Abstract:
A method of applying a high dose of a skin care active by the step of applying to human skin a liquid foamable composition that has from about 0.5% to about 7%, by weight, of surfactants that are cationic surfactants, nonionic surfactants, and mixtures thereof. The foamable composition contains from about 1% to about 15%, by weight, of a fatty alcohol, from about 5% to about 30%, by weight, of a skin care active, and water. The skin care active is preferably selected from the group consisting of niacinamide, hexyldecanol, a peptide, panthenol, undeylenoyl phenylalanine, retinyl propionate and mixtures thereof.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The present disclosure generally relates to foam compositions, aerosol products, and methods of using the same to improve sensory benefits to the skin of a consumer. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    There are many types of skin care products that are commercially available or otherwise known in the art, and there are many factors that can contribute to the purchase intent of a consumer when looking for such products. Critical among these factors are delivery of skin care actives and the sensory benefits that the skin care product can provide. Skin care actives include a variety of compounds that improve the appearance of skin, acutely and chronically. As you increase the amount of active in a skin care product, you increase the benefits to the skin. But as you increase active delivery, you often decrease the sensory experience to the consumer. As such, there is a consistent desire to develop new ways to deliver larger amounts of skin care actives and improving the positive sensory experience to consumers. 
         [0003]    Skin care products have often employed polymers, often thickeners, as a way to manage rheological properties to promote performance benefits. However, some of these polymers are not optimized to provide the desired sensory benefits. For example, elevated polymer concentrations, relative to evaporating fluids, can thicken fluids that remain on the skin during product application and subsequent dry-down, resulting in tack, drag, stickiness, or other negative sensory aspects. Further, such negative aspects can continue after the dry-down phase as a result of sweating and humidity fluctuations. 
         [0004]    Using a foam composition is one way to reduce or eliminate the use of polymers. For example, foams can use air to thicken a product in place of polymers. Thus, foams can convey a desired rich and creamy aesthetic while reducing or eliminating the negative sensory aspects associated with the use of polymers. Further, foams can easily absorb into the skin as they can rapidly break down into fluids. However, certain foam compositions can lack the stability that may otherwise be provided by skin care products with polymers. Application of foams lacking the necessary stability can also result in a negative sensory experience for a consumer. 
         [0005]    Therefore, what is desired is method of applying a high dose of a skin care active to human skin by applying a composition comprising skin care product in the form of a foam composition, which possesses robust stability and an ability to provide desired sensory benefits. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0006]    In accordance with one example of the present invention there is provided a method of applying a high dose of a skin care active by the step of applying to human skin an effective amount of a liquid foamable composition that contains from about 0.5% to about 7%, by weight, of surfactants selected from the group consisting of cationic surfactants, nonionic surfactants, and mixtures thereof. Further there is from about 1% to about 15%, by weight, of a fatty alcohol, and from about 5% to about 30%, by weight, of a skin care active. The skin care active is preferably selected from the group consisting of niacinamide, hexyldecanol, a peptide, panthenol, undeylenoyl phenylalanine, retinyl propionate and mixtures thereof. Water is also present, preferably at a concentration of from about 20% to about 92%, by weight. 
         [0007]    The surfactant and the fatty alcohol combine to form liquid crystal structures, wherein the liquid crystal structures are of a phase selected from the group consisting of bicontinuous cubic, hexagonal, inverse cubic, lamellar gel, micellar cubic, reverse hexagonal columnar, and combinations thereof. Preferably the liquid crystal structures are of a lamellar gel phase. 
         [0008]    In yet another aspect of this invention there is provided from about 5% to about 50%, by weight, of a polyol humectant, which preferably contains at least 50% glycerin, and more preferably the polyol humectant contains at least 75% glycerin. The nonionic surfactant, when present, is preferably selected from the group consisting of Cetearyl Glucoside, Cetearyl Alcohol, Stearic Acid, PEG-100 Stearate, glyceryl monostearate and mixtures thereof. The cationic surfactant, when present, preferably is selected from the group consisting of a quaternary ammonium compound, preferably the quaternary ammonium compound comprises one or more of behenyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, stearamidopropyl dimethylamine, behentrimonium methosulfate, behenylamidopropyl dimethylamine, stearyl ethylhexyldimonium methosulfate, dicetyldimonium chloride, and ditallow dimethyl ammonium chloride. The fatty alcohol preferably has a melting point of about 25° C. or higher, and can be selected from the group consisting of behenyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, batyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, and mixtures thereof. 
         [0009]    The present invention preferably comprises a propellant that is selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons (A46, A70), hydrofluoro-olefin, carbon dioxide, and mixtures thereof. The liquid foamable composition is preferably substantially free of a thickening agent. and preferably the foam has a specific gravity of less than 0.6. 
         [0010]    The method of applying a high dose of a skin care active of the present invention allows for up to three times the delivered concentration of skin care active, without a decrease in sensory appeal. The present invention allows for the removal of polymeric thickeners and rheological modifiers, again, without degrading the consumer sensory experience. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0011]      FIG. 1  depicts a side elevational view in partial section of an assembled valve mounted to a container according to one example. 
           [0012]      FIG. 2  depicts a schematic cross-sectional view of an inner bag housed within a container according to another example. 
           [0013]      FIG. 3  depicts a front view of the inner bag of  FIG. 2 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     I. Definitions 
       [0014]    As used herein, the following terms shall have the meaning specified thereafter: 
         [0015]    “Non-volatile,” as it relates to at least fatty alcohols and silicones, can refer to having a boiling point at 1.0 atmospheres of about 260° C. or greater, about 275° C. or greater, or about 300° C. or greater. 
         [0016]    “Polymer” can refer to materials formed by polymerization of one type of monomer or formed by polymerization of two or more types of monomers (i.e., copolymers). 
         [0017]    “Water soluble” can refer to being sufficiently soluble in water to form a solution that is substantially clear to a naked eye at a concentration of 0.1% in water (distilled or equivalent) at 25° C. The polymer can be sufficiently soluble to form a substantially clear solution at 0.5% concentration in water, and likely to form a substantially clear solution at 1.0% concentration in water. 
       II. Foam Compositions 
       [0018]    Surprisingly, it was found that, due to the use of a surfactant and fatty acid blend in a foamable composition, a very rich and creamy foam composition with robust stability results which provides desired high levels of skin care actives and a high level of sensory benefits can be achieved. The foam composition can be formed from the combination of a liquid foamable composition with a propellant. A liquid composition is generally foamable if it has the ability to entrain or entrap gas (e.g., carbon dioxide). The liquid foamable composition, can be based on a combination of a skin care active, a cationic surfactant (e.g., typically a quaternary ammonium compound), a non-ionic surfactant, and a fatty alcohol. 
         [0019]    Essential ingredients, as well as a non-exclusive list of optional ingredients, are described below. 
         [0020]    A. Liquid Foamable Composition 
         [0021]    A liquid foamable composition can include cationic surfactant (e.g., typically a quaternary ammonium compound), a non-ionic surfactant, a skin care active, a fatty alcohol, water, and other optional ingredients (e.g., glycerin, a super-absorbent polymer). Specific types and ranges for these components are described herein. 
       Cationic Surfactants 
