Abstract:
The invention detects the state where a vehicle cabin is or the individual occupants are short of oxygen and eliminates this shortage of oxygen. Further, the invention prevents the occupant from developing high-altitude sickness when a vehicle runs in highlands. Still further, the invention constructs a system tough to the failure of sensors. There is provided an apparatus in which a system is constructed in such a way as to provide a vehicle with a function of measuring oxygen saturation in blood, a function of measuring oxygen concentration or carbon dioxide concentration, and a function of measuring altitude and can condition air in a vehicle cabin by use of a remaining function even in the event of a failure of the respective functions. With this, it is possible to eliminate a shortage of oxygen in individual occupants according to their states and hence to prevent the occupants from developing high-altitude sickness when the vehicle runs in highlands and hence to secure the safe running of the vehicle.

Description:
CLAIM OF PRIORITY  
       [0001]     The present application claims priority from Japanese application JP 2004-257835.filed on Sep. 6, 2004, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference into this application.  
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     The present invention relates to an air conditioner in the cabin of a vehicle such as automobile and train.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0003]     A shortage of oxygen in a cabin while an occupant is driving a vehicle is thought to be one cause of reducing the degree of concentration of the occupant and making the occupant get sleepy. Further, a shortage of oxygen during driving in highlands causes high-altitude thickness and, in particular, driving the vehicle in such away as to increase altitude rapidly is extremely dangerous. For this reason, it is thought that the need for a technology of preventing a high-altitude sickness is great.  
         [0004]     As a method for making up for a shortage of oxygen in the vehicle cabin is proposed a technology for separating and removing nitrogen in the atmosphere to produce air enriched with oxygen, as disclosed in patent document 1. Further, as disclosed in patent document 2, there is proposed a technology for quantifying the degree of fatigue of a vehicle driver by the number of displacements of a suspension and supplying air enriched with oxygen to the vehicle cabin when the number of displacements of a suspension is larger than a predetermined number and oxygen concentration in the vehicle cabin is lower than a predetermined concentration. 
    [Patent document 1] Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. S63(1988)-43812     [Patent document 2] Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. H6(1994)-92140    
 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0007]     However, the method disclosed in the patent document 1 can not find the states where individual occupants are short of oxygen, so that it is impossible to take appropriate action responsive to the state.  
         [0008]     On the other hand, according to the technology disclosed in patent document 2, the degree of fatigue quantified on the basis of the number of displacements of a suspension is an estimated value and the extent to which the occupant is actually short of oxygen is not actually measured.  
         [0009]     Further, when an occupant drives a vehicle in highlands, the occupant is in danger of developing high-altitude sickness but with the current state of the art, countermeasures against the high-altitude sickness are hardly undertaken in the vehicle.  
         [0010]     The present invention is to provide an apparatus that conditions air in a vehicle cabin on the basis of results obtained by detecting conditions typified by a shortage of oxygen of individual occupants in the vehicle cabin and by detecting a change in the amount of constituent component of air, which is typified by oxygen, to eliminate the deterioration of air environment typified by a shortage of oxygen. Further, the invention is to provide also an apparatus for preventing an occupant from developing high-altitude sickness when the occupant drives a vehicle in highlands.  
         [0011]     In order to solve the above problem, the outline of the invention disclosed in the present application is as follows.  
         [0012]     The present invention is an air conditioning system characterized by including: an oxygen saturation detecting sensor for measuring oxygen saturation in the blood of a driver or a fellow passenger; an air conditioner for supplying air to a vehicle cabin; and a control unit for controlling the oxygen concentration of air supplied by the air conditioner according to the oxygen saturation measured by the oxygen saturation detecting sensor.  
         [0013]     According to the invention, it is possible to detect the state where the vehicle cabin is or the individual occupants are short of oxygen and to eliminate a shortage of oxygen. Further, it is also possible to prevent the occupant from developing high-altitude sickness when the occupant drives the vehicle in highlands. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0014]      FIGS. 1A and 1B  are an illustration to show an oxygen saturation measuring unit (transmitted light type) mounted in a steering wheel.  
         [0015]      FIGS. 2A and 2B  are illustrations to show an oxygen saturation measuring unit (reflected light type) mounted in a steering wheel.  
         [0016]      FIG. 3  is an illustration to show an embodiment of the invention in an automobile.  
         [0017]      FIG. 4  is an illustration to show a method for mounting sensors for controlling the flow of air inside and outside a vehicle cabin.  
         [0018]      FIG. 5  is an illustration to show a flow chart of the overall system. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0019]     Hereafter, the preferred embodiments of the invention will be described in detail on the basis of the drawings.  
       Embodiment 1  
       [0020]     In this embodiment, an automobile is adopted as a vehicle, but the invention of this application includes not only the automobile but also motor cycle, train, and airplane that are operated by a driver.  
         [0021]     A method for measuring oxygen saturation in the blood of an occupant will be described by use of transmitted light with reference to  FIGS. 1A and 1B .  
         [0022]     A measuring part  102  is mounted in a steering wheel  101 . The measuring part  102  is mounted at a position where a forefinger is placed when the occupant grips the steering wheel  101  by the hand  103 . Since the size of hand varies depending on the person, it is effective that a sliding mechanical structure is interposed between the steering wheel  101  and the measuring part  102  to adjust the position of the measuring part  102 . A light emitting part  104  and a light receiving part  105  are mounted in the measuring part  102 . The light emitting part  104  can be constructed of a light emitting device such as LED and the light receiving part  101  can be constructed of a light receiving device such as photodiode and phototransistor. It is effective to use a device emitting light having a plurality of wavelengths as the light emitting device, but a plurality of devices each emitting light having a single wavelength can be used. In the drawing, electric wirings are omitted. The light emitting part  104  applies light to the hand  103  gripping the steering wheel  101  and the light receiving part  105  receives the light passing through the hand  103 .  
         [0023]     The intensity of light applied to the finger from the light emitting device and passing through or reflected by the finger varies because the substantial thickness of blood is varied by the pulsation of artery. Pulsating waves can be detected by measuring this variation in the intensity of light. Assuming that the intensity of transmitted light is I, variation in the intensity of transmitted light is ΔI, an extinction coefficient of hemoglobin is ε h , the concentration of hemoglobin is c, and variation in the thickness of blood is ΔD, a change in extinction ΔA is approximately expressed as follows by use of a Lambert-Beer&#39;s law although the Lambert-Beer&#39;s law does not hold for a scatterer like a living body, to be exact. 
 
