interface  510 , the present invention can monitor the commands that a user selects. 
   At a designated time, the logged data of the events is then sent to the sending block  520 , which then communicates such monitored event data to a designated party. The monitoring and logging DLL  515  can be implemented in the device including the Device/Appliance  300  or in another system control element. The protocol processing system can also be implemented in the device including the application unit in  FIG. 6C , or can also be implemented in the computer  301  in  FIG. 6B  to which the application unit is attached. The present invention can also take the form of computer control codes recorded on a computer readable medium. 
   One illustrative embodiment of such a user interface  510  used with a digital image forming apparatus  26 , facsimile machine  28 , or printer  32  is shown in  FIG. 11 . In that embodiment, the present invention monitors each time a user presses one of the control buttons on the operation panel and logs the usage data of such a user usage for subsequent communication. 
   As shown in  FIG. 11 , such an operation panel  700  may include a touch screen  705  on which various commands may appear which an operator can select by touching different portions of the touch screen  705 . The operation panel  700  may also include a 10-key pad  710  and various other control buttons  715 . In the case of an image forming device, the control buttons  715  may be commands for selecting a paper size, changing a magnification, changing a darkness of a desired image, etc. 
   When the Device/Appliance  300  in  FIG. 9  is an image forming device and the user interface  510  corresponds to the operation panel  700  as shown in  FIG. 11 , the present invention can monitor the commands (shown in  FIG. 11 ) that a user selects. The operation panel  700  shown in  FIG. 11  may, with modifications, also be an operation panel for a user-controlled appliance such as a microwave oven, VCR, digital camera, cellular phone, palm top computer, etc. 
     FIGS. 10 and 11  show examples of the Device/Appliance  300  and user interface  510  of  FIG. 9  to which the present invention can be applied. As would be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, the present invention is directed to various types of application units including various types of user interfaces. The present invention is applicable to any device to be monitored which includes a user interface. 
     FIG. 12  shows the general event management architecture of the system that can be implemented as any one, or a combination of, a dynamic linked library (DLL), a script, a Java or C++ class, a C library or routine, etc. The remainder of this discussion describes the implementation in terms of a DLL. In general, an application  510  communicates through an interface  550 . The interface  550  specifies the API for the event management architecture (e.g., how information is passed via a C function call to the object(s) in the System Manager  560  with the same names). The System Manager computer code device  560  manages the behavior of other computer code devices by using appropriate objects and their functions. Similarly, the Event Logger  565  records all the necessary information such as User ID, Application ID, Cumulative Session Number, Start Time, Duration and Sequence of Events with the elapsed times when requested through the system manager  560 . The Event Logger supports functions including: initialize( ), storeEvent( ), stopMonitoring( ), and getEventData( ). 
   The initialize function receives a string parameter for the Application ID. The System Manager  560  calls this function when startMonitoring is called by an application  510 . The function sets the Application ID, takes care of the Cumulative number of usages, reads the clock to store the start time in order to compute the elapse time and duration, and sets up the user information by examining the registry. 
   The initialize function receives a string parameter for the Application ID. The System Manager  560  calls this function when startMonitoring is called by an application  510 . The function sets the Application ID, takes care of the Cumulative number of usages, reads the clock to store the start time in order to compute the elapse time and duration, and sets up the user information by examining the registry. 
   After the application  510  has completed its usage monitoring, it calls the stopMonitoring function so that the duration can be computed. If multiple sessions are stored, this function stops the recording of a corresponding session. 
   After initialization, the storeEvent( ) function can be called with a string parameter for the Event passed by recordEvent. The EventLogger  565  stores the event string and the elapsed time from the start time (recorded during the initialize( ) function call). 
   The EventLogger  565  also provides access to a getEventData function. If the stopMonitoring was not previously called (i.e., the current session&#39;s duration field is undefined), the monitoring is stopped by calling the stopMonitoring function. The stopMonitoring function computes the duration of the current session. The getEventData function returns an abstract class with the access functions shown in  FIG. 12B . The abstract class facilitates extensions for multiple sessions. 
