Abstract:
An electrical system including one or more bodies having an underlying structure resembling a double helix may be used to produce useful electromagnetic effects for various applications, including therapy.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The invention relates to bodies including helically wound runners around which one or more conductive wires or tubes may be wound, devices and/or systems configured to include such bodies. The invention further relates to the manufacture of such bodies and/or devices and/or systems including one or more bodies. The invention further relates to methods of operation of these devices and systems, and applications thereof. The invention further relates to devices and/or systems configured to provide therapy to patients by using electromagnetic effects such as electromagnetic fields. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    It is known that spirally wound electrical conductors may exhibit certain electromagnetic properties and/or electromagnetic effects. For example, it is known that an electromagnetic coil may act as an inductor and/or part of a transformer, and has many established useful applications in electrical circuits. One or more electromagnetic coils may be used to exploit an electromagnetic field and/or other electromagnetic effect that is created when, e.g., one or more active current sources are operatively coupled to the one or more coils. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0003]    One aspect of the invention relates to a system comprising one or more bodies, one or more current sources, one or more pumps, one or more tubes, and/or one or more conductive wires. Individual bodies may include two intertwined helically wound runners. A first runner may be coupled to the second runner by struts. Individual runners may have a helical shape. Individual bodies may be arranged in toroidal shapes. One or more conductive wires and/or tubes may be spirally wound around at least one runner. One or more runners and/or tubes may include material that is non-porous to liquid. One or more runners and/or tubes may include material that is translucent and/or transparent. One or more runners and/or tubes may be configured to carry liquid that emits electromagnetic radiation. 
         [0004]    These and other objects, features, and characteristics of the present disclosure, as well as the methods of operation and functions of the related components of structure and the combination of parts and economies of manufacture, will become more apparent upon consideration of the following description and the appended claims with reference to the accompanying drawings, all of which form a part of this specification, wherein like reference numerals designate corresponding parts in the various figures. It is to be expressly understood, however, that the drawings are for the purpose of illustration and description only and are not intended as a definition of the any limits. As used in the specification and in the claims, the singular form of “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0005]      FIG. 1  illustrates a side view of an exemplary body including two intertwined helically wound runners, coupled by struts. 
           [0006]      FIG. 2  illustrates an isometric view of an exemplary body including two intertwined helically wound runners, coupled by struts. 
           [0007]      FIG. 3  illustrates a top-down view of an exemplary body including two intertwined helically wound runners sharing the same circular axis, both runners coupled by struts. 
           [0008]      FIG. 4  illustrates an isometric view of an exemplary body including two intertwined helically wound runners sharing the same circular axis, both runners coupled by struts. 
           [0009]      FIG. 5  illustrates a top-down view of an exemplary body including two intertwined helically wound runners sharing the same circular axis and having wire guides, both runners coupled by struts. 
           [0010]      FIG. 6  illustrates an isometric view of an exemplary body including two intertwined helically wound runners sharing the same circular axis and having wire guides, both runner coupled by struts. 
           [0011]      FIG. 7  illustrates an exemplary body including two intertwined helically wound runners sharing the same elliptical axis, both runner coupled by struts. 
           [0012]      FIG. 8  illustrates a top-down view of an exemplary body including two intertwined helically wound runners sharing the same circular axis, both runners coupled by struts and having conductive wires spirally wound therearound. 
           [0013]      FIG. 9  illustrates a top-down view of an exemplary body including two intertwined helically wound runners sharing the same circular axis, both runner coupled by struts and having a wire spirally wound around both runners of the body. 
           [0014]      FIGS. 10 and 11  illustrate top-down views of exemplary systems combining a body with one or more pumps. 
           [0015]      FIG. 12  schematically illustrates a system for providing therapy to a subject, according to one or more embodiments. 
           [0016]      FIGS. 13A and 13B  illustrate methods for providing therapy to a subject, according to one or more embodiments. 
