Abstract:
The various embodiments relate to peptide antagonists of γc-family cytokines, Interleukin-2 (IL-2), Interleukin-4 (IL-4), Interleukin-7 (IL-7), Interleukin-9 (IL-9), Interleukin-15 (IL-15), and Interleukin-21 (IL-21). The γc-cytokines are associated with important human diseases, such as leukemia, autoimmune diseases, collagen diseases, diabetes mellitus, skin diseases, degenerative neuronal diseases and graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). Thus, inhibitors of γc-cytokine activity are valuable therapeutic and cosmetic agents as well as research tools. Traditional approaches to inhibiting γc-cytokine activity involve raising neutralizing antibodies against each individual γc-cytokine family member/receptor subunit. However, success has been limited and often multiple γc-cytokine family members co-operate to cause the disease state. Combinatorial use of neutralizing antibodies raised against each factor is impractical and poses an increased risk of adverse immune reactions. The present embodiments overcome these shortcomings by utilizing peptide antagonists based on the consensus γc-subunit binding site to inhibit γc-cytokine activity. Such approach allows for flexibility in antagonist design. In several embodiments, peptides exhibit Simul-Block activity, inhibiting the activity of multiple γc-cytokine family members.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/433,890, filed on Jan. 18, 2011, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/527,049, filed on Aug. 24, 2011, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present embodiments relate to peptide antagonists of γc-family cytokines, a group of mammalian cytokines that are mainly produced by epithelial, stromal and immune cells and control the normal and pathological activation of a diverse array of lymphocytes. The present embodiments also relate to the therapeutic uses of such peptides for the treatment of certain human diseases. The present embodiments also relate to the cosmeceutical applications of such peptides. Description of target diseases, cosmeceutical applications, as well as methods of administration, production, and commercialization of the peptides are disclosed. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Cytokines are a diverse group of soluble factors that mediate various cell functions, such as, growth, functional differentiation, and promotion or prevention of programmed cell death (apoptotic cell death). Cytokines, unlike hormones, are not produced by specialized glandular tissues, but can be produced by a wide variety of cell types, such as epithelial, stromal or immune cells. 
         [0004]    More than 100 cytokines have been identified so far and are considered to have developed by means of gene duplications from a pool of primordial genes (See Bazan, J. F. 1990, Immunol. Today 11:350-354). In support of this view, it is common for a group of cytokines to share a component in their multi-subunit receptor system. The most well-documented shared cytokine subunit in T cells is the common γ subunit (γc-subunit). The γc-subunit is shared by 6 known cytokines (Interleukin-2 (IL-2), Interleukin-4 (IL-4), Interleukin-7 (IL-7), Interleukin-9 (IL-9), Interleukin-15 (IL-15), and Interleukin-21 (IL-21), collectively called the “γc-cytokines” or “γc-family cytokines”) and plays an indispensable role in transducing cell activation signals for all these cytokines. Additionally, for each of the γc-cytokines, there are one or two private cytokine-specific receptor subunits that when complexed with the γc-subunit, give rise to a fully functional receptor. (See Rochman et al., 2009, Nat Rev Immunol. 9: 480-90.) 
         [0005]    The γc-family cytokines are a group of mammalian cytokines that are mainly produced by epithelial, stromal and immune cells and control the normal and pathological activation of a diverse array of lymphocytes. These cytokines are critically required for the early development of T cells in the thymus as well as their homeostasis in the periphery. For example, in the absence of the γc-subunit, T, B and NK cells do not develop in mice. (See Sugamura et al., 1996, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 14:179-205). 
         [0000]    Pathologies Associated with the γc-Cytokines 
         [0006]    Recent studies have indicated that dysregulation of expression and dysfunction of the γc-cytokines could lead to a wide variety of human immunologic and hematopoietic diseases. 
         [0007]    IL-2 
         [0008]    While IL-2 was historically considered a prototype T cell growth factor, the generation of a knockout mouse lacking IL-2 expression revealed that IL-2 is not critical for the growth or developmental of conventional T cells in vivo. Over-expression of IL-2, however, leads to a preferential expansion of a subset of T-cells; the regulatory T cells (T-regs). (See Antony et al., 2006, J. Immunol. 176:5255-66.) T-regs suppress the immune responses of other cells and thus act to maintain peripheral tolerance (reviewed in Sakaguchi et al., 2008, Cell 133:775-87). Breakdown of peripheral tolerance is thought to cause autoimmune diseases in humans. Thus, the immunosuppressive function of T-regs is thought to prevent the development of autoimmune diseases (See Sakaguchi et al., 2008, Cell 133:775-87). T-regs have also been implicated in cancer, where solid tumors and hematologic malignancies have been associated with elevated numbers of T-regs (See De Rezende et al., 2010, Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. 58:179-190). 
         [0009]    IL-4 
         [0010]    IL-4 is a non-redundant cytokine involved in the differentiation of T helper cells into the Th2 (T-helper type 2) subset, which promotes the differentiation of premature B cells into IgE producing plasma cells. IgE levels are elevated in allergic asthma. Thus, IL-4 is implicated in the development of allergic Asthma. Antibodies targeting IL-4 can be used to treat or even prevent the onset of allergic asthma. (See Le Buanec et al., 2007, Vaccine 25:7206-16.) 
         [0011]    IL-7 
         [0012]    IL-7 is essential for B cell development and the early development of T cells in the thymus. In mice, the abnormal expression of IL-7 causes T-cell-associated leukemia. (See Fisher et al., 1993, Leukemia 2:S66-68.) However, in humans, misregulation of IL-7 does not appear to cause T-cell-associated leukemia. In humans, up-regulation of IL-7 either alone or in combination with another γc-cytokine family member, IL-15, has been implicated in Large Granular Lymphocyte (LGL) leukemia. 
         [0013]    IL-9 
         [0014]    The role of IL-9 is still rather uncharacterized compared to other γc-cytokine family members. Mice depleted of the IL-9 gene appear normal and do not lack any subsets of cells in the lymphoid and hematopoietic compartments. Recent studies, however, reveal an in vivo role for IL-9 in the generation of Th17 (T-helper induced by interleukin-17) cells (See Littman et al., 2010, Cell 140(6):845-58; and Nowak et al., 2009, J. Exp. Med. 206: 1653-60). 
         [0015]    IL-15 
         [0016]    IL-15 is critically involved in the development of NK cells, NK-T cells, some subsets of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), 78-T cells, and memory-phenotype CD8 T-cells (See Waldmann, 2007, J. Clin. Immunol. 27:1-18; and Tagaya et al., 1996, EMBO J. 15:4928-39.) Over-expression of IL-15 in mice leads to the development of NK-T cell and CD8 cell type T cell leukemia (See Fehniger et al., 2001, J. Exp. Med. 193:219-31; Sato et al. 2011 Blood in press). These experimentally induced leukemias appear similar to LGL (large-granular lymphocyte) leukemia in humans, since in both instances the leukemic cells express CD8 antigen. 
         [0017]    It is also suspected that IL-15-mediated autocrine mechanisms may be involved in the leukemic transformation of CD4 T lymphocytes. (See Azimi et al., 1998, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 95:2452-7; Azimi et al., 1999, J. Immunol. 163:4064-72; Azimi et al., 2000, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 16:1717-22; and Azimi et al., 2001, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 98:14559-64). For example, CD4-tropic HTLV-I, which causes Adult T cell leukemia in humans, induces autocrine growth of virus-transformed T cells through the production of IL-15 and IL-15Rα (Azimi et al., 1998, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 95:2452-7). 
         [0018]    In addition to leukemic transformation, recent studies implicate IL-15 in the pathological development of Celiac disease (CD), an autoimmune disease. IL-15 is known to stimulate the differentiation of NK, CD8 and intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) cells into lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells by inducing the expression of cytolytic enzymes (i.e., Granzyme and Perforin) as well as interferon-γ. Celiac Disease (denoted CD from herein) is an immune-mediated enteropathy that is triggered by the consumption of gluten-containing food in individuals that express specific HLA-DQ alleles. The prevalence of this disease is 1% in the western population. The only current treatment for CD is the complete elimination of gluten from the patient&#39;s diet. The pathology of CD is mainly caused by extensive damage to the intestinal mucosa, which is caused by activated CD8 T cells that have infiltrated to the intestinal lamina propria. These CD8 T cells appear to be activated through mechanisms involving IL-15. One recent publication demonstrated in mice that ectopic over-expression of IL-15 by enterocytes leads to the development of enteropathy, which closely resembles the lesions in CD patients. Neutralization of IL-15 activity dramatically diminished the pathological changes. Thus, an intervention blocking the activation of CD8 T cells by IL-15 appears to provide an alternative strategy in managing CD to the conventional gluten-free diet. 
         [0019]    IL-21 
         [0020]    IL-21 is the most recently discovered member of the γc-family. Unlike other family members, IL-21 does not appear to have potent growth-promoting effects. Instead, IL-21 is thought to function more as a differentiation factor than a factor controlling cellular proliferation (See Tagaya, 2010, J. Leuk. Biol. 87:13-15). 