   The Format And Protocol Information Base System  570  (implemented as any one or a combination of package, DLL, static library, etc.) stores the format and protocol information and checks the combination of formats and protocols to determine the valid combinations. To facilitate the storage process, the storeFormatAndProtocol function accepts two parameters (i.e., one for format and one for protocol). The function checks to ensure that the parameters are a valid combination. 
   The component  570  also includes a getFormatAndProtocolVector function returns a format and associated vector of protocols. In one embodiment, the function performs error checking. For example, if a protocol allows only one format to be sent, then the format should be the last format in the function call of selectFormatProtocol. The return value is a boolean value where true indicates that valid parameters were returned and false indicates that no more data is available. The return parameters are int and vector of int. The first int refers to the format while the vector of int refers to the vector of protocols for the format. When there is no selectFormatProtocol function call, the getFormatAndProtocolVector returns the default setting. Also would be evident, other collections (e.g., a list template) may be used in place of a vector. 
   The Data Format Processor  575  is responsible for formatting event data into a specified format. One exemplary function is the formatEventData function that receives a pointer to the abstract class EventData. The return value is a pointer to the abstract class FormattedEventData. Generally, interface to the FormattedEventData abstract class is defined as in  FIG. 12C . 
   The Protocol Processor  580  is responsible for outputting the formatted event data through the specified protocol. In one embodiment, the processor  580  also encrypts the body of message. To output the data, the processFormattedData function is called with an input pointer to the abstract class FormattedEventData. The function returns a boolean value where “true” represents no errors, and “false” represents the existence of an error while processing the formatted data. 
   The System  585  supplies important information and persistent information across the execution of the DLL. Some of the important information is timer information through the library call. The registry to keep the necessary information is another important component of the System  585 . Many registry entries are set up at installation time. An exemplary structure for the registry is: 
   HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE--SOFTWARE--RicohMonitor--XXX(ApplicationID) 
   Where XXX represents the Application ID, the following variables are placed in the registry under XXX tree: CumulativeUsage, UserID, SMTP Server, Recipients, From, FTP Server, FTP User, FTP Password, FTP Target Path etc. In one embodiment, CummulativeUsage is an integer, and the rest of the variables are strings. 
     FIG. 13  shows an exemplary calling sequence of various computer code devices according to the present invention. The application software sets up the Application ID and starts the monitoring computer code device. When the events to be monitored happen, the application sends a message to the monitoring computer code device with the event name so that monitoring computer code device will keep track of the name of event and the timing. When the application no longer needs to monitor any activities, the application sends a command to select the format and protocol to be used to send the monitored information. The application then calls the stopMonitoring function, either explicitly or implicitly, as described below. Although  FIG. 13  describes sending the monitored information each time an application stops monitoring, in an alternate embodiment, information is sent only upon a secondary event happening (e.g., elapsed time or after a number of events or monitoring sessions have occurred). 
     FIG. 14  describes the process of sending the monitored information (e.g., when the monitoring stops as shown in  FIG. 13 ). After the stopMonitoring request has propagated from the Target Application (through the CMonitorSeqApp (in step  1 )) to the CMonitorManager (in step  2 ) which passes the request to the EventLogger system (in step  3 ). The CMonitorManager coordinates subsequent communication between the other computer code devices. The first such communication is in response to a getEventData request made by the CMonitorManager. In step  5 , CMonitorManager obtains a format and associated vector of protocols from CformatAndProtocolInformationBase. Later, step  6 , entitled “CreateDataFormatProcessor,” creates the data formatter for the selected formatting that is used to format the monitored event data in step  7 . Step  8  obtains the protocol processor specified by the application software before stopping monitoring. Together, steps  6  and  8  show that the formatters and protocol processors can be created dynamically (i.e., only when they are needed). In addition, created protocol processors can be cached in the CProcessorBuilder. 
