Abstract:
This invention relates to a novel herbal formulation for the prevention and management of type-2 diabetes mellitus and vascular complications associated with diabetes comprising, preparing of hydromethanolic extract of at least one plant selected form  Salacia roxburghii, Salacia oblonga, Garcinia Indica  and  Lagerstroemia parviflora  at 70°-80° C., maintaining ph of the solution between 7-10, separating the active compounds by using TLC, HPLC, HPTLC, subjecting the active compounds to the step of molecular characterization.

Description:
FIELD OF INVENTION 
     This invention relates to a novel herbal formulation for the prevention and management of type-2 diabetes mellitus and vascular complications associated with diabetes. 
     BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 
     Type-II diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder that is primarily characterized by insulin resistance, relative insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia. It is rapidly increasing in the developed countries and there is also evidence that this pattern will be followed in much of the rest of the parts of the world in coming years. About 90-95% of all North Americans are suffering from type-II diabetes and 20% of the population are over the age of 65 years. Diabetes affects over 150 million people worldwide and this number is expected to double by 2025. Now it has been proven that the Islet Amyloid Polypeptide genes are responsible for the early on set of type-II diabetes. 
     Type II diabetes is the predominant form of diabetes accounting for 90% of case globally. In type II diabetes, two impairments are found to increase blood glucose levels; impaired insulin action and impaired pancreatic insulin secretion. In addition, liver also plays key role in adjusting blood glucose levels via. gluconeogenesis in fasting and glucogenolysis in postprandial conditions. In type II diabetes glucogenolysis increases disproportionally which further contribute in elevated blood glucose level. 
     About 55% patients of type-II diabetes mellitus are obese, with the result obesity leads to increased insulin resistance that can develop into diabetes. Further, type-II diabetes mellitus often associated with obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia. Additional factors founds to be associated with type-II diabetes include ageing, high fat diets and less active life style. 
     Diabetes is associated with factors which directly contribute to cardiovascular disorders including insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, hypertension, excessive oxidations, endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation and growth factors may affect platelet aggregation. Obesity is another risk factor in the development of diabetes and CHD. 
     Both diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance are associated with increased risk of reno-Cardio vascular diseases (CVD). Approximately 80% of death in diabetes patients are due to CVD which is significantly associated with dyslipidemia. 
     Inflammation plays a vital role in pathogenesis of CHD among diabetes patients. Interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein are scientific bio-markers associated with hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes mellitus. Both the factors are responsible for development of cardiovascular disorders. IL-6 has been shown to induce gluconeogenesis subsequently hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. Levels of CRP are increased in type-2 diabetes and can cause CHD death independently. Hyperhomocysteinemia (Hyper Hcy) is also recognized as independent risk factor for CVD in type-2 diabetes. Hyper Hcy exerts toxic effects via elevated oxidative stress which induces endothelial dysfunction. In addition adipokine leptin has been found to be positively associated with insulin resistance, diabetes risk, triglyceride level, CRP, blood pressure, obesity etc. Adiponectin, a protein secreted by adipose cells regulates insulin sensitivity with energy metabolism. A decreased level of adiponectin concentration is recorded in above conditions. Recently peroxisome proliferator activator receptor (PPAR-α)-α and PPAR-γ are found to be associated with diabetes that regulated insulin responsive gene transcription involved in glucose production, transport and utilization. 
     The available oral anti-hyperglycemic drugs are in practice for the management of diabetes but application of these agents is limited because of adverse reaction of these synthetic chemicals. 
     Similarly treatment with statin for dyslipidemia causes risk of hepatic or muscle enzyme abnormalities. 
     Keeping the above facts in view it was thought to propose a plant based formulation showing beneficial role in the management of type-2 diabetes mellitus and associated disorder. In Ayurvedic system of medicine, several plants have been advocated for their hypoglycemic effects and are still in practice. Taking the lead from ancient literature four plants  Salacia roxburghii  (Saptarangi),  Salacia oblonga, Garcinia indica  (Kokum) and  Lagerstroemia parviflora  (Jarul) were selected out of various screened plants carried out for this purpose and the novel formulation was prepared following standard norms. 
     In experimental studies the safety and efficacy profile of single plant candidate and also combined formulation has been established. The test drug was found to have an agonist for PPAR activated receptor and regulates insulin responsive gene transcription involved in glucose production, transport and utilization and thus reduced blood glucose and reduces hyper-insulinemia. Our claims are established on the basis of experimental and clinical trials. 
     OBJECTS OF INVENTION 
     The main object of this invention is to propose plant based herbal formulation in the prevention and management of type-2 diabetes mellitus and associated vascular complications with the purpose of preventing CHD death among diabetic patients. 
     Another object of present invention is to propose a plant based Ayurvedic formulation showing role as an agonist for PPAR activated receptor and can regulate insulin responsive gene transcription. 
     Still, another object of present invention is to propose an Ayurvedic formulation showing beneficial role on abnormal lipid metabolism (dyslipidemia) particularly oxidized LDL and triglycerides among type-2 diabetes cases. 
     Yet another object of present invention is to propose a novel formulation which can retard the pro-inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-6 and also CRP in type-2 diabetes cases. 
     Another object of present invention is to propose a plant based formulation showing beneficial role in increasing adiponectin among type-2 diabetes cases to prove the anti-obesity and anti-atherosclerotic property of present novel formulation. 
     Further, object is to propose a plant based formulation effective in the prevention and management of hyperglycemia, ultimately that can prevent major organ system i.e. brain, heart, kidney in diabetic patients. 
     STATEMENT OF INVENTION 
     According to this invention there is provided a novel herbal formulation for the prevention and management of type-2 diabetes mellitus and vascular complications associated with diabetes comprising hydromethanolic extract of at least one plant out of four plants i.e  Salacia roxburghii, Salacia oblonga, Garcinia indica  and  Lagerstroemia parviflora  in effective doses and a process for the preparation of thereof comprising; preparation of hydro-methanolic extract of  Salacia roxburghii  and  Lagerstroemia parviflora  by mixing aqueous and methanol in 30:70 ratio at 70-80° C., maintaining pH of the solution between 7-10, separating chromatographically active compounds/molecules by using TLC, HPLC, HPTLC, molecular characterization by using IR and NMR separating the active chemical constituents present in plants. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1  is a flow diagram of the process. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to the novel Ayurvedic formulation and to the process thereof for the prevention and management of dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, obesity, and endothelial dysfunction in type-2 diabetes mellitus cases. The preparation of present invention is advantageous if used for the prevention and management of hyperglycemia, abnormal lipids, altered adipokines, elevated inflammatory cytokines, obesity, hyperhomocystinemia, hypertension and atherosclerosis involved with diabetic patients. The beneficial role of novel Ayurvedic formulation can be assessed on blood glucose level, as an agonist PPAR-α activated receptor activity, inflammatory pro-cytokines including CRP, adipokine, adiponectin, homocysteine, oxidized LDL-c, triglycerides and endotheline level. 
     The hydro-methanolic extract of four Ayurvedic plants  Salacia roxburghii, Salacia oblonga, Garcinia indica  and  Lagerstroemia parviflora  by using 30:70 ratio of water and methanol respectively is used for the experimental and clinical studies. The water utilized for extraction was decontaminated for any type of bacterial or abnormal growth by using reverse osmosis plant. After extraction the active molecules was identified and separated by HPLC, HPTLC and NMR procedures. 
     The biological activity was studied on the basis of mode of action of the test drug and effect of the drug on various parameters undertaken for this clinical condition. The molecular characterization was done by using. NMR and bio-molecular reaction following the interaction between the chemical and biological markers like insulin resistance (blood glucose levels), inflammatory cytokines, adipokines, various fractions of lipids including triglycerides, the PPAR-α and PPAR-γ. 
     The pre-clinical toxicological studies were carried out to determine the safety profile of individual plant candidate as well as all four plant candidates combined to prepare novel formulation before using the drug for human beings. The mode of action of single plant and combined formulation was carried out in animal models. 
     The beneficial role of test formulation on fasting and postprandial blood glucose level, PPAR-α agonist activity, insulin resistance, abnormal lipids, atherosclerosis, altered adipokines and inflammatory cytokines etc. were established in animal models before using the drug for human consumption. 
     Mechanism of Action of Present Formulation: 
     The present formulation containing the hydro-methanolic extract of  Salacia roxburghii, Salacia oblonga, Garcinia indica  and  Lagerstroemia parviflora  has shown anti-diabetic property in various experimental and clinical trials. The present formulation contains phyto-molecules that target various receptors responsible for diabetes. It is agonist for the PPAR-α &amp; γ, with the result circulating level of triglycerides, LDL-c and total cholesterol decreases. It has been observed that extract of  Salacia roxburghii  enhances the level of PPAR-α mediated lipogenic gene expression resulting in the decreased level of triglycerides, oxidized LDL and total cholesterol. 
     The mode of action of present formulation is similar to the action of statin. The test formulation significantly influences the starch metabolizing enzyme as it reduces the hexokinase and lactate dehydrogenase. These liver enzymes play a major role in the metabolism of glucose. 
     Mangiferine and corosolic acid both have shown significant effect in reducing glycemic index both in animals and human subjects. Salcinol an important phyto-constituents found in  Salacia roxburghii  and  Salacia oblonga  have shown inhibition of cardiac angiotensin-II type-I receptor preventing the atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction thus prevents vascular changes in diabetes patients. 
     Extraction Procedure: 
     The shed dried root and fruits of  Salacia roxburghii, Salacia oblonga , fruits and seeds of  Garcinia indica  and bark of  Lagerstroemia parviflora  were utilized for obtaining extracted material of the plants. The water and methanol extract (30:70 ratio) were utilized for the extraction of active compound found in the plants. After extraction the extracted materials were taken for chromatographic separation by using TLC, HPLC, and HPTCL. After identification and separation of the active compound the molecular characterization was carried out by using IR and NMR. 
     The extraction was done at the temperature of 70-80° c. The pH of the solution was maintained between 7-10. The following steps were followed and carried out to isolate the active compound, preparation of test drug as well as to develop a new drug entity.  FIG. 1  is a flow diagram showing the steps involved in the extraction. 
     According to this invention there is provided an Ayurvedic formulation for the prevention and management of type-2 diabetes mellitus and associated vascular complications with the object to prevent the diabetic patients from CHD death and also from various type of morbidity caused due to hyperglycemia. The present test formulation comprising of the following four ingredients— 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Name of the plants 
                 Part used 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 1.  
                   Salacia   roxburghii  (Saptarangi)  
                 Root and fruits 
               
