Abstract:
A voltage compensation pixel circuit includes a driving transistor coupled to the light emitting element between a high potential power line and a low potential power line to drive the light emitting element in response to a predetermined voltage applied to a gate, switching transistor including a first switching transistor being switched in response to a voltage of a first gate signal, a second switching transistor and a third switching transistor being switched in response to a voltage of a third gate signal, and a fourth switching transistor being switched in response to a voltage of a second gate signal, a storage capacitor coupled between a first node and a second node, and a setup transistor coupled between the light emitting element and the driving transistor and operated by the driving transistor. The first node is coupled to the driving transistor. The second node is coupled between the second switching transistor and the fourth switching transistor.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The present disclosure relates to a voltage compensation pixel circuit used in an active matrix organic light emitting diode display device and a method of driving the same. 
       BACKGROUND ART 
       [0002]    An active matrix organic light emitting diode (hereinafter, referred to as ‘AMOLED’) display device is a spontaneous emission unit configured to illuminate an organic light emitting layer by recombination of electrons and holes, which has high luminance and low driving voltage, and is capable of being ultra-thin, and thus, is expected to be a next generation display device. 
         [0003]    Each of the plurality of pixels forming the AMOLED display device includes a light emitting unit having an organic light emitting layer interposed between an anode and a cathode and a pixel circuit configured to independently drive the light emitting unit. The pixel circuit is classified into a voltage driving compensation circuit and a current driving compensation circuit. The voltage driving compensation circuit is a type for applying data voltage to the pixel circuit, and the current driving compensation circuit is a type for applying data current to the pixel circuit. The voltage driving compensation circuit and the current driving compensation circuit have commonality in storing data voltage in a storage capacitor connected to a gate of a driving unit as a result of operation processes thereof. 
         [0004]    Meanwhile, in order to apply data voltage to each of the pixels in the voltage driving compensation circuit, first, a parasitic capacitor of a line is required to be charged and discharged. The voltage driving type is easier to charge/discharge than the current driving type, and thus, has a fast pixel operating speed, and is easy to connect with signals of a display driving circuit. All of the driving voltage pixel compensation circuits have a period of self-compensating a critical voltage of the driving unit. In a conventional critical voltage compensation method, the critical voltage of the driving unit is detected and charged in the storage capacitor, and is offset when an OLED current flows, and thus, an effect thereof is removed. However, since a difference of electron mobility generated in a process of switching thin film transistor (hereinafter, referred to as ‘TFT’) units is not stored or compensated by the circuit, the difference of the electron mobility generated in the process of the TFT unit is not theoretically compensated. Also, in the voltage driving compensation circuit, additional signal lines and TFT units configured to compensate for a change of the critical voltage share a large space of an entire pixel area, and thus, the opening ratio is greatly decreased. 
         [0005]    The current driving compensation circuit is advantageous in receiving a current from a data driving IC and storing the current in a scan period, and then, the current flows in an OLED light emitting period. The current driving compensation circuit is advantageous in compensating for mobility as well as the difference of the critical voltage. Also, since the current driving compensation circuit is not affected by a voltage drop phenomenon of a supplied voltage, the current driving compensation circuit has a structure for ideally and stably supplying an OLED current. However, since the storage capacitor in the circuit is required to be charged by the data current, a charging time requires long time in a low data current level by the parasitic capacitor portion of the data line, and a long time is required to drive each pixel. In particular, the above property has a problem of increasing a time for charging a pixel in a high resolution and large sized panel. In order to solve the above problem, a pixel circuit using a current mirror structure is developed and a pixel charging time is minimized, but an error is generated when electric characteristics of a mirror unit are different from that of the driving unit. Also, since currently commercialized driving ICs use the voltage driving type, an additional cost is required to manufacture an additional driving IC. 
         [0006]    Meanwhile, among element unit technologies of the pixel circuit included in the display, an amorphous silicon TFT has characteristics of uniformly maintaining electron mobility even in a large sized substrate and in established manufacturing technology, and is first considered in the development of a large sized AMOLED display technology. However, the amorphous silicon TFT has poor characteristics in electric stability due to unique characteristics of an amorphous silicon layer. The most important problem caused by the unstability of the amorphous silicon TFT is a change of the critical voltage caused by a stress from a continuous gate bias. 
       SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     Technical Problem 
