Abstract:
An apparatus and device for hydrocarbon recovery in a well for coal bed methane (CBM) recovery, tight sand gas extraction, and other gas extraction techniques provides for the formation of a hydrocarbon foam comprised of a fluid delivered into a downhole portion of the well and the hydrocarbon, maximizing water removal for gas recovery. The apparatus may include a check valve that feeds a nozzle to deliver or atomize the spray of fluid into the downhole portion of the well when the pressure applied to the fluid is sufficient to overcome a hydrostatic pressure in the downhole portion of the well and to deliver the fluid into the downhole portion of the well. The fluid is not sprayed directly into the formation, thereby protecting the formation from damage and recovering the fluid even in the case where water is not present. The capillary tube feeding the fluid to the check valve may be placed externally to the production tube to facilitate ease of cleaning and clearing of the production tube.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation and claims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/983,719, filed on Nov. 9, 2007, and entitled “Apparatus and Method for Increasing Well Production Using Surfactant Injection,” now U.S. Pat. No. 7,909,101, which in turn was a continuation claimed the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/905,993, filed on Jan. 28, 2005, and entitled “Apparatus and Method for Increasing Well Production Using Surfactant Injection,” now U.S. Pat. No. 7,311,144, which in turn claimed the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/617,837, filed on Oct. 12, 2004. Each of these applications is incorporated herein in their entirety by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to gas recovery systems and methods, and in particular to an apparatus and device for increasing the yield of a methane well using direct injection of a liquid at the end of a well bore incorporating a downhole valve arrangement. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     It has long been recognized that coalbeds often contain combustible gaseous hydrocarbons that are trapped within the coal seam. Methane, the major combustible component of natural gas, accounts for roughly 95% of these gaseous hydrocarbons. Coal beds may also contain smaller amounts of higher molecular weight gaseous hydrocarbons, such as ethane and propane. These gases attach to the porous surface of the coal at the molecular level, and are held in place by the hydrostatic pressure exerted by groundwater surrounding the coal bed. 
     The methane trapped in a coalbed seam will desorb when the pressure on the coalbed is sufficiently reduced. This occurs, for example, when the groundwater in the area is removed either by mining or drilling. The release of methane during coal mining is a well-known danger in the coal extraction process. Methane is highly flammable and may explode in the presence of a spark or flame. For this reason, much effort has been expended in the past to vent this gas away as a part of a coal mining operation. 
     In more recent times, the technology has been developed to recover the methane trapped in coalbeds for use as natural gas fuel. The world&#39;s total, extractable coal-bed methane (CBM) reserve is estimated to be about 400 trillion cubic feet. Much of this CBM is trapped in coal beds that are too deep to mine for coal, but are easily reachable with wells using drilling techniques developed for conventional oil and natural gas extraction. Recent spikes in the spot price of natural gas, combined with the positive environmental aspects of the use of natural gas as a fuel source, has hastened development of coal-bed method recovery methods. 
     The first research in CBM extraction was performed in the 1970&#39;s, exploring the feasibility of recovering methane from coal beds in the Black Warrior Basin of northeast Alabama. CBM has been commercially extracted in the Arkoma Basin (comprising western Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma) since 1988. As of March 2000, the Arkoma Basin contained 377 producing CBM wells, with an average yield of 80,000 cubic feet of methane per day. Today, CBM accounts for about 7% of the total production of natural gas in the United States. 
     While some aspects of CBM extraction are common to the more traditional means of extracting oil, natural gas, and other hydrocarbon fuels, some of the problems faced in CBM extraction are unique. One common method generally used to extract hydrocarbon fuels from within minerals is hydraulic fracturing. Using this technique, a fracturing fluid is sent down a well under sufficient pressure to fracture the face of the mineral formation at the end of the well. Fracturing releases the hydrocarbon trapped within, and the hydrocarbon may then be extracted through the well. A proppant, such as course sand or sintered bauxite, is often added to the fracturing fluid to increase its effectiveness. As the pressure on the face of the fractured mineral is released to allow for the extraction of the hydrocarbon fuel, the fracture in the formation would normally close back up. When proppants are added to the fracturing fluid, however, the fracture does not close completely because it is held open by the proppant material. A channel is thus formed through which the trapped hydrocarbons may escape after pressure is released. 