       [0022]    Cationic surfactants suitable for use in the liquid foamable composition can include amino or quaternary ammonium moieties. Additional suitable cationic surfactants are disclosed in the following documents, all incorporated by reference herein: M.C. Publishing Co., McCutcheon&#39;s, Detergents &amp; Emulsifiers, (North American edition 1979); Schwartz, et al., Surface Active Agents, Their Chemistry and Technology, New York, Interscience Publishers, 1949; U.S. Pat. No. 3,155,591, Hilfer, issued Nov. 3, 1964; U.S. Pat. No. 3,929,678, Laughlin et al., issued Dec. 30, 1975; U.S. Pat. No. 3,959,461, Bailey et al., issued May 25, 1976; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,387,090, Bolich, Jr., issued Jun. 7, 1983. 
         [0023]    Suitable quaternary ammonium compounds can include those of the general formula: 
         [0000]      [NR1,R2,R3,R4] + .X −   
         [0000]    wherein R1 to R4 can independently be an aliphatic group of from about 1 to about 22 carbon atoms or an aromatic, alkoxy, polyoxyalkylene, alkylamido, hydroxyalkyl, aryl, or alkylaryl group having from about 1 to about 22 carbon atoms; and X −  can be a salt-forming anion, such as those selected from halogen (e.g., chloride, bromide, iodide), acetate, citrate, lactate, glycolate, phosphate nitrate, sulfate, and alkylsulfate radicals. 
         [0024]    Such aliphatic groups can contain, in addition to carbon and hydrogen atoms, either linkages or other groups, such as amino groups. The longer-chain aliphatic groups (e.g., those of about 12 carbons, or higher) can be saturated or unsaturated. Mono-long alkyl quaternized ammonium salt cationic surfactants can include behenyl trimethyl ammonium salt, stearyl trimethyl ammonium salt, cetyl trimethyl ammonium salt, and hydrogenated tallow alkyl trimethyl ammonium salt. Di-long chain (e.g., di C 12 -C 22 , C 16 -C 18 , aliphatic, alkyl) and di-short chain (e.g., C 1 -C 3  alkyl, C 1 -C 2  alkyl) ammonium salts can also be employed. Other suitable quaternary ammonium salt useful as cationic surfactants are described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,936,798, which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
         [0025]    Salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary fatty amines can also be suitable cationic surfactant materials. The alkyl groups of such amines can have from about 12 to about 22 carbon atoms, and may be substituted or unsubstituted. Such amines can include stearamidopropyl dimethylamine, behenylamidopropyl dimethylamine, diethyl amino ethyl stearamide, dimethyl stearamine, dimethyl soyamine, soyamine, myristyl amine, tridecyl amine, ethyl stearylamine, N-tallowpropane diamine, ethoxylated (5 moles E.O.) stearylamine, dihydroxy ethyl stearylamine, and arachidylbehenylamine. Suitable amine salts can include halogen, acetate, phosphate, nitrate, citrate, lactate, and alkyl sulfate salts. Such salts can include stearylamine hydrochloride, soyamine chloride, stearylamine formate, N-tallowpropane diamine dichloride, and stearamidopropyl dimethylamine citrate. Suitable cationic amine surfactants for the liquid foamable composition are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,275,055, Nachtigal, et al., issued Jun. 23, 1981, incorporated by reference herein. In certain examples, suitable cationic surfactants can include behenyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, stearyl ethylhexyldimonium methosulfate, dicetyldimonium chloride, ditallow dimethyl ammonium chloride, GENAMIN® CTAC (i.e., cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride), esterquats (e.g., tetradecyl betainester chloride), diesterquats (e.g., dipalmitylethyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, ARMOCARE® VGH70 of Akzo, Germany), or a mixture of distearoylethyl hydroxyethylmonium methosulfate and Cetearyl Alkohol (DEHYQUART® F-75 of Henkel, Germany). 
         [0026]    In certain examples, cationic surfactants (e.g., quaternary ammonium compounds) can be included at concentration levels from about 0.05% to about 5%, by weight, of the liquid foamable composition, and in certain examples, from about 1% to about 4%, by weight of the liquid foamable composition. Quaternary ammonium compounds may comprise one or more of behenyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, stearamidopropyl dimethylamine, behentrimonium methosulfate (“BTMS”), behenylamidopropyl dimethylamine, stearyl ethylhexyldimonium methosulfate, dicetyldimonium chloride, and ditallow dimethyl ammonium chloride. 
       Nonionic Surfactants 
       [0027]    Surfactants useful in the present invention may also be selected from nonionic surfactants. Among the nonionic surfactants that are useful herein are those that can be broadly defined as condensation products of long chain alcohols, e.g. C8-30 alcohols, with sugar or starch polymers, i.e., glycosides. These compounds can be represented by the formula (S) n —O—R wherein S is a sugar moiety such as glucose, fructose, mannose, and galactose; n is an integer of from about 1 to about 1000, and R is a C8-30 alkyl group. Examples of long chain alcohols from which the alkyl group can be derived include decyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, lauryl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, and the like. Preferred examples of these surfactants include those wherein S is a glucose moiety, R is a C8-20 alkyl group, and n is an integer of from about 1 to about 9. Commercially available examples of these surfactants include decyl polyglucoside (available as APG 325 CS from Henkel) and lauryl polyglucoside (available as APG 600 CS and 625 CS from Henkel). 
         [0028]    Other useful nonionic surfactants include the condensation products of alkylene oxides with fatty acids (i.e. alkylene oxide esters of fatty acids). These materials have the general formula RCO(X) n OH wherein R is a C10-30 alkyl group, X is —OCH 2 CH 2 — (i.e. derived from ethylene glycol or oxide) or —OCH 2 CHCH 3 — (i.e. derived from propylene glycol or oxide), and n is an integer from about 6 to about 200. Other nonionic surfactants are the condensation products of alkylene oxides with 2 moles of fatty acids (i.e. alkylene oxide diesters of fatty acids). These materials have the general formula RCO(X) n OOCR wherein R is a C10-30 alkyl group, X is —OCH 2 CH 2 — (i.e. derived from ethylene glycol or oxide) or —OCH 2 CHCH 3 — (i.e. derived from propylene glycol or oxide), and n is an integer from about 6 to about 100. Other nonionic surfactants are the condensation products of alkylene oxides with fatty alcohols (i.e. alkylene oxide ethers of fatty alcohols). These materials have the general formula R(X) n OR′ wherein R is a C10-30 alkyl group, X is —OCH 2 CH 2 — (i.e. derived from ethylene glycol or oxide) or —OCH 2 CHCH 3 — (i.e. derived from propylene glycol or oxide), and n is an integer from about 6 to about 100 and R′ is H or a C10-30 alkyl group. Still other nonionic surfactants are the condensation products of alkylene oxides with both fatty acids and fatty alcohols [i.e. wherein the polyalkylene oxide portion is esterified on one end with a fatty acid and etherified (i.e. connected via an ether linkage) on the other end with a fatty alcohol]. These materials have the general formula RCO(X) n OR′ wherein R and R′ are C10-30 alkyl groups, X is —OCH 2 CH 2  (i.e. derived from ethylene glycol or oxide) or —OCH 2 CHCH 3 — (derived from propylene glycol or oxide), and n is an integer from about 6 to about 100. Nonlimiting examples of these alkylene oxide derived nonionic surfactants include ceteth-6, ceteth-10, ceteth-12, ceteareth-6, ceteareth-10, ceteareth-12, steareth-6, steareth-10, steareth-12, PEG-6 stearate, PEG-10 stearate, PEG-100 stearate, PEG-12 stearate, PEG-20 glyceryl stearate, PEG-80 glyceryl tallowate, PEG-10 glyceryl stearate, PEG-30 glyceryl cocoate, PEG-80 glyceryl cocoate, PEG-200 glyceryl tallowate, PEG-8 dilaurate, PEG-10 distearate, and mixtures thereof. 
         [0029]    Still other useful nonionic surfactants include polyhydroxy fatty acid amide surfactants corresponding to the structural formula: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    wherein: R 1  is H, C 1 -C 4  alkyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy-propyl, preferably C 1 -C 4  alkyl, more preferably methyl or ethyl, most preferably methyl; R 2  is C 5 -C 31  alkyl or alkenyl, preferably C 7 -C 19  alkyl or alkenyl, more preferably C 9 -C 17  alkyl or alkenyl, most preferably C 11 -C 15  alkyl or alkenyl; and Z is a polhydroxyhydrocarbyl moiety having a linear hydrocarbyl chain with a least 3 hydroxyls directly connected to the chain, or an alkoxylated derivative (preferably ethoxylated or propoxylated) thereof. Z preferably is a sugar moiety selected from the group consisting of glucose, fructose, maltose, lactose, galactose, mannose, xylose, and mixtures thereof. An especially preferred surfactant corresponding to the above structure is coconut alkyl N-methyl glucoside amide (i.e., wherein the R 2 CO— moiety is derived from coconut oil fatty acids). Processes for making compositions containing polyhydroxy fatty acid amides are disclosed, for example, in G.B. Patent Specification 809,060, published Feb. 18, 1959, by Thomas Hedley &amp; Co., Ltd.; U.S. Pat. No. 2,965,576, to E. R. Wilson, issued Dec. 20, 1960; U.S. Pat. No. 2,703,798, to A. M. Schwartz, issued Mar. 8, 1955; and U.S. Pat. No. 1,985,424, to Piggott, issued Dec. 25, 1934; which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Preferred among the nonionic surfactants are those selected from the group consisting of steareth-21, ceteareth-20, ceteareth-12, sucrose cocoate, steareth-100, PEG-100 stearate, and mixtures thereof. 