       [0007]    The present disclosure is directed to providing a voltage compensation pixel circuit capable of adjusting a flow of a voltage in an organic light emitting diode (OLED) pixel circuit applied by an active matrix and compensating for a change of a critical voltage caused by a continuous gate bias to a driving TFT, and a method of driving the same. 
       Technical Solution 
       [0008]    One aspect of the present invention provides a voltage compensation pixel circuit of an organic light emitting display device, which is capable of driving a light emitting unit. The voltage compensation pixel circuit includes a driving thin film transistor (TFT) connected to the light emitting unit provided between a high potential power line and a low potential power line, and configured to drive the light emitting unit based on a predetermined voltage applied to a gate; switching TFTs including a first switching TFT switched by an on or off voltage of a first gate signal, a fourth switching TFT switched by an on or off voltage of a second gate signal, and a second switching TFT and a third switching TFT switched by an on or off voltage of a third gate signal; a storage capacitor of which one end is connected to the driving TFT to form a first node, and the other end is connected to a contact point between the second switching TFT and the fourth switching TFT to form a second node, wherein the storage capacitor transmits a charged voltage to the driving TFT; and a setup TFT installed at a contact point between the light emitting unit and the driving TFT and operated by switching of the driving TFT. 
         [0009]    The first switching TFT, the second switching TFT, and the third switching TFT may be turned on by on voltages of the first gate signal and the third gate signal, and a predetermined voltage may be charged in the storage capacitor. 
         [0010]    When a predetermined voltage is charged in the storage capacitor, a voltage may be applied to a gate of the driving TFT connected to the one end of the storage capacitor, a current flows from the high potential power line to the low potential power line, and the light emitting unit may be operated by the current. 
         [0011]    The first switching TFT may be turned off based on an off voltage of the first gate signal, and a voltage charged in the storage capacitor may be discharged through the second switching TFT, the third switching TFT, and the setup TFT. 
         [0012]    A compensation voltage formed on the first node by discharging the voltage charged in the storage capacitor may be formed by summing a critical voltage of the driving TFT, a critical voltage of the setup TFT, and an electron mobility compensation voltage of the driving TFT. 
         [0013]    The first switching TFT, the second switching TFT, and the third switching TFT may be turned off, the fourth switching TFT may be turned on, and a data signal may be transmitted to the driving TFT. 
         [0014]    When the first switching TFT, the second switching TFT, and the third switching TFT may be turned off, the fourth switching TFT may be turned on, and the data signal may be transmitted to the driving TFT, a voltage applied to the first node may be formed by summing a voltage applied by the data signal and a compensation voltage applied to the first node. 
         [0015]    The voltage applied to the first node may be formed by summing the voltage applied by the data signal and the compensation voltage applied to the first node, and when the fourth switching TFT is turned off, a current flowing through the light emitting unit by a voltage stored in the storage capacitor may be determined by a voltage between a gate and a source of the driving TFT and a critical voltage of the driving TFT. 
         [0016]    Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of driving a voltage compensation pixel circuit. The voltage compensation pixel circuit includes a light emitting unit, a driving TFT configured to drive the light emitting unit, a plurality of switching TFTs switched by an on or off signal of a gate signal, a storage capacitor connected to the driving TFT and configured to transmit a charged voltage to the driving TFT, and a setup TFT installed at a contact point between the light emitting unit and the driving TFT and operated by switching of the driving TFT. The method includes individually operating the plurality of switching TFTs based on the on or off voltage of the gate signal and charging a compensation voltage in the storage capacitor; and turning off all of the plurality of switching TFTs in order to compensate for a change of a critical voltage of the driving TFT, and flowing a current proportional to a voltage obtained by summation of a voltage of a data signal and an electron mobility compensation voltage of the driving TFT through the light emitting unit. 
         [0017]    The individually operating the plurality of switching TFTs based on the on or off voltage of the gate signal and charging the compensation voltage in the storage capacitor may include turning on a first switching TFT, a second switching TFT, and a third switching TFT of the plurality of switching TSTs and charging a predetermined voltage in the storage capacitor. 
         [0018]    The individually operating the plurality of switching TFTs based on the on or off voltage of the gate signal and charging the compensation voltage in the storage capacitor may include discharging the voltage charged in the storage capacitor may be discharged through the second switching TFT, the third switching TFT, and the setup TFT when the predetermined voltage is charged in the storage capacitor and the first switching TFT is turned off. 
         [0019]    A compensation voltage formed by discharging the voltage charged in the storage capacitor through the second switching TFT, the third switching TF, and the setup TFT may be equal to a voltage obtained by summation of a critical voltage of the driving TFT, a critical voltage of the setup TFT, and an electron mobility compensation voltage of the driving TFT. 
