Abstract:
A method and apparatus for tagging image content with rich metadata is provided. The metadata is generated from keyword descriptions of image content spoken by human taggers whilst viewing the content. Voice recognition software is employed to identify the key keywords in an audio stream and the resultant metadata is associated in a synchronous manner with the relevant image content. A control console allows the human tagger to rapidly navigate onscreen menus and select different taglines for providing multilevel metadata tagging of the image content. An integrated system provides for the storage of tagged digital image content, with near immediate access to tagged raw footage for viewing and editing, and for easy searching and accessing of finalized footage. A method of serving the tagged content is also provide, which allows the content to be streamed over the web at an acceptable image resolution whilst maintaining the associated metatags.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    The present application claims benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/233,928 filed Aug. 14, 2009 and entitled “Metadata Tagging of Moving and Still Image Content”, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to the tagging of moving and still image content with metadata, and more particularly to an improved method and system for the metadata input and to the provision of tagged content. 
       BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    The creative industries worldwide are facing a time-bomb that threatens their future profitability. It is data, and more specifically the thousands of terabytes of moving image content being created every day. At the same time they are unable to access and realise the value of the hundreds of thousands of hours of archive content they have already created. This failure to “sweat” their most valuable asset, their content, is the biggest barrier to the success and long term value of all video based creative companies, from broadcasters, to government agencies, independent television production companies, to advertising agencies and beyond. They are already unable to cope with the current volume of data, but with the move to filming on Digital Film cameras, which no longer capture to film or tape, the problem is set to explode. 
         [0004]    As a temporary expedient the industry has resorted to stopgap measures, whereby millions of pounds worth of footage is being stored on consumer grade portable hard drives in insecure locations, with no backup. Thus, a library of tapes that can be stored securely for up to 30 years and be catalogued, is being replaced by drives that have an average life span of  5  years, on which the data is degrading every single day, with thousands of video files that cannot be searched. 
         [0005]    A piece of footage is considered valueless if it cannot be found within two hours. As a result, creative companies are losing millions of pounds worth of assets every single year. If unchecked, hundreds of thousands of hours of content will be lost. This will not only affect straight initial revenue, companies also by definition will not be able to reuse it in future productions, be unable to deliver it to the fast growing (£4.37 billion by 2012) online video market, and miss the opportunity to market raw footage to other content creators. 
         [0006]    Their archives of existing content are also sitting, unexploited, in costly storage facilities. In the UK the BBC has 5.5 miles of shelves of un-digitized archive content. IMG media has 300,000 tapes stored at a cost of £2 per tape per year. All such companies are missing out on valuable revenue, with the UK archive market alone valued at £1.5 billion by 2014. These companies are faced with a huge infrastructure and staffing investment in order to rectify this. They simply cannot afford to do it, but nor can they afford not to. The obvious solution is outsourcing and yet, until now, no commercial company has presented a viable alternative. 
         [0007]    Video content cannot be found because it cannot be searched. It has no associated words. The key is to add associated words to footage in the form of keywords, known as “metadata”. Once “tagged” with such metadata, the tagged content can be searched by a search engine, either an internal engine or else an external engine, such as Google or Yahoo. 
         [0008]    Currently, companies are attempting to automate metadata addition to finished video content, by using technologies such as speech to text, which is only 40% accurate, and face recognition. However, neither technique gives the user the actual content of a scene, which is crucial for making it searchable on multiple criteria, and hence valuable to an end user. Moreover, these methods are not reliable and, since they are only currently used on finished content, do not help content producers search their raw footage in order to create quicker, more profitable programming. In addition there is often no money available to create accurate or adequate metadata, as a programme&#39;s budget has already been spent. 
         [0009]    The only way of adding rich metadata is to get human beings to do it. However, even then, adding metadata with multiple layers by typing it in manually is far too slow a process. For example, content may be tagged with multiple layers relating to Character, Location, Object, Story, Context, and Emotion. Studies on the manual addition of such rich metadata show it taking between  4 - 8  hours per hour of content. 
         [0010]    Within the production community, basic metadata is being added to raw content by teams of untrained assistants who hate doing the job, and hence do it poorly and slowly. “Logging” as this process is called is frequently still done on paper. However, the logging tools currently in existence do not provide enough fields for rich metadata to be added. As it has to be typed in, the process is too slow. Moreover, because these are bespoke systems, once the footage leaves the system it instantly loses the associated metadata, rendering it less valuable. Some metatagging software has been created to facilitate the tagging process, a good example being “Frameline” (see http://www.frameline.tv). However, as it is still involves manual entry by keyboard, it is too slow, and again, it is bespoke. 
         [0011]    Since the only viable current solution to adding metadata involves humans and manually typed input, the process is too slow and makes the proposition of adding metadata quickly to large quantities of footage financially unviable. 
         [0012]    The use of manual typed input is one of the key limiting factors. Even with an automatic spell-check facility, it is slow and inaccurate. It also means that an operator has to concentrate on the keyboard as well as the screen, regardless as to whether they are a touch typist. In conjunction with this, in order to move between different metadata layers in each clip, the operator typically has to move a computer mouse to select to different entry boxes. Whilst doing this, the operator is no longer able to type, which means they that the footage being watched must temporarily be paused, thereby slowing the process yet further. 
         [0013]    In addition to the issues discussed above, there are a number of other problems which arise when using humans for manual logging. Although straightforward in principle, the repetitive adding of metadata to large quantities of content results in lack of concentration and boredom. As a consequence, greater than a few minutes spent concentrating on a single clip can lead to a rapid decrease in the quality of tagging. Further to this, a major problem is what might be termed “brainfreeze”, where an operator simply runs out of things to say and is left unable to add metadata to content quickly enough. This again, means the footage having to be paused, or most likely rewound, demoralising the operator and resulting in further decreases in quality. 
