Abstract:
There are provided an anticancer agent degradation method for protecting medical professionals from exposure to an anticancer agent externally scattered in, for example, a safety cabinet or prescription laboratory, during drug preparation or other circumstance, and an anticancer agent degradation apparatus for use with this anticancer agent degradation method. Anticancer agent flyoff in a safety cabinet, etc. is degraded by exploiting an action of ozone-containing air humidified by humidifying means. A relative humidity of humidified ozone-containing air is preferably greater than or equal to 80%. In controlling degradation treatment on the basis of CT values, a difference between expected humidity and measured humidity is reflected in an increment of CT value to understand the progress of anticancer agent degradation properly.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to a technology for degradation of flyoff of an anticancer agent during drug preparation or other circumstance to protect, for example, medical professionals from anticancer agent exposure. 
       BACKGROUND ART 
       [0002]    Anticancer agents have been widely used for various cancer treatments, including cancer removal surgery and radiotherapy. An anticancer agent is orally or intravenously given to a patient. It is well known that a patient who received administration of an anticancer agent suffers from side effects, such as loss of hair, nausea, myelosuppression, intraoral erosion, and skin problems. This is because anticancer agents not only act on cancer cells but also destroy normal cells. 
         [0003]    An anticancer agent causes genetic disorders and impairs cell division even when taken by people in good health, and can thus be said as a potent carcinogen. As a problem which has come to the fore in recent years, medical professionals, including doctors and pharmacists who handle anticancer agents, are suffering from health damage resulting from exposure to spatters of an anticancer agent during drug preparation and administration (refer to Non Patent Literatures 1 to 3). 
         [0004]    In this regard, in Patent Literature 1 for example, there is shown a technique to prevent leakage of an anticancer agent during replacement of a bottle needle in a chemical line for each chemical bag accommodating an anticancer agent in intravenous transfusion operation (refer to Patent Literature 1). 
       CITATION LIST 
     Patent Literature 
       [0005]    Patent Literature 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication JP-A 2013-85822 
       Non Patent Literature 
       [0006]    Non Patent Literature 1: “OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE: RISK FOR MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS HANDLING ANTICANCER AGENTS” excerpted from MEDICAL JOURNAL OF KINKI UNIVERSITY published in 2011 (Vol. 36, 1 st  issue, pages 43 to 46) 
         [0007]    Non Patent Literature 2: “HEALTH RISK FOR MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS HANDLING ANTICANCER AGENTS” excerpted from INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE MAGAZINE published in 2005 by ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH DIVISION IN OSAKA PREFECTURAL INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH (Vol. 47, pages 195-203, written by KIMIKO TOMIOKA, SHINJI KUMAGAI) (URL:http://joh.sanei.or.jp/pdf/J47/J47_5_01.pdf#search=&#39;%E 6%8A%97%E3%81%8C%E3%82%93%E5%89%A4+%E5%8C%BB%E7%99%82%E5%BE %93%E4%BA%8B%E8%80%85′) 
         [0008]    Non Patent Literature 3: “MEDICAL PROFESSIONAL′S OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO ANTICANCER AGENTS” excerpted from OSAKA PREFECTURAL INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH NEWS (42 th  issue, dated Dec. 24, 2009) (URL: http://www.iph.pref.osaka.jp/news/vol.42/news42.pdf#search=‘%E6%8A%97%E3%81%8C%E3%82%93%E5%89%A4+%E5%8C%BB%E7%99%82%E5% BE%93%E4%BA%8B%E8%80%85’) 
       SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     Technical Problem 
       [0009]    The art disclosed in Patent Literature 1 is expected to be effective in preventing leakage of an anticancer agent to a certain extent during infusion preparation. 
         [0010]    However, preparatory work, such as a process of mixing an anticancer agent in a chemical bag, and an agent dissolving process required when an anticancer agent in powdery form is provided from a pharmaceutical company, needs to be conducted in a safety cabinet, for example. As to protection of medical professionals from anticancer agent flyoff during such an operation prior to handling of a chemical bag, no positive approach has been proposed to date. That is, the art disclosed in Patent Literature 1 is not adapted for prevention of exposure to flyoff of an anticancer agent or other chemicals. 
         [0011]    The present invention has been devised in view of the problem as mentioned supra, and accordingly an object of the present invention is to provide an anticancer agent degradation method for protecting medical professionals from exposure to an anticancer agent externally scattered in, for example, a safety cabinet or prescription laboratory, during drug preparation or other circumstance, and also an anticancer agent degradation apparatus for use with this anticancer agent degradation method. 
       Solution to Problem 
       [0012]    An anticancer agent degradation method pursuant to the present invention enables degradation of an anticancer agent by exploiting the action of ozone-containing air humidified by humidifying means. 
         [0013]    It is preferable that a relative humidity of the humidified ozone-containing air is 80%. 
         [0014]    In subjecting Fluorouracil, Cytarabine, Cyclophosphamide, Ifosfamide, Doxorubicin, and Etoposide, each of which is an anticancer agent, to degradation treatment, the degradation treatment is advisably effected by causing ozone-containing air humidified at a relative humidity of greater than or equal to 80% by humidifying means to act on the anticancer agent. 
         [0015]    Degradation of an anticancer agent can be efficiently effected without fail by following the following procedural steps. 