               
                   
                 2.  
                   Salacia   oblonga  (Saptachakra) 
                 Root 
               
               
                   
                 3. 
                   Garcini   indica  (Kokum) 
                 Fruits &amp; Seeds 
               
               
                   
                 4.  
                   Lagerstroemia   parviflora  (Jarul) 
                 Leaves 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Preferably the aforesaid plants are present in the test drug in following doses— 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Name of the plants 
                 Dose 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 1.  
                 
                   Salacia 
                   roxburghii 
                 
                 225-400 mg/day 
               
               
                   
                 2.  
                 
                   Salacia 
                   oblonga 
                 
                 200-425 mg/day 
               
               
                   
                 3.  
                 
                   Garcinia 
                   indica 
                 
                 175-300 mg/day 
               
               
                   
                 4.  
                 
                   Lagerstroemia 
                   parviflora 
                 
                 175-325 mg/day 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The formulation may also comprise known additives such as minerals, vitamins, salts, filler (for capsulation or to prepare syrup) and binders, if required to present in trace amount. 
     Thus any known additive or supplement is added to prepare the final formulation as required and present in trace amount. Reference is made here in capsule form. However, it would be apparent that the preparation may also be in the form of syrup/tablet. 
     Preferably but without implying any limitation the preparation comprises— 
                                                     Name of the plants   Dose                           1.      Salacia   roxburghii     275 mg/day           2.      Salacia   oblonga     325 mg/day           3.      Garcinia   indica     225 mg/day           4.      Lagerstroemia   parviflora     225 mg/day                        
Hypothesis:
 