         [0014]    As will be appreciated, there is a clear need for an improved method of processing and metatagging image content such as video content, which would in turn facilitate the provision of such metatagged content and alleviate many of the problems outlined above. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0015]    According to a first aspect of the present invention, a computer implemented method of tagging image content comprises the steps of:
       receiving image data comprising digital image content;   displaying the digital image content visually;   receiving an indication of a selected one of a plurality of characteristics associated with the image content currently being displayed;   identifying a respective metadata tagline corresponding to the selected characteristic;   receiving an audio data stream comprising audio content, the audio content comprising spoken keywords describing one or more characteristics associated with the image content being displayed, respective keywords being spoken by a human tagger in response to the image content currently being displayed;   identifying the keywords received in the audio content and generating metadata therefrom; and,   associating the metadata with the image content as metadata tags synchronously with the occurrence of the respective keywords in the audio data stream,   wherein the steps of generating and associating the metadata with the image content are performed in dependence on the respective metadata tagline, and   wherein the indication of the selected one of the plurality of characteristics is received from a control pad having a plurality of keys or buttons, each of the keys or buttons being assigned to a different one of the plurality of characteristics.       
 
         [0025]    The method is typically implemented on a computer with processor, memory, visual display unit, keyboard and mouse. However, the invention removes the need for a keyboard for manual data entry of the keywords for the metadata tagging process, instead using voice input, and likewise removes the need for keyboard and/or mouse for selecting the metadata taglines, instead using a separate control pad. The combination of receiving audio data input and navigation signals from a control pad provides a powerful alternative technique for metadata tagging of image content by a human tagger, which for the first time facilitates rich metadata tagging at a speed and accuracy to make the process viable for many applications. A conventional keyboard and mouse may still be used for ancillary navigation and data entry. 
         [0026]    Preferably, the tagline is displayed visually together with the respective keywords describing the selected characteristic associated with the image content currently being displayed. 
         [0027]    The selected characteristics could relate to a wide range of different aspects of the image content and for which multiple layers of metadata can be associated with the content to provide for very rich tagging. Such characteristics may comprise one or more of: Character, Location, Story, Object, Background, Emotion, and Action. 
         [0028]    In this way, rich metadata may be added to content up to four times faster and significantly more cost effectively than is currently possible. 
         [0029]    In some embodiments, the received image data comprises digital image content having a second image resolution and the method further comprises the steps of:
       storing the metadata in a central database; and,   associating the metadata with a stored file comprising the image content having a first image resolution which is greater than the second image resolution.       
 
         [0032]    This allows a lower resolution version of the image content to be transmitted to the local or remote tagging station and to be more readily manipulated by the human tagger during the tagging process, whilst ensuring that the resulting rich metadata tags are associated 
         [0033]    Typically, the keywords are extracted from the audio data using a digital speech recognition technique. The audio content may be filtered to remove extraneous noise and/or predetermined words. 
         [0034]    Although the metadata is associated with the image content near synchronously with the occurrence of the respective keywords in the audio data stream, account may be taken of the length of the respective keywords. Furthermore, allowance may be made for the latency of the human tagger speaking the keywords. In this way, the association of the metadata can take account of various factors affecting the precise synchronisation of the original spoken keywords with the corresponding image content. 
         [0035]    In preferred applications, the digital image content is digital video content, either with or without sound. More preferably, the image content is unfinalised “raw” content that can be further manipulated following its tagging with metadata. Thus, unlike known techniques, the present invention allows the addition metadata to raw content at the most cost effective stage, namely the moment it is created. Of course, the invention may equally be applied to still images or a series thereof, as well as finalised video content. 
         [0036]    The tagging activity can be performed in a collaborative manner, with several human taggers working on the tagging of related content, including different sections of the same image content. As such, data derived from the input of one tagger can automatically and advantageously be displayed to another tagger. The data can take many forms, including information directly related to the content being tagged and also motivational information. 
         [0037]    For example, in order to keep a given human tagger informed of the activity of other taggers, and to provide a useful accessible “dictionary” of keywords, the method may further comprise the step of displaying tags generated from the spoken input of other human taggers working on the tagging of related image content. 
         [0038]    In addition, or alternatively, in order to provide incentive and promote competition between taggers, performance data associated with the performance of a given human tagger may be stored and displayed, as may the performance data for other human taggers working on the tagging of related image content. 
         [0039]    It should be noted that the collaborative aspect of the present invention is capable of utility with any suitable computer-implemented method of tagging, not just the audio-input/control pad method according to the first aspect 
         [0040]    According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a computer implemented method of tagging and managing image content, the method comprising the steps of:
       receiving and storing image data comprising digital image content;   displaying stored digital image content visually to a plurality of human taggers;   receiving an indication of a selected one of a plurality of characteristics associated with the image content currently being displayed to each human tagger;   identifying a respective metadata tagline corresponding to the selected characteristic;   receiving keywords entered by each human tagger and generating metadata therefrom, said keywords describing one or more characteristics associated with the image content being displayed to each tagger; and,   associating the metadata with the image content as metadata tags in dependence on the respective metadata taglines,   wherein the method further comprises the step of displaying visually to at least one human tagger information derived from at least one other human tagger.       
 
         [0048]    The method will typically be implemented on a plurality of computers, each with processor, memory, visual display unit, keyboard and mouse, and in communication with a central computer system. 
         [0049]    In some preferred embodiments of the present invention, the method further comprises the steps of:
       receiving data identifying the physical location where received image content was first generated and also the time at which the received image content was generated;   associating the identifying data synchronously with the relevant image content;   determining, in dependence on the received identifying data, information about the physical location where the received image content was first generated; and,   displaying the information about the physical location synchronously with displaying the image content.       
 
         [0054]    This allows additional useful identifying information to be provided with the raw (or finalised) content, thereby enhancing its value still further. The identifying data will typically comprise GPS data identifying the physical location and allowing geotagging of the image content. 