         [0000]    Current Strategies for Treating γc-Cytokine-Mediated Disorders 
         [0021]    Because the γc-cytokines are thought to be involved in numerous human diseases, several methods of treating γc-cytokine-implicated diseases by inhibiting γc-cytokine family activities have been proposed. These methods include the use of cytokine-specific monoclonal antibodies to neutralize the targeted cytokine&#39;s activity in vivo; use of monoclonal antibodies targeting the private cytokine-specific receptor subunits (subunits other than the shared γc-subunit) to selectively inhibit cytokine activity; and use of chemical inhibitors that block the downstream intracellular cytokine signal transduction pathway. While cytokine-specific antibodies are often the first choice in designing therapeutics, cytokines that share receptor components display overlapping functions (See Paul, W. E., 1989, Cell 57:521-24) and more than one cytokine can co-operate to cause a disease (see example described below). Thus, approaches involving neutralization of a single cytokine may not be effective in the treatment of cytokine-implicated human diseases. 
         [0022]    Strategies for designing therapeutics that inhibit the function of multiple cytokines via antibodies which recognize a shared receptor component have also been proposed. However, the multi-subunit nature of cytokine receptor systems and the fact that functional receptors for a single cytokine can assume different configurations makes this approach difficult. For example, a functional IL-15 receptor can be either IL-15Rβ/γc or IL-15Rα/β/γc. (See Dubois et al., 2002, Immunity 17:537-47.) An antibody against the IL-15Rβ receptor (TMβ1), is an efficient inhibitor of the IL-15 function, but only when the IL-15Rα molecule is absent from the receptor complex. (See Tanaka et al., 1991, J. Immunol. 147:2222-28.) Thus, the effectiveness of a monoclonal anti-receptor antibody, whether raised against a shared or a private subunit, can be context-dependent and is unpredictable in vivo. 
         [0023]    Although clinical use of monoclonal antibodies against biologically active factors or receptors associated with the pathogenesis of diseases is an established practice, there are few demonstrations of successful outcomes. Moreover, establishment of a clinically-suited monoclonal antibody treatment is a long and difficult process, with the successful generation of a neutralizing antibody largely a matter of luck. For example, due to the critical importance of the γc-subunit in mediating signaling by γc-family cytokines, many attempts to generate polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against the γc-subunit have been made and there exist many commercial antibodies recognizing the γc-subunit in mice and in humans. Curiously, however, none of these anti-γc-subunit antibodies block the function of the γc-cytokines. 
         [0024]    Another problem with the therapeutic use of monoclonal antibodies is that monoclonal antibodies are usually generated by immunizing rodents with human proteins, so the generated antibody is a foreign protein and thus highly immunogenic. To circumvent this problem, the amino acid sequence of the monoclonal antibody is molecularly modified so that the antibody molecule is recognized as a human immunoglobulin (a process called humanization), but this process requires time and expense. 
         [0000]    Targeting JAK3, as an Existing Alternative Example for the Inhibition of Multiple γc-Cytokines 
         [0025]    The interaction between the γc-subunit and a γc-cytokine leads to the activation of an intracellular protein tyrosine kinase called Janus kinase 3 (Jak3). Jak3, in turn, phosphorylates multiple signaling molecules including STAT5, and PI3 kinase. The interaction of the γc-subunit and Jak3 is very specific. In fact, there is no other receptor molecule that recruits Jak3 for signal transduction. (See O&#39;Shea, 2004, Ann. Rheum. Dis. 63:(suppl. II): ii67-7.) Thus, the inhibition of cytokine signaling through the γc-subunit can be accomplished by blocking the activity of Jak3 kinase. Accordingly, multiple chemical inhibitors that target the kinase activity of Jak3 have been introduced to the market. (See Pesu et al., 2008, Immunol. Rev. 223:132-142.) One such example is CP690,550. 
         [0026]    The major shortcoming of these protein kinase inhibitors is the lack of specificity to Jak3 kinase. These drugs intercept the binding of ATP (adenosine-triphosphate) molecules to Jak3 kinase, a common biochemical reaction for many protein kinases, and thus tend to block the action of multiple intracellular protein kinases that are unrelated to Jak3 kinase whose actions are critically needed for the well-being of normal cells in various tissues. Thus, more specific inhibitors of signaling through the γc-subunit are needed. 
         [0027]    There is therefore a great need for an alternative strategy for treating γc-cytokine-implicated diseases. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0028]    One embodiment relates to an isolated or purified peptide, consisting essentially of a 19-mer amino acid sequence I-K-E-F-L-Q-R-F-I-H-I-V-Q-S-I-I-N-T-S (SEQ ID NO: 1) (referred to herein as “BNZ-γ” (BNZ-gamma)). 
         [0029]    Another embodiment relates to a method for blocking signaling by one or more γc-cytokine family members, comprising contacting a cell with an isolated or purified peptide consisting essentially of amino acid sequence I-K-E-F-L-Q-R-F-I-H-I-V-Q-S-I-I-N-T-S (SEQ ID NO: 1). 
         [0030]    Another embodiment relates to a method for blocking signaling by one or more γc-cytokine family members, comprising contacting a cell with an isolated or purified peptide consisting essentially of amino acid sequence I-K-E-F-L-Q-R-F-I-H-I-V-Q-S-I-I-N-T-S (SEQ ID NO: 1), wherein the cell is an immune cell. 
         [0031]    Another embodiment relates to a method for blocking signaling by one or more γc-cytokine family members, comprising contacting a cell with an isolated or purified peptide consisting essentially of amino acid sequence I-K-E-F-L-Q-R-F-I-H-I-V-Q-S-I-I-N-T-S (SEQ ID NO: 1), wherein the γc-cytokine family member is selected from the group consisting of: IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, or IL-21. 
         [0032]    Another embodiment relates to derivative peptides of a peptide consisting of amino acid sequence I-K-E-F-L-Q-R-F-I-H-I-V-Q-S-I-I-N-T-S (SEQ ID NO: 1), wherein the derivative peptide has similar physico-chemical properties as the peptide consisting of amino acid sequence I-K-E-F-L-Q-R-F-I-H-I-V-Q-S-I-I-N-T-S (SEQ ID NO: 1), but the derivative peptide has distinct biological activity. 
         [0033]    Another embodiment relates to a custom peptide wherein the amino acid sequence of the custom peptide differs from amino acid sequence I-K-E-F-L-Q-R-F-I-H-I-V-Q-S-I-I-N-T-S (SEQ ID NO: 1) by conservative substitution of one or more amino acids. 
         [0034]    Another embodiment relates to a custom peptide, consisting essentially of a 19-mer amino acid sequence I-K-E-F-L-Q-R-F-I-H-I-V-Q-S-I-I-N-T-S (SEQ ID NO: 1). 
         [0035]    Another embodiment relates to a custom peptide wherein the amino acid sequence of the custom peptide differs from amino acid sequence I-K-E-F-L-Q-R-F-I-H-I-V-Q-S-I-I-N-T-S (SEQ ID NO: 1) by substituting another polar amino acid for the glutamine (Q) at the 6-position. 
         [0036]    Another embodiment relates to a custom peptide wherein the amino acid sequence of the custom peptide differs from the amino acid sequence I-K-E-F-L-Q-R-F-I-H-I-V-Q-S-I-I-N-T-S (SEQ ID NO: 1) by substitution of one or more amino acids with similar biochemical properties to the amino acids comprising sequence I-K-E-F-L-Q-R-F-I-H-I-V-Q-S-I-I-N-T-S (SEQ ID NO: 1). 
         [0037]    Another embodiment relates to custom peptide derivatives of the amino acid sequence I-K-E-F-L-Q-R-F-I-H-I-V-Q-S-I-I-N-T-S, wherein the amino acid sequence of the custom peptide has similar physico-chemical properties as a peptide of the amino acid sequence I-K-E-F-L-Q-R-F-I-H-I-V-Q-S-I-I-N-T-S (SEQ ID NO: 1), but has distinct biological activity, wherein the amino acid sequence of the custom peptide shares at least 50% sequence homology to the amino acid sequence I-K-E-F-L-Q-R-F-I-H-I-V-Q-S-I-I-N-T-S (SEQ ID NO: 1). 
         [0038]    Another embodiment relates to a conjugation of a peptide consisting essentially of amino acid sequence I-K-E-F-L-Q-R-F-I-H-I-V-Q-S-I-I-N-T-S (SEQ ID NO: 1) to the N-termini, C-termini and/or to the side residues of existing biological proteins/peptides for efficient delivery and improved biological stability in vivo. Examples of such conjugations are BSA, albumin, Fc region of IgG, other biological proteins that function as scaffold, Poly Ethylene Glycol or (PEG) at different molecular weights or other similar moieties. 