     The present Ayurvedic formulation is based on the combined effect of four plant extract namely  Salacia roxburghii, Salacia oblonga, Garcinia indica  and  Lagerstroemia parviflora . This novel formulation is an agonist for PPAR receptor, modified abnormal lipids including triglyceride, reduced inflammatory cytokines, regulates adipokines, and improves renal cardiac functions. Those effect are mediated through PPAR-α &amp; γ against activity that results in insulin responsive gene transcription involved in glucose production, transport and utilization ultimately reduces blood glucose level, reduces inflammatory process by reducing CRP, IL-6, TNF-α, it regulates abnormal lipids including triglycerides concentration, enhances adiponectin and also reduces homocysteine. All these beneficial effects ultimately slowed down/improved atherosclerotic process among diabetes patients and has potential role in prevention of adverse cardiac event. 
     As documented diabetes increases the risk of myocardial infarction and risk of stroke, it is hypothesized that present test formulation improves the glycemic load by improving insulin sensitivity, as an agonist for PPAR-α activated receptors, stimulates beta-cells, increases glucose uptake in tissues, may have activity on cathepsin-b and increases cyclic AMP count on islets. As synergism test drug has anti-oxidant effects. 
     Atherosclerosis occurs due to a number of factors in diabetic individuals. Both insulin resistance and elevated lipid levels are the triggering factors for athrogenic injury, endothelial dysfunction in diabetics otherwise is more prone to atherogenic injury due to decreased production of endothelial nitric oxide and increased production of plasminogen activator inhibitor. Lipid disorders like elevated total cholesterol, low HDL-c and high triglyceride level is the major risk factor for CHD. Therefore, the prevention and management of vascular complications is the basic and essential principle among diabetes patients to prevent them from CHD death. 
     As the present test formulation contains of extracts of four plants  Salacia roxburghii, Salacia oblonga, Garcinia indica  and  Lagerstroemia parviflora  therefore, to describe the action of individual plant is helpful in understanding the specific action on specific target involved in diabetes. Garcinia indica extract contained 0.67 percent of garcinol and 0.17 percent of hydroxycitric acid. ((−)-Hydroxycitric acid (−)-HCA) has a potential effect in stimulating beta cells of islet langerhans. Similarly gracinol have shown potential effect in reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines mainly responsible for endothelial dysfunction among diabetic patients. The corosilic acid present in extract of  Lagerstroemia parviflora  in the dose of 1.02 percent showed potential effect in minimizing the inflammatory markers in type-2 diabetes mellitus cases. The proportion of mangiferin and salacinol varies in  Salacia roxburghii  and  Salacia oblonga . The  Salacia roxburghii  exerted more potential effect in the prevention and management of diabetic complications particularly the vascular complications. The Salacia oblonga has specific action in regulation of postprandial glycemic index, PPAR-α &amp; γ as well as it prevents the cardiac hypertrophy by regulating angiotensin-II receptors. Mangiferin modulates the liver enzyme like hexokinase, lactate dehydroxygenase, pyruvate kinase and also the metabolizing enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-6bisphosphatase, glucose-6phosphatase dehydrogenase. Therefore, it is proven that combined formulation acted on different targets involved in type-2 diabetes mellitus. 
     C-peptide has no relation with blood glucose level but it has strong relationship with status of glomerular damage in diabetes. It has been demonstrated that C-peptide infusion increases the utilization of glucose among the diabetic patients. In healthy individuals C-peptide level indicates the better renal function suggesting measurement of C-peptide level might be helpful in the prevention of renal complications among diabetes. 
     The present novel Ayurvedic formulation has been developed on the basis of hypothesis that certain plants having bio-molecules responsible for enhancing the general body resistance by arresting the process of inflammation, catabolism and preventing oxidative damage due to reactive oxygen species. It is postulated that some of the plant based products have potentiality to prevent the comments complications like neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy associated with diabetes. It has been observed that adiponectin induces TNF-α, IL-6 and promotes tolerance to itself and other pro-inflammatory stimuli. It has been considered as an important bio-marker for insulin resistance, obesity and generalized atherosclerotic changes in body. Therefore our main target is to find out the 
     specific target which can arrest inflammation and prevents various complications associated with type-2 diabetes mellitus. 
     The investigators have established that combined formulation of above mentioned plants in specific dose not only enhances the level of adiponectin but also reduces the glycemic index and prevents from damage of vital organs by reducing inflammatory cytokines responsible for the endothelial dysfunction in type-2 diabetes mellitus. Adiponectin the important biomarker has potentiality to regulate multiple targets involved in type-2 diabetes mellitus. 
     About the Plants: 
     1.  Salacia roxburghii : Mainly found in Eastern part of India.  Salacia  species belongs to family Hippocrastaceae. Fruits and root are used for medicinal purpose. Salaretin is the main active compound isolated from this plant is responsible for breakdown of starch in diet. Mangiferin is also an important component of  Salacia roxburghii . This drug has shown anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-obesity and homocysteine lowering activity in diabetes patients. Further, the drug enhanced PPAR-α—mediated lipogenic gene expression. Mangiferin lowers blood lipids in diabetes.
 
2.  Salacia oblonga : Mainly found in Eastern part of India &amp; Sri Lanka.  Salacia  species belongs to family Hippocrastaceae. The roots and stems of Salacia oblonga have been used extensively in Ayurveda and traditional Indian medicine for the treatment of Diabetes. Historically,  Salacia oblonga  is in use from the centuries by traditional practitioners. Recently,  Salacia oblonga  is being used to treat diabetes as it seems to lower blood sugar and insulin levels in a manner similar to prescription drugs. After recent pharmacological investigations it has been proved that  Salacia  roots modulate multiple targets mainly; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha-mediated lipogenic gene transcription, angiotensin II/angiotensin II type 1 receptor, alpha-glucosidase, aldose reductase and pancreatic lipase. The multi-targeted actions of  Salacia  root ultimately induced the improvements in type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity-associated hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and other related cardiovascular complications.
 