         [0055]    The information displayed may provide useful prompts to the human taggers and the audio content received in the audio data stream may comprise keywords spoken in response to the physical location information currently being displayed. Alternatively, the human tagger may speak a primary descriptive keyword in response to the image currently being viewed and the remaining descriptors for the metatagging may be generated automatically from a database of information about the physical location associated with the geotagged image. 
         [0056]    In this way, the client may interface with the invention through an application running on a mobile device and may transmit the time-stamped location data independently of supplying the actual image content or footage being shot at the location. The location data can then be associated with the relevant uploaded image content in a time synchronous manner, thereby providing useful information per se or else a source for rich descriptive metatagging to be generated from the input of a human tagger. 
         [0057]    Although the geotagging concept has been described in the context of the metadata tagging of image content according to the first or second aspect of the invention, it should be noted that it is capable of independent utility and can be used with a variety of metadata tagging techniques. 
         [0058]    According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a computer implemented method of tagging image content comprising the steps of:
       receiving image data comprising digital image content;   displaying digital image content visually to a human tagger;   receiving data identifying the physical location where received image content was first generated and also the time at which the received image content was generated;   associating the identifying data synchronously with the relevant image content;   determining, in dependence on the received identifying data, information about the physical location where the received image content was first generated;   displaying said information about the physical location visually to said human tagger synchronously with displaying the image content;   receiving an indication of a selected one of a plurality of characteristics associated with the image content currently being displayed to the human tagger;   identifying a respective metadata tagline corresponding to the selected characteristic;   receiving keywords entered by the human tagger and generating metadata therefrom, said keywords describing one or more characteristics   associated with the image content being displayed to the tagger; and, associating the metadata with the image content as metadata tags in dependence on the respective metadata taglines.       
 
         [0069]    The method will typically be implemented on a computer with processor, memory, visual display unit, keyboard and mouse, which is in communication with a central computer system. 
         [0070]    Furthermore, the concept is capable of even more independent utility and, as such, the basic geotagging method described above could be used to add geotags to image content after it has been generated (post-shoot) independently of whether any rich metadata tagging is subsequently performed. 
         [0071]    According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a computer program product for causing a computer or computers to execute the method steps of the above aspects of the present invention. Again, the geotagging method steps could be performed independently and a computer program product for causing a computer to execute these method steps is contemplated. In reality this program product would typically be a mobile application for running on a mobile device such as a mobile telephone or PDA. 
         [0072]    According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, apparatus for tagging image content comprises:
       display means for receiving image data comprising digital image content and for displaying the image content visually;   means to receive audio content and to generate an audio data steam therefrom, wherein the means comprises a microphone and wherein the audio content comprises spoken keywords describing one or more characteristics associated with the image content being displayed, respective keywords being spoken by a human tagger in response to the image content currently being displayed;   processing means adapted to process the audio data steam and identify the keywords therein, the processing means being further adapted to generate metadata from the keywords and to associate the metadata with the image content as metadata tags synchronously with the occurrence of the respective keywords in the audio data stream; and,   means to select each of a plurality of characteristics associated with the image content being displayed and to generate a signal representative thereof, wherein the processing means is adapted to identify a respective metadata tagline corresponding to each representative signal and to generate and associate the metadata with the image content in dependence on the respective metadata taglines,   wherein the selection means comprises a control pad having a plurality of keys or buttons, each of the plurality being assigned to a different characteristic.       
 
         [0078]    The apparatus will generally comprise a computer with processor, memory, visual display unit, keyboard and mouse. However, the use of an audio input means allows the keywords from which metadata is to be generated to be spoken by a human tagger whilst simultaneously viewing the image content to be tagged. Moreover, for the selection and entry of each tagline, the usual combination of mouse and keyboard is replaced with a single control method nearly all people know, namely a control pad, such as a games console joy pad. Each of the keys or buttons of the control pad are assigned to a different characteristic. By assigning the different metadata layers to buttons on the pad, the operator will be able to jump between layers instantly, speeding up the process. This allows for the easy “layering” of metadata and the attendant advantages in terms of the richness of the metadata tagging. 
         [0079]    The control pad may also comprise means to navigate an onscreen menu displayed on the display means. Preferably, the control pad comprises means to control the speed of playback of the image content being displayed. In this way, the operator is also able to pause, fast-forward, rewind, jump scenes and generally interact with the content via the shoulder buttons and d-pad on the games controller. This further immerses them in the content, promoting enjoyment, and hence more accurate tagging. The navigation and control means of the control pad can take any suitable form, such as d-pad, roller ball, and joystick, which facilitate easy use by the operator alongside the keys or buttons used to select characteristic/tagline. 
         [0080]    Of course, a conventional keyboard and mouse may be used for the usual data entry and navigation functions to supplement those of the microphone and control pad. For example, whilst the primary data entry is performed using the microphone and control pad, subsequent correction or amendment of the metadata keywords may be performed using the keyboard, and if required, the mouse. 
         [0081]    It is preferred that the audio content receiving means comprises a directional microphone. This type of microphone is well suited to capturing words spoken by a human operator and may be part of a headset. The combination of a headset (with directional microphone) and games controller connected to a computer performing the necessary processing provides an optimum and coordinated method for fast and detailed data entry by a human operator, which is then converted into a rich, layered meta-tagging of image content. 
         [0082]    Thus, operators will “talk” in the metadata via a headset microphone. They will simply “say what they see”. This has multiple benefits. It takes them away from the keyboard and makes it feel like they are interacting with the content. It is by far the fastest way to describe what is happening on screen. Noise words (the, err, a, swear words etc) can be filtered by the software. 
         [0083]    According to a sixth aspect of the present invention, an image content management system comprises:
       a plurality of image content tagging apparatus according to the fifth aspect of the present invention;   a central processing system in communication with each of the plurality of image content tagging apparatus, the central processing system comprising a server for serving image content to the plurality of image content tagging apparatus and to one or more clients; and,   a data store for storing image data and associated metadata, the data store being in communication with the central processing system.       