           [0017]      FIGS. 14A and 14B  illustrate wiring diagrams for wiring wires around runners, according to one or more embodiments. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0018]      FIG. 1  illustrates a side view of an exemplary body  15 . Body  15  may include two or more intertwined helically wound runners—runner  16  and runner  17 . Runner  16  and runner  17  may be coupled by struts  18 . Body  15  includes two ends—end  20  and end  21 —disposed at opposite sides of body  15 . Runners  16  and/or  17  may be arranged in the shape of a three-dimensional curve similar to or substantially the same as a helix. A helix may be characterized by the fact that a tangent line at any point along the curve has a constant angle with a (fixed) line called the axis. The pitch of a helix may be the width of one 360 degree helix turn (a.k.a. revolution), e.g. measured parallel to the axis of the helix. Intertwined helically wound runners may share the same axis, be congruent, and/or differ by a translation along the axis, e.g. measuring half the pitch. The two runners shown in  FIG. 1  may share the same axis  22 , extending horizontally for approximately three complete revolutions. The length of body  15 , as measured along axis  22  from end  20  to end  21 , may thus be approximately three times the length of pitch  23 . A helical shape may have constant pitch, constant radius (measured in the plane perpendicular to the axis), constant torsion, constant curvature, constant ratio of curvature to torsion, and/or a straight axis. In  FIG. 1 , the radius of body  15  may be half of diameter  24 . It is noted that the shape of body  15  resembles the general shape of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). 
         [0019]    By way of non-limiting example, additional structures and/or features of body  15  may be described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,653,925, entitled “Double Helix Conductor,” which issued Feb. 18, 2014, which is hereby incorporated into this disclosure by reference in its entirety. This patent may also be referred to as “the &#39;925 patent” herein. 
         [0020]    In  FIG. 1 , the shape of cross-section of runner  16  and runner  17  may be a rectangle that is approximately three times wider than it is tall. Furthermore, the width of runner  16  or runner  17  may be approximately 1/13 th  of the pitch of said runner of body  15 . As a result, runner  17  of body  15  resembles a ribbon having an inner surface  25  (facing axis  22  of the helical shape) and an outer surface  26  (facing the opposite way as inner surface  25 ). Runner  16  of body  15  resembles a ribbon having an inner surface  27  (facing axis  22  of the helical shape) and an outer surface  28  (facing the opposite way as inner surface  27 ). Note that embodiments of this disclosure are not intended to be limited by any of the given examples. 
         [0021]    Runner  16 , runner  17  and/or struts  18  may be manufactured from one or more of plastic, plastic plated with metals including copper, nickel, iron, soft iron, nickel alloys, and/or other metals and alloys, and/or other materials. In some embodiments, runner  16 , runner  17  and struts  18  are manufactured from non-conductive material. Runner  16 , runner  17 , and/or struts  18  may be manufactured from different materials. 
         [0022]    In some embodiments, runner  16 , runner  17  and struts  18  may include material that is non-porous to liquid. In some embodiments, runner  16 , runner  17  and struts  18  may include material that is translucent and/or transparent. 
         [0023]    Runner  16 , runner  17 , and/or struts  18  may be manufactured through integral construction or formed separately prior to being assembled. In some embodiments, runner  16 , runner  17 , and/or struts  18  may be include magnetically permeable material. In some embodiments, runner  16 , runner  17 , and/or struts  18  may be include non-ferromagnetic yet conducting material. 
         [0024]    In some embodiments, runners  16  and/or  17  may be at least partially hollow. In some embodiments, runners  16  and/or  17  may include one or more cavities spanning the runners longitudinally. In some embodiments, runners  16  and/or  17  may be configured such that fluid can flow through one or both runners. 
         [0025]      FIG. 2  illustrates an isometric view of an exemplary body  15  including two intertwined helically wound runners—runner  16  and runner  17 —coupled by struts  18 . Body  15  is shown here with axis  22  of both helically wound runners extending vertically. 
         [0026]      FIG. 3  illustrates a top-down view of an exemplary body  35  including two intertwined helically wound runners—runner  36  and runner  37 —sharing the same circular axis  42 , both runners coupled by struts  38 . The resulting shape of body  35  may be referred to as toroidal. Body  35  may be formed the same as or similar to body  15 , though comprising more revolutions, by arranging the body in a planar circular shape and joining both ends—end  20  and end  21  in FIG.  1 —together. The preceding statement is not intended to limit the (process of) manufacture of bodies similar to or substantially the same as body  35  in any way. 