         [0039]    Another embodiment relates to conjugation of custom peptide derivatives of the amino acid sequence I-K-E-F-L-Q-R-F-I-H-I-V-Q-S-I-I-N-T-S (SEQ ID NO: 1) to the N-termini, C-termini and/or to the side residues of existing biological proteins/peptides, wherein the amino acid sequence of the custom peptide has similar physico-chemical properties as a peptide of the amino acid sequence I-K-E-F-L-Q-R-F-I-H-I-V-Q-S-I-I-N-T-S (SEQ ID NO: 1), but has distinct biological activity, wherein the amino acid sequence of the custom peptide shares at least 50% sequence homology to the amino acid sequence I-K-E-F-L-Q-R-F-I-H-I-V-Q-S-I-I-N-T-S (SEQ ID NO: 1). Examples of such conjugations are albumin, Fc region of IgG, other biological proteins that function as scaffold, or Poly Ethylene Glycol or (PEG) at different molecular weights or other similar moieties. 
         [0040]    Another embodiment relates a method of inhibiting γc-cytokine activity comprising, contacting a γc-cytokine with a peptide consisting essentially of amino acid sequence I-K-E-F-L-Q-R-F-I-H-I-V-Q-S-I-I-N-T-S (SEQ ID NO: 1). 
         [0041]    Another embodiment relates to polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies raised against an immunogenic peptide comprising amino acid sequence I-K-E-F-L-Q-R-F-I-H-I-V-Q-S-I-I-N-T-S (SEQ ID NO: 1). 
         [0042]    Another embodiment relates to polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies raised against custom peptide derivatives of the amino acid sequence I-K-E-F-L-Q-R-F-I-H-I-V-Q-S-I-I-N-T-S (SEQ ID NO: 1), wherein the amino acid sequence of the custom peptide has similar physico-chemical properties as a peptide of the amino acid sequence I-K-E-F-L-Q-R-F-I-H-I-V-Q-S-I-I-N-T-S (SEQ ID NO: 1), but has distinct biological activity, and wherein the amino acid sequence of the custom peptide shares at least 50% sequence homology to the amino acid sequence I-K-E-F-L-Q-R-F-I-H-I-V-Q-S-I-I-N-T-S (SEQ ID NO: 1). 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0043]      FIG. 1A  shows an alignment of the D-helix region of human γc-cytokine family members. 
           [0044]      FIG. 1B  depicts the γc-box and IL-2/IL-15 box motifs which give rise to the consensus sequence around the D-helix region of the γc-cytokines. 
           [0045]      FIG. 2  depicts a diagramed representation of the biochemical properties of amino acids. 
           [0046]      FIG. 3A  shows inhibition of IL-2, IL-15, and IL-9 activity by BNZ-γ in a PT-18 proliferation assay. 
           [0047]      FIG. 3B  shows a proliferation assay of CTTL2 cells grown in the presence of IL-2 or IL-15 and 0, 0.1, 1 or 10 uM BNZ-γ. 
           [0048]      FIG. 3C  shows inhibition of IL-15-mediated tyrosine-phosphorylation of STAT5 by BNZ-γ. 
           [0049]      FIG. 4A  shows an ex vivo T-cell proliferation assay using HAM/TSP peripheral blood. T-cell proliferation is inhibited by addition of BNZ-γ. 
           [0050]      FIG. 4B  shows the population of CD4+CD25+ cells in an ex vivo T-cell proliferation assay using HAM/TSP peripheral blood is diminished after adding BNZ-γ to the culture. 
           [0051]      FIG. 4C  shows the population of CD4+Ki67 cells in an ex vivo T-cell proliferation assay using HAM/TSP peripheral blood is reduced after adding BNZ-γ to the culture. 
           [0052]      FIG. 4D  shows the percent of live cells by Guava staining in an ex vivo T-cell proliferation assay using HAM/TSP peripheral blood is not impacted after adding BNZ-γ to the culture. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Overview 
       [0053]    The γc-cytokines are important players in the development of the lymphoid cells that constitute the immune system, particularly T, B, and NK cells. Further, γc-cytokines have been implicated in various human diseases. Thus, factors that inhibit γc-cytokine activity would provide useful tools to elucidate the developmental mechanism of subsets of lymphocytes and to treat immune disorders and γc-cytokine-mediated diseases. 
         [0054]    Germ line depletion of the genes encoding the γc-subunit in mice or mutations of γc-subunit in humans are known to cause severe combine immunodeficiency (SCID) by disrupting the normal appearance or function of NK, T, and B cells. The importance of the γc-subunit in the signal transduction of the γc-cytokines, IL-2, -4, -7, -9, 15, -21, is indicated in studies demonstrating the a of response of lymphocytes from these mice and human patients to the γc-cytokines (reviewed in Sugamura et al., 1995 Adv. Immunol. 59:225-277). This indicates that disruption of the interaction between the γc-subunit and a γc-cytokine would efficiently block the intracellular signaling events by the γc-cytokine family members. Therefore antagonist peptides according to the present embodiments are expected to effectively block the pathogenic changes in humans suffering from the diseases mediated by misregulation of the γc-cytokine family members. 
         [0055]    As an alternative to antibody-mediated approaches for modulating the activity of individual γc-cytokines, Applicants have devised novel, low molecular weight compounds herein referred to as “Simul-Block”, which suppress the activity of multiple γc-cytokines. These low molecular weight compounds, which include both chemicals and peptides, are less immunogenic than antibodies. These properties distinguish Simul-Block as a more efficient strategy for mediating γc-cytokine activity in clinical interventions. 
         [0000]    Discovery of the γc-Box 
         [0056]    The C-terminus (the D-helix) of the γc-cytokines contains the proposed site for interacting with the common γc-subunit of the multi-unit cytokine receptors. (Bernard et al., 2004 J. Biol. Chem. 279:24313-21.) Comparison of the biochemical properties of the amino acids of all γc-cytokines identified in mice and humans revealed that the chemical nature of the amino acids, for example, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, base/acidic nature, are conserved, if not identical, at many positions in the D-helix across the members of the γc-cytokine family. In contrast, the sequence of IL-13, which is related to the γc-cytokine, IL-4, but does not bind to the γc-subunit, does not exhibit significant homology in the D-helix region to the γc-cytokines, suggesting that the sequence homology in the D-helix region is correlated with binding to the γc-subunit. As shown in  FIG. 1 , alignment of the amino acid sequences of the D-helix region of γc-cytokine family members in humans reveals a motif of moderate sequence homology in these cytokines referred to herein as “the γc-box”. 
         [0057]    The γc-box comprises 19 amino acids where out of the 19 positions, positions 4, 5, and 13 are fully conserved as Phenylalanine, Leucine, and Asparagine, respectively. Less conservation is observed at positions 6, 7 and 11 of the γc-box where the amino acid is one of two or three related amino acids that share physico-chemical properties: position 6 may be occupied by the polar amino acids Glutamate, Asparagine or Glutamine; non-polar amino acids Serine or Arginine can occupy position 7; and position 11 is occupied by either of the non-polar aliphatic amino acids Leucine or Isoleucine. Positions 9 and 16 may be occupied by the either the non-polar amino acid Isoleucine or the polar amino acid Lysine. See  FIG. 1B . Some differences in the amino acid composition of the γc-box are observed at positions 9 and 6 amongst subfamilies of the γc-cytokines. Comparison of the γc-cytokines across species indicates that Isoleucine is present at the 9 and 6 positions in the IL-2/15 subfamily, whereas the other γc-family members (e.g., IL-4, IL-21) possess Lysine in these positions. Not wishing to be bound by a particular theory, Isoleucine and Lysine are biochemically different and thus may impart specific conformational differences between the IL-2/15 subfamily and other γc-cytokines. 
         [0058]    Conservation of the γc-box motif between γc-cytokines is supported by findings that an Asparagine (Asn, Q) residue located in the D-helix region is critical for the binding of the γc-cytokines to the γc-subunit. (Bernard et al., 2004 J. Biol. Chem. 279: 24313-21.) 
         [0000]    Peptide Inhibitors of γc-Cytokine Activity 
         [0059]    The activity of γc-family cytokines may be blocked by disrupting the interaction between the γc-cytokine and the γc-subunit, for example by introducing a competitive inhibitor which can interact with the γc-subunit without stimulating signaling through the multi-subunit cytokine receptors. Not to be bound by a particular theory, the conserved γc-box motif, which participates in binding of the γc-family cytokines to the γc-subunit, presents a core base amino acid sequence which can be utilized to design peptide inhibitors of γc-cytokine signaling. 
         [0060]    The core γc-box amino acid sequence comprises: D/E-F-L-E/Q/N-S/R-X-I/K-X-L/I-X-Q (SEQ ID NO: 2) (where X denotes any amino acid). Embodiments described herein relate to custom peptide derivatives of the core γc-box amino acid sequence which can inhibit the activity of one or more γc-cytokines. Custom peptide derivatives include any peptide whose partial amino acid sequence shows approximately 50%, 50-60%, 60-70%, 70-80%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 99.8% identity to the core γc-box amino acid sequence. Custom peptide derivatives further include any peptide wherein a partial amino acid sequence of that peptide derivative comprises amino acids with similar physico-chemical properties to the amino acids of the core γc-box. For example, amino acids with similar physico-chemical properties would include Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan, and Histidine, which are aromatic amino acids. 
