Abstract:
A semiconductor device is disclosed. In one embodiment, the semiconductor device includes a memory cell, which in turn includes an electrode and a phase change material. The electrode may be disposed on a substrate and include a sublithographic lateral dimension parallel to the substrate. The phase change material may be coupled to the electrode and include a lateral dimension parallel to the substrate and greater than the sublithographic lateral dimension of the electrode. Various semiconductor devices and manufacturing methods are also provided.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 12/357,222, filed Jan. 21, 2009, which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 11/861,202, filed Sep. 25, 2007, and issued on Feb. 24, 2009 as U.S. Pat. No. 7,494,922, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/931,196, filed Aug. 31, 2004, and issued on Sep. 25, 2007 as U.S. Pat. No. 7,273,809, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/384,267, filed Mar. 7, 2003, and issued on Sep. 28, 2004, as U.S. Pat. No. 6,797,612, which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 09/900,725, filed Jul. 6, 2001, and issued on Mar. 11, 2003, as U.S. Pat. No. 6,531,391, which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/684,815, filed Jul. 22, 1996, and issued on Jan. 8, 2002, as U.S. Pat. No. 6,337,266. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates generally to chalcogenide memory devices and, more particularly, to a chalcogenide memory device having an ultra-small electrode, thus providing for fabrication of a denser memory array and reducing the amount of energy required to adjust the crystalline state of the chalcogenide material. 
         [0003]    The use of electrically writable and erasable phase change materials (i.e., materials which can be electrically switched between generally amorphous and generally crystalline states or between different resistive states while in crystalline form) for electronic memory applications is known in the art and is disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,296,716 to Ovshinsky et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. U.S. Pat. No. 5,296,716 is believed to indicate generally the state of the art, and to contain a discussion of the current theory of operation of chalcogenide materials. 
         [0004]    Generally, as disclosed in the aforementioned Ovshinsky patent, such phase change materials can be electrically switched between a first structural state where the material is generally amorphous and a second structural state where the material has a generally crystalline local order. The material may also be electrically switched between different detectable states of local order across the entire spectrum between the completely amorphous and the completely crystalline states. That is, the switching of such materials is not required to take place between completely amorphous and completely crystalline states but rather the material can be switched in incremental steps reflecting changes of local order to provide a “gray scale” represented by a multiplicity of conditions of local order spanning the spectrum from the completely amorphous state to the completely crystalline state. 
         [0005]    The material exhibits different electrical characteristics depending upon its state. For instance, in its amorphous state the material exhibits a lower electrical conductivity than it does in its crystalline state. 
         [0006]    These memory cells are monolithic, homogeneous, and formed of chalcogenide material selected from the group of Te, Se, Sb, Ni, and Ge. Such chalcogenide materials can be switched between numerous electrically detectable conditions of varying resistivity in nanosecond time periods with the input of picojoules of energy. The resulting memory material is truly non-volatile and will maintain the integrity of the information stored by the memory cell without the need for periodic refresh signals. Furthermore, the data integrity of the information stored by these memory cells is not lost when power is removed from the device. The subject memory material is directly overwritable so that the memory cells need not be erased (set to a specified starting point) in order to change information stored within the memory cells. Finally, the large dynamic range offered by the memory material provides for the gray scale storage of multiple bits of binary information in a single cell by mimicking the binary encoded information in analog form and thereby storing multiple bits of binary encoded information as a single resistance value in a single cell. 
         [0007]    The operation of chalcogenide memory cells requires that a region of the chalcogenide memory material, called the chalcogenide active region, be subjected to a current pulse typically with a current density between about 10 5  and 10 7  amperes/cm 2 , to change the crystalline state of the chalcogenide material within the active region contained within a small pore. This current density may be accomplished by first creating a small opening in a dielectric material which is itself deposited onto a lower electrode material. A second dielectric layer, typically of silicon nitride, is then deposited onto the dielectric layer and into the opening. The second dielectric layer is typically on the order of 40 Angstroms thick. The chalcogenide material is then deposited over the second dielectric material and into the opening. An upper electrode material is then deposited over the chalcogenide material. Carbon is a commonly used electrode material, although other materials have also been used, for example, molybdenum and titanium nitride. A conductive path is then provided from the chalcogenide material to the lower electrode material by forming a pore in the second dielectric layer by the well known process of firing. Firing involves passing an initial high current pulse through the structure which passes through the chalcogenide material and then provides dielectric breakdown of the second dielectric layer, thereby providing a conductive path via the pore through the memory cell. 
         [0008]    Electrically firing the thin silicon nitride layer is not desirable for a high density memory product due to the high current required and the large amount of testing time that is required for the firing. 
         [0009]    The active regions of the chalcogenide memory cells within the pores are believed to change crystalline structure in response to applied voltage pulses of a wide range of magnitudes and pulse durations. These changes in crystalline structure alter the bulk resistance of the chalcogenide active region. The wide dynamic range of these devices, the linearity of their response, and lack of hysteresis provide these memory cells with multiple bit storage capabilities. 