3.  Garcinia indica  (Kokum):
 
     Belongs to the family Clusiaceae. Seeds and fruits of  Garcinia indica  is used for medicines and cosmetics. Hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is extracted from the rind of the fruit which is used as hypocholesterolaemic agent. It is also a potential anti-obesity agent. The anti-oxidant property of aqueous extract of the plant is observed.  Garcinia indica  extract is having anti-allergic effects. It contains oxalicacid, malic acid, polyphenols, carbohydrates, anthocyanin and ascorbic acid. Anti-oxidant property is due to Garcinol. Isogarcinol also shows anti-inflammatory, lipase inhibitor, anti-obesity and neuroprotective effect. 
     4.  Lagerstroemia parviflora  is commonly known as Jarul belongs to family Lytheraceae. It is very common tree found in the moist and dry forest mainly of Andhra Pradesh. The active compounds found in  Lagerstroemia parviflora  are—Flosin-B, Stachyurin, Casuarinin, casuarin, epipunicacortein-A, ellargic acid, corosolic acid, tannin etc. Leaves possess anti-diabetic, antibacterial, anti-obesity, anti-oxidant effects. It maintains the normal weight, promotes healthy insulin level. According to recent studies it increases glucose uptake and has positive role in glycemic control. The chemical constituents mainly ellagic acid has shown an inhibitory effect on glucose transport assay. The other active compounds corosolic acid has exhibited potent anti-diabetic activity as it reduced both fasting and postprandial blood glucose level. 
     EXAMPLE-I 
     In non-clinical efficacy profile evaluation when the hydro-methanolic extract of  Salacia roxburghii  in the dose of 50 mg/kg and  Lagerstroemia parviflora  50 mg/kg and  Garcinia indica  40 mg/kg was given to streptozotocin induced diabetic rats, the drug exerted as an agonist for PPAR activated receptors resulting in insulin regulated gene transcription. 
     EXAMPLE-II 
     When the hydro-methanolic extract of  Salacia roxburghii  50 mg/kg and  Salacia oblonga  50 mg/kg was given to Sprague Dawley rats, 63 percent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was recorded. Further, amylase and lipid lipase lowering effects were also noticed. 
     EXAMPLE-III 
     When the hydro-methanolic extract of  Salacia roxburghii  60 mg/kg and Garcinia indica 60 mg/kg was given to streptozotocin induced diabetic rats a significant reduction in blood glucose level was measured indicating anti-diabetic role of the drug. 
     EXAMPLE-IV 
     In clinical study when the hydro-methanolic extract of  Salacia roxburghii  in the dose of 525 mg/day and  Lagerstroemia parviflora  350 mg/day combined and given in two divided doses to diagnosed cases of type-2 diabetes a significant decrease in postprandial blood glucose level was noticed. An average 40 percent depletion of blood glucose level indicated the anti-diabetic activity of test drug. 
     EXAMPLE-V 
     When the hydro-methanolic extract of  Salacia oblonga  (475 mg/day) and  Lagerstroemia parviflora  (450 mg/day) was mixed and given to type-2 diabetes patients a marked decrease in triglycerides content was estimated along with glycemic control property of the test formulation as glycosylated hemoglobin improved following treatment in diabetes patients. 
     EXAMPLE-VI 
     When the hydro-methanolic extract of  Garcinia indica  250 mg/day,  Lagerstroemia parviflora  (325 mg/day) and  Salacia oblonga  (325 mg/day) mixed and administered to type-2 diabetes patients a significant decrease in Apolipo-B and moderate increase in HDL-c level was noticed. 
     EXAMPLE-VII 
     When the hydro-methanolic extract of  Garcinia indica  250 mg/day,  Lagerstroemia parviflora  (350 mg/day) and  Salacia roxburghii  (350 mg/day) mixed and given to diagnosed cases of type-2 diabetes patients the oxidized LDL-c level decreased indicating improvement in atherosclerotic process among type-2 diabetes patients. 
     EXAMPLE-VIII 
     When the hydro-methanolic extract of  Salacia roxburghii  (325 mg/day) and  Lagerstroemia parviflora  (275 mg/day) and  Salacia oblonga  (350 mg/day) was mixed and given to diabetes patients decrease in pro-inflammatory markers like IL-6, TNF-α including hs. CRP was estimated indicating improvement in vascular inflammation in diabetes cases. It also reduces inflammatory marker resistin in diabetic patients. 
     EXAMPLE-IX 
     When the hydro-methanolic extract of  Salacia oblonga  (450 mg/day) and  Lagerstroemia parviflora  (450 mg/day) was mixed and administered to selected diabetes patients increase in adiponectin level indicated the anti-atherosclerotic and anti-obesity role of test formulation. 
     EXAMPLE-X 
     When the hydro-methanolic extract of  Salacia roxburghii  (275 mg/day),  Lagerstroemia parviflora  (225 mg/day),  Salacia oblonga  (325 mg/day) and  Garcinia indica  (225 mg/day) mixed and orally administered to selected type-2 diabetes patients a better effect of test formulation was recorded as the blood glucose level decreased, abnormal lipids modified including apolipo-B, the inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α decreased, CRP and leptin also reduced, where as adiponectin level increased. On the whole this novel combined formulation has shown potential role in the prevention and management of type-2 diabetes mellitus and associated vascular complications through regulation of PPAR-α and PPAR-γ resulting in glycemic control and enhancing insulin sensitivity. Thus it is proposed as a better safer remedial measure for the prevention and management of type-2 diabetes mellitus and associated vascular complications in diabetes patients thus CHD death can be prevented among diabetes patients. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of single as well as  
               
               
                 combined formulation 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Concen- 
                 Percent inhibition 
               
             
          
           
               
                 tration 
                 
                   Salacia 
                 
                 
                   Lagerstroemia 
                 
                 
                   Salacia 
                 
                 
                   Garcinia 
                 
                 Combined 
               
               
                 (μg/ml) 
                 
                   roxburghii 
                 
                 
                   parviflora 
                 
                 
                   oblonga 
                 
                 
                   indica 
                 
                 formulation 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                  50 mg/kg 
                 23.79 
                 28.72 
                 28.40 
                 25.03 
                 31.61 
               
               
                 100 mg/kg 
                 37.82 
                 43.09 
                 39.61 
                 23.75 
                 61.80 
               
               
                 150 mg/kg 
                 41.6 
                 48.22 
                 46.22 
                 25.85 
                 72.32 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Experimental Study-I 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Reduction in blood glucose level following test drug treatment  
               
               
                 in Streptozotocin (STZ) treated diabetic rats 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Blood glucose level (mg/dl) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Treated group 
                 7 th  Days 
                 14 th  Days 
                 30 th  Days 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Normal control (N = 6) * 
                 63.91 ± 
                 61.94 ± 
                 64.82 ± 
               
               
                   
                 8.73 
                 10.11 
                 12.04 
               
               
                 Td. With STZ 
                 334.74 ± 
                 293.71 ± 
                 268.45 ± 
               
               
                 (65 mg/kg) N = 6 ** 
                 28.99 
                 31.22 
                 37.02 
               
               
                 Td. With STZ + Test 
                 258.97 ± 
                 209.85 ± 
                 172.75 ± 
               
               
                 drug (N = 6)*** 
                 22.84 
                 26.90 
                 21.65 
               
               
                 Td. With STZ + 
                 237.90 ± 
                 194.93 ± 
                 164.35 ± 
               
               
                 Acarbose **** 
                 21.64 
                 16.87 
                 12.86 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Comp. 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 * vs ** 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
               
               
                 ** vs*** 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
               
               
                 ***vs **** 
                 P &gt; 0.05 
                 P &lt; 0.05 
                 P &lt; 0.05 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Reduction in hs C-reactive protein following test drug treatment  
               
               
                 in STZ treated diabetic rats 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 hs CRP (mg/L) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Treated group 
                 7 th  Days 
                 14 th  Days 
                 30 th  Days 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Normal control (N = 6) * 
                 1.51 ± 
                 1.43 ± 
                 1.38 ± 
               
               
                   