Δ A =[log  I/ ( I−ΔI )]=ε h   c·ΔD    [Mathematical formula 1]
 
         [0024]     Assuming that the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in blood is s, the ratio of existence between oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin is s:1-s and hence assuming that extinction coefficients of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin are ε oxy  and ε deoxy , respectively, an overall extinction coefficient ε h  of hemoglobin is expressed by the following mathematical formula 2. 
 
ε h   =s·ε   oxy +(1- s )·ε deoxy    [Mathematical formula 2]
 
         [0025]     A method for measuring the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in blood, for example, by selecting two wavelengths will be described. In the case of using two kinds of wavelengths λ 1 , λ 2  for the light to be emitted, from the mathematical formula 1 and the mathematical formula 2, the following mathematical formula 3 is obtained. 
 
 [Mathematical Formula 3] 
             R   =       ⁢     Δ   ⁢           ⁢       A   λ1     /   Δ     ⁢           ⁢     A   λ2                   =       ⁢       ⌊       s   ·       ɛ   oxy     ⁡     (     λ   1     )         +       (     1   -   s     )     ·       ɛ   deoxy     ⁡     (     λ   1     )           ⌋     /                     ⁢     ⌊       s   ·       ɛ   oxy     ⁡     (     λ   2     )         +       (     1   -   s     )     ·       ɛ   deoxy     ⁡     (     λ   2     )           ⌋               
 
         [0026]     With this, 
 
 [Mathematical Formula 4] 
       s   =       ⌊         ɛ   deoxy     ⁡     (     λ   1     )       -     R   ·       ɛ   deoxy     ⁡     (     λ   2     )           ⌋     /     {       R   ⁢     ⌊         ɛ   oxy     ⁡     (     λ   2     )       -       ɛ   deoxy     ⁡     (     λ   2     )         ⌋       -     ⌊         ɛ   oxy     ⁡     (     λ   1     )       -     R   ⁢           ⁢       ɛ   deoxy     ⁡     (     λ   1     )           ⌋       }           
 
 is derived. 
 
         [0027]     In other words, the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in blood can be determined by measuring R. 
 
