Abstract:
Bleeding arising from the left atrial appendage (LAA) can have fatal consequences because it can result in cardiac tamponade. The present invention provides apparatuses and methods for treating and preventing bleeding arising from the LAA, at the pre-hemorrhage and post-hemorrhage stages. In particular, catheters having inflatable catheter balloons are advanced into the LAA and the inflatable catheter balloons are inflated in and around the LAA in a manner that occludes the LAA ostium and the LAA cavity. Additionally, electromagnetic coils are present within the inflatable catheter balloons to create electromagnetic forces that help to further occlude the LAA ostium firmly. When the catheter balloons are inflated, these electromagnetic coils also expand. Alternatively, the LAA ostium can be occluded using electromagnetic coils present in an inflated endocardial catheter balloon and electromagnetic coils present in an inflated epicardial catheter balloon deployed around the circumference of the LAA ostium epicardially.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/922,070, entitled “APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR TREATING BLEEDING ARISING FROM LEFT ATRIAL APPENDAGE,” filed Jun. 19, 2013, which claims the benefit and priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/661,350, entitled “NOVEL TECHNOLOGY FOR TREATING HEMORRHAGE FROM LEFT ATRIAL APPENDAGE,” filed on Jun. 19, 2012, the entire contents and disclosures of each of these applications being hereby incorporated by reference herein. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    1. Field 
         [0003]    The present invention relates generally to apparatuses and methods for treating and preventing bleeding arising from the left atrial appendage using catheters having inflatable catheter balloons, at the pre-hemorrhage and post-hemorrhage stages. 
         [0004]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0005]    The left atrial appendage (LAA) is a small, conical, ear-shaped muscular pouch projecting from the upper anterior portion of the left atrium of the heart. Thus, the LAA lies within the pericardial cavity, and is an extension of the left atrium. The LAA functions as a decompression chamber during left ventricular systole and during periods when left atrial pressure is high. The LAA is also commonly known as the left auricular appendix, the auricular, or the left auricle. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs by way of the pulmonary veins, and pumps the oxygenated blood into the left ventricle via the mitral valve. 
         [0006]    Over the past 8 to 10 years, the LAA has become the target of several invasive procedures due to the high likelihood of embolic strokes arising from the LAA. During these procedures, bleeding arising from the LAA can occur. Additionally during these procedures, there can be tearing of the LAA. It is also anticipated that in the next few years, the number of invasive procedures involving the LAA is going to rise significantly. Invasive procedures of the heart targeting or involving the LAA is especially expected in patients who have atrial fibrillation (AF) and who may be at an increased risk of stroke arising from the LAA. 
         [0007]    Bleeding arising from the LAA into the pericardial cavity is an emergent situation that requires immediate attention to stabilize the patient. If the bleeding is severe, cardiac tamponade can result and there may not be sufficient time to transfer the patient to an operating room for the proper care. Additionally, elderly patients are often not candidates for cardiac surgery due to advanced age and other comorbid issues. Thus, there is a need for novel percutaneous technologies and procedural techniques to treat hemorrhage arising from the LAA without subjecting the patient to cardiac surgery. 
         [0008]    Additionally, there may also be a need to prevent bleeding arising from the LAA at the pre-hemorrhage stage, i.e. prior to the actual bleeding especially if the patient is to undergo a procedure involving the LAA, particularly where, as part of the procedure, the LAA may be intentionally pierced or perforated. The novel technology presented in this invention allows a puncture from the LAA onto the pericardial space or vice versa in a controlled setting without the development of hemorrhage into the pericardial cavity. 
         [0009]    AF causes rapid randomized contractions of the atrial myocardium, resulting in an irregular and rapid ventricular rate and is currently, the most common type of cardiac arrhythmia. It affects more than 3 million patients in the United States, and this number is expected to climb to 16 million by 2050. AF is the most common cause of strokes arising from the heart due a blood clot forming in the heart. 
         [0010]    Embolic stroke interrupts blood flow to the brain, thereby causing the affected brain cells to die. When brain cells die, the abilities controlled by the dying brain cells are compromised and eventually lost. In the United States, stroke is the third leading cause of death, killing approximately 160,000 Americans each year. Additionally, stroke is the leading cause of adult disability and there are currently over four million Americans living with the effects of stroke. 
         [0011]    AF patients have a five-fold increased risk of an embolic stroke resulting primarily from thromboembolic events. In non-rheumatic AF patients, the stroke-causing thrombus originates almost exclusively from the LAA. Typically, the thrombus formed in the LAA break away from the LAA and accumulates in other blood vessels, thereby blocking blood flow in these blood vessels, and ultimately leading to an embolic stroke. Thus, the occlusion, stapling or ligation of the LAA is believed to be an effective stroke prevention technique. Several existing medical procedures aim to prevent the migration of thrombus from the LAA. 
         [0012]    Commonly, rheumatic and non-rheumatic AF patients are administered warfarin, which is a therapeutic drug classified as an anticoagulant that helps prevent thromboembolism. An anticoagulant drug is a drug that suppresses, delays, or nullifies blood coagulation. Warfarin has the chemical name, 4-hydroxy-3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl-2H-benzopyran-2-one, and molecular formula, C 19 H 16 O 4 . However, a major drawback of warfarin is the difficulty of maintaining its therapeutic range, and thus, warfarin-administered patients require frequent monitoring and dose adjustments. 
         [0013]    Alternatively, in patients intolerant of warfarin, occlusion of the LAA is believed to decrease the risk of an embolic stroke in non-valvular AF patients. Occlusion of the LAA is an obstruction or a closure of the LAA. By occluding the LAA, the thrombus formed in the LAA are unable to migrate to other blood vessels, thereby reducing the risks of thromboembolism and embolic stroke. Hence, the occlusion of the LAA is believed to be an effective stroke prevention strategy in non-valvular AF patients. Indeed, this concept of occluding the LAA as a stroke prevention strategy is being increasingly tested with implantable medical devices that occlude the LAA. 
         [0014]    For example, the WATCHMAN device developed by Atritech Inc. (Plymouth, Minn.) is an implantable medical device designed to occlude the LAA in non-valvular AF patients. In particular, the WATCHMAN device is placed distal to the ostium of the LAA, thereby occluding the LAA. The occlusion of the LAA prevents the migration of the thrombus formed in the LAA, thereby reducing the risks of thromboembolism and embolic stroke. In the WATCHMAN device&#39;s clinical trial, PROTECT-AF trial, the results showed that in AF patients who were candidates for warfarin therapy, the closure of the LAA using the WATCHMAN device was associated with a reduction in hemorrhagic stroke risk as compared to warfarin therapy. Additionally, these results showed that all-cause stroke and all-cause mortality outcomes were non-inferior to warfarin. 
         [0015]    However, a major drawback of the WATCHMAN device is the fixation of barbs or wires engaged in the walls of the LAA, thereby causing adverse events. As shown in the PROTECT-AF trial, a major adverse event is pericardial effusion, which is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity, which can negatively affect heart function. Another adverse event is the tearing of the walls of the LAA by the barb wires, thereby necessitating emergent surgery. The tearing of the LAA may lead to bleeding, which is an emergent situation that requires quick, decisive action to stop the bleeding and stabilize the patient. 
         [0016]    Ligation of the LAA is yet another stroke prevention technique for patients intolerant of warfarin. In particular, the LAA is ligated with a suture using a percutaneous epicardial approach, resulting in a complete closure of the LAA. However, like the WATCHMAN device, a major drawback of this approach is the risks of bleeding and tears in the LAA. 
