Abstract:
A low power vibration sensor and wireless transmitter system has one or more sensors that sense parameters of a machine including vibration and produces dynamic signals representing the sensed parameters. The system converts the signals to a digital format, digitally filters the signals, and processes the signals. A processor determines a plurality of levels, which represent the characteristics of the signal such as the peak value of a predetermined set of data points of the digital signal. Together, the levels comprise a PeakVue waveform. The processor determines the peak level value for the PeakVue waveform. Also, a true root-mean-square is calculated as the signal is received at the processor. The peak level and the RMS value are communicated wirelessly by a communication module to a control protocol network such as a daisy chain HART or Fieldbus protocol network. The system power supply and the communication module power supply are separate and allow for low power operation.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This patent application claims priority from and is related to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/827,584 filed Sep. 29, 2006, entitled: “Vibration Transmitter Wireless Sensor”. This U.S. Provisional Patent Application is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. 
     
     FIELD 
       [0002]    This invention relates to the field of wireless vibration analysis. More particularly, this invention relates to a low power vibration sensor and wireless transmitter. 
       BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY 
       [0003]    A parameter of a machine such as vibration may be measured and analyzed to monitor machine health. A parameter is used herein to refer to a physical property or other thing that is typically measurable such as vibration, pressure, voltage, current., temperature and the like. Vibration sensing instruments have been used to determine faults in machine function by detecting abnormalities in vibration, which correlates to different types of machine faults. 
         [0004]    Typically, vibration measurement devices require significant power supplies, memories and bulk data transfer capabilities. The power supply is used to power vibration sensors, other sensors such as temperature or pressure sensors, power regulators, a processor, a memory, and a communicator. As vibration waveforms generated by vibration sensors enter the devices, the waveforms must be stored in a memory. Such bulk vibration waveforms typically require large memory capacities for storage. Then, the waveforms are often transmitted in entirety or without significant compression to an outside system for machine health analysis. Also, network connections must accommodate bulk quantities of data such as vibration waveforms. Such vibration monitoring systems are not well suited for operation in a control protocol network. 
         [0005]    In accordance with one embodiment disclosed herein, a measurement instrument has a sensor circuit for sensing a parameter of a machine and producing a dynamic signal based on the sensed parameter. An analog to digital converter is connected to receive the dynamic signal and convert the dynamic signal to a digital format, producing a digital signal having a plurality of data points. A processor is connected to receive the digital signal and determines a characteristic or characteristics of the dynamic signal. Characteristic is used herein to refer to values representing information about the dynamic signal such as root-mean-square value, peak value, frequency value, peak in frequency range, and the like. The processor also determines data corresponding to the characteristic or characteristics such as a level corresponding to the absolute peak of the digital signal over a predetermined range of data points of the digital signal. A power supply is connected to power the processor and is controlled by the processor to manage efficiently power consumption. The power supply may be a long-life, non-rechargeable battery or may be a rechargeable battery with a solar power supply for charging the battery. Alternatively, the power supply may be a power circuit connected to an outside source of power. 
         [0006]    In some embodiments, the processor produces a PeakVue waveform as discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,895,857 to Robinson et al. (the &#39;857 patent), which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference. The PeakVue waveform is made up of many levels corresponding to the absolute peaks of different sequential sections of the digital signal and a single absolute peak level is determined over a time interval sufficient to include eleven or more shaft revolutions. 
         [0007]    In other embodiments, the processor determines a true root-mean-square value representing the overall vibration level in velocity units which is an indicator of the condition of the machine. 
         [0008]    In other embodiments, the measurement instrument has a communication module and a communication processor controls the communication module. A communication power supply is connected to the communication processor and powers the communication processor, and an antenna is connected to the communication processor for wirelessly communicating the peak level and the overall RMS level to a control protocol network, such as a HART or a Fieldbus protocol network. Some embodiments of the instrument have multiple sensors for measuring vibration or relatively steady-state measurements such as temperature and pressure. 
     
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0009]    Further advantages of the invention are apparent by reference to the detailed description when considered in conjunction with the figures, which are not to scale so as to more clearly show the details, wherein like reference numbers indicate like elements throughout the several views, and wherein: 
           [0010]      FIG. 1  is a diagram of the low power vibration measurement and wireless transmitter system. 
           [0011]      FIG. 2  is a diagram of the wireless network of daisy-chain systems. 
           [0012]      FIGS. 3A-3C  are flowcharts of the vibration signal processing to determine a PeakVue waveform including peak levels and a true RMS value. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0013]    A low power vibration sensor and wireless transmitter system has one or more sensor inputs to measure conditions such as vibration on one or more sensors. Also, the system is capable of making one or more steady state or DC measurements of conditions such as temperature and pressure. In one embodiment, the system is self-contained without hardwired power or communication connections and communicates over a wireless, self-configuring daisy-chain network. 
         [0014]    Generally, the signal generated from a vibration sensor, such as an industrial accelerometer has about a 100-120 dB dynamic range with a frequency bandwidth of about 20 kHz to about 30 kHz. To convert a signal generated by such an accelerometer into a digital signal capable of wireless transmission typically would require a 24-bit analog to digital converter sampling at about 100,000 to 200,000 samples per second. This system  10  breaks the signal into two pieces: a low frequency range (about 1-2 kHz) and a high frequency range. The high frequency range portion is compressed using PeakVue technology as described below. This allows the resolution of the signal to be reduced to about 12 to 16 bits and the bandwidth may be reduced to about 1-2 kHz. As discussed below, two vibration data points representing characteristics are transmitted, and therefore, the communication and power requirements of the system  10  are greatly reduced as opposed to a system transmitting blocks of data. 
         [0015]    Referring to  FIG. 1 , one embodiment of the system  10  is shown. In this embodiment, two vibration sensors  12  are connected to a buffer  16 . In other embodiments, no initial buffer  16  is used. A DC sensor, such as a temperature sensor is also connected to the buffer  16 . The number of vibration sensors  12  and DC sensors  14  may vary, for example, three vibration sensors  12  and two DC sensors  14  may be connected to the buffer  16 . The buffer  16  is connected to an analog to digital converter (ADC) module  18 , which may include one or more analog to digital converters. The ADC module  18  is connected to a processor  20 , which is connected to a communication module  22 . The communication module  22  is connected to an antenna for communicating on a wireless network. The system  10  is powered by a power supply  26 , and the power is regulated by power supply regulators  28  connected to the power supply  26 , the buffer  16 , the ADC module  18 , the processor  20 , and the communication module  22 . 
         [0016]    The ADC module  18  includes at least one analog to digital converter  17 , which converts the analog signals generated by the vibration sensors  12  to digital signals. The analog to digital converter  17  typically has a large amplitude dynamic range of at least about 98 dB and typically about 103 dB. Also, the analog to digital converter  17  has a frequency range of about 2 Hz to about 48 kHz. A sample rate of about 96 kHz is used in the preferred embodiment. A second analog to digital converter  19  digitizes the analog signals generated by the DC sensors  14 . The second analog to digital converter  19  also converts several internal voltages such as some power supply voltages and sensor bias voltages for the purpose of online diagnostic monitoring of the system  10 . In the preferred embodiment, the second analog to digital converter  19  is a 12-bit ADC. The digital signals generated by the ADC module  18  are sent to the processor  20 . 
         [0017]    The processor  20  is preferably a digital signal processor having a hybrid characteristic. That is, the processor  20  of the preferred embodiment is a digital signal processor that also has multiple peripheral input/output ports. Additionally, the processor  20  consumes a low amount of power while in an ON state and also a very low amount of power while in a standby or hibernation state as discussed below. 
         [0018]    The power supply  26  may be a battery that provides power up to several years without needing replacement. The low power characteristics of the ADC module  18  and the processor  20  allow such a long period of single battery use. Alternatively, the power supply  26  may be a solar power supply. A solar power supply is a solar panel connected to a lead acid battery and allows for 24 hour-a-day operation by recharging the lead acid battery during light hours. The power supply is controlled by the processor  20  in order to hold power consumption of the system  10  to a minimum. 
