Abstract:
A product having a positive temperature coefficient of resistance is formed by etching a carbon black at an elevated temperature to remove less crystalline portions and thereby to increase the specific surface area of the carbon black. The resulting carbon black is called porous carbon black. The porous carbon black is blended with a crystalline polymer to form a product having the desired positive temperature coefficient of resistance. Production of a material suitable for use as a resettable fuse is described.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to PTC (positive temperature coefficient) compositions consisting of conductive polymer compounds to be used as a self-resetting overcurrent protection device utilizing the PTC characteristics thereof. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     Carbon black, the specific surface area of which is increased at the time of its formation, is well known as is the method described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 24455/1981. It is also known that highly conductive compositions can be obtained by combining such carbon black with resin. 
     Also known is conductive resin compositions as described in Japanese Patent Publication No. 35696/1973. Such composition include resin and carbon powder with large surface area which is a by-product produced by partly oxidizing a hydrocarbon in steam in order to obtain a gas mixture heavy in hydrogen and carbon monoxide. 
     It is also well known that conductive compositions can be obtained by blending carbon black having a large specific area as shown in table 1 with resin. 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________Carbon                  Particle SpecificBlack                   Diameter Surface Area(Grade) (Name of Manufacture)                   (mμ)  (m.sup.2 /g)______________________________________Black   Cabot Corporation                   15       1475Pearls 2000Conductex   Colombian Carbon                   20       106640-220  Japan Ltd.Ketjen  Ketjen Black Inter-                   30        950Black EC   national Corporation______________________________________ 
    
     Highly conductive carbon black described in the references Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 24455/1981 is characterized by a low volume resistivity ρ at the time of being blended with resin and a small change of ρ due to temperature. Therefore, this carbon black is unsuitable for use as a conductor for a self-resetting overcurrent protection device which takes advantage of its PTC behavior, i.e. the sharp change in ρ in response to changes in temperature. 
     Conductive resin compositions described in Japanese Patent Publication No. 35696/1973 utilize carbon black with a large specific surface area. However, its purpose is to obtain conductive resin compositions with improved conductivity as well as high mechanical strength by means of blending only a small amount of carbon black. 
     Further, when carbon black with a large specific surface area, such as those mentioned in Table 1, is blended, in various content ratios, with resin (polyethylene) and shaped, any such shaped article has, as indicated in FIG. 17, high electrical conductivity with relatively low content of carbon black. As shown in Table 6, however, such composition presents a problem in that it has low PTC characteristics, i.e. the rate of drastic increase of resistivity occuring around the melting point of the resin in question. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the present invention is to provide highly conductive PTC composition with high PTC characteristics that are suitable for use in a self-resetting overcurrent protection device. 
     PTC composition according to the present invention comprises porous carbon black, dispersed in a crystalline polymer. The carbon black is made porous by means of the vapor etching method to increase its specific surface area. 
     The porous carbon black has its specific surface area increased by more than 1.5 times that of unmodified carbon black. 
     Oil furnace blacks or lamp blacks are used as the unmodified carbon blacks. 
     Furthermore, the volume resistivity of the PTC compositions at 20° C. is in the range of 0.4 ohm cm˜150 ohm cm. 
     The vapor etching method used for producing porous black according to the present invention calls for placing carbon black in a high temperature and, by means of carbon dioxide gas, steam or other suitable gas, preferentially and selectively etching less crystallized areas thereof to make it porous, thus increasing its specific surface area. According to the method, the specific surface area of carbon black can be increased without substantially changing its particle size and/or structure. 
     Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, which are electron microscope photographs of 500,000 magnifications and 25,000 magnifications respectively of unmodified carbon black with specific surface area of 45 m 2  /g, as well as FIGS. 3 and 4, which are similarly magnified photographs of porous black (specific surface area:983 m 2  /g), it is evident that there is no significant change in appearance of the carbon black after the treatment. 