         [0061]      FIG. 2  shows a diagrammed representation of amino acids with similar physico-chemical properties which may be may be substituted for the amino acids comprising the core γc-box. Peptide derivatives of the core γc-box may be 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45, 45-50, or more than 50 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the custom peptide derivatives may be conjugated to the N-termini, C-termini and/or to the side residues of existing biological proteins/peptides. 
         [0062]    Based on the identification of the conserved γc-box motif in cytokines which bind to the γc-subunit, Applicants have devised a novel, 19-mer custom derivative peptide which is an artificial composite peptide combining the amino acid sequence of the human IL-2 and IL-15 γc-box. The 19-mer peptide, herein referred to as BNZ-γ, consists of the amino acid sequence: I-K-E-F-L-Q-R-F-I-H-I-V-Q-S-I-I-N-T-S (SEQ ID NO: 1), where the amino acids depicted by bold characters are conserved between IL-2 and IL-15 and the underlined amino acids represent positions where the physico-chemical properties of the amino acids are conserved. 
         [0063]    Applicants discovered that the 19-mer BNZ-γ, suppresses IL-15 and IL-19 induced cellular proliferation, but not IL-2 or IL-4 induced cellular proliferation. See  FIG. 3A  and Example 2. Applicants further demonstrated that BNZ-γ inhibits IL-15 mediated phosphorylation of the intracellular cytokine signal transduction molecule, STAT-5. See  FIG. 3C  and Example 5. These results demonstrate that custom peptide derivatives of the conserved γc-box motif can inhibit the activity of multiple γc-cytokines. 
         [0064]    Several embodiments relate to custom derivative peptides of the 19-mer BNZ-γ amino acid sequence, I-K-E-F-L-Q-R-F-I-H-I-V-Q-S-I-I-N-T-S (SEQ ID NO: 1), which can inhibit the activity of one or more γc-cytokines. Custom peptide derivatives of the 19-mer BNZ-γ amino acid sequence include any peptide whose partial amino acid sequence shows approximately 50%, 50-60%, 60-70%, 70-80%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 99.8% identity to amino acid sequence: I-K-E-F-L-Q-R-F-I-H-I-V-Q-S-I-I-N-T-S (SEQ ID NO: 1). Custom peptide derivatives further include any peptide wherein a partial amino acid sequence of that peptide derivative comprises amino acids with similar physico-chemical properties to the amino acids of sequence: I-K-E-F-L-Q-R-F-I-H-I-V-Q-S-I-I-N-T-S (SEQ ID NO: 1). In several embodiments, the amino acid residues of the custom derivative peptides retain similar physico-chemical properties with the amino acid residues of BNZ-γ, but exhibit different biological inhibition specificity to the 6 γc-cytokine family members from that of the original 19-mer peptide. Peptide derivatives of BNZ-γ may be 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45, 45-50, or more than 50 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the custom peptide derivatives may be conjugated to the N-termini, C-termini and/or to the side residues of existing biological proteins/peptides. 
         [0065]    Several embodiments relate to custom peptide derivatives of the γc-box motifs of IL-5, IL-2, IL-21, IL-4, IL-9, or IL-7, which are depicted in  FIG. 1A . Other embodiments relate to custom derivative peptides which are artificial composite peptides combining the amino acid sequence of two or more of the human IL-5, IL-2, IL-21, IL-4, IL-9, and IL-7 γc-box motifs. Several embodiments relate to custom peptide derivatives of the of the γc-box motifs of IL-5, IL-2, IL-21, IL-4, IL-9, or IL-7 having a partial amino acid sequence that shows approximately 50%, 50-60%, 60-70%, 70-80%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 99.8% identity to amino acid sequences of the of the γc-box motifs of IL-5, IL-2, IL-21, IL-4, IL-9, or IL-7. Custom peptide derivatives of the of the γc-box motifs of IL-5, IL-2, IL-21, IL-4, IL-9, or IL-7 further include any peptide wherein a partial amino acid sequence of that peptide derivative comprises amino acids with similar physico-chemical properties to the amino acids of sequence of the γc-box motifs of IL-5, IL-2, IL-21, IL-4, IL-9, or IL-7. 
         [0066]    Several embodiments relate to custom peptide derivatives that would inhibit the function of one, all, or selective members of the γc-cytokines. In some embodiments, the custom peptide derivatives selectively target individual γc-cytokine family members. For example, a custom peptide derivative can selectively inhibit the function of IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, or IL-21. In other embodiments, a custom peptide derivative can inhibit 2 or more γc-cytokine family members. For example, the custom peptide derivatives of the present embodiments can selectively inhibit the function of IL-2 in combination with one or more of IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21; IL-4 in combination with one or more of IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21; IL-7 in combination with one or more of IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21; IL-9 in combination with one or more of IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21; IL-15 in combination with one or more of IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-21; or IL-21 in combination with one or more of IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15. In other embodiments, custom peptide derivatives can comprehensively target all γc-cytokine family members. Not wishing to be bound by a particular theory, the custom peptide derivatives can inhibit the function of all or selective members of the γc-cytokines by diminishing the binding of γc-cytokines to the γc-subunit, for example, as a competitive inhibitor. Such custom peptide derivatives may be used in diverse applications, including as a clinical drug. 
         [0067]    The terms “oligopeptide,” “polypeptide,” “peptide,” and “protein” can be used interchangeably when referring to the custom peptide derivatives provided in accordance with the present embodiments and can be used to designate a series of amino acid residues of any length. Peptides according to the present embodiments may also contain non-natural amino acids. Linker elements can be joined to the peptides of the present embodiments through peptide bonds or via chemical bonds. The peptides of the present embodiments may be linear or cyclic, and may include (D) as well as (L) amino acids. Peptides of the present embodiments may also contain one or more rare amino acids (such as 4-hydroxyproline or hydroxylysine), organic acids or amides and/or derivatives of common amino acids, such as amino acids having the C-terminal carboxylate esterified (e.g., benzyl, methyl or ethyl ester) or amidated and/or having modifications of the N-terminal amino group (e.g., acetylation or alkoxycarbonylamino), with or without any of a wide variety of side chain modifications and/or substitutions (e.g., methylation, benzylation, t-butylation, tosylation, alkoxycarbonylamino, and the like). Residues other than common amino acids that may be present include, but are not limited to, penicillamine, tetramethylene cysteine, pentamethylene cysteine, mercaptopropionic acid, pentamethylene-mercaptopropionic acid, 2-mercaptobenzene, 2-mercaptoaniline, 2-mercaptoproline, ornithine, diaminobutyric acid, aminoadipic acid, m-aminomethylbenzoic acid, and diaminopropionic acid. 
         [0068]    Peptides of the present embodiments can be produced and obtained by various methods known to those skilled in the art. For example, the peptide may be produced by genetic engineering, based on the nucleotide sequence coding for the peptide of the present embodiments, or chemically synthesized by means of peptide solid-phase synthesis and the like, or produced and obtained in their combination. One skilled in the art can synthesize the custom peptide derivatives based on the present disclosure of the conserved γc-box motif and knowledge of the biochemical properties of amino acids as described in  FIG. 2 . Some embodiments also relate to polynucleotides comprising nucleotide sequences encoding the peptides of the present invention. “Nucleotide sequence,” “polynucleotide,” or “nucleic acid” can be used interchangeably, and are understood to mean either double-stranded DNA, a single-stranded DNA or products of transcription of the said DNAs (e.g., RNA molecules). Polynucleotides can be administered to cells or subjects and expressed by the cells or subjects, rather than administering the peptides themselves. Several embodiments also relate to genetic constructs comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding the peptides of the present invention. Genetic constructs can also contain additional regulatory elements such as promoters and enhancers and, optionally, selectable markers. 
         [0000]    Methods of Treating γc-Cytokine Mediated Diseases 
         [0069]    Several embodiments relate to the use of γc-antagonist peptides in the treatment of γc-cytokine mediated diseases. Use of custom peptide derivative according to the present embodiments allows for flexibility in the design of the therapeutic agent (custom design of the peptide) and enables more comprehensive outcomes, which would not be accomplished by conventional strategies employing anti-cytokine or anti-cytokine receptor antibodies. 
         [0070]    Described herein is a novel method of blocking the action of γc-family cytokines. Such manipulations can yield effective methods of clinical interventions in treating diseases related to the dysregulation or dysfunction of γc-cytokines. Examples of disease that may be treated by disrupting the interaction between the γc-cytokine and the γc-subunit include autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosis, Sjoegren&#39;s syndrome, Wegener&#39;s granulomatosis Celiac disease, Hashimoto&#39;s or auto-immune thyroiditis; collagen diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes mellitus, autoimmune diseases of the skin such as psoriasis; degenerative neuronal diseases such as multiple sclerosis, uvietis or inflammation of the eye and sympathetic ophthalmia, graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and myasthenia gravis. 
