Abstract:
A quantitative, high-sensitivity examination of defects in a transparent product is realized, using a low-cost and space-saving optical dimension measuring apparatus to carry out measurement in a non-contact manner to avoid damaging the object of inspection and to avoid sensory examination. A transparent body to be examined is disposed between a light emitting unit and a light-receiving unit arranged opposite each other. A change in an optical path caused by a defect in the transparent body is detected based on a change in a light ray emitted from the light emitting unit and being incident on the light-receiving unit after passing through the transparent body and a light-blocking object disposed between the transparent body and the light-receiving unit.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application claims priority from Japanese Patent Application No. 2016-088568 filed in the Japan Patent Office on Apr. 26, 2016. The entire contents of the prior application are hereby incorporated by reference. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    The disclosure relates to methods and devices for detecting defects in a transparent body. Particularly, the disclosed embodiments relate to methods and devices for detecting defects in a transparent product such as a glass panel or a lens using an existing optical dimension measuring apparatus. 
         [0003]    A technique of using a plurality of light sources, as disclosed in WO 2010/133341A1, for example; a technique of detecting deflection or polarization caused by defects, as disclosed in EP 2253949A1; a technique using a laser interferometer; and a technique of using a contour shape measuring apparatus, such as that disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2002-131041A and Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2003-156326A, can all be given as techniques to examine for defects in a glass product, such as a glass panel or a lens, or a transparent plastic product. 
         [0004]    Additionally, the laser scanning-type dimension measuring apparatus disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 4162426B and Japanese Patent No. 4191953B (also called a “laser scan micrometer”), and the image sensor-type dimension measuring apparatus disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 5507879B (also called an “image sensor-type micrometer”), which were proposed by the applicant of the present embodiments, are examples of optical dimension measuring apparatus that can be used to measure the outer diameter of a pin gage or a plug gage for measuring the diameter of a hole in an object. 
         [0005]    Furthermore, in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. H09-138115A, the applicant of the present embodiments has proposed a technique for measuring a transparent body using the aforementioned laser scanning-type dimension measuring apparatus. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0006]    However, the techniques disclosed in WO 2010/133341A1 and EP 2253949A1 must be incorporated into a glass plate manufacturing line, for example, and thus do not conserve space and are expensive. 
         [0007]    Meanwhile, when using a laser interferometer, defects are often evaluated by observation using a camera (or by eye). This is merely a sensory examination and is not quantitative. The technique is also expensive, and does not conserve space. 
         [0008]    Furthermore, contour shape measuring apparatus carry out contact-based measurement, which is problematic in that the object of examination may be damaged, for example. 
         [0009]    The optical dimension measuring apparatus disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 4162426B, Japanese Patent No. 4191953B and Japanese Patent No. 5507879B are capable of non-contact measurement. Such devices have been used to measure transparent bodies in the past, as indicated by Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. H09-138115A, however, using the devices to examine transparent bodies has not been considered. 
         [0010]    Seeking to address the above-described past problems, the present embodiments aim to realize a quantitative, high-sensitivity examination of defects in a transparent product, using a low-cost and space-saving optical dimension measuring apparatus so as to carry out measurement in a non-contact manner to avoid damaging the object of inspection and to avoid a sensory examination. 
         [0011]    The disclosed embodiments address the above-described problems using a method for detecting a defect in a transparent body. The method includes: disposing a transparent body to be examined between a light emitting unit and a light-receiving unit arranged opposite each other; and detecting a change in an optical path caused by a defect in the transparent body based on a change in a light ray emitted from the light emitting unit and being incident on the light-receiving unit after passing through the transparent body and a light-blocking object disposed between the transparent body and the light-receiving unit. 
         [0012]    According to some embodiments, a laser scanning-type dimension measuring apparatus can be used, in which the light emitting unit scans a laser beam in a measurement direction and the light-receiving unit focuses and detects the scanned laser beam after passing through the transparent body and a light-blocking object. 
