Abstract:
The present invention relates, in general, to human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) particular, to a polyvalent vaccine for HIV-1 and to methods of making and using same.

Description:
[0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/812,093 filed Apr. 15, 2013, the entire content of which application is herein incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    The present invention relates, in general, to human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and, in particular, to a polyvalent vaccine for HIV-1 and to methods of making and using same 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Development of a safe, practical and effective HIV-1 vaccine is one of the highest priorities of the global scientific community (Klausner et al, Science 5628:2036-2039 (2003); Esparza et al, Science Strategic Plan, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmec10020025, Policy Forum Vol. 2, February 2005). While anti-retroviral treatment (ART) has dramatically prolonged the lives of HIV-1 infected patients, anti-retroviral therapy is not yet routinely available in developing countries, and the global rate of spread of HIV-1 continues at unacceptably high levels. 
         [0004]    A recent efficacy trial the RV 144 vaccine demonstrated an estimated 31.2% vaccine efficacy (Rerks-Ngarm et al, N. Eng. J. Med. 361: 2209-20 (2009). The RV144 vaccine is comprised of the following: ALVAC-HIV (vCP1521) is a recombinant canarypox vaccine developed by Virogenetics Corporation (Troy, N.Y.) and manufactured by Sanofi Pasteur (Marcy-l&#39;Etoille, France). The recombinant canarypox was genetically engineered to express HIV-1 Gag and Pro (subtype B LAI strain) and CRF01_AE (subtype E) HIV-I gp120 (92TH023) linked to the transmembrane anchoring portion of gp41 (LAI), AL V AC Placebo (Sanofi Pasteur) was a sterile, lyophilized product consisting of virus stabilizer and freeze-drying medium reconstituted in 1 ml of 0.4% sodium chloride. 
         [0005]    AIDSV AX B/E (Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, Calif.) is a bivalent HIV gp120 envelope glycoprotein vaccine containing a subtype E envelope from the HIV-1 strain A244 (CM244) and a subtype B envelope from the HIV-1 MN produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The envelope glycoproteins, 300 μg of each, originally manufactured by Genentech, Inc., and further developed by VaxGen, Inc., are co-formulated with 600 μg of alum adjuvant. AIDSVAX placebo (VaxGen, Inc.) was 600 μg alum adjuvant. The RV144 vaccine was administered as two primes with ALVAC-HIV (vPC 1521) followed by two boosts with a combination of ALV AC-HIV and AIDSV AX B/E (Rerks-Ngarm et al, N. Eng. J. Med. 361: 2209-20 (2009). 
         [0006]    In 2012 an immune correlates study of the RV 144 trial revealed that antibodies against the envelope (Env) gp120 V1/V2 region presented on a gp70-15 VI/V2 fusion protein (Pinter et al, Vaccine 16:1803 (1998) were associated with lower risk of infection (Haynes et al., New Engl. J. Med. 366:1275-1286 (2012). Epitope mapping of plasma VI IV2 antibody responses showed that within V2, vaccine-induced antibodies targeted a region of HIV-1 Env, amino acid (aa) residues at positions 163-178 (Liao et al, Immunity 38: 1 76 (2013); Karasavvas et al, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, doi: 10.1089/aid.20 12.0103 (2012), Zolla-Pazner et al, AIDS Vaccine, Bangkok, Thailand Abstract No.: OA09.03, 77 (2011). There is considerable sequence variability in V1V2, ˜75% of the residues are conserved or demonstrated to be only conservative changes (ZollaPazner &amp; Cardozo, Nat Rev Immunol 10,527-535 (2010). While the demonstration that of V1V2 antibody responses directly correlated with decreased infection risk was suggestive of their protective role in the trial, this association was not sufficient for proving causation of protection (Plotkin &amp; Gilbert, Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 54: 1615-1617 doi: 10,1093/cid/cis238 (2012). Indeed further studies are needed to evaluate the ability of such responses to mediate immune pressure on HIV-1, Viral genetic (sieve) analyses, isolation of VI IV2 antibodies and understanding their effector function in vitro and in vivo, and validation of correlates of infection risk in future vaccine trials are some potential studies. 
         [0007]    A genetic or sieve analysis of sequences of viruses that caused breakthrough infections in a vaccine trial can demonstrate vaccine effects (Rolland et al, Nature Medicine 17:366-371 (2011). By comparing sequences of breakthrough infections that occur in vaccinees versus placebo recipients, sites of vaccine-induced immune pressure can be identified (Rolland et al, Nature Medicine 17:366-371 (2011). A recent genetic analysis of breakthrough HIV-1 infections in the RVI44 trial demonstrated 48% (CI: 18 to 68%, p=O,0036) vaccine efficacy against viruses matching the CRF_01 AE vaccine immunogens with a lysine (K) at position 169 (Rolland et al, Nature 490:417-420 (2012). Thus, it is critical to determine the binding site and effector functions of RV 144-induced V1/V2 antibodies. Effector functions considered for antibody mediated protection from HIV-1 transmission include the ability of V1/V2 antibodies to neutralize those virus strains involved in HIY-1 transmission (i.e. transmitted/founder viruses) (Keele et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:7552-7557 (2008), and/or to mediate other antibody effector functions such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) (Haynes et al, New Engl. J. Med, 366:1275-1286 (2012). 