     Although course fracturing of this type is very successful in some applications, it has not proven particularly useful in the recovery of CBM. Coal fines recovered with the water and methane during CBM extraction will quickly foul the well when course fracturing techniques are used. This necessitates the frequent stoppage of CBM recovery in order that the production tubing may be swabbed or cleaned. It has been found that course fracturing will significantly reduce both the long-term productivity and ultimate useful life of a CBM well. 
     While traditional fracturing has proven unsuccessful in CBM extraction, all coal beds contain cleats, that is, natural fractures through which CBM may escape. As hydrostatic pressure is decreased at the cleat by the removal of groundwater, methane within the coal will naturally desorb and move into the cleat system, where it may flow out of the coal bed. CBM may thus be withdrawn from the coalbed in this manner through the well, without the necessity in many cases of any artificial fracturing methods. CBM exploration and well placement strategies thus are highly dependent upon a good knowledge of cleat placement within the coalbed of interest. 
     If artificial fracturing processes are used to stimulate production in CBM wells, they must be very gentle so as not to harm the coalbed cleats, and thereby reduce rather than increase well production. Acids, xylene-toluene, gasoline-benzene-diesel, condensate-strong solvents, bleaches, and course-grain sand have been found to be detrimental to good cleat maintenance. Recent experience in coalbeds in the Arkoma Basin indicates that a mixture of fresh water with a biocide, combined with a minimal amount of friction reducer, may be the least damaging fracturing fluid. The failure to use gentle fracturing methods and other good production practices elsewhere in a coal bed can even damage production at nearby wells. 
     Regardless of whether a fracturing liquid is used in CBM extraction, some means must be provided for the removal of the significant quantity of groundwater expelled as a result of the process. One study found that the average CBM well removed about 12,000 gallons of water per day. Pump jacks and surfactant (soap) introduction are the most common means of removing this water. Pump jacks, which have been used for decades in traditional petroleum extraction, simply pump water out of the well by mechanical means. A pump is placed downhole, and is connected to a rocking-beam activator at the wellhead by means of an interconnected series of rods. Pump jacks are expensive to install, operate, and maintain, particularly in CBM applications where bore cleaning is required more often due to the presence of coal fines. The presence of the pump jack at the end of the well also requires lengthier downtimes when maintenance is performed, reducing the cost-efficiency of the well. 
     In contrast to the pump jack method, the surfactant method relies upon the hydrostatic pressure within the well itself to force groundwater up through the borehole and out of the extraction area. The surfactant combines with the groundwater to form a foam, which is pushed back up through the well by hydrostatic pressure. The water/surfactant mixture is then separated from the devolved methane gas and disposed of by appropriate means. Ideally, not all water is removed at the point of CBM extraction; rather, only enough water is removed such that the hydrostatic pressure in the area of the borehole is reduced just enough that the methane bound to the coal will desorb. In this way, damage to the coalbed cleats in the area of the borehole is minimized. Care must be exercised to prevent the surfactant from entering the coal formation, since this too may damage the coalbed cleats and reduce the production rate and lifetime of the well. 
     Two methods are commonly used today for the introduction of surfactant into a CBM well. One method is the dropping of “soap sticks” into the well. The soap sticks form a foam as they are contacted by water rising up through the well, thereby forming foam that travels up and out of the well due to hydrostatic pressure. The second method is to attach a small tube inside the main production tube and pour gelled surfactant into this tube. The surfactant travels down the tube through the force of gravity, capillary action, or its own head pressure, eventually depositing the gel into the flow of water in the well and forming a foam. Again, this foam rises back up through the well for eventual removal. Use of either of these methods is believed by the inventor to increase well production on average by 10-20%. 
     Although a significant amount of CBM is extracted through vertical drilling methods, horizontal drilling methods have become more common. The general techniques for horizontal drilling are well known, and were developed for conventional extraction of oil and natural gas. In the usual case, the well begins into the ground vertically, then arcs through some degree of curvature to travel in a generally horizontal direction. Horizontal wells thus contain a bend or “elbow,” the severity of which is determined by the drilling technique used. It is believed that horizontal drilling may result in better extraction rates of CBM from many coal beds due to the way in which coalbeds tend to form in long, horizontal strata. One analysis has shown that “face” cleats in coalbeds appear to be more than five times as permeable as “butt” cleats, which form orthogonally to face cleats. A horizontal well can increase productivity by orienting the lateral section of the well across the higher-permeability face cleats. As a result of these effects, the area drained by a horizontal well may be effectively much larger than the area drained by a corresponding vertical well placed into the same coalbed stratum. Horizontal well CBM extraction thus promises greater production from fewer wells in a given coalbed. The first horizontally drilled CBM wells in the Arkoma Basin were put in place around 1998. 