         [0019]    The processor  20  communicates with the communication module  22 , which in one embodiment is an Emerson radio module designed by Dust Networks, Inc. The communication module  22  has a processor with its own wakeup and sleep schedule independent of the system processor  20  and the rest of the system  10 . In one embodiment, the network with which the system  10  communicates is a self-configuring radio network with a range of about 250 ft to about 300 ft. 
         [0020]    Referring now to  FIG. 2 , a network  30  is shown. One or more systems  10  are connected in a wireless daisy-chain configuration whereby the communication modules  22  of each system  10  communicate with one another and self configure a communication network. Each system&#39;s communication module  22  wakes-up for about 30 milliseconds every 1 second in order to configure the network and communicate data along the daisy-chain network. The data from each system  10  is forwarded from communication module  22  to communication module  22  until it reaches the main gateway  32 . The main gateway is connected to a local area network  34  such as the Ethernet computer network of a plant. The communication modules  22  awaken periodically regardless of whether the system  10  has collected new data needing transmission along the network  30 . This is so that the communication module  22  may self configure and participate in the daisy-chain network  30  for communicating data to the main gateway and ultimately the LAN  34 . In one embodiment, the data in the network  30  is formatted using the HART protocol and in an alternative embodiment, the data is formatted using the Fieldbus protocol. 
         [0021]    In many applications, a vibration measurement is taken only once per day or once per hour. However, other measurements, such as pressure or temperature, may be taken every second or every 10 seconds. The system  10  communication module  22  can accommodate a variety of measurement types because it has its own processor apart from the system processor  20 . Furthermore, the communication module  22  is continuously powered by the power supply  26 . That is, the power sent to the communication module  22  is not controlled by the system processor  20 , but rather is continuously connected. Thus, regardless of the frequency with which the system  10  awakens to make measurements, the communication module  22  is continuously powered and controlled by its own processor  20  in order to operate on the network  30 . 
         [0022]    The measurement system (portion of the system  10  not including the communication module  22 ) wakes up from sleep or hibernation periodically and makes one or more measurements, typically on a predetermined schedule separate and distinct from the sleep and wake-up schedule of the communication module  22 . Such measurements may include an overall vibration energy measurement and a high frequency PeakVue measurement derived from a time waveform. Once one or more measurements are taken, the system processor  20  awaits the next communication module  22  wake-up cycle, which in one embodiment occurs every 1 second. The system processor  20  then sends the communication module  22  the measurement data to a buffer in the communication module  22 . Once the data is loaded into the communication module&#39;s  22  buffer, the system processor  20  returns the measurement system to a hibernation state until the next measurement is scheduled. The communication module&#39;s  22  processor then controls communication of the measurement data across the network  30  and to the main gateway  32 . 
         [0023]    When making vibration measurements, overall velocity vibration, with a frequency bandwidth of about 2 Hz to about 1 kHz is measured and a root-mean-square (RMS) is calculated in inches per second. Also, a peak g-level measured in gravitational units or “g&#39;s” is measured for frequencies greater than about 1 kHz for an observation period exceeding about 10 cycles or revolutions. The peak g-level, extracted from a PeakVue time waveform as discussed in the &#39;857 patent, bandwidth ranges from about 1 kHz to the limit of the vibration sensor being used. Typically, the upper bandwidth limit of a vibration sensor such as an ICP or a 3-wire type is about 20 kHz. 