         [0008]    The present invention results, at least in part, from studies designed to identify an envelope(s) (Env(s)) that can be used in combination with the original RV144 vaccine ((Rerks-Ngarm et al, N, Eng, J. Med. 361: 2209-20 (2009)) to improve the coverage by a new vaccine formulation of the epitope diversity in the V2 region in the Thai population. The present invention provides, at least in part, new vaccine immunogens that induce high titers of V1V2 (and other CRF_01AE gp120 regions) vaccine responses to HIV-1 envelope gp120. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0009]    In certain aspects the invention provides a composition comprising an HIV-1 envelope AA104.0 ( FIG. 6 , SEQ ID NO: 1), AA107.0 ( FIG. 6 , SEQ ID NO: 2), AA058.1 ( FIG. 6 , SEQ ID NO: 3), or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises AA104.0 (SEQ ID NO: 1), AA107.0 (SEQ ID NO: 2) and AA058.1 (SEQ ID NO: 3). In certain embodiments, the envelope is a gp120Delta N-terminus polypeptide from SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2 or 3 (See paragraph [0038] infra). In certain embodiment, the gp120Delta N-terminus polypeptide is gp120 delta12 based on SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3. In certain embodiments the compositions of the invention further comprises HIV-1 envelopes used in the RV144 trial, or modified versions thereof, for example but not limited to gp120delta N terminus polypeptides. In certain embodiments, the composition comprise envelopes B.6240 gp120D11, Env B. 63521 delta 11 gp120, A244 gp120 D11, or a combination thereof. 
         [0010]    In certain embodiments the envelopes are recombinant proteins. 
         [0011]    In certain aspects, the invention provides compositions comprising a nucleic acid encoding any one of the envelopes described herein. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acids are optimized for expression in any suitable expression system. 
         [0012]    In certain embodiments, the compositions of the invention further comprise an adjuvant. In certain embodiments the adjuvant is Toll-like receptor 4 agonist glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA). In certain embodiments, the adjuvant is a Toll-like receptor 4 agonist glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant-stable emulsion (GLA/SE). In certain embodiments the compositions of the invention is immunogenic. 
         [0013]    In certain aspects, the invention provides methods of inducing and/or boosting an immune response in a subject comprising administering to the subject any one of the inventive compositions. In certain embodiments, the composition is administered as a boost. In certain embodiments, the compositions are administered as multiple boosts. 
         [0014]    In certain aspects the invention provides an immunogen comprising AA104.0, AA107.0, AA058.1, AA072.1, AA009.1, or AA015.1 envelope. In certain aspects the invention provides a method of inducing an immune response in a subject comprising administering to the subject an amount of the immunogen described here sufficient to effect the induction. In certain embodiments of the inventive methods of the subject is a human. 
         [0015]    The present invention relates generally to HIV-1. More specifically, the invention relates to a polyvalent vaccine for HIV•1 and to methods of making and using same. Objects and advantages of the present invention will be clear from the description that follows. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0016]      FIG. 1 . AA 1 04 provides the best complementary coverage used in conjunction with A244, for covering the full RV144 data set. The coverage is indicated in blue for A244 at the top, and the improved coverage by using 3 at the bottom. 
           [0017]      FIG. 2 . Second vaccine selection, based on RV 144 vaccine breakthrough cases. 
           [0018]      FIG. 3 . Distribution of amino acids in CRF_01AE in the RV 144 trial in Thailand, compared with a global CRF_01 AE set in the Los Alamos HIV Sequence Database (at LANL.gov). 
           [0019]      FIG. 4 . Logos showing the subtype variation in this region in the HIV database. The glycosylation sites are well preserved but there are some differences in 169-173 and 181. Subtype B is not as positively charged in 169-171, and 173 Y most variable in CRF01. The glycosylation sites at 156 and 160 are preserved in all subtypes. 
           [0020]      FIG. 5 . An alignment of the V2 region, HXB2 positions 154-184, of RV144 placebo (0.0) and vaccine (0.1) sequences, best coverage sequences, relative to A244. 
           [0021]      FIG. 6 . Full sequences of candidate vaccines. In one embodiment, a gp120Delta N-terminus polypeptide design includes a deletion of the amino acids tween the signal peptide (ending with CS in AA104.0 and AA058.1 and ending with CR in AA107.0) and the sequence “VPV”. 