         [0030]    Other nonionic surfactants suitable for use herein include sugar esters and polyesters, alkoxylated sugar esters and polyesters, C1-C30 fatty acid esters of C1-C30 fatty alcohols, alkoxylated derivatives of C1-C30 fatty acid esters of C1-C30 fatty alcohols, alkoxylated ethers of C1-C30 fatty alcohols, polyglyceryl esters of C1-C30 fatty acids, C1-C30 esters of polyols, C1-C30 ethers of polyols, alkyl phosphates, polyoxyalkylene fatty ether phosphates, fatty acid amides, acyl lactylates, and mixtures thereof. Nonlimiting examples of these non-silicon-containing emulsifiers include: polyethylene glycol 20 sorbitan monolaurate (Polysorbate 20), polyethylene glycol 5 soya sterol, Steareth-20, Ceteareth-20, PPG-2 methyl glucose ether distearate, Ceteth-10, Polysorbate 80, cetyl phosphate, potassium cetyl phosphate, diethanolamine cetyl phosphate, Polysorbate 60, glyceryl stearate, polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitan trioleate (Polysorbate 85), sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene 4 lauryl ether sodium stearate, polyglyceryl-4 isostearate, hexyl laurate, PPG-2 methyl glucose ether distearate, PEG-100 stearate, and mixtures thereof. 
       Fatty Alcohols 
       [0031]    A liquid foamable composition can include a fatty alcohol. For example, the liquid foamable composition can include monohydric saturated straight-chain fatty alcohols, such as one or more of behenyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, and stearyl alcohol, and other waxy fatty alcohols having melting points of about 25° C. or higher, or of about 45° C. or higher; and at levels of about 10% or less, by weight of the liquid foamable composition; and about 4% or less, by weight of the liquid foamable composition. 
         [0032]    In certain examples, the fatty alcohols can be non-volatile and have a low melting point. For example, such fatty alcohols can have a melting point of 30° C. or less, about 25° C. or less, or about 22° C. or less. Unsaturated fatty alcohols can also be non-volatile. Suitable fatty alcohols can include unsaturated monohydric straight-chain fatty alcohols, saturated branched-chain fatty alcohols, saturated C 8 -C 12  straight-chain fatty alcohols, and mixtures thereof. The unsaturated straight-chain fatty alcohols can typically have one degree of unsaturation. Di- and tri-unsaturated alkenyl chains can be present at low levels; about 5% or less, by total weight of the unsaturated straight-chain fatty alcohol; about 2% or less, by total weight of the unsaturated straight-chain fatty alcohol; and about 1% or less, by total weight of the unsaturated straight-chain fatty alcohol. The unsaturated straight-chain fatty alcohols can have an aliphatic chain size of from C 12 -C 22  in certain examples, from C 12 -C 18  in certain examples, and from C 16 -C 18  in certain examples. Exemplary alcohols of this type can include oleyl alcohol and palmitoleic alcohol. 
         [0033]    Branched-chain alcohols can typically have aliphatic chain sizes of from C 12 -C 22 , C 14 -C 20  in certain examples, and C 16 -C 18  in certain examples. Suitable branched-chain alcohols can include isostearyl alcohol, octyl dodecanol, and octyl decanol. 
         [0034]    Examples of saturated C 8 -C 12  straight-chain alcohols can include octyl alcohol, caprylic alcohol, decyl alcohol, and lauryl alcohol. Fatty alcohols having a low melting point can be included at levels from about 0.1% to about 10%, by weight of the liquid foamable composition, from about 0.2% to about 5%, by weight of the liquid foamable composition in certain examples; and from about 0.5% to about 3%, by weight of the liquid foamable composition in certain examples. 
         [0035]    It may be desirable to use waxy fatty alcohols for their conditioning benefits. However, if both waxy fatty alcohols and liquid fatty alcohols are present, a weight ratio of liquid to waxy fatty alcohols can be about 0.25 or less, in certain examples; about 0.15 or less, in certain examples; and about 0.10 or less, in certain examples. 
         [0036]    A total amount of fatty alcohols in the liquid foamable composition can be from about 1% to about 10%, by weight; from about 2% to about 8%, by weight; and from about 3% to about 6%, by weight. In certain examples, a ratio of the fatty alcohol to the cationic surfactant can be about 2 parts to about 1 part. In such examples, the fatty alcohol and the cationic surfactant can combine to form liquid crystal structures in a lamellar gel phase. In examples where the ratio of the fatty alcohol to the cationic surfactant is lower (i.e., an amount of cationic surfactant is increased relative to an amount of fatty alcohol), the liquid crystal structures can be in the form of vesicles. In certain examples, the liquid crystal structures can be of any of a variety of suitable phases including, for example, bicontinuous cubic, hexagonal, inverse cubic, micellar cubic, reverse hexagonal columnar, and combinations thereof. Examples of liquid crystal structures are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,470,305 and PCT International Publication No. WO 2010/060131, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
       Skin Care Actives 
       [0037]    A wide variety of skin care actives and optional ingredients can be included within the liquid foamable composition. Such actives can include other conditioning agents (e.g., betaine, carnitin esters, creatine, amino acids, peptides, proteins and vitamins); vitamin derivatives (e.g., tocophenyl actetate, niacinamide, panthenol); hair-hold polymers; UV-filters (e.g., p-methoxy cinnamic acid isoamylester, lipophilic cinnamic acid esters, salicylic acid esters, 4-amino benzoic acid derivatives or hydrophilic sulfonic acid derivatives of benzophenones or 3-benzyliden campher); antioxidants (e.g., tocopheroles), preservatives (e.g., benzyl alcohol, methyl paraben, propyl paraben, and imidazolidinyl urea); polyvinyl alcohol; ethyl alcohol; pH-adjusting agents (e.g., citric acid, formic acid, glyoxylic acid, acetic acid, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, sodium citrate, succinic acid, phosphoric acid, sodium hydroxide, and sodium carbonate); salts (e.g., potassium acetate and sodium chloride); antimicrobials; humectants (e.g., sorbitol); chelators (e.g., such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,487,884 issued to Bisset, et al.); sunscreens; desquamation actives (e.g., those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,681,852 and 5,652,228 issued to Bisset); anti-wrinkle/anti-atrophy actives (e.g., N-acetyl derivatives, thiols, hydroxyl acids, phenol); skin soothing agents/skin healing agents (e.g., panthenoic acid derivatives, aloe vera, allantoin); skin lightening agents (e.g., kojic acid, arbutin, ascorbic acid derivatives); skin tanning agents (e.g. dihydroxyacteone); anti-acne medicaments; essential oils; sensates; coloring agents; perfumes; sequestering agents (e.g., disodium ethylenediamine tetra-acetate); and polymer plasticizing agents (e.g., glycerin, disobutyl adipate, butyl stearate, and propylene glycol). Other such suitable examples of such skin actives are described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0009285. 
         [0038]    Such optional ingredients generally can be used individually at levels from about 0.01% to about 10.0%, by weight of the liquid foamable composition in certain examples; and in certain examples from about 0.05% to about 5.0% of the liquid foamable composition. 
       Other Components 
       [0039]    The liquid foamable composition can include water in amount such that water can provide a remainder of the liquid foamable composition. As such, a liquid foamable composition can include from about 50% to about 98%, by weight; from about 50% to about 80%, by weight; or from about 70% to about 75%, by weight, of water. 
         [0040]    In certain examples, the water may include other liquid, water-miscible, or water-soluble solvents such as lower alkyl alcohols (e.g., C 1 -C 5  alkyl monohydric alcohols), such as C 2 -C 3  alkyl alcohols. However, the liquid fatty alcohol must be miscible in an aqueous portion of the liquid foamable composition. The fatty alcohol can be naturally miscible in the aqueous portion or can be made miscible through the use of co-solvents or surfactants. 
         [0041]    The liquid foamable composition can also include a variety of other optional components suitable for rendering such compositions more cosmetically or aesthetically acceptable or to provide them with additional usage benefits. Such conventional optional ingredients can be well-known to those skilled in the art. 
         [0042]    For example, the liquid foamable composition can also include one or more additional conditioning agents, such as those selected from the group consisting of avocado oil, fatty acids, hexyldecanol, isopropyl myristate, lanolin, apple wax, bees wax or jojoba oil, phospholipids (e.g., lecithines or ceramides), vaseline non-volatile hydrocarbons, and hydrocarbon esters. Imidazolidinyl derivatives, such as INCI Quaternium-87 (REWOQUAT® W 575 of Witco, Germany) can also be useful. 