                 0.24 
                 0.30 
                 0.45 
               
               
                 Td. With STZ (65 mg/kg) 
                 9.11 ± 
                 8.83 ± 
                 6.89 ± 
               
               
                 N = 6 ** 
                 2.04 
                 2.12 
                 1.72 
               
               
                 Td. With STZ + Test drug 
                 7.34 ± 
                 5.73 ± 
                 4.08 ± 
               
               
                 (N = 6)*** 
                 1.54 
                 0.84 
                 0.74 
               
               
                 Td. With STZ + Acarbose 
                 7.58 ± 
                 5.85 ± 
                 5.11 ± 
               
               
                 **** 
                 1.61 
                 0.68 
                 0.93 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Comp. 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 * vs ** 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
               
               
                 ** vs*** 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
               
               
                 ***vs **** 
                 P &gt; 0.05 
                 P &gt; 0.05 
                 P &gt; 0.05 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Reduction in Interleukin-6 following test drug treatment in  
               
               
                 STZ treated diabetic rats 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 IL-6 (pg/ml) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Treated group 
                 7 th  Days 
                 14 th  Days 
                 30 th  Days 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Normal control (N = 6) * 
                 0.83 ± 
                 0.91 ± 
                 0.87 ± 
               
               
                   
                 0.11 
                 0.13 
                 0.20 
               
               
                 Td. With STZ 
                 4.13 ± 
                 3.94 ± 
                 3.54 ± 
               
               
                 (65 mg/kg) N = 6 ** 
                 1.02 
                 0.92 
                 0.88 
               
               
                 Td. With STZ + Test 
                 2.65 ± 
                 2.16 ± 
                 1.73 ± 
               
               
                 drug (N = 6)*** 
                 0.24 
                 0.31 
                 0.27 
               
               
                 Td. With STZ + Acarbose 
                 2.94 ± 
                 2.58 ± 
                 2.21 ± 
               
               
                 **** 
                 0.26 
                 0.30 
                 0.29 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Comp. 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 * vs ** 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
               
               
                 ** vs*** 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
                 P &lt; 0.01 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
               
               
                 ***vs **** 
                 P &gt; 0.05 
                 P &gt; 0.05 
                 P &gt; 0.05 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of test formulation on adiponectin level in STZ  
               
               
                 treated diabetic rats 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Adiponectin (μg/ml) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Treated group 
                 7 th  Days 
                 14 th  Days 
                 30 th  Days 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Normal control (N = 6)* 
                 13.45 ± 
                 14.13 ± 
                 14.42 ± 
               
               
                   
                 1.87 
                 2.06 
                 2.11 
               
               
                 Td. With STZ (65 mg/kg) 
                  6.86 ± 
                  5.83 ± 
                  5.09 ± 
               
               
                 N = 6 ** 
                 1.13 
                 0.97 
                 0.86 
               
               
                 Td. With STZ + Test drug 
                  9.11 ± 
                 10.12 ± 
                 12.93 ± 
               
               
                 (N = 6)*** 
                 2.04 
                 1.75 
                 2.14 
               
               
                 Td. With STZ + Acarbose 
                  8.83 ± 
                  9.82 ± 
                 10.66 ± 
               
               
                 **** 
                 2.02 
                 1.65 
                 2.01 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Comp. 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 *vs ** 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
               
               
                 ** vs*** 
                 P &lt; 0.05 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
               
               
                 ***vs **** 
                 P &gt; 0.05 
                 P &gt; 0.05 
                 P &gt; 0.05 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Experimental Study-II 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of Test formulation on body weight following cafeteria  
               
               
                 diet in experimental rats 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Body Weight (grams) 
                 Comp. Initial 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 After 15  
                 After 30  
                 vs After 30 
               
               
                 Treated group 
                 Initial 
                 Days 
                 Days 
                 days 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Normal control 
                 104.93 ± 
                 110.82 ± 
                 117.36 ± 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
               
               
                 (N = 6) 
                 3.88 
                 6.03 
                 4.91 
                   
               
               
                 Cafeteria diet only 
                  99.22 ± 
                 128.92 ± 
                 158.90 ± 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
               
               
                 (N = 6) 
                 4.37 
                 6.11 
                 12.13 
                   
               
               
                 Cafeteria diet + test 
                 114.97 ± 
                 119.93 ± 
                 128.72 ± 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
               
               
                 formulation (N = 6) 
                 9.82 
                 8.41 
                 7.04 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of Test formulation on total cholesterol and triglycerides following cafeteria 
               
               
                 dies in experimental animals 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Comp. 
                   
                   
                 Comp. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 TC (mg/dl) 
                 Initial vs 
                 TG (mg/dl) 
                 Initial vs 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 After 30 
                 After 30 
                   
                 After 30 
                 After 30 
               
               
                 Treated group 
                 Initial 
                 Days 
                 days 
                 Initial 
                 Days 
                 days 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Normal control 
                 84.78 ± 4.69 
                 88.36 ± 5.11 
                 P &gt; 0.05 
                 81.89 ± 8.63 
                 83.01 ± 9.34 
                 P &gt; 0.05 
               
               
                 (N = 6) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Cafeteria diet 
                 87.11 ± 6.94 
                 91.35 ± 9.12 
                 P &lt; 0.05 
                 79.74 ± 5.80 
                 98.34 ± 4.93 
                 P &lt; 0.05 
               
               
                 only (N = 6) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Cafeteria diet + 
                 86.90 ± 8.30 
                 81.45 ± 6.03 
                 P &lt; 0.05 
                 83.22 ± 8.91 
                 74.90 ± 7.85 
                 P &lt; 0.05 
               
               
                 test formulation 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 (N = 6) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of Test formulation on body weight following cafeteria dies in experimental 
               
               
                 rats 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Blood glucose level 
                 Comp. 
                   
                 Comp. 
               
