Abstract:
An FDM subscriber carrier system with two pilots located adjacent the upper and lower ends of the high frequency band uses the detected pilot levels at a repeater to adjust the gain and slope amplifiers in both directions of transmission. A microprocessor, programmed to identify the cable transmission characteristics, uses status signals derived from the two detected pilots to produce control signals to adjust and optimize the gain and slope settings of line amplifiers.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is related to application Ser. No. 565,568 filed Dec. 27, 1983, entitled &#34;APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING A PLURALITY OF CURRENT SOURCES&#34; and also, to application Ser. No. 606,803, FILED May 3, 1984, entitled &#34;AN ANALOG SUBSCRIBER CARRIER SYSTEM TERMINAL WITH AUTOMATIC GAIN AND SLOPE CORRECTION.&#34; 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to FDM (frequency division multiplexed) subscriber carrier systems used in telecommunications and, more particularly, to analog repeaters which automatically adapt to various changes in cable characteristics. Further, the gain and slope correction for both directions of transmission are obtained by cross-regulation as the pilot signals are only transmitted in the high frequency band. 
     2. Background Description 
     The carrier modulation employed in analog carrier systems is typically double sideband (DSB-AM) or single sideband (SSB-AM). Single-sideband modulation occupies far less bandwidth than DSB-AM for the same number of channels, but it has the disadvantage of being more sensitive to changes in gain or attenuation versus frequency (i.e. slope) in the transmission path. Fixed equalizers have often been used to compensate for this (frequency roll-off) slope characteristic, and most are manually adjustable so that cable length variations in spacing between repeaters may be accommodated. In addition to the standard variation of attenuation with frequency, there are changes in the attenuation characteristics of insulated cables as a result of temperature and weather conditions. The latter is important in cable carrier systems, such as used in telephony subscriber loops, because of the effect of moisture on cable shunt conductance. Some means of automatic level regulation is necessary to maintain the transmission levels of such systems at or near the desired values for each SSB channel. 
     If the overall gain were the same for each frequency, (i.e., no slope) a variable gain amplifier would be sufficient to compensate for the gain variation. Unfortunately, the frequency slope of the commonly used transmission cables also changes with variations in ambient conditions. To compensate for variable slope requires that the slope equalization characteristic also be varied for the overall gain versus frequency characteristic to remain flat. 
     In many prior art carrier systems, two pilots, one near each edge of the transmission band, have been used in each direction of transmission to provide a basis for both gain and slope correction. In subscriber carrier systems a form of cross-regulation has been employed. Only two pilots are transmitted; both in the high frequency band. The high frequency band is normally transmitted from the central office to the subscriber station. This results in a relatively simple gain and slope regulator for this direction of transmission. Usually a closed loop regulator in conjunction with a pilot pick off filter are all that are necessary. The gain is adjusted until the low frequency pilot matches a predetermined level, and then the slope is varied until both pilots are at the same level. 
     For the return path (subscriber station to central office) the frequency band is pre-equalized. The amount of gain and slope correction that is needed must be based upon the level of the incoming (high frequency path) pilots. With minor variations the gain and slope settings are often adjusted to the same values as those in the other direction. Such an adjustment is a compromise and thus errors are introduced. Some of these errors may be manually adjusted during initial alignment using switched equalizer networks which are included for this purpose. However, the accuracy of regulation is poor particularly when changes in temperature are considered. The frequency response should be flat to within ±0.25 dB for each channel for cable losses of 35 dB ±5 dB and for cable gauges of 19, 22, 24 and 26 which are operating in ambient temperature conditions of from -40° C. to +65° C. Further, no manual adjustment should be necessary. It is an object of this invention to provide a repeater for a subscriber carrier system having improved gain stability over a wide range of ambient temperatures. 
     Prior art repeaters also have the disadvantage that if one or both system pilots fail, the gain and slope amplifier settings often are increased to the maximum possible levels which usually interrupts transmission. It is a further object of this invention to provide a subscriber carrier system where the repeater gain and slope amplifier settings are stored in memory, so that system pilot failures will not result in an interruption of transmission. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An analog subscriber carrier duplex repeater is disclosed with two amplifiers in each transmission path. A gain amplifier sets the levels to a predetermined value, and a slope amplifier corrects for undesirable frequency slope. Because there are only two system pilots and both are communicated in only one direction, the gain and slope settings of the return direction are accurately determined by an encoder which optimizes the proper level settings by using theoretical and empirical transmission characteristics which are stored or coded in the encoder. In the preferred embodiment the encoder is an 8-bit microprocessor that calculates the proper level settings from the detected pilots. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the basic elements of a subscriber carrier system; 