         [0010]    Factors such as pore dimensions (diameter, thickness, and volume), chalcogenide composition, signal pulse duration and signal pulse waveform shape have an effect on the magnitude of the dynamic range of resistances, the absolute endpoint resistances of the dynamic range, and the currents required to set the memory cells at these resistances. For example, relatively large pore diameters (e.g., about 1 micron) will result in higher programming current requirements, while relatively small pore diameters (e.g., about 500 Angstroms) will result in lower programming current requirements. The most important factor in reducing the required programming current is the pore cross sectional area. 
         [0011]    The energy input required to adjust the crystalline state of the chalcogenide active region of the memory cell is directly proportional to the dimensions of the minimum lateral dimension of the pore (e.g., smaller pore sizes result in smaller energy input requirement). Conventional chalcogenide memory cell fabrication techniques provide a minimum lateral pore dimension, diameter or width of the pore, that is limited by the photolithographic size limit. This results in pore sizes having minimum lateral dimensions down to approximately 0.35 micron. 
         [0012]    The present invention is directed to overcoming, or at least reducing the affects of, one or more of the problems set forth above. In particular, the present invention provides a method for fabricating electrodes for chalcogenide memory cells with minimum lateral dimensions below the photolithographic limit thereby reducing the required energy input to the chalcogenide active region in operation. The ultra-small electrodes are further selected to provide material properties which permit enhanced control of the current passing through the chalcogenide memory cell. As a result, the memory cells may be made smaller to provide denser memory arrays, and the overall power requirements for the memory cell are minimized. 
     
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0013]    The present invention will become more fully understood from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: 
           [0014]      FIG. 1  is a fragmentary cross sectional view of the deposition of a layer of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) oxide onto a substrate of titanium nitride in accordance with a first preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0015]      FIG. 2  is a fragmentary cross sectional view of the formation of an opening in the layer of TEOS oxide of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0016]      FIG. 2   a  is an overhead view of a generally rectangular opening formed in the layer of TEOS oxide of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0017]      FIG. 2   b  is an overhead view of a generally circular opening formed in the layer of TEOS oxide of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0018]      FIG. 3  is a fragmentary cross sectional view of the deposition of a layer of silicon nitride onto the layer of TEOS oxide and into the opening in the layer of TEOS oxide of  FIG. 2 ; 
           [0019]      FIG. 4  is a fragmentary cross sectional view of the deposition of a layer of polysilicon onto the layer of silicon nitride and opening of  FIG. 3 ; 
           [0020]      FIG. 5  is a fragmentary cross sectional view of the etching of the layer of polysilicon of  FIG. 4  to form a spacer; 
           [0021]      FIG. 6  is a fragmentary cross sectional view of the etching of the exposed portion of the layer of silicon nitride circumscribed by the spacer of  FIG. 5  to form an opening in the layer of silicon nitride; 
           [0022]      FIG. 7  is a fragmentary cross sectional view of the removal of the spacer of  FIG. 6 ; 
           [0023]      FIG. 8  is a fragmentary cross sectional view of the thin-film deposition of a layer of chalcogenide material into the pore of  FIG. 7 ; 
           [0024]      FIG. 9  is a fragmentary cross sectional view of the apparatus of  FIG. 8  following a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) operation to substantially level the layers of material; 
           [0025]      FIG. 10  is a fragmentary cross sectional view of the formation of a chalcogenide memory cell using the apparatus of  FIG. 9  illustrating the addition of an upper electrode material layer, an insulating layer, an upper conductive grid layer, and an overlying insulating oxide layer; 
           [0026]      FIG. 11  is a fragmentary cross sectional view of the deposition of layers of silicon nitride and polysilicon onto a substrate of titanium nitride in accordance with a second preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0027]      FIG. 12  is a fragmentary cross sectional view of the formation of an opening in the layer of polysilicon and a recess in the layer of silicon nitride of  FIG. 11 ; 
           [0028]      FIG. 13  is a fragmentary cross sectional view of the deposition of a second layer of polysilicon onto the first layer of polysilicon and into the opening in the layer of polysilicon and into the recess in the layer of silicon nitride of  FIG. 12 ; 
           [0029]      FIG. 14  is a fragmentary cross sectional view of the etching of the second layer of polysilicon of  FIG. 13  to form a spacer; 
           [0030]      FIG. 15  is a fragmentary cross sectional view of the etching of the portions of the layer of silicon nitride circumscribed by the spacer of  FIG. 14  to form an opening in the layer of silicon nitride; 
           [0031]      FIG. 16  is a fragmentary cross sectional view of the removal of the spacer and layer of polysilicon of  FIG. 15 ; 
           [0032]      FIG. 17  is a fragmentary cross sectional view of the thin-film deposition of a layer of chalcogenide material into the pore of  FIG. 16 ; 