         [0016]    The degree of degradation of an anticancer agent that varies with an increase in a CT value in an environment humidified by humidifying means is obtained as a function of relative humidity-CT value in a degradation environment. In ozone-induced anticancer agent degradation treatment, on the basis of an assumed predetermined preset humidity, a CT setting is specified as a degradation termination point corresponding to the humidity. In anticancer agent degradation treatment, a relative humidity of the humidified ozone-containing air and an ozone concentration are measured. Then, an increment of the CT value corresponding to a predetermined time period is corrected on the basis of a ratio between the degree of degradation at the preset humidity obtained by calculation using the function of relative humidity-CT value and the degree of degradation at the measured relative humidity. The ozone-induced anticancer agent degradation treatment is brought to an end upon a CT value obtained by adding the increment to the CT value reaching a CT setting specified as a degradation termination point corresponding to the preset humidity. 
         [0017]    The anticancer agent degradation apparatus pursuant to the present invention comprises: the storage means; the input means for taking a relative humidity measured by a hygrometer and an ozone concentration measured by an ozone concentration sensor; and the computing means for performing computations on the basis of data stored in the storage means and data taken by the input means. 
         [0018]    In the storage means, in the course of degradation of an anticancer agent effected by exploiting the action of an ozone-containing air humidified by humidifying means, the degree of degradation of the anticancer agent that varies with an increase in a CT value can be stored as a function with variables defining a relative humidity of the ozone-containing air and the CT value. Also stored in the storage means is a CT setting serving as a degradation termination point corresponding to a preset humidity for the degradation treatment. 
         [0019]    The computing means makes a correction to an increment of the CT value corresponding to a predetermined time period during degradation treatment on the basis of the ratio between the degree of degradation at the preset humidity obtained under application of the function with variables defining the relative humidity and the CT value and the degree of degradation at the measured relative humidity. The computing means is designed to bring the anticancer agent degradation treatment to an end upon upon a corrected CT value obtained by adding the increment to the CT value reaching the CT setting. 
         [0020]    The “humidifying means” refers to a unit for vaporizing water artificially to increase a humidity in an anticancer agent degradation environment. 
       Advantageous Effects of Invention 
       [0021]    The present invention provides the anticancer agent degradation method for protecting medical professionals from exposure to an anticancer agent externally scattered in, for example, a safety cabinet or prescription laboratory, during drug preparation or other circumstance, and also the anticancer agent degradation apparatus for use with this anticancer agent degradation method. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         [0022]      FIG. 1  is a front view of a tester used for anticancer agent degradation test. 
           [0023]      FIG. 2  is a plan view of the tester. 
           [0024]      FIG. 3  is a front view of an operation display section  22 . 
           [0025]      FIG. 4  is a chart showing ozone concentration, temperature, and humidity as observed in the course of anticancer agent degradation test. 
           [0026]      FIG. 5  is a chart showing a calibration curve of Fluorouracil. 
           [0027]      FIG. 6  is a chart showing CT values as observed in the course of anticancer agent degradation test in humidified conditions and the percentages of remaining anticancer agent. 
           [0028]      FIG. 7  is a chart showing a relationship between relative humidity and the rate of ozone-induced degradation of Fluorouracil at a CT value of 80000. 
           [0029]      FIG. 8  is a chart showing a relationship between relative humidity and the rate of ozone-induced degradation of Cytarabine at a CT value of 80000. 
           [0030]      FIG. 9  is a chart showing a proportional relationship between CT value and the rate of anticancer agent degradation. 
           [0031]      FIG. 10  is a chart showing a case where an increment of the rate of anticancer agent degradation is reduced as the CT value increases. 
           [0032]      FIG. 11  is a flow chart for reflecting measured humidity in degradation treatment termination. 
           [0033]      FIG. 12  is a conceptual illustration of the procedural steps shown in  FIG. 11 . 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
       [0034]      FIG. 1  is a front view of a tester  11  used for anticancer agent degradation test,  FIG. 2  is a plan view of the tester  11 , and  FIG. 3  is a front view of an operation display section  22 . 
         [0035]    The tester  11  comprises: a case  12 ; an ozone generator  13 ; a CT value controller  14 ; a humidifier  15 ; and a hygrometer  16 . 
         [0036]    The case  12  is a hollow box in the form of a rectangular prism, and its upper face is closed by a detachable lid  17 . 
         [0037]    The case  12  is made of a transparent vinyl chloride resin for external observation of the interior state. 
         [0038]    The ozone generator  13  is a heretofore known stationary ozone gas generator incorporating an ozone lamp and a forced circulation fan. 
         [0039]    The CT value controller  14  is composed of an ozone concentration sensor  21  and an operation display section  22 . The ozone concentration sensor  21  detects the concentration of ozone within the case  12 . The CT value controller  14  includes: storage means for storing data and so forth; input means for taking a humidity measured by the hygrometer  16 , and ozone concentration measured by the ozone concentration sensor  21 ; computing means for performing computations on the basis of ozone concentration and so forth; and output means for sending data based on the result of computation out, and effecting activation and deactivation of connected devices. 