         [0017]    Tears and bleeding arising from the LAA is particularly concerning for elderly patients because due to their advanced age, the walls of their LAA are fragile. As a result, elderly patients are more susceptible to tears and bleeding. Additionally, elderly patients are not candidates for cardiac surgery due to their advanced age and other significant comorbid issues. 
         [0018]    In light of the foregoing, there is a compelling need for novel technologies and procedural techniques for treating and preventing bleeding arising from the LAA, at the pre-hemorrhage and post-hemorrhage stages, without subjecting the patient to cardiac surgery. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0019]    The present invention addresses the foregoing needs with apparatuses and methods for treating and preventing bleeding arising from the LAA, at the pre-hemorrhage and post-hemorrhage stages, using catheters comprising of inflatable catheter balloons. 
         [0020]    In an exemplary embodiment, a method for treating and preventing bleeding arising from the LAA comprises the steps of introducing a catheter into a body cavity, advancing a guide wire tip and a catheter sheath of the catheter to and through an ostium of the LAA, and into a cavity of the LAA, inflating a first inflatable catheter balloon having a first set of electromagnetic coils, wherein upon inflation of the first catheter balloon, the first set of electromagnetic coils also expand, performing a tug test on the inflated first catheter balloon to occlude the LAA ostium, inflating a second inflatable catheter balloon, and inflating a third inflatable catheter balloon having a second set of electromagnetic coils, and wherein upon inflation of the third catheter balloon, the second set of electromagnetic coils also expand. Alternatively, the third inflatable catheter balloon can be inflated before the second inflatable catheter balloon. The method further comprising the step of puncturing the LAA cavity, wherein the puncturing is in a direction from within the LAA cavity and into a pericardial cavity. The method, wherein the body cavity is a femoral vein, a jugular vein, an axillary vein, a subclavian vein, or an apex of a left ventricle. 
         [0021]    In another exemplary embodiment, a method for treating and preventing bleeding arising from the LAA comprises the steps of introducing a catheter into a body cavity, advancing a guide wire tip and an inner catheter sheath of the catheter to and through an ostium of the LAA, and into a cavity of the LAA, inflating a first inflatable catheter balloon, pulling the inflated first catheter balloon, from the LAA cavity and towards the LAA ostium, to occlude the LAA ostium, advancing an outer catheter sheath of the catheter towards the guide wire tip, inflating a second inflatable catheter balloon, and pushing the inflated second catheter balloon, from the left atrium and towards the LAA ostium, to occlude the LAA ostium. The method further comprises the step of deploying means for locking in place the inflated first catheter balloon and the inflated second catheter balloon. The method further comprising the step of puncturing the LAA cavity, wherein the puncturing is in a direction from within the LAA cavity and into a pericardial cavity. The method, wherein the body cavity is a femoral vein, a jugular vein, an axillary vein, a subclavian vein, or an apex of a left ventricle. 
         [0022]    In another exemplary embodiment, a method for treating and preventing bleeding arising from the LAA comprises the steps of introducing a catheter into a cavity of the LAA, advancing a guide wire tip of the catheter to and through an ostium of the LAA, and into a left atrium, advancing a catheter sheath of the catheter towards the guide wire tip, inflating a first inflatable catheter balloon having a first set of electromagnetic coils, and wherein upon inflation of the first catheter balloon, the first set of electromagnetic coils also expand, pulling the inflated first catheter balloon from the left atrium and towards the LAA ostium, and inflating a second inflatable catheter balloon having a second set of electromagnetic coils. 
         [0023]    In another exemplary embodiment, a method for treating and preventing bleeding arising from the LAA comprises the steps of introducing a catheter into a cavity of the LAA, advancing a guide wire tip of the catheter to and through an ostium of the LAA, and into a left atrium, advancing a catheter sheath of the catheter towards the guide wire tip, inflating a first inflatable endocardial catheter balloon having a first set of electromagnetic coils, and wherein upon inflation of the first endocardial catheter balloon, the first set of electromagnetic coils also expand, pulling the inflated first endocardial catheter balloon from the left atrium and towards the LAA ostium, deploying a constricting circumferential inflatable epicardial catheter balloon, having a second set of electromagnetic coils, around a circumference of the LAA ostium epicardially, inflating the epicardial catheter balloon, wherein upon inflation of the epicardial catheter balloon, the second set of electromagnetic coils also expand, and inflating a second inflatable endocardial catheter balloon affixed to the catheter sheath. Alternatively, the second inflatable endocardial catheter balloon comprises a third set of electromagnetic coils, wherein upon inflation of the second endocardial catheter balloon, the third set of electromagnetic coils also expand. 
         [0024]    The contents of this summary section are provided only as a simplified introduction to the invention, and are not intended to be used to limit the scope of the appended claims. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0025]    Other systems, methods, features and advantages of the present invention will be or will become apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art upon examination of the following figures and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional apparatuses, systems, methods, features and advantages be included within this description, be within the scope of the present invention, and be protected by the appended claims. Component parts shown in the drawings are not necessarily to scale, and may be exaggerated to better illustrate the important features of the present invention. In the drawings, like reference numerals designate like parts throughout the different views, wherein: 
           [0026]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention&#39;s apparatus for treating and preventing bleeding arising from the LAA. 
           [0027]      FIG. 2  is a perspective view of a second exemplary embodiment of the present invention&#39;s apparatus for treating and preventing bleeding arising from the LAA. 
           [0028]      FIG. 3  is a perspective view of a third exemplary embodiment of the present invention&#39;s apparatus for treating and preventing bleeding arising from the LAA. 
           [0029]      FIG. 4  is a perspective view of a fourth exemplary embodiment of the present invention&#39;s apparatus for treating and preventing bleeding arising from the LAA. 
           [0030]      FIG. 5  is a flowchart depicting an exemplary embodiment of the present invention&#39;s method for treating and preventing bleeding arising from the LAA utilizing catheter  100  as shown in  FIGS. 1 , and  6 - 8 . 
           [0031]      FIG. 6  is a first perspective view of the exemplary embodiment of  FIG. 1  when deployed into the LAA. 
           [0032]      FIG. 7  is a second perspective view of the exemplary embodiment of  FIG. 1  when deployed into the LAA. 
           [0033]      FIG. 8  is a third perspective view of the exemplary embodiment of  FIG. 1  when deployed into the LAA. 
           [0034]      FIG. 9  is a flowchart depicting an exemplary embodiment of the present invention&#39;s method for treating and preventing bleeding arising from the LAA utilizing catheter  200  as shown in  FIGS. 3 , and  10 - 12 . 
           [0035]      FIG. 10  is a first perspective view of the exemplary embodiment of  FIG. 3  when deployed into the LAA. 
           [0036]      FIG. 11  is a second perspective view of the exemplary embodiment of  FIG. 3  when deployed into the LAA. 
           [0037]      FIG. 12  is a third perspective view of the exemplary embodiment of  FIG. 3  when deployed into the LAA. 
           [0038]      FIG. 13  is a flowchart depicting an exemplary embodiment of the present invention&#39;s method for treating and preventing bleeding arising from the LAA utilizing catheters  400  and  1800  as shown in  FIGS. 4 ,  10 ,  14 , and  18 A- 18 B. 
           [0039]      FIG. 14  is a perspective view of the exemplary embodiments of FIGS.  4  and  18 A- 18 B when apparatus  400  is deployed into the LAA in the endocardial layer, and when apparatus  1800  is deployed around the LAA in the epicardial layer. 
           [0040]      FIG. 15  is a flowchart depicting an exemplary embodiment of the present invention&#39;s method for treating and preventing bleeding arising from the LAA utilizing catheter  200  as shown in  FIGS. 2 ,  16 , and  17 . 
           [0041]      FIG. 16  is a perspective view of the exemplary embodiment of  FIG. 2  when deployed into the LAA. 