           [0033]      FIG. 18  is a fragmentary cross sectional view of the apparatus of  FIG. 17  following a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) operation to substantially level the layers of material; 
           [0034]      FIG. 19  is a fragmentary cross sectional view of the formation of a chalcogenide memory cell using the apparatus of  FIG. 18  illustrating the addition of an upper electrode material layer, an insulating layer, an upper conductive grid layer, and an overlying insulating oxide layer; 
           [0035]      FIG. 20  is a fragmentary cross sectional view of the deposition of layers of silicon nitride, silicon dioxide, and polysilicon onto a substrate of titanium nitride in accordance with a third preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0036]      FIG. 21  is a fragmentary cross sectional view of the formation of an opening in the layer of polysilicon of  FIG. 20 ; 
           [0037]      FIG. 22  is a fragmentary cross sectional view of the deposition of a second layer of polysilicon onto the first layer of polysilicon and into the opening in the first layer of polysilicon of  FIG. 21 ; 
           [0038]      FIG. 23  is a fragmentary cross sectional view of the etching of the second layer of polysilicon of  FIG. 22  to form a spacer; 
           [0039]      FIG. 24  is a fragmentary cross sectional view of the etching of the portions of the layers of silicon nitride and silicon dioxide circumscribed by the spacer of  FIG. 21  to form an opening in the layers of silicon nitride and silicon dioxide; 
           [0040]      FIG. 25  is a fragmentary cross sectional view of the removal of the spacer and layers of silicon dioxide and polysilicon of  FIG. 24 ; 
           [0041]      FIG. 26  is a fragmentary cross sectional view of the removal of the layer of silicon dioxide of  FIG. 25 ; 
           [0042]      FIG. 27  is a fragmentary cross sectional view of the thin-film deposition of a layer of chalcogenide material into the pore of  FIG. 26 ; 
           [0043]      FIG. 28  is a fragmentary cross sectional view of the apparatus of  FIG. 27  following a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) operation to substantially level the layers of material; and 
           [0044]      FIG. 29  is a fragmentary cross sectional view of the formation of a chalcogenide memory cell using the apparatus of  FIG. 28  illustrating the addition of an upper electrode material layer, an insulating layer, an upper conductive grid layer, and an overlying insulating oxide layer. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS 
       [0045]    A method of fabricating ultra-small electrodes for chalcogenide memories is presented that provides electrode sizes smaller than that presently provided using conventional photolithographic methods. In particular, the preferred embodiment of the present invention provides a method of fabricating electrodes for chalcogenide memories that relies upon disposable spacers to define the minimum lateral dimension of a pore into which the electrode is positioned. In this manner, electrodes having minimum lateral dimensions as small as around 500 Angstroms are obtained. The present preferred embodiment further provides enhanced control of the current passing through the resulting chalcogenide memory by use of metal organic materials as the selected material for the ultra-small electrodes. 
         [0046]    Turning to the drawings and referring initially to  FIGS. 1 to 10 , a first preferred embodiment of a method for fabricating ultra-small electrodes for chalcogenide memories will now be described. A layer  10  of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) oxide is first deposited onto a substrate  20  of titanium nitride using convention thin film deposition techniques as shown in  FIG. 1 . The layer  10  may have a substantially uniform thickness ranging from about 200 to 5000 Angstroms, and preferably it will have a substantially uniform thickness of approximately 200 Angstroms. The layer  10  may be comprised of TEOS oxide or plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) of SiO 2 , and preferably will be comprised of TEOS oxide. The substrate  20  may be comprised of a conductive material such as, for example, TiN, Carbon, WiSi x , or Tungsten, and preferably will be comprised of TiN. The substrate will further preferably comprise a lower electrode grid used for accessing an array of chalcogenide memories. 
         [0047]    An opening  30 , extending to the layer  20 , is then etched in the layer  10  using conventional anisotropic etching and masking techniques as shown in  FIG. 2 . The opening  30  may be formed, for example, as a generally rectangular channel as shown in  FIG. 2   a , or as a substantially circular opening in the layer  10  as shown in  FIG. 2   b . The opening  30  is preferably formed using a conventional contact hole mask resulting in the substantially circular opening shown in  FIG. 2   b . The minimum lateral dimension x 1  of the opening  30  may range from about 2500 to 8000 Angstroms, and preferably it will be approximately 5000 Angstroms. The opening  30  includes a generally horizontal bottom surface  40 , common to the layer  20 , and generally vertical side walls  50  at its outer periphery. 
         [0048]    A layer  80  of silicon nitride is then deposited onto the layer  10  and bottom surface  40  using conventional thin film deposition techniques as shown in  FIG. 3 . The portion of the layer  80  positioned within the opening  30  includes generally vertical side walls  82  extending downward to a generally horizontal surface  84 . The layer  80  may have a substantially uniform thickness ranging from about 100 to 750 Angstroms, and preferably it will have a substantially uniform thickness of approximately 300 Angstroms. The layer  80  may comprise a dielectric material such as, for example, TEOS oxide, PECVD oxide, or silicon nitride, and preferably it will comprise silicon nitride. 
