Abstract:
An interface that provides minimum changes in contact pressure over a thermal range is disclosed. The interface is a mated joint of given material, typically metallic, joined by a mechanical fastener or fasteners. The fastener(s) create contact pressure at the joint surface wherein the contact pressure variation over a temperature range is minimized by the use of a thermal compensator having a predetermined length. The thermal compensator&#39;s length is chosen by setting the thermally induced expansion delta to offset an equal delta created by the fastener and interface configuration. The difference in expansion of the mated joint and fastener is canceled by the equal, but negative, difference between compensator and fastener. This cancellation of expansion minimizes the change in contact pressure at the joint interface. Maintaining a constant pressure provides PIM reliability during temperature changes.

Description:
[0001]     This application is a divisional of application serial number 11/026,685, filed Dec. 31, 2004. 
     
    
       [0002]     Common transmission lines in coaxial or waveguide form are used to route signals in such a manner as to reliably avoid the production of passive intermodulation products (hereinafter PIM) during spacecraft satellite operations. Avoidance of PIM with high reliability is accomplished with a high-pressure interface. The high-pressure interface is typically achieved by using high strength bolts. However, a problem arises in that the expansion characteristics of the high strength bolts differ from the expansion characteristics of the interface materials typically in the form of a flange. A common material in use as flange material in space applications is lightweight aluminum. The difference between the expansion of flange materials and fastener materials, over a temperature range, creates a change in contact pressure. Large temperature excursions which are common in space and can occur from self-heating of RF signals as they are routed through the various transmission media. A large change in temperature may compromise the required pressure necessary for PIM avoidance. As an example: a large increase in temperature can create contact pressures high enough to yield and deform the flange joint base material. As the temperature again decreases as is common in the general applications, the yielded, deformed interface will no longer adequately provide the necessary pressure required to suppress PIM. Unreliable PIM performance can seriously jeopardize a satellite&#39;s mission.  
       SUMMARY  
       [0003]     A method and apparatus to achieve minimum contact pressure variation of a mated interface during temperature excursions is provided. The mated interface may be a two flange configuration having a plurality of fasteners such as high strength bolts that apply the required pressure. These fasteners are secured using nuts or threads added to one of the flange configurations wherein a temperature compensator in the form of a sleeve is mounted under the nut or head of the fastener. The length of the compensator sleeve is judiciously chosen based on the CTEs of the plurality of materials used wherein a material with a lower CTE than either fastener or flange is chosen for the compensator sleeve. The length is set so that the difference of CTEs of the fastener material and compensator equals the difference of CTEs of the flange material and fastener times the thickness of the flanges. As temperature increases, the lack of expansion of the compensator sleeve compared to the fastener offsets the expansion of flanges compared to the fastener thereby providing a constant contact pressure at the mated interface. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0004]     The drawings are not to scale and are only for purposes of illustration.  
         [0005]      FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of a waveguide mating flange interface configuration incorporating a temperature compensator sleeve;  
         [0006]      FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of a coaxial center conductor of a square waveguide incorporating a temperature compensator sleeve;  
         [0007]      FIG. 3  is an exploded isometric view of a collet sleeve used to prevent PIM; and  
