Abstract:
A cellulose fiber insulation, a manufacturing method and a plant for practicing the method. Waste paper is pulverized in a hammermill apparatus to provide a quantity of cellulose fiber particles which are air conveyed past a fog-type injection nozzle where the particles are wetted with a solution of fire and/or pest resistant and corrosion inhibiting chemicals. The wetted particles are thereafter air conveyed away from the nozzle with heated exhaust air from the hammermill apparatus to dry the particles prior to depositing them in a storage bin. The air by which the particles are conveyed may be exhausted through a filter to catch residual particles which may be returned to the storage bin or directly to the process. The sprayed solution may be prepared by a batch process or by counterflow percolation of heated liquid upward through a bed of soluble fire-retardant chemical. The concentration of chemical in the resultant saturated solution may be regulated by a thermostatic control system. The weight ratio of solution to cellulose fiber may be controlled by sensing the flow rate of the cellulose fiber and generating signals to regulate the rate at which the solution is sprayed from the nozzle.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for producing an improved insulation and, more particularly, to a method and apparatus to impregnate cellulose fibers with a chemical solution to impart to the cellulose fiber fire and/or pest resistance. 
     Cellulose fiber thermal insulation generated from hammermilled newspaper has been used as a loose-fill insulation in buildings for more than thirty years. In order to reduce the fire hazard connected with this type material, various dry chemicals have been blended into the milled fibers, most notably, mixtures of powdered borax, such as sodium borate pentahydrate and boric acid. Fortuitously, these borates also give the finished material some measure of pest resistance. To obtain an acceptable flame spread resistance, this process requires a weight ratio of dry chemicals to cellulose fiber of about 1 to 3. Although various other dry chemicals have been utilized for imparting fire resistance, these chemicals usually require higher dose rates and introduce other problems, such as corrosiveness, toxicity, cost, microbial activity and adverse moisture absorption characteristics. A survey of the various chemicals and techniques utilized and representing the state of the art is given by R. W. Anderson of the U.S. Government&#39;s Energy Research and Development Administration in a paper entitled &#34;Survey of Cellulose Insulation Materials,&#34; dated January 1977, and available through the National Technical Information Service (NTIS). A significant problem cited is the gross separation of the dense chemical particles from the fibers leaving the fibers unprotected, causing excessive dust and waste of chemical. 
     Until recently, the utilization of borates to chemically treat cellulose fiber materials to provide a thermal insulation has been adequate although wasteful. However, as the cost of domestic energy has burgeoned, the demand for all forms of thermal insulation has increased dramatically. With the advent of increased demand for cellulose fiber insulation, a proportionally increased demand for a supply of borate chemicals also appeared. However, the supply of borate chemicals was found to be somewhat inelastic and severe shortages of borates and, consequently, of properly treated cellulose fiber insulation came into existence accompanied by volatile prices and speculation with existing supplies. It has consequently become apparent that a substitute chemical, as well as a new process for manufacturing cellulose fiber insulation having permanently adequate fire retardant properties, is needed. 
     The textile industry has long known of the effectiveness of many chemical fire retardant agents which are utilized at much lower proportions to cellulose fiber content than has been practiced by the insulation industry utilizing borates. For example, one method of fireproofing textile fabrics has been to dip the material in a solution of specific concentration leaving a residual chemical intimate with and thoroughly absorbed in the fibers. Such dip and dry techniques are not practical in the cellulose fiber insulation industry because the cellulose fiber particles are very small, loose and not readily subject to such a dipping and drying process. Furthermore, it is not known which chemical agents offer the best combination of properties for both manufacturing and the finished product. Thus, even though the textile industry has fire-proofed textiles by the dipping and drying process, such a technique does not indicate how loose fiber may be impregnated with a wet chemical. Furthermore, the technical grade phosphates utilized in the textile industry are far too expensive for economic utilization in cellulose fiber insulation even at the lower residual treatment concentrations applied to the textiles. 
     It has been found that agricultural grade phosphates provide adequate fire-retardance, constitute a less expensive chemical than any of the various borates and may be utilized in substantially smaller ratios (see &#34;Ammonium Polyphosphate Liquid Fertilizer As A Fire Retardant For Wood,&#34; American Wood-Preserver&#39;s Association, 1969, pages 1-12, by Eckner, Stinson and Jordan; and &#34;Fire Suppression &amp; Detection Systems,&#34; Glencoe Press 1974, by John L. Bryan.) However, such lower cost agricultural phosphates are difficult to pulverize and do not adapt to the dry blending process with reasonable yield or effectiveness. Furthermore, the more common of the agricultural phosphates (diammonium orthophosphate) has been found unstable in solution, in milling and at elevated temperatures, tending to evolve free ammonia which is an unacceptable nuisance in the manufacturing process. The use of agricultural grade phosphates in conventional wet blending processes can involve a high energy cost for a subsequent drying and is, therefore, impractial as well. The required tolerances within which variations in the proportion of the various constituents may vary cannot be practically achieved in continuous dry blending processes. Unacceptable variations in the proportions are further exacerbated by the fact that there is generally insufficient adhesion of the dry chemical to the fibers to prevent gross separation of the chemical and the cellulose fibers during bagging, shipping and application. 
     Utilizing the method and process of the invention disclosed herein, the full potential of cellulose fiber insulation may be realized. Not only can sufficient process control tolerances be achieved in practice, but a superior loose fill insulation, particularly applicable in the insulation of existing buildings, is obtained. Furthermore, the present invention generates a fire retardant cellulose fiber insulation which remains intact even in the presence of direct flame impingement and does not melt or contribute to fuel the fire. Because the present invention utilizes a wet impregnation and drying process, the fire retardant impregnation is complete and uniform assuring a uniformity of properties with no material separation. In addition, resistance to vermin and microorganisms is easily obtained by simply mixing into the solution traces of appropriate chemical or biocidal agents with the fire retardant chemical prior to impingement on the cellulose fibers. Corrosion protection can likewise be obtained with the addition of appropriate chemical inhibitors. 
     The raw materials, including the phosphates and the cellulose fibers, are low cost and widely available in large quantities. Furthermore, the cellulose fibers may be obtained from recycled newsprint and other waste materials which make optimal use, and thus conservation, of natural resources. In addition, the agricultural grade phosphates utilized in the present invention are among the most plentiful bulk chemicals available and, unlike borates, can amount to but a negligible fraction of the total use of such chemicals for agricultural purposes. Another advantage of the method and apparatus in accordance with the present invention is that the materials used are physically and chemically benign achieving the maximum of occupational safety and environmental protection in both the manufacturing and installation process. Furthermore, the finished product has a low content of very fine particles and, thus, a much reduced tendency to make dust. Finally, a principal advantage of the present invention is that the manufacturing plant involvement, know-how, energy and operating costs are less than for other types of insulation processes and the installation skills and equipment required are minimal and well known. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention comprises a cellulose material treatment system which initially incorporates a pulverizing apparatus for pulverizing cellulose material into a quantity of cellulose fiber. A means for formulating a composite solution of at least one protective chemical agent is provided. A means for uniformly wetting the cellulose fiber with the solution is provided and includes a means for separating the cellulose fibers into individual particles and a means for spraying a mist of the composite solution into the individual particles. A means for drying and then collecting the individual particles to form a quantity of treated cellulose fibers is finally provided. 
     More particularly, a shredder or hammermill or other similar device initially breaks the cellulose material into relatively coarse particles. The resultant material may then be sorted to take out any metallic materials or heavy particles which may be contained therein. The resultant cellulose material is next air conveyed along ducting by means of a fan positioned to generate a flow of air through the ducting, to a cyclone separator which separates the cellulose material from the flowing air and deposits the cellulose material in a bin. The exhaust air may then be exhausted through a filter to remove fine fibers and dust. The coarse cellulose particles in the paper bin are metered by an adjustable speed screw feeder to a second hammermill for milling the material into fibers, preferably small enough to pass through a 10/64 to 16/64 inch screen. A portion of the exhaust air from the first cyclone separator, which has been heated in the hammermill process, is recycled to the inlet of the second hammermill to aid in the subsequent drying process step. Of course, it will be appreciated that any means for pulverizing the cellulose material to obtain quantities of cellulose fibers having a relatively small size can be utilized in accordance with the present invention. 
     At the output of the second hammermill, a fan is provided to again air convey the cellulose fibers along a flow path defined by additional ducting to a second cyclone separator. Incorporated as part of the fan at the output of the second hammermill is an injection nozzle to generate fine droplets of a fire retardant chemical solution. This solution is sprayed from the injection nozzle into the small cellulose fibers from the second hammermill as the cellulose fibers are blown past the nozzle so that the fine droplets are intimately contacted with the cellulose fibers and are absorbed therein. Subsequently, most of the moisture is extracted from the fibers by the hot dry air generated by the pulverizing process and utilized in the air conveyance of the fibers. The air is utilized to convey the particles to the second cyclone separator and preferably has a temperature sufficient to produce substantially dry impregnated fibers in a second cyclone separator. The second cyclone separator separates the impregnated cellulose fibers and deposits those fibers in a second bin from which the finished product may be withdrawn and bagged. The exhaust air from the second cyclone separator may also be exhausted through the filter which recovers the small cellulose fibers remaining and exhausts the filtered air and water vapor. The resultant fibers collected in the filter may be returned to the second collection bin utilizing additional ducting and fans. 
     The chemical solution sprayed by the injection nozzle may be prepared by a batch process or by counterflow percolation of heated liquid upward through a fixed bed of soluble chemical, such as ammonium phosphate. Using the percolation method, the concentration may be regulated by the simple method of thermostatic control of the resultant saturated solution since the concentration of the chemical in such a saturated solution is almost strictly a function of temperature. 