           [0042]      FIG. 17  is a perspective view of the locking means in the exemplary embodiment of  FIG. 2 . 
           [0043]      FIG. 18A  is a perspective view of a fourth exemplary embodiment of the present invention&#39;s apparatus for treating and preventing bleeding arising from the LAA. 
           [0044]      FIG. 18B  is a perspective view of the exemplary embodiment of  FIG. 18B  when deployed around the LAA ostium. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0045]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention&#39;s apparatus for treating and preventing bleeding arising from the LAA.  FIG. 1  shows a stand-alone catheter  100  before it is introduced into a body cavity. Hence,  FIG. 1  shows inflatable catheter balloons  102 ,  103 , and  104  in their un-inflated form. Inflatable catheter balloons  102 ,  103 , and  104  are affixed to catheter sheath  101 . Depending on the desired degree of compliance, inflatable catheter balloons  102 ,  103 , and  104  can be made of rubber, latex, polyisoprene, silicone, polyurethane, or any combination thereof. Rubber, latex, polyisoprene, and silicone produce more compliant inflatable catheter balloons. Polyurethane produces less compliant inflatable catheter balloons. A mixture of silicone and polyurethane produces half-way compliant inflatable catheter balloons. In this exemplary embodiment of  FIG. 1 , inflatable catheter balloon  102  is more compliant because when inflated, its shape assumes the contours of its surroundings in the LAA cavity, as shown in  FIG. 8 . On the other hand, a semi-compliant or a non-compliant inflatable catheter balloon will likely deform and expand the wall of the LAA. It is contemplated that inflatable catheter balloons  102 ,  103 , and  104  can be compliant, semi-compliant, or non-compliant, or any combination of the foregoing. Additionally, it is contemplated that catheter  100  can be made up of only one inflatable catheter balloon, two inflatable catheter balloons, or more than three inflatable catheter balloons. 
         [0046]    Inflatable catheter balloon  102  is inflated with the input of air, or a liquid material that is mixed with radiopaque contrast, via inflation port  111  through catheter sheath openings  105   a ,  105   b , and  105   c . Inflatable catheter balloon  103  is inflated with the input of air, or a liquid material that is mixed with radiopaque contrast, via inflation port  111  through catheter sheath openings  106   a ,  106   b , and  106   c . Inflatable catheter balloon  104  is inflated with the input of air, or a liquid material that is mixed with radiopaque contrast, via inflation port  111  through catheter sheath opening  107 . It is contemplated that the number of catheter sheath openings can vary. For example, inflatable catheter balloon  102  can be inflated via inflation port  111  through only one catheter sheath opening, or through more than three catheter sheath openings. Inflation port  111  provides the portal for the input of air, or a liquid material that is mixed with radiopaque contrast, by, for example, a balloon catheter inflation device. 
         [0047]    When inflated, inflatable catheter balloon  102  has a larger area than that of inflatable catheter balloon  103 , as shown in  FIG. 8 . When inflated, inflatable catheter balloon  103  has a larger area than inflatable catheter balloon  104 , as shown in  FIG. 8 . When inflated, inflatable catheter balloon  104  has a larger diameter than that of the LAA ostium, and those of inflatable catheter balloons  102  and  103 , as shown in  FIG. 8 . Thus, when inflated, inflatable catheter balloon  104  has a larger circumference than that of the LAA ostium, and those of inflatable catheter balloons  102  and  103 , as shown in  FIG. 8 . 
         [0048]    Electromagnetic coils  113  are located within the proximal portions of inflatable catheter balloon  103 . Electromagnetic coils  114  are located within the distal portions of inflatable catheter balloon  104 . When inflatable catheter balloons  103  and  104  are inflated, electromagnetic coils  113  and  114  also expand, as shown in  FIG. 8 . Electromagnetic coils  113  and  114  are insulated wires coiled together to form a solenoid, and thus, can be made out of copper or any other metallic wire capable of conducting electricity. 
         [0049]    Guide wire tip  109  is a J-hooked, soft-tipped guide wire. Guide wire tip  109  is the first component of catheter  100  introduced into the body cavity. Guide wire tip  109  guides catheter  100  to the desired location. 
         [0050]    As duly noted by elongation identifier  110 , the length of guide wire  115  can vary depending on where guide wire tip  109  is introduced into the body cavity, and the body cavity dimensions of the particular patient. Similarly, as duly noted by elongation identifier  110 , the length of catheter sheath  101  can vary depending on where guide wire tip  109  is introduced into the body cavity, and the body cavity dimensions of the particular patient. 
         [0051]    Radiopaque marker bands  108   a ,  108   b ,  108   c , and  108   d  are thin metal tubes affixed along catheter sheath  101  to provide spatial guidance under an X-ray fluoroscope. Radiopaque marker band  108   a  marks the distal end of inflatable catheter balloon  102 . Radiopaque marker band  108   b  marks the intersection of the proximal end of inflatable catheter balloon  102  and the distal end of inflatable catheter balloon  103 . Radiopaque marker band  108   c  marks the intersection of the proximal end of inflatable catheter balloon  103  and the distal end of inflatable catheter balloon  104 , and when catheter  100  is introduced into the body cavity, radiopaque marker band  108   c  marks the mid-point of the LAA ostium, as shown in  FIG. 8 . Radiopaque marker band  108   d  marks the distal end of inflatable catheter balloon  104 . 
         [0052]    Control port  112  provides the portal for connection to catheter handling devices designed to control and navigate guide wire tip  109  and guide wire  115  to the desired location. Control port  112  also provides the portal for the insertion of additional guide wire for guide wire  115 . 
         [0053]      FIG. 2  is a perspective view of a second exemplary embodiment of the present invention&#39;s apparatus for treating and preventing bleeding arising from the LAA.  FIG. 2  shows a stand-alone catheter  200  before it is introduced into a body cavity. Hence,  FIG. 2  shows inflatable catheter balloons  202  and  204  in their un-inflated form. Inflatable catheter balloon  202  is affixed to inner catheter sheath  201 . Inflatable catheter balloon  204  is affixed to outer catheter sheath  203 . As previously articulated, depending on the desired degree of compliance, inflatable catheter balloons  202  and  204  can be made of rubber, latex, polyisoprene, silicone, polyurethane, or any combination thereof. In this exemplary embodiment of  FIG. 2 , inflatable catheter balloon  202  is more compliant because when inflated, its shape assumes the contours of its surroundings in the LAA cavity, as shown in  FIG. 16 . On the other hand, a semi-compliant or a non-compliant inflatable catheter balloon will likely deform and expand the wall of the LAA. It is contemplated that inflatable catheter balloons  202  and  204  can be compliant, semi-compliant, or non-compliant, or any combination of the foregoing. Additionally, it is contemplated that catheter  200  can be made up of only one inflatable catheter balloon, or more than two inflatable catheter balloons. For example, an additional inflatable catheter balloon, distal to inflatable catheter balloon  202  and radiopaque marker band  207   a  on inner catheter sheath  201 , can be affixed to inner catheter sheath  201 . 
         [0054]    Inflatable catheter balloon  202  is inflated with the input of air, or a liquid material that is mixed with radiopaque contrast, via inflation port  212  through catheter sheath openings  205   a ,  205   b , and  205   c . Similarly, inflatable catheter balloon  204  is inflated with the input of air, or a liquid material that is mixed with radiopaque contrast, via inflation port  212  through catheter sheath openings  206   a  and  206   b . It is contemplated that the number of catheter sheath openings can vary. For example, inflatable catheter balloon  202  can be inflated via inflation port  212  through only one catheter sheath opening, or through more than three catheter sheath openings. Inflation port  212  provides the portal for the input of air by, or a liquid material that is mixed with radiopaque contrast, by, for example, a balloon catheter inflation device. 