     While horizontal drilling promises improved theoretical productivity over vertical drilling in many instances, it raises several problems of its own that are unique to CBM extraction. It may be seen that the deposit of a “soap stick” in a horizontal well will result in the movement of the soap stick only to the bottom of the “elbow” of the well. The soap stick is carried by gravity to this point, but will not proceed past the point where the well turns. Thus this method will form no foam at the end of the well bore at all; foam is only formed at the point where the soap stick comes to rest. The inventor has recognized that increased productivity would result from the production of foam at the end of the well, which is just at the point where the water is being extracted from the coal bed seam. The soap stick will never reach this point. 
     Likewise, the method of introducing a surfactant by dripping a gel into the well also suffers when horizontal drilling techniques are used. Gravity, capillary action, or head pressure are the only agents moving the gel down into the well. In actual practice, the lines used to deliver this gel (typically ⅜ inch stainless steel tubing) cannot be made to reach to the bottom of the well, since the weight of the capillary tubing is not sufficient to overcome the frictional force arising from contact with the tubing walls, due to the arc in the horizontal well “elbow.” Again, as in the case of the soap stick, foam will not be formed at the end of the well where it is needed most. 
     Another disadvantage of the gel capillary tube approach is that the tubing is employed inside the main production tube in the well; thus when the main production tube plugs or otherwise requires maintenance, the gel delivery tubing will impede efforts to clean, clear, or otherwise maintain the production tube. This is a particular problem in CBM extraction because of the fouling problems presented by coal fines, and the resulting need to regularly swab or clean the well tubing. Finally, since the gel is not introduced under pressure, it cannot adjust to the hydrostatic pressure at the end of the well. This pressure is dependent upon the depth of the well and the height of the water table. If the hydrostatic pressure is significantly less than the gel pressure, then the gel may flow out the production tube and into the coal bed, thereby damaging the coal bed cleats and retarding future production. If the hydrostatic pressure is significantly greater than the gel pressure, then the gel will flow little or not at all, producing minimal foam and impeding removal of groundwater and thus reducing CBM extraction rates. 
     While this discussion has focused on CBM extraction, another developing area for the recovery of natural gas from unconventional sources is the extraction of natural gas from sandstone deposits. Sandstone formations with less than 0.1 millidarcy permeability, known as “tight gas sands,” are known to contain significant volumes of natural gas. The United States holds a huge quantity of these sandstones. Some estimates place the total gas-in-place in the United States in tight gas stands to be around 15 quadrillion cubic feet. Only a small portion of this gas is, however, recoverable with existing technology. Annual production in the United States today is about two to three trillion cubic feet. Many of the same problems presented in CBM extraction are also faced by those attempting to recover natural gas from tight gas sands, and thus efforts to overcome problems in CBM extraction may be directly applicable to recovery from tight gas sands as well. 
     What is desired then is an apparatus for and method of introducing surfactant into a borehole for CBM extraction, tight sand gas extraction, or other types of gas-recovery options, where such apparatus and method is well-suited to horizontally drilled wells and that produces foam at the tip of the borehole for optimal groundwater removal, while preventing the flow of surfactant into the formation itself in conditions of potentially varying hydrostatic pressure. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to an apparatus and method for injecting surfactant into a well utilizing a capillary tube and injection subassembly. The injection subassembly comprises a hydrostatic control valve and nozzle that injects surfactant through an atomizer arrangement at the downhole end of the production tube in the well. The capillary tube travels along the outside of the production tube rather than the inside, thereby leaving the inner portion of the production tube unobstructed. The hydrostatic control valve allows the pressure at which the surfactant is injected to be controlled, such that the surfactant atomizes and shears with the gas and water at the downhole end of the production tube with greater efficiency. 