         [0020]    The method of driving the voltage compensation pixel circuit may further include turning off the first switching TFT, the second switching TFT, and the third switching TFT, turning on a fourth switching TFT, and summing the data signal with the compensation voltage for transmission to the driving TFT. 
         [0021]    The method of driving the voltage compensation pixel circuit may further include summing the data signal with the compensation voltage for transmission to the driving TFT, turning off the fourth switching TFT, and operating the driving TFT by a voltage stored in the storage capacitor. 
         [0022]    The operating the driving TFT by the voltage stored in the storage capacitor may include operating the driving TFT by a voltage obtained by summation of the voltage of the data signal and the electron mobility compensation voltage of the driving TFT. 
       Advantageous Effects of Invention 
       [0023]    As described above, according to embodiments of the present invention, a difference of electron mobility which can affect a current flowing a light emitting unit can be compensated by an electron mobility compensation voltage of a driving TFT. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         [0024]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram briefly illustrating an organic light emitting display device including a voltage compensation pixel circuit according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0025]      FIG. 2  is a circuit diagram illustrating a voltage compensation pixel circuit according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. 
           [0026]      FIG. 3  is an operation timing diagram illustrating a gate signal and a data signal of a voltage compensation pixel circuit according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0027]      FIGS. 4 a  to 4 d    are views conceptually illustrating an operation state of a voltage compensation pixel circuit according to the operation timing diagram of  FIG. 3 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS 
       [0028]    Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. In numbering reference numerals to the structural parts of each drawing, like numerals may refer to like elements throughout the description of the figures although the reference numerals are displayed in different drawings. 
         [0029]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram briefly illustrating an organic light emitting display device including a voltage compensation pixel circuit according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
         [0030]    An organic light emitting display device may include a display plate  100 , a gate driving part  200  connected to the display plate  100 , a data driving part  300 , and a signal control part  400  configured to control the above parts. 
         [0031]    The display plate  100 , when viewing an equivalent circuit, may be connected to a plurality of signal lines GL 1   n  to GL 3   n , and DL 1  to DLm, and may include a plurality of pixels arranged in a shape similar to a matrix shape. 
         [0032]    The signal lines GL 1   n  to GL 3   n , and DL 1  to DLm may include a plurality of scan signal lines GL 1   n  to GL 3   n  configured to transmit scan signals and a plurality of data lines DL 1  to DLm configured to transmit data signals. 
         [0033]      FIG. 2  is a circuit diagram illustrating a voltage compensation pixel circuit according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
         [0034]    The voltage compensation pixel circuit independently operates a light emitting unit (OLED) and generates a luminance in response to a data voltage V DATA , and may include six TFTs T S1 , T S2 , T S3 , T S4 , T SU , and T DR , and one storage capacitor C 1 . 
         [0035]    The light emitting unit OLED may be connected to a driving TFT T DR  in series between a high potential power line  10  and a low potential power line  11 . The light emitting unit OLED may include a cathode connected to the driving TFT T DR , an anode connected to the high potential power line  10 , and a light emitting layer interposed between the cathode and the anode. The light emitting layer may include an electron injection layer, an electron transport layer, an organic light emitting layer, a hole transport layer, and a hole injection layer which are sequentially stacked between the cathode and the anode. In the light emitting unit OLED, when a positive bias is applied between the anode and the cathode, electrons from the cathode pass through the electron injection layer and the electron transport layer and are supplied to the organic light emitting layer, and holes from the anode pass through the hole injection layer and the hole transport layer and are supplied to the organic light emitting layer. Thus, the supplied electrons and holes are recombined in the organic light emitting layer, and illuminate a fluorescent or phosphorescent material, and thus, a luminance proportional to a current density may be generated. Meanwhile, when a negative bias is applied to the light emitting unit OLED, the light emitting unit OLED may perform a function of a capacitor (C OLED ) configured to store charges. 
         [0036]    The voltage compensation pixel circuit may include one driving TFT T DR , one setup TFT T SU , four switching TFTs T S1 , T S2 , T S3 , and T S4 , and one storage capacitor C 1  connected between the driving TFT T DR  and the switching TFT T S4 . 
         [0037]    The voltage compensation pixel circuit may include three gate lines  20 ,  21 , and  22  configured to supply the gate signals, the high potential power line  10  supplying the high potential voltage V DD , the low potential power line  11  supplying the low potential voltage V SS  smaller than the high potential voltage V DD , and a data line  30  supplying the data voltage. 