         [0071]    In some embodiments, the γc-antagonist peptides described herein may be used in the treatment of 1-Human T-cell Lymphotropic type I and II (HTLV-I and HTLV-II)-associated diseases including Adult T-cell Leukemia (ATL), HTLV-associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP), and other non-neoplastic inflammatory diseases associated with HTLV such as uveitis (HU), arthropathy, pneumopathy, dermatitis, exocrinopathy and myositis. In some embodiments, the γc-antagonist peptides described herein may be used in the treatment of other viral diseases such as influenza, AIDS, HBV and Herpes or parasitic diseases. 
         [0072]    In several embodiments, the γc-antagonist peptides may be administered before, during, and or after transplantation of various organs as an immunosuppressant agent. 
         [0073]    In some embodiments, the γc-antagonist peptides described herein may be used in the treatment of immune-mediated diseases such as asthma and other inflammatory respiratory diseases, such as, but not limited to sinusitis, hay fever, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), allergic rhinitis, acute and chronic otitis, lung fibrosis. In some embodiments, γc-antagonist peptides may be administered to treat or prevent allergic reactions due to exposure to allergens, chemical agents or other common causes of acute respiratory disease. In some embodiments, γc-antagonist peptides may be administered to treat or prevent inflammatory responses caused by viruses, bacteria, chemical reagents, and biochemical reagents. 
         [0074]    In several embodiments, the γc-antagonist peptides may be administered to treat some types of malignancies such as LGL-leukemia, Intraepithelial lymphoma and leukemia in Refractory Celiac Disease, NK leukemia/lymphoma and NK-T leukemia/lymphoma 
         [0075]    In some embodiments, custom peptide derivatives according to the embodiments described herein can be used for cosmetic purposes, such as the treatment of acne, hair loss, sunburn and nail maintenance, included to ointment as anti-aging component because of the anti-inflammatory nature of them. 
         [0076]    Several embodiments relate to therapeutic antagonist peptides that would inhibit the function of all or selective members of the γc-cytokines. In some embodiments, therapeutic antagonist peptides selectively inhibit individual γc-cytokine family members (custom peptides). In other embodiments, therapeutic antagonist peptides can comprehensively inhibit all γc-cytokine family members (Simul-Block). In some embodiments, therapeutic antagonist peptides selectively inhibit subsets of the γc-cytokines. Not wishing to be bound by a particular theory, the peptide antagonists can inhibit the function of all or selective members of the γc-cytokines by diminishing the binding of γc-cytokines to the γc-subunit, for example, as a competitive inhibitor. 
         [0077]    Several members of the γc-cytokine family, IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15, but not IL-4 have been implicated as being involved in graft versus host disease (GvHD) in an experimental mouse model. (Miyagawa et al., 2008 J. Immunol. 181:1109-19.) One embodiment relates to the use of therapeutic antagonist peptides that selectively inhibit IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15 activity for the treatment of GvHD in humans, allowing survival of the grafted tissues or bone marrow cells. Other embodiments relate to the use of therapeutic antagonist peptides that selectively inhibit a combination of IL-2 and IL-7, IL-2, and IL-15, or IL-7 and IL-15 to treat GvHD. Other embodiments relate to the use of a combination of therapeutic antagonist peptides that selectively inhibit IL-2, IL-7, or IL-15. 
         [0078]    Some embodiments relate to the use of therapeutic antagonist peptides that selectively inhibit IL-2 function for the treatment of autoimmune disorders where T-regs have been implicated as playing a role. In some embodiments, peptide-mediated inhibition of T-regs can enhance the natural anti-cancer immunity in humans, providing a novel means of anti-cancer therapy. 
         [0079]    Several embodiments relate to the use of therapeutic antagonist peptides that selectively inhibit IL-4 to treat asthma. 
         [0080]    Some embodiments relate to the use of therapeutic antagonist peptides that selectively inhibit IL-7 either alone or in combination with therapeutic antagonist peptides that selectively inhibit the γc-cytokine family member, IL-15, as a therapeutic agent for LGL leukemia. In some embodiments therapeutic antagonist peptides that selectively inhibit both IL-7 and IL-15 activity can be used to treat LGL leukemia. Several embodiments relate to the use of BNZ-γ to treat LGL leukemia. In some embodiments, specific γc-antagonist peptides that selectively IL-15 alone or specific yc-antagonist peptides that selectively IL-15 and IL-7 are used as a therapeutic agent for CD4/CD8 T lymphocyte-associated leukemia including that caused by the HTLV-I. 
         [0081]    Several embodiments relate to the use of yc-antagonist peptides that selectively inhibit the activity of IL-9, either alone or in combination with the other γc-cytokine family members, as a therapeutic agent for human diseases that involve the abnormal development of Th17 cells. 
         [0082]    Several embodiments relate to the use of therapeutic antagonist peptides that selectively inhibit IL-15 activity as a therapeutic agent for treating CD. One recent publication suggested that IL-21, in addition to IL-15, may play a role in CD pathogenesis. (See Bodd et al., 2010, Mucosal Immunol. 3:594-601.) This suggests that optimum treatment of CD by conventional anti-cytokine or cytokine-receptor antibodies would benefit from a combination of at least two antibodies recognizing component that belong to the IL-15 and IL-21 systems. In some embodiments, custom derivative antagonist peptides that selectively inhibit both IL-15 and IL-21 activity are used as a therapeutic agent for treating CD. 
         [0083]    In addition to having therapeutic applications, yc-antagonist peptides have applications in consumer products as well. Several embodiments relate to the use of yc-antagonist peptides in skin care products such as anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, anti-acne, and other related applications. Some embodiments relate to the use of yc-antagonist peptides in hair products as anti-hair loss ingredient to treat hair loss caused by autoimmune disorders. 
         [0084]    Another embodiment relates to the development of chemical compounds (non-peptide, non-protein) that have a spatial structure which resembles the 19-mer amino acid sequence I-K-E-F-L-Q-R-F-I-H-I-V-Q-S-I-I-N-T-S (SEQ ID NO: 1) and can fit into the pocket of the γc-subunit to structurally hinder the access of a γc-cytokine to the γc-subunit for binding. 
         [0085]    Some embodiments relate to the use of structurally similar chemical compounds as inhibitors of γc-cytokine activity. Such molecular mimicry strategy to further refine the development of synthetic compounds resembling in structure to existing biological peptide/proteins is described in Orzaez et al., 2009 Chem. Med. Chem. 4:146-160. Another embodiment relates to administration of chemical compounds (non-peptide, non-protein) that have a resembling 3D structure as the 19-mer amino acids sequence I-K-E-F-L-Q-R-F-I-H-I-V-Q-S-I-I-N-T-S (SEQ ID NO: 1) to treat γc-cytokine-mediated diseases. 
         [0086]    Several embodiments relates to the administration of a peptide of amino acid sequence I-K-E-F-L-Q-R-F-I-H-I-V-Q-S-I-I-N-T-S (SEQ ID NO: 1) to treat γc-cytokine-mediated diseases. Another embodiment relates to the administration of derivative peptides of amino acid sequence I-K-E-F-L-Q-R-F-I-H-I-V-Q-S-I-I-N-T-S (SEQ ID NO: 1), wherein the amino acid sequence of the derivative peptide has similar physico-chemical properties as a peptide of the amino acid sequence I-K-E-F-L-Q-R-F-I-H-I-V-Q-S-I-I-N-T-S (SEQ ID NO: 1), but has distinct biological activity, to treat γc-cytokine-mediated diseases. Another embodiment relates to administration of a peptide of amino acid sequence I-K-E-F-L-Q-R-F-I-H-I-V-Q-S-I-I-N-T-S (SEQ ID NO: 1) conjugated to the N- and C-termini or to the side residues of existing biological proteins/peptides into patients to treat γc-cytokine-mediated diseases. 
         [0087]    Several embodiments relate to administration of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies raised against a peptide comprising of amino acid sequence I-K-E-F-L-Q-R-F-I-H-1-V-Q-S-I-I-N-T-S (SEQ ID NO: 1) into patients as an immunogen to treat γc-cytokine-mediated diseases. Another embodiment relates to administration of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies that were raised against derivative peptides of amino acid sequence I-K-E-F-L-Q-R-F-I-H-I-V-Q-S-I-I-N-T-S (SEQ ID NO: 1) wherein the amino acid sequence of the derivative peptide has similar physico-chemical properties as a peptide of the amino acid sequence I-K-E-F-L-Q-R-F-I-H-I-V-Q-S-I-I-N-T-S (SEQ ID NO: 1), but has distinct biological activity, into patients as an immunogen to treat γc-cytokine-mediated diseases. 
         [0000]    Administration of γc-Antagonist Peptides 
         [0088]    The present embodiments also encompass the use of γc-antagonist peptides for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease. The present embodiments also encompass a pharmaceutical composition that includes γc-antagonist peptides in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The pharmaceutical composition can include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a non-toxic therapeutically effective amount of ye-antagonist peptides, or other compositions of the present embodiments. 
