Abstract:
Methods of, and apparatus for, storing and transporting a hazardous fluid, such as a combustible fuel, include methods and means, respectively, for:
       (a) treating the fluid to reduce its hazardous condition;   (b) storing and/or transporting the treated fluid in such a manner that the risk of its hazardous condition remains reduced;   (c) thereafter retreating the fluid to restore it to its original hazardous condition so that the fluid may be used in its restored condition. The hazardous fluid may be treated by adding a substance to, or removing a substance from, the fluid, or by changing the state of the fluid. For example, if the fluid is a fuel, it may be treated by cooling it to near or below its freezing temperature to reduce its combustibility, volatility, explosivity and/or ease of ignition.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application claims priority from provisional patent application No. 60/933,033 filed Jun. 4, 2007. The subject matter of this application is related to that of U.S. Pat. No. 7,222,821, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/318,180, filed Dec. 24, 2005, and U.S. patent application of Ser. No. 11/805,963, filed on May 25, 2007. The subject matter of this patent and these two patent applications is incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The storage and transport of hazardous fluid substances poses challenges because of potential or actual damage to persons, equipment or the environment. Fluid substances pose a greater risk than solid ones, because a fluid, whether liquid or gas, is likely to disseminate more rapidly than a solid. Furthermore, if the fluid is a fuel or potential fuel, the failure to contain the fluid (whether intentional or accidental), may lead to detonation or ignition, resulting in explosion or fire. 
         [0003]    The act of freezing a hazardous fluid fuel, thereby to render it a solid fuel, is known to increase the stability of the fuel, reducing the risk of fire and/or explosion; Chilling a fuel may have a similar effect. Freezing a hazardous substance will make it easier to contain in the event of a breach of the container. To the extent that chilling a hazardous substance increases its viscosity/decreases its fluidity, the chilling process will lessen the consequences of a breach of the substance container, by decreasing the rate at which the substance emerges from the compromised container. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    Hereinbelow, the term “hazardous substance” is intended to include both the fluid state of the substance (whether liquid or gas), and the solid state of the substance. 
         [0005]    The purpose of the invention described herein, is to minimize the risk posed by a hazardous fluid, during storage or transport of the fluid, by freezing or chilling the fluid. 
         [0006]    The risk posed by the fluid may entail: 
         [0007]    a) risk to persons, equipment or the environment in the vicinity of the pipeline or storage facility, because of toxic effects of the fluid; 
         [0008]    b) risk to persons, equipment or the environment not in the vicinity of the pipeline or storage facility, because of wide ranging toxic effects of even very small amounts of the fluid; and 
         [0009]    c) risks to persons, equipment, the environment, the pipeline or storage facility itself, one or more adjacent pipelines or storage facilities, or the contents of the pipeline; because of blast, heat, or fire which may result from ignition or explosion of a substance within a pipeline or storage facility. 
         [0010]    In one embodiment of the invention, the fluid is a fuel. The use of chilled and/or frozen fuel may: 
         [0011]    1) minimize the risk of a terrorist action on a fuel pipeline or fuel storage depot; and 
         [0012]    2) minimize the risk, in the event of an accidental breach of the pipeline, resulting in a leak. 
         [0013]    In another embodiment of the invention, the fluid may be a toxic chemical, or a radioactive substance. 
         [0014]    Embodiments of the invention are described in which the toxicity of a hazardous fluid is minimized (i) by chilling the fluid, and (ii) by freezing the fluid. 
         [0015]    Embodiments of the invention are described in which the propulsive device which causes movement of a frozen hazardous substance through a pipeline is (i) largely within a pipeline; and (ii) largely outside of the pipeline. 
         [0016]    Embodiments of the invention are described in which an emergency condition—e.g. in which the pipeline or storage facility is subject to a breach, fire, explosion, etc—is dealt with by isolating the compromised storage facility or segment of pipeline by closing one or more valves. The valves may be controlled locally or from a remotely located station. 
         [0017]    Embodiments of the invention are described in which an emergency condition—e.g. in which a pipeline or storage facility containing a hazardous fluid is subject to a breach, fire, explosion, etc—is dealt with by rapidly freezing the fluid. The rapid freezing process is accomplished by rapidly dumping or injecting an extremely cold substance. Valves to control the release of the cold substance may be controlled locally or from a remotely located station. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0018]      FIG. 1  is a representational diagram of a pipeline for carrying hazardous substances and of a storage facility for storing hazardous substances, with cooling apparatus and a control system for the cooling apparatus. 