     The reaction formula of the vapor etching treatment utilizing carbon dioxide gas is shown as C+CO 2  =2CO. The temperature at which the normal free energy thereof ΔG° attains a state where ΔG°≈0 is approximately 706° C. Above this temperature, said formula moves towards the right. 
     FIG. 5 indicates the relation between temperature and specific surface area of carbon black made porous in a carbon dioxide gas current, by means of the vapor etching method. It is evident from FIG. 5 that, above 700° C., the specific surface area drastically increases together with an increase in reaction temperature. 
     Further, in the range of 0.4 ohm cm˜150 ohm cm, the volume resistivity at 20° C. (ρ 20 ) of PTC compositions according to the present invention reaches substantially the same level as the rated current value of a normal fuse. 
     As for rated current Ic for normal fuses, those in the range of several dozen mA to several dozen A are common. In order to design a self-resetting overcurrent protection device to fit in said range, the desired volume resistivity at 20° C. (ρ 20 ) has been computated with the results shown in Table 2. 
     
                       TABLE 2______________________________________Volume               PTC             RatedResistivity   Shape of Element                Element    Watt Current(ρ) (Thickness: 0.05)                Resistance Loss Ic(Ωcm)   (cm)         (Ω)  (W)  (A)______________________________________0.4     2 × 2 × 0.05                 0.005     2    20.0   1 × 1 × 0.05                0.02       1    7.07   0.3 × 0.3 × 0.05                0.22         0.3                                1.17150     2 × 2 × 0.05                1.88       2    1.03   1 × 1 × 0.05                7.50       1     0.365   0.3 × 0.3 × 0.05                83.3         0.3                                 0.060______________________________________ 
    
     The above Table 2 indicates that the rated current can be designed in the range of 0.06A˜20A, the range of which is similar to that for rated current value of normal fuses. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIGS. 1 and 2 are electron microscope photographs of the particles of the original carbon black; 
     FIGS. 3 and 4 are electron microscope photographs of the particles of porous black; 
     FIG. 5 is a chart showing temperatures of vapor etching treatment and specific surface areas of porous black obtained thereby; 
     FIG. 6 is an oblique drawing of a PTC device of an embodiment according to the present invention; 
     FIGS. 7 through 14 are charts showing contents of carbon blacks and porous blacks and volume resistivities of PTC devices; 
     FIG. 15 is a chart showing resistivity-temperature characteristics. 
     FIG. 16 is a chart showing current-voltage characteristics; and 
     FIG. 17 is a chart showing carbon black content and volume resistivity in cases where conventional conductive carbon blacks are blended with polyethylene. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Embodiments according to the present invention are described hereunder referring to Tables 3 and 4 accompanied hereto on separate sheets. 
     (1) Method of Production of PTC device 
     Porous black A-1, B-1 and 2, C-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, D-1, E-1, 2 and 3, F-1, 2 and 3 and G-1, 2 and 3 are shown in Table 4, said porous black being produced by etching carbon blacks A, B, C, D, E, F and G shown in Table 3 under high temperatures of 900° C.˜950° C. by means of carbon dioxide gas or steam, thus increasing respective specific surface areas thereof by various magnitudes depending on the varying temperatures. (According to the 32nd and 47th embodiments, carbon blacks were made porous by means of steam treatment.) The numerals after said alphabetic symbols indicate that the respective magnitudes of specific surface areas are different. 
     The specific surface areas indicated have been measured according to ASTM D3037-88. 
     High density polyethylene (1300J with a melting point of 131 C: manufactured by Mitsui Petrochemical Industries) was used as the aforementioned crystalline polymer. 
