Abstract:
An improved steam sterilization indicator is provided. The indicator includes a fusible material in tablet form, deposited in an embossment in one end of a thin aluminum backing. A wicking strip is attached to the backing with one end of the strip being in close proximity to the fusible tablet. A clear plastic material covers the tablet and the strip and is adhered to the backing. The melting point of the fusible tablet is depressed in the presence of saturated steam. Upon melt, the material in the tablet is absorbed by the wicking strip, producing a color front to provide an indication of the integration of time and temperature in the presence of steam. Various amounts of a binder are used in the tablet to provide a device which may be adjusted to reflect the thermal death curves of various types of microorganisms. The cover and the wick are bonded to the backing by an acyclic adhesive which also affects the rate of the indicator.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to steam sterilization indicators. More particularly, it relates to steam sterilization indicators which may be variable and/or adjustable in rate of indication at different sterilization temperatures. 
     Hospital utensils, such as surgical instruments, undergo sterilization for each use. In most instances, an autoclave is used to expose the utensils to live steam at various temperatures, usually between 250° F. and 275° F., although other temperatures are also used. The purpose for providing such sterilization is to destroy, with a high probability of success of safety factor, the microbial contamination which may be contained on these utensils. It is important to gauge the sterilization process so that the user may be assured that the utensils have, in fact, been subjected to those well-defined conditions necessary to render the material free of living organisms with a high probability of success. Several devices and techniques have been used to provide for such indication. 
     Of course, the materials which have been processed through the sterilizer could be biologically sampled to determine biological activity. However, this technique, while highly accurate, obviously would be very costly and impractical. 
     One very reliable method for providing indication of sterility is to utilize challenge spores which are placed in the autoclave during sterilization and then examined for their biological activity afterwards. For steam sterilizations, these challenge spores are usually Bacillus stearothermophilus and are used because they have a very high resistance to steam sterilization, thus giving a large safety factor. One example of this technique is set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 3,440,144, which provides a device for conducting such a test without the need to worry about subsequent contamination after the sterilization process is completed. 
     Another means to indicate sterilization is the use of sterilizer temperature recorder and gauges. These devices are usually attached to the sterilizer and measure the temperature in the sterilizer&#39;s exhaust line. While they are able to detect most malfunctions of the sterilizer, they cannot measure the condition at the place where the instruments were being sterilized. 
     A means for measuring the presence of steam, which is critical for steam sterilization, in an autoclave indicating tape. An example of such indicator tape is set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 2,889,799. A pressure-sensitive adhesive tape is used which includes a heat modifiable dye stuff impregnated thereon changing color at predetermined temperatures. However, these indicator tapes do not take into account the time that the instruments have been exposed to sterilizing temperature, and furthermore, are susceptible to prematurely changing color at low temperatures. 
     Another test which has been utilized is a so-called Bowie and Dick test. This test measures the uniformity of steam concentration in dressing packs. The test consists of several strips of autoclave indicating tape on a sheet of paper which is placed in the test pack. The tape on the paper is measured for uniformity of color change. One of the major limitations of this test is its failure to distinguish between high temperatures for a short period of time or low temperatures for a long period of time. 
     More recently, steam sterility indicators have been provided which integrate time, temperature and steam presence. Such a device is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,981,683. This device utilized a chemical such as 2-ethoxybenzamide or salicylamide as a fusible material. The melting points of these compounds are depressed by the presence of steam. A wicking strip is provided in close proximity to the chemical so that upon melt the chemical will slowly travel up the wick at a rate proportional to the sterilization temperature and time of exposure to such temperature, as well as the presence of steam. The device includes a cover strip which is a polymeric rate controlling film permitting water vapor (steam) to pass through thus depressing the melting point of the chemical. The strip cover and the wick are adhered to a backing by the use of an adhesive such as a silicone. 
     The device set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 3,981,683 is particularly useful where the exact temperature in the sterilization process it unknown. If it were known that the apparatus to be sterilized was an exact temperature, for example 250° F., then the stabilizer could be run for an exact amount of time so that the user could be assured of sterilization within a certain safety factor. However, without fitting the autoclave with some highly sophisticated and accurate monitoring equipment, it is impossible to know whether all areas of the autoclave are uniform at the same temperature. It is well known that the temperature of items being sterilized can vary due to many variables such as air entrapment, penetration of steam through packing material and position within the autoclave. Therefore, due to this unknown variable of temperature, it is a common practice for the microbiologist to investigate how a controlled change of temperature will affect the kill of the microorganism. He would do this by repeating the microbial death rate experiment at temperatures other than 250° F. After completing these experiments at other temperatures, a relationship can be obtained where the amount of time required to produce say 10 -5  probability of surviving microorganisms, since this or some other safety factor producing a non-sterile item can be calculated. FIG. 3 shows an example of what the relationship of kill time vs. temperature might look like. The slope of the line is typical for microbial death rates, and, as can be seen, it is highly temperature sensitive. The death rate might be slowed down by a factor of 10 with a decrease of only 18° F. Conversely, an increase in temperature of only 18° F., will require only 1/10 the sterilization time. In other words, sterilizing to a probability of 10 -5  in the example in FIG. 3 requires a 110 minutes at 232° F., 11 minutes at 250° F., and 1.1 minutes at 268° F. This value of 18° F. has been called the Z value and is defined as the number of degrees that are required to traverse a thermal death rate curve by one log. Thus this Z value becomes important when estimating spore death at different temperatures. This relationship has been defined mathmatically through the following equation: 
     
         t=(F.sub..)×10.sup.[(250-T)/Z)] 
    
     
         where t=the amount of time required at the actual process temperature (T). 