         [0038]    In the driving TFT T DR , a gate electrode is connected to a first node N 1 , a source electrode is connected to the cathode of the light emitting unit OLED, and a drain electrode is connected to the low potential power line  11 . The driving TFT T DR  adjusts a current supplied from the high potential power line  10  and passed through a third node N 3  in response to a voltage supplied to the first node N 1 , and adjusts the light emitting unit OLED. 
         [0039]    In the setup TFT T SU , a gate electrode is connected to the third node N 3 , and a first electrode is connected to a ground potential, and a second electrode is connected to a first electrode of a third switching TFT T S3 . The setup TFT T SU  is operated by a voltage generated at the third node N 3  based on the operation of the driving TFT T DR . 
         [0040]    The four switching TFTs T S1 , T S2 , T S3 , and T S4  may include the first switching TFT T S1 , the second switching TFT T S2 , the third switching TFT T S3 , and the fourth switching TFT T S4 . 
         [0041]    The first switching TFT T S1 , has a gate electrode and a first electrode being connected to the first gate line  20  and a second electrode being connected to the first node N 1  which is connected to the storage capacitor C 1  and the gate electrode of the driving TFT T DR . The first electrode and the second electrode become a source electrode and a drain electrode based on a current direction. 
         [0042]    The second switching TFT T S2  has a gate electrode being connected to the third gate line  22 , a first electrode being connected to the storage capacitor C 1  and the fourth switching TFT T S4 , and a second electrode being connected to the ground potential. The first electrode and the second electrode become a source electrode and a drain electrode based on a current direction. 
         [0043]    The third switching TFT T S3  has a gate electrode being connected to the third gate line  22  connected to the gate electrode of the second switching TFT T S2 , the first electrode being connected to the second electrode of the setup TFT T SU , and a second electrode being connected to the first node N 1  interposed between the storage capacitor C 1  and the driving TFT T DR . 
         [0044]    The fourth switching TFT T S4  has a gate electrode being connected to the second gate line  21 , a first electrode being connected to the data line  30 , and a second electrode being connected to the first electrode of the second switching TFT T S2  and the storage capacitor C 1 . 
         [0045]      FIG. 3  is an operation timing diagram illustrating a gate signal and a data signal of a voltage compensation pixel circuit according to one embodiment of the present invention, and  FIGS. 4 a -4 d    are views conceptually illustrating an operation state of a voltage compensation pixel circuit according to the operation timing diagram of  FIG. 3 . 
         [0046]    Referring to a first period as shown in  FIGS. 3 and 4A , the first switching TFT T S1 , the second switching TFT T S2 , and the third switching TFT T S3  are turned on and a voltage is applied to the first node N 1 , and the driving TFT T DR  is operated, and the light emitting unit OLED is operated. To this end, a gate-on-voltage V ON  of a first gate signal is supplied to the first gate line  20 , and a gate-on-voltage V ON  of a third gate signal is supplied to the third gate line  22 . Thus, referring to  FIG. 4 a    the first switching TFT T S1 , the second switching TFT T S2 , and the third switching TFT T S3  are turned on by the gate-on-voltages V ON  of the first gate signal and the third gate signal. When the first switching TFT T S1  and the second switching TFT T S2  are turned on, a voltage is charged in the storage capacitor C 1  connected to the first node N 1  by the first gate-on-voltage V ON  of the first gate line  20 . Here, the storage capacitor C 1  is charged by a voltage reduced from the first gate-on-voltage V ON  by a threshold voltage of the first switching TFT T S1 . When the voltage is charged in the storage capacitor C 1 , a voltage is applied to the gate electrode of the driving TFT T DR  connected to the first node N 1 . When a voltage is applied to the gate electrode of the driving TFT T DR , the driving TFT T DR  is operated, and a current I OLED  flows through the high potential power line  10  toward the low potential power line  11 . When the current I OLED  flows through the high potential power line  10  toward the low potential power line  11 , a current flows through the light emitting unit OLED and emits light, and a voltage is applied to the gate electrode of the setup TFT T SU , and the light emitting unit OLED is operated. 
         [0047]    In a second period as shown in  FIGS. 3 and 4   b , the first switching TFT T S1  is turned off, and the voltage charged in the storage capacitor C 1  is discharged through the second switching TFT T S2  and the third switching TFT T S3 . To this end, the gate-on-voltage V ON  of the first gate signal supplied through the first gate line  20  is converted into a gate-off-voltage V OFF . Thus, referring to  FIG. 4 b    the first switching TFT T S1  is turned off, and the voltage charged through the storage capacitor C 1  is discharged to a ground potential through the second switching TFT T S2 , the third switching TFT T S3 , and the setup TFT T SU . Here, the setup TFT T SU  is discharged by a voltage reduced from a discharged base voltage by a critical voltage of the setup TFT T SU . 
         [0048]    Referring to the following Equation 1, a compensation voltage applied to the first node N 1  during the second period is calculated. 
         [0000]        Vcomp=V   TH ( DR )+ V   TH ( SU )+Δ V   μ ( Dr )  Equation 1
 