     FIG. 2A is a frequency allocation diagram showing the channel positioning for the low frequency (station to central office) direction of transmission; 
     FIG. 2B is a frequency allocation diagram showing the channel positioning for the high frequency (central office to station) direction of transmission. 
     FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a repeater used in a subscriber carrier system which employs the teachings of the instant invention; 
     FIG. 4 is a block diagram which illustrates one technique by which the cable characteristic predictor encoder and timing (80) may be effectuated; and 
     FIG. 5 is a timing diagram which illustrates the timing sequence for the switches (S1), (S2), (S3) and (S4) of FIGS. 3 and 4. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Referring now to FIG. 1 a subscriber carrier terminal at central office 2 is designed to transmit a plurality of 4 kHz channels in a high frequency band (88 kHz-160 kHz) along path 4. The band could include ten channels with a channel spacing as shown in FIG. 2B plus the low frequency pilot 20 as well as the high frequency pilot 22. An intermediate repeater 6 accepts the high frequency band channels and the two pilots and adjusts the gain and slope equalization of the repeater amplifier 8 so as to provide a corrected output signal for transmission along path 10 to a subscriber station 12. The transmission of an equal plurality of channels from the subscriber stations to the central office would pass along path 14 to repeater 6. Because the pilots are only transmitted in one direction of transmission, a cross-regulation path 15 is employed to provide the approximate gain and slope equalization condition for variable amplifier 16. The pre-equalized signals in the low frequency band will pass along path 18 to the carrier terminal in the central office 2. If the prediction for the pre-equalization at the repeater 6 is correct, the level at the output of each carrier channel will be substantially the same and will be very close to the standard level desired. As noted hereinabove the cross-regulation employed in prior art carrier systems is a compromise and does not always provide the appropriate pre-equalization condition. One arrangement by which the predicted pre-equalization condition closely approximates the desired value is shown in FIG. 3. 
     Referring now to FIG. 3 it may be seen that the input and output paths are numbered in accordance with FIG. 1. This was done to provide a basis for orientation of FIG. 3 with the overall subscriber carrier system. It is to be understood that the manner in which the cross-regulation is derived in order to provide a very precise prediction for the pre-equalization is quite different from that employed in prior art systems. The high frequency channels including the pilots 20 and 22 are applied to the input of gain amplifier 24, then to slope correction amplifier 26, then to line amplifier 28 and then via junction 30 to output path 10. At junction 30 the corrected line signals are applied via path 32 and junction 34 to the inputs of attenuators 36 and 38, respectively. The attenuator 36 is selected to provide a predetermined amplitude at the output of the low frequency pick off filter 40 when the low frequency pilot is at the proper level at output 10. Similarly the attenuation of attenuator 38 is selected so as to provide the same predetermined amplitude for the high frequency pilot which appears at the output of the high frequency pick off filter 42 when this pilot is at the proper level at output 10. The low frequency and high frequency pilots are applied via paths 44 and 46, respectively, to contacts 48 and 50 of switch 54. The wiper arm 52 of switch 54 is connected to contact 48 by the S1 pulse and to contact 50 by the S2 pulse (shown in FIG. 5). Thus the low fequency and high frequency pilot signals are applied alternately to the AC to DC converter 58 which changes the AC signals into DC amplitudes that appear alternately on path 60. The DC amplitude for each of the two signals would be the same, or very nearly so where the gain and slope correction provided by gain amp 24 and slope amp 26 provides complete correction for the variations in transmission characteristics. A window detector 62 recognizes four DC amplitude conditions. First are those amplitudes below a threshold level. Second are those amplitudes within the &#34;window&#34; between the low threshold level and the high threshold level. (Those levels which appear within the window indicate an area of normal operation, i.e., no change.) Third there are those amplitude levels that are above the high threshold level. And lastly there is a zero amplitude condition, i.e., no pilots at all. (The adjustment range of the repeater covers a ±5 dB range about 35 dB of line loss. A DC reference point is set in the window detector corresponding to greater than 40 dB of line loss. By definition the repeater cannot adjust for such a loss, therefore, the window detector issues a &#34;no pilots present&#34; indication to the microprocessor.) 
     The window detector, in order to accommodate the four different DC amplitude conditions, uses a two digit binary coded output signal. 
     