         [0049]    A layer  90  of polysilicon is then deposited onto the layer  80  using conventional thin film deposition techniques as shown in  FIG. 4 . The layer  90  may have a substantially uniform thickness ranging from about 500 to 2500 Angstroms, and preferably it will have a substantially uniform thickness of approximately 1500 Angstroms. The layer  90  may comprise polysilicon or silicon nitride, and preferably it will comprise polysilicon. The layer  90  is then etched using conventional anisotropic etching techniques to form a spacer  100  out of the layer  90  as shown in  FIG. 5 . The spacer  100  is positioned at the outer periphery of the portion of the layer  80  positioned within the opening  30  and covers the generally vertical side walls  82 . The bottom of the spacer  100  will have a lateral thickness substantially equal to the selected thickness of the layer  90  provided the coating of the layer  90  on the layer  80  is conformal. 
         [0050]    The portion of the layer  80  not covered by the spacer  100  is then etched using conventional anisotropic etching techniques to form an opening  110  defining a pore in the layer  80  extending to the layer  20  as shown in  FIG. 6 . The resulting opening  110  may have a minimum lateral dimension ranging from about 500 to 4000 Angstroms, and preferably it will have a minimum lateral dimension of approximately 1000 Angstroms. The minimum lateral dimension of the opening  110  is defined by the selected thickness of the layer  90  used to form the spacer  100 . The spacer  100  is then removed using conventional wet etch techniques as shown in  FIG. 7 . The disposable spacer  100  thus provides a means of defining the minimum lateral dimension of an ultra-small pore in the layer  80 . The first preferred embodiment of the present method thus provides a means of fabricating an ultra-small pore  110  in the layer  80  by use of the disposable spacer  100  positioned adjacent to an edge feature of the layer  80 . 
         [0051]    Note that while a range of materials may be utilized for each of the layers, the particular materials selected for each of the layers must be selected to provide proper selectivity during the various etching processes as will be recognized by persons of ordinary skill in the art. 
         [0052]    The resulting structure illustrated in  FIG. 7  includes a conductive substrate  20  and a dielectric layer  80  including an opening  110 . This structure is then preferably used to fabricate a chalcogenide memory cell in which the opening  110  provides a pore for placement of an electrode for the chalcogenide memory cell. The chalcogenide memory cell is fabricated by first depositing a layer  120  of a metal organic (MO) material such as, for example, Ti, TiN, or TiC x N y  using conventional thin film deposition methods such as, for example, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) as illustrated in  FIG. 8 . In a preferred embodiment, the MO material comprises TiC x N y . The MOCVD material layer fills the pore  110  and thereby providing an ultra-small electrode for use in the chalcogenide memory cell. The resulting structure is then preferably substantially planarized using a conventional chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) process as illustrated in  FIG. 9 . 
         [0053]    The chalcogenide memory cell  130  is then formed incorporating the ultra-small electrode  120  using conventional semiconductor processing processes such as, for example, thin-film deposition, masking, and etching processes. The chalcogenide memory cell  130  preferably includes a layer  140  of a chalcogenide material, a layer  150  of a conductive material serving as an upper electrode, an insulative layer  160 , an upper conductive layer  170 , and an overlying insulative oxide layer  180 . 
         [0054]    The chalcogenide material layer  140  may be deposited using conventional thin film deposition methods. The chalcogenide material layer may range from approximately 100 to 2000 Angstroms, and preferably it is around 1000 Angstroms thick. Typical chalcogenide compositions for these memory cells  130  include average concentrations of Te in the amorphous state well below 70%, typically below about 60% and ranging in general from as low as about 23% up to about 56% Te, and most preferably to about 48% to 56% Te. Concentrations of Ge are typically above about 15% and range from a low of about 17% to about 44% average, remaining generally below 50% Ge, with the remainder of the principal constituent elements in this class being Sb. The percentages given are atomic percentages which total 100% of the atoms of the constituent elements. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the chalcogenide compositions for these memory cells comprise a Te concentration of about 55%, a Ge concentration of about 22%, and a Sb concentration of about 22%. This class of materials are typically characterized as Te a Ge b Sb 100-(a+b) , where a is equal to or less than about 70% and preferably between about 60% to about 40%, b is above about 15% and less than 50%, preferably between about 17% to about 44%, and the remainder is Sb. 