         [0013]    According to some embodiments, an image sensor-type dimension measuring apparatus can be used, in which the light emitting unit emits a linear light ray and the light-receiving unit receives the linear light ray after passing through the transparent body and a light-blocking object. 
         [0014]    According to some embodiments, the light-blocking object can be a pin gage that is moved in the measurement direction. 
         [0015]    According to some embodiments, the light-blocking object can be a fixed optical lattice having light and dark areas distributed at intervals smaller than a defect in the transparent body. 
         [0016]    According to some embodiments, the transparent body can be a lens. 
         [0017]    The present disclosure also provide a device for detecting a defect in a transparent body. The device includes: a light emitting unit; a light-receiving unit disposed opposite from the light emitting unit; a light-blocking object disposed between the light emitting unit and the light-receiving unit; and a controller configured to detect a change in an optical path caused by a defect in a transparent body to be examined based on a change in a light ray emitted from the light emitting unit and incident on the light-receiving unit after passing through the transparent body and the light-blocking object. The device is configured to arrange the transparent body between the light emitting unit and the light-blocking object. 
         [0018]    According to some embodiments, the device can be a laser scanning-type in which the light emitting unit includes a scanner that scans a laser beam in a measurement direction and the light-receiving unit includes a condenser that condenses the scanned laser beam after passing through the transparent body and the light-blocking object. 
         [0019]    According to some embodiments, the device can be an image sensor type in which the light emitting unit includes an emitter that emits a linear light ray and the light-receiving unit includes a receiver that receives the linear light ray after passing through the transparent body and the light-blocking object. 
         [0020]    According to some embodiments, the light-blocking object can be a pin gage that moves in the measurement direction. 
         [0021]    According to some embodiments, the light-blocking object can be a fixed optical lattice having light and dark areas distributed at intervals smaller than a defect in the transparent body. 
         [0022]    According to some embodiments, the transparent body can be a lens, and the device can include an optical element having a shape corresponding to the shape of the lens. 
         [0023]    According to embodiments, it is possible to carry out a quantitative, high-sensitivity examination of defects in a transparent product, using a low-cost and space-saving optical dimension measuring apparatus so as to carry out measurement in a non-contact manner to avoid damaging the object of inspection and to avoid sensory examination. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0024]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating an example of a configuration of a laser scanning-type optical dimension measuring apparatus that can be used with the disclosed embodiments. 
           [0025]      FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view illustrating a configuration of main parts in a first embodiment. 
           [0026]      FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view illustrating a principle of defect detection in the first embodiment. 
           [0027]      FIGS. 4A and 4B  are line graphs comparing examples of fluctuations in outer diameter measurement values caused by the presence/absence of defects in the first embodiment. 
           [0028]      FIG. 5  is a diagram illustrating an image, observed using a laser interferometer, of an object of inspection that has defects in the first embodiment. 
           [0029]      FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional view illustrating a configuration of main parts in a second embodiment. 
           [0030]      FIG. 7  is a cross-sectional view illustrating a configuration of main parts in a third embodiment. 
           [0031]      FIG. 8  is a block diagram illustrating an example of a configuration of main parts of an image sensor-type optical dimension measuring apparatus that can be used with the disclosed embodiments. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
       [0032]    Hereinafter, embodiments will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. Note that the described embodiments and examples are not intended to be limiting. The constituent elements disclosed in the following embodiments and examples may be combined as appropriate, or selected and used as appropriate. 
         [0033]    First, a laser scanning-type dimension measuring apparatus such as that disclosed by the applicant of the present embodiments in Japanese Patent No. 4162426B, Japanese Patent No. 4191953B, or Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. H09-138115A will be described as an example of an optical dimension measuring apparatus that can be used with the disclosed embodiments. 