         [0027]    Referring to  FIG. 3 , the diameter  44  of the circular axis of body  35 , as well as the number of complete revolutions per runner required to completely extend along the entire circular axis  42  may be characteristic measurements/features of body  35 . For example, as shown in  FIG. 3 , runner  36  and runner  37  of body  35  may require approximately eight complete revolutions around circular axis  42  to completely extend along the entire circular axis  42  of body  35 , or some other number of rotations. 
         [0028]    Note that one or more struts  38  of body  35  in  FIG. 3  include a center-strut element  39 , which is lacking from struts  18  of body  15 . Center-strut element  39  may be associated with a particular strut of body  35 . 
         [0029]    In some embodiments, runners  36  and  37  as depicted in  FIG. 3  may share one or more features attributed to runners  16  and  17  in  FIGS. 1 and 2 . For example, runners  36  and  37  in  FIG. 3  may include material that is translucent and/or transparent. In some embodiments, runners  36  and/or  37  may be at least partially hollow. In some embodiments, runners  36  and/or  37  may include one or more cavities spanning the runners longitudinally. In some embodiments, runners  36  and/or  37  may be configured such that fluid can flow through one or both runners. 
         [0030]      FIG. 4  illustrates an isometric view of an exemplary body  35  including two intertwined helically wound runners—runner  36  and runner  37 —sharing the same circular axis, both runners coupled by struts  38 . Note that, as in  FIG. 3 , the struts of body  35  in  FIG. 4  may include a center-strut element  39 , which may be lacking from struts  18  of body  15 . 
         [0031]      FIG. 5  illustrates a top-down view of an exemplary body  55  including two intertwined helically wound runners—runner  57  and runner  58 —sharing the same circular axis  62  and having wire guides  56 , both runners coupled by struts  59 . Any part of runner  57  or runner  58  may include wire guides  56 . Wire guides  56  may include grooves, notches, protrusions, slots, and/or other structural elements disposed on and/or in runner  57  or runner  58  and configured to guide a wire or tube along at least a part of the surface of runner  57  or runner  58 . 
         [0032]    Such a wire, as any wire listed in any figure included in this description, may be insulated, uninsulated, or partially insulated and partially uninsulated. As used herein, a “wire” may include a set of twisted wires (which may interchangeably be referred to as a “twisted wire”), including but not limited to a set of two twisted wires. The number of turns of a set of twisted wires per inch and/or per helical revolution of a runner may be characteristic measurements/features of the system. In some embodiments, the number of twists per inch of a twisted wire may be about 2, about 5, about 10, about 20, about 100, and/or another suitable number of twists. In some embodiments, the frequency characteristics of an alternating current and/or the corresponding generated electromagnetic field may be based on, proportional to, and/or otherwise related to the number of twists of a twisted wire. For example, a higher number of twists per inch may correspond to a higher operating frequency for the alternating current and/or the corresponding generated electromagnetic field. In some embodiments, multiple twisted wires (e.g. a first twisted wire wound around a first runner and a second twisted wire wound around a second runner) may have the same direction of twisting, and/or a different direction of twisting. In some embodiments, multiple wires (e.g. twisted wires) may be wound around the same runner. In some embodiments, a wire may be wound around some or all of one or more struts. 
         [0033]    In some embodiments, one or more tubes (not depicted in  FIG. 5 ) may be guided around runner  57  and/or runner  58  by wire guides  56 . 
         [0034]      FIG. 6  illustrates an isometric view of an exemplary body  55  including two intertwined helically wound runners—runner  57  and runner  58 —sharing the same circular axis and having wire guides  56 , both runners coupled by struts  59 . 
         [0035]      FIG. 7  illustrates an exemplary body  75  including two intertwined helically wound runners—runner  76  and runner  77 —sharing the same elliptical axis  78 , both runner coupled by struts  79 . A body including two (or more) intertwined helically wound runners sharing the same axis may be arranged in any planar shape, including a circle, an oval, a triangle, a square, a rectangle, an angular shape, a polygon, and/or other planar shapes. Alternatively, and/or simultaneously, such a body may be arranged in a three-dimensional curve (a.k.a. space curve). In  FIG. 7 , body  75  may be formed from a body similar to body  15 , though comprising more revolutions, by arranging the body in a planar elliptical shape and joining both ends—end  20  and end  21  in FIG.  1 —together. The preceding statement is not intended to limit the (process of) manufacture of bodies similar to or substantially the same as body  75  in any way. 