 
         [0087]    In this way a centralised system is provided for storing and managing image content and the associated metadata and for sharing information. Moreover, the centralised system allows for a more collaborative approach to tagging. This collaborative approach need not be limited to image content tagging apparatus according the fifth aspect of the invention, but with a wider range of image content tagging apparatus. 
         [0088]    According to a seventh aspect of the present invention, an image content tagging and management system comprises:
       a plurality of image content tagging apparatus;   a central processing system in communication with each of the plurality of image content tagging apparatus, the central processing system comprising a server for serving image content to the plurality of image content tagging apparatus and to one or more clients; and,   a data store for storing image data and associated metadata, the data store being in communication with the central processing system,   wherein each of the plurality of image content tagging apparatus comprises:
           display means for receiving image data comprising digital image content and for displaying the image content visually to a human tagger;   means for the human tagger to enter keywords describing one or more characteristics associated with the image content being displayed;   means for the human tagger to select each of a plurality of characteristics associated with the image content being displayed and to generate a signal representative thereof; and,   processing means adapted to generate metadata from the keywords, to identify a respective metadata tagline corresponding to each signal representative of a characteristic, and to generate and associate the metadata with the image content as metadata tags in dependence on the respective metadata taglines, and   
           wherein the system is adapted to display visually on the display means of one image content tagging apparatus information derived from entries by a human tagger using another of the plurality of image content tagging apparatus.       
 
         [0098]    The system will typically comprise a plurality of computers, each with processor, memory, visual display unit, keyboard and mouse, and in communication with a central computer system with central data storage. 
         [0099]    Preferably, in the content management system, the image data comprising digital image content having a first image resolution is stored in the data store and image data comprising the digital image content having a second image resolution lower than the first is served to the image content tagging apparatus. 
         [0100]    In a similar manner, the tagged image data comprising digital image content having a first image resolution and associated metadata can be stored in the data store, and the tagged image data comprising the digital image content having a lower second image resolution and the associated metadata can be served to a client for viewing and/or editing. 
         [0101]    In this way, the high resolution version of the content is primarily made available when actually required, and lower resolution versions can be deployed during the tagging or post-tagging editing and review process. 
         [0102]    The centralised system allows for methods to deal with the boredom and brain freeze issues often associated with human tagging operators. For example, content to be tagged may be divided into sections and distributed between different members of a tagging “team”. In this way, an hour&#39;s worth of content to be tagged may be divided into five sections, for a team of five operators, meaning that each member of the team will only have to work on a maximum twelve minute section. Similarly, as the content is being metatagged in teams of five, with each completing a short section, the system will show each operator the tags being created by the other members of the team, some of whom may be tagging ahead, while others are behind. Whilst not always directly relevant this will aid lateral thinking. 
         [0103]    The present invention allows a service to be offered that, for the first time, will provide clients with storage online, and the ability to search and sell the thousands of video assets they create every year. The invention makes the process of adding keywords (or “metadata”) to content, so as to make it searchable, up six times faster than current methods, thereby facilitating a financially viable solution to the problem. 
         [0104]    Furthermore, the system may comprise a transcoder for transcoding the tagged image data for streaming to another device, such as a mobile device. In this way the image data can be coded in the appropriate format for a given browsing device. 
         [0105]    In some preferred embodiments of the invention, the system is adapted to:
       receive data identifying the physical location where received image content was first generated and also the time at which the received image content was generated;   associate the identifying data synchronously with the relevant image content;   determine, in dependence on the received identifying data, information about the physical location where the received image content was first generated; and,   display, on the relevant tagging apparatus display means, said information about the physical location synchronously with displaying the image content.       
 
         [0110]    This functionality of the system can be utilised with any combination of tagging apparatus or can be used independently of the metadata tagging functionality to provided standalone geotagging of image content. Typically, the identifying data comprises GPS data identifying the physical location. 
         [0111]    According to a eighth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a user interface embodied on one or more computer readable media and executable on a computer, said user interface for use with meta-tagging of image content, said user interface comprising:
       an image content presentation area for displaying digital image content;   a time line area for displaying a time line representation of a sequence of digital image content, including an indicator of the position in the timeline of the image content currently being displayed, the time line representation including a plurality of respective bars indicative of meta-tagging of the image content in the sequence, each bar indicative of the type of meta-tagging and the duration of the image content to which it applies.       
 
         [0114]    Typically, the width of each bar will be indicative of the duration of the image content to which the meta-tagging applies, and the colour of the bar will be indicative of the layer of meta-tagging to which the bar applies, for example the particular tagline type. In this way, the time line in the interface gives a ready visual indication to the operator of where in the sequence of image content the meta-tagging is concentrated, and also the richness and diversity of meta-tagging at any given point in the sequence. 
         [0115]    The interface may also have an item presentation area for displaying thumbnail images and associated descriptive metatags for particular image content in the sequence. This area may be interactive, allowing selection and display of a particular image. The user interface may also have a text presentation interface overlaying part of the image content presentation area, the text presentation interface for displaying the descriptive metatag keywords as the user selects a clip in the timeline and moves their mouse over the content as it plays. Typically, every keyword added to the clip will displayed opaquely over the content. 
         [0116]    The user interface of the eighth aspect of the present invention can advantageously be employed in the apparatus, system and method of the various aspects of the present invention. 
         [0117]    According to a ninth aspect of the present invention, a method of serving data comprises the steps of:
       receiving image data comprising digital image content having a first image resolution;   storing the received image data having the first image resolution;   tagging the stored image data with metadata descriptive of the image content; and,   serving from a server the tagged image data comprising the digital image content having a second image resolution, wherein the second image resolution is lower than the first image resolution, and wherein the lower resolution image content of the served image data is editable while retaining the descriptive metadata tagging associated with the higher resolution image content.       