         [0034]    This laser scanning-type dimension measuring apparatus is configured as illustrated in  FIG. 1 . A light emitting unit  20  includes: a light-emitting unit  30  including a laser light source (a laser diode LD, for example)  32  that emits a laser beam  33  and a laser driver  34 ; and a scanning unit  40  constituted of a reflecting mirror  42  that reflects the laser beam  33 , a polygon mirror  44  that produces a fan-shaped scanning beam  45 , a motor  46  that rotates the polygon mirror  44 , a motor driver  48 , a collimator lens  50  that changes the fan-shaped scanning beam  45  into a parallel scanning beam  51 , and a light receiving device  52  for generating a reference signal outside of a measuring range. 
         [0035]    A light-receiving unit  60  receives the parallel scanning beam  51  that has traversed a measurement object  4 . The light-receiving unit  60  is constituted of a focusing lens  62  for focusing the parallel scanning beam  51 , a measurement signal light receiving device  64 , and an amplifier  66 . 
         [0036]    A controller  70  controls the light emitting unit  20  and the light-receiving unit  60  to obtain a measurement value. The controller  70  is constituted of: a CPU  72 ; a main bus  74 ; an input/output circuit  76 ; a keyboard  78 ; a storage unit  80 ; random access memory (RAM)  82 ; a clock circuit  84 ; a motor synchronization circuit  86 ; an edge detection circuit  88  that detects edges from the measurement signal output from the light-receiving unit  60 ; a gate circuit  90  and a counter  92  for counting clock signals between edges and obtaining a measurement value; and a reset circuit  94  for resetting the measurement in accordance with the reference signal. 
         [0037]    In other words, the laser beam  33  emitted from the laser light source  32  is reflected by the reflecting mirror  42 , is incident on the polygon mirror  44 , and is then changed to the fan-shaped scanning beam  45 . The fan-shaped scanning beam  45  is then converted into the parallel scanning beam  51  by the collimator lens  50 . The parallel scanning beam  51 , which is partially blocked by the measurement object  4  placed within the optical path of the parallel scanning beam  51 , is focused by the focusing lens  62 , and is then incident on the measurement signal light receiving device  64 , which detects the brightness of the beam. The measurement signal output from the light receiving device  64  is amplified by the amplifier  66 . Then, the edge detection circuit  88  extracts edge signals indicating borders between light and dark areas, and the measurement signal is then input into the gate circuit  90 , which selects an area for measurement. 
         [0038]    The light receiving device  52 , which is used to generate the reference signal, is provided near the collimator lens  50  for the fan-shaped scanning beam  45 . The reference signal obtained by the light receiving device  52 , which indicates the start of scanning, is input into the reset circuit  94 . 
         [0039]    A clock pulse output from the clock circuit  84  is input into the motor  46  for driving the polygon mirror  44  via the motor synchronization circuit  86  to ensure synchronization with the rotation of the motor  46 . The clock pulse is also input into the gate circuit  90 , and passes through the gate circuit  90  only while the gate circuit  90  is opened by the edge detection circuit  88 . The clock pulse that has passed through the gate circuit  90  is input into the counter  92 , and a dimension of the measurement object  4  is obtained from a number of clock pulses corresponding to a length of a shadow of the measurement object  4 . 
         [0040]    When the disclosed embodiments are implemented using such a laser scanning-type dimension measuring apparatus, in a first embodiment, the main parts of which are schematically illustrated in  FIG. 2 , an object of inspection such as a glass plate (called “examined glass”)  6  is disposed in the parallel scanning beam  51 . Furthermore, a pin gage (also called a “plug gage”)  100 , for example, is disposed between the examined glass  6  and the light-receiving unit  60 , and the pin gage  100  is moved parallel to a surface of the examined glass  6  by a pin gage driving mechanism  102 . 
         [0041]    Here, when the parallel scanning beam  51  traverses the examined glass  6 , phenomena such as refraction and diffraction arise due to a defect  6   a  in the examined glass  6 , as illustrated in  FIG. 3 . An outer diameter measurement value from the pin gage  100  fluctuates as a result, which makes it possible to detect the defect  6   a  in the examined glass  6 . 