         [0055]    When inflated, inflatable catheter balloon  204  has a larger diameter than that of the LAA ostium, and that of inflatable catheter balloon  202 , as shown in  FIG. 16 . Thus, when inflated, inflatable catheter balloon  204  has a larger circumference than that of the LAA ostium, and that of inflatable catheter balloon  202 , as shown in  FIG. 16 . 
         [0056]    Guide wire tip  208  is a J-hooked, soft-tipped guide wire. Guide wire tip  208  is the first component of catheter  200  introduced into the body cavity. Guide wire tip  208  guides catheter  200  to the desired location. 
         [0057]    As duly noted by elongation identifier  211 , the length of guide wire  214  can vary depending on where guide wire tip  208  is introduced into the body cavity, and the body cavity dimensions of the particular patient. Similarly, as duly noted by elongation identifier  211 , the length of inner catheter sheath  201  and outer catheter sheath  203  can vary depending on where guide wire tip  208  is introduced into the body, and the body cavity dimensions of the particular patient. 
         [0058]    Radiopaque marker bands  207   a  and  207   b  are thin metal tubes placed along inner catheter sheath  201  to provide spatial guidance under an X-ray fluoroscope. Radiopaque marker band  207   a  marks the distal end of inflatable catheter balloon  202 . Radiopaque marker band  207   b  marks the intersection of the proximal end of inflatable catheter balloon  202  and the distal end of inflatable catheter balloon  204 , and when catheter  200  is introduced into the body cavity, radiopaque marker band  207   b  marks the mid-point of the LAA ostium, as shown in  FIG. 16 . 
         [0059]    After inflatable catheter balloons  202  and  204  are inflated, locking means  209  is deployed, as shown in  FIGS. 16 and 17 . Locking means  209  is shown in  FIG. 17 . Locking means  209  is a spring-loaded device housed in inner catheter sheath  202  that upon deployment, it would bulge out through the corresponding slots in outer catheter sheath  203 , thereby locking in place inflatable catheter balloons  202  and  204 . 
         [0060]    Control port  213  provides the portal for connection to catheter handling devices designed to control and navigate guide wire tip  208  and guide wire  214  to the desired location. Control port  213  also provides the portal for the insertion of additional guide wire for guide wire  214 . 
         [0061]      FIG. 3  is a perspective view of a third exemplary embodiment of the present invention&#39;s apparatus for treating and preventing bleeding arising from the LAA.  FIG. 3  shows a stand-alone catheter  300  before it is introduced into a body cavity. Hence,  FIG. 3  shows inflatable catheter balloons  302  and  303  in their un-inflated form. Inflatable catheter balloons  302  and  303  are affixed to catheter sheath  301 . As previously articulated, depending on the desired degree of compliance, inflatable catheter balloons  302  and  303  can be made of rubber, latex, polyisoprene, silicone, polyurethane, or any combination thereof. In this exemplary embodiment of  FIG. 3 , inflatable catheter balloon  303  is more compliant because when inflated, its shape assumes the contours of its surroundings in the LAA cavity, as shown in  FIG. 12 . On the other hand, a semi-compliant or a non-compliant catheter balloon will likely deform and expand the wall of the LAA. It is contemplated that inflatable catheter balloons  302  and  303  can be compliant, semi-compliant, or non-compliant, or any combination of the foregoing. Additionally, it is contemplated that catheter  300  can be made up of only one inflatable catheter balloon, or more than two inflatable catheter balloons. For example, an additional inflatable catheter balloon, distal to inflatable catheter balloon  303  on catheter sheath  301 , can be affixed to catheter sheath  301 . 
         [0062]    Inflatable catheter balloon  302  is inflated with the input of air, or a liquid that is mixed with radiopaque contrast, via inflation port  309  through catheter sheath openings  304   a ,  304   b , and  304   c . Similarly, inflatable catheter balloon  303  is inflated with the input of air, or a liquid that is mixed with radiopaque contrast, from inflation port  309  via catheter sheath openings  305   a ,  305   b , and  305   c . It is contemplated that the number of catheter sheath openings can vary. For example, inflatable catheter balloon  302  can be inflated via inflation port  309  through only one catheter sheath opening, or through more than three catheter sheath openings. Inflation port  309  provides the portal for the input of air, or a liquid that is mixed with radiopaque contrast, by, for example, a balloon catheter inflation device. 
         [0063]    Electromagnetic coils  311  are located within the proximal portions of inflatable catheter balloon  302 . Electromagnetic coils  312  are located within the distal portions of inflatable catheter balloon  303 . When inflatable catheter balloons  302  and  303  are inflated, electromagnetic coils  311  and  312  also expand, as shown in  FIG. 12 . Electromagnetic coils  311  and  312  are insulated wires coiled together to form a solenoid, and thus, can be made out of copper or any other metallic wire capable of conducting electricity. 
         [0064]    Guide wire tip  307  is a J-hooked, soft-tipped guide wire. Guide wire tip  307  is the first component of catheter  300  introduced into the body cavity. Guide wire tip  307  guides catheter  300  to the desired location. 
         [0065]    As duly noted by elongation identifier  308 , the length of guide wire  313  can vary depending on where guide wire tip  307  is introduced into the body cavity, and the body cavity dimensions of the particular patient. Similarly, as duly noted by elongation identifier  308 , the length of catheter sheath  301  can vary depending on where guide wire tip  307  is introduced into the body cavity, and the body cavity dimensions of the particular patient. 
         [0066]    Radiopaque marker band  306  is a thin metal tube placed along catheter sheath  301  to provide spatial guidance under an X-ray fluoroscope. Radiopaque marker band  306  marks the intersection of the proximal end of inflatable catheter balloon  302  and the distal end of inflatable catheter balloon  303 . 
         [0067]    Control port  310  provides the portal for connection to catheter handling devices designed to control and navigate guide wire tip  307  and guide wire  313  to the desired location. Control port  310  also provides the portal for the insertion of additional guide wire for guide wire  313 . 
         [0068]      FIG. 4  is a perspective view of a fourth exemplary embodiment of the present invention&#39;s apparatus for treating and preventing bleeding arising from the LAA.  FIG. 4  shows a stand-alone catheter  400  before it is introduced into a body cavity. Hence,  FIG. 4  shows inflatable endocardial catheter balloons  402  and  403  in their un-inflated form. Inflatable endocardial catheter balloons  402  and  403  are affixed to catheter sheath  401 . Depending on the desired degree of compliance, inflatable endocardial catheter balloons  402  and  403  can be made of rubber, latex, polyisoprene, silicone, polyurethane, or any combination thereof. Rubber, latex, polyisoprene, and silicone produce more compliant inflatable catheter balloons. Polyurethane produces less compliant inflatable catheter balloons. A mixture of silicone and polyurethane produces half-way compliant inflatable catheter balloons. In this exemplary embodiment of  FIG. 4 , inflatable endocardial catheter balloon  403  is more compliant because when inflated, its shape assumes the contours of its surroundings in the LAA cavity, as shown in  FIG. 14 . On the other hand, a semi-compliant or a non-compliant catheter balloon will likely deform and expand the wall of the LAA. It is contemplated that inflatable endocardial catheter balloons  402  and  403  can be compliant, semi-compliant, or non-compliant, or any combination of the foregoing. Additionally, it is contemplated that catheter  400  can be made up of more than two inflatable endocardial catheter balloons. For example, an additional inflatable endocardial catheter balloon, distal to inflatable endocardial catheter balloon  403  on catheter sheath  401 , can be affixed to catheter sheath  401 . 