         [0043]    In certain examples, the liquid foamable composition can include a superabsorbent polymer. Suitable superabsorbent polymers can include polyacrylates (e.g., sodium polyacrylate starch) and polyacrylic acid polymers. Suitable materials are described, for example, in PCT Patent Applications WO 07/047598, WO 07/046052, WO2009/155265 and WO2009/155264, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference. In certain examples, suitable superabsorbent polymer particles can be obtained by current state-of-the-art production processes, such as those described in WO 2006/083584, which is hereby incorporated by reference. The superabsorbent polymers can be internally cross-linked (i.e., polymerization can be carried out in the presence of compounds having two or more polymerizable groups that can be free-radically copolymerized into the polymer network), externally surface crosslinked, or post crosslinked. Additional suitable superabsorbent polymers are described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2013/0243836 and PCT International Application No. PCT/US2013/032922, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
         [0044]    In certain examples, the liquid foamable composition can further include one or more thickening agents to facilitate foam stabilization when the propellant is added to the liquid foamable composition. However, in certain examples, the liquid foamable composition can be substantially free of any thickening agents. Non-limiting classes of thickening agents include those selected from carboxylic acid polymers, crosslinked polyacrylate polymers, polyacrylamide polymers, polysaccharides, and gums. Suitable examples of each are described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0049212, which is incorporated by reference herein. Additionally, suitable thickening agents can include water-soluble polymers as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,444,716, which is also incorporated by reference herein. The liquid foamable composition can include from about 0.1% to about 2%, by weight; from about 0.2% to about 1%, by weight; and from about 0.5% to about 1%, by weight, of a polymer thickening agent. 
         [0045]    B. Propellant 
         [0046]    A variety of conventional propellants (e.g., gases) can be used to transform the liquid foamable composition into a foam composition. Such propellants can include carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide. In certain examples, the propellant can be only one compound, and in other examples, the propellant can be a mixture of compounds. For example, in one example, only carbon dioxide can be used as a propellant. In certain examples, the propellant can include air. Other compounds can also be included to form the propellant in amounts of up to about 1%, by weight of the total propellant. These additional propellant compounds can include propane, butane, isobutane, dimethyl ether, and N 2 O. These additional propellant compounds can be present without causing any disadvantages. In certain examples, the foam composition can include about 20 parts of propellant per one hundred parts. 
         [0047]    In a bag-on-valve system, for example, a propellant can be held within a container, such that the propellant surrounds an inner bag. As described herein, propellants used in a bag-on-valve system can have minimal to no interaction with a liquid foamable composition or a foam composition. As a result, types of propellant that can be used in a bag-on-valve system can be less restrictive than those used in examples where there is more interaction between the propellant and the liquid foamable composition or the foam composition. Suitable propellants for use in a bag-on-valve system can include, for example, hydrocarbons or any of a variety of suitable propellants. 
         [0048]    In the foam composition, carbon dioxide can be included at levels of about 0.5% to about 20.0%, by weight, in certain examples; from about 1.0% to about 3.0%, by weight, in certain examples; and from about 1.5% to about 2.5%, by weight, in certain examples. 
       III. Aerosol Product 
       [0049]    An aerosol product can include a liquid foamable composition, a propellant, and a package. In certain examples, the liquid foamable composition and propellant can be housed in the package, which can include a container and a valve, such that the liquid foamable composition and propellant can be combined and dispensed as a foam. In certain examples, a foam composition can be housed in a package. 
         [0050]    The container can be any of a variety of aerosol containers or similar type containers known in the art. For example, the container can be a single chamber container or a barrier container. Non-limiting examples of single chamber containers can include plastic, glass, aluminum, or steel containers that can be unlined or lined with materials such as epoxy phenolics, organosols, and polyamide imides. In such single chamber containers, the liquid foamable composition and the propellant can be combined in the single chamber, as shown in  FIG. 1 . Barrier containers can keep the liquid foamable composition physically separate from the propellant within the container. Non-limiting examples of barrier containers can include a piston container and a bag-on-valve container, which are described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2012/0288465. 
         [0051]    The valve can be any of a variety of aerosol valves or similar type valves (e.g., any of a variety of valves supplied by APTAR®). In certain examples, the valve can be a powder valve. The powder valve can include one or more orifices on a valve stem, normally one or two orifices. Each of the orifices can have a same or different orifice diameter and can be in the form of any of a variety of shapes (e.g., circular, square, etc.). Both the orifice diameter and the orifice shape can be selected based upon the size and shape of the particulate material used in the liquid foamable composition. Further, certain valves, such as a powder valve, can help to prevent clogging of the aerosol product by wiping an opening of the orifice against a sealing gasket as the valve moves from an open position to a closed position. Non-limiting examples of suitable powder valve configurations are described in detail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,773,064, 5,975,378, 6,394,321 and 8,580,725. 
         [0052]      FIG. 1  shows a portion of a container  110  to which a valve is mounted, according to one example. A valve assembly  111  can generally include a dip tube  112 , a valve housing  114 , a valve-closing coil spring  116 , and a valve body  118 . The valve body  118  can have a hollow valve stem  120  extending upwardly therefrom and can include at least one orifice  122  leading into an interior of the valve stem  120 . A sealing gasket  124 , which can be made of rubber or other suitable resilient material, can surround the valve stem  120  and seal the orifice  122  when the valve is in the closed position. An actuator  126  having a nozzle  128  is shown to be attached to a top of the valve stem  120 . When the actuator  126  is depressed downwardly against a force of the spring  116 , the valve moves to the open position, and the orifice  122  can pass below the sealing gasket  124  such that the liquid foamable composition within the container can, under the influence of the propellant, pass up through the dip tube  112 , into the valve body  118 , through the orifice  122 , into the valve stem  120 , into the actuator  126 , before being dispensed out through the nozzle  128 . When the actuator  126  is released, the valve can return to the closed position, such that the spring  116  can push the valve stem  120  and the orifice  122  upwardly against the sealing gasket  124 , wiping any remaining liquid foamable composition away from the orifice  122  of the valve stem  120  to prevent clogging of the orifice  122  and blocking flow of the liquid foamable composition. 
         [0053]    The actuator  126  can be any of a variety of actuators known in the art. For example, an actuator can be a front-hinged, rear-hinged, or non-hinged actuator, as long as the actuator can be properly matched with the valve stem. Non-limiting examples of suitable hinged actuators can include those available from SEAQUIST® Perfect Dispensing under the trade names S30, S25, S20, and Allegra for upright containers and S16 and S4 for inverted containers. Non-hinged actuators can be used as they can tend to exhibit less lateral pressure during actuation of the aerosol product. Non-limiting examples of suitable non-hinged actuators can include those available from Precision Valve under the trade names City Spout, Hercules Spout, and Iris and those available from SEAQUIST® Perfect Dispensing under the trade name S2. Actuators, valves, containers, and other related parts and equipment can include those available from, for example, APTAR®, Precision Valve, and Summit Packaging Systems. 