     Next, each of said porous black and said high density polyethylene (1300 J) were combined together according to the porous black content ratio shown in Table 4 and then blended together in a mixing test roller (manufactured by KODAIRA SEISAKUSHO Co., LTD.: 150 mmφ×200 mmL) adjusted at 135° C.; the blended ingredients were processed into material for shaping, chips of approximately 1 mm in size, by means of a crusher (SPREC MINI F 180: manufactured by MATSUI SEISAKUSHO Co., LTD.) and a fine grinder (Wiley-W-100: manufactured by IKEDA RIKA Co., LTD.). Said material for shaping was shaped together with metallic foils (produced by FUKUDA METAL FOILS &amp; POWDER Co., LTD.), which was to serve as electrodes, under pressure of 65 kg/cm 2   and a temperature of 200° C. for 3 mins, and finally into the shaped articles through thermal treatment at 120° C. for 1 hour. Then, said shaped articles were exposed to 10 M rad of gamma radiation and then shaped into articles measuring l 1  =10 mm, l 2  =4.5 mm, t=1.5 mm, the shape of which is shown in FIG. 6. Thus, PTC device 3, which comprises PTC element 1 having both sides thereof metallic foil 2, was obtained. 
     (2) Measurement of PTC Characteristios 
     Next, PTC device 3 thus obtained was placed in a constant temperature oven and heated with temperature elevation speed of 1° C./min. therein, with resistivity value R at each temperature measured, and Height of PTC was computated from thus measured values R, utilizing the formula (1) below. The result of the computation is shown in Table 4. The volume resistivity ρ 20  and ρ peak were calculated from the resistivity R of PTC device 3 shown in FIG. 6, utilizing the formula (2) ##EQU1## 
     Separate Table 5 shows examples for comparison, according to which, the same carbon black as that of the present embodiments was combined with high density polyethylene without being made porous by means of vapor etching, but by otherwise identical procedures to produce shaped PTC devices. The resulting volume resistivities and PTC characteristics are shown in Table 5. 
     Comparison between the volume resistivities ρ 20  of the examples of Table 5 and the embodiments of Table 4 shows that the volume resistivites of PTC devices made porous by means of the vapor etching method according to the embodiments of the present invention are smaller in spite of the identical amounts of carbon black in the examples for comparison and the embodiments. This result indicates that the amount of carbon black filler made porous by the vapor etching method required to produce an equivalent degree of conductivity is relatively small compared with that for devices of the examples with unetched carbon black. 
     FIGS. 7 through 14 are charts concerning PTC devices of the present embodiments and those of the examples for comparison, showing the relationship between the amount of carbon black in high density polyethylene and the volume resistivity at 20° C. (ρ 20 ): FIG. 7 is a comparison chart of volume resistivites ρ 20  when various amounts of carbon black A and porous black A-1 were combined respectively with high density polyethylene; FIG. 8 is a comparison chart of volume resistivites ρ 20  when various amounts of carbon black B and porous blacks B-1 and B-2 were combined respectively with high density polyethylene; FIG. 9 is a comparison chart of volume resistivites ρ 20  when various amounts of carbon black C and porous blacks C-1 C-2, C-3 and C-4 were combined respectively with high density polyethylene; FIG. 10 is a comparison chart of volume resistivites ρ 20  when various amounts of carbon black C and porous blacks C-5, C-6 and C-7 were combined respectively with high density polyethylene; FIG. 11 is a comparison chart of volume resistivities ρ 20  when various amounts of carbon black D and porous black D-1 were combined respectively with high density polyethylene; FIG. 12 is a comparison chart of volume resistivites ρ 20  when various amounts of carbon black E and porous blacks E-1 E-2 and E-3 were combined respectively with high density polyethylene; FIG. 13 is a comparison chart of volume resistivites ρ 20  when various amounts of carbon black F and porous blacks F-1, F-2 and F-3 were combined respectively with high density polyethylene; FIG. 14 is a comparison chart of volume resistivites ρ 20  when various amounts of carbon black G and porous blacks G-1, G-2 and G-3 were combined respectively with high density polyethylene. All of these charts clearly show that, at the same content, the volume resistivites ρ 20  of PTC devices of the present embodiments are lower than those of the examples for comparison, where unetched carbon black itself was used. 