         [0000]    (wherein, Vcomp=a compensation voltage applied to a first node, V TH (DR)=a critical voltage of a driving TFT, V TH (SU)=a critical voltage of a setup TFT, ΔV μ (Dr)=an electron mobility compensation voltage of a driving TFT) 
         [0049]    The compensation voltage Vcomp applied to the first node during the second period equals a sum of the critical voltage V TH(DR)  of the driving TFT T DR , the electron mobility compensation voltage Vμ(Dr) of the driving TFT T DR , and a voltage V GS (DR) applied between the gate and source of the driving TFT T DR . 
         [0050]    In a third period as shown in  FIGS. 3 and 4   c , the first switching TFT T S1 , the second switching TFT T S2 , and the third switching TFT T S3  are turned off, and the fourth switching TFT T S4  is turned on, and the data signal flows through the driving TFT T DR . To this end, the gate-on-voltage V ON  of the third gate signal supplied through the third gate line  22  is converted into a gate-off-voltage V OFF , and the gate-on-voltage V ON  of the second gate signal is supplied to the second gate line  21 . Thus, referring to  FIG. 3C , the second switching TFT T S2  and the third switching TFT T S3  are turned off, and the fourth switching TFT T S4  is turned on. 
         [0051]    When the second switching TFT T S2  and the third switching TFT T S3  are turned off, and the fourth switching TFT T S4  is turned on, a voltage applied to the first node N 1  equals a sum of a voltage of the data signal and the compensation voltage applied to the first node during the second period. 
         [0000]        V   N1   =V   DATA   +V   comp   Equation 2
 