 
         [0122]    Typically, the high resolution meta-tagged image content will be stored electronically in the data storage of a central computer system and served by a central server at the lower resolution to one or more local computers for viewing and editing by a user. The important feature of this aspect of the invention is that the meta-tagging associated with the local low resolution version of the image content and with the centrally stored high resolution version of the image content remains linked. Thus, edits to the low resolution version of the image content can be replicated with associated metadata in a centrally-stored high resolution version of the image content. In this way, the central system is “watching” for changes or edits to the served low resolution version of the image content. 
         [0123]    In some embodiments, the tagged image data comprising the lower resolution image content is served over a web browser. Preferably, the lower resolution image content is searchable by reference to the associated metadata. Alternatively or additionally, the lower resolution image content is searchable semantically. 
         [0124]    Thus, in this aspect of the present invention, the lower resolution image content of the served image data may be edited whilst still retaining the associated metadata tagging. Modification data relating to the served image data may be received back at the server and automatically linked it to the stored tagged image data comprising the image content having the first resolution. In the case the image content has been edited, the modification data received back at the server may relate to edits of the served image data and may include new image content. In this way the lower resolution image content can be viewed, edited and augmented and modification data identifying the changes or selections is sent back to the server together with any associated metadata and is automatically linked to the high resolution version of the image content stored in a central data storage facility. 
         [0125]    Preferably, the tagged image data is served to an end user device in a format compatible with said device and comprising the image content having a resolution compatible with the end user device. The end user device could be a portable device, such as a lap top computer or PDA, including an iPhone or similar device. 
         [0126]    According to a tenth aspect of the present invention, a computer program product is provided comprising one or more computer-readable media having thereon computer-executable instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a computer, causes a computer to execute the method steps the ninth aspect of the present invention. 
         [0127]    In the present invention, either via a central upload room or using their own links, client&#39;s raw footage will be uploaded to the image content management system, making it instantly secure. This content will then be metatagged, and low-resolution copies created, making it available to the client via a standard web browser. In this way, clients can interact with their footage within hours of filming. 
         [0128]    This possibility alone will change the way clients use their content, but via the web browser they can download it into the professional editing system of their choice, allowing them to create content without having to use a costly post production company. Once finished, the project files (not the data) are uploaded back to the system and re-united with the original footage. From here it can be sent, for example, to a special effects company for further work. 
         [0129]    The result is the creative company having total control, for the first time ever, of the creative process, but also for the first time, having an instantly available online, fully metatagged copy of their finished content. From the system, they can then send this worldwide to anyone they choose, create new copies for mobile, the web or international broadcast, and all without tying up their staff with tapes, couriers or post production facilities. 
         [0130]    Most significantly, via an online commerce presence, clients can sell their finished content direct to consumers, syndicate it to Internet broadcasters, and crucially, as it is metatagged, generate revenue from targeted advertising around it. Simultaneously, their unused footage, to which they may own the Intellectual property rights, and which currently is effectively valueless, can be sold as stock footage to a worldwide community of producers, realizing valuable extra revenue. 
         [0131]    Alongside this, clients archive material can be sent to a Digitizing factory, using robotic systems to upload tapes in extremely large quantities and at low cost. Since no company or archive can afford to use the teams in the call centre to add metadata, and the timescales will be longer, home based workers, served video via broadband to their web browser, will be used to add metadata, in a similar vein to Wikipedia. Such home based workers may be incentivised by a small micro payment initially, but in order to promote quality tagging, they may be offered a cut of the revenue if a clip sells. This will enable an army of people worldwide, complete with their specialist knowledge, to be utilised. 
         [0132]    As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the present invention provides a simple yet elegant solution to the problem of tagging image content with rich metadata, which in turn enables its searching. Moreover, an integrated system can be realized, which provides for the storage of tagged digital image content, with near immediate access to tagged raw footage for viewing and editing, and for easy searching and accessing of finalized footage, thereby allowing owners of rights to the footage to realize its commercial potential. The invention is not limited to applications in the shooting of commercial video or film footage, but could also be used for footage shot in non-commercial type environments, such as a hospital operating theatre. The invention could also find application in the tagging of still image content, such as photographs and the like. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0133]    Examples of the present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0134]      FIG. 1  shows a schematic overview of the tagging system and procedure; 
           [0135]      FIG. 2  shows a client side overview of the tagging procedure; 
           [0136]      FIG. 3  illustrates the operation of the mobile Geo-positioning application; 
           [0137]      FIG. 4  shows a flow diagram of the tagging process; 
           [0138]      FIG. 5  shows an example of a tag pad for onscreen navigation and tag line selection; 
           [0139]      FIG. 6  shows an example of the tag screen; 
           [0140]      FIG. 7  shows an example of the dashboard screen; 
           [0141]      FIG. 8A  shows a screenshot of the tagging user interface with keywords layered over a film clip; and, 
           [0142]      FIG. 8B  shows a screenshot of the tagging user interface with a close up of the timeline and associated thumbnails. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0143]      FIG. 1  provides a schematic overview of a complete system according to the present invention. At the heart of the system is a Media Asset Management System (MAM)  100 , which is in communication with the other component parts and provides for central control of all data and processes. A suitable MAM system is the Artesia system provided by Open Text. The interface and editing management may be based on MXF Server provided by Film Partners and the server management might be run by IBM Vmware. 
         [0144]    In particular, the MAM is in communication with clients  101  from which it receives high resolution image content  102  and returns the content with synchronized metadata  102 . Tagging with metadata is consistently indicated throughout the figures by a small meta-tag symbol appended to the tagged item. Three such tag symbols are shown appended to element  153  in  FIG. 1 . The high resolution image content may be downloaded  102 . However, as indicated, the tagged content may be returned as low resolution streaming media  103 , making it suitable for local searching and editing, or may be returned as a final high resolution streaming media version  104 . The client can interact with the system to obtain a tagged version of the raw video footage at low resolution  103  and perform post processing on it, before returning the finalized high resolution footage  102  for storage whilst maintaining the metadata synchronization. Clients can use any suitable editing system, such as Final Cut Pro provided by Apple, AVID or Adobe systems. 