 R=ΔA   λ1   /ΔA   λ2  
 
         [0028]     Since R is the ratio of variations in transmitted light in the respective wavelengths, R is actually measured by use of the light receiving device and S is calculated by use of the mathematical formula 4. As to the wavelength, for example, λ 1 =660 nm and λ 2 =940 nm can be used. It is determined on the basis of the value of R whether or not the supply of oxygen to the vehicle cabin is required.  
         [0029]     In  FIGS. 2A and 2B  is shown a method for measuring oxygen saturation in blood by use of reflected light. For example, when the human hand  103  grips the steering wheel  101 , a guide  201  for positioning the finger is mounted next to a position where the forefinger is placed. In the steering wheel  101 , a measuring window  202  is provided, for example, at a position where the tip of the forefinger is placed. It is desirable that this window  202  is constructed of material capable of transmitted light having the wavelength of a light source. A light emitting device such as LED can be used for the light limiting part  203  and a light receiving part  204  can be constructed of a light receiving device such as photodiode and phototransistor. As to the light emitting part, as shown in  FIG. 2B , it is effective that light emitting parts  203  capable of emitting light having different wavelengths are mounted one for each side of the light receiving part  204 , or a light emitting part  203  capable of emitting a plurality of wavelengths is mounted on one side of the light receiving part  203 . The oxygen saturation is derived from R of the mathematical formula 1, as is the case with the method using transmitted light, and it is determined on the basis of this value whether or not oxygen is to be supplied to the vehicle cabin.  
         [0030]     In  FIG. 3  is shown an operational mode in an automobile  301 . A driver  302  grips the steering wheel  101  and the data of oxygen saturation of the driver obtained in the manner described above is transmitted to a control unit  303  formed of a vehicle-mounted computer or the control unit of an air conditioner (here, electric wirings are omitted). When its value becomes smaller than a predetermined value (for example, 93%) or continues decreasing monotonously, it is determined that oxygen concentration in the vehicle cabin decreases or that malfunction such as degradation in respiratory function of the occupant occurs. Then, a warning sound or a warning message is issued to the vehicle cabin from a speaker or a warning is issued by the monitoring screen or the sound output of a car navigation system. Further, it is effective that the system is so constructed as to transmit this warning to persons or organizations outside the vehicle by transmitting the malfunction by a mobile phone.  
         [0031]     When a fellow passenger  304  is in the vehicle cabin, it is also possible to adopt the following method: the oxygen saturation of the fellow passenger is monitored at the same time and the data of all occupants is compared with each other and when the oxygen saturation of only one occupant is decreased, it is determined that there is a higher probability that the one occupant might be in poor physical condition rather than that oxygen concentration in the vehicle cabin might be decreased to degrade environment and this determination is announced. The oxygen saturation of the fellow passenger can be monitored by providing a sensor like a clothespin of the type in which a finger is pinched by the sensor or a sensor like a finger sack of the type in which a finger is put into the sensor near the seat and by putting the finger into the sensor. A light emitting device and a light receiving device are built in the sensor, as is the case with those mounted in the steering wheel.  
         [0032]     The warning triggers the starting of the supply of oxygen. In  FIG. 3 , the blowoff port  305  of air conditioning for a driver&#39;s seat and the blowoff port  306  of air conditioning for the rear seat are shown as typical examples, but air enriched with oxygen can be blown of f from the blowoff ports provided in the ceiling, door, and the like of air conditioner mounted in the vehicle and is not limited to the embodiment shown in the drawing. Here, the piping of air conditioner is not shown and connection to the vehicle-mounted air conditioner will be described later. Further, it is effective to provide a button for starting or stopping the supply of oxygen at one of switches of the air conditioner and to start or stop the supply of oxygen manually.  