         [0040]    The operation display section  22  is composed of a setting input portion  23 , an ozone concentration display portion  24 , an elapsed time display portion  25 , and a CT measured value display portion  26 , and so forth. 
         [0041]    The setting input portion  23  includes a CT set value display  27 , an UP button  28 , and a DOWN button  29 . The CT set value display  27  provides a CT set value which serves as a sterilization-test completion indicator. The UP button  28  and the DOWN button  29  are operated to change a CT set value shown on the CT set-value display  27 . 
         [0042]    The ozone concentration display portion  24  indicates ozone concentration detected by the ozone concentration sensor  21 . The elapsed time display portion  25  indicates how much time has elapsed since the start of an anticancer agent degradation test in the presence of ozone. The CT measured value display portion  26  indicates a CT value corresponding to elapsed time shown on the elapsed time display portion  25 . A CT value is equivalent to the product of ozone concentration in a micro time period and the duration of the micro time period. 
         [0043]    In the tester  11 , upon depression of a START button, the ozone generator  13  disposed in the casing  12  is activated, and simultaneously control is started on an anticancer agent degradation test on the basis of, for example, the ozone concentration detected by the ozone concentration sensor  21 . 
         [0044]    The humidifier  15  is a ceramic-made vessel with a heater attached to its bottom. Water (hot water) is put into the humidifier  15 . 
         [0045]    The following describes an anticancer agent degradation test that is conducted in the presence of ozone by the tester  11 . 
         [0046]    A prepared anticancer agent sample to be subjected to degradation was obtained by following a step of putting drops of 100 μL of a solution of an anticancer agent at a concentration of 1 μg/mL onto a small piece of aluminum foil, a step of standing it for two days at a temperature of 30 deg. C, and a drying step. In the following description, the aluminum foil bearing the dried anticancer agent will be referred to as “anticancer agent sample”. 
         [0047]    The anticancer agent used in the degradation test is Fluorouracil (product name: 5-FU manufactured and marketed by Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd.) 
         [0048]    In the anticancer agent degradation test in the presence of ozone, after the anticancer agent sample was set in the tester  11 , the ozone generator  13  has been operated for a predetermined period of time. The degradation test went through the following steps: making a record of ozone concentration, humidity, and CT value in a condition of leaving the humidifier  15  running continuously to raise the humidity, or doing the same record-keeping after halting the operation of the humidifier  15 ; and measuring the amount of the anticancer agent which remains after the completion of degradation. 
         [0049]      FIG. 4  is a chart showing ozone concentration, temperature, and humidity in the case  12  in the course of the anticancer agent degradation test during operation of the humidifier  15 . 
         [0050]    After the completion of degradation in the presence of ozone, together with 1 mL of Milli-Q water (trademark) marketed by Merck Millipore Corporation, the anticancer agent sample has been agitated within a container to dissolve the remaining agent adherent to the aluminum foil in the Milli-Q water. The concentration of Fluorouracil in the resulting solution was determined by quantitative analysis using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The solution thereby prepared for HPLC analysis will be referred to as “dissolved sample”. 
         [0051]    The degree of Fluorouracil degradation in the presence of ozone was evaluated by making a comparison with a blank serving as another dissolved sample obtained by dissolving an independently-prepared undegraded anticancer agent. 
         [0052]    Conditions to be fulfilled in HPLC analysis are as follows: 
         [0053]    Pump: Type L-2130 manufactured by GL Sciences Inc. (flow velocity: 1 mL/min); 
         [0054]    Automatic sampler: Model 09 manufactured by System Instruments Co., Ltd. (injection amount: 100 μL); 
         [0055]    Detector: SPD-6AV manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation (wavelength: 254 nm); 
         [0056]    Column: CAPCELL PAK C18 (trademark) Type MG (Size: 4.6 mm ID×150 mm) manufactured by Shiseido Corporation; 
         [0057]    A-D converter: Unit type: 15BXP-E2 manufactured by DACS Electronics (gain×1, 1000 ms); and 
         [0058]    Mobile phase: 50mmol/L of phosphate buffer (pH 5.0) with methanol (ratio: 85:15). 
         [0059]      FIG. 5  is a chart showing a calibration curve of Fluorouracil obtained in the aforestated analysis conditions. The calibration curve shown in  FIG. 5  indicates that the HPLC quantitative analysis on Fluorouracil is highly reliable. On the basis of the calibration curve, the amount of Fluorouracil that remains after the completion of the degradation test, in other words, the amount of Fluorouracil degraded by the degradation test, can be determined. 
         [0060]    In Table 1, there is shown the result of measurement of (undegraded) Fluorouracil concentration in each dissolved sample conducted after the completion of the degradation test. Five different values representing Fluorouracil concentration entered in the “Untreated” section of Table 1 are attributable to variations in preparation of dissolved samples of the anticancer agent. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Fluorouracil concentration of dissolved sample (μg/mL) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Relative 
                 Relative 
               