         [0036]    In some embodiments, runners  76  and  77  as depicted in  FIG. 7  may share one or more features attributed to runners  16  and  17  in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , and/or runners  36  and  37  in  FIGS. 3 and 4 . For example, runners  76  and  77  in  FIG. 7  may include material that is translucent and/or transparent. In some embodiments, runners  76  and/or  77  may be at least partially hollow. In some embodiments, runners  76  and/or  77  may include one or more cavities spanning the runners longitudinally. In some embodiments, runners  76  and/or  77  may be configured such that fluid can flow through one or both runners. 
         [0037]      FIG. 8  illustrates a top-down view of an exemplary body  85  including two intertwined helically wound runners—runner  88  and runner  89 —sharing the same circular axis, coupled by struts  90  and having wires—wire  86  and wire  87 —spirally wound therearound. In some embodiments, wire  86  and/or wire  87  may be conductive wires. In some embodiments, wire  86  and/or wire  87  may be tubes. Wire  86  and/or wire  87 , as any wire listed in any figure included in this description, may be insulated, uninsulated, or partially insulated and partially uninsulated. Wire  86  and/or wire  87 , as any wire listed in any figure included in this description, may be a twisted wire. Runner  88  and runner  89  of body  85  may form cores around which wire  86  and wire  87  are spirally wound, respectively. As such, wire  86  and wire  87  may be arranged in a helical shape having axes that coincide with runner  88  and runner  89 , respectively. 
         [0038]    In some embodiments, runners  88  and  89  as depicted in  FIG. 8  may share one or more features attributed to runners  16  and  17  in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , and/or runners  36  and  37  in  FIGS. 3 and 4 , and/or runners  76  and  77  in  FIG. 7 . For example, runners  88  and  89  in  FIG. 8  may include material that is translucent and/or transparent. In some embodiments, runners  88  and/or  89  may be at least partially hollow. In some embodiments, runners  88  and/or  89  may include one or more cavities spanning the runners longitudinally. In some embodiments, runners  88  and/or  89  may be configured such that fluid can flow through one or both runners. 
         [0039]    Wire  86  may include two leads—lead  86   a  and lead  86   b . Wire  87  may include two leads—lead  87   a  and lead  87   b . Wire  86  and wire  87  may be conductive. One or more bodies similar to or the same as body  85  may be used in an electrical system having one or more power sources and/or current sources arranged such that electrical coupling with one or both of wire  86  and wire  87  may be established, e.g. through coupling with lead  86   a  and  86   b  of wire  86  and through coupling with lead  87   a  and  87   b  of wire  87 . The current supplied to wire  86  may be a direct current or an alternating current. The current supplied to wire  87  may be a direct current or an alternating current. The currents supplied to wire  86  and wire  87  may flow in the same direction or the opposite direction. For alternating currents, operating frequencies ranging from 0 Hz to 40 GHz are contemplated. The operating frequencies for wire  86  and wire  87  may be the same or different. Other electrical operating characteristics of current supplied to wire  86  and wire  87 , such as phase, amplitude, power-level, and/or other operating characteristics, may be the same or different. The electrical system may be used to exploit the electromagnetic field that is created when electrical power is supplied to one or more wires of one or more bodies similar to or the same as body  85 . 
         [0040]      FIG. 9  illustrates a top-down view of an exemplary body  95  including two intertwined helically wound runners—runner  97  and runner  98 —sharing the same circular axis, both runner coupled by struts and having a wire  96  spirally wound around both runners of body  95 . Wire  96  may include two leads—lead  86   a  and lead  86   b . The resulting shape of body  95  with wire  96  may be referred to as a helicoidal shape. One or more bodies similar to or the same as body  95  may be used in an electrical system having a power source and/or a current source arranged such that electrical coupling with wire  96 , e.g. through leads  96   a  and  96   b , may be established. The electrical power supplied to wire  96  may include a direct current or an alternating current. Operating frequencies for an alternating current flowing through wire  96  are contemplated to range from 0 Hz to 40 GHz. The electrical system may be used to exploit the electromagnetic field that is created when electrical power is supplied. 