         [0055]    The layer  150  of conductive material may comprise materials such as, for example, titanium nitride which is deposited over the chalcogenide layer  140  using conventional thin film deposition techniques. The layer  150  thereby provides an upper electrode for the chalcogenide memory cell  130 . The layer  150  may have a thickness ranging from approximately 100 to 2000 Angstroms, and preferably it has a thickness of around 600 Angstroms. The layer  150  may comprise a conductive material such as, for example, TiN or Carbon, and preferably it will comprise TiN. The layers  140  and  150  are subsequently etched back using conventional masking and etching processes. The insulating layer  160  is then applied using conventional thin film PECVD deposition processes. The insulating layer  160  may range in thickness from approximately 100 to 5000 Angstroms, and preferably it has a thickness of around 500 Angstroms. The insulating layer  160  may comprise Si 3 N 4 , SiO 2 , or TEOS, and preferably it will comprise Si 3 N 4 . The overlying oxide layer  180  is then applied using conventional processes such as, for example, TEOS. The insulating layer  160  and the overlying oxide layer  180  are then etched back using conventional masking and etching processes to provide access to the conductive layer or electrode  150  by the upper conductive grid  170 . The upper conductive grid material  170  may be applied using conventional thin-film deposition processes. The upper conductive grid material  170  may comprise materials such as, for example, aluminum alloy, TiW, or CVD W over TiN, and preferably it will comprise Al/Cu. In an alternative embodiment, layer  160  is applied using TEOS, ranging in thickness from approximately 500 to 5000 Angstroms, preferably with a thickness of approximately 3500 Angstroms, and layer  180  is eliminated. 
         [0056]    In a particularly preferred embodiment, the methods described are utilized to form an array of chalcogenide memory cells  130  which are addressable by an X-Y grid of upper and lower conductors. In the particularly preferred embodiment, diodes are further provided in series with the chalcogenide memories in order to permit read/write operations from/to individual chalcogenide memory cells as will be recognized by persons of ordinary skill in the art. 
         [0057]    Referring to  FIGS. 11 to 19 , a second preferred embodiment of a method of fabricating ultra-small electrodes for chalcogenide memory cells will now be described. A layer  210  of silicon nitride is first deposited onto a substrate  220  of titanium nitride. A layer  230  of polysilicon is then deposited onto the layer  210 . The layers  210  and  230  are deposited using conventional thin film deposition techniques as shown in  FIG. 11 . The layer  210  may have a substantially uniform thickness ranging from about 50 to 1000 Angstroms, and preferably it will have a substantially uniform thickness of approximately 500 Angstroms. The layer  210  may be comprised of an insulating material such as, for example, TEOS oxide, silicon nitride, or PECVD oxide, and preferably will be comprised of silicon nitride. The layer  230  may have a substantially uniform thickness ranging from about 1000 to 5000 Angstroms, and preferably it will have a substantially uniform thickness of approximately 4000 Angstroms. The layer  230  may be comprised of TEOS oxide, PECVD oxide, or polysilicon, and preferably will be comprised of polysilicon. The substrate  220  may be comprised of a conductive material such as, for example, TiN, carbon, WSi, or TiW, and preferably will be comprised of TiN. In a preferred embodiment, the substrate  220  will comprise a conductive lower grid for accessing an array of chalcogenide memory cells. 
         [0058]    An opening  240 , extending partially into the layer  210 , is then etched in the layers  210  and  230  using conventional anisotropic etching and masking techniques as shown in  FIG. 12 . The etching process may etch material partially from the layer  210  thereby forming a recess in the layer  210 . The opening  240  may be formed, for example, as a rectangular channel or as a substantially circular opening in the layers  210  and  230 . The opening  240  is preferably formed using a conventional circular contact hole mask resulting in a substantially circular opening. The minimum lateral dimension Y 1  of the opening  240  may range from about 2500 to 8000 Angstroms, and preferably it will be approximately 5000 Angstroms. The opening  240  includes a generally horizontal bottom surface  250  and generally vertical side walls  260  at its outer periphery. 
         [0059]    A second layer  270  of polysilicon is then deposited onto the layer  230  and into the opening  240 , onto the bottom surface  250  and side walls  260 , using conventional thin film deposition techniques as shown in  FIG. 13 . The layer  270  may have a substantially uniform thickness ranging from about 500 to 3500 Angstroms, and preferably it will have a substantially uniform thickness of approximately 2000 Angstroms. The layer  270  may comprise polysilicon, TEOS oxide, or PECVD oxide, and preferably it will comprise polysilicon. The layer  270  is then etched using conventional anisotropic etching techniques to form a spacer  280  out of the layer  270  as shown in  FIG. 14 . The spacer  280  is positioned at the outer periphery of the opening  240  and covers the generally vertical side walls  260 . The bottom of the spacer  280  will have a lateral thickness substantially equal to the selected thickness of the layer  270  provided the layer  270  conformally coats the layers  210  and  230 . 
