Abstract:
The Present Invention relies upon a physical process for preparing reduced fat, high fiber, high protein, low calorie roasted snack nuts. The process of the Present Invention exhibits significantly lower process times and higher yields than the prior art processes. The process comprises expelling the oil from nutmeat kernels (defatting) using a novel pressing process that takes less than a minute. The defatting process deforms the nuts. The nuts are reformed to their original shape using water. Then the reformed nuts are annealed using cold water to produce hardened nuts. The nuts are then dried and post-processed with coatings and roasting using state-of-the-art technology. The yield of snack nuts produced by this process is generally greater than eighty percent.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This Present Application is a continuation-in-part (CIP) of currently pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/200,580 filed on Sep. 26, 2011, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The Present Application claims the benefit of and priority to said application Ser. No. 13/200,580. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The Present Invention relates to an improved process for preparing snack nutmeats (including inter alia peanuts, cashews, pistachios, pecans, walnuts, macadamia nuts, brazil nuts, hickory nuts, beechnuts, acorns, and almonds, etc.) that are lower in fat and calories and higher in protein and fiber than the original natural nuts. In particular, the Present Invention relates to a high speed process for preparing the partially defatted, low calorie snack nuts, the method of which is suitable for commercial manufacturing with high yields. The process of the Present Invention relates to snack nuts, which are defined as whole or split nuts. The snack nuts formed by this process have a pleasing flavor, color, and texture that enable them to be used whole as a snack food. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Nuts constitute a very popular high-protein snack food. Unfortunately, they have a high fat and calorie content. This is due to the presence of nut oil. This oil inherently permeates the nut. Peanuts have high oil content. Peanut oil represents 50 percent of the weight of the peanut, and approximately 80 percent of the calorie content. Prior art processes exist that partially remove the oil from peanuts, thereby reducing the fat and calorie content. However, there are no current commercially available snack nuts. This is due to inherent limitations present in the prior art manufacturing processes. 
     Peanuts are primarily used to produce peanut butter, a most popular snack food. Nearly half of the peanuts produced in the United States are consumed as peanut butter. Peanut butter is produced from a paste of ground peanuts as a fine powder along with several other paste-forming agents. Low-fat peanut butter products are available commercially, but they do not use low fat snack nuts as a starting point. 
     The Present Invention does not deal with reduced fat peanut butter. Rather, it involves a process to produce low fat, low calorie snack nuts. For a nut to become a snack nut, it must first be shelled. Shelling is the process that removes the outer shell covering from the nut kernel. The nut kernels may then be used as snack nuts—either whole or split. Many snack nuts then go through a blanching process where a skin covering is removed from the kernel. However, this is not always the case. Nonetheless, snack nuts either are whole nut kernels or split kernels. They never consist of ground nut kernel powders or granules. 
     There are two commercially feasible methods for removing oil from nuts. In the first type of process, chemical solvents may be used to absorb the oil, and the solvent with the dissolved oil is thereafter separated from the nuts. Hexane is a typical solvent used for this purpose. However, the use of organic solvents in the food industry is somewhat undesirable. 
     The second type of process removes nut oil by applying pressure to the nuts. The high pressure expels the oil from the nuts. Following application of pressure, the nuts are deformed. When commercial expellers designed to remove the maximum amount of oil from the nut are used, the deformed nuts are ejected as a cake. These nuts cannot be reformed to look like the natural nuts. However, oil may also be partially removed from the nuts. This process results in production of partially deformed nuts. The nuts are flattened. Therefore, the deformed nuts are reconstituted to their original familiar shape to make them commercially appealable. This is done using water. The reconstituted wet nuts are then dried and roasted. 
     This second type of process, which partially expels the oil from nuts by application of high pressure, has limitations that have prevented commercial viability. The key limitations include:
         Pressure is usually applied by placing the nuts into a hydraulic press. The time required for applying pressure is inordinately long, ranging from 30 minutes to two hours. This renders the process not commercially viable. Unfortunately, this factor forces the unit operation to be a batch process.   Reforming the nuts into their original shape by reconstituting in an aqueous medium produces a low yield of nuts.   After the reforming step, the nuts have too low hardness characteristics for post processing, thereby further decreasing the yield of snack nuts.       