     FIG. 15  shows the map data structure used for creating the DataFormat Processor. A map includes at least one (key, value) pair. By using a key (corresponding to one of the possible data formats) as an index value into the map, the system selects a corresponding pointer to a function that creates the data formatter that will transform the monitored event data into the specified data format. When the specified format is sent to the ProcessorBuilder in  FIG. 14 , the corresponding value in the map for the format is the function pointer to create the formatter. The function pointed by the pointer is to create the requested data formatter. Therefore, the formatter itself is not actually created until the function pointed to by the pointer is executed. In addition, the class returned by this function is the abstract class entitled “data formatter.” Accordingly, the user of the class does not need to know the details of the returned formatter, just the abstract class that defines its basic functions. 
     FIGS. 16A and 16B  are exemplary code embodiments corresponding to the  FIG. 14 . Step  4  in the source code correspond to getting the specified formatter (step  6  of the  FIG. 14 ) while step  5  of the source code formats the data (step  7  of the  FIG. 14 ). 
   While the above discussion has generally focused on using a single protocol and/or a single data format, in an alternate embodiment, the present invention utilizes plural protocols and/or plural data formats. Those protocols and formats can include, but are not limited to any of the protocols and formats discussed herein. Exemplary formats include, but are not limited to, uncompressed or compressed versions of any one of: un-delimited text, SGML, XML, HTML, csv format, and binary. This enhances the number of possible ways that data can be transferred to support the monitoring of the present invention. Accordingly, one implementation of the application sends at least one (format, protocol) pair to be used by the computer code device (e.g., DLL). The computer code device checks that each pair is valid before storing it in the data structure of two maps. For example, if the format specifies the binary encoding of fixed format, but the protocol is SMTP with the plain text encoding in the mail body, the format and protocol are not a valid pair/combination. Before the monitored data are sent out, the computer code device checks if a selected protocol is restricted to support only one format. Two maps are used for this purpose. Then, the system utilizes the specified data format one at a time to generate the required format and sends out the generated data over all the protocol specified for this data format. 
   The present invention is also applicable to implementations where two different kinds of parameters are specified multiple times where the first parameter processing is more costly than the second parameter processing. In addition, the some second parameter values may be restricted to supporting only one first parameter value that is specified last. In such a case, the present invention technique can be utilized to process the system efficiently. 
     FIG. 17  shows the map data structure (using (key, value) pairs) used for creating and caching the protocol processor. In one embodiment, for a given formatted event data, multiple protocols may need to send the same event data. Likewise, the same protocol may be requested to send the same data using different data formats. As discussed above, the key of each pair specifies a protocol (e.g., SMTP, FTP or HTTP) to be used. The value of the map is itself a second pair (x,y), where x is a pointer to the protocol processor object, and where y is a pointer to the function that creates the protocol processor. This map is initialized to contain the keys and values with the x value being assigned a flag value (e.g., zero). When a particular protocol is requested, the x value corresponding to the specified key is checked. If the x value is zero, the function pointed to by y value is executed. That execution creates the protocol processor, and the pointer to the created object is stored in the x value. Then, the newly created or subsequently stored pointer to the object is then returned as a pointer to the abstract class. Step  6  of  FIGS. 16A and 16B  (corresponding to step  8  of  FIG. 14 ) illustrates an exemplary code fragment that calls the createProtocolProcessor function. The createProtocolProcessor function returns a pointer to the abstract protocol processor object (identified by the return type “CAbsProtocolProcessor *”). Step  7  of  FIG. 16B  (corresponding to the step  9  of  FIG. 14 ) shows sending monitored information in a requested format. 
     FIG. 18A  shows the function list and the attributes of the CProcessorBuilder Class according to one embodiment of the present invention. The public function createDataFormatProcessor receives the specification for the Data Formatter and returns the pointer to the specified Data Formatter object in the abstract class type. The public function createProtocolProcessor function receives the specification for the Protocol Processor and returns the pointer to the specified Protocol Processor in the abstract class type. The m_pDataFormatter attribute of the class is used to cache the specified data formatter in the class. The other two map attributes show the structure shown in the  FIGS. 15 and 17 . The function definition section shows the steps used by the various functions declared in the function list. 