     Separate Table 6 shows the result of measuring volume resistivities ρ 20  and PTC characteristics of PTC devices produced by combining conventional carbon blacks (shown in Table 1) with high density polyethylene in the same manner as that for the present embodiments and through further identical procedures. 
     Comparison between Table 6 showing examples of conventional carbon blacks and Table 4 showing the embodiments proves that PTC characteristics of the conventional carbon blacks are below 1.0, except for Examples 4 and 9, while PTC characteristics of the embodiments are all above 1.0. 
     According to FIG. 15, which is a resistivity-temperature characteristics chart, and FIG. 16, which is a current-voltage characteristics chart. PTC characteristics are shown as log (Rpeak/Ro). The resistance at (a) in FIGS. 15 and 16 is Ro=Vp/Ip=VrXIr, PTC characteristics value=n=log (Rpeak/Ro)=2 log (Vr/Vp). Given that Vp is the voltage drop across a PTC device of a self-resetting overcurrent protection device and that Vr is the circuit voltage, in general cases, Vp must not be more than 20% of Vr. Therefore, as n= 2 log (Vr/Vp)=2 log (1/0.2)=1.39, a value not less than 1 is required for a device with PTC characteristics to be used as a self-resetting overcurrent protection device. 
     This indicates that PTC characteristics values of the examples of examples of conventional unetched carbon blacks are not sufficient for self-resetting overcurrent protection devices. All of the embodiments of the invention using etched carbon black have favorable PTC characteristics values, greater than 1.0, enabling their use as self-resetting overcurrent protection devices. 
     Further, carbon black and porous black were separately blended with high density polyethylene and made into shaped articles in the same manner as said embodiments and examples for comaprison, with the variation of resistance at 70° C. of elements made from said shaped articles shown in separte Tables 7 and 8 as an example. Said variation of resistance was calculated utilizing formula (3). ##EQU2## 
     70° C. mentioned above is in general the highest surrounding temperature of an electrical device in use. 
     In case the temperature around a self-resetting overcurrent protection device in use changes, it sometimes presents a problem in that the change in resistance of the element may cause fluctuations in the voltage in the electrical circuit of the apparatus. For this reason, it is important that variation of resistance of a device be small. It is evident from the tables that the variation of resistance of the present embodiments shown in Table 7 are lower than those of the examples for comparison shown in Table 8. 
     Although high density polyethylene was used for crystalline polymer in the embodiments, it is possible to use alone or in combination, other kinds of polymers, such as low density polyethylene, middle density polyethylene, polypropylene, fluorocarbon polymers, poly (ethylene terephthalete), etc. 
     According to the present invention, since the porous carbon black produced by increasing the specific surface area of carbon black by means of the vapor etching method is porous without significant change in particle size and/or structure thereof, the content of porous carbon black dispersed in crystalline polymer to obtain equivalent volume resistivity can be relatively small. Further, since porous carbon black is obtained by making carbon black raw material porous by means of vapor etching, oil furnace black, lamp black and other kinds of carbon black with favorable PTC characteristics can be chosen freely for carbon black. Therefore, higher PTC characteristics values can be obtained compared with conventional conductive carbon black (as described in Table 1), which is obtained by making carbon black porous at the time of its formation. 
     Furthermore, as the variation of resistance at 70° C. of a self-resetting overcurrent protection device according to the present invention is low, it is possible to stabilize the voltage decrease of the self-resetting overcurrent protection device in relation to changes in the surrounding temperature when the current is below the rated current value. 
     Moreover, according to the present invention, as the volume resistivity at 20° C. of a self-resetting overcurrent protection device is set in the range of 0.4 ohm cm˜150 ohm cm, the device can be designed to fit the range of 0.06A˜20A, which is substantially the same as that of the rated current value of ordinary fuses. 