     This apparatus and method results in a number of important advantages over prior art techniques. The surfactant may be directed at exactly the point where it is needed most, that is, at the downhole end of the production tube. By thoroughly mixing the water with surfactant at this point through the use of an atomizer on the valve, water may be more efficiently drawn out of the formation and up through the well tube. Since the surfactant is being directed into the production tube, rather than into the formation itself, there is no danger of significant quantities of surfactant being introduced into the formation, thereby reducing well yields. Even in the case when no water is present, the surfactant will be brought back to the surface by the flow of gas up through the production tube since it leaves the valve in an atomized state. The valve is adjustable to allow for the depth of the well, such that the optimum pressure may be applied to result in good foam body without excessive pressure, thereby minimizing any damage to the formation and maximizing the usable life of the well. Compared to typical surfactant introduction methods that yield increased well production of 10-20%, testing of the present invention in CBM extraction, as well as tight sand gas extraction, has yielded production increases of over 100% in most cases. 
     It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide for an apparatus and method for injecting surfactant into a well such that surfactant and water are mixed at or near the end of the well production tube. 
     It is a further object of the present invention to provide for an apparatus and method for injecting surfactant into a well such that surfactant and water are well mixed in order to more efficiently move water from the downhole formation. 
     It is also an object of the present invention to provide for an apparatus and method for injecting surfactant into a well such that surfactant is inhibited from entering the formation. 
     It is also an object of the present invention to provide for an apparatus and method for injecting surfactant into a well such that surfactant does not significantly enter the formation even when no water is present. 
     It is also an object of the present invention to provide for an apparatus and method for injecting surfactant into a well such that the pressure at which surfactant is injected is adjustable. 
     It is also an object of the present invention to provide for an apparatus and method for injecting surfactant into a well such that a minimum pressure is utilized for drawing water/surfactant from a well, thereby reducing formation damage. 
     It is also an object of the present invention to provide for an apparatus and method for injecting surfactant into a well that significantly increases gas yields over conventional surfactant introduction methods. 
     These and other features, objects and advantages of the present invention will become better understood from a consideration of the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments and appended claims in conjunction with the drawings as described following: 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is an elevational view of a downhole tube assembly according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a partial cut-away exploded view of a downhole tube assembly and injection subassembly according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a cut-away view of a valve subassembly according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  is a cut-away view of a preferred embodiment of the present invention installed in a borehole. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     With reference to  FIG. 1 , the downhole injection subassembly  10  of a preferred embodiment of the present invention for use in connection with CBM extraction may be described. Although the discussion of the preferred embodiment will focus on CBM extraction, it may be understood that the preferred embodiment is applicable to other gas extraction techniques, including without limitation tight sand gas extraction. 
     Downhole injection subassembly  10  is designed for deployment at the end of a production tube for placement in a well. The external portions of downhole injection subassembly  10  are composed of production tube tip  12  and injection sheath  14 . In the preferred embodiment, production tube tip  10  is a tube constructed of steel or other appropriately strong material, threaded to fit onto the downhole end of a production tube. In the preferred embodiments, production tube  10  is sized to fit either of the most common 2⅜ inch or 2⅞ inch production tube sizes used in CBM extraction. In alternative embodiments, other sizes may be accommodated. The distal end of production tube tip  10  may be beveled for ease of entry into the well casing. In the preferred embodiment, the hollow interior of production tube tip  10  is kept clear in order to minimize blockage and facilitate periodic swabbing and cleaning. 
     Attached at the downhole end of production tube tip  12  by welding or other appropriate means is injection sheath  14 . Injection sheath  14  protects valve/sprayer subassembly  16 , as shown in  FIG. 2 . Like production tube tip  10 , injection sheath  14  may be constructed of steel or another appropriately strong material. In the preferred embodiment, the tip of injection sheath  14  is tapered in a complementary way to that of production tube tip  12 , thereby forming a pointed “nose” on the end of the production tube that eases insertion of the production tube into a well. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 2 , the components of valve/sprayer subassembly  16  may be described. Nozzle  18  is mounted near the end of production tube tip  12 , and oriented such that surfactant introduced to nozzle  18  is sprayed into production tube tip  12 . In the preferred embodiment, an opening is provided in the side of production tube tip  12  for this purpose. The size of this opening is roughly one-fourth of an inch in diameter in the preferred embodiment, although other sizes may be employed in other embodiments based upon the exact size and construction of nozzle  18 . Nozzle  18  is preferably of the atomizer type, such that surfactant introduced to nozzle  18  under appropriate pressure will be atomized as it leaves nozzle  18  and enters production tube tip  12 . Provided that water is present at the end of production tube tip  12 , this water will be thoroughly mixed with the surfactant thereby forming a foam, which will then be forced to the surface through the production tube along with the evolved gas due to the hydrostatic pressure in the formation. 