           [0019]      FIG. 2  is a schematic block diagram showing an embodiment of the control apparatus for the cooling apparatus of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0020]      FIG. 3A  is a representational diagram of a pipeline for moving units of a frozen hazardous substance, showing apparatus disposed between the frozen units, which causes the movement of the units within the pipeline. 
           [0021]      FIG. 3B  is another representational diagram of a pipeline similar to that shown in  FIG. 3A . 
           [0022]      FIG. 3C  is a representational diagram of a tubular structure with a refrigeration unit and a conveyance device for cooling and conveying a hazardous substance. 
           [0023]      FIG. 4  is a representational diagram of a pipeline for moving units of a frozen hazardous substance, showing alternative embodiments of apparatus which causes the movement of the frozen units within the pipeline. 
           [0024]      FIG. 5A  is a representational diagram of a pipeline for carrying substantially spherical elements, each of which contains a frozen hazardous substance. 
           [0025]      FIG. 5B  is a representational diagram showing a detailed view of one of the substantially spherical elements shown in  FIG. 5A . 
           [0026]      FIG. 6  is a representational diagram of a pipeline containing valves which may be used to isolate a compromised segment of a pipeline. 
           [0027]      FIG. 7A  is a representational diagram of a pipeline or storage facility for a hazardous fluid, containing apparatus for rapidly cooling the hazardous fluid, if necessary. 
           [0028]      FIG. 7B  is another representational diagram of the apparatus shown in  FIG. 7A , which is orthogonal to the view shown in  FIG. 7A . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0029]    In the specification hereinbelow, the word “fuel” is intended to refer to any hazardous fluid. 
         [0030]    Pipelines: 
         [0031]    Methods of handling fuel in a pipeline to decrease the risk of fire, explosion, detonation, ignition or leakage—whether accidental or intentional—include: 
         [0032]    I) Using Chilled Fuel: 
         [0033]    A) at a cold temperature, not specified; 
         [0034]    B) at a cold temperature in the range of pour point to a specified value above the pour point, e.g.:
       1) a temperature ranging from approximately the pour point to 10 degrees C. above the pour point;   2) a temperature ranging from approximately the pour point to 20 degrees C. above the pour point;   3) a temperature ranging from approximately the pour point to 25 degrees C. above the pour point;   4) a temperature ranging from approximately the pour point to 30 degrees C. above the pour point.       
 
         [0039]    The temperature along the length of the pipeline may be relatively constant, or may vary within any of the ranges described hereinabove, or within another range. 
         [0040]    II) Using Frozen Fuel: 
         [0041]    The temperature may range:
       A) from the pour point down to the temperature at which substantially all of the fuel is no longer a liquid;   B) from the pour point down to an unspecified temperature;   C) from the pour point down to a specific temperature; e.g.
           1) 20 degrees C. below the pour point;   2) 30 degrees C. below the pour point, etc.   
               
 
         [0047]    The temperature along the length of the pipeline may be relatively constant, or may vary within any of the ranges described hereinabove, or within another range. 
         [0048]    Fuel may be inserted into the pipeline:
       A) already frozen;   B) as a liquid, to then be frozen when the fuel is within the pipeline;       
 
         [0051]    III) Using Hybrids Involving Both Chilled and Frozen Fuel: 
         [0052]    A) of I) and II) above, in which some segments of the pipeline carry frozen fuel and other segments carry chilled fuel; 
         [0053]    B) in which some segments of the pipeline carry non-chilled fuel, and others carry chilled fuel; 
         [0054]    C) in which some segments of the pipeline carry non-chilled fuel, and others frozen fuel; and 
         [0055]    D) in which some segments of the pipeline carry non-chilled fuel, others carry chilled fuel, and still others carry fuel which is neither chilled nor frozen. 
         [0056]    In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the hybrid approach would use the coldest fuel for the highest risk pipeline segments, and less cold fuel for lower risk segments. Embodiments of the invention with one, two, three, four or more fuel temperatures, each in a different segment of the pipeline, are possible. High risk segments might be defined as the most vulnerable pipeline segments, either because they are above the ground surface, near the surface, or in areas which are difficult to patrol/observe. 
         [0057]    Storage Facilities 
         [0058]    Similar protective methods for storing and handling fuel in a storage facility or depot to decrease the risk of fire, explosion, detonation, ignition or leakage—whether accidental or intentional—parallel the approach to pipeline protection. 
         [0059]    The depot consists of one or more storage tanks. The tanks may be: 
         [0060]    I) above ground; 
         [0061]    II) below ground; or 
         [0062]    III) some above and some below ground. 
         [0063]    The depot may contain frozen fuel, chilled fuel or hybrid situations, as described above for pipelines. A depot may contain mixtures of chilled and frozen fuel such that: 
         [0064]    I) Some tanks are at one temperature, and one or more other tanks are each at another temperature; and 
         [0065]    II) There may be more than one fuel temperature in different regions of the same tank. 
         [0066]    Tanks may be filled by either: 
         [0067]    I) filling the tank with chilled fuel, and freezing the fuel after it is contained within the tank; 
         [0068]    II) first freezing the fuel in smaller parcels (sticks, etc.), and then stacking sticks (or another shape which wastes only small amounts of space) in a large common storage chamber; 
         [0069]    III) filling the tank with chilled fuel, and maintaining the fuel in a chilled state within the tank. 
         [0070]    If the depot contains fuel which is below the pour point, and in particular if it contains fuel which is substantially or completely solid, it will need to contain means for moving that non-liquid fuel from the depot into the pipeline. Examples of such means (e.g. shaving pieces off of a rectangular solid) parallel the discussion of loading frozen fuel onto an aircraft, or moving it on the aircraft as discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,222,821. 
         [0071]    The Storage Depot/Pipeline Interface 
         [0072]    If the state of the fuel in the pipeline is to differ from that of the depot, means will be required to convert the depot fuel to pipeline fuel. For example, if the depot is to contain frozen fuel and the pipeline is to contain chilled liquid fuel, then melting means will need to be placed at the junction between the depot and the pipeline. Similarly, if the depot is to contain chilled liquid fuel and the pipeline is to contain frozen fuel, then freezing means will need to be placed at the junction between the depot and the pipeline. 
         [0073]    Since the majority of pipeline and depot protection apparatus and methods are conceptually similar, hereinbelow, the word “pipeline” is intended to refer to each of A) an actual pipeline and B) a storage depot. In instances where a distinction needs to be made between pipelines and depots (or between pipelines and tanks), the terms “actual pipeline” will be used. 
         [0074]    Pipeline Construction Issues: 
         [0075]    I) The pipeline may have 2 or more layers of skin to minimize
       A) fuel leakage;   B) accidental damage to pipeline; and   C) intentional damage to pipeline.       
 
         [0079]    II) The pipeline may be monitored by placing temperature sensors between each layer of pipeline skin (see figure and see specification hereinbelow), as well as sensors within the pipeline and external to the pipeline. 
         [0080]    III) The pipeline may contain outer insulation or a “thermos-like” outer layer to minimize cold temperature loss; 
         [0081]    IV) “Firewall valves” may be placed:
       A) between segments of an actual pipeline;   B) between a storage tank and an actual pipeline; and   C) between tanks (though conceptually this is largely similar to A) immediately above, since the likelihood is that two tanks would be connected by an actual pipeline).       
 
         [0085]    Firewall valves may placed along a fuel route to minimize the chance of widespread pipeline destruction, in the event of a terrorist or accidental fire. 
         [0086]    In the event of a fire/explosion involving an actual pipeline, the valve on each side of the fire/explosion would be closed. Furthermore, fuel may be evacuated from the pipeline segments adjacent to the fire/explosion by pumping/moving the downstream fuel further downstream, and by pumping/moving the upstream fuel further upstream. 
         [0087]    In the event of a fire/explosion involving a tank, the valve which lets fuel out of the tank would be closed. Furthermore, fuel may be evacuated from the pipeline segment(s) adjacent to the involved tank by pumping/moving the downstream fuel further downstream. 
         [0088]    Fuel Transport Issues: 
         [0089]    Possible transport methodologies for frozen fuel include: 
         [0090]    I) freezing it into rectangular sticks (like sticks of butter), and moving it on a continuously moving conveyor belt (or series of such belts) 
         [0091]    II) the same as I) above but moving the sticks on rollers 
         [0092]    III) the same as I) above but placing the sticks in “railroad car”-like apparatuses
       A) wherein each one has an engine to propel it   B) wherein one engine pulls (or pushes or both) many such cars   C) wherein the cars are moved by rotating wheels within the pipeline   D) wherein the cars are moved by alternating magnetic fields, including a variant where the apparatus is like a “mag-lev” train.       
 
         [0097]    IV) putting the fuel into round objects with holes (size may range from be-be&#39;s to volley balls), and then freezing the fuel in the round objects. The principle is that the fuel-containing objects can roll through the pipeline. They may be propelled either
       A) magnetically;   B) by a pushing device;   C) by gravity,
           1) in a downhill section of actual pipeline; or   2) when moving from a tank to an actual pipeline, when the center of gravity of the fuel within the tank is above the level of the actual pipeline.   
               
 
         [0103]    Emergency Apparatus and Method for Rapidly Lowering the Temperature of a Jeopardized Pipeline: 
         [0104]    In order to further protect a pipeline which is threatened, damaged or attacked, further cooling of the fuel within it, on a rapid basis, may be advantageous. This may be accomplished by having a source of cold temperature substance either within it, or immediately adjacent to it. 
         [0105]    Examples of the cold substance are: 
         [0106]    I) frozen fuel (in the case of a pipeline containing chilled liquid fuel); 
         [0107]    II) dry ice (i.e. frozen carbon dioxide) (in the case of a pipeline containing chilled liquid fuel); and 
         [0108]    III) a very cold liquid (e.g. liquid nitrogen, or another liquid which is chemically highly stable, such as a liquefied form of a noble element) in the case of a pipeline carrying either a solid or liquid fuel. 
         [0109]    The substance may be stored: 
         [0110]    I) within the pipeline; or 
         [0111]    II) outside of the pipeline (but in its vicinity). 
         [0112]    Pipeline Monitoring: 
         [0113]    The monitoring may be: 
         [0114]    I) automatic, i.e. by microprocessors within or in the vicinity of the pipeline; 
         [0115]    II) by humans, either in the vicinity of the pipeline, or remotely located; and 
         [0116]    III) by combinations of I) and II), immediately above. 
         [0117]    The monitoring may be used to: 
         [0118]    I) control the flow of fuel under non-emergency conditions; 
         [0119]    II) detect pipeline damage; 
         [0120]    III) divert fuel during emergency conditions; and 
         [0121]    IV) activate the emergency apparatus for rapidly lowering temperature during an emergency. 
         [0122]    Referring to the figures: 
         [0123]      FIG. 1  shows a segment of a pipeline  10 . Fuel would be contained in the space  12  within the pipeline. (Although the contents of the figure resembles a segment of actual pipeline, nothing contained within the figure or the discussion of the figure is inconsistent with or inapplicable to the case of  10  also constituting the walls of a fuel storage tank, and  12  being the space within the tank.) 
         [0124]    The pipeline has an inner layer  9  and an outer layer  11 . The space between the inner and outer layers may contain: 
         [0125]    I) insulating material (which may be solid, liquid, gas, or a mixture of these); 
         [0126]    II) may consist of the same material of one or more of  9  or  11 ; or 
         [0127]    III) may be a vacuum, or a highly evacuated region with “near vacuum” conditions. 
         [0128]      14  is a temperature sensor outside of the pipeline, or at its outer edge.  16  is a temperature sensor situated between the inner and the outer pipeline walls.  18  is a temperature sensor inside of the fuel containing segment of the pipeline. Though only one each of  14 ,  16  and  18  are shown in the figure, it is to be understood that such elements may be placed at intervals axially (rightwards or leftwards in the figure) and radially (in the figure, e.g., associated with the pipeline wall segment “below” that containing  14 ,  16  and  18  [i.e. in the segment between elements  22 ]). In the case of a tank, they may be anywhere along its walls. 