           [0022]      FIG. 7  shows new AE Envs to be added to RV144 B/E boost. 
           [0023]      FIGS. 8A and 8B  show Mean Plasma Binding to NHP#64 gp120 Immunogens by ELISA. 
           [0024]      FIG. 9  shows Mean Plasma Binding to NHP#64 gp120 Immunogens by ELISA At Week 49 After 6 Months Rest 
           [0025]      FIGS. 10A and 10B  show Mean Plasma Binding to V2 171 Peptides by ELISA 
           [0026]      FIG. 11  shows Mean Plasma Binding to NHP#64 V2 Peptides by ELISA At Week 49 After 6 Months Rest 
           [0027]      FIG. 12  shows Neutralization in the TZMbl Assay NHP#64—Week 23 (red), Week 49 (black)—group 4 (B/E) vs. group 5 (B/E/E/E/E) 
           [0028]      FIG. 13  shows NHP#64 TZM-bl, Aggregate Responses 
           [0029]      FIG. 14  shows Neutralization in the A3R5 Assay NHP#64—Week 23 (red), Week 49 (black)—group 4 (B/E) vs. group 5 (B/E/E/E/E) 
           [0030]      FIG. 15  shows ADCC with AE.A244 gp120-coated CD4 T cell targets NHP#64—Week 23—group 4 (B/E) vs. group 5 (B/E/E/E/E) 
           [0031]      FIG. 16  shows ADCC with tier 2 CM235 virus-infected CD4 T cell targets—NHP 64 Group 4 vs 5 at dilution=1:100 Week 23 with Week 0 subtracted. Statistical comparisons are two-tailed Exact Wilcoxon tests. 
           [0032]      FIG. 17  shows Planned Passive Protection Challenges. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0033]    The RV 144 vaccine is described in detail above, as is the administration regimen. (See also Rerks-Ngarm et al, N. Eng. J. Med. 361: 2209-20 (2009).) The present invention results, at least in part, from studies designed to identify an envelope(s) (Env(s) that can be used in combination with the original RV 144 vaccine to improve the coverage by a new vaccine formulation of the epitope diversity in the V2 region in the Thai population. 
         [0034]    An approach taken in accordance with the present invention is to substitute the A244 gp120 Delta11 Env (Alam et al, J. Virol. 87:1554 (2013) incorporated by reference) for the A244 gD+gp120 that was used in RV144 and to substitute for the MN gp120 in AIDSVAX B/E, the transmitted founder Env B. 63521 delta 1 gp120 ((Alam et al, J. Virol. 87:1554-68 (2013), e.g. Materials and Methods, incorporated by reference; Liao et al, J. Virol 87:4185 (2013) incorporated by reference), and then to the A244 gp120 delta 11 and B.63521 gp120 delta 11 Envs to add three additional Envs from CRF_01AE breakthrough infections in the RV144 trial. 
         [0035]    In certain embodiments, a vaccine in accordance with the invention would have ALVAC-HIV vPC1521 prime X2 then ALVAX vPC1521 boost X2 with A244 gp 120 Delta 11+B.63521 Delta 11 gp120+AA104.0 delta11 or 7 gp120  + AA107.0 delta11 or 7gp 120+AA058.1 delta 11 or 7 gp120. An alternate set of Envs is AA072.1, AA009.1, and AA015.1 from the list of Envs in the Example below. 
         [0036]    Immunogens of the invention are suitable for use in generating an immune response in a patient (e.g., a human patient) to HIV. The mode of administration of the HIV-1 protein/polypeptide/peptide, or encoding sequence, can vary with the immunogen, the patient and the effect sought, similarly, the dose administered. Typically, the administration route will be intramuscular or subcutaneous injection (intravenous and intraperitoneal can also be used). Most advantageously, the route and interval of administration are the same as used in the original RV144 trial (Rerks-Ngarm et al, N. Eng. J. Med. 361: 2209-20 (2009). Optimum dosing regimens can be readily determined by one skilled in the art. The immunogens are preferred for use prophylactically, however, their administration to infected individuals may reduce viral load. 
         [0037]    Certain aspects of the present invention are described in greater detail in the non-limiting Example that follows. (See also PCT/US2012/000570 and PCT/US20131029164.) 
         [0038]    In certain embodiments, the envelope design in accordance with the present invention involves deletion of residues (e.g., 5-11, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 amino acids) at the N-terminus. For delta N-terminal design, amino acid residues ranging from 4 residues or even fewer to 14 residues or even more are deleted. These residues are between the maturation (signal peptide, usually ending with CX, X can be any amino acid) and “VPVXXXX . . . ”. In certain embodiments, the invention relates generally to an immunogen, gp160, gp120 or gp140, without an N-terminal Herpes Simplex gD tag substituted for amino acids of the N-terminus of gp120, with an HIV leader sequence (or other leader sequence), and without the original about 4 to about 25, for example 11, amino acids of the N-terminus of the envelope (e.g. gp120). See WO2013/006688, e.g. at pages 10-12, the contents of which publication is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Various cell lines and methods for making recombinant proteins are known in the art. 