         [0033]     Further, the state of air in the vehicle cabin, typified by a deficiency of oxygen, can be also detected by methods other than the monitoring of the oxygen saturation of the occupants.  
         [0034]     One of the methods is performed by use of an oxygen concentration sensor or a carbon dioxide concentration sensor provided in the vehicle cabin. For example, a galvanic cell type sensor can be used for the oxygen concentration sensor and a solid electrolytic sensor can be used for the carbon dioxide concentration sensor. Oxygen concentration or carbon dioxide concentration is monitored by the oxygen concentration sensor or the carbon dioxide concentration sensor provided near the driver&#39;s seat or the oxygen concentration sensor or the carbon dioxide concentration sensor provided in the rear seat and a deficiency of oxygen or an increase in carbon dioxide concentration in the vehicle cabin is announced on the basis of the monitoring result and air enriched with oxygen is blown off from the blowoff ports  305 ,  306  of the vehicle-mounted air conditioner. Also in this case, the blowoff ports are not limited to these two ports.  
         [0035]     Next, a method for preventing the development of high-altitude sickness at the time of driving in highlands by predicting oxygen shortage on the basis of the running information of the vehicle will be described. As to the altitude information of the vehicle, atmospheric pressure on the ground where the vehicle runs is measured by an atmospheric pressure sensor  309  and altitude is computed on the basis of the atmospheric pressure. The atmospheric pressure sensor is provided also in the vehicle cabin and its position is not limited to the position shown in the drawing. First, a reference altitude is set at a departure point and then a relative altitude measurement of converting a change in atmospheric pressure to an altitude difference is performed. A change in atmospheric pressure can be converted to an altitude difference on the basis of the international standard atmosphere (ISA) data determined by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). According to the ISA, for example, atmospheric pressure at sea level, 2000 m, and 4000 m are 1013 hPa, 795 hPa, and 616 hPa, respectively, in other words, as the altitude increases by 100 m, the atmospheric pressure decreases by about 12 hPa. Altitude measurement can be easily performed by this method, but it is thought that altitude measurement can be performed more accurately by use of GPS altitude information. Hence, it is effective to use the GPS altitude information, if possible.  
         [0036]     In this case, in conjunction with a car navigation system, the rate of increase in altitude when the vehicle runs is determined on the basis of the GPS altitude information obtained from the car navigation system. When the rate of increase in altitude is large, there is probability that the occupant might develop high-altitude sickness, so a warning that it is required to decrease speed or to take a rest is issued to the vehicle cabin. Since the partial pressure of oxygen in the air is decreased at the highlands to decrease the difference in the partial pressure of oxygen between pulmonary alveoli and capillaries to reduce the efficiency of gas exchange in the lung, which might reduce oxygen saturation in the arterial blood to 90% or less, depending on persons. For this reason, there are cases where symptoms of high-altitude sickness such as headache or nausea appear. It is said that when a person goes from lowlands the altitude above sea level of which is lower than 1500 m or less to highlands the altitude above sea level of which is higher than 2000 m, in particular, 2500 m within a short time of 48 hours or less, or further goes up 500 m per one day from this altitude, the person develops high-altitude sickness in many cases.  
         [0037]     Hence, for example, when altitude above sea level at a departure point is 1500 m or less, it is determined until altitude reaches 2500 m whether or not the rate of increase in altitude is larger than 52 m/hour and after altitude exceeds 2500 m, it is determined whether or not the rate of increase in altitude is larger than 21 m/hour. When a vehicle runs in the lowlands whose altitude above sea level is lower than 2500 m, it is acceptable to issue a light warning of announcing that there is a probability of developing high-altitude sickness to the vehicle cabin, but when the vehicle runs in the highlands whose altitude above sea level is higher than 2500 m, it is effective to issue a warning of reducing speed, lowering altitude, or taking a rest to the vehicle cabin.  