     In addition to controlling the concentration of chemical in the solution, the amount of such solution which is combined with the cellulose fiber in order to achieve the desired chemical to cellulose ratio may be achieved by slaving a chemical solution pump to the second hammermill in the following manner. 
     Recognizing first that the current provided to the drive motor of the second hammermill is related to the mass flow rate of cellulose fiber processed by the mill, the current transformer of an adjustable current relay installed in the drive motor line of the second hammermill may be utilized to generate a signal which is proportional to the mass flow rate of the cellulose fiber. This signal may then be utilized to control an adjustable speed drive mechanism equipped with an external signal follower feature. Once the desired ratio between chemical solution and cellulose fiber is defined, the adjustable speed drive may be appropriately calibrated to adjust the pumping rate of the injection pump which draws the saturated solution from a settling tank and forces the solution through the injection nozzle. Thus, once the desired ratio between the chemical solution and paper is set, the adjustable speed drive in conjunction with the adjustable current relay acts to adjust the speed of the injection pump to follow the current level of the second hammermill motor thereby maintaining a ratio between chemical and cellulose fiber within a narrow tolerance over a wide range of cellulose fiber flow rates. This method may also be applied to a process in which only one hammermill is used in a single storage milling operation. 
     The preferred embodiment of the present invention thus provides control apparatus whereby a constant concentration of chemicals in a solution and a constant ratio between the amount of chemical and cellulose fiber in a finished product may be maintained within narrow tolerances. It is also obvious that, when a screw feeder is used to meter pre-grooved paper to the finish mill, feed speed can be used to provide the proportional control of the injection pump. 
     Finally, apparatus may be provided in the present invention to combine auxilliary fire retardant or pest retardant chemicals with the saturated solution just prior to its being sprayed through the injection nozzle. Of course, to obtain the proper chemical solution in a batch process, the auxiliary chemicals may be added directly to each batch as it is formulated. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     These and other advantages and features of the present invention will be apparent from the detailed discussion taken below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein like reference characters refer to like parts throughout and in which: 
     FIGS. 1A and 1B combine to illustrate a plant schematic representative of the apparatus and method of the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a detail showing a preferred embodiment of an injection nozzle; 
     FIG. 3 is a partial plant schematic illustrating a batch process of obtaining the chemical solution; 
     FIGS. 4A and 4B represent a block diagram illustrating a cellulose fiber insulation process in accordance with the present invention including various controls, alarms and displays; 
     FIG. 5 is a graph showing the relationship between paper flow rate, screw displacement, screw speed and motor speed for given finish mill current values in a specific embodiment of the present invention; and 
     FIG. 6 is a graph showing the relationship between flow and pressure for given pump speeds in a specific embodiment of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Referring first to FIGS. 1A and 1B, a cellulose fiber insulation process plant schematic 100 is shown in accordance with the present invention. Initially, paper material 102, which is preferably waste paper such as old newspapers, is loaded onto conveyor belt 108 which feeds the waste paper into a hammermill 112 where the waste paper is pulverized. The hammermill 112 is operative in response to a drive motor 110. The conveyor belt 108 may be powered by an adjustable speed drive motor 106 whose speed may be manually adjusted to provide an optimal feed rate for the waste paper 102. Of course, it will be appreciated that various other means to initially pulverize the waste paper may be provided without departing from the spirit of the present invention. For example, a shredder may be utilized. 
     The resultant pulverized waste paper from the hammermill 112 is preferably of a size which will pass a 3/4&#34; to 1-1/4&#34; screen. If the waste paper 102 contains heavy or magnetic materials, the pulverized waste paper from the hammermill 112 may be sorted in a sorter (not shown) which may be placed at the output of the hammermill 112. 
     The coarse particles from the hammermill 112 are next blown into a flow path 115 by a fan 114. The flow path 115 may be defined by any of a number of types of ducting which confines and directs a flowing stream of air. The coarse particles are air conveyed along the flow path 115 to a cyclone separator 116 which separates the coarse particles from the flowing air and causes the exhaust air to pass along a flow path 117. 
     In the preferred embodiment, the flow path 117 directs the exhaust air from the cyclone separator 116 through a filter apparatus 148 to remove any remaining fine fibers and dust. An auxiliary fan 146 may also be provided in the flow path 117 to provide sufficient exhaust air velocity along the flow path 117. 
     The coarse particles introduced into the cyclone separator 116 are collected in a paper bin 118 which includes an adjustable speed screw feeder 122 for feeding the coarse paper particles from the bottom of the paper bin 118 to a second hammermill 126. The screw feeder 122 is also provided with an adjustable speed drive motor 120 which may be externally adjusted to vary the rate at which the coarse paper particles are withdrawn from the paper bin 118. 
     Part of the air from the first cyclone separator 116 flowing along the flow path 117 is channeled along a third flow path 127 in which a damper 129 is placed to regulate the air flow, and then into the hammermill 126 to provide a source of heated air to assist in the drying process after the cellulose fibers are sprayed with the chemical solution. It will be appreciated, of course, that the various hammermill and separator steps result in the generation of heat energy which causes the flowing air in the flow paths 115 and 117 to be heated. Thus, a separate air heater will generally not be necessary. 
     The final milling, which occurs in the hammermill 126, preferably produces a quantity of paper cellulose fibers small enough to pass through a 10/64&#34; to 16/64&#34; screen. The cellulose fibers from the hammermill 126 are propelled to a fan 130. The fan 130 may, of course, be a part of the hammermill 126. An injection nozzle 132 is provided in the flow path after the hammermill 126 for spraying a chemical solution into the stream of flowing cellulose fibers to wet the cellulose fibers with the chemical solution. In the preferred embodiment, an injection nozzle 132 is provided to spray a very fine mist or fog of the solution and may be of a type shown in FIG. 2. 
     Referring to FIG. 2, air with suspended cellulose fiber particles flows along the flow path 20 towards the fan or blower 130, after which it is exhausted to the second cyclone separator 138 along the flow path 137. Because the chemical solution may be of a highly viscous nature and may further contain a high fraction of suspended solids, a relatively large and open nozzle 22 is preferable for reliability. Furthermore, the solution flow rates vary over a wide range so that the inlet pressure may be too low to accomplish any degree of hydraulic atomization in certain instances. To overcome these problems and limitations, a high velocity compressed air jet is used to impinge upon the low velocity, laminar liquid stream to produce a highly atomized, high velocity turbulent fan of solution particles which can penetrate and intimately contact the low density turbulent stream of air suspended cellulose fiber particles. 
     Thus, in FIG. 2, the solution is inserted through a pipe 24 which is attached to a bolted saddle flange 26 fixed to the duct wall of the flow path 20. Also fixed to the bolted saddle flange 26 is a second pipe 28 which conveys compressed air. The pipes 24 and 28 extend through the bolted saddle flange 26 preferably to the center of the flow path 20. The pipe 26 has a nozzle 22 fixed to its end and is positioned to spray the solution along a path parallel to the direction in which the air and suspended cellulose fiber particles are flowing. The air flowing along the pipe 28 is sprayed from a second nozzle 30 which is positioned to provide a high velocity jet of air in a direction opposite to the direction of flow of the air and suspended cellulose fiber particles along the flow path 20. The two nozzles 22 and 30 are positioned opposite to one another so that the jet of air from the nozzle 30 will cause the stream of solution from the nozzle 32 to be atomized. If the solution being sprayed from the nozzle 22 has a low pressure, then the resultant spray will have a pattern illustrated by the spray pattern 32. If the solution from the nozzle 22 has a high pressure, then a spray pattern 34 will result. 
     The advantage of this method of contact between the solution and the cellulose fibers becomes clear when the density and surface mismatch between the fibers and the original dry chemical materials is considered from a mixing standpoint. By way of example, if 100 pounds per minute of fiber material is conveyed in a 4,000 scfm air stream, a superficial fiber density (neglecting fiber volume and air weight) of about 0.025 pounds per cubic foot results. The dry, solid chemical particles have a material density of approximately 150 pounds per cubic foot, resulting in a required flow rate of about 10 pounds per minute. On a dry, solid basis, the volume ratio would exceed 6,000 cubic feet air suspended fibers per cubic foot of solid chemical particles. When the respective dry surface contact areas between the fibers and chemical particles are taken into account, the contact mismatch is further aggravated. This severe contact mismatch between the relatively dense, coarse and lower mass of chemical and the relatively light and porous paper fibers is partially overcome when the chemical is dissolved into an aqueous solution thereby doubling in volume. The vigorous air atomization of the solution then provides the means of extending the surface and volume of the chemical in uniform proportions by several orders of magnitude thereby increasing manyfold the degree of uniformity with which the paper fibers are coated and impregnated with the chemical. Further, the dissolved chemical is virtually all in a colloidial, molecular or ionic form so that each of the millions of finely divided solution particles actually convey billions of sub-microscopic chemical particles which are readily and permanently absorbed into the microscopic paper fibers throughout their surface and volume. 
     Returning to FIGS. 1A and 1B, after the cellulose fibers are wetted, they are blown along the flow path 137 into the second cyclone separator 138. As the fine cellulose fibers travel along the flow path 137, they are dried by the hot air which is utilized as the flow medium. Thus, it is preferable to provide a flow of hot air along the flow path 137 which is sufficiently long to cause the particles to be substantially dry by the time they enter the cyclone separator 138. 
     For example, in one embodiment of the present invention, a process energy balance analysis showed that no additional heat was needed for drying, provided sufficient contact time was allowed for the process. A sufficient contact time was provided if the ducting defining the flow path 137 was 10 inches in diameter and 20 feet long giving a volume of approximately 11 cubic feet. If a temperature difference between the relatively dry air and the relatively moist fibers of 80° F. exists, then sufficient drying results. 
     Also provided in the flow path 137 is a pressure switch 134 which automatically stops the process if a blockage, sufficient to cause a pressure threshold to be exceeded, occurs in the system. In addition, a flow switch 136 is provided to likewise stop the system if a lack of material is sensed to be flowing along the flow path 137. The pressure switch 134 and the flow switch 136 may be coupled, for example, to the power circuit of an adjustable speed drive 196 controlling a solution injection pump 192 so as to turn off the injection pump 192. The pressure switch 134 and the flow switch 136 may also be coupled to shut down a drive motor 121 which provides the motive force to the hammermill 126. The operation of these switches will be further discussed subsequently. 
     The exhaust air from the second cyclone 138 is exhausted into the flow path 117 to pass through the filter apparatus 148. The treated and then dried cellulose fibers collected by the second cyclone separator 138 are then collected in a bagger bin 140. An adjustable speed drive motor 142 is coupled to a bagger screw 144 at the bottom of the bagger bin 140 from which the treated cellulose fibers may be withdrawn and placed in appropriate containers for shipment to the utilization site using a screw drive 142 and a motor 144. 
     The filter apparatus 148 receives the exhaust gases from the first cyclone separator 116 and the second cyclone separator 138 and filters small cellulose fibers from the flowing air and exhausting the air and solution vapors from the exhaust nozzle 151. The collected particles drop or may be shaken to the bottom of the filter apparatus 148 where they may be air conveyed along a flow path 153 which is coupled to the second cyclone separator 138. In order to move the air along the flow path 153, a source of compressed air 150 is initially provided to blow the collected cellulose fibers from the filter apparatus 148 and a fan 152 is provided in the flow path 153 to blow the particles so removed into the second cyclone separator 138. The filter apparatus may use any of a number of filtering techniques well known in the art for filtering particles from a stream of air. 
     The ratio of the chemical to cellulose fiber combined utilizing the injection nozzle means 132, which includes the solution nozzle 31 and the air jet nozzle 32 previously described in conjunction with FIG. 2, may be set and maintained by an automatic control system. The implement such a control system, an adjustable current relay 198 is provided to vary, and thus control, the current to the drive motor 121. By externally adjusting the adjustable current relay 198, the rate at which the hammermill 126 produces cellulose fiber particles inserted into the path 129 may be defined. The adjustable current relay 198 also provides a control signal to an adjustable speed drive 196 which provides the motive force for the injection pump 192. The amount of chemical solution pumped by the injection pump 192 will be proportional to the amount of cellulose fiber produced by the hammermill 126 and injected into the flow path 129 because of a signal follower 149, which generally will be incorporated as a part of the adjustable speed drive 196. A desired ratio between the chemical solution and the cellulose fiber mixture may be externally set by adjustment of the adjustable speed drive 196 to vary the rate at which the injection pump 192 operates in response to a given signal from the adjustable current relay 198. 
     In the preferred embodiment, a chemical solution flows along the path 189 in response to pumping action by the injection pump 192 and is therefrom caused to pass along a path 201 to the injection nozzle 132. Also incorporated as part of the injection pump apparatus is a pressure relief valve mechanism which senses pressure in the path 201. If the pressure sensed exceeds a threshold, a sensor 194 provides a signal to open a relief valve 197 to thereby relieve the pressure in the flow path 201 by releasing solution into the input flow path 189. 
     A pressure switch 200, a flow switch 202, a flow meter 204 and a solenoid valve 203 may also be placed in the flow path 201 to provide the process control to be described subsequently. 
     An auxiliary chemical solution feeder apparatus may also be provided and is particularly useful if the percolation method of obtaining a saturated solution is used. In a preferred embodiment, the auxiliary chemical solution feeder comprises an adjustable speed drive motor 212 coupled to operate a chemical solution feeder pump 210. The pump 210 is interposed in a flow path 211 along which auxiliary chemicals 208, held in an auxiliary chemical tank 206, are pumped. The flow path 211 is then coupled to the flow path 201 to thereby cause the auxiliary chemicals to be mixed with the fire retardant chemical solution, the mixture being inserted into and sprayed from the injection nozzle apparatus 132. The pumping rate of the pump 210 may be slaved to the rate of the drive motor 121 in a manner similar to that described in conjunction with the positive displacement injector pump 192. Thus, the signal follower means 149 may be used to provide a signal to the pump 210 to define the rate at which the pump 210 operates and thus the flow rate of the chemicals along the path 211. 
     The chemical solution flowing in the flow path 189 may be prepared by counterflow percolation of heated liquid upward through a fixed bed of soluble solid fire retardant chemical, such as raw phosphate prill. Such a process produces a supernatant consisting of a saturated solution at a fixed temperature. More particularly, a tank 171 is provided into which dry chemicals 154 may be placed. The resultant mass of chemicals forms a soluble bed 166 surrounding a perforated pipe 168 so that a chemical solution flowing along a pipe 159 is caused to pass through the perforations in the pipe 168 and percolate up through the soluble chemical bed 166 to form a saturated solution of the chemical 164. 
     The saturated solution 164 is drawn off through the baffles 174 into a pipe 179. A circulating pump 178 is provided to draw the saturated solution 164 from the tank 171 and cause it to pass through a heater 180 and into a pipe 181. A thermostat 182 is incorporated in the pipe 181 to monitor the temperature of the solution coming from the heater 180 and provide a signal to turn the heater off if the solution in the path 181 is too hot and on if the solution is too cool. By using thermostatic control, a saturated solution at a fixed temperature is provided with the concentration of chemical in solution defined since the concentration is a function of temperature. 
     A portion of the solution flowing along the path 181 is recirculated back into the tank 171. As the solution is decanted off and consumed in the process, tap water 156 is added to the tank 171, for example, by adding water to the pipe 179 to dilute the saturated solution flowing along the pipe 179 into the heater 180. A float switch 160 is provided in the tank 171 to sense the level of saturated solution and provide a signal to a solenoid valve 158 to allow tap water to be mixed into the saturated solution if the level of the tank falls below a certain value. Thus, the float switch 160 and the solenoid valve 158 combine to provide a means whereby the level of solution in the tank 171 is maintained. 
     The residue or sludge 170 which results from the process is collected in the bottom of the tank 171 and may be periodically drained through a drain by opening a valve 172. 
     In operation, a portion of the chemical solution flowing along the path 181 is bled off and passed along the pipe 165 to a settling feed tank apparatus 184 which comprises a basket strainer 188, a baffle 186 and a line strainer 187. The saturated solution circulates through the basket strainer 188 and baffle 186 and is drawn out by the pump 192. Any excess solution input to the tank 184 is caused to return to the holding tank 171 through an overflow drain 185. The settling tank 184 may also be provided with a downward sloping surface in the bottom of which is a drain valve 190 to allow the residue collected to be periodically drained off. 
     The proper concentration of chemical solution may also be obtained in a batch process. Thus, referring to FIG. 3, a specific quantity of chemicals 154 is placed in a mix tank 350. A set quantity of tap water 156 is added to the mix tank 350 along the pipe 352. A flow meter 354 may be placed in the pipe 352 to measure the quantity of water which has been input to the mix tank 350 so that a valve 364 may be turned off when sufficient water has been added. In order to obtain the chemicals in solution, compressed air is caused to flow along the pipes 360 and through the sparging venturies 358 to thereby cause turbulance in the mix tank to facilitate the solution of the chemicals in the water. Once the desired solution is obtained, the solution 164 may be drawn off through the baffle 356. A heater and thermostatic control (not shown) as previously described may also be utilized in this embodiment, as may the settling feed tank 184. A drain 362 is also provided in the mix tank 350 to allow sludge and other deposits to be drained periodically from the tank 350. 
     A block diagram of the arrangement of various controls and alarms which may be utilized in conjunction with the present invention is given in FIG. 4. The system may employ a combination of analog and binary signals to monitor and control automatic operations with manual overrides provided for all functions. 
     Specifically, a low chemical ratio control or indicator 420 is provided to monitor the ratio of chemical to paper being produced. Coupled to the low chemical ratio indicator 420 is the normally closed (NC) contact of the solution flow switch 202 which indicates subnormal chemical flow, the normally opened (NO) contact of a solution thermal switch 193 which is placed in the flow path 189 (FIG. 1B) and indicated subnormal temperature of the chemical solution, and the normally opened contact of the adjustable current relay 198 which indicates sufficient paper flow. If any of the above contacts in the normally opened or normally closed terminals of the switch are closed, then the low chemical ratio indicator 420 sends a signal to a horn and light 421 thereby energizing the flashing light and horn which indicates that insufficient chemical is being mixed with the cellulose fiber particles. Normally, the adjustable current relay 198 provides an analog signal to the adjustable speed drive 196 of the injection pump 192 on a lead 460 to control the operation of the chemical injection system including the pump drive and the solenoid valves. Thus, the low chemical ratio indicator 420 indicates the abnormal situation where proper solution flow is called for, but either insufficient flow volume or concentration fails to develop and a product deficient in chemical content is being produced. Such a situation calls for remedial action by an operator. 
     Corresponding to the low chemical ratio indicator 420 is the high chemical ratio 422. Coupled to the high chemical ratio indicator 422 is the normally closed contact of the adjustable current relay 198 which indicates a low paper flow when it is opened and the normally opened contact of the solution flow switch 202 which indicates a normal operating level of solution flow when it is closed. If both of these contacts are actually closed and conducting, then the high chemical ratio indicator 422 activates a bell and flashing light 423 which indicates that the ratio of chemical to paper being produced is too high. 