     FIG. 19  illustrates three exemplary steps that pass the format and protocol parameters from the Target Application to the Format and Protocol Information Base System to enable plural protocols and/or formats to be used. Similar to transferring a stopMonitoring request in  FIG. 14 ,  FIG. 19  shows how a selectFormatProtocol request is passed from the Target Application through the CMonitorSeqApp to the CMonitorManager. The CMonitorManager converts the request into a storeFormatAndProtocol request that is passed on to the Format and Protocol Information Base System, thereby storing the format and protocol information. Although the parameters are illustrated as integers, any type can be used that uniquely specifies the format and protocol. As would be evident, the functions can return either nothing or an error code. 
     FIG. 20  shows relationships of the CFormatProtocolCombinationCheck class  610  and the CProtocolRestrictionCheck class  620  used within the Format And Protocol Information Base System. Generally, the CFormatProtocol_InformationBase interface  600  (described in more detail with reference to  FIGS. 23A and 23B ) keeps track of the specified formats and protocols. That interface  600  uses the (1) CFormatProtocolCombinationCheck class  610  and (2) the CProtocolRestrictionCheck class  620  for (1) verifying requested combinations and (2) checking for restrictions on the protocols, respectively. 
     FIG. 21  describes the process by which the system manager  560  verifies whether a specified format and protocol combination is valid. A storeFormatAndProtocol request from the system manager  560  is initially handled by the CFormatProtocol_InformationBase interface  600 . Using the relationships illustrated in  FIG. 20 , that interface  600  converts the request to an is FormatProtocolCombinationOK request that is sent on to the CFormatProtocolCombinationCheck class  610 . If that class  610  returns “true,” then the combination is valid; otherwise, the class  610  returns false indicating that the combination is invalid. When the combination is valid, the two values are stored into two different maps specified in the  FIG. 23A . 
     FIG. 22  describes the process of returning the format and list of protocols. In  FIG. 22 , int and vector are exemplary output parameters, but other implementations may use other containers (e.g., the list template of the standard template library) to facilitate the restriction check. Generally, the system manager  560  sends a getFormatAndProtocolVector request to the CFormatProtocol_InformationBase interface  600 . Using the relationships illustrated in  FIG. 20 , that interface  600  converts the request to a getFormatProtocolVectorMapAfterCheckingProtocolRestriction request that is sent on to the CProtocolRestrictionCheck class  620 . 
     FIG. 23A  is an exemplary class definition of CFormatProtocol_InformationBase interface/class. The functions, storeFormatAndProtocol and getFormatAndProtocolVector, are public functions used by the System Manager  560  computer code device (an object of CMonitorManager class). Two map structures keep the specified formats and protocols passed through the function, storeFormatAndProtocol, after checking the validity of the combination of the format and the protocol through the object, m_FormatProtocolCombinationCheck of CFormatProtocolCombinationCheck class. The class also contains the object, m_ProtocolRestrictionCheck of CProtocolRestrictionCheck class. The flag, m_bFirstGetCall is used to call the function in the m_ProtocolRestrictionCheck when the function getFormatAndProtocolVector is called for the first time. The attribute, m_FormatProtocolVectorMaplterator, is used by the getFormatAndProtocolVector function to iterate over the m_FormatProtocolVectorMap.  FIG. 23B  shows the steps for three main functions in the CFormatProtocol_InformationBase class  600 . 
     FIGS. 24A and 24B  show the class definition of CFormatProtocolCombinationCheck class  610 . The main responsibility of the class  610  is to check whether a specified format and protocol combination is valid. The map, m_CombinationMartix, contains the information of the valid combination that is initialized by the function initMatrix. 
     FIGS. 25A ,  25 B, and  25 C show the class definition of the CProtocolRestrictionCheck class  620 . The m_bOneFormatRestriction attribute specifies whether the information is restricted to a single format. Other types of restrictions could be implemented by adding other private functions and attributes. An exemplary restriction algorithm for the present invention is illustrated in  FIGS. 25B and 25C  (showing the steps in the private function oneFormatRestriction). 
   Obviously, numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that, within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein.