Abstract:
A method of reducing electromigration in Cu interconnect lines by forming an interim layer of Ca-doped copper seed layer lining a via in a chemical solution and a semi conductor device thereby formed. The method reduces the drift velocity which then decreases the Cu migration rate in addition to void formation rate. The method comprises: depositing a Cu seed layer in the via; treating the Cu seed layer in a chemical solution, selectively forming a Cu—Ca—X conformal layer on the Cu seed layer, wherein X denotes at least one contaminant; and processing the Cu—Ca—X conformal layer, effecting a thin Cu—Ca conformal layer on the Cu seed layer; annealing the thin Cu—Ca conformal layer onto the Cu seed layer, removing the at least one contaminant, thereby forming a contaminant-reduced Cu—Ca alloy surface on the Cu seed layer; electroplating the contaminant-reduced Cu—Ca alloy surface with Cu, thereby forming a contaminant-reduced Cu—Ca/Cu interconnect structure; annealing the at least one contaminant-reduced Cu—Ca/Cu interconnect structure, thereby forming at least one virtually void-less and contaminant-reduced Cu—Ca/Cu interconnect structure; and chemical mechanical polishing the at least one virtually void-less and contaminant-reduced Cu—Ca/Cu interconnect structure.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) 
     This application is related to concurrently filed and commonly assigned applications (serial numbers to be assigned) entitled: 
     “Chemical Solution for Cu—Ca—O Thin Film Formations on Cu Surfaces;” 
     “Method of Forming Cu—Ca—O Thin Films on Cu Surfaces in a Chemical Solution and Semiconductor Device Thereby Formed;” 
     “Method of Calcium Doping a Cu Surface Using a Chemical Solution and Semiconductor Device Thereby Formed;” 
     “Method of Reducing Carbon, Sulphur, and Oxygen Impurities in a Calcium-Doped Cu Surface and Semiconductor Device Thereby Formed;” and 
     “Method of Reducing Electromigration in Copper Lines by Calcium-Doping Copper Surfaces in a Chemical Solution and Semiconductor Device Thereby Formed.” 
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to semiconductor devices and their methods of fabrication. More particularly, the present invention relates to the processing of copper interconnect material and the resultant device utilizing the same. Even more particularly, the present invention relates to reducing electromigration in copper interconnect lines by doping their surfaces with barrier material using wet chemical methods. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Currently, the semiconductor industry is demanding faster and denser devices (e.g., 0.05-μm to 0.25-μm) which implies an ongoing need for low resistance metallization. Such need has sparked research into resistance reduction through the use of barrier metals, stacks, and refractory metals. Despite aluminum&#39;s (Al) adequate resistance, other Al properties render it less desirable as a candidate for these higher density devices, especially with respect to its deposition into plug regions having a high aspect ratio cross-sectional area. Thus, research into the use of copper as an interconnect material has been revisited, copper being advantageous as a superior electrical conductor, providing better wettability, providing adequate electromigration resistance, and permitting lower depositional temperatures. The copper (Cu) interconnect material may be deposited by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), sputtering, electroless plating, and electrolytic plating. 
     However, some disadvantages of using Cu as an interconnect material include etching problems, corrosion, and diffusion into silicon. 1  These problems have instigated further research into the formulation of barrier materials for preventing electromigration in both Al and Cu interconnect lines. In response to electromigration concerns relating to the fabrication of semiconductor devices particularly having aluminum-copper alloy interconnect lines, the industry has been investigating the use of various barrier materials such as titanium-tungsten (Ti—W) and titanium nitride (TiN) layers as well as refractory metals such as titanum (Ti), tungsten (W), tantalum (Ta), and molybdenum (Mo) and their silicides. 2  Although the foregoing materials are adequate for Al interconnects and Al—Cu alloy interconnects, they have not been entirely effective with respect to all-Cu interconnects. Further, though CVD has been conventionally used for depositing secondary metal(s) on a primary metal interconnect surface, CVD is not a cost-effective method of doping Cu interconnect surfaces with calcium (Ca) ions. 
       1  Peter Van Zant, Microchip Fabrication: A Practical Guide to Semiconductor Processing, 3 rd  Ed., p. 397 (1997).  
       2 Id., at 392. Therefore, a need exists for a method of reducing electromigration in Cu interconnect lines by forming an interim protective layer from a chemical solution and a semiconductor device thereby formed.  
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, the present invention provides a method of reducing electromigration in Cu interconnect lines by forming an interim layer of Ca-doped copper seed layer lining a via in a chemical solution and a semiconductor device thereby formed. The present invention method reduces electromigration in Cu interconnect lines by decreasing the drift velocity therein which decreases the Cu migration rate in addition to void formation rate. More specifically, the present invention provides a method of fabricating a semiconductor device having reduced electromigration in its Cu interconnect lines and a device thereby formed, the method comprising: A) providing a semiconductor substrate, the substrate having at least one via formed therein, each at least one via having a volume being optionally lined with a barrier layer; B) depositing a copper (Cu) seed layer in the at least one via for facilitating subsequent formation of at least one Cu interconnect line, the Cu seed layer lining the at least one via, the Cu seed layer comprising at least one intermediate Cu layer selected from a group of intermediate copper layers consisting essentially of: (1) a blanket Cu seed layer, and (2) a partial thickness Cu plated layer; C) treating the Cu seed layer in a chemical solution, thereby selectively forming a copper-calcium-X (Cu—Ca—X) conformal layer on the Cu seed layer, wherein X denotes at least one contaminant, and D) processing the Cu—Ca—X conformal layer by a technique selected from a group of techniques consisting essentially of: (1) proceeding to step E, (2) sputtering under an argon (Ar) atmosphere, and (3) treating in a plasma ambient, thereby effecting a thin Cu—Ca conformal layer on the Cu seed layer; E) annealing the thin Cu—Ca conformal layer onto the Cu seed layer, thereby removing the at least one contaminant, whereby the thin Cu—Ca conformal layer is alloyed, and thereby forming a contaminant-reduced Cu—Ca alloy surface on the Cu seed layer; F) electroplating the Cu—Ca alloy surface with Cu for filling the volume of the at least one via  11 , thereby forming the at least one Cu interconnect line, and thereby forming at least one contaminant-reduced Cu—Ca/Cu interconnect structure, comprising the a contaminant-reduced Cu—Ca alloy surface on the Cu seed layer, in the via; G) annealing the at least one contaminant-reduced Cu—Ca/Cu interconnect structure, thereby forming at least one virtually void-less and contaminant-reduced Cu—Ca/Cu interconnect structure; H) chemical mechanical polishing the at least one virtually void-less and contaminant-reduced Cu—Ca/Cu interconnect structure and the optional barrier layer for forming a planarized surface; and I ) completing formation of the semiconductor device. The annealing step primarily removes O and secondarily removes C and S, especially when performed in an environment such as a vacuum, an inert gas, and a reducing ambient such as an ammonia (NH 3 ) plasma. Further, the present invention improves Cu interconnect reliability by enhancing electromigration resistance through impurity-level control, thereby balancing electromigration performance against low resistivity requirements. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     For a better understanding of the present invention, reference is made to the below-referenced accompanying drawings. 
     FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor substrate having formed therein a via, optionally lined with a barrier layer, the optional barrier layer having deposited a blanket Cu seed layer, for subsequent formation of a Cu interconnect line, in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor substrate having formed therein a via with an optional barrier layer; the optional barrier layer having deposited a blanket Cu seed layer, as shown in FIG. 1; the blanket Cu seed layer having selectively formed thereon a Cu—Ca—X conformal layer by treating the blanket Cu seed layer in a chemical solution; the Cu—Ca—X conformal layer being optionally treated by a process such as Ar sputtering, in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor substrate having formed therein a via with an optional barrier layer; the optional barrier layer having deposited a blanket Cu seed layer, as shown in FIG. 1; the blanket Cu seed layer having selectively formed thereon a Cu—Ca—X conformal layer by treating the blanket Cu seed layer in a chemical solution; the Cu—Ca—X conformal layer being optionally treated by a process such as Ar sputtering, as shown in FIG. 2, the Cu—Ca—X conformal layer being annealed onto the blanket Cu seed layer, thereby forming a contaminant-reduced Cu—Ca alloy surface on the blanket Cu seed layer, in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor substrate having formed therein a via with an optional barrier layer; the optional barrier layer having deposited a blanket Cu seed layer, as shown in FIG. 1; the blanket Cu seed layer having selectively formed thereon a Cu—Ca—X conformal layer by treating the blanket Cu seed layer in a chemical solution; the Cu—Ca—X conformal layer being optionally treated by a process such as Ar sputtering, as shown in FIG. 2, the Cu—Ca—X conformal layer being annealed onto the blanket Cu seed layer, thereby forming a contaminant-reduced Cu—Ca alloy surface on the blanket Cu seed layer, as shown in FIG. 3, the contaminant-reduced Cu—Ca alloy surface having been further electroplated with Cu for filling the via, thereby forming a Cu interconnect line; and the Cu interconnect line also being annealed, in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor substrate having formed therein a via with an optional barrier layer; the optional barrier layer having deposited a blanket Cu seed layer, as shown in FIG. 1; the blanket Cu seed layer having selectively formed thereon a Cu—Ca—X conformal layer by treating the blanket Cu seed layer in a chemical solution; the Cu—Ca—X conformal layer being optionally treated by a process such as Ar sputtering, as shown in FIG. 2, the Cu—Ca—X conformal layer being annealed onto the blanket Cu seed layer, thereby forming a contaminant-reduced Cu—Ca alloy surface on the blanket Cu seed layer, as shown in FIG. 3, the contaminant-reduced Cu—Ca alloy surface having been further electroplated with Cu for filling the via, thereby forming a contaminant-reduced Cu—Ca/Cu interconnect structure, comprising the contaminant-reduced Cu—Ca alloy surface, the contaminant-reduced Cu—Ca/Cu interconnect structure also being annealed, as shown in FIG. 4, further chemical mechanical polishing the Cu interconnect line, the Cu—Ca alloy surface, the blanket Cu seed layer, and the optional barrier layer for forming a planarized surface, thereby forming a virtually void-less and contaminant-reduced Cu—Ca/Cu interconnect structure in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor substrate having formed therein a via having an optional barrier layer, the optional barrier layer having deposited a blanket Cu seed layer, as shown in FIG. 1, the blanket Cu seed layer being partially electroplated with Cu, thereby forming a partial thickness Cu plated layer, in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor substrate having formed therein a via having an optional barrier layer, the optional barrier layer having deposited a blanket Cu seed layer, as shown in FIG. 1, the blanket Cu seed layer being partially electroplated with Cu, thereby forming a partial thickness Cu plated layer, as shown in FIG. 6, the partial thickness Cu plated layer having selectively formed thereon a Cu—Ca—X conformal layer by treating the partial thickness Cu plated layer in a chemical solution, thereby forming a Cu—Ca conformal layer; the Cu—Ca conformal layer being optionally treated by a process such as Ar sputtering; the Cu—Ca—X conformal layer being annealed onto the partial thickness Cu plated layer, thereby decreasing its thickness to form a thin Cu—Ca conformal layer, and thereby forming a contaminant-reduced Cu—Ca alloy surface on the partial thickness Cu plated layer, in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor substrate having formed therein a via having an optional barrier layer, the optional barrier layer having deposited a blanket Cu seed layer, as shown in FIG. 1, the blanket Cu seed layer being partially electroplated with Cu, thereby forming a partial thickness Cu plated layer, as shown in FIG. 6, the partial thickness Cu plated layer having selectively formed thereon a Cu—Ca—X conformal layer by treating the partial thickness Cu plated layer in a chemical solution, thereby forming a Cu—Ca conformal layer; the Cu—Ca conformal layer being optionally treated by a process such as Ar sputtering; the Cu—Ca—X conformal layer being annealed onto the partial thickness Cu plated layer, thereby decreasing its thickness to form a thin Cu—Ca conformal layer, and thereby forming a Cu—Ca alloy surface on the partial thickness Cu plated layer, as shown in FIG. 7, the Cu—Ca alloy surface having been further electroplated with Cu for filling the via, and thereby forming a Cu interconnect line, the Cu interconnect line also being annealed; further chemical mechanical polishing the Cu interconnect line, the Cu—Ca alloy surface, the partial thickness Cu plated layer, the blanket Cu seed layer, and the optional barrier layer for forming a planarized surface, in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 9 is a flowchart of a method for fabricating a semiconductor device having a virtually void-less contaminant-reduced Ca—Cu/Cu interconnect line structure for reducing electromigration therein, in accordance with the present invention. 
    
    
     Reference numbers refer to the same or equivalent parts of the present invention throughout the several figures of the drawings. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor substrate  10  having formed therein a via  11 , optionally lined with a barrier layer  12  such as Ta, the optional barrier layer  12  having deposited a blanket Cu seed layer  13 , for subsequent formation of a Cu interconnect line, in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor substrate  10  having formed therein a via  11 , optionally lined with a barrier layer  12 , the optional barrier layer  12  having deposited a blanket Cu seed layer  13 , for subsequent formation of a Cu interconnect line, as shown in FIG. 1, the blanket Cu seed layer  13  having selectively formed thereon a Cu—Ca—X conformal layer  30  by treating the blanket Cu seed layer  13  in a chemical solution, where contaminant X=C, S, or O; the Cu—Ca—X conformal layer  30  being optionally treated by a process such as Ar sputtering, thereby contributing to decreasing its thickness to form a thin Cu—Ca conformal layer  30   a , in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor substrate  10  having formed therein a via  11 , optionally lined with a barrier layer  12 , the optional barrier layer  12  having deposited a blanket Cu seed layer  13 , for subsequent formation of a Cu interconnect line, as shown in FIG. 1, the blanket Cu seed layer  13  having selectively formed thereon a Cu—Ca—X conformal layer  30  by treating the blanket Cu seed layer  13  in a chemical solution; the Cu—Ca conformal layer  30  being optionally treated by a process such as Ar sputtering, thereby contributing to decreasing its thickness to form a thin Cu—Ca conformal layer  30   a , as shown in FIG. 2, the Cu—Ca—X conformal layer  30  being annealed onto the blanket Cu seed layer  13 , thereby decreasing its thickness to form the thin Cu—Ca conformal layer  30   a , the thin Cu—Ca conformal layer  30   a  being alloyed, and thereby forming a Cu—Ca alloy surface  30   b  on the blanket Cu seed layer  13 , in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor substrate  10  having formed therein a via, optionally lined with a barrier layer  12 , the optional barrier layer  12  having deposited a blanket Cu seed layer  13 , for subsequent formation of a Cu interconnect line  20 , as shown in FIG. 1; the blanket Cu seed layer  13  having selectively formed thereon a Cu—Ca—X conformal layer  30  by treating the blanket Cu seed layer  13  in a chemical solution; the Cu—Ca—X conformal layer  30  being optionally treated by a process such as Ar sputtering, thereby contributing to decreasing its thickness to form a thin Cu—Ca conformal layer  30   a , as shown in FIG. 2; the Cu—Ca—X conformal layer  30  being annealed onto the blanket Cu seed layer  13 , thereby decreasing its thickness to form the thin Cu—Ca conformal layer  30   a ; the thin Cu—Ca conformal layer  30   a  being alloyed, and thereby forming a Cu—Ca alloy surface  30   b  on the blanket Cu seed layer  13 , as shown in FIG. 3; the Cu—Ca alloy surface  30   b  having been further electroplated with Cu for filling the via  11 , and thereby forming a Cu interconnect line  20 ; and the Cu interconnect line  20  also being annealed, in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor substrate  10  having formed therein a via, optionally lined with a barrier layer  12 , the optional barrier layer  12  having deposited a blanket Cu seed layer  13 , for subsequent formation of a Cu interconnect line  20 , as shown in FIG. 1; the blanket Cu seed layer  13  having selectively formed thereon a Cu—Ca—X conformal layer  30  by treating the blanket Cu seed layer  13  in a chemical solution; the Cu—Ca—X conformal layer  30  being optionally treated by a process such as Ar sputtering, thereby contributing to decreasing its thickness to form a thin Cu—Ca conformal layer  30   a , as shown in FIG. 2; the Cu—Ca—X conformal layer  30  being annealed onto the blanket Cu seed layer  13 , thereby decreasing its thickness to form the thin Cu—Ca conformal layer  30   a ; the thin Cu—Ca conformal layer  30   a  being alloyed, and thereby forming a Cu—Ca alloy surface  30   b  on the blanket Cu seed layer  13 , as shown in FIG. 3; the Cu—Ca alloy surface  30   b  having been further electroplated with Cu for filling the via  11 , and thereby forming a Cu interconnect line  20 ; the Cu interconnect line  20  also being annealed, thereby forming a composite interconnect structure comprising the Cu interconnect line  20 , the Cu—Ca alloy surface  30   b , and the blanket Cu seed layer  13 , as shown in FIG. 4; and further chemical-mechanical-polishing (CMP) the Cu interconnect line  20 , the Cu—Ca alloy surface  30   b , the blanket Cu seed layer  13 , and the optional barrier layer  12  for forming a planarized surface  40 , in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor substrate  10  having formed therein a via  11 , optionally lined with a barrier layer  12 ; the optional barrier layer  12  having deposited a blanket Cu seed layer  13 , for subsequent formation of a Cu interconnect line  20 , as shown in FIG. 1; the blanket Cu seed layer  13  being partially electroplated with Cu, thereby forming a partial thickness Cu plated layer  14 , in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor substrate  10  having formed therein a via  11 , optionally lined with a barrier layer  12 ; the optional barrier layer  12  having deposited a blanket Cu seed layer  13 , for subsequent formation of a Cu interconnect line  20 ; the blanket Cu seed layer  13  being partially electroplated with Cu, thereby forming a partial thickness Cu plated layer  14 , as shown in FIG. 6; the partial thickness Cu plated layer  14  having selectively formed thereon a Cu—Ca—X conformal layer  30  by treating the partial thickness Cu plated layer  14  in a chemical solution; the Cu—Ca conformal layer  30  being optionally treated by a process such as Ar sputtering, thereby contributing to decreasing its thickness to form a thin Cu—Ca conformal layer  30   a ; the Cu—Ca—X conformal layer  30  being annealed onto the partial thickness Cu plated layer  14 , thereby decreasing its thickness to form the thin Cu—Ca conformal layer  30   a ; the thin Cu—Ca conformal layer  30   a  being alloyed, and thereby forming a Cu—Ca alloy surface  30   b  on the partial thickness Cu layer plated  14 , in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor substrate  10  having formed therein a via, optionally lined with a barrier layer  12 ; the optional barrier layer  12  having deposited a blanket Cu seed layer  13  for subsequent formation of a Cu interconnect line  20 ; the blanket Cu seed layer  13  being partially electroplated with Cu, thereby forming a partial thickness Cu plated layer  14 , as shown in FIG. 6; the partial thickness plated Cu layer  14  having selectively formed thereon a Cu—Ca—X conformal layer  30  by treating the partial thickness plated Cu layer  14  in a chemical solution; the Cu—Ca conformal layer  30  being optionally treated by a process such as Ar sputtering, thereby contributing to decreasing its thickness to form a thin Cu—Ca conformal layer  30   a ; the Cu—Ca—X conformal layer  30  being annealed onto the partial thickness Cu plated layer  14 , thereby forming the thin Cu—Ca conformal layer  30   a , the thin Cu—Ca conformal layer  30   a  being alloyed, and thereby forming a contaminant-reduced Cu—Ca alloy surface  30   b  on the partial thickness Cu plated layer  14 , as shown in FIG. 7; the contaminant-reduced Cu—Ca alloy surface  30   b  having been further electroplated with Cu for filling the via, and thereby forming the Cu interconnect line  20 , the Cu interconnect line  20  also being annealed, thereby forming a virtually void-less contaminant-reduced Cu—Ca/Cu interconnect structure  21 , the virtually void-less contaminant-reduced Cu—Ca/Cu interconnect structure  21  comprising a composite structure, the composite structure comprising the Cu interconnect line  20 , the Cu—Ca alloy surface  30   b , the blanket Cu seed layer  13 , the partial thickness plated Cu layer  14 ; and further chemical-mechanical-polishing (CMP) the virtually void-less contaminant-reduced Cu—Ca/Cu interconnect structure  21  and the optional barrier layer  12  for forming a planarized surface  40 , in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 9 is flowchart of a method M for fabricating a semiconductor device, having a virtually void-less and contaminant-reduced Cu—Ca/Cu interconnect line structure  21  for reducing electromigration therein, comprising: A) providing a semiconductor substrate  10 , the substrate  10  having at least one via  11  formed therein, each at least one via  11  having a volume being optionally and partially lined with a barrier layer  12 , as indicated by block  901 ; B) depositing a copper (Cu) seed layer in the at least one via for facilitating subsequent formation of at least one Cu interconnect line  20 , the Cu seed layer lining the at least one via  11 , the Cu seed layer comprising at least one intermediate Cu layer selected from a group of intermediate copper layers consisting essentially of: (1) a blanket Cu seed layer  13 , and (2) a partial thickness Cu plated layer  14 , as indicated by block  902 ; C) treating the Cu seed layer in a chemical solution, thereby selectively forming a copper-calcium-X (Cu—Ca—X) conformal layer  30  on the Cu seed layer, wherein X denotes at least one contaminant, as indicated by block  903 ; and D) processing the Cu—Ca—X conformal layer  30  by a technique selected from a group of techniques consisting essentially of (1) proceeding to step E, as indicated by arrow A and block  906 , (2) sputtering under an Ar atmosphere, as indicated by block  904 , and (3) treating in a plasma ambient, thereby removing the at least one contaminant, as indicated by block  905 , contributing to forming a thin Cu—Ca conformal layer  30   a  on the Cu seed layer; E) annealing the thin Cu—Ca conformal layer  30   a  onto the Cu seed layer, thereby forming