               
                   
                 humidity: 80% 
                 humidity: 40% 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Degradation 
                 Degradation 
                 Degradation 
               
               
                   
                   
                 test for 
                 test for 
                 test for 
               
               
                 No. 
                 Untreated 
                 2 hours 
                 24 hours 
                 2 hours 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 0.639 
                 0.10 
                 0.00 
                 0.686 
               
               
                 2 
                 0.703 
                 0.06 
                 0.00 
                 0.650 
               
               
                 3 
                 0.814 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 0.700 
               
               
                 4 
                 0.802 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0.710 
               
               
                 5 
                 0.604 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0.685 
               
               
                 average 
                 0.712 
                 0.08 
                 0.00 
                 0.686 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Degradation rate R(—) 
                  0.888 
                 1.0  
                 0.038 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0061]      FIG. 6  is a chart showing CT values as observed in the course of the anticancer agent degradation test in humidified conditions in relation to the data listed in Table 1, and the percentages of the remaining anticancer agent determined on the basis of the data listed in Table 1. At this time, ozone concentration, temperature, and humidity in the course of degradation of the anticancer agent (Fluorouracil) at a relative humidity (hereafter referred to simply as “humidity”) of 80% conform to those plotted in  FIG. 4 . Changes in temperature and humidity in the course of degradation of the anticancer agent at a humidity of 40% differ little from those plotted in  FIG. 4 . 
         [0062]    As shown in  FIG. 6 , the degradation of Fluorouracil in the presence of ozone gas proceeds in a shorter period of time in a high-humidity environment. 
         [0063]    In Table 2, there is shown the result of examination of the degree of degradation of Fluorouracil thus far described at different humidities. 
         [0064]    An anticancer agent sample for use in the Fluorouracil degradation test was obtained by putting drops of a solution which is the equivalent of 100 μL of 5-FU injection 250 Kyowa in undiluted form (250 mg/5 mL) manufactured and marketed by Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd. (Fluorouracil 5 mg) onto a stainless plate measuring 10 cm×10 cm, and subsequently drying it on standing at room temperature. In the degradation test, after the stainless plate bearing Fluorouracil (anticancer agent sample) was set in the tester  11 , the ozone generator  13  has been operated until the CT reading reached 80000 under humidity adjustment. 
         [0065]    In reality, for purposes of convenience of amount control, instead of drops of an anticancer agent in undiluted form, drops of 1 mL of a solution obtained by diluting the anticancer agent at a 10-fold dilution factor were put onto the stainless plate. Also in the following description as to another anticancer agent, a numerical value representing the amount of the anticancer agent does not correspond to the actual amount of dropping but corresponds to an anticancer agent equivalent. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Relative 
                 Untreated 
                   
                 Degradation 
               
               
                   
                 humidity 
                 (Blank) 
                 Degraded 
                 rate 
               
               
                 No. 
                 (%) 
                 (μg) 
                 (μg) 
                 (—) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 6 
                 70 
                 385.4 
                 334.6 
                 0.131 
               
               
                 7 
                   
                   
                 372.4 
                 0.337 
               
               
                 8 
                   
                   
                 384.6 
                 0.021 
               
               
                 9 
                 80 
                 517.7 
                 0.0 
                 1.00 
               
               
                 10 
                   
                   
                 114.5 
                 0.779 
               
               
                 11 
                   
                   
                 87.4 
                 0.831 
               
               
                 12 
                 90 
                 502.9 
                 0.0 
                 1.00 
               
               
                 13 
                   
                   
                 0.0 
                 1.00 
               
               
                 14 
                   
                   
                 0.0 
                 1.00 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0066]    In Table 3, there is shown the result of examination of the degree of degradation of another anticancer agent named Cytarabine at different humidities. 
         [0067]    An anticancer agent sample was obtained by putting drops of 10 μL-equivalent Cylocide N (1g) in undiluted form (1 g/50 mL) manufactured and marketed by NIPPON SHINYAKU Co., Ltd. (Cytarabine 0.2 mg) onto a stainless plate and subsequently drying it. In the degradation test, the anticancer agent sample set in the humidity-adjusted tester  11  has been exposed to ozone until the CT reading reached 80000 (ppm×min). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Relative 
                 Untreated 
                   
                 Degradation 
               
               
                   
                 humidity 
                 (Blank) 
                 Degraded 
                 rate 
               
               
                 No. 
                 (%) 
                 (μg) 
                 (μg) 
                 (—) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 15 
                 70 
                 267.5 
                 186.2 
                 0.304 
               
               
                 16 
                   
                   
                 122.5 
                 0.542 
               
               
                 17 
                   
                   
                 58.4 
                 0.782 
               
               
                 18 
                 90 
                 195.7 
                 0.0 
                 1.00 
               