     
                       TABLE 3______________________________________                                 Specific                          Particle                                 SurfaceCarbon            Name of      Diameter                                 AreaBlack Grade       Manufacturer (mμ)                                 (m.sup.2 /g)______________________________________A     Asahi #80   Asahi Carbon Co.                          20      119.6 Oil Furnace BlackB     Asahi #70   &#34;            26     77 Oil Furnace BlackC     Asahi #60H  &#34;            41     45 Oil Furnace BlackD     Asahi #60   &#34;            45     40 Oil Furnace BlackE     Asahi #55   &#34;            66       29.2 Oil Furnace BlackF     Asahi #50HG &#34;            80     22 Oil Furnace BlackG     Lamp Black 101             DeGuSSa      95     20             (West Germany)______________________________________ 
    
     
                                           TABLE 4__________________________________________________________________________                                                PTC Characteristics Embodiment    Porous Black            Area (m.sup.2 /g)Specific Surface                    Area MagnitudeSpecific Surface                              Content (wt %)Porous                                      ρ.sub.20 (Ωcm)Volume                                     Resistivity                                                 ##STR1##__________________________________________________________________________1       A-1     860     7.1       28.6    1.55       1.462       A-1     860     7.1       23.1    3.88       1.743       A-1     860     7.1       20      7.86       2.164       B-1     187     2.4       33.3    0.61       2.615       B-1     187     2.4       28.6    0.97       2.826       B-1     187     2.4       23.1    2.11       3.397       B-1     187     2.4       20      5.87       4.268       B-1     187     2.4       16.7    12.6       4.879       B-1     187     2.4       13.0    40.7       7.3310      B-2     1140    14.8      23.1    1.13       1.5911      B-2     1140    14.8      20      2.08       2.0212      B-2     1140    14.8      16.7    4.63       2.3313      B-2     1140    14.8      13      15.2       3.1914      C-1     65.4    1.5       37.5    0.52       2.6215      C-1     65.4    1.5       33.3    0.87       3.3116      C-1     65.4    1.5       28.6    1.92       4.6417      C-1     65.4    1.5       23.1    6.02       5.5118      C-1     65.4    1.5       20      17.9       &gt;7.7919      C-1     65.4    1.5       16.7    111        &gt;6.8920      C-2     415     9.2       33.3    0.56       2.2821      C-2     415     9.2       28.6    1.1        3.022      C-2     415     9.2       23.1    3.0        4.0223      C-2     415     9.2       20      7.3        5.3124      C-2     415     9.2       16.7    40         &gt;7.625      C-3     813     18.1      28.6    0.61       2.0726      C-3     813     18.1      23.1    1.49       2.7827      C-3     813     18.1      20      2.89       3.3328      C-3     813     18.1      16.7    7.14       4.8129      C-3     813     18.1      13      30.5       7.5230      C-4     983     21.8      23.1    1.09       2.0431      C-4     983     21.8      20      1.83       2.2432      C-5     408     9.1       33.3    0.79       2.6333      C-5     408     9.1       28.6    1.58       3.034      C-5     408     9.1       23.1    4.64       5.4835      C-5     408     9.1       20      12.1       7.2936      C-5     408     9.1       16.7    32         7.5137      C-6     528     11.7      37.5    0.43       1.3938      C-6     528     11.7      33.3    0.68       1.7439      C-6     528     11.7      28.6    1.30       2.3940      C-6     528     11.7      23.1    3.63       3.1641      C-6     528     11.7      20      7.43       3.7242      C-6     528     11.7      16.7    21.3       5.1643      C-7     630     14        37.5    0.41       1.6944      C-7     630     14        33.3    0.64       2.2845      C-7     630     14        28.6    1.25       2.5346      C-7     630     14        23.1    3.46       4.0447      C-7     630     14        20      7.36       4.7848      D-1     451     11        33.3    0.66       2.1549      D-1     