         [0060]    The portion of the layer  210  not covered by the spacer  280  are then etched using conventional anisotropic etching techniques to form an opening  290  defining a pore in the layer  210  extending to the layer  220  as shown in  FIG. 15 . The resulting opening  290  may have a minimum lateral dimension ranging from about 500 to 4000 Angstroms, and preferably it will have a minimum lateral dimension of approximately 1000 Angstroms. The minimum lateral dimension of the opening  290  is defined by the selected thickness of the layer  270  used in forming the spacer  280 . The spacer  280  and layer  230  are then removed using conventional etching techniques as shown in  FIG. 16 . The disposable spacer  280  thus provides a means of defining the minimum lateral dimension of an ultra-small pore in the layer  210 . The second preferred embodiment of the present method thus provides a means of fabricating an ultra-small pore  290  in the layer  210  by use of a disposable spacer  280  positioned adjacent to an edge feature of the layer  230 . 
         [0061]    Note that while a range of materials may be utilized for each of the layers, the particular materials selected for each of the layers must be selected to provide proper selectivity during the various etching processes as will be recognized by persons of ordinary skill in the art. 
         [0062]    The resulting structure illustrated in  FIG. 16  includes a conductive substrate  220  and an insulating layer  210  including the opening  290  surrounded by a recess  300 . The resulting structure illustrated in  FIG. 16  including the opening  290  may also be provided, without the recess  300  in the layer  210 , where the etch selectivities of the previous processes avoid etching the recess  300  in the layer  210 . This structure is then preferably used to fabricate a chalcogenide memory cell in which the opening  290  provides a pore for placement of an electrode for the chalcogenide memory cell. The chalcogenide memory cell is fabricated by first depositing a layer  310  of a metal organic (MO) material such as, for example, Ti, TiN, or TiC x N y  using conventional thin film deposition methods such as, for example, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) as illustrated in  FIG. 17 . In a preferred embodiment, the MO material comprises TiC x N y . The MOCVD material layer fills the pore  290  and thereby providing an ultra-small electrode for use in the chalcogenide memory cell. The resulting structure is then preferably substantially planarized using a conventional chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) process as illustrated in  FIG. 18 . 
         [0063]    The chalcogenide memory cell  320  is then formed incorporating the ultra-small electrode  310  using conventional semiconductor processing processes such as, for example, thin-film deposition, masking, and etching processes. The chalcogenide memory cell  310  preferably includes a layer  340  of a chalcogenide material, a layer  350  of a conductive material serving as an upper electrode, an insulative layer  360 , an upper conductive layer  370 , and an overlying insulative oxide layer  380 . 
         [0064]    The chalcogenide material layer  340  may be deposited using conventional thin film deposition methods and may have a thickness ranging from approximately 100 to 2000 Angstroms, and preferably it has a thickness of about 1000 Angstroms. Typical chalcogenide compositions for these memory cells  320  include average concentrations of Te in the amorphous state well below 70%, typically below about 60% and ranging in general from as low as about 23% up to about 56% Te, and most preferably to about 48% to 56% Te. Concentrations of Ge are typically above about 15% and range from a low of about 17% to about 44% average, remaining generally below 50% Ge, with the remainder of the principal constituent elements in this class being Sb. The percentages given are atomic percentages which total 100% of the atoms of the constituent elements. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the chalcogenide compositions for these memory cells comprise a Te concentration of about 55%, a Ge concentration of about 22%, and a Sb concentration of about 22%. This class of materials are typically characterized as Te a Ge b Sb 100-(a+b) , where a is equal to or less than about 70% and preferably between about 60% to about 40%, b is above about 15% and less than 50%, preferably between about 17% to about 44%, and the remainder is Sb. 
         [0065]    The layer  350  of conductive material may comprise materials such as, for example, titanium nitride which is deposited over the chalcogenide layer  340  using conventional thin film deposition techniques. The layer  350  thereby provides an upper electrode for the chalcogenide memory cell  320 . The layer  350  may range in thickness from approximately 100 to 2000 Angstroms, and preferably it has a thickness of about 600 Angstroms. The layer  350  may comprise a conductive material such as, for example, TiN or Carbon, and preferably it will comprise TiN. The layers  340  and  350  are subsequently etched back using conventional masking and etching processes. The insulating layer  360  is then applied using conventional thin film PECVD deposition processes. The insulating layer  360  may comprise Si 3 N 4 , SiO 2 , or TEOS, and preferably it will comprise Si 3 N 4 . The insulating layer  360  may range in thickness from approximately 100 to 5000 Angstroms, and preferably it has a thickness of around 500 Angstroms The overlying oxide layer  380  is then applied using conventional processes such as, for example, TEOS. The insulating layer  360  and the overlying oxide layer  380  are then etched back using conventional masking and etching processes to provide access to the conductive layer or electrode  350  by the upper conductive grid  370 . The upper conductive grid material  370  may be applied using conventional thin-film deposition processes. The upper conductive grid material  370  may comprise materials such as, for example, aluminum alloy, TiW, or CVD W over TiN, and preferably it will comprise Al/Cu. In an alternative embodiment, layer  360  is applied using TEOS, ranging in thickness from approximately 500 to 5000 Angstroms, preferably with a thickness of approximately 3500 Angstroms, and layer  380  is eliminated. 