               
                 19 
                   
                   
                 0.0 
                 1.00 
               
               
                 20 
                   
                   
                 0.0 
                 1.00 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0068]    Three anticancer agent samples were formed for each of tests conducted at different humidities. The amount of Fluorouracil that remains after the completion of degradation and the amount of undegraded Fluorouracil as listed in Table 2 have been determined in conformance with the way to obtain the measurement result as listed in Table 1. 
         [0069]    Moreover, the amount of Cytarabine that remains after the completion of degradation and the amount of undegraded Cytarabine as listed in Table 3 have also been determined by HPLC analysis as adopted in the earlier described measurement on Fluorouracil. At this time, although the same detector, column, etc. were used, a mobile phase was as follows: 0.01mol/L of monobasic potassium phosphate with acetonitrile (ratio: 95:5). 
         [0070]      FIGS. 7 and 8  are charts showing the relationship between each humidity and the rate of degradation of the anticancer agent derived from the data listed in Tables 2 and 3. 
         [0071]    As will be seen in  FIG. 7 , there is an appreciable difference in degradation rate between Fluorouracil under a humidity of 70% and Fluorouracil under a humidity of 80%; that is, the rate of degradation increases at a humidity of at least 80% or above. 
         [0072]    As shown in Table 1, the rate of degradation of Fluorouracil that has been subjected to degradation treatment for 24 hours at a humidity of 80% (at a CT value of 10000) is 100%. On the other hand, as shown in Table 2, some samples exhibited a degradation rate of only about 80% even after degradation treatment conducted in conditions of a humidity of 80% and a CT value of 80000. This is attributable to, for example, the dissimilarities between anticancer agent preparation methods, humidity distribution within the case  12 , and positions of prepared samples. 
         [0073]    It can be assumed from  FIG. 8  that, as contrasted to Fluorouracil, Cytarabine is degraded at a high degradation rate (greatly degraded) at a humidity of 70%, and, just as is the case with Fluorouracil, the rate of degradation of Cytarabine becomes high at a humidity of at least 80% or above. 
         [0074]    As will be seen in  FIGS. 7 and 8 , the degradation of each of Fluorouracil and Cytarabine proceeds in a shorter period of time in a high-humidity environment. 
         [0075]    In Table 4, there is shown the result of degradation treatment using ozone gas that has been performed on each of other anticancer agents than those as above described at a humidity of 80% until the CT reading reached 60000. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Untreated 
                   
                 Degradation 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (Blank) 
                 Degraded 
                 rate 
               
               
                 Anticancer agent 
                 No. 
                 (μg) 
                 (μg) 
                 (—) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Cyclophosphamide 
                 21 
                 176.1 
                 14.5 
                 0.918 
               
               
                   
                 22 
                 176.1 
                 5.5 
                 0.969 
               
               
                 Ifosfamide 
                 23 
                 318.5 
                 201.0 
                 0.367 
               
               
                   
                 24 
                 318.5 
                 172.3 
                 0.458 
               
               
                 Doxorubicin 
                 25 
                 101.8 
                 5.50 
                 0.946 
               
               
                   
                 26 
                 101.8 
                 19.6 
                 0.807 
               
               
                 Etoposide 
                 27 
                 155.6 
                 ND 
                 1.00 
               
               
                   