         [0039]    The compositions can be formulated with appropriate carriers and adjuvants using techniques to yield compositions suitable for immunization. The compositions can include an adjuvant, such as, for example but not limited to, alum, poly IC, MF-59 or other squalene-based adjuvant, ASOIB, or other liposomal based adjuvant suitable for protein or nucleic acid immunization, GSK AS01E adjuvant containing MPL and QS21. This adjuvant has been shown by GSK to be as potent as the similar adjuvant AS01B but to be less reactogenic using HBsAg as vaccine antigen [Leroux-Roels et al., IABS Conference, April 2013,9]. In certain embodiments, TLR agonists are used as adjuvants. In other embodiment, adjuvants which break immune tolerance are included in the immunogenic compositions. 
         [0040]    Dosing of proteins and nucleic acids can be readily determined by a skilled artisan. A single dose of nucleic acid can range from a few nanograms (ng) to a few micrograms (μg) or milligram of a single immunogenic nucleic acid. Recombinant protein dose can range from a few μg micrograms to a few hundred micrograms, or milligrams of a single immunogenic polypeptide. See also Rerks-Ngarm et al. NEJM 361: 2209-20 (2009) which content is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
       EXAMPLE 1 
       [0041]    The study described below involves the selection of an Env or Envs that can be used in combination with the original RV144 vaccine to improve coverage of the epitope diversity in the V2 region in the Thai population. Selections were made from the RV144 vaccine breakthrough cases and also from the full RV144 set of breakthrough vaccinee and placebo HIV infections. The RV 144 placebos and the vaccinees were very similar as regards the frequencies of amino acids in the V2 region (and both were also highly similar to the database set of CRF01s; the degree of overlap even in the Rolland signature sites is quite high (Rolland et al, Nature 490:417-420 (2012). By using both the vaccine and placebo, rather than just vaccine, there are more sequences from which to select for optimization. 
         [0042]    Consideration was given only the regions between the hypervariable loops in V1 and V2 (following McLellan et al, Nature 480:336˜343 (2011) and Liao et al, Immunity 38: 176 (2013), HXB2 positions 154-184). It was possible to identify either the one best single complement to A244, or set of 3 that best complement A244 and cover the CRF_01AE virus diversity in Thailand. The region spans the PG9-like epitope region, as well as the region of the virus implicated in RV144 protection (Haynes et al, New Engl. J. Med. 366:1275-1286 (2012); Liao et al, Immunity 38: 176 (2013). The best natural strains for population coverage were selected, using the mosaic tool to select the natural strains, with a contiguous fragment length of 8. It was then confirmed that the selected Envs did not have long V1 and V2 hypervariable loops proximal to the V2 region, as the long loops may mask the epitopes in the region—the selected loops had modest loop lengths. 
         [0043]    Use was made of the consensus sequence from each person to represent the population diversity of Envs; Rolland provided this set initially (Rolland et al, Nature 490:417-420 (2012) but a few subjects were remarkably diverse for early time point sequence sets, and so sometimes the Rolland set of by-subject-consensus sequences had frame shifts due to the alignment—these frameshifts are alignment artifacts that were not found among the natural strains. As a result, the original alignments were returned to and these issues addressed, to have intact Envs with viable loops to use for immunogen design. (The frameshift issue would not have impacted the Rolland signature analysis, as Rolland looked at a small set of sites that were translated correctly). 
         [0044]    The two CFR01 vaccines used in RV144, A244 and 92TH023 (Rerks-Ngarm et al, N. Eng. J. Med. 361: 2209-20 (2009), are completely identical in the V2 region 154˜184 and they are highly similar throughout Env, because they were both early isolates from Thailand epidemic, and so both are close to the ancestral state of the CRF01 founder in Thailand. With respect to V2, their shared sequence in this region happens to provide the best CRF01 population diversity coverage in VI V2 for a single sequence, because A244/92TH023 were both so close to the ancestral state, and so the shared sequence is central to modern strains. Although both of these early isolates are identical in the V2 region, the V2 region itself is highly diverse in Thailand and globally, which is to be expected, as this seems to be a good immune target so it is under immune pressure. RV144 used essentially the most central sequence possible in Thailand by using something very close to the ancestor. 
         [0045]    A single vaccine strain that can be used to complement A244 (and 92TH023) in V2 is AA104.0 (“0.0” means it was from the placebo-infected group,“0.1” refers to the infected individuals who were vaccinated). Alternatively, AA104.0, AA107.0 and/or AA058.1 can be used with A244 and B.63521 Env gp120s. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Compared to: 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 RV144all 
                 RVvac 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Preferred is a vaccine based on all RV144: 
               