         [0066]    In a particularly preferred embodiment, the methods described are utilized to form an array of chalcogenide memory cells  320  which are addressable by an X-Y grid of upper and lower conductors. In the particularly preferred embodiment, diodes are further provided in series with the chalcogenide memories in order to permit read/write operations from/to individual chalcogenide memory cells as will be recognized by persons of ordinary skill in the art. 
         [0067]    Referring to  FIGS. 20 to 29 , a third preferred embodiment of a method of fabricating ultra-small pores will now be described. A layer  410  of silicon nitride is first deposited onto a substrate  420  of titanium nitride. Layers  430  of silicon dioxide and  440  of polysilicon are then successively deposited onto the layer  410 . In an alternative embodiment, layer  430  is not deposited. The layers  410 ,  430 , and  440  are deposited using conventional thin film deposition techniques as shown in  FIG. 20 . The layer  410  may have a substantially uniform thickness ranging from about 100 to 1000 Angstroms, and preferably it will have a substantially uniform thickness of approximately 500 Angstroms. The layer  410  may be comprised of a dielectric material such as, for example, silicon nitride, TEOS oxide, or PECVD oxide, and preferably it will be comprised of silicon nitride. The layer  430  may have a substantially uniform thickness ranging from about 100 to 1500 Angstroms, and preferably it will have a substantially uniform thickness of approximately 700 Angstroms. The layer  430  may be comprised of TEOS oxide or PECVD oxide, and preferably it will be comprised of TEOS oxide. The layer  440  may have a substantially uniform thickness ranging from about 2000 to 5000 Angstroms, and preferably it will have a substantially uniform thickness of approximately 4000 Angstroms. The layer  440  may be comprised of polysilicon, TEOS oxide, or PECVD oxide, and preferably will be comprised of polysilicon. The substrate  420  may be comprised of a conductive material such as, for example, TiN, carbon, WSi x , or TiW, and preferably will be comprised of TiN. In a preferred embodiment, the substrate layer  420  will comprise a conductive lower grid for accessing an array of chalcogenide memory cells. 
         [0068]    An opening  450 , extending downward to the layer  430 , is then etched in the layer  440  using conventional anisotropic etching and masking techniques as shown in  FIG. 21 . The composition of the layer  430  is selected to prevent any material within the layer  410  from being etched away by this process. The opening  450  may be formed, for example, as a rectangular channel or as a substantially circular opening in the layer  440 . The opening  450  is preferably formed using a conventional contact hole mask resulting in a substantially circular opening. The minimum lateral dimension z 1  of the opening  450  may range from about 2500 to 8000 Angstroms, and preferably it will be approximately 5000 Angstroms. The opening  450  includes a generally horizontal bottom surface  460  and generally vertical side walls  470  at its outer periphery. 
         [0069]    A second layer  480  of polysilicon is then deposited onto the layer  440  and into the opening  450 , onto the bottom surface  460  and side walls  470 , using conventional thin film deposition techniques as shown in  FIG. 22 . The layer  480  may have a substantially uniform thickness ranging from about 500 to 3500 Angstroms, and preferably it will have a substantially uniform thickness of approximately 2000 Angstroms. The layer  480  may comprise polysilicon, TEOS oxide, or PECVD oxide, and preferably it will comprise polysilicon. The layer  480  is then etched using conventional anisotropic etching techniques to form a spacer  490  out of the layer  480  as shown in  FIG. 23 . The spacer  490  is positioned at the outer periphery of the opening  450  and covers the generally vertical side walls  470 . The bottom of the spacer  490  will have a lateral thickness substantially equal to the selected thickness of the layer  480  provided that the layer  480  conformally coats the layer  440 . 
         [0070]    The portions of the layers  410  and  430  not covered by the spacer  490  are then etched using conventional anisotropic etching techniques to form an opening  500  defining a pore in the layers  410  and  430  extending to the layer  420  as shown in  FIG. 24 . The resulting opening  500  may have a minimum lateral dimension ranging from about 500 to 4000 Angstroms, and preferably it will have a minimum lateral dimension of approximately 1000 Angstroms. The minimum lateral dimension of the opening  500  is defined by the selected thickness of the layer  480 . The spacer  490 , layer  440 , and layer  430  are then removed using conventional etching techniques as shown in  FIGS. 25 and 26 . The disposable spacer  490  thus provides a means of defining an ultra-small pore in the layers  410  and  430 . The third preferred embodiment of the present method thus provides a means of fabricating an ultra-small pore  500  in the layers  410  and  430  by use of the disposable spacer  490  positioned adjacent to an edge feature of the layer  440 . 
         [0071]    Note that while a range of materials may be utilized for each of the layers, the particular materials selected for each of the layers must be selected to provide proper selectivity during the various etching processes. 