               
                   
                 (mg/dl) 
                 Initial vs 
                 Adiponectin (μg/ml) 
                 Initial vs 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 After 30 
                 After 30 
                   
                 After 
                 After 30 
               
               
                 Treated group 
                 Initial 
                 Days 
                 days 
                 Initial 
                 30 Days 
                 days 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Normal control 
                 58.90 ± 7.02 
                 55.70 ± 6.88 
                 P &gt; 0.05  
                 12.87 ± 1.91 
                 13.16 ± 2.08  
                 P &gt; 0.05  
               
               
                 (N = 6) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Cafeteria diet 
                 54.93 ± 6.12 
                 71.11 ± 5.90 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
                 — 
                 7.82 ± 1.03 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
               
               
                 only (N = 6) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Cafeteria diet + 
                 56.35 ± 6.31 
                 64.01 ± 4.87 
                 P &lt; 0.01  
                 — 
                 11.02 ± 1.94  
                 P &lt; 0.01  
               
               
                 test formulation 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 (N = 6) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Role of test formulation on Total Cholesterol among high  
               
               
                 cholesterol diet treated rats 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Total cholesterol level (mg/dl) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Treated group 
                 Initial 
                 After 15 Days 
                 After 1 months 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Normal control 
                 64.32 ± 
                  63.80 ± 
                  64.70 ± 
               
               
                 (N = 10)* 
                 7.89 
                 6.52 
                 8.42 
               
               
                 High cholesterol diet 
                 — 
                 895.42 ± 
                 480.82 ± 
               
               
                 (N = 10)** 
                   
                 49.75 
                 40.72 
               
               
                 High cholesterol diet + 
                 — 
                 688.59 ± 
                 402.71 ± 
               
               
                 test formulation 
                   
                 101.22 
                 45.90 
               
               
                 (N = 10)*** 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 High cholesterol diet + 
                 — 
                 691.52 ± 
                 280.50 ± 
               
               
                 statin (2.5 mg/kg/day) 
                   
                 78.85 
                 16.80 
               
               
                 (N = 10)**** 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Comp. 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 *vs** 
                 P &gt; 0.05 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
               
               
                 **vs*** 
                   
                 P &lt; 0.001 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
               
               
                 ***vs**** 
                   
                 P &lt; 0.001 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of test formulation on HDL-c level among high 
               
               
                 cholesterol diet treated rats 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 HDL-c level (mg/dl) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Treated group 
                 Initial 
                 After 15 Days 
                 After 1 months 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Normal control 
                 22.50 ± 
                 23.32 ± 
                 22.37 ± 
               
               
                 (N = 10)* 
                 4.33 
                 2.85 
                 3.85 
               
               
                 High cholesterol diet 
                 — 
                 17.82 ± 
                 13.85 ± 
               
               
                 (N = 10)** 
                   
                 5.32 
                 1.85 
               
               
                 High cholesterol diet + 
                 — 
                 18.45 ± 
                 20.65 ± 
               
               
                 test formulation (N = 10)*** 
                   
                 2.91 
                 2.85 
               
               
                 High cholesterol diet + statin 
                 — 
                 20.32 ± 
                 21.85 ± 
               
               
                 (2.5 mg/kg/day) (N = 10)**** 
                   
                 4.85 
                 3.85 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Comp. 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 *vs** 
                 P &gt; 0.05 
                 P &lt; 0.05 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
               
               
                 **vs*** 
                   
                 P &gt; 0.05 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
               
               
                 ***vs**** 
                   
                 P &gt; 0.05 
                 P &lt; 0.05 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of test formulation on LDL-c level among high 
               
               
                 cholesterol diet treated rats 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 LDL-c level (mg/dl) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Treated group 
                 Initial 
                 After 15 Days 
                 After 1 months 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Normal control 
                 23.85 ± 
                  22.75 ± 
                  24.22 ± 
               
               
                 (N = 10)* 
                 4.78 
                 5.72 
                 6.85 
               
               
                 High cholesterol diet 
                 — 
                 341.50 ± 
                 314.40 ± 
               
               
                 (N = 10)** 
                   
                 62.32 
                 48.34 
               
               
                 High cholesterol diet + 
                 — 
                 270.15 ± 
                 139.22 ± 
               
               
                 test formulation (N = 10)*** 
                   
                 40.23 
                 30.12 
               
               
                 High cholesterol diet + statin 
                 — 
                 255.80 ± 
                 108.85 ± 
               
               
                 (2.5 mg/kg/day) (N = 10)**** 
                   
                 37.38 
                 16.85 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Comp. 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 *vs** 
                 P &gt; 0.05 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
               
               
                 **vs*** 
                   
                 P &lt; 0.05 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
               
               
                 ***vs**** 
                   
                 P &gt; 0.05 
                 P &lt; 0.05 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of test formulation on Triglycerides level among  
               
               
                 high cholesterol diet treated rats 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Triglycerides level (mg/dl) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Treated group 
                 Initial 
                 After 15 Days 
                 After 1 months 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Normal control 
                 26.85 ± 
                 30.32 ± 
                 28.40 ± 
               
               
                 (N = 10)* 
                 8.70 
                 7.85 
                 5.52 
               
               
                 High cholesterol diet 
                 — 
                 340.70 ± 
                 298.50 ± 
               
               
                 (N = 10)** 
                   
                 64.80 
                 39.32 
               
               
                 High cholesterol diet + 
                 — 
                 241.93 ± 
                 188.93 ± 
               
               
                 test formulation (N = 10)*** 
                   
                 59.75 
                 28.45 
               
               
                 High cholesterol diet + statin 
                 — 
                 228.50 ± 
                 112.85 ± 
               
               
                 (2.5 mg/kg/day) (N = 10)**** 
                   
                 31.80 
                 19.30 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Comp. 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 *vs** 
                 P &gt; 0.05 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
               
               
                 **vs*** 
                   
                 P &lt; 0.05 
                 P &lt; 0.01 
               
               
                 ***vs**** 
                   
                 P &gt; 0.05 
                 P &lt; 0.05 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Clinical Study 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of test formulation on Body Mass Index among type-II  
               
               
                 diabetes mellitus cases 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Comp.  
               
               
                   
                   
                 Body Mass Index 
                 Initial 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 After 6  
                 vs After  
               
               
                   
                 No. of 
                   
                 months 
                 6 months 
               
               
                 Groups 
                 cases 
                 Initial 
                 therapy 
                 therapy 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Conventional treatment 
                 34 
                 31.62 ± 
                 30.71 ± 
                 P &gt; 0.05 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3.01 
                 3.04 
                   
               
               
                 Conventional treatment + 
                 45 
                 29.75 ± 
                 27.73 ± 
                 P &lt; 0.05 
               
               
                 test formulation 
                   
                 2.89 
                 2.90 
                   
               
               
                 Test formulation treated 
                 43 
                 31.25 ± 
                 27.94 ± 
                 P &lt; 0.01 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2.97 
                 2.41 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Change in Fasting Blood Glucose level following test formulation  
               
               
                 treatment in type-2 diabetes mellitus cases 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Comp.  
               