         [0129]      14 ,  16  and  18  could also be pressure sensors. Alternatively  14 ,  16  and  18  could represent a mixture of temperature, pressure and possibly other sensors. (The other sensors could include chemical detectors for either the fuel or for whatever substance [e.g. air] surrounds  11 .) 
         [0130]      20  represents equipment which receives information from sensors  14 ,  16  and  18 . It includes a microprocessor. The information can be used to control refrigeration elements  22  directly. In an alternative embodiment,  20  sends a signal to a remote station, not shown. A person, a computer, a bank of computers, a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors or a combination of the aforementioned at the remote station then receives the signal, analyzes/processes it, and sends a return signal which is used to control  22 . 
         [0131]    The figure shows no hardwire connections between the sensors and  20 , and shows no such connections between  20  and  22 . The connections could be using conventional wireless technology, as is known in the art, or could be hardwired, as is shown in reference to  FIG. 2  (see below), or could be a mixture of hardwired and wireless. 
         [0132]    The pipeline may contain one or more additional concentric layers (e.g. one or more layers outside of  11 ). In the case of one additional layer, for example, the result would be the creation of a space between  11  and the additional outer layer. This space could have the same or different properties as the space between  9  and  11 .  14  could, in this exemplary case be considered a sensor within the space defined by  11  and the outer layer. Additional sensors analogous to  14  and  16  could be placed to monitor the outer layer. 
         [0133]      FIG. 2  shows an embodiment of the invention in which the pipeline monitoring apparatus is connected by hardwire connections. Element  20  of  FIG. 1  is replaced in  FIG. 2  by elements  19  (a microprocessor plus interface apparatus [as is known in the art] to render  19  able to exchange signals with  21  and  22 ) and  21  (a transmitter/receiver device). In an alternate embodiment of the invention, one or more of the connections between  19  and the remote station may be hardwired. Embodiments of the invention are possible in which: 
         [0134]    I) multiple  14 s,  16 s and  18 s connect to each  19 ; 
         [0135]    II) multiple  19 s connect to a single  21 ; and 
         [0136]    III) multiple  22 s are controlled by a single  19 . 
         [0000]    Many other alternate embodiments, where the alternations involve the number of connections between the types of elements shown in  FIG. 2 , will be obvious to those skilled in the art. 
         [0137]      FIG. 3A  shows an embodiment of the invention in which portions of fuel  112 A and  112 B are pushed through actual pipeline  110 . In the figure, fuel movement is from left to right, and pushing apparatus  114  pushes fuel element  112 B. Cooling apparatus  115  is provided to keep the contents of the pipeline cold. 
         [0138]      112 A and  112 B (referred to collectively as  112 ) may be: 
         [0139]    I) a block of solid fuel; 
         [0140]    II) a container which contains solid fuel; or 
         [0141]    III) a container which contains liquid fuel. 
         [0000]    The movement of  112  is passive, i.e. in response to pushing element  114 .  112  may shaped as a rectangular block, or, as shown in  FIG. 3B , which is a cross sectional view of the same apparatus as is shown in  FIG. 3A , or  112  may be cylindrical. 
         [0142]      114  may push  112 B: 
         [0143]    I) with an energy supply contained within  114  (and replenished from time to time); 
         [0144]    II) with an energy supply external to  114 , e.g.
       A) by rotating elements  118  (rotating clockwise when viewed above the plane of the paper);   B) by an externally applied varying magnetic field (as is known in the art—e.g. so-called “mag-lev” trains) such as may be supplied by elements  116 ; or   C) by energy transfer to  114 , e.g. by electromagnetic induction or radiofrequency means, with elements  116  serving as the source of such energy.       
 
         [0148]    In embodiments of the invention with a self contained power source within  114 , elements  116  may be unnecessary. In embodiments of the invention with magnetic levitation, elements  118  may be unnecessary. Numerous other methods of pushing fuel containing elements  112  will be obvious to those skilled in the art. 
         [0149]    Embodiments of the invention in which  114  pushes  112 B for long distances or even for the length of the actual pipeline are possible. In an alternate embodiment of the invention,  114  is larger than  112 , and contains collapsible elements  120 A and  120 B (collectively referred to as  120 ). The collapse of  120  allows  114  to slide over  112 . In such an embodiment, 
         [0150]    I)  114  may (with  120  non-collapsed) push  112 B along a segment of actual pipeline (left to right in the figure); 
         [0151]    II) Simultaneous with I), an element similar to  114  pushes  112 A from left to right; 
         [0152]    III) Then  120  collapses, allowing  114  to move from right to left, over  112 A, thereby to return to the position occupied by  114  at the start of I) above. 
