Abstract:
The concentration of a constituent within a chalcogenide film used to form a chalcogenide containing semiconductor may be adjusted post deposition by reacting the chalcogenide film with a material in contact with the chalcogenide film. For example, a chalcogenide film containing tellurium may be coated with a titanium layer. Upon the application of heat, the titanium may react with the tellurium to a controlled extent to reduce the concentration of tellurium in the chalcogenide film.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    This relates generally to chalcogenide containing semiconductors, including phase change memories and ovonic threshold switches. 
         [0002]    Chalcogenide containing semiconductors include a chalcogenide layer which is an alloy of various chalcogens. For example, the well known GST alloy is a composite of germanium, antimony, and tellurium. Many other alloys are known. In addition to alloys used in phase change memories, chalcogenide alloys are also used for ovonic threshold switches, the difference being that the chalcogenide layer in the ovonic threshold switch normally does not change phase. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0003]      FIG. 1  is an enlarged, cross-sectional view at an early stage of manufacture according to one embodiment; and 
           [0004]      FIG. 2  is an enlarged, cross-sectional view at a subsequent stage in accordance with one embodiment. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0005]    In some cases, it is advantageous to adjust the composition of chalcogenide layers deposited to form chalcogenide containing semiconductor devices, including phase change memories and ovonic threshold switches. For example, in some cases, it may be appreciated that finer control may be achieved post deposition than is possible through the adjustment of the deposition process. Thus, in some embodiments, after the material is actually deposited, its chemical composition can be altered. 
         [0006]    In accordance with one embodiment, the chemical composition may be altered by subsequently depositing a metal film that is reactive with one or more constituents of the deposited chalcogenide film. Upon heat activation, a reaction occurs which depletes the targeted component from the chalcogenide film through reaction with the contacting metal film. The extent of the depletion may be controlled by the amount of the thermal budget and the thickness of the contacting metal film. 
         [0007]    Thus, as one example, a GST chalcogenide may be coated with a layer of titanium. When exposed to heat, the titanium reacts with the tellurium in the GST film and, as a result, depletes the tellurium. In this way, the tellurium composition can be adjusted post deposition. 
         [0008]    As another example, titanium may be coated on IST (Indium Antimony Tellurium) phase change material. Also, titanium may be deposited on an ovonic threshold switch material including tellurium. 
         [0009]    In many cases, the extent of alteration can be controlled with a considerable degree of precision because it is a function of time, temperature, and deposited material thickness. 
         [0010]    In some cases, the subsequent post deposition adjustment may be preplanned and may be part of the overall recipe for forming the semiconductor device. In other cases, testing of the chalcogenide films as deposited may suggest a need for fine adjustment, rather than producing less than ideal devices or destroying the wafers with the deposited chalcogenide film. 
         [0011]    Thus, for example, referring to  FIG. 1 , an example of a chalcogenide containing semiconductor  10  may include a bottom electrode  12 , a chalcogenide film  14 , a thin titanium film  16  deposited thereover, and a top electrode  18 . 
         [0012]    The structure  10 , shown in  FIG. 1 , may then be subjected to sufficient heating to create a reaction between tellurium in the chalcogenide film  14  and the titanium film  16 . As a result, the tellurium reacts with the titanium film to form the titanium tellurium based alloy film  16   a , shown in  FIG. 2 . Due to heating, the tellurium diffuses into the titanium film  16  and reacts with the film  16 . The chalcogenide film  14   a  has now been depleted of tellurium to a controlled extent in some embodiments. The extent of depletion is controlled based on thermal budget and titanium layer thickness. 
         [0013]    The same concepts can be applied to any chalcogenide alloy or phase change material formed by physical vapor deposition or chemical vapor deposition, as two examples. Thus, for example, the film  14 , in one embodiment, may be GST and the electrodes  12  and  18  may be titanium nitride. 
         [0014]    Also, selenium in chalcogenide material may be reacted a titanium metal coating. Cobalt metal may also react with tellurium in the chalcogenide. 
         [0015]    Programming to alter the state or phase of the material may be accomplished by applying voltage potentials to address lines, thereby generating a voltage potential across a memory element including a phase change film  14   a . When the voltage potential is greater than the threshold voltages of any select device and memory element, then an electrical current may flow through the phase change film  14   a  in response to the applied voltage potentials, and may result in heating of the phase change film  14   a.    