         [0145]    The client may also be in communication with the MAM  100  via a management application running on a mobile device having GPS facility for pinpointing the location of the device. The application will be served for compatibility with the operating system of the mobile device in question. The real-time GPS data and associated time stamp can be then uploaded via the application and associated with the particular project. At a later time this identifying data can be reconciled with the footage shot at the location in a time synchronized manner. 
         [0146]    The original high resolution footage may be supplied by the client in various formats, which will often not be digital. In this case the footage is sent  105  to an ingest room  106  for digitizing prior to tagging. There will typically be a variety of different client types  101 , including those with their own servers and those whose connect directly. Other types may check in and out or may only be concerned with archive material (i.e. prosumer). Provision is made for all types of clients. In a preferred implementation, all image content will be received via the ingest room,  106 ,  116 , whether delivered by courier or uploaded as data, as it provides a fast central repository. 
         [0147]    Any basic metadata already associated with the content is recorded under control of the MAM  100 . The digitized footage is stored in a primary data centre  110 , which is mirrored by one  120  or more  130  back-up data centres. These centres typically comprise a tape and/or disc storage system  111 ,  121 , a redundant MAM  112 ,  122 , and a transcoding engine  113 ,  123 . A similar procedure can be used to digitize and store archive footage supplied by clients, and which can then be tagged as and when appropriate. The archive footage  115  is supplied to a digitizing factory  116  for digitizing, after which the high resolution digitized footage  118  can be downloaded for storage in the data centre  120 . The original tapes can be stored in a long term storage facility  117 . 
         [0148]    The MAM also mediates the delivery of tagged content  141 ,  143  to end content customers  140  who may wish to search and obtain high resolution copies  143  of footage stored by the system. The Typically, the requested content is streamed at low resolution  141  via the web and can be searched with the aid of semantic assistance tools  144 , before the customer  140  requests and obtains a high resolution version  143  of particular footage. The provision of the low resolution footage may be via a sales front end  142 , which allows the customer  140  to browse and purchase media. The web portal will typically be implemented using a platform from either Microsoft or IBM web services. A separate payments system  145  manages the associated payments transactions, including processing payments received from the content customers  140  and passing on remuneration to the (client) owners of the footage with a suitable fee deduction for providing the service. 
         [0149]    A key component of the overall process is the army of human taggers  150 , who provide the input for the rich metadata tagging of the image content. The taggers  150  may be based locally in a more centralized tagging facility or may be distributed home workers. They may work individually on a given project or may be part of a team tagging a particular piece of footage. The MAM  100  is in communication with the tagging stations  150  via a tagging factory  151 , which supplies low resolution copies of digital image content  152  to the taggers  150  via their respective tagging station and receives back tags  153  for association with the content. The tagging factory  151  then adds the tags as metadata to the content, the metadata being synchronized with the content. The data is stored on a database, which will typically be a variant of SQL. 
         [0150]      FIG. 2  provides a schematic overview of the process from the perspective of a client  201 , starting with the initial interactions before any footage is shot  200  through the after shoot processing  210 , including tagging, and the post tagging editing process  220 , and on to the in post finalization of the tagged footage  230  and its provision to end content consumers  240 . Typically, before filming, the client  201  (for example a production manager) visits a website, signs up for the service and downloads and installs the management application  202 . After logging in, the client adds production details, such as title, number of hours of footage, characters, script and any associated media. In doing so, project file is set up  203 . Barcodes and/or QR codes may be generated for association with the project and materials  204 , and which may be printed out from the website  206 . 
         [0151]    Once a project file has been set up, the client goes “on set” to an actual shoot, subsequent to which all the raw image (e.g. video) footage shot during the shoot is delivered  207  to the ingest room  212  of a central processing facility via courier, where it is processed. The client receives notification of which tapes have been received  213  at the ingest facility. Subsequent to this, the client can request a review  214  if a tape is missing or if the information supplied is incorrect. 
         [0152]    Depending on the format in which the image content has been shot, the footage may then be digitized at the ingest facility  212  in an automated process. Media with machine readable codes  211  may also be inputted. The client  201  can log in to the web application  215  to view the progress of the digitising process for each individual media unit. The client is then notified that all of the media has been digitised  216  and can request a review  214  if something is not correct. The review can be performed online. The client chooses which files to start downloading and the Sync Manager  205  launches and begins downloading the selected files. The digitized footage is passed to the Tag Pipeline  217  and a tag team accepts the project. At some point the client receives a notification  218  of the scheduled start time of the metatagging process, after which the tagging process begins and metadata is generated and associated with the raw video content. The web application  215  may give an indication of time remaining until such time as the tagging is completed and notified as such  219 . 
         [0153]    In order to view and edit the digitzed content, the client  221  opens their editing suite application  223  and creates a new edit project. The relevant file then appears in the client&#39;s ‘virtual drive’  224  under that project name. At this point the client can pull clips into their edit and can also browse and edit the metadata that has been generated until such time as they complete the review/edit. The client builds edits using low resolution proxy files locally  225 . The Sync Manager  222  monitors the status of the edit project, synchronising updates on demand or automatically with the central server  226 . The client is able to view the full edit online, in a streaming mode, via the application  227  and can send the edit to others  229  to view. A notification  228  of the status of the project can be sent to multiple people for approval. 