     While low fat, low-calorie nuts are produced using prior art processes, the time necessary for completion of the processes and the yield of snack nuts mitigate against cost-effective commercialization. 
     Over the past quarter-century, American consumers have become very weight conscious. There is a need for a low calorie nut, especially a peanut that is low in fat. The processes that are in use today to form low calorie nuts are too slow to be viable for commercial manufacturing. In addition, the low calorie nuts formed by state of the art processes are unappealing in texture and taste, and although they may be commercially suitable for nut products, such as peanut butter or peanut oil used in cooking, they are not suitable for eating reconstituted snack nuts. The market has a compelling need for an economical process to rapidly prepare low calorie, low fat snack nuts that appeal to consumers. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The Present Invention relies upon a physical process for preparing reduced fat, high fiber, high protein, low calorie roasted nuts. The process of the Present Invention exhibits lower process times and higher yields than the prior art processes. As a starting point, the nuts are shelled. This produces nut kernels. The next step is blanching, in which the skin or dried coat is removed. The blanching step is optional. Then a close-packed monolayer of nut kernels are placed in a press, and the oil is extracted by multiple pressing and releasing cycles during an interval of less than one minute. This releases between 20 to 50 percent of the oil from the nut in a controlled manner. The expelled oil is simultaneously removed and collected using a vacuum pump. Pressing in this manner leaves the nuts in a controlled deformed flattened state. The nuts are then reconstituted to their original shape by placing them in contact with water heated to a temperature between 176° to 212° F. Typically, this process takes less than one minute. Then, the nuts are immediately annealed (hardened) by subjecting them to cold water at a temperature ranging from 32° to 68° F. for a period of time typically less than one minute. The nuts are then dried and post-processed with coatings and roasting using state-of-the-art technology. 
     The yield of snack nuts produced by the process of the Present Invention is generally greater than eighty percent. The processing time is significantly lower than that of the prior art processes, and the yields are significantly higher. 
     DISCUSSION OF THE PRIOR ART 
     This section compares much of the prior art processes found in the patent literature with that of the Present Invention. The prior art processes are discussed infra, and for each reference, the Present Invention is compared “by contrast.” A person having ordinary skill in the art will comprehend these differences. 
     The prior art processes have not proved commercially viable. While they have been successful in producing low fat, low calorie nuts, the batch process times are too long (and therefore too costly), and in many instances, the nuts lack commercially pleasing flavor and texture. By contrast, the process of the Present Invention has proven to be commercially successful. Snack peanuts made using this process are currently being sold throughout the United States. The taste and texture of the low fat, low calorie peanuts thus produced are virtually indistinguishable from regular peanuts. The process of the Present Invention fulfills a long-felt need for a less expensive method for producing reduced fat, low calorie, high protein, and healthy diet snack nuts. 
     A comparative discussion of the prior art follows: 
     (1) U.S. Pat. No. 2,003,415 issued to Ammann on Jun. 4, 1935 teaches a process of extracting oil from peanuts by heating them to between 176° and 194° F. and applying a pressure of almost 9,000 psi for 45 minutes to one hour to remove 60 to 70% of the oil. The kernels are deformed into a cake, but are reconstituted by exposure to steam for approximately 20 to 30 minutes. According to Baxley (infra) the nuts produced by this process lack flavor. This process takes too long to be practical commercially. In addition, it is costly to sustain a pressure of 9,000 psi for such a long time. By contrast, the process of the Present Invention does not use steam for reconstitution. The pressure applied is less than 1,000 psi, the pressing time is less than one minute, and the reforming time is less than one minute.
 