         [0008]      FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view of the collet sleeve configuration shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0009]     A method and apparatus to achieve minimum contact pressure variation of a mated interface during temperature excursions is provided. The method and apparatus in one embodiment comprises a first configuration in the form of a waveguide flange mated to a second configuration, also in the form of a waveguide flange. Referring now to  FIG. 1 , there is shown a cross-sectional view of a waveguide mating flange interface configuration  10 . The waveguide mating flange interface configuration  10  forms a mated surface  22  by placing a first flange member  24  against a second flange member  14 . Flange materials are typically lightweight, with a high coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). As is known in the fastening arts, a higher pressure is achieved by reducing the surface area by incorporating a raised ridge  36  on one or both flanges  14  and  24 , respectively. As shown in  FIG. 1 , the mated surface  22  is reduced in size thereby forming the pressure ridge  36 . This kind of mating structure is basic in design and is in itself conventional and may vary.  
         [0010]     The mated configuration further has a plurality of fasteners that apply the required pressure. Referring once again to  FIG. 1 , fasteners  16 , nuts  18  and lock washers  12  are utilized to join the first flange member  14  against the second flange member  24  at raised ridges  36  thereby forming the mated surface  22 . As is common in the art, the fasteners  16  are in the form of high strength bolts. These are fastened with nuts  18  or may be fastened using threads (not shown) added to one of the flange configurations. The fasteners  16 , nuts  18  and lock washers  12  are used to provide contact pressure at the raised ridge contact points  36  as well as holding the two flange members together at the mated surface  22 . By way of example only and not of limitation, the material of the first flange member  12  and second flange member  14  may be made of aluminum. The fastener(s)  16 , nut(s)  18  and lock washer(s)  12  are preferably made of a high strength material and may be by way of example only may be stainless steel. It should be understood that a plurality of fastener types and threaded methods may be used to obtain the desired pressure.  
         [0011]     The waveguide mating flange interface configuration  10  further incorporates one or more temperature compensator(s)  26  in the form of a sleeve mounted under the nut or head of one or more of the fastener(s)  16 . When the waveguide mating flange interface  10  shown in  FIG. 1  is used in typical fashion, exposure to increasing temperatures expands the materials of the first flange member  24 , second flange member  14  and fastener(s)  16  as determined by these material&#39;s characteristic thermal coefficient of expansion (CTE). The greater expansion of the aluminum material of the first flange member  24  and second flange member  14  is restricted by the lower expansion of the fastener(s)  16 . The combination of greater versus lower expansion rates increases the pressure applied at the raised ridge  36  contact point. As temperature rises, the pressure at the raised ridge  36  contact point may increase to a level higher than the yield strength of the aluminum flange material of the first flange material  24 . As the temperature returns to a lower level, the yielded material of the first flange member  24  remains compressed. Therefore, the pressure applied at the raised ridge  36  contact point is reduced to a value lower than the initial level resulting in the generation of unwanted passive intermodulation signals.  
         [0012]     To reliably avoid or suppress the production of these passive intermodulation (PIM) signals, the contact pressure at the raised ridge  36  must be maintained above a critical level. In order to achieve and maintain this critical level, one or more thermal compensator(s) or sleeve(s)  26  having a predetermined length L  28  are provided. The compensator sleeve(s)  26  with calculated length L  28  are used to offset the difference of CTE&#39;s between the materials of the first and second flange members,  24  and  14 , respectively and the material of the fastener(s)  16 . The material used for the compensator sleeve(s)  26  are chosen to have a lower CTE than the material of the fastener(s)  16  for temperature ranges that generally increase.  
         [0013]     The compensator sleeve(s)  28  length “L” are determined by the relationship shown in Equation 1 where CTE is expressed in ppm/degF and X,Y and L are in inches:  
             L   =                CTE   Flange     -     CTE   Fastener                     CTE   Compensator     -     CTE   Fastener              *     (     X   +   Y     )               Equation   ⁢           ⁢   1             
 