     In operation, such a situation will generally not occur because the adjustable current relay 198 will normally have generated an analog signal of a magnitude which would have shut down the adjustable speed drive 196 of the chemical injection pump 192, thereby avoiding overdosing the product with chemical and water and preventing excessive build-ups of these constituents in the ducting. If a high chemical ratio indication is given, however, operator attention is required. 
     A third indicator is the injector function 424 which receives a tachometer generator signal from a tachometer generator 415, indicating the rotation speed of the chemical injection pump; the analog signal from the adjustable current relay 198 along the lead 460 indicating the flow rate of the paper; and the output from the normally closed terminal of the flow switch 202, which indicates insufficient chemical flow. If either the rotational speed of the chemical injection 192 or the paper flow rate is sensed by the adjustable current relay as normal and the normally closed contact of the flow switch 202 is conducting indicating insufficient current flow, then the injector function 424 generates a signal to a light 425 indicating an injection system failure requiring operator action. 
     A fourth indicator is the injector clog indicator 426, which is coupled to the normally opened contact of the pressure switch 200 in the chemical flow path. If the normally opened contact of the pressure switch 200 is conducting, indicating an excessive injection pressure, then a warning light 427 is activated by the injector clog indicator 426 because of a probable blockage of the nozzle 132. Under this situation, it is preferable that the normally closed contact of the pressure switch 200, which will be non-conducting, be coupled to a start/stop relay 404 to shut down the adjustable speed drive 196 and, consequently, the chemical injection pump 492, to prevent excessive wear or damage to the pump 192. 
     A fifth control is provided by the ammeter 428 which is coupled to the analog signal on the lead 460 from the adjustable current relay 198 of the finish hammermill 126. The resultant analog signal is displayed on the ammeter 428 to visually indicate the level of paper flow as well as the mill load. Such an indicator provides the operator with the information needed to regulate the paper feed rate with remote control of the adjustable speed drive of the screw feeder 122. 
     To facilitate this function, the adjustable speed drive 120 of the screw feeder 122 is provided with an output volt meter 419 to indicate the drive speed selected. The mill load is controlled by manual adjustment of this speed from the remote control 412. An additional normally opened contact in the adjustable current relay 198 is coupled to a starter 403 to turn on or off the adjustable speed drive 120 and, thereby, interrupt the screw feeder is abornally high loads occur. Such a turn off control is automatic. 
     A sixth indicator which may be provided is a tachometer 416 coupled to the tachometer signal from the tachometer generator 415. The tachometer 416 thus provides a visible indication of the speed of the chemical injection pump. By comparing the tachometer value and the ammeter reading from the ammeter 428, proper operation of the signal follower which controls the proportional operation of the chemical injection system can be assured. Calibration curves and charts may be posted adjacent to these instruments to provide the operator with information on the chemical composition of the product during normal operation. 
     The next indicator is the low air indicator 430, which is coupled to the normally closed contact of the finish mill air flow switch 136. The low air control operates a warning light 431 which indicates the possibility of fan malfunction is the normally closed contact of the flow switch 136 is opened. 
     A filter clog indicator 432 may also be provided and coupled to the normally opened terminal of the pressure switch 134. When the normally opened switch terminal is closed, there is indicated an excessive back pressure in the flow path 137 (see FIG. 1). Such a condition initiates a warning light 433 indicating a need to clear the ducting 137 or clean the filter apparatus 148. The pressure level setting of this control is preferably sufficiently low that no interference or misinterpretation of the flow switch signal will occur. 
     A ninth indicator which may be provided is the high bag bin level indicator 434. A bag bin level detector 417 may be placed at a location in the bagger bin 140 (see FIG. 1) so that if the normally opened contact of the bag bin level detector switch is closed, a warning light 435 is turned on indicating that the bin 140 is too full. The normally closed contacts of the bag bin level detector 417 are also coupled to the starter 403 so that if the bin 140 is too full, the switch 403 is turned off and the adjustable speed drive 120 and, thus, the screw feeder 122 is shut down and no additional paper is processed until the level of product in the bin 140 is reduced. At that point, the resumption of the process will begin automatically. 
     A thermal switch 410 may also be provided in the breaker mill fan duct 115. In operation, the normally opened contacts of the thermal switch 410 close when the temperature level exceeds the normal operating range. The normally opened contacts are coupled to a fire alarm indicator 436 which initiates a siren and flashing light 437 when the normally opened contact is closed. The siren and flashing light indicates a fire hazard or actual fire in the breaker mill paper system requiring immediate operator attention. It will be appreciated that the principal fire hazard exists in this part of the process due to the flammability of the air suspended raw ground paper leaving the breaker mill and also due to the ever-present possibility of ignition by sparks generated by foreign objects passing inadvertently into the hammermill. Permanently installed chemical injection nozzles (installed at various points in the system-not shown) and supplied with fire retardant chemical solution from the process holding tank and circulating system and controlled by solenoid valves, provide the operator with an effective fire extinguishing method. 