         [0089]    The present embodiments provide methods of using pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effective amount of antagonists for γc-cytokines in a suitable diluent or carrier. A γc-antagonist of the present embodiments can be formulated according to known methods used to prepare pharmaceutically useful compositions. A γc-antagonist can be combined in admixture, either as the sole active material or with other known active materials, with pharmaceutically suitable diluents (e.g., phosphate, acetate, Tris-HCl), preservatives (e.g., thimerosal, benzyl alcohol, parabens), emulsifying compounds, solubilizers, adjuvants, and/or carriers such as bovine serum albumin. Suitable carriers and their formulations are described in Remington&#39;s Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16 th  ed. 1980 Mack Publishing CO. Additionally, such compositions can contain a γc-antagonist complexed with polyethylene glycol (PEG), metal ions, or incorporated into polymeric compounds such as polyacetic acid, polyglycolic acid, hydrogels etc., or incorporated into liposomes, microemulsions, micelles, unilamellar or multilamellar vesicles, erythrocyte ghosts, or spheroblasts. Such compositions will influence the physical state, solubility, stability, rate of in vivo release, and rate of in vivo clearance or a γc-antagonist. A ye-antagonist can be conjugated to antibodies against cell-specific antigens, receptors, ligands, or coupled to ligands for tissue-specific receptors. 
         [0090]    Methods of administrating γc-antagonists of the present embodiments may be selected as appropriate, depending on factors, such as the type of diseases, the condition of subjects, and/or the site to be targeted. The γc-antagonists can be administered topically, orally, parenterally, rectally, or by inhalation. The term “parenteral” includes subcutaneous injections, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intracisternal injection, or infusion techniques. These compositions will typically include an effective amount of a γc-antagonist, alone or in combination with an effective amount of any other active material. The amount of the peptide contained in pharmaceutical compositions of the present embodiments, dosage form of the pharmaceutical compositions, frequency of administration, and the like may be selected as appropriate, depending on factors, such as the type of diseases, the condition of subjects, and/or the site to be targeted. Such dosages and desired drug concentrations contained in the compositions may vary affected by many parameters, including the intended use, patient&#39;s body weight and age, and the route of administration. Pilot studies will first be conducted using animal studies and the scaling to human administration will be performed according to art-accepted practice. 
         [0091]    In one embodiment, host cells that have been genetically modified with a polynucleotide encoding at least one γc-antagonist peptide are administered to a subject to treat a proliferation disorder and/or to reduce the growth of malignant cells. The polynucleotide is expressed by the host cells, thereby producing the peptides within the subject. Preferably, the host cells are allogeneic or autogeneic to the subject. 
         [0092]    In a further aspect, yc-antagonist peptides can be used in combination with other therapies, for example, therapies inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and growth. The phrase “combination therapy” embraces the administration of yc-antagonist peptides and an additional therapeutic agent as part of a specific treatment regimen intended to provide a beneficial effect from the co-action of these therapeutic agents. Administration of these therapeutic agents in combination typically is carried out over a defined time period (usually minutes, hours, days or weeks depending upon the combination selected). 
         [0093]    A combination therapy is intended to embrace administration of these therapeutic agents in a sequential manner, that is, wherein each therapeutic agent is administered at a different time, as well as administration of these therapeutic agents, or at least two of the therapeutic agents, in a substantially simultaneous manner. Substantially simultaneous administration can be accomplished, for example, by administering to the subject a single capsule having a fixed ratio of each therapeutic agent or in multiple, single capsules for each of the therapeutic agents. Sequential or substantially simultaneous administration of each therapeutic agent can be effected by an appropriate route including, but not limited to, oral routes, intravenous routes, intramuscular routes, and direct absorption through mucous membrane tissues. There therapeutic agents can be administered by the same route or by different routes. The sequence in which the therapeutic agents are administered is not narrowly critical. 
         [0094]    Combination therapy also can embrace the administration of the therapeutic agents as described above in further combination with other biologically active ingredients (such as, but not limited to, a second and different therapeutic agent) and non-drug therapies (such as, but not limited to, surgery or radiation treatment). Where the combination therapy further comprises radiation treatment, the radiation treatment may be conducted at any suitable time so long as a beneficial effect from the co-action of the combination of the therapeutic agents and radiation treatment is achieved. For example, in appropriate cases, the beneficial effect is still achieved when the radiation treatment is temporarily removed from the administration of the therapeutic agents, perhaps by days or even weeks. 
         [0095]    In certain embodiments, yc-antagonist peptides can be administered in combination with at least one anti-proliferative agent selected from the group consisting of chemotherapeutic agent, an antimetabolite, and antitumorgenic agent, and antimitotic agent, and antiviral agent, and antineoplastic agent, an immunotherapeutic agent, and a radiotherapeutic agent. 
         [0096]    In certain embodiments, yc-antagonist peptides can be administered in combination with at least one anti-inflammatory agent selected from the group consisting of steroids, corticosteroids, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. 
         [0097]    Also provided are kits for performing any of the above methods. Kits may include a yc-antagonist according to the present embodiments. In some embodiments, the kit may include instructions. Instructions may be in written or pictograph form, or may be on recorded media including audio tape, audio CD, video tape, DVD, CD-ROM, or the like. The kits may comprise packaging. 
       DEFINITIONS 
       [0098]    As used herein, the term “patient” refers to the recipient of a therapeutic treatment and includes all organisms within the kingdom animalia. In preferred embodiments, the animal is within the family of mammals, such as humans, bovine, ovine, porcine, feline, buffalo, canine, goat, equine, donkey, deer, and primates. The most preferred animal is human. 
         [0099]    As used herein, the term “treat” or any variation thereof (e.g., treatment, treating, etc.), refers to any treatment of a patient diagnosed with a biological condition, such as CD4-, CD8-, and LGL-leukemia, an autoimmune disease, systemic lupus erythematosis, Sjoegren&#39;s syndrome, Wegener&#39;s granulomatosis, Celiac disease, Hashimoto&#39;s thyroiditis, a collagen disease, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes mellitus, psoriasis, a degenerative neuronal disease, multiple sclerosis, uvietis, inflammation of the eye, graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), myasthenia gravis, 1-Human T-cell Lymphotropic type I and II (HTLV-I and HTLV-II)-associated diseases, Adult T-cell Leukemia (ATL), HTLV-associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP), uveitis (HU), arthropathy, pneumopathy, dermatitis, exocrinopathy, myositis, influenza, AIDS, HBV, Herpes, asthma, sinusitis, hay fever, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), allergic rhinitis, acute and chronic otitis, lung fibrosis, NK leukemia/lymphoma and NK-T leukemia/lymphoma. The term treat, as used herein, includes: (i) preventing or delaying the presentation of symptoms associated with the biological condition of interest in an at-risk patient who has yet to display symptoms associated with the biological condition; (ii) ameliorating the symptoms associated with the biological condition of interest in a patient diagnosed with the biological condition; (iii) preventing, delaying, or ameliorating the presentation of symptoms associated with complications, conditions, or diseases associated with the biological condition of interest in either an at-risk patient or a patient diagnosed with the biological condition; (iv) slowing, delaying or halting the progression of the biological condition; and/or (v) preventing, delaying, slowing, halting or ameliorating the cellular events of inflammation. 
         [0100]    The term “symptom(s)” as used herein, refers to common signs or indications that a patient is suffering from a specific condition or disease. 
         [0101]    The term “effective amount,” as used herein, refers to the amount necessary to elicit the desired biological response. In accordance with the present embodiments, an effective amount of a yc-antagonist is the amount necessary to provide an observable effect in at least one biological factor for use in treating a biological condition. 
         [0102]    “Recombinant DNA technology” or “recombinant” refers to the use of techniques and processes for producing specific polypeptides from microbial (e.g., bacterial, yeast), invertebrate (insect), mammalian cells or organisms (e.g., transgenic animals or plants) that have been transformed or transfected with cloned or synthetic DNA sequences to enable biosynthesis of heterologous peptides. Native glycosylation pattern will only be achieved with mammalian cell expression system. Prokaryotic expression systems lack the ability to add glycosylation to the synthesized proteins. Yeast and insect cells provide a unique glycosylation pattern that may be different from the native pattern. 
         [0103]    A “Nucleotide sequence” refers to a polynucleotide in the form of a separate fragment or as a component of a larger DNA construct that has been derived from DNA or RNA isolated at least once in substantially pure form, free of contaminating endogenous materials and in a quantity or concentration enabling identification, manipulation, and recovery of its component nucleotide sequences by standard molecular biology methods (as outlined in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology). 
         [0104]    “Recombinant expression vector” refers to a plasmid comprising a transcriptional unit containing an assembly of (1) a genetic element or elements that have a regulatory role in gene expression including promoters and enhances, (2) a structure or coding sequence that encodes the polypeptide according to the present embodiments, and (3) appropriate transcription and translation initiation sequence and, if desired, termination sequences. Structural elements intended for use in yeast and mammalian system preferably include a signal sequence enabling extracellular secretion of translated polypeptides by yeast or mammalian host cells. 