         [0054]    In another example, a container can include a bag-on-valve system, as mentioned herein and as shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 .  FIG. 2 , for example, shows a bag-on-valve system including a container  210  having an inner bag  213 , which can be filled with the foam composition or the liquid foamable composition, and an outer container  215 , which can enclose the inner bag  213 . A valve assembly  211 , vertically movable between an open position and a closed position, can be attached to the inner bag  213 . 
         [0055]    The valve assembly  211  can include a housing  214 , a valve stem  220 , a spring  216 , a valve plate  232 , an inner sealing  234 , and an outer sealing  236 . The valve stem  220  can include one or more lateral openings  238 . The spring  216  can be disposed between a lower end portion  240  of the valve stem  220  and the housing  214  and can bias the valve stem  220  upwardly towards the valve plate  232 , which can be disposed at an upper end of the housing  214 . The valve plate  232  can include two coaxially-arranged recesses  242 ,  244  extending in a circumferential direction of the valve plate  32 .  FIG. 2  shows an axial opening  246  located in a central portion of the inner recess  242 . The inner sealing  234  can be disposed within the inner recess  242 , attached to the valve plate  232 , and can be adapted to engage the valve stem  220  such that the lateral opening  238  of the valve stem  220  is covered and blocked, respectively. The outer sealing  236  can be disposed in the second or outer recess  244  of the valve plate  232 . The valve stem  220  can include a passage  248  in the central axial portion thereof, which can be connected to the lateral opening  238  on one side and connectable to a corresponding passage of a dispenser cap on the other side. In the closed position, a flow path from the interior space of the housing  214  along the valve stem  220  and through the lateral opening  238  can be blocked by the inner sealing  234 . 
         [0056]    The valve assembly  211  can be fixed to the inner bag  213  at an upper end thereof such that a lower end of the housing  214  of the valve assembly  211  can be gas-tight covered by the upper edge of the inner bag  213 . Further, the inner bag  213  and the valve assembly  211  can be attached to the outer container  215  such that an upper end of the outer container  215  can engage the outer sealing  236  of the valve plate  232  in a gas-tight manner. Accordingly, an interior of the inner bag  213  and space between the outer container  215  and the inner bag  213  each can be independently sealed. 
         [0057]    A dispenser cap having an actuator (not shown) can be attached to the valve plate  232  such that the actuator can engage the valve stem  220 . When the actuator is depressed downwardly against a force of the spring  216 , the valve assembly  211  can move to the open position. The valve stem  220  moves within the inner sealing  234 , which can remain stationary, while contacting the same. Once the lateral opening  238  can be uncovered by the inner sealing  234 , the flow path from the valve housing  214  through the lateral opening  238  can be opened. Thus, the interior of the inner bag  213  and the flow path inside the valve housing  214  become linked such that the foam composition/liquid foamable composition within the inner bag  213  can pass through the flow path and dispensed out of the dispenser cap by the pressure of the propellant/compressed gas, which can surround the inner bag  213 . 
         [0058]    As shown in  FIG. 3 , the inner bag  213  can include flat lateral edges  250  and a bottom fold  252 , which can be directed towards an upper end of the inner bag  213  in order to allow a controlled collapse. Near the bottom fold  252 , the inner bag  213  can include two flat triangular portions  254 , each extending from the bottom edge  256  to the lateral edge  250  with an angle of about 45°. This can further facilitate the collapse of the inner bag  213 , when compressed by the pressure of the propellant in the outer container  215  (as shown in  FIG. 2 ). As described above, the outer container  215  can include any of a variety of propellants or any other suitable compressed gas. Pressure of the propellant can be set to from about 0.3 to about 1.0 MPa, or from about 0.3 to about 0.8 MPa, in order to stably discharge contents of the inner bag  213  as completely as possible. 
         [0059]    The inner bag can be flexible, and can be made from any of a variety of suitable materials. In certain examples, the inner bag can be formed with a layer of a material that can be essentially impermeable to the propellant within the inner bag. In certain examples, the inner bag can be formed with a layer of a material that can be essentially impermeable to the propellant outside of the bag, as it may be required that such compositions do not mix during storage. Mixing of the propellant within the inner bag and the propellant outside of the bag can be inappropriate based on the properties of the foam composition/liquid foamable composition or any of a variety of other reasons. However, this does not preclude the possibility that the propellant within the inner bag and the propellant outside of the bag can be mixed upon dispensing of the foam composition/liquid foamable composition when a valve to dispense the foam is triggered. For example, a mixing channel (not shown) or another appropriate measure can be used in such a case to mix the respective propellants if desired. 
       IV. Method of Use 
       [0060]    The foam composition can be used in conventional ways to improve sensory benefits to skin. This generally involves application of an effective amount of the foam composition to a portion of the skin of a user. For example, the foam composition can be dispensed from an aerosol can or similar container or package, and the foam composition can be applied and rubbed onto a desired portion of the skin of a user. An “effective amount” can refer to an amount sufficient enough to provide the desired sensory benefits, which can include, for example, a rich and creamy appearance and a favorable “feel.” 
         [0061]    In certain embodiments, the foam composition can provide the rich and creamy appearance and moisturization and protection capabilities associated with heavier products, while providing a rapid absorption and ease of application associated with lighter products. Furthermore, the foam composition can reduce or eliminate characteristics associated with a negative sensory experience such as, for example, tack, drag, and stickiness. 
       V. Test Methods 
       [0062]    Bioactive Dose on Substrate 
         [0063]    The dose on counter test is a technical test used to quantify the amount of bioactive (niacinamide and glycerin) dosed per unit area when spreading a product on a black laminate substrate. The test doses 0.05 mL of product on a laminate substrate. The panelist then spreads the product covering as much surface area as possible in a rectangular shape until the product no longer spreads. Based upon the concentration of bioactives in the product, as well as the area covered during spread, the amount of bioactive per unit area can then be calculated. 
         [0064]    Bioactive Dose on Face 
         [0065]    The dose on face test is a technical test used to quantify the amount of bioactive dosed when spreading a product out on half of the face. Panelists are given a specified amount of product in a weigh boat. Panelists are then asked to dose as much product as required to cover half of their face (jaw to nose to forehead over half of the face). The weigh boat is then weighed again to determine how much product was used. The amount of bioactive dosed per half of the face can then be calculated using the amount of product dosed and the concentration of the bioactive in the product. 
         [0066]    There is also a dose on face method that examines full face application with a larger number of panelists. Panelists are given a specified amount of product in a weigh boat, and are then asked to dose as much product as required to cover their entire face. The weigh boat is weighed after product application to determine how much product was used. The total amount of bioactive dosed is then calculated using the amount of product dosed and the concentration of the bioactive in the product. 
         [0067]    Descriptive Analysis Panel (DAP) 
         [0068]    The descriptive analysis panel (DAP) is a technical panel used to quantify rub in and aesthetic properties of products. DAP doses 0.15 mL of product to a circular area that is approximately 2 inches in diameter or 20 cm 2 . DAP evaluates attributes such as rub out drag, cooling, shine, tack, and drag at multiple time points. 
         [0069]    Specific Gravity (SG) 
         [0070]    Specific gravity is measured using a pycnometer. First the mass of the empty pycnometer is measured. Next, the mass of the pycnometer plus water is measured, and the pycnometer is cleaned and dried. Finally, the mass of the pycnometer plus product is measured. Specific gravity is then calculated using the formula below. 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               Specific 
                
               
                   
               
                
               Gravity 
             
             = 
             
               
                 ( 
                 
                   
                     Mass 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     Product 
                   
                   + 
                   Pycnometer 
                   - 
                   
                     Mass 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     Empty 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     Pycnometer 
                   
                 
                 ) 
               
               
                 ( 
                 
                   
                     Mass 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     Water 
                   
                   + 
                   Pycnometer 
                   - 
                   
                     Mass 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     Empty 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     Pycnometer 
                   
                 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
       EXAMPLES 
     Examples 1-5 
       [0071]    The following representative examples illustrate compositions according to the present disclosure. The compositions in Examples 1-5 are prepared by first combining the water phase ingredients in a container and mixing until uniform while heating to approximately 90° C. Fatty alcohols and surfactants are then added to the water phase and the temperature is then brought back up to 90° C. while mixing. Compositions are then allowed to cool to approximately 40° C. while continuing to mix. Once the batch reaches approximately 40° C., preservatives and retinoid package materials, if present, are added. Compositions continue to cool while mixing. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Exam- 
                 Exam- 
                 Exam- 
                 Exam- 
                 Exam- 
               
               
                   
                 ple 1 
                 ple 2 
                 ple 3 
                 ple 4 
                 ple 5 
               
               
                   
                 Inven- 
                 Inven- 
                 Inven- 
                 Inven- 
                 Inven- 
               
               
                 Ingredient 
                 tive 
                 tive 
                 tive 
                 tive 
                 tive 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Water 
                 QS 
                 QS 
                 QS 
                 QS 
                 QS 
               
               
                 Humectant 
               
               
                 Glycerin 
                 43 
                 13 
                 20 
                 10 
                 35 
               
               
                 Butylene Glycol 
                 — 
                 5 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 Dipropylene Glycol 
                 — 
                 5 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 Bioactives 
               
               
                 Niacinamide 
                 21 
                 13 
                 20 
                 15 
                 25 
               
               
                 dex-Panthenol 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0.5 
                 — 
               
               
                 Sepiwhite 1   
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 Glyco-Repair 2   
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 Biomyox 3   
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0.5 
                 — 
               
               
                 Palestrina 4   
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0.3 
                 — 
               
               
                 Promatrixyl 5   
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0.5 
                 — 
               
               
                 Retinoid Package 
               
               
                 Retinyl Propionate 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0.3 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Cyclopentasiloxane 
                 — 
                 — 
                 14 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Laureth-4 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0.2 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Fatty Alcohol 
               
               
                 Stearyl Alcohol 
                 2.4 
                 9.8 
                 4.9 
                 1.2 
                 4.9 
               
               
                 Cetyl Alcohol 
                 1 
                 4 
                 0.5 
                 0.25 
                 2 
               
               
                 Behenyl Alcohol 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0.25 
                 — 
               
               
                 Batyl Alcohol 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Nonionic Surfactant 
               
               
                 Emulgade PL 68/50 6   
                 — 
                 2.9 
                 — 
                 0.4 
                 — 
               
               
                 Stearic Acid 
                 — 
                 1.4 
                 — 
                 0.2 
                 — 
               
               
                 PEG-100 Stearate 
                 — 
                 1.4 
                 — 
                 0.2 
                 — 
               
               
                 Cationic Surfactant 
               
               
                 Behenyl Trimethyl 
                 1.4 
                 — 
                 2.9 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Ammonium Chloride 
               
               
                 Behentrimonium 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 2.9 
               
               
                 Methosulfate 
               
               
                 pH Adjustor 
               
               
                 Triethanolamine 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0.45 
                 — 
               
               
                 Preservative 
               
               
                 Symdiol 68 7   
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0.7 
                 — 
               
               
                 Phenoxyethanol 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0.35 
                 — 
               
               
                 Glydant Plus Liquid 8   
                 0.3 
                 0.3 
                 0.3 
                 — 
                 0.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 Undecylenoyl Phenylalanine, from Seppic 
               
               
                   2 Water and hydrolyzed  ceratonia silique  seed extract, from Silab 
               
               
                   3 Water and  nasturtrium officinale  extract, from Silab 
               
               
                   4 Water, glycerin, decyl glucoside, lactic acid, benzyl alcohol, and palmitoyl dipeptide-7, from Sederm (France) 
               
               
                   5 Water, glycerin, PEG-100 stearate, benzyl alcohol, palmitoyl pentapeptide-3, from Sederma (France) 
               
               
                   6 Cetearyl Glucoside and Cetearyl Alcohol, from BASF 
               
               
                   7 1,2-hexanediol and caprylyl glycol, from Symrise 
               
               
                   8 DMDM Hydantoin, butane-1,3-diol, iodopropynyl butyl carbamate, water, from Lonza 
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Examples 6-12 
     Impact of Foam on Bioactive Dose 
       [0072]    Examples 6-12 demonstrate that foams deposited more bioactive per unit area compared to typical emulsion products when normalizing the bioactive concentration dose based upon specific gravity. 
         [0073]    The compositions of Examples 6-12 were created in the same manner as stated for Examples 1-5 above. Foams were created by weighing 200 grams of product into a stainless steel whip cream canister, and then adding two, 8 gram CO 2  cartridges and allowing the foam to gas overnight. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 6 - Water 
                 Example 7 - Foam 
               
               
                   
                 (% w/w) 
                 (% w/w) 
               
               
                 Material 
                 Comparative 
                 Inventive 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Water 
                 95.26 
                 69.11 
               
               
                 Niacinamide 
                 2 
                 13 
               
               
                 Glycerin 
                 2 
                 13 
               
               
                 Behenyl Trimethyl 
                 0.22 
                 1.46 
               
               
                 Ammonium Chloride 
               
               
                 Stearyl Alcohol 
                 0.37 
                 2.44 
               
               
                 Cetyl Alcohol 
                 0.15 
                 0.99 
               
               
                 CO 2  Propellant 
                 — 
                 16 grams 
               
               
                 Specific Gravity 
                 1 
                 0.16 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0074]    The dose on counter test was then conducted for examples 6 and 7 above. Data showed that Example 7—Foam dosed 2.75 times more niacinamide and glycerin compared to Example 6—Water. If spreading of the different forms was equivalent, the active dose would be the same between 6 and 7. 
       Example 6 
     Water 
       [0075]    0.05 mL*1 SG*20 mg Niacinamide=1 mg Niacinamide
 