         [0024]    Referring now to  FIGS. 1 and 3A , a flowchart illustrates a vibration measurement  40  taken and processed by one embodiment of the system  10 . First, a measurement is taken by a vibration sensor  12 , such as an accelerometer. The vibration sensor generates an electrical AC signal corresponding to the vibration measurement and that signal is sent to an optional buffer  16  and is represented by arrow  38 . At step  48 , the signal is filtered by a high pass filter that in some embodiments is part of the ADC module  18 . The high pass filter preferably filters and removes signal components less than about 2 Hz. At step  50 , the signal is converted from an analog signal to a digital signal by an ADC  17  in the ADC module  18  ( FIG. 1 ). Preferably, the analog to digital converter  17  produces about 100,000 samples per second resolution. Next, a PeakVue calculation is performed on the digital signal, as illustrated in  FIG. 3B , and an RMS calculation is performed on the digital signal as illustrated in  FIG. 3C . Such calculations are performed in the processor  20  ( FIG. 1 ). 
         [0025]    Referring now to  FIG. 3B , at step  52  the digitized signal represented by arrow  44  is digitally filtered by a digital high or band pass filter. The filter may be part of the ADC module  18  or the processor  20  ( FIG. 1 ). Next, a PeakVue data block is constructed at step  54  and a peak value from the PeakVue data block is determined at step  56 . Several PeakVue data blocks may be constructed (step  54 ) and peak values from each determined (step  56 ) in order to verify or validate the accuracy of the peak value(s). For example, three PeakVue data blocks may be constructed (step  54 ) and the peak values determined (step  56 ) from each are examined in order to remove any unreasonable low or high spikes in the signal. Once any unreasonable low or high spikes in the signal are removed, the remaining peak values may be averaged or one may be chosen to represent the group. Once a peak value is validated using the process discussed above as represented by step  58 , it is sent to the communication module  22  ( FIG. 1 ) where it is stored in the communication module&#39;s buffer until it is transmitted over the network  30 . 
         [0026]    In summary, a vibration time waveform is measured and a number of peak amplitude values are determined. A peak value may represent a machine fault. In one embodiment, three peak amplitude values are determined. These transient peaks of the waveform may, however, represent an unwanted characteristic such as a lightning strike. This can be deceiving, and therefore, the peak amplitude values are compared and an extremely high or low peak may be eliminated from consideration. Also, the peak amplitude values may be averaged to minimize the effect of potentially misleading occurrences. Such signal analysis is configurable in the firmware of the system  10 . 
         [0027]    For example, a PeakVue time waveform is captured for a time sufficient to capture several revolutions, for example twelve revolutions. In other embodiments, a different number of revolutions are captured. Generally, the “peak g-level” is the characteristic of interest in the PeakVue time waveform for vibration analysis. However, in some applications, a fast Fourier transform is performed on the PeakVue time waveform at the same time or subsequent to the peak g-level calculation. The PeakVue waveform remains available for processing in addition to the initial peak g-level or FFT processing. Also, in some embodiments, neither the peak g-level or FFT is calculated, but rather, another data analysis algorithm is performed on the PeakVue waveform. 
         [0028]    Referring to the peak g-level determination, as discussed above, the signal is filtered at step  48  by a passive high-pass filter. Next, the signal is compressed or digitized at step  50  by the ADC module  18 . In this example, the signal is sampled at a high rate of about 2.56 samples times 40 kHz or about 102,400 samples per second. Then the signal is digitally filtered at step  52  by a high or band pass filter that in some embodiments is part of the ADC module  18  and in other embodiments is part of the processor  20 . At this point, the signal is compressed to an effectively lower bandwidth. The lower bandwidth is limited by the high pass filter employed at step  52 . Assuming the lower bandwidth selected is 1,000 Hz, the data compression is accomplished by decimation as represented by step  56 . That is, the first data point in the PeakVue time waveform is selected to be the maximum absolute “g-level” or peak amplitude value in the first 40 data points in the high sample rate signal. The number of data points (40 in this example) is determined by 40,000 Hz/1,000 Hz. The second data point in the PeakVue time waveform is the maximum absolute “g-level” in the next 40 points and so on until the PeakVue time waveform is complete. The number of data points in the PeakVue time waveform is generally the factor (2.56) times the user-specified number of lines selected to ensure a sufficient number of captured revolutions. 