     A high paper bin level indicator 438 coupled to the normally opened terminal of a paper bin level detector 418 in the paper bin 118 (FIG. 1), which, when closed, indicate that the bin 118 is full and causing a warning light 439 to be activated. In such a situation, the normally closed contacts of the paper bin level detector 418 open automatically interrupting the operation of the raw paper feed conveyor starter 401. Thus, no additional raw paper enters the breaker mill 112 until sufficient ground paper is processed through the finish mill 126 to bring the paper bin level down to the normal operating range. 
     In addition to the above-described indicators, various remote control or manual switches 411, 412 and 413 may be provided to activate the raw paper feeder conveyor 108, the screw feeder 122, the chemical injection pump 192, and the solenoid valves 203 and 205 in the chemical solution pipes. Various additional controls (not shown) may also be provided, including motor starters; electrical overload protection; tank level detectors and the make-up water solenoid valves; circulating pump flow switches; pressure switches for pump protection; bag air automatic controls for feeding, packing, weighing, counting, labeling, etc.; thermostatic control for solution heating; ph controlled chemical injection in the mix tank for fine adjustment of the solution composition; flow meters for instantaneous and totalized display and control of the solution feed and preparation; pressure relief valves for maximum safe pressure limits in the system; air pressure regulators for automatic control of the air flow in various parts of this system; and magnetic and air suspension separators for removing heavy foreign matter and raw materials. 
     By way of illustration, the present invention may be practiced according to the following where the primary fire retardant chemical utilized was monoammonium phosphate. Of course, it will be appreciated that the present invention is not so limited and may involve other solutions and formulations of a soluble nature. Indeed, small amounts of other chemicals, such as sulfur, silicate, sulfate, borate, sodium, potassium, halogens and other ions, such as those illustrated in patent application Ser. No. 870,385, filed Jan. 18, 1978 and now abandoned, by Robert J. McCarter, can produce additional fire retardant properties with further reduction in cost. According to the illustrated example, the batch method was utilized as described in conjunction with FIG. 3 in accordance with the following formulation: 
     
         ______________________________________1.  IMC 10-50-0 Suspension Grade Agricultural    Monoammonium Phosphate (MAP)    (Specification sheet appended)    5 400-lb Scoops (Skip Loader)                          2000   lb2.  Tap Water at 170° F. (initially) 34 ft.sup.3 (253                          2120)  lb3.  Aqua Ammonia-Technical 29% NH.sub.3, 26° Baume    (Specific Gravity: 0.9, Density;    7.49 lb per gal.)    30 gal. (Total); NH.sub.3 (29%) = 65 lb, H.sub.2 O    (71%) = 160 lb             225    lb    Solution Batch Total       4345   lb4.  Composition    MAP %      46.0    NH.sub.3 % 1.5    H.sub.2 O %          52.5          100.005.  Trace Fungacide: Dow-cide™ (Sodium    Pentachlorophenate)    197 grams = 6.94 oz. - 0.4345 lb                          100    ppm______________________________________ 
    
     The plant, operating in the manner previously described, produces a steady output of from 2 to 3 30-lb bags per minute of finished insulation. The finish mill 126 flow characteristics are given in FIG. 5 for dry #1 newsprint broken through a 11/4 inch screen and fed to a Forster Model No. 2, Ser. No. 259-R hammermill with a 12/16&#34; screen and direct-driven by a 125 hp G.E. 505S Frame 440/480 volt, 60 HZ., 3-phase, 2-pole, 3450 rpm motor. A 16 inch diameter paper screw feeder is driven through a 62.5 to 1 reduction by a 7.5 hp, 220 vdc shunt-wound motor. The solution injection system characteristics are given in FIG. 6 for the solution formulation given above where there was 47% solids at 130° F., 11.0 lb/gal density using a Teel Model 1P610 progressive cavity-type belt driven pump at a 3.5 to 5 reduction and powered by a Century shunt-wound dc motor rated by 1.0 hp at 1750 rpm. A typical mill operating condition is as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________Paper Feeder Set, volts dc               60Screw Drive Speed, rpm               480Screw Speed, rpm    8Finish Mill amps    100Paper Flow, lb/min  80Pump Speed, rpm     770Pump Drive Speed, rpm               1100Injector Pressure, psig               20Solution Flow, gpm  1.75______________________________________ 
    
     This operating condition produces a finished material having the following composition, properties and specifications as manufactured: 
     
         ______________________________________Chemical Content (dry basis) % by Weight                       10.3Fungacide Content (dry basis) ppm                       10.3Moisture Content, % by Weight                       5.4Flame Spread Rating (ASTM E-84, 2-ft Tunnel)Conditioned Sample, Fresh   26Aged Sample                 22______________________________________ 
    
     Since certain changes may be made in the foregoing disclosure without departing from the scope of the invention herein involved, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description and drawings be construed as illustrative and not limiting.