0.05 mL*1 SG*20 mg Glycerin=1 mg Glycerin
 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Area 
                 Total Area 
                 mg 
                 mg 
               
               
                 Panelist # 
                 Dosed (cm) 
                 (cm 2 ) 
                 Niacinamide/cm 2   
                 Glycerin/cm 2   
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 6.5 × 3.5 
                 22.75 
                 0.04 
                 0.04 
               
               
                 2 
                 7.5 × 3.5 
                 26.25 
                 0.04 
                 0.04 
               
               
                 3 
                 7.5 × 3.0 
                 22.50 
                 0.04 
                 0.04 
               
               
                 4 
                 7.0 × 5.0 
                 35.00 
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
               
               
                 5 
                 12.0 × 3.0  
                 36.00 
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
               
               
                 6 
                 8.0 × 3.5 
                 28.00 
                 0.04 
                 0.04 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Average 
                 0.04 
                 0.04 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 7 
     Foam 
       [0076]    0.05 mL*0.16 SG*130 mg Niacinamide=1 mg Niacinamide
 
0.05 mL*0.16 SG*130 mg Glycerin=1 mg Glycerin
 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Area 
                 Total Area 
                 mg 
                 mg 
               
               
                 Panelist # 
                 Dosed (cm) 
                 (cm 2 ) 
                 Niacinamide/cm 2   
                 Glycerin/cm 2   
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 5.5 × 1.5 
                 8.25 
                 0.12 
                 0.12 
               
               
                 2 
                 5.0 × 1.5 
                 7.50 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
               
               
                 3 
                 4.0 × 2.0 
                 8.00 
                 0.12 
                 0.12 
               
               
                 4 
                 3.0 × 4.5 
                 13.50 
                 0.07 
                 0.07 
               
               
                 5 
                 9.0 × 2.0 
                 18.00 
                 0.06 
                 0.06 
               
               
                 6 
                 4.0 × 2.0 
                 8.00 
                 0.12 
                 0.12 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Average 
                 0.11 
                 0.11 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0077]    The dose on face test was then conducted was then conducted for examples 6 and 7 above. Data showed that Example 7—Foam dosed 2.8 times more niacinamide and glycerin compared to Example 6—Water. This test allows panelists to use “as much as needed” and confirms that consumer usage doesn&#39;t reduce the dose under real life conditions. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 6 - Water 
                 Example 7 - Foam 
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 Inventive 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Product 
                 Dose Nia/Gly 
                   
                 Product 
                 Dose Nia/Gly 
                   
               
               
                 Panelist # 
                 Dose (g) 
                 (mg per ½ face) 
                 Side of Face 
                 Dose (g) 
                 (mg per ½ face) 
                 Side of Face 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 0.53 
                 10.6 
                 Right 
                 0.11 
                 14.3 
                 Left 
               
               
                 2 
                 0.22 
                 4.4 
                 Left 
                 0.16 
                 20.8 
                 Right 
               
               
                 3 
                 0.51 
                 10.2 
                 Right 
                 0.19 
                 24.7 
                 Left 
               
               
                 4 
                 0.19 
                 3.8 
                 Left 
                 0.11 
                 14.3 
                 Right 
               
               
                 5 
                 0.18 
                 3.6 
                 Right 
                 0.12 
                 15.6 
                 Left 
               
               
                 6 
                 0.25 
                 5.0 
                 Left 
                 0.13 
                 16.9 
                 Right 
               
               
                   
                 Average 
                 6.3 
                   
                 Average 
                 17.8 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Examples 8 and 9 
       [0078]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 8 - Water 
                 Example 9 - Foam 
               
               
                   
                 (% w/w) 
                 (% w/w) 
               
               
                 Material 
                 Comparative 
                 Inventive 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Water 
                 83.07 
                 29.47 
               
               
                 Niacinamide 
                 5.25 
                 21.88 
               
               
                 Glycerin 
                 10.5 
                 43.75 
               
               
                 Behenyl Trimethyl 
                 0.35 
                 1.46 
               
               
                 Ammonium Chloride 
               
               
                 Stearyl Alcohol 
                 0.59 
                 2.44 
               
               
                 Cetyl Alcohol 
                 0.25 
                 1 
               
               
                 CO 2  Propellant 
                 — 
                 16 grams 
               
               
                 Specific Gravity 
                 1 
                 0.24 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0079]    The dose on counter test was then conducted for examples 8 and 9 above. Data showed that Example 9—Foam dosed 3 times more niacinamide and 2.8 times more glycerin compared to Example 8—Water. 
       Example 8 
     Water 
       [0080]    0.05 mL*1 SG*52.5 mg Niacinamide=2.6 mg Niacinamide
 
0.05 mL*1 SG*105 mg Glycerin=5.3 mg Glycerin
 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Area 
                 Total Area 
                 mg 
                 mg 
               
               
                 Panelist # 
                 Dosed (cm) 
                 (cm 2 ) 
                 Niacinamide/cm 2   
                 Glycerin/cm 2   
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 16.0 × 4.0  
                 64.00 
                 0.04 
                 0.08 
               
               
                 2 
                 10.5 × 7.5  
                 78.75 
                 0.03 
                 0.07 
               
               
                 3 
                 8.0 × 3.0 
                 24.00 
                 0.11 
                 0.22 
               
               
                 4 
                 9.0 × 4.0 
                 36.00 
                 0.07 
                 0.15 
               
               
                 5 
                 9.0 × 4.0 
                 36.00 
                 0.07 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Average 
                 0.06 
                 0.13 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 9 
     Foam 
       [0081]    0.05 mL*0.16 SG*219 mg Niacinamide=2.6 mg Niacinamide
 
0.05 mL*0.16 SG*438 mg Glycerin=5.3 mg Glycerin
 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Area 
                 Total Area 
                 mg 
                 mg 
               
               
                 Panelist # 
                 Dosed (cm) 
                 (cm 2 ) 
                 Niacinamide/cm 2   
                 Glycerin/cm 2   
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 5.5 × 2.5 
                 13.75 
                 0.19 
                 0.39 
               
               
                 2 
                 7.0 × 2.5 
                 17.50 
                 0.15 
                 0.30 
               
               
                 3 
                 4.0 × 2.5 
                 10.00 
                 0.26 
                 0.53 
               
               
                 4 
                 5.5 × 4.0 
                 22.00 
                 0.12 
                 0.24 
               
               
                 5 
                 5.0 × 3.0 
                 15.00 
                 0.17 
                 0.35 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Average 
                 0.18 
                 0.36 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Examples 10 and 11 
       [0082]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 10 - Water 
                 Example 11 - Foam 
               
               
                   
                 (% w/w) 
                 (% w/w) 
               
               
                 Material 
                 Comparative 
                 Inventive 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Water 
                 70.65 
                 29.47 
               
               
                 Niacinamide 
                 9.10 
                 21.88 
               
               
                 Glycerin 
                 18.20 
                 43.75 
               
               
                 Behenyl Trimethyl 
                 0.61 
                 1.46 
               
               
                 Ammonium Chloride 
               
               
                 Stearyl Alcohol 
                 1.02 
                 2.44 
               
               
                 Cetyl Alcohol 
                 0.42 
                 1 
               
               
                 CO 2  Propellant 
                 — 
                 16 grams 
               
               
                 Specific Gravity 
                 1 
                 0.24 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0083]    The dose on counter test was then conducted for examples 10 and 11 above. Data showed that Example 11—Foam dosed 2 times more niacinamide and 1.9 times more glycerin compared to Example 10—Water. 
       Example 10 
     Water 
       [0084]    0.05 mL*1 SG*52.5 mg Niacinamide=2.6 mg Niacinamide
 