         [0041]    In some embodiments, runners  97  and  97  as depicted in  FIG. 9  may share one or more features attributed to runners  16  and  17  in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , and/or runners  36  and  37  in  FIGS. 3 and 4 , and/or runners  76  and  77  in  FIG. 7 , and/or runners  88  and  89  in  FIG. 8 . For example, runners  97  and  98  in  FIG. 9  may include material that is translucent and/or transparent. In some embodiments, runners  97  and/or  98  may be at least partially hollow. In some embodiments, runners  97  and/or  98  may include one or more cavities spanning the runners longitudinally. In some embodiments, runners  97  and/or  98  may be configured such that fluid can flow through one or both runners. 
         [0042]      FIG. 10  illustrates a top-down view of exemplary system  1000  that combines a body  1010  with one or more pumps, one or more tanks, and/or other components. Body  1010  includes two intertwined helically wound runners, runner  105  and runner  107 , sharing the same circular axis in a similar manner as depicted in  FIG. 3 . Runners  105  and  107  in  FIG. 10  may include material that is translucent and/or transparent. In some embodiments, runners  105  and/or  107  may be at least partially hollow. In some embodiments, runners  105  and/or  107  may include one or more cavities spanning the runners longitudinally. In some embodiments, runners  105  and/or  107  may be configured such that fluid can flow through one or both runners. 
         [0043]    Tank  1003  and tank  1004  may be configured to hold liquid. Tank  1003  may be operatively coupled to pump  1001 . Tank  1004  may be operatively coupled to pump  1002 . Pump  1001  may be operatively coupled to runner  105 . Pump  1002  may be operatively coupled to runner  107 . In some embodiments, one or more of pump  1001  and pump  1002  may be configured to pump liquid along runner  105  and/or runner  107 , e.g. through cavities within runner  105  and/or runner  107 . In some embodiments, one or more of pump  1001  and pump  1002  may be configured to pump liquid along runner  105  and/or runner  107  in a particular direction. In some embodiments, liquid may be pumped, within runner  105 , in a different direction compared to runner  107 . In some embodiments, a single pump may be configured to pump liquid through runner  105  and runner  107 . In some embodiments, a single tank may be configured to hold liquid used to pump through runner  105  and runner  107 . 
         [0044]    The liquid pumped by pump  1001  and/or pump  1002  may emit electromagnetic radiation. For example, liquid pumped through runner  105  may emit electromagnetic radiation through translucent and/or transparent material included in runner  105 . By virtue of using specific wavelengths, emitted electromagnetic radiation may produce specific biological effects. This biophysical principle may be referred to as photobiomodulation. In some embodiments, the liquid pumped by pump  1001  and/or pump  1002  may interact with a flow of energy of a subject. In some embodiments, the liquid pumped by pump  1001  and/or pump  1002  may include a measurable amount and/or concentration of left-handed molecules. In some embodiments, the liquid pumped by pump  1001  and/or pump  1002  may include a measurable amount and/or concentration of right-handed molecules. In some embodiments, left-handed molecules and/or right-handed molecules may include stereoisomers. In some embodiments, left-handed molecules and/or right-handed molecules may be selected from a set of stereoisomers and/or other compounds. The set of stereoisomers and compounds may include one or more of L-Alanine, L-Arginine, L-Aspargine, L-Aspartic Acid, L-Carnitine, Acetyl-L-Carnitine, L-Camitine L-Tartrate, L-Camitine Magnesium Citrate, L-Citrulline, L-Cysteine, L-Cystine, L-GABA, L-Glutamic Acid, L-Glutamine, Glutathione Peroxidase, L-Glycine, L-Histidine, Hydroxyglutamic Acid, Hydroxyproline, L-Isoleucine, L-Leucine, Norleucine, L-Lysine, L-Methionine, L-Omithine, L-Valine, L-Phenylalanine, L-Proline, L-Serine, L-Taurine, L-Threonine, L-Tryptophan, L-Tyrosine, D-Alanine, D-Arginine, D-Aspargine, D-Aspartic Acid, D-Carnitine, Acetyl-D-Carnitine, D-Camitine D-Tartrate, D-Camitine Magnesium Citrate, D-Citrulline, D-Cysteine, D-Cystine, D-GABA, D-Glutamic Acid, D-Glutamine, D-Glutathione Peroxidase, D-Glycine, D-Histidine, D-Hydroxyglutamic Acid, D-Hydroxyproline, D-Soleucine, D-Leucine, D-Norleucine, D-Lysine, D-Metbionine, D-Ornithine, D-Valine, D-Phenylalanine, D-Proline, D-Serine, D-Taurine, D-Threonine, D-Tryptophan, D-Tyrosine, dextrin, dextrose, fructose, galactose, glucose, glycogen, inositol, invert sugar, lactose, levulose, maltose, molasses, sucrose, xylose, high fructose corn syrup, honey, molasses, and/or sugar cane. 