(2) U.S. Pat. No. 3,294,549 issued to Vix, et. al. on Dec. 27, 1966 teaches a process to partially defat nutmeats. The process teaches removing the oil from nutmeats by mechanical pressing and, thereafter, reconstituting the distorted kernels to their general original physical size and appearance by expanding them in an aqueous vehicle. The process may use hot pressing or cold pressing. Cold pressing requires a pressure of about 2,000 psi over a period ranging from 30 minutes to 2 hours at ambient room temperature. Hot pressing uses steam to heat the kernels to a temperature ranging from 180° to 220° F. and applying a pressure of about 2,000 psi for approximately one hour. Complete reconstitution of the nut kernels to their original shape occurs between 3 and 8 minutes in an aqueous medium.
 
     By contrast, the process of the Present Invention uses pressing times that are less than one minute. The applied pressure is less than 1,000 psi. A vacuum pump is used to remove the oil rapidly during pressing to reduce cycle time. The reconstitution time for the Present Invention is very short (less than one minute), and the process uses a cold-water step before drying to freeze the nuts and to improve processability. 
     (3) U.S. Pat. No. 3,645,752 issued to Baxley on Feb. 29, 1972 also teaches a process to defat peanuts. He comments on the above-mentioned U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,003,415 and 3,294,549 stating that, while the nuts are low calorie, they lack flavor and have a very short shelf life. Baxley proposes to correct these problems by drying and roasting the nuts after they are pressed and reconstituted. The succeeding two-step process includes the steps of subjecting the pressed, partially defatted nuts to an oil bath at a temperature sufficient to roast the nuts, typically in the range of 300° to 350° F., wherein the nuts return to their original shape. The nuts are then drained for a short period, such as 1 minute, and while still hot then subjected to a second oil bath in the temperature range from 130° to 140° F. During the reconstitution process, the cells that formerly contained oil are empty and subjected to vacuum. During reconstitution, the oil may contain any desired flavoring, which can then fill the voids. Baxley does not specify the pressure applied to the nuts or the time for applying pressure. By contrast, the process of the Present Invention does not include oil roasting to reconstitute the nuts.
 
(4) U.S. Pat. No. 4,049,833 issued to Gannis, et.al. on Sep. 20, 1977, and assigned to Nabisco, discloses a process whereby partially defatted nuts are subjected to a glycerol-containing solution until at least a portion of the solution is absorbed by the nuts during reconstitution. Gannis points out that defatted nuts have not been widely accepted by the public because they do not have a desirable texture and they do not have the flavor and storage stability of original nuts. Gannis states that, “when chewed, such products feel gritty or chalky in the mouth and produce an unsatisfactory mouth feel.” By contrast, the process of the Present Invention does not use glycerol to reconstitute the nuts.
 
(5) U.S. Pat. No. 4,329,375 issued to Holloway on May 11, 1982, and assigned to Nabisco, discloses a somewhat different process to prepare low fat, low calorie nuts having a desirable flavor and texture. Prior to pressing, he initially roasts the nuts and then re-hydrates them in water. Here, the nuts develop a roasted flavor and color prior to pressing them. Once re-hydrated, the roasted nuts are pressed using pressures greater than 1,000 psi from about 15 minutes to 2 hours. By contrast, the process of the Present Invention does not initially roast or re-hydrate the nuts prior to pressing. In addition, the pressing time is less than one minute for the Present Invention.
 
(6) U.S. Pat. No. 4,466,987 issued to Wilkins, et.al. on Aug. 21, 1984, and assigned to Nabisco, similarly discloses a process where the nuts are pre-roasted prior to pressing. Gannis is a co-inventor. Pressures ranging from 1,000 psi to 1,500 psi are applied for a time ranging from 15 minutes to 2 hours. This is done to impart a pleasant flavor and color to the low fat nuts. Wilkins differs from Holloway in that the step of pre-hydration prior to pressing is absent. Hydration takes place after pressing. By contrast, as with Holloway, the process of the Present Invention does not pre-roast the nuts prior to pressing, and pressing takes place in less than one minute. The applied pressure is less than 1,000 psi.
 