                 28 
                 155.6 
                 ND 
                 1.00 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0076]    The following describes how a sample of each anticancer agent as listed in Table 4 (anticancer agent sample) is to be prepared. 
       [Cyclophosphamide] 
       [0077]    A sample of Cyclophosphamide was obtained by following a step of dissolving 100 mg of “Endoxan for injection 500 mg” (trademark) manufactured and marketed by Shionogi &amp; Co., Ltd. in undiluted form in 5 mL of purified water for preparation, a step of putting drops of the solution which is the equivalent of 10 μL of undiluted Endoxan (Cyclophosphamide 0.2 mg) onto a central area of a stainless plate measuring 10 cm×10 cm; and a step of drying it on standing at room temperature. 
       [Ifosfamide] 
       [0078]    A sample of Ifosfamide was obtained by following a step of dissolving “Ifomide for injection 1 g” (trademark) manufactured and marketed by Shionogi &amp; Co., Ltd. in undiluted form in 25 mL of purified water for preparation, a step of putting drops of the solution which is the equivalent of 10 μL of undiluted Ifomide (Ifosfamide 0.4 mg) onto a central area of a stainless plate measuring 10 cm×10 cm; and a step of drying it on standing at room temperature. 
       [Doxorubicin] 
       [0079]    A sample of Doxorubicin was obtained by following a step of dissolving “Adriacin for injection 10” (trademark) manufactured and marketed by Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd. in undiluted form in 1 mL of purified water for preparation, a step of putting drops of the solution which is the equivalent of 10 μL of undiluted Adriacin (Doxorubicin 0.1 mg) onto a central area of a stainless plate measuring 10 cm×10 cm; and a step of drying it on standing at room temperature. 
       [Etoposide] 
       [0080]    A sample of Etoposide was obtained by following a step of preparing “Lastet for injection 100 mg/5 mL” (trademark) manufactured and marketed by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd. in undiluted form; a step of putting drops of the solution which is the equivalent of 10 μL of undiluted Lastet (Etoposide 0.2 mg) onto a central area of a stainless plate measuring 10 cm×10 cm; and a step of drying it on standing at room temperature. 
         [0081]    The undegraded and degraded anticancer agents adherent to the stainless plates were each dissolved in Milli-Q water for recovery, and, quantitative analysis on the samples was entrusted to Shionogi Analysis Center Co., Ltd. Measurement on each of Cyclophosphamide, Ifosfamide, and Doxorubicin was conducted in accordance with HPLC, and measurement on was conducted in accordance with LC/MS/MS (Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry). 
         [0082]    As will be seen in Table 4, although the degrees of degradation at a CT value of 60000 vary among Cyclophosphamide, Ifosfamide, Doxorubicin, and Etoposide, degradation of each anticancer agent proceeds in the presence of ozone gas in a 80%-humidity atmosphere. 
         [0083]    The following describes an efficient anticancer agent degradation method based on the fact that degradation of an anticancer agent in the presence of ozone is promoted in an intentional high-humidity environment (for example, refer to “SEWAGE TREATMENT AND WASTE WATER TREATMENT BY OZONE UTILIZATION” excerpted from FUJI ELECTRIC JOURNAL 
         [0084]    Vol.77 No.3 (2004) URL: http://www.fujielectric.co.jp/about/company/jihou 2004/pdf/77 03/14.pdf#search=′%E3%82%AA%E3%82%BE%E3%83%B3+%E7%B5%8C% E6%99%82CT′). For example, in sterilization treatment utilizing ozone, in general, CT values are monitored, and, the process is brought to an end upon the CT reading reaching a predetermined value. Also in an anticancer agent degradation method as will hereafter be described, a CT value at which degradation treatment is brought to an end (CT setting) is determined in advance depending on the type of an anticancer agent. The CT value increases as degradation treatment proceeds, and, upon the CT reading reaching the CT setting, degradation treatment is brought to an end. 
         [0085]    It will be apparent from  FIG. 6  that degradation of an anticancer agent is promoted at an increased-humidity degradation environment. Thus, a low CT setting can be adopted in degradation treatment at a high humidity. The CT setting, which is a value indicative of the termination of anticancer agent degradation treatment in the presence of ozone, is determined in accordance with a humidity for the treatment. 
         [0086]    In most cases, a facility that necessitates ozone treatment for degradation of anticancer agent flyoff, such as a safety cabinet or prescription laboratory, is not provided with a humidity control function. Therefore, changes in humidity cannot be avoided only by operating the humidifier, for example. That is, in an environment where humidity set-point control cannot be exercised properly, degradation treatment proceeds over a period of time at a humidity different from a humidity H corresponding to the CT setting. During this time period, if a low-humidity condition continues, the degradation treatment may be brought to an end even though an anticancer agent has not been degraded sufficiently. Furthermore, if a humidity in degradation treatment is higher than the humidity H corresponding to the CT setting, unduly much time will be spent on the degradation treatment, thus causing inefficient operation of a degradation apparatus and poor economy. 
         [0087]    To eliminate such problems, namely variations in the degree of anticancer agent degradation resulting from humidity fluctuations and inefficient apparatus operation, humidity monitoring is conducted in the course of ozone degradation treatment, and the termination of anticancer agent degradation treatment is determined with consideration given to humidity measurement. 
         [0088]      FIGS. 9 and 10  are charts showing the influence of humidity on the relationship between degradation of an anticancer agent and the CT value (hereafter also referred to simply as “CT”). 
         [0089]      FIG. 9  is a chart plotted on the assumption that the CT value and an anticancer agent degradation rate R are proportional (ΔR divided by ΔCT equals a constant).  FIG. 10  is a chart plotted on the assumption that an increment of the anticancer agent degradation rate R is reduced as the CT value increases (ΔR÷ΔCT). The anticancer agent degradation rate R is expressed in equation form as: R equals [concentration of undegraded anticancer agent (blank) minus concentration of anticancer agent remaining after degradation] divided by the undegraded anticancer agent concentration (in dissolved samples). 
         [0090]    As shown in Table 1, the concentration of undegraded Fluorouracil remaining after a lapse of 2 hours in degradation treatment was reduced more greatly at a humidity of 80% than at a humidity of 40%. At least in a range in which the humidity exceeds 40% but less than 80%, there is every reason to assume that, the higher is the humidity, the faster is the progression of degradation of Fluorouracil (anticancer agent). 
         [0091]    According to Table 1, the CT value-Fluorouracil degradation rate R (hereafter also referred to simply as “degradation rate R”) relationship at humidities ranging from 40% or above to 80% or below is plotted in  FIG. 9  or  FIG. 10  wherein humidities serve as parameters. The chain double-dashed lines in  FIGS. 9 and 10  were drawn on the basis of estimations from the data shown in  FIG. 6 . 
         [0092]    Anticancer agent degradation rates R, which vary with an increase of the CT value, in environments of different humidities are determined in advance by using the tester  11 , for example. 
         [0093]    In  FIG. 9 , the relationship between CT corresponding to each humidity and the degradation rate R can be represented by Linear expression (1) wherein a coefficient K can be approximated to Formula (2) wherein H (humidity) is an independent variable. 
         [0000]        R=K×CT    (1)
 
         [0000]        K=f ( H )   (2)
 
         [0094]    f(H) can be obtained by calculation using the method of least squares after examining the correlation between each humidity and a coefficient K corresponding to the humidity plotted in plotting paper, semi-logarithmic graph paper, or double-logarithmic graph paper. The specific form of f(H) varies depending on the type of an anticancer agent. 
         [0095]    On the basis of Linear expression (1) and Formula (2), the degradation rate R can be expressed by Formula (3) wherein H (humidity) is a variable. 
         [0000]        R=f ( H )× CT    (3)
 