         [0045]    Proximity of these stereoisomers and compounds to a human body may produce desirable biological effects. Any combination of a generated electromagnetic effect (e.g. an electromagnetic field generated as described in this disclosure), emitted electromagnetic radiation, and/or biological effects produced by virtue of proximity (as described in this disclosure) may be used to provide therapy to a subject. 
         [0046]    In some embodiments, one or both runners of body  1010  may be spirally wound using one or more conductive wires (not shown) in a manner similar to descriptions elsewhere in this disclosure. For example, one or both runners of body  1010  may be spirally wound using one or more conductive wires such that, responsive to one or more alternating currents being provided to the one or more conductive wires, an electromagnetic effect may be generated, including but not limited to an electromagnetic field. 
         [0047]      FIG. 11  illustrates a top-down view of exemplary system  1100  that combines a body  1110  with one or more pumps, one or more tanks, one or more tubes, and/or other components. Body  1110  includes two intertwined helically wound runners, runner  1106  and runner  1108 , sharing the same circular axis in a similar manner as depicted in  FIG. 8 . Body  1110  may include tubes  1105  and/or  1107 . Tube  1105  may be spirally wound around runner  1106 . Tube  1107  may be spirally wound around runner  1108 . Runners  1106  and  1108  and/or tubes  1105  and  1107  in  FIG. 10  may include material that is translucent and/or transparent. In some embodiments, runners  1106  and  1108  and/or tubes  1105  and  1107  may be at least partially hollow. In some embodiments, runners  1106  and  1108  and/or tubes  1105  and  1107  may include one or more cavities spanning the runners longitudinally. In some embodiments, runners  1106  and  1108  and/or tubes  1105  and  1107  may be configured such that fluid can flow through one or both runners. 
         [0048]    Tank  1003  and tank  1004  may be configured to hold liquid. Tank  1003  may be operatively coupled to pump  1001 . Tank  1004  may be operatively coupled to pump  1002 . Pump  1001  may be operatively coupled to tube  1105 . Pump  1002  may be operatively coupled to tube  1107 . In some embodiments, one or more of pump  1001  and pump  1002  may be configured to pump liquid through tube  1105  and/or tube  1107 . In some embodiments, one or more of pump  1001  and pump  1002  may be configured to pump liquid through tube  1105  and/or tube  1107  in a particular direction. In some embodiments, liquid may be pumped, within tube  1105 , in a different direction compared to tube  1107 . In some embodiments, a single pump may be configured to pump liquid through tube  1105  and tube  1107 . In some embodiments, a single tank may be configured to hold liquid used to pump through tube  1105  and tube  1107 . 
         [0049]    In some embodiments, one or both runners of body  1110  and/or one or both tubes of body  1110  may be spirally wound using one or more conductive wires (not shown) in a manner similar to descriptions elsewhere in this disclosure. For example, one or both runners of body  1010  and/or one or both tubes of body  1110  may be spirally wound using one or more conductive wires such that, responsive to one or more alternating currents being provided to the one or more conductive wires, an electromagnetic effect may be generated, including but not limited to an electromagnetic field. 
         [0050]    Any of the bodies and/or systems shown in  FIGS. 1-11  may be used in an electrical system. Conductive wires may be spirally wound around one or more runners, one or more struts, and/or any combination thereof to produce electrical systems having specific electromagnetic properties when electrical power is supplied to one or more of the conductive wires. 
         [0051]    Applications for any of the electrical systems described herein may include affecting growth and/or growth rate of plants and/or other organisms, medical applications, therapeutic applications, energy production, energy conversion, energy transformation, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, ATP transfer, ATP processing, and/or other applications. 