         [0069]    Inflatable endocardial catheter balloon  402  is inflated with the input of air, or a liquid that is mixed with radiopaque contrast, via inflation port  409  through catheter sheath openings  404   a ,  404   b , and  404   c . Similarly, inflatable endocardial catheter balloon  403  is inflated with the input of air, or a liquid that is mixed with radiopaque contrast, via inflation port  409  through catheter sheath openings  405   a ,  405   b , and  405   c . It is contemplated that the number of catheter sheath openings can vary. For example, inflatable endocardial catheter balloon  402  can be inflated via inflation port  409  through only one catheter sheath opening, or through more than three catheter sheath openings. Inflation port  409  provides the portal for the input of air, or a liquid that is mixed with radiopaque contrast, by, for example, a balloon catheter inflation device. 
         [0070]    When inflated, the distal portions of inflatable endocardial catheter balloon  402  has a larger diameter than that of the LAA ostium, and that of inflatable endocardial catheter balloon  403 , as shown in  FIG. 14 . Thus, when inflated, the distal portions of inflatable endocardial catheter balloon  402  has a larger circumference than that of the LAA ostium, and that of inflatable endocardial catheter balloon  403 , as shown in  FIG. 14 . 
         [0071]    Electromagnetic coils  411  are located within the proximal portions of inflatable endocardial catheter balloon  402 . When inflatable endocardial catheter balloon  402  is inflated, electromagnetic coils  411  also expand, as shown in  FIG. 11 . Electromagnetic coils  411  are insulated wires coiled together to form a solenoid, and thus, can be made out of copper or any other metallic wire capable of conducting electricity. 
         [0072]    Guide wire tip  406  is a J-hooked, soft-tipped guide wire. Guide wire tip  406  is the first component of catheter  400  introduced into the body cavity. Guide wire tip  406  guides catheter  400  to the desired location. 
         [0073]    As duly noted by elongation identifier  408 , the length of guide wire  412  can vary depending on where guide wire tip  406  is introduced into the body cavity, and the body cavity dimensions of the particular patient. Similarly, as duly noted by elongation identifier  408 , the length of catheter sheath  401  can vary depending on where guide wire tip  406  is introduced into the body, and the body cavity dimensions of the particular patient. 
         [0074]    Radiopaque marker band  407  is a thin metal tube placed along catheter sheath  401  to provide spatial guidance under an X-ray fluoroscope. Radiopaque marker band  407  marks the intersection of the proximal end of inflatable endocardial catheter balloon  402  and the distal end of inflatable endocardial catheter balloon  403 , as shown in  FIG. 14 . 
         [0075]    Control port  410  provides the portal for connection to catheter handling devices designed to control and navigate guide wire tip  406  and guide wire  412  to the desired location. Control port  410  also provides the portal for the insertion of additional guide wire for guide wire  412 . 
         [0076]      FIG. 5  is a flowchart depicting an exemplary embodiment of the present invention&#39;s method for treating and preventing bleeding arising from the LAA utilizing catheter  100  as shown in  FIGS. 1 , and  6 - 8 . At step  501 , catheter  100  is introduced into a body cavity. For example, catheter  100  can be introduced into a body cavity via a puncture and an insertion of guide wire tip  109  into the body. Catheter  100  can be introduced into different body cavities, such as via a femoral vein, a jugular vein, an axillary vein, or a subclavian vein. Alternatively, catheter  100  can be introduced directly into the chambers of the heart via introduction at the apex of the left ventricle. 
         [0077]    At step  502 , guide wire tip  109  is advanced to and through the LAA ostium, and into the LAA cavity. For example, if guide wire tip  109  was introduced into the body cavity via the femoral vein, then guide wire tip  109  can be advanced transseptally to and through the LAA ostium, and into the LAA cavity using an endovascular approach. 
         [0078]    At step  503 , catheter sheath  101  is advanced towards the direction of guide wire tip  109 . For example, if guide wire tip  109  was introduced into the body cavity via the femoral vein, then catheter sheath  101  can be advanced transseptally to and through the LAA ostium, and into the LAA cavity using an endovascular approach. As shown in  FIGS. 6-8 , catheter sheath  101  is advanced until it is close to, but prior to, guide wire tip  109 . By way of example, as shown in  FIGS. 6-8 , catheter sheath  101  is advanced until inflatable catheter balloon  103  advances through the LAA ostium and slightly into the LAA cavity. Radiopaque marker band  108   c  can provide guidance as to when inflatable catheter balloon  103  advances through the LAA ostium and slightly into the LAA cavity. 
         [0079]    At step  504 , inflatable catheter balloon  103  having electromagnetic coils  113  is inflated distal to the LAA ostium, as shown in  FIG. 6 . Inflatable catheter balloon  103  is inflated by the input of air, or a liquid that is mixed with radiopaque contrast, via inflation port  111  through catheter sheath openings  106   a ,  106   b , and  106   c . When inflated, the shape of inflatable catheter balloon  103  assumes the contours of its surroundings in the LAA cavity. By assuming the contours of its surroundings, inflatable catheter balloon  103  occludes the LAA ostium as well as the potential sites for tear or perforation in the LAA cavity, thereby treating and preventing bleeding arising from the LAA. Also, when inflatable catheter balloon  103  is inflated, electromagnetic coils  113  located within the proximal portions of inflatable catheter balloon  103  also expand. Thus, when expanded, electromagnetic coils  113  are located immediately distal to the LAA ostium, as shown in  FIG. 6 . 
         [0080]    At step  505 , a tug test is performed to ensure that inflatable catheter balloon  103  firmly occludes the LAA ostium, as shown in  FIG. 6 . A “tug test” is a term of art known to one skilled in the art. In this embodiment, the tug test is the pulling back of inflatable catheter balloon  103 , from the LAA cavity and towards the LAA ostium, in a manner that firmly occludes the LAA ostium. 
         [0081]    At step  506 , inflatable catheter balloon  102  is inflated distal to inflatable catheter balloon  103 , as shown in  FIG. 7 . Inflatable catheter balloon  102  is inflated by the input of air, or a liquid that is mixed with radiopaque contrast, via inflation port  111  through catheter sheath openings  105   a ,  105   b , and  105   c . When inflated, the shape of inflatable catheter balloon  102  assumes the contours of its surroundings in the LAA cavity, as shown in  FIG. 7 . By assuming the contours of its surroundings, inflatable catheter balloon  102  occludes the potential sites for tear or perforation in the LAA cavity, thereby treating and preventing bleeding arising from the LAA. 
         [0082]    At step  507 , inflatable catheter balloon  104  having electromagnetic coils  114  is inflated proximal to the LAA ostium, as shown in  FIG. 8 . Inflatable catheter balloon  104  is inflated by the input of air, or a liquid that is mixed with radiopaque contrast, via inflation port  111  through catheter sheath opening  107 . When inflatable catheter balloon  104  is inflated, electromagnetic coils  114  located within the distal portions of inflatable catheter balloon  104  also expand. Thus, when expanded, electromagnetic coils  114  are located immediately proximal to the LAA ostium, as shown in  FIG. 8 . Thus, by way of electromagnetic forces via the interaction of electromagnetic coils  113  and  114 , inflatable catheter balloons  103  and  104  are attracted towards and adhere to each other, thereby causing these balloons to firmly occlude the LAA ostium, as shown in  FIG. 8 . When inflated, inflatable catheter balloon  104  has a diameter larger than that of the LAA ostium, and larger than that of inflatable catheter balloon  103 . Thus, when inflated, inflatable catheter balloon  104  has a circumference larger than that of the LAA ostium, and larger than that of inflatable catheter balloon  103 . This ensures that the LAA ostium is firmly occluded, as shown in  FIG. 8 . By finning occluding the LAA ostium, any bleeding arising from the LAA is treated and prevented. 