 By way of example only when: 
 
 X=0.200 inches and y=0.200 inches with the 
 
 CTE flange= 13.4, CTE fastner= 10.5 and CTE invr=1.2, then 
 
 L=[(13.4-10.5)/(10.5-1.2)]×(0.2+0.2)=0.4 inches 
 
 As shown in  FIG. 1 , the total thickness X  32  of the first flange member  24  is added to the total thickness Y  34  of the second flange member  14  resulting in a total “X”+“Y” thickness  30 . The compensator(s) length L  28  is calculated from the subtracted difference of the CTE&#39;s of the flanges,  24  and  14  and fastener(s)  16  must equal the subtracted difference of the fastener(s)  16  and the thermal compensator(s)  26  times the length “X+Y”  30 . 
 
         [0014]     The relationship of equation 1 determines that the length of the compensator sleeves  26  be judiciously chosen based on the CTEs of the materials used wherein a material with a lower CTE than either fastener or flange is chosen for the compensator. The length is set so that the difference of CTEs of the fastener material and compensator equals the difference of CTEs of the flange material and fastener times the thickness of the flanges. As temperature increases, the lack of expansion of the compensator compared to the fastener offsets the expansion of flanges compared to the fastener. By way of example, the material of the compensator sleeve(s)  26  may be made from a nickel steel material known by the trade name invar. Additionally, it should be noted although not shown, that the compensator sleeve(s)  26  may be added at either end of the fastener(s)  16  or at each location.  
         [0015]     In practice for a general increase in temperature, the fastener(s)  16  grow in length compared to the compensator sleeve(s)  26 . The fastener(s)  16  fail to grow in length compared to the combined thickness  30  of the first flange member  24  and second flange member  14 . But, the shortage in length is exactly compensated for by the excess growth in length of the fastener(s)  16  compared to the compensator sleeve(s)  26 . Pressure is thus maintained at a constant level during an increase in temperature. A general decrease in temperature requires a material choice for the compensator sleeve  26  with a CTE greater than the fastener  16  material. As is common in the art, threaded nuts  18  are, on occasion, replaced by threads in one flange member  14 . The compensator sleeve  26  length “L” required would decrease since the difference of CTE that needs to be offset in this case, is only over the distance “X” instead of “X”+“Y”.  
         [0016]     In another embodiment,  FIG. 2  shows a cross-sectional view of a coaxial center conductor mating configuration  20  which is part of a square waveguide coaxial assembly. As shown in  FIG. 2 , a first coaxial center conductor portion  40  and a second, axially oriented, coaxial center conductor portion  42 , defines the coaxial center conductor mating configuration  20  having a mating surface  22 . The outer surrounding conductor portion of the square waveguide coaxial assembly is not shown for clarity. The first coaxial center conductor portion  40  defines a relief recess  38  cut out of a side to allow space to insert a fastener  16  and lock washer  12 . The second coaxial center conductor portion  42  defines an axial hole  46  and defines a relief recess  44  cut out of its side to allow space to insert a nut  18 . In this embodiment the mated configuration once again utilizes the fastener  16  to apply the required pressure at a raised ridge  36  contact point.  
         [0017]     Referring once again to  FIG. 2 , fasteners  16 , nuts  18  and lock washers  12  are once again utilized to join the first coaxial center conductor portion  40  against the second coaxial center conductor portion  42  at raised ridges  36  thereby forming the mated surface  22 . As described above the fastener  16  is in the form of high strength bolts. These are fastened with nuts  18  or may be fastened using threads (not shown) added to one of the flange configurations. The fasteners  16 , nuts  18  and lock washers  12  are used to provide contact pressure at the raised ridge contact points  36  as well as holding the two mating configurations together at the mated surface  22 . By way of example only and not of limitation, the material of the first flange member  12  and second flange member  14  also may be made of aluminum. The fastener  16 , nut  18  and lock washer  12  are also preferably made of a high strength material and may be by way of example only may be stainless steel. It should be understood that a plurality of fastener types and threaded methods may be used to obtain the desired pressure.  
         [0018]     The coaxial center conductor mating configuration  20  incorporates the temperature compensator  26  in the form of a sleeve mounted under the nut or head of the fastener  16 . When the coaxial center conductor mating configuration  20  shown in  FIG. 2  is used in typical fashion, exposure to increasing temperatures expands the materials of the first coaxial center conductor portion  40 , second coaxial center conductor portion  42  and fastener  16  as determined by these material&#39;s characteristic thermal coefficient of expansion (CTE). The greater expansion of the aluminum material of the first coaxial center conductor portion  40  and second coaxial center conductor portion  42  is restricted by the lower expansion of the fastener(s)  16 . The combination of greater versus lower expansion rates increases the pressure applied at the raised ridge  36  contact point. As temperature rises, the pressure at the raised ridge  36  contact point may increase to a level higher than the yield strength of the aluminum flange material of the first coaxial center conductor portion  40 . As the temperature returns to a lower level, the yielded material of the first coaxial center conductor portion  40  remains compressed. Therefore, the pressure applied at the raised ridge  36  contact point once again is reduced to a value lower than the initial level resulting in the generation of unwanted passive intermodulation signals.  
         [0019]     Once again the relationship of equation 1 determines that the length of the compensator sleeves  26  be judiciously chosen based on the CTEs of the materials used wherein a material with a lower CTE than either fastener or center conductor portion is chosen for the compensator. The length is set so that the difference of CTEs of the fastener material and compensator equals the difference of CTEs of the coaxial center conductor portions material and fastener times the thickness of the coaxial center conductor portions. As temperature increases, the lack of expansion of the compensator compared to the fastener offsets the expansion of coaxial center conductor portions compared to the fastener. Referring once again to  FIG. 2 , the length X  32  of the first coaxial center conductor portion  40  is added to the lengthl Y  34  of the second coaxial center conductor portion  42  resulting in a total “X”+“Y” length  30 . The compensator sleeve length L  28  is calculated from the subtracted difference of the CTE&#39;s of the coaxial center conductor portions,  40  and  42 , respectively and fastener  16  must equal the subtracted difference of the fastener  16  and the thermal compensator  26  times the length “X+Y”  30 .  
         [0020]     Referring now to  FIGS. 3 and 4 , there is shown a collet sleeve  50  used to prevent PIM. The collet sleeve  50  is typically of a high strength material of a different CTE than the body  52  and pin  54 . When the nut  56  is tightened, the angled edges form a pressure seal around the pin  54  and the housing  58 . This is again subject to a change in applied pressure as the temperature changes. The addition of the compensator sleeve  50  will correct this situation. The thickness  62  of the sleeve  50  is again determined by the difference of CTEs with the existing formula. The value (X+Y) in this case is just X  60 , since there is only one body piece.  
         [0021]     The method and apparatus may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respect only as illustrative and not restrictive. One experienced in the art can easily refine combinations of materials with the proper CTEs and a mix of the various techniques described to achieve a variety of solutions that result in minimum pressure variation during temperature excursions.  
         [0022]     The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims, rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.