     Feeding surfactant to nozzle  18  is valve  20 . As explained further below in reference to  FIG. 3 , valve  20  opens to allow surfactant into nozzle  18  when the appropriate pressure is applied to the incoming surfactant. The pressure required to open valve  20  will depend upon the hydrostatic pressure at the end of the production tube where valve  20  is located. In the preferred embodiment, valve  20  is threaded on either end to receive nozzle  18  and fitting  22 . Fitting  22  is used to connect valve  20  to capillary tube  24 . In the preferred embodiment, fitting  22  connects to valve  20  using pipe threads, and connects to capillary tube  24  using a compression, flare, or other tube-type fitting. In alternative embodiments, fitting  22  may be omitted if valve  20  is configured so as to connect directly to capillary tube  24 . 
     Banding  26  is used to hold capillary tube  26  against production tube tip  12  and the production tube along its length. Banding  26  is preferably thin stainless steel for strength and corrosion-resistance, but other appropriate flexible and strong materials may be substituted. In the preferred embodiment, banding  26  is placed along capillary tube  24  roughly every sixty feet along its length. At the surface, capillary tube  24  may be routed through a wing port in the well head (not shown) and packed off with a tube connection to pipe thread fitting similar to fitting  22  (not shown). Capillary tube  24  may then be connected to a pump mechanism providing surfactant under pressure. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , the internal components of valve  20  may now be described. Seat  28  and body  30  of valve  20  define a passageway through which surfactant may pass from capillary tube  24  (by way of fitting  22 ) into nozzle  18 , and then out into production tube tip  12 . Seat  28  and valve body  30  may be fitted together as by threading. Lower O-ring  40  provides a positive seal between seat  28  and body  30  of valve  20 . Lower O-ring may be of conventional type, such as formed with silicone, whereby a liquid-proof seal is formed. In the preferred embodiment, Seat  28  and valve body  30  are preferably formed of stainless steel, brass, or other sufficiently durable and corrosion-resistant materials. 
     Flow of surfactant through valve  20  is controlled by the position of ball  36 . Ball  36  is preferably a ⅜ inch diameter stainless steel ball bearing. Ball  36  may seat against upper O-ring  38 , which, like lower O-ring  40 , is preferably formed of silicon or some other material capable of producing a liquid-proof seal. When seated against upper O-ring  38  at seat  28 , ball  36  stops the flow of surfactant out of valve  20  and into nozzle  18 . 
     Ball  36  is resiliently held in place against upper O-ring  38  by spring  34 . Spring  34  may be formed of stainless steel or other sufficiently strong, resilient, and corrosion-resistant material. The inventor is unaware of any commercially available spring with the proper force constant, and thus spring  34  in the preferred embodiment is custom built for this application. Spring follower  32  fits between spring  34  and ball  36  in order to provide proper placement of ball  36  with respect to spring  34 . As will be evident from this arrangement, a sufficient amount of pressure placed on the surfactant behind ball  36  within valve seat  28  will overcome the force of spring  34 , forcing ball  36  away from upper o-ring  38  and allowing surfactant to flow around ball  36 , into the interior of valve body  30  around spring  34 , and out of valve body  30  and into nozzle  18 . Once this pressure is released, or reduced such that it may again be overcome by the force of spring  34 , valve  20  will again close and prevent the flow of surfactant through valve  20 . Valve  20  thus operates as a type of one-way check valve, regulating the flow of surfactant into nozzle  18  and ensuring that surfactant only reaches nozzle  18  if a sufficient pressure is provided. This ensures that surfactant will be properly atomized by nozzle  18  upon disposition into production tube tip  12  regardless of the downhole hydrostatic pressure within the expected range of operation. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 4 , the use of the invention with respect to the recovery of gas in a CBM well may be described. CBM wells are generally lined with a casing  44  as drilled to protect the well from collapse. The most common casing  44  sizes are 4½ inches and 5½ inches. Since the most common production tubing sizes are 2⅜ inches and 2⅞ inches, this size disparity leaves sufficient room for production tube  42  to be easily inserted and removed from casing  44 . The size disparity also allows additional room for capillary tube  24  to be mounted to the exterior of production tube  42 , with periodic banding  26  as described above, in order to feed valve/sprayer subassembly  16 . 