    
     In other words, it would require t minutes at temperature T in order to do the equivalent amount of sterilization as F o  minutes at 250° F. (the reference temperature for steam sterilization). While a Z value of 18° F. is typical, it may vary quite often from between 16° F. to 23° F., and other values, depending on the type of microorganism, the pH and salt concentration as well as other variables. Therefore, if an adequate sterilization process is to be described, you must not only know the relative resistance at 250° F., but also the relative resistance at other temperatures. Thus the Z values must be known. 
     The graph in FIG. 4 graphically illustrates how a change in Z value can affect the sterilization times required at temperatures other than 250° F. Notice the different slopes of the lines for the various Z values. By using the standard sterilization equation set forth above, you can calculate that if Z is equal to 23° F., a time of 81.5 minutes is required at 230° F. to obtain an F o  of 11 minutes. Conversely, for the same F o , the time would have to be increased to 195.5 minutes at 230° F. for a Z value equal to 16° F. Thus it may be seen that, at temperatures lower than 250° F., as the Z value decreases, the kill time at predetermined temperatures increases. 
     The device set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 3,981,683 provides an indicator which is useful in a steam sterility process for spores having a Z value of 18° F., but it is not very flexible in terms of measuring sterilization of devices contaminated with spores with other Z values. Furthermore, it is a rather long device, thus materials are wasted. 
     OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, it is one object of this invention to provide an improved steam sterilization indicator. 
     It is another object of this invention to provide an improved indicator which integrates time and temperature in the presence of steam. 
     It is a further object of this invention to provide a steam sterilization indicator which may be made variable in rate indication for tracking the kill time of various microorganisms at various temperatures. 
     It is still another object of this invention to provide a steam sterilization indicator which uses less materials than many prior art indicators. 
     It is another object of this invention to provide a steam sterilization indicator which is easily and cheaply manufactured. 
     It is a further object of this invention to provide a steam sterilization indicator which is adapted to slowly integrate time and temperature in the presence of steam so that the device may be made shorter, thus using fewer materials. 
     It is still another object of this invention to provide a sterilization indicator with an additional safety margin but still clearly tracks the kill time of microbes at various temperatures. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with one form of this invention there is provided a steam sterilization indicator which includes a tablet made of a fusible material and an amount of a binder. The fusible material is meltable at and above a predetermined temperature in the presence of substantially saturated steam. A wicking strip having one end in close proximity to the tablet is mounted on a backing. The backing also receives the tablet. In a steam environment, when predetermined temperature of melt is reached for the tablet, the fusible material moves along the strip at a rate proportional to the integration of time and temperature. The binder holds the fusible material in tablet form and further provides a mechanism for altering the rate of movement of the fusible material along the strip in proportion to the amount of binder used. As acrylic adhesive may be used to adhere the strip to the backing, as well as a transparent cover layer to the backing. The acrylic will further alter the movement of the fusible material along the strip. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The subject matter which is regarded as the invention is set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, together with further objects and advantages thereof, may be better understood with reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: 
     FIG. 1 is a plan view of the indicator incorporating the present invention with a portion of the cover peeled back; 
     FIG. 2 is a side view of the tablet which is utilized in FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 3 is a graph of the death curve of the microbe C. sporogenes at various temperatures showing how the Z value is calculated; 
     FIG. 4 is a graph depicting the effect of different Z values on thermal death curves of microbes; 
     FIG. 5 is a graph showing the running time of the indicator shown in FIG. 1 at several temperatures with various amounts of binder in the tablet; 
     FIG. 6 depicts the run time of one of the devices of the subject invention at various temperatures compared with a prior art device and the thermal death curve of a microbe. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Referring now more particularly to FIG. 1, there is provided steam sterilization indicator 1 which indicates that an environment or utensils in close proximity to it, has undergone proper steam sterilization. The device includes backing 2 which may be made of a metallic material acting as a good moisture barrier. In the preferred embodiment, the backing 2 is constructed of 3 mil thickness dead soft aluminum. The backing acts as a carrier or substrate for tablet 4 and wicking strip 5. The aluminum backing includes embossment or depression 3 near one of its ends for receiving the temperature and moisture sensitive tablet 4. Tablet 4 is made primarily from a chemical which melts or fuses at a predetermined temperature and above. However, its melt temperature is depressed somewhat in the presence of saturated stream. In the preferred embodiment, the chemical is salicylamide. 