         ______________________________________Bit 1         Bit 2  Status______________________________________1             1      Within window1             0      Above window0             1      Below window0             0      No pilots______________________________________ 
    
     Thus in the preferred embodiment of the invention, window detector 62 converts the amplitude of the DC signal on path 60 into a binary coded signal on path 64 which is applied via wiper contact 66 of switch 72 to either contact 68 or 70. The timing of the connection of the wiper contact 66 to either contact 68 or 70 is such as to put the binary code on path 74 for the low frequency pilot and on path 76 for the high frequency pilot. These two binary coded signals represent the status of the low frequency and high frequency pilots following gain and slope correction. 
     As will be explained in more detail the cable characteristic predictor encoder and timing circuit 80 use the pilot status signals on paths 74 and 76 to identify the cable characteristics of the transmission path and to predict the low frequency response needed to set the gain and slope amplifiers in the station to central office path. 
     In accordance with the timing diagram shown in FIG. 5, four digital words (of 8-parallel bits) appear in sequence on path 82 and are applied to digital to analog converter 84 and then along path 86 to switches 88, 98, 108 and 120. (However, it should be noted that the last two digital words used to correct the low frequency amplifier settings, remain fixed at their initial setting until the high group amplifiers 24 and 26 have completed their correction.) The first correction signal appearing on path 82 is directed as a control signal to switch contact 88. Switch 88 is closed during the pulse period in question, and the control signal is applied as a DC voltage to storage capacitor 90 and also to the input of operational amplifier 92. A reference voltage is applied via resistor 94 to the other input of operational amplifier 92 and to the emitter of current source 96. The periodic closing of switch 88 refreshes storage capacitor 90 and thus maintains the value of the control voltage from one sample period to the next. The control voltage is applied to current source 96 to control the gain of amplifier 24. Similarly the next control voltage signal is applied to slope amplifier 26. During the S2 pulse period, the control voltage from digital to analog converter 84 is applied via switch 98 to the input of operational amplifier 102 as well as to the storage capacitor 100. A reference voltage is applied via resistor 104 to the other input of operational amplifier 102 and to the emitter of current source 106. The collector of current source 106 is applied to the slope amplifier 26 in order to provide appropriate correction for the gain v. frequency characteristic. One way in which the gain (attenuation) with frequency may be adjusted is to vary the Q of the network in the amplifier circuit as is well known. 
     As was noted hereinabove the correction for the high frequency direction can be relatively easily accomplished. An improved result is obtained by the use of separate switched circuits and the storage of the adjustment information which will maintain the setting of the gain amplifier 24 and the slope amplifier 26 at acceptable levels even though the pilot frequencies may be interrupted for a short period of time. 
     For the low frequency direction of transmission, gain and slope correction is provided in a manner similar to that disclosed for the high frequency direction of transmission. However instead of simply setting the gain and slope of amplifiers 130 and 118 to be the same as the amplifier settings of the other direction, a more complex and very accurate technique is used. In order to arrive at more precise gain and slope settings, it was necessary to emulate (first theoretically then empirically) the transmission characteristics of various cables over a range of temperature variations. 
     For cables of 22, 24 and 26 gauge the following network formula was used as the amplitude response function ##EQU1## where ω 1  =(2π) 12 kHz 
     S=angular frequency variable (jω) 
     ω c  =(2π) 125 kHz and 
     ω z  =(2π)f z  where f z  is the zero frequency of the cable response function G(S). 
     And for 19 gauge cable the network equation is as follows: ##EQU2## where ω c  =(2π) 8 kHz 
     ω o  =(2π) 100 kHz 
     ω 1  =(2π) 125 kHz 
     Q=2.0 and 
     ω z  =(2π)f z   
     Using the information thus derived along with the measured slope versus ω z , the following equations were developed. In the preferred embodiment of the invention these were used in the programming of a microprocessor and thus provided the cable characteristic predictor encoder as shown in block 80 of FIG. 3. 
     
         log.sub.10 (CGH)=3.4-0.94 log.sub.10 (GH)                  (4) 
    
     
         log.sub.10 (CSH)=2.7-2.56 log.sub.10 (SH)                  (5) 
    
     
         CSL=Alog.sub.2 (85/256+log.sub.2 (CGH))-Alog.sub.2 (log.sub.2 (CSH)-41/256)+12                                          (6) 
    