         [0083]    Finally, at step  508 , the LAA cavity is punctured in a direction from within the LAA cavity and into the pericardial cavity so that there is no risk of bleeding into the pericardial space. In particular, a tip of the LAA cavity can be punctured using catheter sheath  101 . 
         [0084]      FIGS. 6-8  are perspective views of the exemplary embodiment of  FIG. 1  when deployed into the LAA. 
         [0085]      FIG. 9  is a flowchart depicting an exemplary embodiment of the present invention&#39;s method for treating and preventing bleeding arising from the LAA utilizing catheter  300  as shown in  FIGS. 3 , and  10 - 12 . At step  901 , catheter  300  is introduced into a body cavity via the LAA cavity. For example, guide wire tip  307  is introduced into the body cavity via a puncture and an insertion at the tip of the LAA cavity, as shown in  FIG. 10 . As shown in  FIG. 10 , a tissue grasper with soft jaws of varying width is used to hold the LAA stationary while the tip of the LAA cavity is punctured with, for example, a hollow needle. This tissue grasper also serves to maintain hemostasis. Next, the guide wire tip  307  is introduced into the body cavity via a punctured location at the tip of the LAA, and into the LAA cavity. 
         [0086]    At step  902 , guide wire tip  307  is advanced to and through the LAA ostium, and into the left atrium, as shown in  FIG. 10 . 
         [0087]    At step  903 , catheter sheath  301  is advanced towards the direction of guide wire tip  307 , as shown in  FIG. 11 . Accordingly, as shown in  FIG. 11 , catheter sheath  301  is advanced to and through the LAA ostium, and into the left atrium. As shown in  FIG. 11 , catheter sheath  301  is advanced until it is close to, but prior to, guide wire tip  307 . 
         [0088]    At step  904 , inflatable catheter balloon  302  having electromagnetic coils  311  is inflated at the tip of catheter sheath  301 , as shown in  FIG. 11 . Inflatable catheter balloon  302  is inflated by the input of air, or a liquid that is mixed with radiopaque contrast, via inflation port  309  through catheter sheath openings  304   a ,  304   b , and  304   c . When inflatable catheter balloon  302  is inflated, electromagnetic coils  311  located within the proximal portions also expand, as shown in  FIG. 11 . 
         [0089]    At step  905 , the inflated catheter balloon  302  is pulled back, from the left atrium towards the LAA ostium, to occlude the LAA ostium, as shown in  FIG. 11 . 
         [0090]    Finally, at step  906 , inflatable catheter balloon  303  having electromagnetic coils  312  is inflated near the LAA ostium, as shown in  FIG. 12 . Inflatable catheter balloon  303  is inflated by the input of air, or a liquid that is mixed with radiopaque contrast, via inflation port  309  through catheter sheath openings  305   a ,  305   b , and  305   c . When inflated, the shape of inflatable catheter balloon  303  assumes the contours of its surroundings in the LAA cavity, as shown in  FIG. 12 . By assuming the contours of its surroundings, inflatable catheter balloon  303  occludes the potential sites for tear or perforation in the LAA cavity, thereby treating and preventing bleeding arising from the LAA. When inflatable catheter balloon  303  is inflated, electromagnetic coils  312  located within the distal portions of inflatable catheter balloon  303  also expand, as shown in  FIG. 12 . By way of electromagnetic forces via the interaction of electromagnetic coils  311  and  312 , inflatable catheter balloons  302  and  303  are attracted towards and adhere to each other, thereby causing these balloons to firmly occlude the LAA ostium, as shown in  FIG. 12 . By firming occluding the LAA ostium, any bleeding arising from the LAA is treated and prevented. 
         [0091]      FIGS. 10-12  are perspective views of the exemplary embodiment of  FIG. 3  when deployed into the LAA. 
         [0092]      FIG. 13  is a flowchart depicting an exemplary embodiment of the present invention&#39;s method for treating and preventing bleeding arising from the LAA utilizing catheters  400  and  1800  as shown in  FIGS. 4 ,  10 ,  14 , and  18 A- 18 B. At step  1301 , catheter  400  is introduced into a body cavity via the LAA cavity. For example, guide wire tip  406  can be introduced into the body cavity via a puncture and an insertion at the tip of the LAA cavity, as shown in  FIG. 10 . As shown in  FIG. 10 , a tissue grasper with soft jaws of varying width is used to hold the LAA stationary while the tip of the LAA cavity is punctured with, for example, a hollow needle. This tissue grasper also serves to maintain hemostasis. Next, guide wire tip  406  is introduced into the body cavity via a punctured location at the tip of the LAA, and into the LAA cavity. 
         [0093]    At step  1302 , guide wire tip  406  is advanced to and through the LAA ostium, and into the left atrium, as previously shown in  FIG. 10 . 
         [0094]    At step  1303 , catheter sheath  401  is advanced towards the direction of guide wire tip  406 . Accordingly, catheter sheath  401  is advanced to and through the LAA ostium, and into the left atrium. Catheter sheath  401  is advanced until it is close to, but prior to, guide wire tip  406 . 
         [0095]    At step  1304 , inflatable endocardial catheter balloon  402  having electromagnetic coils  411  is inflated at the tip of catheter sheath  401 . Inflatable endocardial catheter balloon  402  is inflated by the input of air, or a liquid that is mixed with radiopaque contrast, via inflation port  409  through catheter sheath openings  404   a ,  404   b , and  404   c . When inflatable endocardial catheter balloon  411  is inflated, electromagnetic coils  411  located within the distal portions of inflatable endocardial catheter balloon  402  also expand, as shown in  FIG. 14 . 
         [0096]    At step  1305 , inflated endocardial catheter balloon  402  is pulled back from the left atrium towards the LAA ostium, and slightly into the LAA cavity, as shown in  FIG. 14 . As shown in  FIG. 14 , when pulled back, electromagnetic coils  411 , located within the proximal portions of inflated endocardial catheter balloon  402 , align near the mid-point of the LAA ostium. Also, as shown in  FIG. 14 , in inflated endocardial catheter balloon  402 , the end facing the left atrium has a larger diameter than that of the end facing the LAA cavity. Thus, as shown in  FIG. 14 , in inflated endocardial catheter balloon  402 , the end facing the left atrium has a larger circumference than that of the end facing the LAA cavity. 
         [0097]    At step  1306 , constricting circumferential epicardial balloon  1801  having electromagnetic coils  1802  is deployed around the circumference of the LAA ostium in the epicardium layer of the heart, as shown in  FIG. 18B . This deployment can be performed manually by a physician. 
         [0098]    At step  1307 , constricting circumferential inflatable epicardial catheter balloon  1801  is inflated. Inflatable epicardial catheter balloon  1801  is inflated by the input of air, or a liquid that is mixed with radiopaque contrast, via inflation port  1805  through catheter sheath openings  1803   a - 1803   h . When inflated, electromagnetic coils  1802  located within constricting circumferential epicardial balloon  1802  also expand, as shown in  FIGS. 14 and 18B . By way of electromagnetic forces via the interaction of electromagnetic coils  411  and  1802 , inflatable endocardial catheter balloon  402  and inflatable epicardial catheter balloon  1802  are attracted towards each other, thereby forming a tight hemostatic seal, as shown in  FIG. 14 . This tight hemostatic seal helps treat and prevent bleeding arising from the LAA. 