         [0072]    The resulting structure illustrated in  FIG. 26  includes a conductive substrate  420  and a dielectric layer  410  including the opening  500 . This structure is then preferably used to fabricate a chalcogenide memory cell in which the opening  500  provides a pore for placement of an electrode for the chalcogenide memory cell. The chalcogenide memory cell is fabricated by first depositing a layer  510  of a metal organic (MO) material such as, for example, Ti, TiN, or TiC x N y  using conventional thin film deposition methods such as, for example, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) as illustrated in  FIG. 27 . In a preferred embodiment, the MO material comprises TiC x N y . The MOCVD material layer fills the pore  500  and thereby provides an ultra-small electrode for use in the chalcogenide memory cell. The resulting structure is then preferably substantially planarized using a conventional chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) process as illustrated in  FIG. 28 . 
         [0073]    The chalcogenide memory cell  520  is then formed incorporating the ultra-small electrode  510  using conventional semiconductor processing processes such as, for example, thin-film deposition, masking, and etching processes. The chalcogenide memory cell  520  preferably includes a layer  530  of a chalcogenide material, a layer  540  of a conductive material serving as an upper electrode, an insulative layer  550 , an upper conductive layer  560 , and an overlying insulative oxide layer  570 . 
         [0074]    The chalcogenide material layer  530  may be deposited using conventional thin film deposition methods. The chalcogenide material layer  530  may range in thickness from approximately 100 to 2000 Angstroms, and preferably it has a thickness of around 1000 Angstroms. Typical chalcogenide compositions for these memory cells  520  include average concentrations of Te in the amorphous state well below 70%, typically below about 60% and ranging in general from as low as about 23% up to about 56% Te, and most preferably to about 48% to 56% Te. Concentrations of Ge are typically above about 15% and range from a low of about 17% to about 44% average, remaining generally below 50% Ge, with the remainder of the principal constituent elements in this class being Sb. The percentages given are atomic percentages which total 100% of the atoms of the constituent elements. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the chalcogenide compositions for these memory cells comprise a Te concentration of about 55%, a Ge concentration of about 22%, and a Sb concentration of about 22%. This class of materials are typically characterized as Te a Ge b Sb 100-(a+b) , where a is equal to or less than about 70% and preferably between about 60% to about 40%, b is above about 15% and less than 50%, preferably between about 17% to about 44%, and the remainder is Sb. 
         [0075]    The layer  540  of conductive material may comprise materials such as, for example, titanium nitride which is deposited over the chalcogenide layer  530  using conventional thin film deposition techniques. The layer  540  thereby provides an upper electrode for the chalcogenide memory cell  520 . The layer  540  may range in thickness from approximately 100 to 2000 Angstroms, and preferably it has a thickness of around 600 Angstroms. The layer  540  may comprise a conductive material such as, for example, TiN or Carbon, and preferably it will comprise TiN. The layers  530  and  540  are subsequently etched back using conventional masking and etching processes. The insulating layer  550  is then applied using conventional thin film PECVD deposition processes. The insulating layer  550  may comprise Si 3 N 4 , SiO 2 , or TEOS, and preferably it will comprise Si 3 N 4 . The insulating layer  550  may range in thickness from approximately 100 to 5000 Angstroms, and preferably it has a thickness of around 500 Angstroms. The overlying oxide layer  570  is then applied using conventional processes such as, for example, TEOS. The insulating layer  550  and the overlying oxide layer  570  are then etched back using conventional masking and etching processes to provide access to the conductive layer or electrode  540  by the upper conductive grid  560 . The upper conductive grid material  560  may be applied using conventional thin-film deposition processes. The upper conductive grid material  560  may comprise materials such as, for example, aluminum alloy, TiW, or CVD W over TiN, and preferably it will comprise Al/Cu. In an alternative embodiment, layer  550  is applied using TEOS, ranging in thickness from approximately 500 to 5000 Angstroms, preferably with a thickness of approximately 3500 Angstroms, and layer  570  is eliminated. 
         [0076]    In a particularly preferred embodiment, the methods described are utilized to form an array of chalcogenide memory cells  520  which are addressable by an X-Y grid of upper and lower conductive grids. In the particularly preferred embodiment, diodes are further provided in series with each of the chalcogenide memories in order to permit read/write operations from/to individual chalcogenide memory cells as will be recognized by persons of ordinary skill in the art. 
         [0077]    A method has been described for forming ultra-small electrodes for use in chalcogenide memory cells using disposable internal spacers. More generally, the present method will also provide ultra-small plug contacts or vias in semiconductor devices such as, for example, static random access and dynamic random access memories. Such semiconductor devices require contacts to permit electrical connection to active regions of memory elements. The present method of forming will also provide ultra-small contacts or vias in semiconductor devices generally thereby permitting further reduction in the physical size of such devices. 
         [0078]    While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments have been shown by way of example in the drawings and have been described in detail herein. However, it should be understood that the invention is not intended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed. Rather, the invention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.