     The above-ground components of the preferred embodiment include a chemical pump, soap tank, and defoamer tank (not shown) as are known in the art. Pumps such as the Texstream Series 5000 chemical injectors, available from Texstream Operations of Houston, Tex., may be employed. The soap tank may be a standard drum to contain surfactant material that is fed through the pump. The defoamer tank, the purpose of which is to separate gas from the surfactant for delivery, may be constructed from a standard reservoir with a top-mounted gas outlet. 
     Now with reference again to  FIGS. 1-4 , a method of recovering gas from a well according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention may be described. A horizontal well is drilled and cased with casing  44  in a manner as known in the art. Valve/sprayer subassembly  16  is then fitted to downhole injection subassembly  10 , such that nozzle  18  is situated to direct the spray of surfactant into production tube tip  12 . Downhole injection subassembly  10  is then fitted to the downhole end of production tube  42 . Capillary tube  24  is next attached to fitting  22  of downhole injection subassembly  10 . It may be noted that capillary tube  24  is preferably provided on a large roll, such that it may be fed forward as production tube  42  is fed into casing  44 . At regular intervals, preferably approximately every 60 feet or so, capillary tube  24  is fastened to production tube  42  using banding  26 . This operation continues until production tube tip  12  reaches the bottom of the well, situated at the formation of interest for gas recovery. 
     The arrangement described herein with respect to the preferred embodiment provides for a production tube  42  that is free of all obstacles, allowing unrestricted outflow of gas through production tube  42  to the surface. This feature is particularly important for gas production in “dirty” wells such as those drilled into coal formations for CBM recovery. In such environments, an unusually high number of contaminants will enter the well. It will thus be necessary to periodically swab production tube  42  and to remove coal plugs from production tube  42 . With production tube  42  remaining otherwise open, it is a simple matter to run a swab the length of production tube  42  in order to clear obstacles. Otherwise, it would often be necessary to remove production tube  42  from casing  44  in order to perform maintenance. Removal of production tube  42  increases the equipment maintenance cost associated with the CBM extraction operation, and further causes significant downtime during CBM extraction. 
     As gas recovery begins, surfactant is forced into capillary tube  24  under sufficient force to overcome the combined force of spring  34  and the downhole hydrostatic pressure and thereby open valve  20 . In the preferred embodiment, valve  20  is constructed such that surfactant is injected through nozzle  18  at a pressure of no less than 300 pounds per square inch. This pressure ensures that the surfactant is atomized upon entry into production tube tip  10 , thereby creating the best foam when mixed with available water. The production of high-quality foam lowers the hydrostatic head pressure at the bottom of the well, allowing gas to flow up production tube  42  along with the foam utilizing only the hydrostatic pressure at the bottom of the well. The elimination of external pressure to force gas upward minimizes the damage that might otherwise occur to the formations from which gas is recovered, which would lower production rates and expected well lifetime. 
     It may be noted that the feature of directing nozzle  18  into production tube tip  12 , rather than into the formation, is particularly important in CBM recovery. The long lateral strata common to coal formations do not allow for a homogenous porosity state of coal/gas. Thus the water and gas influx across the face of the formation are very erratic in typical horizontal wells. If it should occur that the hydrostatic pressure drops and water is not present at production tube tip  12 , the surfactant still will be carried in an atomized state up and out of the production tube  42 , rather than into the formation. As already noted, surfactant introduced into the formation will lower the output and operational lifetime of the well. 
     In addition, the ability to vary the pressure at valve  20  is particularly useful with regard to such wells due to the erratic nature of the hydrostatic pressure across a formation. The pressure of the surfactant introduced to valve  20  is varied in response to an observation of foam quality at the output of production tube  42 . In the preferred embodiment this operation is performed by visual inspection and hand manipulation of the pressure, although automatic sensing equipment could be developed and employed in alternative embodiments of the present invention. The pressure of surfactant can be optimized in a matter of minutes, since the only delay in determining foam quality is the time that is required for foam to reach the top of production tube  42 . Previous methods would require days of production and subsequent yield analysis before an optimum surfactant introduction rate could be determined, due to the delay caused by slowly trickling surfactant down the casing of production tube  42 . The pressure at valve  20  can also be adjusted according to well depth, which is a factor in the hydrostatic pressure present. In the preferred embodiment, the pressure at valve  20  may be adjusted to correspond to expected hydrostatic pressures at depths of anywhere from 500 to 20,000 feet. 
     The present invention has been described with reference to certain preferred and alternative embodiments that are intended to be exemplary only and not limiting to the full scope of the present invention as set forth in the appended claims.