(7) U.S. Pat. No. 4,938,987 issued to Gannis, et.al. on Jul. 3, 1990, and assigned to Nabisco, discloses a process where the nuts are roasted after pressing. However, the nuts are not blanched prior to pressing. Wilkins is a co-inventor. Once again, pressures ranging from 1,000 psi to 1,500 psi are applied for a time ranging from 15 minutes to 2 hours. By contrast, the process of the Present Invention uses pressing times of less than one minute. The applied pressure is less then 1,000 psi.
 
(8) Another U.S. Pat. No. 5,002,802 issued to Gannis, et.al. (with Wilkins as a co-inventor) on Mar. 26, 1991, and also assigned to Nabisco, discloses a process in which the nuts are initially pressed, and then dry-roasted. Then, while still hot, the nuts are infused with an edible oil to improve the flavor while retaining the low fat content. Once again the pressing time is between 15 minutes and two hours at pressures ranging from 1,000 psi to 1,500 psi. By contrast, the process of the Present Invention does not infuse the dry hot roasted nuts with oil, and the pressing time is less than one minute. The applied pressure is less then 1,000 psi. Furthermore, reconstitution is not done while roasting the pressed nuts.
 
(9) U.S. Pat. No. 5,094874 issued to Zook on Mar. 10, 1992, and also assigned to Nabisco, also discloses a process which infuses the nuts with an edible oil after pressing, reconstituting, and roasting. The pressing times and pressures are the same as for the other Nabisco patents (supra). By contrast, the process of the Present Invention does not infuse the dry hot roasted nuts with oil, and the pressing time is less than one minute. In addition, reconstitution is not done while roasting the pressed nuts.
 
(10) U.S. Pat. No. 5,164,217 issued to Wong, et.al. on Nov. 17, 1992, and assigned to Procter &amp; Gamble, discloses a process whereby food compatible particulate matter less than 1,000 microns in size is added to the nuts during pressing at pressures ranging from 1500 to 7,500 psi. The particulate matter is removed in a subsequent step. Pressing time ranges from 5 to 30 minutes. In the preferred process, the peanuts are mixed with a peanut oil slurry of salt with a particle size less than 40 microns. The nuts are then pressed at a pressure of 5,200 psi for 10 minutes. By contrast, the process of the Present Invention does not add any particulate material while pressing. In addition, the pressing time is less than one minute. The applied pressure is less then 1,000 psi.
 
(11) Another patent issued to Zook, et.al. and assigned to Nabisco, viz., U.S. Pat. No. 5,240,726 issued on Aug. 31, 1993, discloses a process wherein the natural fatty nut oil is replaced with a low calorie fat-like material. This material comprises a triglyceride bearing one long chain fatty acid residue and two short chain fatty acid residues. The nuts are first de-fatted using any process such as those disclosed any of the Nabisco patents (supra). By contrast, the process of the Present Invention does not add such low calorie, fat-like or triglyceride materials to the defatted nuts.
 
(12) U.S. Pat. No. 5,290,578 issued to Passey, et.al. on Mar. 1, 1994 discloses a process that extracts the oil from peanuts using supercritical carbon dioxide. There is a pre-treatment step that comprises humidification and microwaving. Dry ice is used to supply the carbon dioxide to the system. The supercritical carbon dioxide is in a fluid state. This process has the advantage of being a continuous process rather than a batch process. However, the process comprises a 2-hour extraction hold step. Extraction of the oil takes place in several stages. Implementation of this process is complex and costly, and has so far not proven to be commercially viable. Clearly, this is a different process than that of the Present Invention.
 
(13) Yet another patent was issued to Zook and assigned to Nabisco—U.S. Pat. Ser. No. 5,595,780 issued on Jan. 21, 1997. Here, Zook discloses a process whose starting point is a nut that has been defatted using one of the processes previously discussed. Zook then places the nuts under vacuum of at least about 30 inches of Mercury, and infuses the nuts with an edible oil. The process can use the same oil that was previously used to roast the nuts. Reconstitution of the nuts takes place with steam. By contrast, the process of the Present Invention does not infuse the nuts with oil, and no steam is used in the reconstitution step.
 