         [0153]    The process of I), II), III) then repeats. 
         [0154]    In an alternative embodiment,  114  may be a pulling device, which pulls  112 A, instead of pushing  112 B. The discussion hereinabove about the functional possibilities of  114  (in terms of power source and in terms of continuous or cyclical motion) are identical for the “pulling” as for the pushing case. 
         [0155]    In yet another alternative embodiment,  114  may serve the dual purpose of both pushing  112 B and pulling  112 A. Again, the above details apply. 
         [0156]    The collapse of  120  may be analogous to the opening of an iris in a camera lens. Other means of achieving the collapse of  120  will be obvious to those skilled in the art. In yet another alternative embodiment,  114  may collapse in a way which allows it to intermittently pass adjacent to  112 A, moving in the direction opposite to that of  112 A. 
         [0157]      FIG. 3B  shows a cross sectional view of the actual pipeline shown in  FIG. 3A . Although the figure shows an example with a circular cross section, embodiments of the invention with non-circular cross sections are possible. The figure shows an example in which  114  is capable of sliding over  112 , so that  114  motion may be cyclical, as discussed hereinabove. 
         [0158]      FIG. 3C  shows apparatus which could be used to supply the apparatus of  FIG. 3A  with frozen fuel. A tubular structure  52 , which for example may be circular, square, rectangular or triangular in cross-section, is provided with a refrigeration device  50 . The refrigeration device receives liquid fuel at its inlet and passes frozen fuel out its outlet to the inlet end of the tubular structure. A conveyance device  54  is provided within the tubular structure to convey the frozen fuel from left to right (in the sense of the drawing), to the outlet end of the structure. 
         [0159]      FIG. 4  shows an actual pipeline example in which fuel elements  122 A and  122 B (collectively referred to as  122 ) are not separated by a pushing and or pulling element analogous to  114 . Among the possibilities for such an approach are embodiments in which: 
         [0160]    I) apparatus with pushing and/or pulling capability (and the energy source for the motion) is contained within  122 ; and  122  consists of a vehicle which both contains the fuel and contains apparatus for moving the vehicle; 
         [0161]    II) apparatus with pushing and/or pulling capability (which depends on an externally supplied energy source for the motion) is contained within  122 ; and  122  consists of a vehicle which both contains the fuel and contains apparatus for moving the vehicle; and 
         [0162]    III) apparatus in which each of  128  rotates, and thereby propels  122 , i.e. by friction between  128  and  122 . (Each similarly shaped circular element in the figure is considered  128 .) 
         [0163]    Elements  126  (Each similarly shaped square element in the figure is considered  126 .) in  FIG. 4  are analogous to  116  in  FIG. 3A , i.e. a source of external energy for either the rotation of elements  128 , for the movement generating apparatus within  122 , or both. 
         [0164]      FIG. 5A  shows actual pipeline  130  containing spherical elements  132 . Each similarly shaped round element in the figure is considered  132 .  132  would contain the fuel, encased in an apparatus with a relatively low coefficient of friction, such that it can roll through actual pipeline  130 . As indicated hereinabove, the fuel containing balls may be propelled either:
       A) magnetically;   B) by a pushing device; or   C) by gravity.
 
Furthermore, as indicated hereinabove, this propulsion system may apply to actual pipelines and to fuel moving from a tank to a pipeline. Indeed the concepts embodied by the propulsion systems shown in  FIGS. 3A and 4  could also be applied to fuel exiting a tank and entering an actual pipeline, or to fuel moving within a tank. In these cases, the geometric constraint implied by the structure of  110 ,  121  and  130  would be altered, due to a less constrained tank structure.
         
         [0168]      FIG. 5B  shows an example of a hollow ball  140  with holes  142  which allow fuel ingress and egress. Each similarly shaped small round element in the figure is considered  142 . The storage process is as follows: 
         [0169]    1) Fuel in the liquid state passes into the core of  140  through holes  142 . 