the thin Cu—Ca conformal layer  30   a , whereby the thin Cu—Ca conformal layer is alloyed, and thereby forming a contaminant-reduced Cu—Ca alloy surface  30   b  on the Cu seed layer, as indicated by block  906 ; F) electroplating the contaminant-reduced Cu—Ca alloy surface  30   b  with Cu for filling the volume of the at least one via  11 , thereby forming the at least one Cu interconnect line  20 , and thereby forming, at least one contaminant-reduced Cu—Ca/Cu interconnect structure, comprising the contaminant-reduced Cu—Ca alloy surface  30   b , in the via, as indicated by block  907 ; G) annealing the at least one virtually contaminant-reduced Cu—Ca/Cu interconnect structure, thereby forming at least one virtually void-less and contaminant-reduced Cu—Ca/Cu interconnect structure  21 , as indicated by block  908 ; H) chemical mechanical polishing the at least one virtually void-less and contaminant-reduced Cu—Ca/Cu interconnect structure  21  and the optional barrier layer  12  for forming a planarized surface  40 , as indicated by block  909 ; and I ) completing formation of the semiconductor device, as indicated by block  910 , in accordance with the present invention. 
     The method M and devices thereby formed may also comprise additional features wherein the optional barrier layer  12  comprises tantalum (Ta); wherein the blanket Cu seed layer  13  is deposited by a technique selected from a group of techniques consisting essentially of electroplating, electroless plating, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), plasma vapor deposition (PVD), plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), and atomic layer deposition (ALD); wherein the partial thickness Cu plated layer  14  is deposited by a technique comprising electroplating; wherein the Cu interconnect line  20  is dual inlaid; wherein the chemical solution comprises an electroless plating solution; wherein the electroless plating solution comprises at least one Cu salt, at least one Ca salt, at least one complexing agent, at least one reducing agent, at least one pH adjuster, and at least one surfactant; wherein the at least one contaminant is selected from a group of contaminants consisting essentially of carbon (C), sulphur (S), and oxygen ( 0 ); wherein the annealing step (E) is performed in a temperature range of 250° C. to 450° C. and under vacuum; and wherein the Cu—Ca alloy surface is Cu-rich with a Ca-doping level in a concentration range of 0.2 atomic % to 5 atomic %. The annealing step primarily removes O and secondarily removes C and S, especially when performed in an environment such as a vacuum, an inert gas, and a reducing ambient such as an ammonia (NH 3 ) plasma. 
     Alternatively, a device having a greater tolerance of impurities may also be formed (e.g., more impurity-tolerant applications): (1) where high levels of C and S impurities are tolerable in the Cu—Ca—X film, neither the Ar-sputtering step nor the annealing step need be performed; (2) where low levels of C and S impurities are tolerable in the Cu—Ca—X film, the annealing step need be performed; (3) where high levels of C, S, and O impurities are tolerable in the Cu—Ca film, the Ar-sputtering step need not be performed; however, (4) where low to zero levels of C, S, and O impurities are tolerable in the Cu—Ca film, the full process (i.e., method M) must be performed. 
     Information as herein shown and described in detail is fully capable of attaining the above-described object of the invention, the presently preferred embodiment of the invention, and is, thus, representative of the subject matter which is broadly contemplated by the present invention. The scope of the present invention fully encompasses other embodiments which may become obvious to those skilled in the art, and is to be limited, accordingly, by nothing other than the appended claims, wherein reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless explicitly so stated, but rather “one or more.” All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the above-described preferred embodiment and additional embodiments that are known to those of ordinary skill in the art are hereby expressly incorporated by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the present claims. Moreover, no requirement exists for a device or method to address each and every problem sought to be resolved by the present invention, for such to be encompassed by the present claims. Furthermore, no element, component, or method step in the present disclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether the element, component, or method step is explicitly recited in the claims. However, it should be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes and modifications in form, semiconductor material, and fabrication material detail may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the inventions as set forth in the appended claims. No claim herein is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S. C. 112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for.”