         [0105]    “Recombinant microbial expression system” refers to a substantially homogenous monoculture of suitable hot microorganisms, for example, bacteria such as  E. coli , or yeast such as  S. cerevisiae , that have stably integrated a recombinant transcriptional unit into chromosomal DNA or carry the recombinant transcriptional unit as a component of a residual plasmid. Generally, host cells constituting a recombinant microbial expression system are the progeny of a single ancestral transformed cell. Recombinant microbial expression systems will express heterologous polypeptides upon induction of the regulatory elements linked to a structural nucleotide sequence to be expressed. 
         [0106]    The following Examples are presented for the purposes of illustration and should not be construed as limitations. 
       EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     Method for Assessing the Inhibitory Activity of γc-Antagonist Peptide 
       [0107]    The capacity of any custom derivative peptide prepared according to the present embodiments for inhibiting the action of one γc-cytokine family member is determined using mammalian cellular assays to measure their proliferative response to the γc-cytokine family member. 
         [0108]    For each of the six γc-cytokines, indicator cell lines: CTLL-2, a murine CD8 T cells line available from American Type Culture Collection, and PT-18, a murine mast cell line and its subclone PT-18β, is transfected with human IL-2Rβ gene to make the cells responsive to IL-2 and IL-15 (Tagaya et al., 1996, EMBO J. 15:4928-39), and is used to quantitatively determine the γc-cytokine&#39;s growth-promoting activity (See Current protocols in Immunology from Wiley and Sons for a methodological reference). The indicator cells demonstrate semi-linear dose-dependent response when measured by a colorimetric WST-1 assay over a range of concentrations (See Clontech PT3946-1 and associated user manual, incorporated herein by reference, for a detailed description of the reagents and methods). Once the appropriate doses of the cytokine that yield the 50% and 95% maximum response from the indicator cell line is determined, various concentrations (ranging from 1 μM to 10 μM) of the purified or synthesized custom derivative peptide is added to each well containing the cytokine and indicator cells. The reduction in light absorbance at 450 nm is used as an indicator of inhibition of cytokine-stimulated cellular proliferation. Typically, the cells are stimulated by the cytokines such that the absorbance of the well containing indicator cell line and the cytokine is between 2.0 and 3.0, which is reduced to a range of 0.1 to 0.5 by the addition of inhibitory peptides. 
       Example 2 
     BNZ-γ Peptide Specifically Inhibits the Growth-Promoting Activities of IL-9 and IL-15 
       [0109]    Using PT-18β cells as described above, the ability of the BNZ-γ peptide to specifically inhibit the growth-promoting activity of select γc-cytokines was determined ( FIG. 3A ). IL-3, a non-γc-cytokine that supports the growth of PT-18β cells, was used as a negative control. Briefly, PT-1813 cells were incubated either with two different dilutions of BNZ-γ peptide produced by HEK293T cells (1:20 or 1:50 dilution of the original supernatant of HEK293T cells transfected with a BNZ-γ expression construct) or without BNZ-γ peptide in the presence of IL-3, IL-9, IL-15, or IL-4 (1 nM of each cytokine in the culture). The growth-responses of the cells were determined 2 days after the introduction of BNZ-γ peptide and the cytokine using the WST-1 assay. The growth-promoting activity of IL-3 (a non γc-cytokine) was not inhibited by BNZ-γ. In contrast, the activity of IL-15 and IL-9 were significantly (p&lt;0.01 Student&#39;s T test) reduced by the BNZ-γ peptide. Cellular proliferation stimulated by IL-4, another γc-cytokine, was not affected by the by the addition of BNZ-γ peptide. Results for IL-3, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-4 are shown at  FIG. 3A . 
         [0110]    In a similar assay, the murine cell line CTTL2 was used. In this assay the cells were cultured with 0.5 nM of recombinant IL-2 in RPMI 10% fetal Calf Serum. To set up the proliferation assay, cells were washed from the cytokines 3 times. Cells were seeded at 1×10(5) cells per well of a 96-well plate with final concentration of 50 μM of IL-2 or IL-15. Various concentration of BNZ-γ peptide (0.1, 1, and 10 ug/ml) was added to each well. Cells were cultured for 20 hours and in the last 4 hours,  3 H-thymidine was added to the plates. Cells were harvested using a plate reader. The data is shown in  FIG. 3B . 
       Example 3 
     Method for Measuring Inhibition γc-Cytokine Activity by Assaying 3H-Thymidine Incorporation of as a Marker of Cellular Proliferation 
       [0111]    Inhibition of γc-cytokine-induced proliferation of an indicator cell population by antagonist custom derivative peptides is measured by the 3H-thymidine incorporation assay. Briefly, radiolabeled thymidine (1 microCi) is given to 20-50,000 cells undergoing proliferation in the presence of cytokines. The cell-incorporated radioactivity is measured by trapping cell-bound radioactivity to a glass-fiber filter using a conventional harvester machines (Example, Filtermate Universal Harvester from Perkin-Elmer), after which the radioactivity is measured using a b-counter (Example 1450, Trilux microplate scintillation counter). 
       Example 4 
     Method for Measuring Inhibition γc-Cytokine Activity by Assaying Incorporation of a Cell-Tracker Dye as a Marker of Cellular Proliferation 
       [0112]    Indicator cells are incubated in the presence of a selected γc-cytokine or in the presence of a selected γc-cytokine and a selected custom derivative peptide. The cell population is then labeled in vitro using a cell-tracker dye, for example, CMFDA, C2925 from Invitrogen, and the decay of cellular green fluorescence at each cellular division is monitored using a flow-cytometer (for example, Beckton-Dickinson FACScalibur). Typically, in response to γc-cytokine stimulation 7-10 different peaks corresponding to the number of divisions that the cells have undergone will appear on the green fluorescence channel. Incubation of the cells with the selected γc-cytokine and antagonist custom derivative peptide reduces the number of peaks to only 1 to 3, depending on the degree of the inhibition. 
       Example 5 
     Inhibition of Intracellular Signaling by BNZ-γ and its Derivative Antagonists 
       [0113]    In addition to stimulating cellular proliferation, binding of the γc-cytokines to their receptors causes a diverse array of intracellular events. (Rochman et al. 2009 Nat. Rev. Immunol. 9:480-90, Pesu et al. 2005 Immunol. Rev. 203:127-142.) Immediately after the cytokine binds to its receptor, a tyrosine kinase called Jak3 (Janus-kinase 3) is recruited to the receptor at the plasma membrane. This kinase phosphorylates the tyrosine residues of multiple proteins including the γc-subunit, STAT5 (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5) and subunits of the PI3 (Phosphatidylinositol 3) kinase. Among these, the phosphorylation of STAT5 has been implicated in many studies as being linked to the proliferation of cells initiated by the γc-cytokine. (Reviewed in Hennighausen and Robinson, 2008 Genes Dev. 22:711-21.) In accordance with these published data, whether or not the BNZ-γ peptide inhibits the tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT5 molecule in PT-18β cells stimulated by IL-15 was examined (results shown in  FIG. 3C ). 
         [0114]    PT-18β cells were stimulated by IL-15 in the presence or absence of BNZ-γ peptide. Cytoplasmic proteins were extracted from the cells according to a conventional method as described in Tagaya et al. 1996 EMBO J. 15:4928-39. The extracted cytoplasmic proteins were resolved using a standard SDS-PAGE (Sodium Dodecyl-Sulfate PolyAcrylamide Gel Electrophoresis) and the phorphorylation status was confirmed by an anti-phospho-STAT5 antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, Catalog #9354, Danvers Mass.) using immunoblotting (see  FIG. 3C , top panel). To confirm that each lane represented a similar total protein load, the membrane was then stripped, and re-probed with an anti-STAT5 antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, Catalog #9358) (see  FIG. 3C , bottom panel). 
         [0115]    These results demonstrated that tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT5, a marker of signal transduction, was induced by IL-15 in PT-18β cells, and tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT5 was markedly reduced by the BNZ-γ peptide. 
       Example 6 
     Rational Design for BNZ-γ Derivative Antagonistic Peptides 
       [0116]    Derivative peptides are prepared based from the core sequence D/E-F-L-E/Q/N-S/R-X-I/K-X-L/I-X-Q (SEQ ID NO: 2) (where X denotes any amino acid) by substituting the defined amino acids of the core sequence with amino acids having identical physico-chemical properties as designated in  FIG. 2 . 
       Example 7 
     Method of Identifying the Inhibitory Specificity of Antagonistic Custom Derivative Peptides 
       [0117]    The γc-cytokine inhibitory specificity of antagonistic custom derivative peptides is determined by assaying the ability of a custom derivative peptide to inhibit the proliferative response of a cytokine-responsive cell line to each of the 6 γc-cytokines. For example, a mouse cell line, CTLL-2, is used to determine if a candidate peptide inhibits the function of IL-2 and IL-15. PT-18(β) cells are used to determine if a candidate peptide inhibits the function of IL-4 and IL-9. PT-18 (7α) cells are used to determine if a candidate peptide inhibits the function of IL-7, and PT-18(21α) cells are used to determine if a candidate peptide inhibits the function of IL-21. PT-18(β) denotes a subclone of PT-18 cells that exogenously express human IL-2Rβ by gene transfection (See Tagaya et al. 1996), PT-18(7α) denotes a subclone that expresses human IL-7Rα by gene transfection and PT-18(21Rα) cells express human IL-21Ra. 