         [0154]    Once satisfied with the edited raw footage, the client can pass the edit onto a Post house for finishing  230 . The Post house team member  231  interacts with the MAM  232  and downloads high resolution files  234  through their connection, again using a download manager  233 . Post production software may be used for graphics and finishing work  235  after which the edits to the high resolution footage  234  and materials are synchronized  236 . The footage and edit is checked out and checked back in once the post production process is completed. The client receives an email once the Post House has completed their edit and has access to a full resolution, metatagged copy of the image content via the web application  237  for downloading and distribution. A notification  238  of the status of the project may be sent to multiple people for approval  239 . 
         [0155]    At this point the client will typically decide how the finalised footage is to be commercialised. The client can choose to deliver it to a broadcaster  241  and/or syndicate via the web  242  or alternatives means. The client can also choose what they want to archive of the footage they have on the production servers. The client simply chooses the files they want to archive via a web interface and the selected files are backed up and stored on the long term Archive Storage  245 . Finally, the client receives a bill for the project and a payment is taken via direct debit  246 . 
         [0156]    During the actual shoot, the client may run the management application or some component thereof on a mobile device having GPS facility for pinpointing the location of the device. As illustrated in  FIG. 3 , before the shoot  300  the client  301  accesses the web application to set up a new project  302  and enters the details of the new shoot  303 . The client may then download a particular mobile application  304  for interacting with the system. The mobile application will be served for compatibility with the operating system of the mobile device in question, whether it is an iPhone or an Android or MSWindows based mobile phone, or else some other type of mobile communication device. It is important to synchronise data/time settings on the camera(s) used for the shoot with the mobile device used for GPS tracking. The mobile application may generate a reminder for the user to do this, for example when the application is launched on the mobile device or a project selected for a new shoot. 
         [0157]    During the shoot  310 , the mobile application is launched  314  by the client team member  311 , the shoot project is selected  313 , and the application can run in the background or data can be checked in manually  312 . As the mobile device  305  moves from location to location with the shoot, the onboard GPS system monitors the position of the device until the application is deactivated  306 . The real-time GPS data and associated time stamp is broadcast or uploaded  307  via the application and associated with the particular specified project and stored  308 . After the shoot  320  the high resolution footage  321  is delivered to the ingest room  322  for digitizing. At a later time the MAM  323  communicates with the location data store  308 , sending the footage shoot ID and time  324 , and receiving back the relevant stored Geo Data  325 . This identifying data can be reconciled with the footage shot at the location in a time synchronized manner to provide a geo-tagged version  326  of the image content. As a consequence, the client can search their footage by street name, town and postcode immediately on it arriving into the system and being reserved to them. 
         [0158]    We now consider the actual tagging process in a little more detail with reference to  FIGS. 4 to 7 .  FIG. 4  provides a schematic overview of the tagging process and workflow, which is centred on the human tagger at their tagging station.  FIG. 5  illustrates a tag pad (or console) for onscreen navigation and tag line selection by the human tagger.  FIGS. 6 and 7 , respectively, show an example of the Tag screen and an example of the Dashboard screen, as displayed to the human tagger. 
         [0159]    As shown in  FIG. 4 , initially a project of videos is uploaded into a web application and appears in the Tag Pipeline  401  on the Dashboard. Team leaders  402  from each available Tag Team bid on who can achieve the best results with the footage. The projects are allocated  402  and the clips are added into the Clip Queues for each winning team. Each Tag Team Tagger  420  is located in front of a computer display wearing a headset with directional microphone and holding a games console type controller. An example of the latter is shown in  FIG. 5 . 
         [0160]    The Tagger logs into the Tagging software and is taken to the Dashboard  421 , shown in more detail in  FIG. 7 . A variety of information useful to the Tagger is displayed on this screen. In particular, a visual display of the Tagline for the current user  702  is presented, including the last clip completed  701 , the next clip  702  awaiting tagging by the Tagger and subsequent clips  703 ,  704  to be tagged. The Tagger can also see a list of team members with graphic avatars  705 , what his/her team is due to tag, the scores of other teams and of his/her team-mates  706  and more detailed statistics relating to his/her performance and the performance of the team  707 . Such information can act as incentive and motivator to the Tagger. 
         [0161]    To begin tagging, the Tagger is presented with the first clip  423  in the Tagger&#39;s Clip Queue in the Tagging Window, which is viewed as a video stream from the Media Asset Management (MAM) System  422 . Below the video currently playing is a bar, which will display numeric data relevant to the clip being shown. The application software sets up several empty Metadata Taglines  424 , and displays them on the screen next to the Tag Window. The five example Taglines illustrated in  FIG. 4  are: Character, Location, Story, Object, Background, Emotion, and Action. Although not shown in  FIG. 6 , these taglines would appear at the left hand side of the relevant tagline bar with the descriptive text (“John”, “Table” etc) entered for that tagline being shown further to the right. The snap shot of the Tag screen illustrated in  FIG. 6  shows some typical Taglines  624 . 
         [0162]    The Tagger controls the playback of the video via the control pad  430  with functions which mimic standard video playback commands, such as fast forward, rewind, pause, play and a jog-wheel.  FIG. 5  shows a games joy pad type console adapted for use with the invention. Navigation of the on-screen menu options  501  and jog control  502  is performed using the joystick type controllers. Certain buttons are programmed as shortcuts for certain onscreen functions or operations, such as pause  503 , dashboard  504 , confirm  505 , undo  506 , tag reference  507  and “mark as unknown”  508 . The remaining buttons  509  can be assigned to the different taglines a Tagger may typically be working with. The Tagger switches between Metadata Taglines by pressing the appropriate buttons  509  on the control pad. Whilst a Tagline is selected, the Tagger  431  speaks into the microphone to describe what he/she sees at the current point of playback of the currently playing movie  423 . 
         [0163]    If the image content is raw footage that has been geotagged in the manner described above with reference to  FIG. 3 , then not only will the location and time data be available from the GPS location system, but that data can then be referenced against and linked to a resource such as Google Maps Enterprise. This allows the Tagger to see the location details of the image currently be viewed on a map on the tagging screen. Thus, for example, when the tagger sees a church on screen, the system can pick up the true name of the church using the location data. For example, the Tagger says “church”, and the system interrogates the map data and notes that there is only one church within 100 metres of location, named “St Matthews”, and tags the church as “St Matthews”. 
