Abstract:
The present subject matter is directed to systems and methods for controlling variable speed generators, particularly converters associated with doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG) to permit use of harmonic attenuating filters that are generally smaller and less costly than previous similar filters. The subject matter provides for controlling line-side and rotor-side converters in such a manner that the frequencies generated by the converters are interleaved in a manner that the filters see a higher switching frequency and thus may be designed based on those higher frequencies, thereby requiring smaller and less expensive components.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present subject matter relates generally to the field of power generation systems, and more particularly to a system and method for controlling variable speed generators coupled to a power distribution grid. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Power generation systems generate electrical power from various sources including hydropower, wind power, and from the combustion of fuels such as coal, oil and gas. These sources are harnessed to rotate prime movers, typically engines or turbines, that are coupled to power generators, which are in turn coupled to various loads via, for example, a power distribution grid (“grid”). 
         [0003]    Such power generation systems employ generators that generally produce electrical power that is proportional in frequency to the rotational speed of a generator, for example, a turbine. Thus, changes in turbine speed may result in changes to the frequency of power generated. Accordingly, the rotational speed of the turbine should be regulated to produce a frequency that matches the requirements of the grid. In situations where the turbine speed has been changed relative to the required grid frequency, or is not sufficient to produce the required frequency, measures must be taken to modulate the generator output frequency to match the grid frequency. 
         [0004]    A number of the prior art techniques have been proposed to compensate for changing turbine speeds. These techniques include controlling mechanical variables such as fuel flow rate to regulate turbine rotational speed and using multi-shaft configurations. In addition, various power conversion schemes have been used where power converters are coupled to the output of the generation system. 
         [0005]    With present reference to  FIG. 1 , there is illustrated a block diagram of an exemplary conventional power converter system  100  utilizing a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) converter  102  including a line side converter  104  and a rotor side converter  106  both operating under control of controller  120 . Existing DFIG converters generate harmonics from both the line-side converter  104  and rotor-side converter  106 . Harmonics generated from the rotor-side converter  106  are feed through DFIG generator  108  and are added together with harmonics of the line-side converter  104 , with these combined harmonics feed into the grid  110 . Since regulators place limitations on harmonics coupled to the grid, an LRC filter  112  is generally required to be built into the line-side converter  104  to attenuate these harmonics to meet the grid codes. The physical size and cost of producing such filters is significant. 
         [0006]    With reference to  FIG. 2 , there is illustrated a block diagram of an exemplary conventional power converter system  200  utilizing a DFIG converter  202  in association with a three-winding main transformer  216 . Inclusion of three-winding main transformer  216  allows operation of the stator of DFIG  208  at a different voltage from the converter  202 . As previously noted with respect to  FIG. 1 , existing DFIG converters generate harmonics from both the rotor and the line side converters. In the instance illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the three-winding transformer  216  separates the converter line-side filter  212  from the stator by so much impedance that a very large filter  214  must also be added to the stator side. The size and cost of this filter is also significant. 
         [0007]    In view of these known issues, it would be advantageous, therefore, to develop systems and methods that would permit reducing component size and related costs for such filters. 
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    Aspects and advantages of the subject matter will be set forth in part in the following description, or may be obvious from the description, or may be learned through practice of the subject matter. 
         [0009]    The present subject matter relates to methodologies for operating a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) having controllable line-side and rotor-side converters and at least one harmonic attenuating filter. According to one such method, switching of the line-side converter is coordinated with switching of the rotor-side converter to produce an interleaved switching pattern therebetween. In this manner, the switching frequency seen by the harmonic attenuating filter is effectively increased, as compared for example to a non-interleaved switching pattern, and the resulting are more easily attenuated by the filter. 
         [0010]    The present subject matter also relates to a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) system. Such system includes a DFIG having a stator bus and a rotor bus, a line-side converter coupled to the stator bus by way of a line bus, a rotor-side converter coupled to the line side converter and the rotor bus, a controller coupled to the line-side converter and the rotor-side converter, and at least one harmonic attenuating filter. In such system, the line bus and stator bus are configured to be coupled to a power distribution grid, the at least one harmonic attenuation filter is configured to attenuate harmonics applied to the power distribution grid, and the controller is configured to coordinating switching of the line-side converter with switching of the rotor-side converter to produce an interleaved switching pattern therebetween. 