               
                   
                   
                 Fasting blood glucose (mg/dl) 
                 Initial 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 After 3 
                 After 6 
                 vs After  
               
               
                   
                 No. of 
                   
                 months 
                 months 
                 6 months 
               
               
                 Groups 
                 cases 
                 Initial 
                 therapy 
                 therapy 
                 therapy 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Conventional 
                 34 
                 172.37 ± 
                 133.23 ± 
                 116.44 ± 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
               
               
                 treatment 
                   
                 24.90 
                 23.60 
                 26.24 
                   
               
               
                 Conventional 
                 45 
                 173.90 ± 
                 122.87 ± 
                 110.45 ± 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
               
               
                 treatment + test 
                   
                 25.82 
                 26.90 
                 12.82 
                   
               
               
                 formulation 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Test formulation 
                 43 
                 161.04 ± 
                 130.45 ± 
                 123.97 ± 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
               
               
                 treated 
                   
                 16.42 
                 10.82 
                 8.41 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Changes in postprandial blood glucose level following test  
               
               
                 formulation treatment in type-2 diabetes mellitus cases 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Comp.  
               
               
                   
                   
                 Postprandial blood glucose (mg/dl) 
                 Initial 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 No. 
                   
                 After 3  
                 After 6  
                 vs After  
               
               
                   
                 of 
                   
                 months 
                 months 
                 6 months 
               
               
                 Groups 
                 cases 
                 Initial 
                 therapy 
                 therapy 
                 therapy 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Conventional 
                 34 
                 280.90 ± 
                 167.03 ± 
                 142.94 ± 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
               
               
                 treatment 
                   
                 29.90 
                 32.05 
                 22.36 
                   
               
               
                 Conventional 
                 45 
                   
                   
                   
                 P &lt; 0.001 
               
               
                 treatment + test 
                   
                 287.90 ± 
                 174.82 ± 
                 148.34 ± 
                   
               
               
                 formulation 
                   
                 29.82 
                 41.02 
                 31.84 
                   
               
               
                 Test formulation 
                 43 
                 261.39 ± 
                 219.47 ± 
                 169.42 ± 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
               
               
                 treated 
                   
                 17.84 
                 13.80 
                 10.87 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Changes in Total cholesterol following test formulation  
               
               
                 treatment among type-2 diabetes mellitus cases 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Comp.  
               
               
                   
                   
                 Total cholesterol (mg/dl) 
                 Initial 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 No.  
                   
                 After 3  
                 After 6 
                 vs After  
               
               
                   
                 of 
                   
                 months 
                 months 
                 6 months 
               
               
                 Groups 
                 cases 
                 Initial 
                 therapy 
                 therapy 
                 therapy 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Conventional 
                 34 
                 209.59 ± 
                 202.63 ± 
                 202.66 ± 
                 P &gt; 0.05 
               
               
                 treatment 
                   
                 42.97 
                 40.30 
                 39.19 
                   
               
               
                 Conventional 
                 45 
                 223.54 ± 
                 188.01 ± 
                 183.68 ± 
                 P &lt; 0.05 
               
               
                 treatment + test 
                   
                 32.41 
                 28.32 
                 25.56 
                   
               
               
                 formulation 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Test formulation 
                 43 
                 227.10 ± 
                 189.45 ± 
                 173.08 ± 
                 P &lt; 0.01 
               
               
                 treated 
                   
                 19.80 
                 20.73 
                 13.97 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Role of test formulation on the HDL-c levels among type-2 
               
               
                 diabetes mellitus cases 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Comp.  
               
               
                   
                   
                 HDL-c (mg/dl) 
                 Initial 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 After 3  
                 After 6  
                 vs After  
               
               
                   
                 No. of 
                   
                 months 
                 months  
                 6 months 
               
               
                 Groups 
                 cases 
                 Initial 
                 therapy 
                 therapy 
                 therapy 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Conventional 
                 34 
                 46.03 ± 
                 46.24 ± 
                 45.90 ± 
                 P &gt; 0.05 
               
               
                 treatment 
                   
                 6.60 
                 5.70 
                 6.00 
                   
               
               
                 Conventional 
                 45 
                 48.90 ± 
                 50.91 ± 
                 53.90 ± 
                 P &lt; 0.02 
               
               
                 treatment + test 
                   
                 3.84 
                 3.56 
                 3.22 
                   
               
               
                 formulation 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Test formulation 
                 43  
                 41.99 ± 
                 46.39 ± 
                 49.02 ± 
                 P &lt; 0.05 
               
               
                 treated 
                   
                 4.11 
                 3.75 
                 2.88 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of test formulation on LDL-c levels among type-2 
               
               
                 diabetes mellitus cases 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 LDL-c (mg/dl) 
                 Comp. Initial  
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 After 3  
                 After 6  
                 vs After  
               
               
                   
                 No. of 
                   
                 months  
                 months 
                 6 months 
               
               
                 Groups 
                 cases 
                 Initial 
                 therapy 
                 therapy 
                 therapy 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Conventional 
                 34 
                 131.52 ± 
                 130.63 ± 
                 129.60 ± 
                 P &gt; 0.05 
               
               
                 treatment 
                   
                 6.90 
                 5.68 
                 6.02 
                   
               
               
                 Conventional 
                 45 
                 136.04 ± 
                 122.45 ± 
                 109.35 ± 
                 P &lt; 0.01 
               
               
                 treatment + test 
                   
                 8.11 
                 6.93 
                 6.79 
                   
               
               
                 formulation 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Test formulation 
                 43 
                 138.45 ± 
                 116.93 ± 
                 99.85 ± 
                 P &lt; 0.01 
               
               
                 treated 
                   
                 6.90 
                 7.84 
                 6.35 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Changes in Triglyceride content following test formulation  
               
               
                 treatment in type-2 diabetes mellitus cases 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Triglyceride (mg/dl) 
                 Comp. Initial  
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 After 3  
                 After 6  
                 vs After  
               
               
                   
                 No. of 
                   
                 months 
                 months 
                 6 months 
               
               
                 Groups 
                 cases 
                 Initial 
                 therapy 
                 therapy 
                 therapy 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Conventional 
                 34 
                 220.46 ± 
                 216.20 ± 
                 217.63 ± 
                 P &gt; 0.05 
               
               
                 treatment 
                   
                 45.34 
                 39.27 
                 41.46 
                   
               
               
                 Conventional 
                 45 
                 241.87 ± 
                 165.82 ± 
                 132.42 ± 
                 P &lt; 0.01 
               
               
                 treatment + test 
                   
                 41.90 
                 46.08 
                 20.52 
                   
               
               
                 formulation 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Test formulation 
                 43 
                 262.75 ± 
                 223.78 ± 
                 174.90 ± 
                  P &lt; 0.001 
               
               
                 treated 
                   
                 38.41 
                 29.45 
                 31.65 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Changes in Apolipo (B) under influence of test formulation  
               