0.05 mL*1 SG*105 mg Glycerin=5.3 mg Glycerin
 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Area 
                 Total Area 
                 mg 
                 mg 
               
               
                 Panelist # 
                 Dosed (cm) 
                 (cm 2 ) 
                 Niacinamide/cm 2   
                 Glycerin/cm 2   
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 9.0 × 8.5 
                 76.50 
                 0.06 
                 0.12 
               
               
                 2 
                 8.0 × 3.5 
                 28.00 
                 0.16 
                 0.33 
               
               
                 3 
                 9.0 × 6.5 
                 58.50 
                 0.08 
                 0.16 
               
               
                 4 
                 12.0 × 5.0  
                 60.00 
                 0.08 
                 0.15 
               
               
                 5 
                 7.0 × 3.5 
                 24.50 
                 0.19 
                 0.37 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Average 
                 0.11 
                 0.23 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 11 
     Foam 
       [0085]    0.05 mL*0.16 SG*219 mg Niacinamide=2.6 mg Niacinamide
 
0.05 mL*0.16 SG*438 mg Glycerin=5.3 mg Glycerin
 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Area 
                 Total Area 
                 mg 
                 mg 
               
               
                 Panelist # 
                 Dosed (cm) 
                 (cm 2 ) 
                 Niacinamide/cm 2   
                 Glycerin/cm 2   
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 4.5 × 7.5 
                 33.75 
                 0.14 
                 0.27 
               
               
                 2 
                 6.0 × 3.0 
                 18.00 
                 0.26 
                 0.51 
               
               
                 3 
                 8.0 × 5.0 
                 40.00 
                 0.12 
                 0.23 
               
               
                 4 
                 8.0 × 3.0 
                 24.00 
                 0.19 
                 0.38 
               
               
                 5 
                 5.0 × 2.5 
                 12.50 
                 0.37 
                 0.74 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Average 
                 0.22 
                 0.43 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 12 
       [0086]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 12 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Example 12 - Foam 
               
               
                   
                 Material 
                 Inventive 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Water 
                 33.255 
               
               
                   
                 Niacinamide 
                 21 
               
               
                   
                 Glycerin 
                 43 
               
               
                   
                 Behenyl Trimethyl 
                 0.73 
               
               
                   
                 Ammonium Chloride 
               
               
                   
                 Stearyl Alcohol 
                 0.495 
               
               
                   
                 Cetyl Alcohol 
                 1.22 
               
               
                   
                 CO 2  Propellant 
                 16 grams 
               
               
                   
                 Specific Gravity 
                 0.21 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0087]    The large base, full face, dose on face test was conducted for Example 12—Foam vs. Olay Total Effects™. Based upon panelists&#39; usage data, Example 12—Foam deposited 1.8 times more niacinamide and 2.6 times more glycerin. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Niacinamide Dosed 
                 Glycerin Dosed per 
               
               
                 Product 
                 per Full Face (mg) 
                 Full Face (mg) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Example 12 - Foam 
                 53 
                 29 
               
               
                 Inventive 
               
               
                 Olay Total Effects 
                 108 
                 41 
               
               
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Examples 13-15 
     Sensorial Impact of Foams 
       [0088]    Examples 13-15 utilize DAP testing to demonstrate the fast absorption and lack of cooling offered by foams vs. traditional water products. Examples 13-15 also demonstrate the importance foaming had on product aesthetics vs. using a product with high concentrations of skin care actives. 
         [0089]    The compositions of Examples 13-15 below were created in the same manner as stated for Examples 1-5 above. The foam of Example 14 was created by weighing 200 grams of product into a stainless steel whip cream canister, and then adding two, 8 gram CO 2  cartridges and allowing the foam to gas overnight. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 14 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 13 - 
                 Example 14 - 
                 Example 15 - 
               
               
                   
                 Concentrate 
                 Foam (% 
                 Water 
               
               
                   
                 (% w/w) 
                 w/w) 
                 (% w/w) 
               
               
                 Material 
                 Comparative 
                 Inventive 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Water 
                 68.81 
                 68.81 
                 96.25 
               
               
                 Niacinamide 
                 13 
                 13 
                 1.56 
               
               
                 Glycerin 
                 13 
                 13 
                 1.56 
               
               
                 Behenyl Trimethyl 
                 1.46 
                 1.46 
                 0.18 
               
               
                 Ammonium 
               
               
                 Chloride 
               
               
                 Stearyl Alcohol 
                 2.44 
                 2.44 
                 0.29 
               
               
                 Cetyl Alcohol 
                 0.99 
                 0.99 
                 0.12 
               
               
                 Glydant Plus Liquid 
                 0.3 
                 0.3 
                 0.04 
               
               
                 CO 2  Propellant 
                 — 
                 16 grams 
                 — 
               
               
                 Specific Gravity 
                 1 
                 0.12 
                 1 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0090]    The DAP data detailed below show that Example 14—Foam had lower cooling and shine, as well as faster rub in (rub out drag attribute) compared to both Example 13—Concentrate and Example 15—Water. The DAP data also showed that Example 13—Concentrate had higher tack, residue, and drag compared to Example 14—Foam and Example 15—Water. Note that statistics were conducted using a Student&#39;s T-test with a 90% confidence interval. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 15 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 13 - 
                 Example 14 - 
                 Example 15 - 
               
               
                   
                 Concentrate 
                 Foam 
                 Water 
               
               
                 DAP Attribute 
                 Comparative 
                 Inventive 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Cool Feel 
                 3.1c 
                 0.0d 
                 4.6b 
               
               
                 Shine 
                 5.8a 
                 1.6d 
                 4.5b 
               
               
                 Rub Out Drag 
                 1.6b 
                 3.1a 
                 0.5c 
               
               
                 Tackiness 
                 3.2a 
                 1.9b 
                 1.2b 
               
               
                 Amount of Residue 
                 5.2a 
                 1.8c 
                 2.6c 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0091]    The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be understood as being strictly limited to the exact numerical values recited. Instead, unless otherwise specified, each such dimension is intended to mean both the recited value and a functionally equivalent range surrounding that value. For example, a dimension disclosed as “40 mm” is intended to mean “about 40 mm.” 
         [0092]    It should be understood that every maximum numerical limitation given throughout this specification includes every lower numerical limitation, as if such lower numerical limitations were expressly written herein. Every minimum numerical limitation given throughout this specification will include every higher numerical limitation, as if such higher numerical limitations were expressly written herein. Every numerical range given throughout this specification will include every narrower numerical range that falls within such broader numerical range, as if such narrower numerical ranges were all expressly written herein. 
         [0093]    The products and methods/processes of the present disclosure can comprise, consist of, and consist essentially of the essential elements and limitations of the invention described herein, as well as any of the additional or optional ingredients, components, steps, or limitations described herein. 
         [0094]    Every document cited herein, including any cross-referenced or related patent or application, is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety unless expressly excluded or otherwise limited. The citation of any document is not an admission that it is prior art with respect to any invention disclosed or claimed herein or that it alone, or in any combination with any other reference or references, teaches, suggests, or discloses any such invention. Further, to the extent that any meaning or definition of a term in this document conflicts with any meaning or definition of the same term in a document incorporated by reference, the meaning or definition assigned to that term in the document shall govern. 
         [0095]    While particular examples of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this invention.