             
          
           
               
                 ENV_CM244 
                 VRNCTFNM|TTELRDKKQKVHALFYKLDIVPI 
                   
                   
               
               
                 AA104.0 
                 VRNCTFNMTTEIRDKKQKAYALFYKLDLVQL* 
                 .32 
                 .33 
               
               
                 AA107.0 
                 VKNCTFNVTTELKDKKQKVYALFYKLDIVQM 
                   
                   
               
               
                 AA058.1 
                 VKNCTFNMTTELRDKQQKVHALFYRLDIVQI 
                 .44 
                 .43 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 If a selection ism ade frmo only the vaccine breakthroughs, the 
               
               
                 following are preferred: 
               
             
          
           
               
                 ENV_CM244 
                 VRNCSFNMTTELRDKKQKVHALFYKLDIVPI 
                   
                   
               
               
                 AA072.1 
                 VRNCTFNMTTEIRDKKQKVQALFYRLDIVPI* 
                 .31 
                 .34 
               
               
                 AA009.1 
                 VKNCSFKITTELRDKQQKVYALFYKLDIVQM 
                   
                   
               
               
                 AA015.1 
                 VKNCTFNMTTELKDKKKKVHALFYKLDIVQI 
                 .41 
                 .45 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *(single best) 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0046]    The coverage of ENV_CM244+AA 104.0 and ENV_CM244+AA072.1are nearly comparable percent coverage if expressed as percent i.e., 0.31 is 31 percent. However, AA 104.0 may have additional advantages: it has the 173Y that increases a PG9 susceptibility (Doria-Rose et al, J. Virol. 86:8319-8323 (2012), and the set of 3 retains the sequence at 156 and 160 (McLellan et al, Nature 480:336-343 (2011). It also has the IL toggle at 181 (Rolland et al, Nature 490:417-420 (2012)). 
         [0047]    The forgoing information is depicted in the Figures as follows: 
         [0048]      FIG. 1 . A LOGO plot of the variation in V2 in the RV144 whole set, with coverage indicated for A244, and then and compared to coverage provided by the best 3 complementary strains in the whole set from RV144. 
         [0049]      FIG. 2 . Same as above but using a set selected to cover the RV144 vaccine breakthrough group from RV 144. 
         [0050]      FIG. 3 . Logos comparing the RV144 vaccine group, the RV144 placebo group and the database CRF01 cases, showing their similarity. The frequencies of the Rolland signatures at 169 and 181 are shown. 
         [0051]      FIG. 4 . LOGOS showing region diversity of clades A and G plots. 
         [0052]      FIG. 5 . An alignment of the V2 region, HXB2 positions 154-184, of RV144 placebo (0.0) and vaccine (0.1) sequences, best coverage sequences, relative to A244 
         [0053]      FIG. 6 . Full sequences of candidate vaccines. 
       EXAMPLE 2 
       [0054]    Improving the immunogenicity of “RV144” HIV-1 vaccine trial 
         [0055]    Sieve analysis has shown that there is vaccine immune pressure at K169 in the HIV-1 envelopes. There is 48% vaccine efficacy if there is virus matched vaccine. 