         [0016]    This heating may alter the memory state or phase of the film  14   a , in one embodiment. Altering the phase or state of the film  14   a  may alter the electrical characteristic of memory material, e.g., the resistance or threshold voltage of the material may be altered by altering the phase of the memory material. Memory material may also be referred to as a programmable resistance material. 
         [0017]    In the “reset” state, memory material may be in an amorphous or semi-amorphous state and in the “set” state, memory material may be in a crystalline or semi-crystalline state. The resistance of memory material in the amorphous or semi-amorphous state may be greater than the resistance of memory material in the crystalline or semi-crystalline state. It is to be appreciated that the association of reset and set with amorphous and crystalline states, respectively, is a convention and that at least an opposite convention may be adopted. 
         [0018]    Using electrical current, memory material may be heated to a relatively higher temperature to melt and then quenched to vitrify and “reset” memory material in an amorphous state (e.g., program memory material to a logic “0” value). Heating the volume of memory material to a relatively lower crystallization temperature may crystallize or devitrify memory material and “set” memory material (e.g., program memory material to a logic “1” value). Various resistances of memory material may be achieved to store information by varying the amount of current flow and duration through the volume of memory material. 
         [0019]    An ovonic threshold switch is either on or off depending on the amount of voltage potential applied across the switch and, more particularly, whether the current through the switch exceeds its threshold current or voltage, which then triggers the device into an on state. The off state may be substantially electrically non-conductive and the on state may be a substantially conductive state with less resistance than the off state. 
         [0020]    In the on state, the voltage across the switch, in one embodiment, is equal to its holding voltage V hold +IR on , where R on  is the dynamic resistance from the extrapolated X axis intercept V hold . For example, an ovonic threshold switch may have a threshold voltage V th  and, if a voltage potential less than the threshold voltage of the switch is applied across the switch, then the switch may remain off or in a relatively high resistance state so that little or no electrical current passes. 
         [0021]    Alternatively, if a voltage potential greater than the threshold voltage of the select device is applied across the device, then the device may turn on, i.e., operate in a relatively low resistance state so that significant electrical current passes through the switch. In other words, one or more series connected switches may be in a substantially electrically non-conductive state at less than a predetermined voltage, e.g., the threshold voltage as applied across a switch. The switch may be in a substantially conductive state if greater than a predetermined voltage is applied across the switch. 
         [0022]    In one embodiment, each switch may comprise a switch material that is a chalcogenide alloy. The switch material may be a material in a substantial amorphous state positioned between two electrodes that may be repeatedly and reversibly switched between a higher resistance off state that is generally greater than about 1 megaOhms and a relatively lower resistance on state that is generally less than about 1000 Ohms in series with the holding voltage by the application of electrical current or potential. 
         [0023]    Each switch is a two-terminal device that has an IV curve similar to that of a phase change memory element that is in an amorphous state. However, unlike a phase change memory element, the ovonic threshold switch does not change phase. That is, the switching material of the ovonic threshold switch is not a phase programmable material and, as a result, the switch may not be a memory device capable of storing information. For example, the switching material may remain permanently amorphous and the IV characteristics may remain the same throughout the operating life. 
         [0024]    In the low voltage, low electric field mode, where the voltage applied across the switch is less than the threshold voltage V th , the switch may be off or non-conducting and exhibits a relatively high resistance. The switch may remain in the off state until a sufficient voltage, namely, the threshold voltage, is applied or a sufficient current is applied, namely, the threshold current, that switches the device to a conductive relatively low resistance on state. After a voltage potential of greater than about the threshold voltage is applied across the device, the voltage potential across the device may drop or snapback to a holding voltage V hold . Snapback may refer to the voltage difference between the threshold voltage and the holding voltage of the switch. 
         [0025]    In the on state, the voltage potential across the switch may remain close to the holding voltage as current passing through the switch is increased. The switch may remain on until the current through the switch drops below a holding current. Below this value, the switch may turn off and return to a relatively high resistance, non-conductive off state, until the threshold voltage and current are again exceeded. 
         [0026]    References throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” mean that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one implementation encompassed within the present invention. Thus, appearances of the phrase “one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be instituted in other suitable forms other than the particular embodiment illustrated and all such forms may be encompassed within the claims of the present application. 
         [0027]    While the present invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art will appreciate numerous modifications and variations therefrom. It is intended that the appended claims cover all such modifications and variations as fall within the true spirit and scope of this present invention.