         [0118]    Another alternative is to use other cell lines that respond to an array of cytokines. An example of this cell line in a human NK cell line NK92 that is commercially available by ATCC (catalog #CRL-2407). This cell line is an IL-2 dependent cell line that responds to other cytokines including IL-9, IL-7, IL-15, IL-12, IL-18, IL-21 (Gong et al. 1994 Leukemia 8: 652-658, Kingemann et al., 1996, Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2:68; 75, Hodge D L et al., 2002 J. Immunol. 168:9090-8) 
       Example 8 
     Preparation of γc-Antagonist Peptides 
       [0119]    Custom derivative γc-antagonist peptides are synthesized chemically by manual and automated processes. 
         [0120]    Manual synthesis: Classical liquid-phase synthesis is employed, which involves coupling the carboxyl group or C-terminus of one amino acid to the amino group or N-terminus of another. Alternatively, solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) is utilized. 
         [0121]    Automated synthesis: Many commercial companies provide automated peptide synthesis for a cost. These companies use various commercial peptide synthesizers, including synthesizers provided by Applied Biosystems (ABI). Custom derivative γc-antagonist peptides are synthesized by automated peptide synthesizers. 
       Example 9 
     Biological Production of Custom Derivative γc-Antagonist Peptides Using Recombinant Technology 
       [0122]    A custom derivative γc-antagonist peptides is synthesized biologically as a pro-peptide that consists of an appropriate tagging peptide, a signal peptide, or a peptide derived from a known human protein that enhances or stabilizes the structure of the BNZ-γ peptide and improves its biological activity. If desired, an appropriate enzyme-cleavage sequence proceeding to the N-terminus of the peptide shall be designed to remove the tag or any part of the peptide from the final protein. 
         [0123]    A nucleotide sequence encoding the custom derivative peptide with a stop codon at the 3′ end is inserted into a commercial vector with a tag portion derived from thioredoxin of  E. coli  and a special peptide sequence that is recognized and digested by an appropriate proteolytic enzyme (for example, enterokinase) intervening between the tag portion and the nucleotide sequence encoding the custom derivative peptide and stop codon. One example of a suitable vector is the pThioHis plasmid available from Invitrogen, CA. Other expression vectors may be used. 
       Example 10 
       [0124]    Conjugation of the BNZ-γ and Derivative to Carrier Proteins for Immunization Purposes and Generation of Anti-BNZ-γ Antibody 
         [0125]    BNZ-γ and other custom derivative peptides are used to immunize animals to obtain polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Peptides are conjugated to the N- or the C-terminus of appropriate carrier proteins (for example, bovine serum albumin, Keyhold Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH), etc.) by conventional methods using Glutaraldehyde or m-Maleimidobenzoyl-N-Hydroxysuccinimide Ester. The conjugated peptides in conjunction with an appropriate adjuvant are then used to immunize animals such as rabbits, rodents, or donkeys. The resultant antibodies are examined for specificity using conventional methods. If the resultant antibodies react with the immunogenic peptide, they are then tested for the ability to inhibit individual γc-cytokine activity according to the cellular proliferation assays described in Examples 1-3. Due to the composite nature of the derivative peptides it is possible to generate a single antibody that recognizes two different cytokines simultaneously, because of the composite nature of these peptides. 
       Example 11 
     Method for Large Scale Production of Custom Derivative γc-Antagonist Peptides 
       [0126]    Recombinant proteins are produced in large scale by the use of cell-free system as described elsewhere. (See Takai et al., 2010 Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 11(3):272-8.) Briefly, cDNAs encoding the γc-antagonist peptide and a tag are subcloned into an appropriate vector (See Takai et al., 2010 Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 11(3):272-8), which is subjected to in vitro transcription, followed immediately by an in vitro translation to produce the tagged peptide. The pro-polypeptide is then purified using an immobilized antibody recognizing the tagged epitope, treated by the proteolytic enzyme and the eluate (which mostly contains the custom derivative peptide of interest) is tested for purity using conventional 18% Tricine-SDS-PAGE (Invitrogen) and conventional comassie staining. Should the desired purity of the peptide not be met (&gt;98%), the mixture is subjected to conventional HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) for further purification. 
       Example 12 
     Use Of Custom Derivative γc-Antagonist Peptides to Block Cytokine Function in HAM/TSP 
       [0127]    HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM)/tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) is a chronic progressive myelopathy seen in some people infected with Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type I (HTLV-I). Infiltration of lymphocytes in the spinal cord is associated with the immune response to HTLV-I and results in the release of certain cytokines. Some of these cytokines may also damage nerves. 
         [0128]    Patients with HAM/TSP show an elevated state of the immune system that is similar to that observed in autoimmune diseases (Oh et al. 2008 Neurol Clin. 26:781-785). This elevated state is demonstrated by the ability of HAM/TSP patient&#39;s T-cells to undergo spontaneous proliferation in an ex vivo culture for about a week in the absence of exogenously added cytokines. The spontaneous proliferation of T-cells in HAM/TSP patients is attributed, at least partly, to autocrine/paracrine loops of IL-2, IL-9, and IL-15. It has been shown that adding blocking antibody against the IL-2 or IL-15 receptors can inhibit spontaneous T-cell proliferation in a HAM/TSP ex vivo culture system. These observations, along with other data derived from ex vivo studies, have provided the rationale for taking two monoclonal antibodies (an anti-IL-2 receptor alpha or anti-Tac and an anti-IL-15 receptor beta chain) into the clinic for treatment of HAM/TSP (Azimi et al. 2001 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 98:14559-64., Azimi et al., 1999 J. Immunol. 163:4064-72). Anti-cytokine receptor antagonists according to the embodiments described herein, would not only be valuable as a therapeutic immuno-modulatory agent for treatment of HAM/TSP, but modulation of immune response in HAM/TSP by anti-cytokine receptor antagonists according to the present embodiments acts proof-of-concept for the use of the anti-cytokine receptor antagonists according to the present embodiments in the treatment of other auto-immune diseases. 
         [0129]    To demonstrate the efficacy of custom derivative γc-antagonist peptides according to the embodiments described herein, we tested the ability of BNZ-γ peptide to block immune response to HTLV-I in a spontaneous T-cell proliferation assay using a HAM/TSP ex vivo culture system. Proliferation assays were performed on HAM/TSP patient blood samples with and without the addition of BNZ-γ. These assays evaluated the ability of BNZ-γ to block the function of cytokines, such as IL-2 and IL-15, present in the ex vivo HAM/TSP patient blood culture and prevent spontaneous T-cell proliferation in these samples. 
         [0130]    In an ex vivo spontaneous T-cell proliferation assay, PBMC from HAM/TSP patient was cultured at 1×10(6) cells per well of a 96 well plate in RPMI-10% FCS. Increasing concentrations of BNZ-γ peptide were added to each well. As a control, an irrelevant peptide was used in similar fashion. The cells were incubated in a 37° C. CO2 incubator for 3, 4, and 6 days. The amount of 1 uCi of  3 H-thymidine was added to the cells. After an additional 6 hour incubation, cells were harvested their proliferation rate was measured. The data for a representative HAM/TSP patient is shown in  FIG. 4A-D . As indicated in  FIG. 4 , BNZ-γ peptide inhibits the spontaneous proliferation of T-cells in HAM/TSP culture at a concentration of about 1 ug/ml. 
         [0131]    Other immunological markers were additionally measured in this assay. The percentage of the viral specific CD8 cells was measured during the ex vivo culture using viral protein tetramers. The population of CD4+CD25+ cells, a marker of T-cell activation, as well as Ki67 staining, a marker of T-cell proliferation, was monitored in a flow cytometry assay. 
         [0132]    Other forms of the conjugated BNZ-γ peptide derivative can be used in a similar future assay. They include albumin, BSA, PEG that can be conjugated to the peptide after chemical synthesis. Other biological forms of the BNZ-γ peptide conjugate may include regions of known protein entities (including but not limited to Fc region of human IgG) that are fused to the BNZ-γ peptide derivative. 
       Example 13 
     Method of Treating Adult T-Cell Leukemia (ATL) in a Human Patient by Administration Of Custom Derivative γc-Antagonist Peptide 
       [0133]    A human patient suffering from Adult T-cell Leukemia is identified. An effective dose, as determined by the physician, of custom derivative γc-antagonist peptide, for example, BNZ-γ is administered to the patient for a period of time determined by the physician. Treatment is determined to be effective if patient enters remission. 
       Example 14 
     Method of Treating HAM/TSP in a Human Patient by Administration of Custom Derivative γc-Antagonist Peptide 
       [0134]    A human patient suffering from HAM/TSP is identified. An effective dose, as determined by the physician, of custom derivative γc-antagonist peptide, for example, BNZ-γ is administered to the patient for a period of time determined by the physician. Treatment is determined to be effective if patient&#39;s symptoms improve or if the progression of the disease has been stopped or slowed down. 
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