     In order to increase manufacturing efficiency, i.e., placing the chemical in the embossment in the backing, it is desirable to maintain the chemical in tablet form. To do this and to provide the surprising results as will be described below, an amount of a binder is added to the temperature and moisture sensitive chemical. In the preferred embodiment of this invention the binder utilized is .[.polyvinylpyrrolidine.]. .Iadd.polyvinylpyrrolidone .Iaddend.(PVP). The table also includes other constituents which are known to those skilled in the art of manufacturing tablets and may include such materials as talc and syloic. 
     In order to provide a color indication on strip 5 which will be described below, tablet 4 may also include a heat stable soluble dye which wicks onto and moves along strip 5 so long as the temperature and moisture content are sufficient to maintain the fusible chemical in its liquid state. Dyes such as Spirit Soluble Fast Black RE and Spirit Soluble Orange RR, both available from BASF Wyandotte Company, are suitable dyes. 
     The device is covered by .Iadd.a .Iaddend.clear plastic cover layer .[.6.]., which in this embodiment is a 2 mil thickness unoriented polypropylene film, one form of which is available from the Exxon Corporation as Extrel 50. This clear layer enables one to see the position of the color front along wick 5. It also provides a controlled exposure of the temperature and moisture sensitive chemical to the steam since the polypropylene is slowly permeable to moisture transmission. The cover layer .[.6.]. as well as indicator strip 5 is adhered to the backing 2 by an adhesive 7, which in the preferred embodiment is an acrylic adhesive. One such acrylic adhesive which has been utilized is 3M 467, available from Minnesota Mining &amp; Manufacturing Company. The importance of the use of the acrylic adhesive as well as the binder in the tablet will be made more clear below. 
     Wicking strip 5 is normally a porous material capable of wicking a liquid by capillary action. In this embodiment, the wick was made of Whatman 1 Chrome, available from the Whatman Company. It is placed either in contact with or nearly in contact with tablet 4 such that one end of the strip is within embossment 3. The wicking strip absorbs the melted chemical and carries the dye down the strip so long as the temperature is high enough and steam is present in a sufficient density. The rate of movement of the color front as well as the kill rate of microbes results from an integration of time and temperature so that this device is useful as various temperatures. That is, the time required for the color front to move a certain fixed distance is very temperature dependent. The same is true for the kill time of microbes. Then the color front on the strip reaches a certain position on the indicator, such as that indicated at position 8, it is assumed that the environment has undergone proper sterilization, i.e., the probability that all of the microbes present have been killed is, say, 0.99999. The device may be covered on the outside of the clear plastic covering with another sheet of paper (not shown) having an elongated slot which provides for a visual indication of the strip. This paper may have various indicia thereon. 
     The device thus described operates in a similar manner with the device described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,981,683 filed Sept. 21, 1976, and the description in that patent is hereby incorporated by reference. However, the present device includes at least two important differences in composition and several important differences in operation. One of the differences in composition between the device of the subject invention and the previously patented device is that the temperature and moisture dependent chemical is in tablet form rather than just a glob of material. An acceptable tablet is shown in FIG. 2. It is much easier to deposit a solid tablet into the embossment 3 during the manufacturing of the device. Furthermore, the exact quantity of chemical may thus be inserted easily into the embossment. 
     As stated previously, a binder such as PVP was utilized to hold the chemical in tablet form in order to provide this improved manufacturing process. In doing so, a surprising result occurred. It was found that by the use of this binder a programmable device could be manufactured which has a color movement rate proportional to the percentage of binder contained in the tablet. Furthermore, an indicator which follows the rate of kill of microbes having various Z values could be obtained by varying the percentage of binder. The following table shows a comparison of kill times for a microbe having a Z value of 20.5 and a Z value of 18 and the run times along a strip 11.2 mm long utilizing a device incorporating the subject invention having salicylamide chemical with varying percentages of PVP binders. 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________Kill Times (Mins.)            Indicator Times (Mins.)Temp.  Z = 20.5 Z = 18   0%   1%    2%    3% PVP______________________________________230    113.5    155.0    93.7 133.0 174   210235    64.7     81.8     58   71.5  85    111240    36.9     43.1     35   38.5  44    48245    21.0     22.7     21.7 21.5  23.5  26250    12.0     12.0     13.0 12.5  13.0  13255    6.84     6.3      8.0  7.5   7.7   7260    3.90     3.34     4.9  4.8   4.7   4.4265    2.23     1.76     2.9  2.9   3.0   3.2270    1.27     0.93     1.8  1.9   2.1   2.6______________________________________ 
    
     Table I shows the indicator times of the device of FIG. 1 using from 0% PVP binder to 3% binder at various temperatures. As can be seen from the chart in Table I, the indicator times may be increased by increasing the amount of binder in the tablet so as to conform with the Z value of the particular microbe which is to be killed. 