         [0011]    The present subject matter further relates to a method for reducing harmonic attenuation filter size requirements in a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) system. In accordance with the present disclosure, such method provides for coordinating switching of a line-side converter with switching of a rotor-side converter in a DFIG to produce an interleaved switching pattern therebetween and configuring at least one associated harmonic attenuating filter to attenuate harmonics based on an effectively increased switching frequency produced from the interleaved switching pattern. In this manner, filters may be constructed based on operation at the higher frequency thereby requiring physically smaller and, consequently, less expensive components. 
         [0012]    These and other features, aspects and advantages of the present subject matter will become better understood with reference to the following description and appended claims. The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the subject matter and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the subject matter. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0013]    A full and enabling disclosure of the present subject matter, including the best mode thereof, directed to one of ordinary skill in the art is set forth in the specification, which makes reference to the appended figures, in which: 
           [0014]      FIG. 1  depicts a DFIG Wind Turbine System with single secondary voltage and illustrating Line AC-DC Converter and Rotor DC-AC Converter; 
           [0015]      FIG. 2  depicts a DFIG Wind Turbine System with three-winding main transformer and illustrating Line AC-DC Converter and Rotor DC-AC Converter; 
           [0016]      FIG. 3  is a flow chart illustrating methodology for controlling a DFIG in accordance with the present subject matter; 
           [0017]      FIG. 4  is a block diagram illustrating an overview of a conventional DFIG control system; 
           [0018]      FIG. 5  is a block diagram illustrating an overview of a DFIG control system in accordance with a first embodiment of the presently disclosed subject matter; 
           [0019]      FIG. 6  is a block diagram illustrating an overview of a DFIG control system in accordance with a second embodiment of the presently disclosed subject matter; and 
           [0020]      FIG. 7  is a chart illustrating exemplary waveforms associated with the overview illustrated in  FIG. 6 . 
       
    
    
       [0021]    Repeat use of reference characters throughout the present specification and appended drawings is intended to represent same or analogous features or elements of the invention. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0022]    As discussed in the Summary of the Subject Matter section, the present subject matter is particularly concerned with methods and systems for controlling variable speed generators coupled to a power distribution grid. 
         [0023]    Reference now will be made in detail to embodiments of the invention, one or more examples of which are illustrated in the drawings. Each example is provided by way of explanation of the invention, not limitation of the invention. In fact, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. For instance, features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment can be used with another embodiment to yield a still further embodiment. Thus, it is intended that the present invention covers such modifications and variations as come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents. 
         [0024]    In accordance with the present subject matter, it has been found that the switching frequency of the line side converter  104 ,  204  can be coordinated with (synchronized to) the switching frequency on the rotor side converter  106 ,  206  in a way that the frequencies sum together at the grid node  110 ,  210  in opposite phasing. Such a technique may be described as interleaving. Such interleaving increases the effective switching frequency seen by the filters  112 ,  212 ,  214 , and thereby permits reduction in the physical size of the filters while at the same time permitting considerable reduction in the cost associated with producing such filters. 
         [0025]    This type operation has not been previously employed on DFIG converters. In one aspect, such coordination between the line side and rotor side converters is more complex than ordinary converters because of the rotational frequency and phase shift caused by the generator. In accordance with the present subject matter, controllers  120 ,  220  are configured to provide a continuously variable offset in the line chopping phase relative to the rotor chopping phase to keep up with the slip frequency. More particularly, the present subject matter provides for creating an arbitrary offset in chopping phase angle of the line-side converter  104 ,  204  in order to shift the phase dynamically through the PWM frame. This offset allows synchronizing the switching frequency of the line-side converter to a phase position which is interleaved to have opposite polarity with the rotor-side converter  106 ,  206  at the grid node  110 ,  210 . 
         [0026]    In other words, as the ripple current from the line-side converter  104 ,  204  is increasing, the ripple current from the rotor-side converter  106 ,  206  is decreasing. In this manner the frequencies from each converter tend to cancel at the grid node  110 ,  210 . In order for this operation to work properly, the rotor and line switching frequencies are closely synchronized together, differing only by the frequency offset provided by controller  120 ,  220  as the rotor rotational frequency is adjusted as it goes through the generator. 