(14) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/731,296 filed by Hathi on Dec. 6, 2000 and published as Patent Application Publication US 2002/0068122 A1 on Jun. 6, 2002 discloses a process for removing oil from nuts by first grinding the nut into a powder, then extracting the oil from the milled nuts, and finally remolding the nut powder into the shape of a nut using a mold. Clearly, the Hathi process is completely different from that of the Present Invention, which does not grind or mill the nuts to extract the fats and oils and then remold the powder into the final shape.
 
(15) International Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US91/00163 filed by Holloway, et.al. on Jan. 8, 1991, assigned to Nabisco, and published as International Publication No. WO 91/10372 on Jul. 25, 1991, discloses a process whereby partially defatted nuts are roasted, and then contacted with a non-digestible or only partially digestible fat-like substance. This low calorie fat-like material can replace fully digestible triglyceride fats or oils in the human diet. The nuts have the characteristics of full-fat nuts without the calories. The partially defatted nuts are first pressed to extract 40-52% of their initial triglyceride fat content at pressures ranging from 1,100 to 1,300 psi, for times of 15 minutes to 2 hours. Reconstitution takes place after the roasting process by contacting the nuts with water. By contrast, the process of the Present Invention does not infuse the nuts with a non-digestible or partially digestible fat-like material, and the press time is less than one-minute. The applied pressure is less then 1,000 psi.
 
(16) International Patent Application Serial No. PCT/GB93/00371 filed by Zumbe on Feb. 22, 1993, and published as International Publication No. WO 93/16609 on Sep. 3, 1993, discloses a process for producing reduced fat (oil depleted) nuts by use of microwave heating. Zumbe performs this process on raw hazelnuts. First, they are pre-dried and optionally blanched. The nuts are then pressed for an undisclosed period of time. Then, the nuts are reconstituted into their original shape using water almost at the boiling point. A vacuum chamber is used during reconstitution. Next, the nuts are partially dried and then subjected to microwave drying and roasting. By contrast, the process of the Present Invention does not using microwave heating in the defatting step.
 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram of the process of the Present Invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic of the defatting step of the process of the Present Invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic showing the reconstituting step of the process of the Present Invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The Present Invention consists of a process for manufacturing low fat, low calorie snack nuts as well as the snack nut produced by said process. The steps in the process are blocked out in  FIG. 1 . The sequence of steps generally runs from the top of the drawing to the bottom. However, the order of some of the steps is not critical, and some of the steps are optional. 
     The process of the Present Invention is useful for manufacturing, inter alia, low fat, low calorie snack peanuts, almonds, cashew nuts, pecans, hazelnuts, Brazil nuts, pine nuts, macadamia nuts, hickory nuts, beechnuts, pistachio nuts, acorns, etc. 
     Peanut snack nuts manufactured using the process of the Present Invention are presently being marketed under the trade name, Nachalur Natural Nut™. Almonds and cashews made by this process are also being sold. The table below is a nutritional value comparison based upon 100 gm (3.5 oz) of peanuts produced using the process of the Present Invention. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Regular 
                 Nachalur 
               
               
                 Nutritional Component 
                 Peanut 
                 Natural Nuts ™ 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Energy, kcal 
                 567 
                 373 
               