         [0029]    In some embodiments, multiple PeakVue waveforms are constructed, for example three PeakVue waveforms are constructed, each representing characteristics of the digital signal. The multiple PeakVue waveforms are then compared by a comparison circuit or the processor and an error-removing algorithm is performed. In one embodiment, three PeakVue waveforms are constructed, peak g-level values are determined for each of the three PeakVue waveforms, and the arithmetic mean of the three peak g-level values is determined and subsequently communicated to the network  30  as the useful data value. In other embodiments, different error-removing algorithms are performed including determining multiple peak g-level values, eliminating outlying values, calculating the arithmetic mean of those remaining, and communicating the resulting data value to the network  30 . 
         [0030]    Referring now to  FIG. 3C , the digitized signal represented by arrow  46  is digitally filtered at step  60  by a digital low pass filter that filters at about 1 kHz. In some embodiments, the digital low pass filter is part of the processor  20  ( FIG. 1 ). Next, the signal is numerically integrated at step  62  by the processor  20  ( FIG. 1 ) to obtain a velocity waveform. This numerical integration at step  62  typically requires a settling time before constructing the velocity data block. In one embodiment, oversampling is used in the numerical integration at step  62  and provides an acceptable approximation of a continuous integration if a sampling factor of at least about ten is used. The time in the velocity data block should be sufficient to capture ten or more revolutions of the machine. Next, the processor  20  ( FIG. 1 ) uses the velocity data block to calculate an overall RMS value at step  64 . Once the RMS value is calculated, it is sent to the buffer of the communication module  22  where it awaits transmission over the network  30 . The resulting RMS value is calculated in inches per second over a bandwidth of about  2  Hz to about 1 kHz. Also, in some embodiments, a fast Fourier transform or other calculation may be performed on the data at the location of the system  10  concurrent or subsequent to the initial RMS or FFT calculation. In some embodiments, neither the RMS or FFT calculations are performed, but rather, other algorithms are performed on the velocity waveform. 
         [0031]    The RMS calculation can be performed “on the fly.” This means that the data waveform is not stored in order to later calculate the RMS or, in some cases, the fast Fourier transform. Normally, in order to calculate a true AC RMS value, data must be stored. This is because the DC offset must be determined at the end of the calculated in order to calculate the true RMS. However, if intermediate values of the RMS calculation are stored and combined at the end of the calculation, the DC offset is inherently removed from the RMS value without the need for determining the DC offset at the end of the calculation and adjusting the RMS value accordingly. Thus, the “on the fly” RMS calculation conserves system  10  resources such as memory and power. 
         [0032]    To minimize power consumption in the system  10 , preferably, a 3-wire type accelerometer that requires about 2.5 mWatts is used as a vibration sensor in order to minimize power consumption. Alternatively, an ICP accelerometer requires about 40-48 mWatts. Also, the ADC module&#39;s  18  main analog to digital converter used for the vibration signals is preferably a low power (about 36 mWatts) 24-bit sigma-delta converter that samples at about 100,000 samples per second. Additionally, the processor  20  in one embodiment is an Analog Devices BF533 that uses about 2.6 mWatts when in an active mode. As discussed above, both the ADC module  18  and the processor  20  have hibernation modes to further conserve power. However, the non-digital components such as the sensors and the analog buffer circuit typically do not have hibernation modes, but the analog buffer circuit only requires about 2.5-5 mWatts of power for operation. 
         [0033]    The system  10  is very versatile in the measurements that may be taken and the calculations performed due to the nearly all digital design. Further, working from a low-duty cycle coupled with the low power instruments allows the system  10  to be a very low power device. The nearly all digital design and low power character of the system  10  leads to a very small, but flexible system  10  housed in one box. 
         [0034]    The foregoing description of preferred embodiments for this invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Obvious modifications or variations are possible in light of the above teachings. The embodiments are chosen and described in an effort to provide the best illustrations of the principles of the invention and its practical application, and to thereby enable one of ordinary skill in the art to utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. All such modifications and variations are within the scope of the invention as determined by the appended claims when interpreted in accordance with the breadth to which they are fairly, legally, and equitably entitled.