         [0042]    Specifically, as illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the pin gage  100  is moved in a vertical direction, and an outer diameter measurement value of the pin gage is obtained at each of pin gage positions Z. The outer diameter measurement value fluctuates when an upper end and a lower end of the pin gage  100  intersect with the position of the defect  6   a  in the examined glass  6 , as illustrated in  FIG. 3 . The presence/absence of the defect  6   a  in the examined glass  6  can thus be confirmed from the fluctuation in the measurement value of the pin gage outer diameter. 
         [0043]      FIG. 4A  illustrates an example of the fluctuation in the outer diameter measurement value of the pin gage using a 4 mm-diameter pin gage when a glass plate having no defects is arranged. On the other hand,  FIG. 4B  illustrates an example of the fluctuation in the outer diameter measurement value of the pin gage when a glass plate having defects is arranged. Comparing  FIGS. 4A and 4B , it can clearly be seen that the outer diameter measurement value fluctuates at pin gage positions Z where a defect is present. 
         [0044]      FIG. 5  is an image observed using a laser interferometer, corresponding to the state illustrated in  FIG. 4B . From  FIG. 5 , it is clear that a defect is present in a central area of the glass, and that the outer diameter measurement value fluctuates at the pin gage position corresponding to that defect. 
         [0045]    Although the foregoing embodiment describes the object of inspection as a glass plate, the embodiments are not limited to being applied thereto, and can also be applied in the examination of a lens. 
         [0046]    A second embodiment which relates to the examination of a lens, is illustrated in  FIG. 6 . In the present embodiment, the object of inspection is assumed to be a lens such as a convex lens (called an “examined lens”)  8 , and an optical device  104  (because the examined lens  8  is a convex lens in the drawings, this is a concave lens that corresponds to the shape of the examined lens  8 ) is arranged on a mount  106  between the pin gage  100  in the parallel scanning beam  51  and the object of inspection such that the parallel scanning beam  51  traversing the examined lens  8  reaches the light receiving device  64 . 
         [0047]    The remaining configuration is the same as in the first embodiment, and thus descriptions thereof will be omitted. 
         [0048]    By adding the optical device  104  in this manner, light traversing the examined lens  8  can be caused to reach the light receiving device  64 , which makes it possible to detect defects in the same manner as in the first embodiment. 
         [0049]    Note that in the case where the examined lens  8  is a concave lens, a convex lens can be used as the optical device  104 . The optical device  104  may also be omitted depending on the shape of the lens. 
         [0050]    Although the foregoing embodiments describe moving the pin gage  100  in a measurement direction (the vertical direction in the drawings), the light-blocking object is not limited to a pin gage. For example, an optical grid  110  having light and dark areas distributed at intervals smaller than a defect in the examined glass  6  can be arranged on a mount  112  and used, as in a third embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 7 . In this case, there is no need to move the lattice in the same manner as the pin gage, which provides a simpler configuration. 
         [0051]    The foregoing embodiments are described as being realized using a laser scanning-type dimension measuring apparatus such as that disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 4162426B, Japanese Patent No. 4191953B, or Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. H09-138115A. However, the optical dimension measuring apparatus for realizing the disclosed embodiments is not limited thereto. For example, an image sensor-type dimension measuring apparatus such as that disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 5507879B can be applied in the same manner. As illustrated in  FIG. 8 , in this device, a light emitting unit  120  includes a laser light source  132  that emits fan-shaped light rays  133  and a collimator lens  150  that changes the fan-shaped light rays  133  into parallel light rays  151 , and a light-receiving unit  160  includes a one-dimensional image sensor  164  such as a CCD. 
         [0052]    In the example illustrated in  FIG. 8 , the light emitting unit  120  and the light-receiving unit  160  need not be integrated. 
         [0053]    In the case where a laser scanning-type dimension measuring apparatus is used, the object of inspection is preferably from 10 to 300 mm. However, the device can also be applied when examining a large film or glass panel of approximately 1000 mm, for example. 
         [0054]    Although the foregoing embodiments describe the object of inspection as being glass, the object of inspection is not limited thereto, and the embodiments can also be applied generally in transparent plastic.