         [0099]    Finally, at step  1308 , inflatable endocardial catheter balloon  403  is inflated in the LAA cavity, as shown in  FIG. 14 . Inflatable endocardial catheter balloon  403  is inflated by the input of air, or a liquid that is mixed with radiopaque contrast, via inflation port  409  through catheter sheath openings  405   a ,  405   b , and  405   c . When inflated, the shape of inflatable endocardial catheter balloon  403  assumes the contours of its surroundings in the LAA cavity, as shown in  FIG. 14 . By assuming the contours of its surroundings, inflatable endocardial catheter balloon  403  occludes the potential sites for tear or perforation in the LAA cavity, thereby treating and preventing bleeding arising from the LAA. 
         [0100]      FIG. 14  is a perspective view of the exemplary embodiments of FIGS.  4  and  18 A- 18 B when apparatus  400  is deployed into the LAA in the endocardial layer, and when apparatus  1800  is deployed around the LAA in the epicardial layer. 
         [0101]      FIG. 15  is a flowchart depicting an exemplary embodiment of the present invention&#39;s method for treating and preventing bleeding arising from the LAA utilizing catheter  200  as shown in  FIGS. 2 ,  16 , and  17 . At step  1501 , catheter  100  is introduced into a body cavity. For example, catheter  200  can be introduced into a body cavity via a puncture and an insertion of guide wire tip  208  into the body. Catheter  200  can be introduced into different body cavities, such as via a femoral vein, a jugular vein, an axillary vein, or a subclavian vein. Alternatively, catheter  200  can be introduced directly into the chambers of the heart via introduction at the apex of the left ventricle. 
         [0102]    At step  1502 , guide wire tip  208  is advanced to and through the LAA ostium, and into the LAA cavity. For example, if guide wire tip  208  was introduced into the body cavity via the femoral vein, then guide wire tip  208  can be advanced transseptally to and through the LAA ostium, and into the LAA cavity using an endovascular approach. 
         [0103]    At step  1503 , inner catheter sheath  201  is advanced towards the direction of guide wire tip  208 . As shown in  FIG. 16 , inner catheter sheath  201  is advanced until it is close to, but prior to, guide wire tip  208 . For example, if guide wire tip  208  was introduced into the body cavity via the femoral vein, then inner catheter sheath  201  can be advanced until it is close to, but prior to, guide wire tip  208 . 
         [0104]    At step  1504 , inflatable catheter balloon  202  is inflated distal to the LAA ostium, as shown in  FIG. 16 . Inflatable catheter balloon  202  is inflated by the input of air, or a liquid that is mixed with radiopaque contrast, via inflation port  212  through catheter sheath openings  205   a ,  205   b ,  205   c.    
         [0105]    At step  1505 , inflated catheter balloon  202  is pulled, from the LAA cavity and towards the LAA ostium, to occlude the LAA ostium. Also, the shape of inflated catheter balloon  202  assumes the contours of its surroundings in the LAA cavity. By assuming the contours of its surroundings, inflatable catheter balloon  202  occludes the potential sites for tear or perforation in the LAA cavity, thereby treating and preventing bleeding arising from the LAA. 
         [0106]    At step  1506 , outer catheter sheath  203  is advanced towards the direction of guide wire tip  208 . However, as shown in  FIG. 16 , outer catheter sheath  203  is advanced until it reaches the left atrium and prior to the LA ostium. For example, if guide wire tip  208  was introduced into the body cavity via the femoral vein, then out catheter sheath  203  can be advanced until it reaches the left atrium and prior to the LA ostium. 
         [0107]    At step  1507 , inflatable catheter balloon  204  is inflated while it is in the left atrium. Inflatable catheter balloon  204  is inflated by the input of air, or a liquid that is mixed with radiopaque contrast, via inflation port  212  through catheter sheath openings  206   a  and  206   b.    
         [0108]    At step  1508 , inflated catheter balloon  204  is from the left atrium and towards the LAA ostium. When inflated, inflatable catheter balloon  204  has a diameter larger than that of the LAA ostium, and larger than that of inflatable catheter balloon  202 , as shown in  FIG. 16 . Thus, when inflated, catheter balloon  204  has a circumference larger than that of the LAA ostium, and larger than that of inflatable catheter balloon  202 . This ensures that the LAA ostium is firmly occluded, as shown in  FIG. 16 . By firming occluding the LAA ostium, any bleeding arising from the LAA is treated and prevented. 
         [0109]    At step  1509 , locking means  209  is deployed to render inflated catheter balloons  202  and  204  stationary. Locking means  209  is a spring-loaded device housed in inner catheter sheath  202  that upon deployment, it would bulge out through the corresponding slots in outer catheter sheath  203 , thereby locking in place inflated catheter balloons  202  and  204 . 
         [0110]    Finally, at step  1510 , the LAA cavity is punctured in a direction from within the LAA cavity and into the pericardial cavity so that there is no risk of bleeding into the pericardial space. In particular, a tip of the LAA cavity can be punctured using inner catheter sheath  202 . 
         [0111]      FIG. 16  is a perspective view of the exemplary embodiment of  FIG. 2  when deployed into the LAA.  FIG. 17  is a perspective view of the locking means in the exemplary embodiment of  FIG. 2 . 
         [0112]      FIG. 18A  is a perspective view of a fourth exemplary embodiment of the present invention&#39;s apparatus for treating and preventing bleeding arising from the LAA.  FIG. 18B  is a perspective view of the exemplary embodiment of  FIG. 18B  when deployed around the LAA ostium.  FIG. 18A  shows a stand-alone catheter  1800  before it is introduced into a body cavity. Hence,  FIG. 18A  shows constricting circumferential epicardial balloon  1801  in its un-inflated form. Constricting circumferential epicardial balloon  1801  is affixed to catheter sheath  1804 . As previously articulated, depending on the desired degree of compliance, constricting circumferential epicardial balloon  1801  can be made of rubber, latex, polyisoprene, silicone, polyurethane, or any combination thereof. It is contemplated that constricting circumferential epicardial balloon  1801  can be compliant, semi-compliant, or non-compliant. Additionally, it is contemplated that catheter  1800  can be made up of more than one constricting circumferential epicardial balloon. 
         [0113]    Constricting circumferential epicardial balloon  1801  is inflated by the input of air, or a liquid that is mixed with radiopaque contrast, via inflation port  1805  through catheter sheath openings  1803   a - 1803   h . It is contemplated that the number of catheter sheath openings can vary. For example, constricting circumferential epicardial balloon  1801  can be inflated via inflation port  1805  through only one catheter sheath opening, or through more than eight catheter sheath openings. Inflation port  1805  provides the portal for the input of air, or a liquid that is mixed with radiopaque contrast, by, for example, a balloon catheter inflation device. 
         [0114]    Electromagnetic coils  1802  are located within constricting circumferential epicardial balloon  1801 . When constricting circumferential epicardial balloon  1801  is inflated, electromagnetic coils  1802  also expand, as shown in  FIGS. 14 and 18B . Electromagnetic coils  1802  are insulated wires coiled together to form a solenoid, and thus, can be made out of copper or any other metallic wire capable of conducting electricity. 
         [0115]    As duly noted by elongation identifier  1806 , the length of catheter sheath  1804  can vary depending on the circumference of the particular patient&#39;s LAA ostium. Similarly, the length of constricting circumferential epicardial balloon  1801  can also vary depending on the circumference of the particular patient&#39;s LAA ostium. 
         [0116]    Exemplary embodiments of the invention have been disclosed in an illustrative style. Accordingly, the terminology employed throughout should be read in a non-limiting manner. Although minor modifications to the teachings herein will occur to those well versed in the art, it shall be understood that what is intended to be circumscribed within the scope of the patent warranted hereon are all such embodiments that reasonably fall within the scope of the advancement to the art hereby contributed, and that that scope shall not be restricted, except in light of the appended claims and their equivalents. 