         [0027]    With present reference to  FIG. 3 , there is illustrated a flow chart  300  illustrating operation of a DFIG in accordance with the present subject matter. As illustrated in  FIG. 3 , a first step (step  302 ) in accordance with the present subject matter is to coordinate the switching of the line-side and rotor-side converters associated with a DFIG. As previously noted, such coordination may involve the synchronization of the switching of the converters in a manner that produces interleaving of the switching frequencies. Such interleaving results in a higher frequency being seen by, that is, applied to harmonic filters associated with the DFIG. Because of the generation of the higher frequencies by the combining of the switching frequencies (as compared to non-interleaved switching of the converters), smaller capacity components may be used for forming the harmonic filters, thereby providing significant cost savings. 
         [0028]    Further with reference to  FIG. 3 , at step  304  harmonics are filtered from the combined switching signals by employing the reduced size filters made possible by the higher switching frequency applied to the filters. 
         [0029]    With present reference to  FIG. 4 , there is illustrated a block diagram  400  illustrating an overview of a conventional DFIG control system. As illustrated, input signals from both inverter and rotor currents and voltages are monitored by way of respective feedback acquisition circuits  402 ,  404  while encoder  406  processes a speed signal to produce a signal indicative of rotor angle. The rotor angle signal is combined with a grid angle signal from phase locked loop  408  in adder  410  and applied to demodulators  412  associated with the rotor converter while only the grid angle signal is applied to the demodulators  414  associated with the inverter. 
         [0030]    The combined signals are then applied from demodulators  412 ,  414 , respectively through regulators  416 ,  418  and rotators  420 ,  422  to pulse width modulators (PWM)  424 ,  426  as one input to each modulator. A second input to PWMs  424 ,  426  is based on a carrier angle signal derived from a carrier frequency signal via integrator  430 . The outputs of modulators  424 ,  426  are then, respectively, applied to the rotor converter and the inverter. All such operations with respect to block diagram  400  are in accordance with known practices. 
         [0031]    With present reference to  FIG. 5 , there is illustrated a block diagram  500  of a DFIG control system in accordance with a first embodiment of the presently disclosed subject matter. As illustrated in  FIG. 5 , the elements described with respect to  FIG. 4  are also present in  FIG. 5  and function in exactly the same manner as described with respect to  FIG. 4  and will, therefore, not be further described herein. With reference however to the presently disclosed subject matter, it will be appreciated that the rotor angle output from encoder  506 , per present disclosure, is not only applied to adder  510  in the same manner as described with respect to  FIG. 4 , but also is supplied as one of the inputs to adder  532  where such rotor angle signals is added to the carrier angle signal from integrator  530  and applied to modulator  526  associated with the inverter. 
         [0032]    With present reference to  FIG. 6 , there is illustrated a block diagram  600  of a DFIG control system in accordance with a second embodiment of the presently disclosed subject matter. As will be see from a comparison with  FIG. 5 , this second embodiment is identical in every way to the first embodiment except that the rotor angle signal from encoder  606  is subtracted from the carrier angle signal from integrator  630  in adder  632  and then applied to modulator  624  associated with the rotor converter. The result of such operation may be seen with reference to  FIG. 7 . 
         [0033]    With present reference to  FIG. 7 , there is shown a chart  700  illustrating exemplary waveforms associated with the overview illustrated in  FIG. 6 . As may be seen in  FIG. 7 , during each processor execution frame, representatively, frame  702 , a nominal PWM voltage  704  may be shifted as illustrated at voltage trace  706  by shifting the normal triangular carrier wave  708  by operation of the combination of rotor angle signal and carrier angle signal in adder  632  as described with reference to  FIG. 6 . Such combination results in the shifted PWM voltage  706  that is then applied to the rotor converter. Operation in this manner results in the interleaving of the switching frequencies as previously described with reference to  FIG. 3  and produces the higher frequency harmonics that may then be filtered using the reduced physical sized and less costly filters previously described with respect to  FIG. 1 . 
         [0034]    While the present subject matter has been described in detail with respect to specific embodiments thereof, it will be appreciated that those skilled in the art, upon attaining an understanding of the foregoing may readily produce alterations to, variations of, and equivalents to such embodiments. Accordingly, the scope of the present disclosure is by way of example rather than by way of limitation, and the subject disclosure does not preclude inclusion of such modifications, variations and/or additions to the present subject matter as would be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art.