451     11        28.6    1.24       3.050      D-1     451     11        23.1    3.56       5.1451      D-1     451     11        20      7.37       7.6652      D-1     451     11        16.7    25.9       &gt;7.653      E-1     173.7   6.0       35.5    0.88       3.854      E-1     173.7   6.0       33.3    1.16       3.955      E-1     173.7   6.0       28.6    2.77       5.756      E-1     173.7   6.0       23.1    9.85       &gt;857      E-1     173.7   6.0       20      26.6       &gt;7.658      E-2     489     16.7      33.3    0.68       2.9259      E-2     489     16.7      28.6    1.5        3.3760      E-2     489     16.7      23.1    4.5        6.3561      E-2     489     16.7      20      13         &gt;7.962      E-2     489     16.7      16.7    44         &gt;7.463      E-3     659     22.6      33.3    0.53       2.1164      E-3     659     22.6      28.6    1.1        2.7265      E-3     659     22.6      23.1    3.1        4.4466      E-3     659     22.6      20      6.3        5.967      E-3     659     22.6      16.7    21         &gt;7.868      F-1     220.7   10        33.3    1.11       4.1669      F-1     220.7   10        28.6    2.69       8.4870      F-1     220.7   10        23.1    12.1       &gt;7.871      F-1     220.7   10        20      81.7       &gt;6.972      F-2     449     20.4      33.3    0.85       3.6573      F-2     449     20.4      28.6    1.9        6.2974      F-2     449     20.4      23.1    7.47       &gt;8.175      F-2     449     20.4      20      22.3       &gt;7.676      F-3     945     43        33.3    0.46       2.0177      F-3     945     43        28.6    0.86       2.778      F-3     945     43        23.1    2.67       4.5879      F-3     945     43        20      7.08       6.4980      F-3     945     43        16.7    42.1       &gt;7.681      G-1     66.1    3.3       37.5    0.56       3.4882      G-1     66.1    3.3       33.3    0.99       3.983      G-1     66.1    3.3       28.6    2.34       5.8284      G-1     66.1    3.3       23.1    12.7       &gt;7.985      G-1     66.1    3.3       20      153        &gt;5.886      G-2     420     21        37.5    0.38       2.6587      G-2     420     21        33.3    0.68       2.7588      G-2     420     21        28.6    1.48       3.9289      G-2     420     21        23.1    5.55       &gt;8.190      G-2     420     21        20      22.3       &gt;7.591      G-3     930     46.5      23.1    2.1        3.2392      G-3     930     46.5      20      4.72       4.25__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                                           TABLE 5__________________________________________________________________________                                PTC Characteristics ComparisonExample for   BlackCarbon       Area (m.sup.2 /g)Specific Surface               Content (wt %)Carbon Black                       ρ.sub.20 (Ωcm)Volume                                 ##STR2##__________________________________________________________________________1      A   119.6   33.3    0.96      2.342      A   119.6   28.6    1.63      2.633      A   119.6   20      10.8      3.584      A   119.6   16.7    29.3      5.445      B   77      37.5    0.88      2.776      B   77      33.3    1.66      3.267      B   77      28.6    3.73      4.368      B   77      23.1    12.9      6.169      B   77      20      41.5      &gt;7.310     C   45      37.5    0.69      2.8211     C   45      33.3    1.1       3.7112     C   45      28.6    2.4       4.0813     C   45      23.1    9.6       7.2614     D   40      37.5    0.83      3.3615     D   40      28.6    3.33      6.3416     D   40      23.1    16.0      &gt;7.917     D   40      20      40.8      &gt;7.518     E   29.2    41.2    0.8       4.6219     E   29.2    37.5    1.42      5.5920     E   29.2    33.3    3.04      6.7621     E   29.2    28.6    9.5       8.122     E   29.2    23.1    53        7.623     F   22      37.5    1.59      5.6924     F   22      33.3    3.77      &gt;8.525     F   22      28.6    11.5      &gt;826     G   20      50      0.21      2.6827     G   20      47.4    0.3       2.8928     G   20      44.4    0.4       3.2929     G   20      41.2    0.61      3.8530     G   20      37.5    0.93      4.9331     G   20      