         [0038]     The value of oxygen concentration in the atmosphere of the ground where the vehicle runs is computed from the obtained altitude information. This computation is performed, for example, on the basis of the well-known result that the atmospheric pressure varies from 899 hPa to 701 hPa when the altitude varies from 1000 m to 3000 m. Alternatively, it is also effective that an oxygen concentration sensor is provided outside the cabin of a vehicle to measure oxygen concentration actually.  
         [0039]     In  FIG. 4  is shown an air flow inside and outside a vehicle cabin and a method for mounting sensors for control. As to air inside a vehicle cabin  401 , in addition to air coming into or going out of the vehicle cabin through the windows, a portion of air shown by arrow  402  is taken into the blower unit  403  of a vehicle-mounted air conditioner. On the other hand, outside air  404  is also taken into the blower unit  403 . An oxygen concentrating part  405  is built in the blower unit  403 . Here, a case will be described where a polymeric film type oxygen concentrating part using a material capable of recovering more oxygen by utilizing the fact that a transmission speed is different between oxygen and nitrogen. However, an adsorption type oxygen concentrating part can be also used. Air  406  containing more nitrogen is discharged outside the vehicle. A vacuum pump  407  is mounted on the side where air is taken of the oxygen concentrating part  405  and produces a vacuum, whereby air  408  enriched with oxygen is taken into a cooling unit  409 .  
         [0040]     Here, since endotherm occurs when a refrigerant  410  is evaporated by an evaporator  411 , the air  408  enriched with oxygen is cooled. The air  412  enriched with oxygen and cooled enters a heater unit  413  and is mixed with air  416  warmed by a heater core  415  where engine cooling water  414  is circulated and air  417  having a temperate temperature is blown into the vehicle cabin  401 . The control unit  303  processes the information of oxygen saturation sensors  419 ,  420  mounted in the steering wheel  101 , the oxygen concentration sensor or the carbon dioxide sensor  418  arranged in the vehicle cabin, and the atmospheric pressure sensor  309  and controls the valves of suction ports of the inside air  402  that is again taken into the vehicle cabin and the outside air  404 , the vacuum pump  407 , the cooling unit  409 , and the heater unit  413  in a comprehensive manner.  
         [0041]      FIG. 5  is a flow chart of the overall system. In order to detect a shortage of oxygen of the occupants, oxygen saturation is measured ( 501 ) and in order to detect a shortage of oxygen in the vehicle cabin, oxygen concentration or carbon dioxide concentration is measured ( 502 ). It is acceptable that both of the oxygen sensor and the carbon dioxide sensor are mounted but it is also possible to use either of them. The running condition of the vehicle is detected by measuring the atmospheric pressure or by getting GPS altitude information ( 503 ). A warning is issued to the vehicle cabin by measuring sensors broadly divided into three kinds of sensors and by determining the results of measurement. The warning can be issued from a speaker in the vehicle cabin or by use of voice or output to the screen in association with a car navigation system. For example, it is effective that when oxygen saturation in blood of an occupant is lower than 96%, a warning is issued once and that when there is a tendency for the value of oxygen saturation to decrease further, a stronger warning is issued by the voice or screen output. The system is constructed in such a way as to select whose oxygen saturation is monitored.  