         [0052]    (wherein, V N1 =a voltage applied to the first node, V DATA =a voltage of the data signal, V comp =the compensation voltage applied to the first node) 
         [0053]    Meanwhile, the voltage of the first node N 1  shows a bootstrap effect due to an influence of the storage capacitor C 1 . 
         [0054]    In a fourth period as shown in  FIGS. 3 and 4   d , supply of all of the gate signal and the data signal is stopped, and the operation of the switching TFTs T S1 , T S2 , T S3 , and T S4  are stopped, and the driving TFT T DR  is operated by the voltage stored in the storage capacitor C 1 , and the current I OLED  which flows through the light emitting unit OLED is shown in Equation 3. 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       I 
                       OLED 
                     
                     = 
                     
                       
                         k 
                         2 
                       
                        
                       
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             
                               V 
                               
                                 GS 
                                  
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   DR 
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                             - 
                             
                               V 
                               
                                 TH 
                                  
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   DR 
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           ) 
                         
                         2 
                       
                     
                   
                    
                   
                     
 
                   
                    
                   
                     k 
                     = 
                     
                       μ 
                       · 
                       
                         W 
                         L 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Equation 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   3 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0055]    (wherein, I OLED =a current flowing through the light emitting unit OLED, V GS(DR) =a voltage between the gate and source of the driving TFT, V TH(DR) =a critical voltage of the driving TFT, V GS(DR) =a voltage applied between the gate and source of the driving TFT, k=a constant, μ=electron mobility of the driving TFT, W=a width of the driving TFT, and L=a length of the driving TFT) 
         [0056]    V GS(DR)  in the fourth period is shown in Equation 4. Supply of all of the gate signal and the data signal is stopped, and the operation of the switching TFTs T S1 , T S2 , T S3 , and T S4  is stopped, and thus, a voltage applied to the first node N 1  in the previous period equals V TH (DR). 
         [0000]        V   GS(DR)   =V   DATA   +V   comp   Equation 4
 
         [0057]    Here, when the Equation 1 is combined with the Equation 4, Equation 5 may be derived. 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     I 
                     OLED 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       k 
                       2 
                     
                      
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             V 
                             DATA 
                           
                           + 
                           
                             V 
                             
                               TH 
                                
                               
                                 ( 
                                 DR 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                           + 
                           
                             V 
                             
                               TH 
                                
                               
                                 ( 
                                 SU 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                           + 
                           
                             Δ 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             
                               V 
                               
                                 μ 
                                  
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   DR 
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           - 
                           
                             V 
                             
                               TH 
                                
                               
                                 ( 
                                 DR 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       2 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Equation 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   5 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0058]    In Equation 5, it may be understood that V TH(DR)  is cancelled out. Referring to Equation 5, V TH(DR)  is cancelled out, and the current I OLED  which flows through the light emitting unit OLED is not affected by the critical voltage of the driving TFT T DR . 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     I 
                     
                       OLED 
                       α 
                     
                   
                    
                   
                     k 
                     2 
                   
                    
                   
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           V 
                           DATA 
                         
                         + 
                         
                           Δ 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           
                             V 
                             
                               μ 
                                
                               
                                 ( 
                                 DR 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                     2 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Equation 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   6 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0059]    Referring to the Equation 6, it is understood that the effect of the critical voltage of the driving TFT T DR  is cancelled out in the current I OLED  which flows through the light emitting unit OLED, and the electron mobility compensation voltage V μ(DR)  of the driving TFT T DR  is generated, and thus, the difference of the electron mobility in the current I OLED  which flows through the light emitting unit OLED is compensated for. 
         [0060]    In this specification, exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been classified into the first, second and third exemplary embodiments and described for conciseness. However, respective steps or functions of an exemplary embodiment may be combined with those of another exemplary embodiment to implement still another exemplary embodiment of the present invention.