         [0096]      FIG. 11  is a flow chart showing procedural steps to be performed in reflecting a measured humidity in the judgment as to the termination of anticancer agent degradation treatment, and  FIG. 12  is a conceptual illustration of the procedural steps shown in  FIG. 11 . 
         [0097]    The following process is executed by the CT value controller  14 , for example. 
         [0098]    It is assumed that most part of anticancer agent degradation treatment in the presence of ozone gas is effected at a humidity of H1%, and a CT setting corresponding to the humidity of H1% is inputted to the CT value controller  14 . Insofar as a humidity in a space where the anticancer agent degradation treatment is effected constantly stands at H1%, then the degradation treatment is brought to an end upon the measured CT reading reaching the CT setting. 
         [0099]    Considering that the humidity declined from H1% to H2% (H1&gt;H2) after time t 1  has elapsed since the start of the degradation treatment, then the CT value as found after a lapse of the time t 1  is CT1. Assuming that micro time Δt (Ts) has elapsed after the t 1  lapse (“YES” in Step S3 shown in the flow chart), then an increment ΔCT of the CT value in this time period is derived from the measured average ozone concentration Co as: ΔCT=Co×Δt (Step S4). 
         [0100]    In  FIG. 11 , Te (sampling time interval) represents a setting of sampling time interval stored in advance in the CT value controller  14 , and Ts represents an actual sampling time interval obtained immediately after the sampling time interval setting Te has elapsed since a reset of a sampling timer (Step S1) following the previous sampling (“YES” in Step S3). 
         [0101]    On the basis of Formula (3), given the humidity of H1%, then an anticancer agent degradation rate ΔRb during the time the CT value is increased at the increment ΔCT is expressed in equation form as: 
         [0000]      Δ Rb=f ( H 1)×Δ CT    (4).
 
         [0102]    However, since the measured humidity is H2%, it follows that an anticancer agent degradation rate ΔRr predicted during this time period is expressed in equation form as: 
         [0000]        ΔRr=f ( H 2)×Δ CT    (5).
 
         [0103]    On the basis of Formulae (4) and (5), the following relationship holds: 
         [0000]      Δ Rr÷ΔRb=f ( H 2)÷ f ( H 1)   (6)
 
         [0000]    wherein the quotient given as: f(H2)÷f(H1) defines a correction factor F shown in  FIG. 11  (Step S4). 
         [0104]    A modification of Formula (6) is the following formula: 
         [0000]      Δ Rr={f ( H 2)÷ f ( H 1)}×Δ Rb    (7).
 
         [0105]    Let it be assumed that anticancer agent degradation treatment has been conducted at a humidity of H1%, then an increment ΔCTr of the CT value to increase the degradation rate by an amount of ΔRr is derived on the basis of the following formulae: 
         [0000]      Δ Rr=f ( H 1)×Δ CTr    (8); and
 
         [0000]      Δ CTr=ΔRr÷f ( H 1)   (9).
 
         [0106]    Given that the CT value controller  14  is configured at a mode of determining the termination of anticancer agent degradation at a CT setting corresponding to a humidity of H1%, then, on the basis of Formulae (4) and (9), the increment ΔCTr of the CT value appropriate to the actual degree of degradation of an anticancer agent under degradation treatment at a humidity of H2% (ΔRr) is expressed in equation form as: 
         [0000]      Δ CTr=ΔCT×{f ( H 2)÷ f ( H 1)}  (10).
 
         [0107]    That is, the CT value controller  14  is designed so that, after ΔCTr is added to the CT value in storage (CT1) instead of ΔCT, whether or not to bring degradation treatment to an end is determined by making a comparison between a CT value obtained by the addition and the CT setting (Step 5). 
         [0108]    When the CT value obtained by the addition (CT2, or Sct in  FIG. 11 ) is greater than the CT setting (Ect) (“YES” in Step S5), then the CT value controller  14  operates to deactivate the ozone generator  13 , for example. 
         [0109]    Rather than ΔCT which is the product of the measured ozone concentration and the actual elapsed period of time, ΔCTr, which is a corrected value based on the measured humidity, is added to the CT value. This makes it possible to determine the termination of anticancer agent degradation treatment that reflects the actual degree of anticancer agent degradation. 
         [0110]    The anticancer agent degradation method thus far described succeeds in solving the problem of causing termination of degradation treatment despite insufficient degradation of an anticancer agent and the problem of spending unduly much time on degradation treatment entailed by an anticancer agent degradation environment where humidification is effected by a humidifier devoid of a humidity set-point control function. 
         [0111]    The following describes correction of the increment ΔCT of the CT value from the measured humidity for a case where a linear relationship is employed between the CT value and the natural logarithm of the percentage of a remaining anticancer agent (1 - anticancer agent degradation rate R) as shown in  FIG. 10 . 
         [0112]    In  FIG. 10 , given that there is a linear relationship between the CT value and the percentage of the remaining anticancer agent, then Formula (11) holds: 
         [0000]      In(1 −R )=− f ( H )× CT    (11),
 
         [0113]    and a modification of Formula (11) is as follows: 
         [0000]        R= 1−Exp {− f ( H )× CT}   (12)
 
         [0000]    wherein f(H), while representing a constant on a humidity-by-humidity basis, represents a function which holds at humidities falling within a predetermined range, wherein H (humidity) is an independent variable. 
         [0114]    On the basis of Formula (12), an increment ΔR of the anticancer agent degradation rate R related to a micro increment ΔCT of the CT value is expressed in equation form as: 
         [0000]      Δ R=f ( H 1)×Exp {− f ( H )× CT}×ΔCT    (13).
 