33.3    1.93      &gt;7.932     G   20      28.6    5.67      &gt;8.4__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                                           TABLE 6__________________________________________________________________________                                           PTC Characteristics Carbon BlackExample of Conventional         Carbon Black                  Area (m.sup.2 /g)Specific Surface                          Content (wt %)Carbon Black                                  ρ.sub.20 (Ωcm)Volume                                 Resistivity                                            ##STR3##__________________________________________________________________________1            Black Pearls 2000                 1475    28.6    0.61      0.522            Black Pearls 2000                 1475    23.1    1.31      0.663            Black Pearls 2000                 1475    16.7    4.76      0.744            Black Pearls 2000                 1475    9.1     84.4      1.145            Conductex 40-220                 1066    33.3    0.46      0.346            Conductex 40-220                 1066    28.6    1.09      0.77            Conductex 40-220                 1066    23.1    2.5       0.738            Conductex 40-220                 1066    16.7    9.2       0.859            Conductex 40-220                 1066    9.1     242       1.8210           Ketjen Black EC                 950     33.3    0.25      0.2311           Ketjen Black EC                 950     28.6    0.43      0.5412           Ketjen Black EC                 950     23.1    0.85      0.713           Ketjen Black EC                 950     16.7    2.81      0.91__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 7______________________________________                           Volume  Vari-          Specific  Porous Resistivity                                   ation of          Surface   Black  (at 20° C.)                                   Resis-Embodi-  Porous  Area      Content                           ρ.sub.20                                   tancement   Black   Magnitude (wt %) (Ωcm)                                   (%)______________________________________53     E-1      6.0      35.5   0.88    22.054     E-1      6.0      33.3   1.16    19.755     E-1      6.0      28.6   2.77    23.956     E-1      6.0      23.1   9.85    30.257     E-1      6.0      20     26.6    36.558     E-2     16.7      33.3   0.68    17.659     E-2     16.7      28.6   1.5     15.560     E-2     16.7      23.1   4.5     17.861     E-2     16.7      20     13      20.562     E-2     16.7      16.7   44      26.963     E-3     22.6      33.3   0.53    13.264     E-3     22.6      28.6   1.1     13.165     E-3     22.6      23.1   3.1     11.766     E-3     22.6      20     6.3     12.367     E-3     22.6      16.7   21      14.868     F-1     10        33.3   1.11    17.069     F-1     10        28.6   2.69    19.670     F-1     10        23.1   12.1    27.571     F-1     10        20     81.7    58.772     F-2     20.4      33.3   0.85    13.473     F-2     20.4      28.6   1.9     13.574     F-2     20.4      23.1   7.47    18.275     F-2     20.4      20     22.3    24.976     F-3     43        33.3   0.46    10.277     F-3     43        28.6   0.86     7.8778     F-3     43        23.1   2.67     7.0479     F-3     43        20     7.08     8.1880     F-3     43        16.7   42.1    12.9______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 8______________________________________Example        Specific Carbon Volume  Variationfor            Surface  Black  Resistivity                                  ofCom-   Carbon  Area     Content                          ρ.sub.20                                  Resistanceparison  Black   (m.sup.2 /g)                   (wt %) (Ωcm)                                  (%)______________________________________18     E       29.2     41.2   0.8     20.019     E       29.2     37.5   1.42    22.820     E       29.2     33.3   3.04    27.521     E       29.2     28.6   9.5     30.422     E       29.2     23.1   53      39.723     F       22       37.5   1.59    21.924     F       22       33.3   3.77    24.525     F       22       28.6   11.5    29.3______________________________________