     A graphic example of how the Z value of the device may be altered by adding or changing the binder content may be seen from the graph in FIG. 5 which again shows three devices each having binders from 0 to 3%. The graph shows that the time for the device to run to completion increases, particularly at the lower temperatures, as the percentage of binder increases. As it further may be seen from FIG. 5, the changes in the binder content affects the range between 230° F. and 250° F. and the range of 260° F. to 270° F., much more than at the mid-range. 
     Further, as can be seen, adding a binder introduces a safety factor in the operation of the indicator. One may notice from Table I that a device with 0% binder to monitor a sterilization process with Z value of 20° F. will run in 93.7 minutes, while the kill time of the particular microbe is 113.5 minutes, thus giving a false and potentially dangerous indication of kill. However, it should be noted that by adding 1% binder the indicator times are lengthened such that there is a slight margin of safety at all temperatures, and therefore this device will never indicate sterilization prematurely. For the bacteria which has a Z of 18° F., a 2% binder would be utilized. It should be recognized from FIG. 5 and from Table I that at temperatures above 260° F. the lines of the various percentage binders tend to come together and substantially flatten out. However, it should be noted that the lines are always curving upwardly and on the safety side of any bacteria with such a Z curve and these should never provide premature indication of sterilization. 
     FIG. 6 shows a graph of a comparison of the device of the subject invention utilizing a 2% binder in comparison with the thermal death curve of B. stearothermophilus and a prior art device as set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 3,981,683. As can be seen, the device which utilizes a 2% binder PVP in salicylamide substantially tracks the death curve of B. stearothermophilus, but on the high safe side. However, as can be seen, the prior art device particularly at low temperature tracks the bacteria death curve on the lower unsafe side, and also shows a low &#34;knee&#34; at some high temperatures. 
     It has further been found that one may lower the temperature dependent reaction rate by utilizing an acrylic adhesive in the place of a silicone pressure sensitive adhesive which was used in the device set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 3,981,683. The adhesive is used to hold the wick and the cover onto the backing. It has also been found that there was a gross change in reaction rate of the device whereby its equivalent Z value was decreased from 26° F. to 20° F. by replacing the silicone base pressure sensitive adhesive with an acrylic. Table II below shows the actual time required for the device of the subject invention to indicate sterilization using a silicone adhesive, namely Densil 2078, provided by Dennison, Inc. and two brands of acrylics, namely Dencryl 410, also provided by Dennison, Inc., and Tackmaster 535, provided by the National Starch and Chemical Corporation. 
     
                       TABLE II______________________________________   Indicator Times (Mins.)Temp.     Silicone    Acrylic I Acrylic II______________________________________230° F.     110         137       154240° F.     29          51        53250° F.     12          12        12260° F.     5.1         4.7       3.6270° F.     3.1         1.85      1.9Approx.   26.0° F.                 20.9° F.                           20.0° F.EquivalentZ Values______________________________________ 
    
     Thus it may seem that the indicator times are substantially lengthened and it may be seen that the equivalent Z value was decreased by approximately 5° to 6° by utilizing an acrylic in place of the silicone adhesive. It is not understood exactly what phenomenon is causing these changes in equivalent Z value and thus in indicator times; however, it is quite possible that the acrylic may be reacting with the salicylamide in some way to slow down the movement of the color front or the acrylic may be acting as a better seal as compared to the silicone to prevent some of the steam from penetrating into the chemical, thus affecting the depression in the melt point. 
     Thus, it may be seen that there is provided an improved steam sterilization indicator which may be made adjustable in its rate of indication and further may be provided with an additional safety margin over the prior art. 
     Furthermore, since the rates of indicator movement are slowed, the device may be made substantially shorter than the device described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,981,683, thus saving materials. The length of the device described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,981,683 is approximately 4 inches, while the length of a device incorporating one embodiment of the subject invention is approximately 2 inches. 
     From the foregoing description of the preferred embodiment of the invention it will be apparent that many modifications may be made therein. It should be understood, however, that this embodiment is intended merely as an exemplification of the invention and that the invention is not limited thereto. It should be understood, therefore, that it is intended that in the appended claims to cover all such modifications in the true spirit and scope of the invention.