         [0115]    As is the case with  FIG. 9 , it is assumed that the humidity declined from H1% to H2% after time t 1  has elapsed since the start of the degradation treatment. Also in this case, the CT value as found after a lapse of the time t 1  is CT1. Given that an increment of the CT value as found after a lapse of micro time is ΔCT; an increment of the anticancer agent degradation rate R corresponding to a humidity of Hl% predicted from  FIG. 10  is Rb; and an increment of the anticancer agent degradation rate R corresponding to a humidity of H2% is Rr, then the following formulae hold: 
         [0000]      Δ Rb=f ( H 1)×Exp {− f ( H 1)× CT 1} ×ΔCT    (14);
 
         [0000]      and 
         [0000]      Δ Rr=f ( H 2)×Exp {− f (H2)× CT 1} ×ΔCT    (15).
 
         [0116]    Micro time has elapsed after a decline of the humidity to H2%, wherefore, in reality, an increment of the anticancer agent degradation rate R is given by ΔRr. In an environment with a humidity of H1%, an increment ΔCTr of the CT value to obtain an increment ΔRr is defined by the following formula: 
         [0000]      Δ Rr=f ( H 1)×Exp {− f ( H 1)× CT 1} ×ΔCTr    (16)
 
         [0000]    wherein ΔRr is substituted for ΔRb in Formula (14), and ΔCTr is substituted for ΔCT therein. 
         [0117]    On the basis of Formulae (15) and (16), the following formula is derived: 
         [0000]        ΔCtr={f ( H 2)÷ f ( H 1)}× G×ΔCT    (17)
 
         [0118]    from which the following formula is derived: 
         [0000]        G =Exp {− f ( H 2)× CT 1}÷Exp {− f ( H 1)× CT 1}  (18).
 
         [0119]    When the termination of anticancer agent degradation is determined on the basis of a CT setting specified assuming a humidity of H1%, for the time period over which degradation treatment is performed at a humidity of H2%, as a practical matter, rather than actually measured ΔCT, a corrected value obtained by multiplying ΔCT by a value given by: {f(H2)÷f(H1)}×G is adopted for use as an increment of the CT value conducive to anticancer agent degradation. By making a correction to ΔCT to obtain a corrected value ΔCTr which is added to the immediately preceding CT value, even with changes in humidity in an anticancer agent degradation environment, the desired termination of anticancer agent degradation treatment can be determined with higher accuracy. 
         [0120]    Given that, in contract to the cases with  FIGS. 9 and 10 , there is the highest degree of correlation between the CT value and the percentage of a remaining anticancer agent (1 - anticancer agent degradation rate R), with humidities serving as parameters, on double-logarithmic graph paper, then the relationship between the CT value and the percentage is expressed in equation form as: 
         [0000]      1 −R=CT   −f(H)    (20)
 
         [0000]    wherein f(H) represents a value obtained by measuring the gradient of the percentage of a remaining anticancer agent (1−anticancer agent degradation rate R) to the CT value corresponding to each humidity plotted on the double-logarithmic graph paper as a function of humidity. 
         [0121]    On the basis of Formula (20), an increment ΔR of the degradation rate R related to a micro increment ΔCT of the CT value is expressed in equation form as: 
         [0000]      Δ R=f ( H )× CT   −f(H)−1   ×ΔCT    (21).
 
         [0122]    As is the case with  FIGS. 9 and 10 , in exercising termination control on the basis of the CT setting corresponding to an expected humidity of H1%, if ΔCT is adopted for the time period over which degradation treatment is performed at a measured humidity of H2%, the intended anticancer agent degradation rate cannot be obtained even after the CT reading reaches the CT setting (H2&lt;H1), or unduly much time will be spent on the degradation treatment (H2&gt;H1). It is thus desirable to adopt, rather than actually measured ΔCT, a corrected value ΔCTr defined by the following formulae (22) and (23): 
         [0000]      Δ CTr=G×ΔCT    (22); and
 
         [0000]        G={f ( H 2)÷ f ( H 1)}× CT   −f(H1)−f(H2)    (23)
 
         [0123]    as a CT increment to be added to the CT value for the time period over which degradation treatment is performed at a measured humidity other than the humidity H1%. 
         [0124]    Also in anticancer agent degradation treatment involving the highest degree of correlation between the CT value and the percentage of a remaining anticancer agent (1−anticancer agent degradation rate R) plotted on double-logarithmic graph paper, even with a change of the humidity of an anticancer agent degradation environment from the intended value, by making a correction to ΔCT to obtain a corrected value to be added in accordance with the intended humidity Hl% and the measured humidity H2, it is possible to achieve efficient anticancer agent degradation treatment without fail. 
         [0125]    In the embodiments as described heretofore, other anticancer agents, including Gemcitabine hydrochloride (Gemzar™), Paclitaxel (Taxol™), and Docetaxel hydrate (Taxotere™), can be subjected to degradation treatment. 
         [0126]    Moreover, an anticancer agent degradation apparatus for use in degradation of an anticancer agent in a humidified environment, and the constituent components, the general structure, the form, the dimensions, the materials of the anticancer agent degradation apparatus, and also the number of the apparatuses may be changed without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. 
       INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY 
       [0127]    The invention is adaptable for use in degradation of flyoff of an anticancer agent during drug preparation or other circumstance to protect, for example, medical professionals from anticancer agent exposure. 
       EXPLANATION OF REFERENCE SYMBOLS 
       [0000]    
       
           14  Computing means (CT value controller) 
           15  Humidifying means (Humidifier) 
         Co Ozone concentration 
         Ect CT setting 
         H, H 1 , and H 2  Relative Humidity