               
                 treatment in type-2 diabetes mellitus cases 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Apolipo (B) (mg/dl) 
                 Comp. Initial  
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 After 3  
                 After 6  
                 vs After  
               
               
                   
                 No. of 
                   
                 months 
                 months 
                 6 months 
               
               
                 Groups 
                 cases 
                 Initial 
                 therapy 
                 therapy 
                 therapy 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Conventional 
                 34 
                 122.69 ± 
                 128.76 ± 
                 133.83 ± 
                 P &lt; 0.05  
               
               
                 treatment 
                   
                 20.53 
                 22.44 
                 17.80 
                   
               
               
                 Conventional 
                 45 
                 131.90 ± 
                 115.90 ± 
                 84.90 ± 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
               
               
                 treatment + test 
                   
                 22.87 
                 21.35 
                 16.82 
                   
               
               
                 formulation 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Test formulation 
                 43 
                 128.65 ± 
                 113.82 ± 
                 93.82 ± 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
               
               
                 treated 
                   
                 17.94 
                 10.77 
                 8.36 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Changes in TNF-α following test formulation treatment in  
               
               
                 type-2 diabetes mellitus cases 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 TNF-α (pg/ml) 
                 Comp. Initial 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 After 3  
                 After 6  
                 vs After  
               
               
                   
                 No. of 
                   
                 months 
                 months 
                 6 months  
               
               
                 Groups 
                 cases 
                 Initial 
                 therapy 
                 therapy 
                 therapy 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Conventional 
                 34 
                 623.60 ± 
                 535.67 ± 
                 480.33 ± 
                 P &lt; 0.01  
               
               
                 treatment 
                   
                 97.35 
                 106.64 
                 106.62 
                   
               
               
                 Conventional 
                 45 
                 735.92 ± 
                 428.90 ± 
                 364.75 ± 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
               
               
                 treatment + test 
                   
                 114.87 
                 94.34 
                 71.38 
                   
               
               
                 formulation 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Test formulation 
                 43 
                 687.42 ± 
                 554.82 ± 
                 461.30 ± 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
               
               
                 treated 
                   
                 85.90 
                 72.85 
                 58.97 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of test formulation on pro-inflammatory bio-markers  
               
               
                 Interleukin-6 among type-2 diabetes mellitus cases 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Interleukin-6 (pg/ml) 
                 Comp. Initial  
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 After 3  
                 After 6  
                 vs After  
               
               
                   
                 No. of 
                   
                 months 
                 months 
                 6 months 
               
               
                 Groups 
                 cases 
                 Initial 
                 therapy 
                 therapy 
                 therapy 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Conventional 
                 34 
                 1.81 ± 
                 1.79 ± 
                 1.71 ± 
                 P &gt; 0.05  
               
               
                 treatment 
                   
                 0.31 
                 0.29 
                 0.31 
                   
               
               
                 Conventional 
                 45 
                 2.05 ± 
                 1.64 ± 
                 1.38 ± 
                 P &lt; 0.001 
               
               
                 treatment + test 
                   
                 0.23 
                 0.31 
                 0.28 
                   
               
               
                 formulation 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Test formulation 
                 43 
                 1.92 ± 
                 1.52 ± 
                 1.26 ± 
                 P &lt; 0.01  
               
               
                 treated 
                   
                 0.41 
                 0.31 
                 0.28 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of test formulation on inflammatory marker C-reactive  
               
               
                 protein among type-2 diabetes mellitus cases 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 CRP (mg/L) 
                 Comp. Initial  
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 After 3  
                 After 6  
                 vs After  
               
               
                   
                 No. of 
                   
                 months 
                 months 
                 6 months 
               
               
                 Groups 
                 cases 
                 Initial 
                 therapy 
                 therapy 
                 therapy 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Conventional 
                 34 
                 2.36 ± 
                 2.26 ± 
                 2.06 ± 
                 P &gt; 0.05 
               
               
                 treatment 
                   
                 0.56 
                 0.53 
                 0.51 
                   
               
               
                 Conventional 
                 45 
                 3.84 ± 
                 2.35 ± 
                 2.09 ± 
                 P &lt; 0.01 
               
               
                 treatment + test 
                   
                 1.02 
                 0.82 
                 0.51 
                   
               
               
                 formulation 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Test formulation 
                 43 
                 3.28 ± 
                 2.38 ± 
                 1.93 ± 
                 P &lt; 0.01 
               
               
                 treated 
                   
                 0.92 
                 0.71 
                 0.24 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Homocysteine lowering effect of test formulation in type-2 diabetes  
               
               
                 mellitus cases 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Homocysteine (μmol/L) 
                 Comp. Initial 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 No. of 
                   
                 After 6 
                 After 12 
                 vs After 12 
               
               
                 Treatment group 
                 Sex 
                 cases 
                 Initial 
                 months 
                 months 
                 months 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Conventional 
                 M 
                 58 
                 41.09 ± 
                 38.42 ± 
                 37.95 ± 
                 t =  
                 3.72 
               
               
                 treatment 
                   
                   
                 3.16 
                 2.95 
                 3.10 
                 P &lt;  
                 0.001 
               
               
                   
                 F 
                 29 
                 35.75 ± 
                 31.62 ± 
                 30.88 ± 
                 t =  
                 4.403 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 5.01 
                 3.17 
                 3.23 
                 P &lt;  
                 0.001 
               
               
                 Conventional + 
                 M 
                 95 
                 43.71 ± 
                 37.71 ± 
                 31.22 ± 
                 t =  
                 19.394 
               
               
                 Test formulation 
                   
                   
                 4.88 
                 5.06 
                 3.97 
                 P &lt;  
                 0.001 
               
               
                   
                 F 
                 42 
                 38.89 ± 
                 30.42 ± 
                 27.46 ± 
                 t =  
                 15.508 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 3.82 
                 2.97 
                 2.88 
                 P &lt;  
                 0.001 
               
               
                 Treated with test 
                 M 
                 118 
                 31.54 ± 
                 29.08 ± 
                 26.11 ± 
                 t =  
                 15.083 
               
               
                 formulation 
                   
                   
                 3.17 
                 2.92 
                 2.32 
                 P &lt;  
                 0.001 
               
               
                   
                 F 
                 56 
                 28.77 ± 
                 28.90 ± 
                 26.08 ± 
                 t =  
                 5.689 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 2.85 
                 2.98 
                 2.11 
                 P &lt;  
                 0.001 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     It is to be noted that the present invention is susceptible to modifications, adaptations and changes by those skilled in the art. Such variant embodiments employing the concepts and features of this invention are intended to be within the scope of the present invention, which is further set forth under the following claims—