         [0042]     It is determined whether or not oxygen saturation is not lower than a predetermined value A ( 504 ), whether or not oxygen concentration is not lower than a predetermined value B or whether or not carbon dioxide concentration is higher than a predetermined value C ( 505 ), and whether or not a rate of the altitude change in time of the position of the moving vehicle is larger than a predetermined value D( 506 ). Then, if any one of them satisfies the condition, the result of determination is notified to the vehicle cabin and a warning is issued ( 507 ). Although a case where only the determination result in the process  504  is YES might occur because of sickness or the like, if only the determination result in the process  505  is YES, it is presumed that the oxygen concentration sensor or the carbon dioxide sensor and the oxygen saturation measuring sensor fail. In this case, a warning is issued to the vehicle cabin by voice announcement or by blinking LED lamps arranged in an instrument panel. Further, although oxygen concentration is lower than 15% and carbon dioxide concentration reaches 0.1%, if oxygen saturation is higher than 97%, it is presumed that the oxygen saturation measuring sensor fails.  
         [0043]     Also in this case, a warning is issued to the vehicle cabin by voice announcement or by blinking the LED lamp. Even if any one of the sensors broadly divided into three kinds of sensors fails, the remaining paths in the flow chart can be used. Hence, except when all sensors except for the atmospheric pressure sensor fail, the oxygen concentration can be kept at a predetermined value or more.  
         [0044]     If the oxygen concentration sensor and the carbon dioxide concentration sensor fail, the altitude of the ground where the vehicle runs is converted to oxygen concentration on the basis of the measurement result of atmospheric pressure sensor or GPS altitude information and it is determined whether or not the supply of oxygen is required. For example, when altitude varies from 1800 m to 3000 m, oxygen concentration varies from 16.8% to 14.4%, so that oxygen concentration can be estimated by the conversion based on this. In order to determine whether or not oxygen in the vehicle cabin is sufficient, it is possible to use a method by which the supply of oxygen is continued until the measurement result of the oxygen saturation sensor reaches 98%.  
         [0045]     The supply of oxygen to the vehicle cabin ( 508 ) is performed by using the method shown in  FIG. 3 . While it is possible to blow oxygen into the vehicle cabin at the same time when a warning is issued, it is also possible to construct a system in such a way as to urge an occupant to check whether or not oxygen is to be blown into the vehicle cabin when a warning is issued and to make the occupant blow off oxygen by his intension.  
         [0046]     Further, even if air environment in the vehicle cabin is appropriate, depending on physical conditions of the individual occupants, there is a case where a specific occupant has lower oxygen saturation in the blood. In this case, it is effective to issue a warning that oxygen saturation is lower than a reference value and to supply air containing oxygen having a high concentration of about 30% or more only from the blowoff port of the air conditioner near the occupant. In this case, it is also possible to mount an oxygen cylinder in the vehicle and to supply oxygen from the cylinder. With the above-described control, it is possible to condition air environment in the vehicle cabin according to the physical conditions of the individual occupants.  
         [0047]     When the supply of oxygen is started ( 508 ), the oxygen saturation in the blood of the occupant is measured in succession ( 509 ), whereas oxygen concentration or carbon dioxide concentration in the vehicle cabin is measured ( 510 ). Then, it is determined ( 511 ) whether or not the oxygen saturation reaches the predetermined value A, it is determined ( 512 ) whether or not the oxygen concentration reaches the predetermined value B or whether or not the carbon dioxide concentration reaches the predetermined value C. When both determination results are YES, the supply of oxygen is stopped ( 513 ). Here, it is effective that the predetermined values A, B, and C, as guides, are set, for example, at 98%, 21%, and 0.06%.  
         [0048]     While the above embodiment has been described on the assumption that the invention is applied to an automobile, the invention can be applied to vehicles such as airplane and train. Further, the invention relates to environment conditioning in a place where humans exist and can be used in houses, buildings, and underground construction sites and has a wide application area.