     
         CGL=Alog.sub.2 (12+163/256-log.sub.2 (CGH))                (7) 
    
     where 
     CGH=high group gain microprocessor code 
     CSH=high group slope microprocessor code 
     CSL=low group slope microprocessor code 
     CGL=low group gain microprocessor code and 
     Alog=&#34;anti&#34; or inverse logarithm 
     As may be seen from equations 4 and 5 above, the high group gain microprocessor code is solely a function of high group gain setting GH (which is derived from the low frequency pilot), and the high group slope microprocessor code is solely a function of high group slope setting SH (which is derived from the high frequency pilot). Using the high group gain microprocessor code CGH and the high group slope microprocessor codes CSH, the low group slope microprocessor code and the low group gain microprocessor code are derived. Thus the required values for the low frequency gain and slope are obtained solely from the two system pilots received in the high frequency direction. 
     Operationally at the time the system initially sets the amplifier gains, the microprocessor issues a set of commands to the four current sources 96, 106, 116, and 128. Each presets all the line amplifiers to some nominal level (35 dB of gain with 6 dB of slope over 88-160 kHz). Then the pilot levels are examined so that the proper high group gain and slope settings (CGH and CSH) can be determined. If the pilot levels are too high the microprocessor changes the coded current setting to reduce the high group gain setting of amp 24. Once the detected pilot levels are in the proper &#34;window,&#34; the microprocessor sets the high group slope (CSH) at output 82 by varing the slope and comparing the detected pilot levels. Once the two pilots are within a predetermined amplitude of each other, the microprocessor maintains that current drain to the high group amplifiers. So in the high group direction there is no involved computation of levels or values for the determination of the gain and slope settings. 
     Once GH and SH are determined the digital microprocessor codes for the high group gains and slope settings (CGH and CSH, respectively) are stored in the microprocessor. The microprocessor then computes the required values for CSL and CGL from the equations (6) and (7), which are simply functions of CGH and CSH. Alternatively it would also be possible to use two ROM devices, read only memories, (with 256×256 cells for 8-bit CGH/CSH words) to store all possible combinations of CGH and CSH versus CSL and CGL. With two such &#34;tables&#34; (one for each low group variable), the problem of calculation reduces to a simple &#34;look up&#34; function. However, for reasons of economics the microprocessor is often the better alternative to two ROM devices to implement this function. 
     Another way in which the information obtained by equations 4, 5, 6 and 7 may be used to derive the predictions for the low frequency group gain and slope is shown in FIG. 4. In place of the microprocessor, a discrete circuit could be implemented to perform the &#34;calculations&#34; of equations 4, 5, 6, and 7. To make the explanation clearer, these four equations may be expressed differently by converting to the same log base 2 and taking the antilog of equations 4 and 5.  (Note log 2  N≅3.32 log 10  N). 
     
         CGH=Alog (11.3-0.94 log (GH))                              (4a) 
    
     
         CSH=Alog (9-2.56 log (SH))                                 (5a) 
    
     
         CSL=Alog (85/256+log (CGH))-Alog (log (CSH)-241/256)+12    (6a) 
    
     
         CGL=Alog (12+163/256-log (CGH))                            (7a) 
    
     By rearranging terms these equations can be rewritten as follows. 
     
         log (CGH)=11.3-0.94 log (GH)                               (4b) 
    
     
         log (CSH)=9-2.56 log (SH)                                  (5b) 
    
     
         log (CSL)=log (CGH)-log (CSH)+log 12+326/256               (6b) 
    
     
         log (CGL)=12+163/256-log (CGH)                             (7b) 
    
     The numerical constants, 11.3, 9, etc. may be implemented as simply DC voltages as shown in FIG. 4. Similarly the subtraction of terms may be performed by differential amplifiers (148, 160, and 162). The encoder 136 performs the antilog function (Alog 2  N) to obtain the required 8-bit word which goes to the D/A converter 84. And, the Converter and Storage units 132 and 138, convert the two bit codes from the window detector to a DC voltage. The code for the high frequency pilot is applied via path 76 to the input of converter and storage 138 and thence via path 140 to switch 141 at pulse time S2 to encoder 136 where it is converted into a binary code and sent as a parallel byte along path 82. Thus the control of the gain and slope of the high frequency path is effected as is described in FIG. 3. To derive the low frequency gain and slope settings, the equations 6b and 7b are solved for log(CSL) and log(CGL). By following the input signals through to the subtractor circuit 148, it can be seen that the signal on path 150 represents log(CGL). And switch 152 closes in the appropriate time interval to apply log(CGL) to the encoder 136 which extracts the desired code for the low frequency gain setting. Similarly the code for the low frequency slope setting is derived through the two subtractors 160 and 162, switch 163, and encoder 136. 
     As noted hereinabove the use of the storage capacitors 90, 100, 110 and 122 as shown in FIG. 3 provide the control signal during the time when the associated switch is open. When the pilots fail, the microprocessor just continues to recharge the capacitors (refresh) whenever the associated switch is open in order to hold the output signals constant. Unfortunately in the discrete version just described, if a loss of pilot occurs the capacitors controlling the current sources will not be refreshed, and therefore, the amplifiers will seek a maximum gain setting.