         [0056]    The RV144 virus set was computationally analyzed and three Env sequences were chosen to be added to the B/E boost used in RV144 (See  FIG. 1, 7 .) 
       EXAMPLE 3 
       [0057]    NHP study (NHP#64) to compare bivalent (RV144) and pentavalent boost (9 rhesus macaques per group)
   Group 4 (bivalent boost)—ALVAC vPC1521 prime ×2, then ALVAC VPC1521+B/E boost X2 (B.6240 gp120D11+A244 gp120 D11 in GLA/SE)   Group 5 (pentavalent boost)—ALVAC vPC1521 prime X2, then ALVAC VPC1521+B/E boost X2 (B.6240 gp120D11+A244 gp120 D11+new three valent AE gp120s in GLA/SE)   
 
         [0060]    Both groups were boosted again after 6 months (February, 2014) and then will be boosted one more time (like RV305). The animals will be challenged with heterologous AE SHIV low dose rectal challenge—the AE SHIV could be either SHIV AE16 or SHIV 1157 tier 2 Y173H, and the challenge is planned for June, 2014. 
         [0061]      FIGS. 8-11  show data from NHP #64 Group 4 (B/E) and Group 5 (B/E/E/E/E/) animals in plasma binding to gp120 Immunogens. 
         [0062]      FIGS. 12-14  show data from NHP #64 Group 4 (B/E) and Group 5 (B/E/E/E/E/) animals in TZMbl and A3R5 Assays Neutralization Assays 
         [0063]      FIG. 15  show data from NHP #64 Group 4 (B/E) and Group 5 (B/E/E/E/E/) animals in ADCC with gp120-coated CD4 T cell targets, which measures killing of A244 go120-cated CD4 T cell targets. The data show a trend for group 5 (B/E/E/E/E+ALVAC boost) to give greater ADCC than group 4 (B/E+ALVAC boost) (Not statistically significant). 
         [0064]      FIG. 16  show data from NHP #64 Group 4 (B/E) and Group 5 (B/E/E/E/E/) animals in ADCC with AE.CM235 tier 2 primary virus infected CD4 T cell targets, which measures killing of AE.CM235-infected CD4 T cell targets. The data show significantly greater ADCC mediated by plasma from group 5 (B/E/E/E/E+ALVAC boost) than plasma from group 4 (B/E+ALVAC boost) (p=0.008). 
         [0065]    In summary, there is: a trend in better binding to gp120s with plasma from pentavalent Envs regimen; no difference yet in neutralizations between the B/E and B/E/E/E/E groups; a trend for improved ADCC with gp120 coated CD4 T cell targets; significantly better ADCC with most biologically relevant ADCC assay: that using primary virus infected AE.CM235-infected CD4 T cells as targets. 
         [0066]    Further plans for this NHP study include a boost the animals again before virus challenge (˜May-June 2014) and then challenge with a relevant SHIV. There is a mutated SHIV 1157 tier 2 challenge virus to allow for CH58 and CH59 (the RV144 V2 putative protective Abs that target K169 in V2) to bind. Another virus, AE16 SHIV, is being titered IR, and would be available for challenge. Further experiments include: Challenge animals in NHP#64 study with AE/AE-like SHIV; Finish challenges with CH90 (ADCC, C1 that synergizes with CH58, V2, ADCC); Finish evaluation if CH58 UCA compared with V1V2 bnAb CH01 UCA mice; Finish evaluation of RV305. (See  FIG. 17 ). 
         [0067]    The contents of various publications and information referenced throughout the application are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.