               
                 Fat &amp; Oil, gm 
                 44.6 
                 29.3 
               
               
                 Protein, gm 
                 25.3 
                 30.19 
               
               
                 Dietary Fiber, gm 
                 3.1 
                 3.7 
               
               
                 Carbohydrates, gm 
                 26.1 
                 31.15 
               
               
                 Sugar, gm 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , the process steps are as follows: 
     (1) Shelling 
     Most nuts, especially peanuts, are harvested with their shells. The first step in the process is to remove the shells. What is extracted from the shell is the nut kernel. This forms the snack nut. A snack nut refers to either an entire kernel or a kernel that is split into two halves. 
     (2) Sizing 
     The nut kernels are sized to separate and remove those that are too small or those that are too big. 
     (3) Blanching 
     Most nuts have a skin that surrounds the kernel. Blanching is the process whereby the skin is removed. Most consumers prefer peanuts that are blanched. However, many consumers prefer almonds with their dark skin. Therefore, this is an optional step. 
     (4) Defeating 
     This is a physical process that extracts the oil from the nut under pressure. Pressing is one method to remove the oil. This is done in a hydraulic press. The nuts may be pressed between two flat plates, or in a rotary press, or in a disk press, etc. Extraction of oil from nuts in a hydraulic press with two flat plates is shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     This step is novel in several respects. Instead of dumping a large number of nuts into a press chamber, the Present Invention uses a monolayer of nuts. Referring to  FIG. 2 , the monolayer of nuts  2  is positioned on the lower plate of hydraulic press  1 . A vacuum pump creates a vacuum on the lower plate. This serves two purposes. First, it causes the nuts to remain as a close-packed monolayer on the lower plate. Second, it serves to collect the expelled oil. As the two plates come together, the nuts are squeezed, and the oil is expelled from the nut. The oil is collected along air/oil path  3  into a receptacle  4 . Once collected, the nut oil has its own uses, and it can be harvested. For example, peanut oil is often sold for cooking. 
     It is important to note that pressing is not a grinding or milling process. The product is not powdered nuts. Instead, as a result of the pressing (or defatting) stage, the nut remains as a kernel, but it is deformed or flattened. The yield of snack nuts produced by this process is greater than eighty percent. 
     Another novel feature of this step is the pressing process itself. Pressing comprises of a plurality of cycles that consist of pressing and releasing. For example, there could be three such cycles during an interval of less than one minute, thereby extracting between 20% and 50% of the oil from the nut. The number of cycles of the plurality is determined by the desired extraction amount. However, there must be at least one cycle. Nonetheless, they all complete in less than one minute. Once the pressing cycles have extracted the desired amount of oil, the vacuum is released, the plates are withdrawn, and the nuts are driven from the press to the next step in the process. Before the plates close again, a new monolayer of nuts enters the press, and the process is repeated. Thus, the press never stops. It runs continuously, thereby increasing the throughput and making the process very economical. 
     One skilled in the art will recognize that a flat plate hydraulic press can have a plurality of plates, said plurality being more than two. The plurality of plates would be stacked in layers. Each plate could press its own monolayer of nuts, thereby greatly increasing the yield. 
       FIG. 2  shows a flat plate hydraulic press for illustration purposes only. One skilled in the art will recognize that a flat plate hydraulic press can be replaced with a rotary press or other mechanical means to continuously feed the nuts in a monolayer configuration and apply pressure to expel the oil. 
     (5) Reconstituting 
     Because of the pressing step, the nut kernel is compressed and deformed into a flattened shape. In this step, the kernel is reformed into its approximate original shape. This is illustrated in  FIG. 3 .  FIG. 3A  represents the original nut kernel;  FIG. 3B  represents the flattened kernel that was deformed by pressing; and  FIG. 3C  represents the reformed or reconstituted nut kernel. 
     A nut kernel resembles a sponge. It is not uniformly solid. Instead, it comprises cells that contain mostly fatty oil and some water, said cells being interspersed within the nutmeat. When a nut is squeezed, the oil and water are expelled from the cells, and the nut deforms. However, a nut kernel is different from a sponge in that it lacks the resilience possessed by a sponge. Therefore, when compressed, a nut kernel remains in its deformed state unless it is reconstituted. 