       Additional Disclosures 
       [0117]    The following disclosures provide a summary of the invention&#39;s various apparatuses used with the appended claims. In an exemplary embodiment, a catheter for treating and preventing bleeding arising from a LAA comprises a guide wire with a guide wire tip, a catheter sheath, a first inflatable catheter balloon affixed to the catheter sheath, wherein the first catheter balloon is proximal to the guide wire tip, a second inflatable catheter balloon affixed to the catheter sheath, wherein the second catheter balloon is proximal to the first catheter balloon, a first set of electromagnetic coils located within the second catheter balloon, a third inflatable catheter balloon affixed to the catheter sheath, wherein the third catheter balloon is proximal to the second catheter balloon, a second set of electromagnetic coils located within the third catheter balloon, a plurality of catheter sheath openings on the catheter sheath, wherein each catheter sheath opening is enclosed by one of the catheter balloons, and wherein each of the catheter balloons encloses at least one catheter sheath opening, an inflation port, and a control port. The catheter further comprises at least one radiopaque marker band affixed to the catheter sheath. The catheter wherein the first catheter balloon is more compliant than the second catheter balloon. The catheter wherein the second catheter balloon is more compliant the third catheter balloon. The catheter wherein the third catheter balloon, when inflated, has a larger circumference than that of an ostium of the LAA. The catheter wherein the third catheter balloon, when inflated, has a larger circumference than that of the second catheter balloon. The catheter wherein the second catheter balloon, when inflated, has a larger circumference than that of the first catheter balloon. The catheter wherein the first set of electromagnetic coils is located within a proximal end of the second catheter balloon. The catheter wherein the second set of electromagnetic coils is located within a distal end of the third catheter balloon. The catheter wherein the guide wire tip is J-hooked. Furthermore, the catheter sheath can be used for puncturing the LAA cavity. 
         [0118]    In another exemplary embodiment, a catheter for treating and preventing bleeding arising from a LAA comprises a guide wire with a guide wire tip, an inner catheter sheath, an outer catheter sheath, a first inflatable catheter balloon affixed to the inner catheter sheath, wherein the first catheter balloon is proximal to the guide wire tip, at least one catheter sheath opening on the inner catheter sheath, wherein each catheter sheath opening is enclosed by the first catheter balloon, a second inflatable catheter balloon affixed to the outer catheter sheath, wherein the second catheter balloon is proximal to the first catheter balloon, at least one catheter sheath opening on the distal end of the outer catheter sheath, wherein each catheter sheath opening is enclosed by the second catheter balloon, an inflation port, and a control port. The catheter further comprises means for locking in place the inflated first and second catheter balloons. The catheter further comprises at least one radiopaque marker band affixed to the inner catheter sheath. The catheter further comprises at least one radiopaque marker band affixed to the outer catheter sheath. The catheter wherein the first catheter balloon is more compliant than the second catheter balloon. The catheter wherein the second catheter balloon, when inflated, has a larger circumference than that of an ostium of the LAA. The catheter wherein the second catheter balloon, when inflated, has a larger circumference than that of the first catheter balloon. The catheter wherein the guide wire tip is J-hooked. Furthermore, the inner catheter sheath has an additional lumen that can be used for puncturing the LAA cavity. 
         [0119]    In another exemplary embodiment, a catheter for treating and preventing bleeding arising from a LAA comprises a guide wire with a guide wire tip, a catheter sheath, a first inflatable catheter balloon affixed to the catheter sheath, wherein the first catheter balloon is proximal to the guide wire tip, a first set of electromagnetic coils located within the first catheter balloon, a second inflatable catheter balloon affixed to the catheter sheath, wherein the second catheter balloon is proximal to the first catheter balloon, a plurality of catheter sheath openings on the catheter sheath, wherein each catheter sheath opening is enclosed by one of the catheter balloons, and wherein each of the catheter balloons encloses at least one catheter sheath opening, an inflation port, and a control port. The catheter further comprises at least one radiopaque marker band affixed to the catheter sheath. The catheter wherein the second catheter balloon is more compliant than the first catheter balloon. The catheter wherein the first catheter balloon, when inflated, has a larger circumference than that of an ostium of the LAA. The catheter wherein the first catheter balloon, when inflated, has a larger circumference than that of the second catheter balloon. The catheter wherein the first set of electromagnetic coils is located within a proximal end of the first catheter balloon. The catheter wherein the guide wire tip is J-hooked. The catheter wherein the distal portions of the first catheter balloon have a larger diameter than that of the proximal portions of the first catheter balloon. The catheter wherein the second catheter balloon further comprises a second set of electromagnetic coils. The catheter wherein the second set of electromagnetic coils is located within a distal end of the second catheter balloon. Furthermore, the catheter sheath can be used for puncturing the LAA cavity. 
         [0120]    In another exemplary embodiment, a catheter for treating and preventing bleeding arising from a LAA comprises a guide wire with a guide wire tip, a catheter sheath, a first inflatable endocardial catheter balloon affixed to the catheter sheath, wherein the first endocardial catheter balloon is proximal to the guide wire tip, a first set of electromagnetic coils located within the first catheter balloon, a second inflatable endocardial catheter balloon affixed to the catheter sheath, wherein the second endocardial catheter balloon is proximal to the first endocardial catheter balloon, a plurality of catheter sheath openings on the catheter sheath, wherein each catheter sheath opening is enclosed by one of the endocardial catheter balloons, and wherein each of the endocardial catheter balloons encloses at least one catheter sheath opening, an inflation port, and a control port. The catheter further comprises at least one radiopaque marker band affixed to the catheter sheath. The catheter wherein the second endocardial catheter balloon is more compliant than the first endocardial catheter balloon. The catheter wherein the first endocardial catheter balloon, when inflated, has a larger circumference than that of an ostium of the LAA. The catheter wherein the first endocardial catheter balloon, when inflated, has a larger circumference than that of the second endocardial catheter balloon. The catheter wherein the first set of electromagnetic coils is located within a proximal end of the first endocardial catheter balloon. The catheter wherein the guide wire tip is J-hooked. The catheter wherein the distal portions of the first endocardial catheter balloon have a larger diameter than that of the proximal portions of the first endocardial catheter balloon. Furthermore, the catheter sheath can be used for puncturing the LAA cavity. 
         [0121]    In another exemplary embodiment, a catheter for treating and preventing bleeding arising from a LAA comprises a catheter sheath, an inflatable constricting circumferential epicardial catheter balloon affixed to the catheter sheath, a set of electromagnetic coils located within the epicardial catheter balloon, a plurality of catheter sheath openings on the catheter sheath, wherein each catheter sheath opening is enclosed by the epicardial catheter balloon, and an inflation port. The catheter further comprises a control port. The catheter further comprises at least one radiopaque marker bands affixed to the catheter sheath. The catheter further comprises a guide wire with a guide wire tip. The catheter wherein the set of electromagnetic coils is located across the length of the epicardial catheter balloon. The catheter wherein the guide wire tip is J-hooked. 
         [0122]    Finally, it is contemplated that the present invention can be used as an alternative approach to replace percutaneous aortic valves. Additionally, it is contemplated that the present invention can be used to perform a percutaneous repair of a mitral valve such as by an application of a clip to the mitral valve. 
         [0123]    Exemplary embodiments of the invention have been disclosed in an illustrative style. Accordingly, the terminology employed throughout should be read in a non-limiting manner. Although minor modifications to the teachings herein will occur to those well versed in the art, it shall be understood that what is intended to be circumscribed within the scope of the patent warranted hereon are all such embodiments that reasonably fall within the scope of the advancement to the art hereby contributed, and that that scope shall not be restricted.