         [0164]    Voice Recognition Software  432  takes the audio stream of her recorded voice as an input, converting it into text or flagging it for disambiguation in the later quality assurance process. The Voice Recognition Software also removes extraneous sounds and optional words from a list stored in the Software Settings. If the Tagger is unable to recognise a given location, character or object he/she can assign a Tag Placeholder  425 , for instance “Character A”, which can then be corrected in the quality assurance process. The Tagger is also able to switch to the Tag Reference screen, thereby pausing the current playback and allowing the Tagger to browse stills from other Taggers&#39; work  426  to find a definition for the item he/she is currently trying to tag. For example, characters will be displayed in a grid with their names below them based on having been successfully tagged by others. 
         [0165]    The Tagging Software takes the text versions of what has been said from the Voice Recognition Software and inserts them as Metadata Tags into the currently selected Metadata Tagline for the current clip at the point  427  that the word occurred in the audio stream, with adjustment for word length and the Tagger&#39;s ‘latency’, which is a setting that can be adjusted in the Software Settings. The tags are stored in a local database  433 . Each Tag is broadcast  434  to all of the other Taggers in the Tagger&#39;s team, as well as to any other user working on the project, including which Tagline it relates to, the position on that Tagline and its context within other Tags. As Tags are broadcast to other Taggers, the Software will recommend Tags  635  to each Tagger based on analysis of the tags that the Tagger has already added, tags that other Tag Team Members are using, and also recommendations based on dictionary or thesaurus look-ups and semantic analysis. The suggestions may be mediated by a Tag suggestion agent  435 . The tagging information is also sent to the Media Asset Management System (MAM) which stores each Tag in an SQL database and assigns it to the high resolution file. 
         [0166]    Once the Tagger has completed tagging the current clip, the next is automatically loaded from the Clip Queue and the process continues. The process is overseen by a Quality Controller  440  for the team who is logged in to the Admin Dashboard  441 . Once a given amount of video content has been tagged, the Quality Controller  440  is alerted and checks and corrects the content for errors. The Quality Controller uses Administration tools to approve tags  442 , request a rerun  443  and for disambiguation  444 . The Quality Controller signs off on the team&#39;s work, and the tags are committed to the main Media Asset Management System  445 , and also injected into the High Resolution media files. 
         [0167]    Once a piece of footage has been completed, a range of information relating to the tagging process is stored in the Tagging Software. Examples of such information include the accuracy of the Tagger&#39;s work, the density of keywords per minute, any unusual keywords used, and an indication if a given Tagger is the first to tag certain characters, objects and locations correctly. Other data about the Tagger and the Tag Team&#39;s performance may be stored in the Tagging Software, including scores  446  assigned to the Tag team members  447 . The Tagger can view his/her performance ranked against other team-mates and other teams in a High Score Table type display  448  on the Dashboard, and the system offers hints, tips and encouragement to the Taggers. 
         [0168]      FIGS. 8A and 8B  are representative line drawings of actual screen shots, illustrating a user interface with a piece of video content being tagged. As illustrated in  FIGS. 8A and 8B , the process of metadata being added is shown to the user via a unique display (user interface)  800  that is both qualititative and quantitative in form. As each keyword is added to the footage, a line  801 , 802 , 803  appears on the clip timeline  810 , which displays the exact timecode point at which the keyword has been added. The colour of the displayed line corresponds to the layer upon which the keyword has been placed, for example: Technical=grey line  801 , Action=yellow line  802 , Character=blue line  803 . Via this feature the user can immediately see the quantity of metadata that is being added to each clip in what may be a large volume of content. 
         [0169]    Simultaneously, as shown in  FIG. 8B , a real-time display of every keyword added with a thumbnail  805  of the exact frame in the content scrolls across the bottom of the screen. This allows the user to see exactly what keywords are being added to what image so that they can accurately check the quality of the keywords. This means that via a single display, a large quantity of metadata becomes a meaningful and understandable dataset, which it previously has not been. 
         [0170]    Furthermore, as shown in  FIG. 8B , if the user selects a clip in the timeline  810 , and moves their mouse over the content  820  as it plays, every keyword added to that clip will displayed  825  opaquely over the content  820 . Each of these keywords can be clicked upon, and in doing so will take the user to the exact timecode point in the video where that keyword was added. Similarly, if the user hovers their mouse over one of the thumbnails  805  as they scroll across the bottom of the screen, the act of clicking on it will take them to the exact point in the content that that keyword was added. 
         [0171]    Together, for the first time, these two powerful display innovations enable a user to be able to understand and interact with a high speed metadata process, as it happens in real time. 
         [0172]    As indicated above, the software element used to implement the invention will typically be coded as a web application, since it will be used both in the metatagging factory and also for remote, home based workers. The latter can be served video over broadband at lower resolution for archive footage tagging purposes. A variety of incentives can be supplied for remote workers including remuneration based on the quality of their tagging and the subsequent provision of the tagged content to paying end customers. 
         [0173]    The present invention provides an innovative method of tagging image content with rich metadata and serving the tagged data to clients and end consumers. The apparatus and system employs a number of readily available components, but also integrated in an innovative manner with proprietary interfaces. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, aspects of the invention can be implemented in a variety of different ways and the invention itself can be applied to a wide range of scenarios where image content can be usefully enhanced by the addition of metadata tags and the serving of the tagged content in searchable and editable form. The invention enables image content to be stored in a safe and readily accessible form and at a cost that is not prohibitive to the owners of the content. Moreover, the invention allows the creators or owners of the image content to edit and finalize raw content with increased functionality and also leverage the commercial worth of the finalized content through its enhanced searchability and provision when served over the web.