     Reconstitution is done by filling the empty cells with water. After the deformed kernels leave the press, they are contacted with hot water bath at a temperature between 176° F. and 212° F. for less than one minute. Water is absorbed in the range of 15 to 45 lbs per hundred pounds of wet weight defatted peanuts after reconstitution, and the shape returns approximately to the original shape of snack peanuts. The hot water contacting medium is presented for illustration purposes only, and one skilled in the art will recognize that the hot water in the reconstitution step can be replaced with an aqueous medium that predominantly contains hot water along with other dissolved edible water soluble ingredients. 
     (6) Annealing 
     Reconstituted nuts are soft and fragile, and they tend to break in handling. A novel step in the process is annealing, which tempers or hardens the nuts. After the reconstitution step, the nuts are contacted with cold water. The temperature of the cold-water bath is between 32° F. and 69° F. This cold hardens the nut kernels in a similar way that metals are annealed after hot working. Hardening the nuts helps to prevent breakage during post-processing, and helps to ease handling, and increases the yield of snack nuts. Prior to annealing, the mean hardness of a typical peanut kernel is measured as 2.48 (+10.9 SD) Shore A with an ASTM D2240 Type A device. After annealing, the mean hardness of a typical peanut kernel is measured as 48 (+9.7 SD) Shore A with an ASTM D2240 Type A device. 
     Annealing may also be accomplished by contacting the nut kernels with cold air or liquid nitrogen, or by any other chilling method. 
     (7) Fortification 
     Fortification comprises two steps—one optional, and the other strongly recommended. 
     The first step involves contacting the nut with a water-soluble material, such as Vitamin C. The fortifying agent is absorbed into the nut cells that are filled with water, and it dissolves therein, thereby becoming a component of the nut. Clearly, impregnating with a fortifying agent is optional. The fortifying agent may also be added to the water as an aqueous solution during the steps of reconstitution or annealing. 
     The second step consists of placing a coating around the exterior of the nut kernel after annealing. The coating would be either a natural or synthetic, edible material. It would consist of a water-soluble film-forming polymer. Examples include starch, hydroxyl-propyl-methyl cellulose (commonly used in drug tablets), carboxy-methyl cellulose (CMC), improved gelatin, etc. The coating may be applied by dipping or spraying. The coating helps to prevent additional damage to the nuts during post-processing, packing, handling, storage, and distribution. It also minimizes oil absorption during oil roasting. 
     (8) Blow Drying 
     This step involves blowing air at room temperature over the nut kernels in order to remove excess water. 
     (9) Hot Air Drying 
     The nut kernels are placed into a hot air convection oven maintained at a temperature between 250° F. and 400° F. This step serves to extract the water from the nut and to bring it to its final shape. 
     Any other heating means, such as a heat tunnel, may be used to dry the nuts. Drying is performed until the moisture content of the nuts is reduced to approximately 10% of the nut weight. 
     (10) Roasting 
     Roasting of the nut kernels is performed by the state-of-the-art process to produce roasted nuts. Roasting is done to produce a pleasing color and flavor. 
     (12) Coating/Flavoring 
     This is the final step in the process, and it is optional. Here, the nut kernel can be coated with various edible flavors. Examples include honey, cinnamon, chocolate, etc. This coating step is a state-of-the-art process. 
     The process of the Present Invention, disclosed supra, is able to produce a defatted snack peanut comprising a whole or split nut kernel, wherein the snack peanut comprises (on a 100 gm basis):
         a) between 20 gm and 40 gm of fat and oil;   b) between 27.5 gm and 35 gm of protein; and   c) between 3.5 gm and 4.0 gm of dietary fiber; and having a hardness (Shore Hardness Type A) between 30 HA and 60 HA, as measured after reconstitution prior to drying using a Durometer measurement.       

     The above disclosure teaches a process that produces reduced fat, low calorie, high fiber, and high protein roasted nuts. The nuts have texture, taste, aroma, and a physical appearance closely approximating that of natural nuts. The shelf life is improved relative to the prior art processes. The prior art, especially the Nabisco patents, attempted to manufacture nuts of this type by various processes with some measure of technological success, but with no commercial success. The reason for the commercial failure of these processes is that they are batch processes having critical steps taking an inordinate amount of time. The process of the Present Invention is unique in that the critical steps take so little time as to make the process quasi-continuous. The nuts produced using this process have sold very well. Manufacturing facilities are currently expanding to meet the increased demand.