         [0170]    2) The temperature is then lowered, causing the solidification of the fuel within  140 . 
         [0171]    3)  140  is then moved, taking advantage of its rounded outer contour. (Holes  142  do not project outside of the spherical exterior of  140 ; That they appear to in the figure is simply a case of artistic license.) 
         [0172]    4) When fuel-containing  140  reaches its destination, the temperature is raised, the fuel melts, and flows out of  140 . 
         [0173]      FIG. 6  shows an example of two valves  152  and  156  within actual pipeline  150  (consisting of elements  150 A,  150 B and  150 C); The purpose of the valves is containment of a problem within actual pipeline segment  150 B. During ordinary pipeline operation (i.e. no threat or problem), valves  152  and  156  are open, allowing the passage of a hazardous substance, e.g. a fuel, from  150 A to  150 B to  150 C. In the event of threat or problem involving segment  150 B, both valves are closed, in an attempt to restrict the problem to segment  150 B. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a valve closure signal is sent electronically to valve  152  via wires  154 , and to valve  156  via wires  158 . The source of the signal is the monitoring and control apparatus shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 . In the automatic case, microprocessor  20  (via interface apparatus) would signal  152  and  156  to close. In the case where an external person or apparatus is in control, the valve closure signal would be received by  21 , and be sent from  19  to  152  and  156 . 
         [0174]    As indicated hereinabove, additional protection results by pumping/moving fuel away from the problem segment:
       Pump  153  may pump the fuel out of segment  150 A;   Pump  157  may pump the fuel out of segment  150 C.       
 
         [0177]    An “all clear” signal, sent out if the problem situation which caused valve closure had resolved, could later be sent to open  152  and  156  in a procedure analogous to that of their closure. 
         [0178]    Cooling apparatus  155  is provided to cool the contents of the pipeline. 
         [0179]      FIG. 7A  shows an apparatus for rapidly cooling the fuel  162  within pipeline  160 .  160  contains pipeline  164  (which therefore may be a) an actual pipeline within an actual pipeline, b) an actual pipeline within a tank, or c) a tank within a tank.  164  contains cold liquid or solid  166  as described hereinabove. In the event of threat or disaster, valves  168  and  170  are caused to open, allowing  166  to mix with  162 . In the embodiment in which  166  is a solid, means for moving  166  out of  164  and into the fuel-containing space of  160  would improve operation of the invention. The valves are controlled as described in conjunction with  FIG. 6  hereinabove. 
         [0180]      FIG. 7B  shows a cross sectional view of the apparatus shown in  FIG. 7A . In both  FIGS. 7A and 7B , the pipeline  160  is shown as having a refrigeration unit  165  to cool its contents  162 . Although a circular configuration for each of  160  and  164  are shown, neither need be circular. Furthermore, the position of  164  within  160  need not be central; off-center locations are possible, including locations at or near the outer wall of  160 . In an alternative embodiment of the invention, locations in which  164  is outside of  160 , are possible; In such instances, passageways allowing the movement of coolant  166  into the interior of  160  would be necessary. 
         [0181]    There is thus described herein a method of reducing the risk of accidental or intentional widespread pipeline damage, for fuel containing pipelines (including actual pipelines and tanks). 
         [0182]    The apparatus and methods described herein would also be usable in situations for pipelines which contain: 
         [0183]    I) a gaseous fuel (in which case causing the fuel to change state to either a liquid or a solid could increase the safety of transport); 
         [0184]    II) a hazardous chemical in gaseous state (in which case causing the chemical to change state to either a liquid or a solid could increase the safety of transport); 
         [0185]    III) a hazardous chemical in liquid state (in which case causing the chemical to change state to a solid could increase the safety of transport); 
         [0186]    IV) a radiation emitting substance in gaseous state (in which case causing the substance to change state to either a liquid or a solid could increase the safety of transport); and 
         [0187]    V) a radiation emitting substance in liquid state (in which case causing the substance to change state to a solid could increase the safety of transport). 
         [0188]    Numerous variations in the apparatus and methods of fuel transport within an actual pipeline and within a tank or between tanks, of pipeline construction, of pipeline monitoring and of pipeline management during an emergency—each based on the fundamental principles presented herein—will be obvious to those skilled in the art.