         [0052]    In some embodiments, an electrical system including any of the bodies shown in  FIGS. 1-11  (and/or multiple instances thereof) may be used as a component in an electrical circuit, performing one or more functions and/or applications including a (tunable) inductor, a (Tesla) coil, a transformer, a transducer, a transistor, a resistor, a solenoid, a stator for an electrical motor, an electromagnet, an electromagnetic pulse generator, an electromagnetic actuator, an energy conversion device, a position servomechanism, a generator, a stepping motor, a DC motor, a (contact-free) linear drive, an axial flux device, a measurement device for magnetic permeability, a dipole magnet, and a device to alter electron and/or particle trajectory. 
         [0053]    By way of illustration,  FIG. 12  illustrates an electrical system  115  including a body similar to body  1110  (shown in  FIG. 11 ). Body  1110  may include a first runner and a second runner, which may be similar to or the same as runner  1106  and runner  1108  shown in  FIG. 11 . Body  1110  may include a first tube and a second tube, which may be similar to or the same as tube  1105  and tube  1107  shown in  FIG. 11 . Body  1110  may be arranged in a toroidal shape having a first centroid. 
         [0054]    Referring to  FIG. 12 , in some embodiments, body  1110  may be arranged in a toroidal shape. Conductive wires (not shown) may be wound around the runners depicted in  FIG. 12 . Electrical system  115  may further include one or more of a user interface  120 , one or more physical processors  110 , one or more sensors  142 , electronic storage  130 , one or more current sources  12 , an input component  111 , a playback component  112 , a processing component  113 , and/or other components. 
         [0055]    Sensor(s)  142  may be configured to generate output signals conveying information. The information may include electrophysiological information and/or other information. In some embodiments, the one or more sensors  142  may include one or more of an audio sensor, a microphone, a stethoscope, a pressure sensor, a motion sensor, a proximity sensor, an electromagnetic sensor, an electrode, a temperature sensor, a current sensor, an optical sensor, an electro-optical sensor, and/or other sensors or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more processors  110  may be configured to provide information-processing capabilities and/or execute computer program components, including but not limited to input component  111 , playback component  112 , processing component  113 , and/or other components. By way of non-limiting example, additional structures and/or features of sensor  142 , processor  110 , user interface  120 , electronic storage  130 , input component  111 , playback component  112 , and/or processing component  113 , may be described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/194,412, entitled “Health Applications for Using Bio-Feedback to Control an Electromagnetic Field,” which was filed Feb. 28, 2014, which is hereby incorporated into this disclosure by reference in its entirety. This application may also be referred to as “the &#39;412 application” herein. 
         [0056]    The one or more current sources  12  may be configured to induce one or more currents across electrical leads, including but not limited to the electrical leads of the one or more conductive wires wound around the runners and/or tubes of body  1110 . In some embodiments, the one or more currents may include one or more alternating currents. In some embodiments, one or more induced currents may correspond to one or more sensor-generated output signals. In some embodiments, the one or more induced currents may correspond to one or more signals generated by a transducer and/or one or more other components of system  115 . 
         [0057]    Referring to  FIG. 12 , in some embodiments, the current supplied to the conductive wires wound around the runners of body  1110  may be the same or similar with regard to one or more electrical characteristics, including but not limited to frequency, amplitude, power level, and/or other electrical operating characteristics. In some embodiments, one or more electrical characteristics of the currents supplied to the conductive wires wound around the runners of body  1110  may be different. 
         [0058]    In some embodiments, an alternating current supplied to body  1110  may include a carrier signal and a modulating signal. In some embodiments, carrier signals used for the alternating current may be radio-frequency signals. As used herein, radio frequency may refer to frequencies between about 30 kHz and about 30 GHz. In some embodiments, the modulating signal for the alternating current may be modulated through one or more of amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, phase modulation, digital modulation, and/or other types of modulation. 
         [0059]    In some embodiments, the one or more frequencies included in the alternating current may be based on audio recordings of a note, tone, or chord, generated by a frequency generator and/or a (musical) instrument. For example, a first frequency may be based on the sound of a piano playing an A above middle C (also referred to as A4, which may include sound having a frequency of about 432 Hz, depending on the tuning system used). For example, a second frequency may be based on the sound of some instrument (e.g. a piano) playing a note forming a harmonious interval with A4, e.g. E5, which may include sound having a frequency of about 648 Hz. This tuning may be referred to as Pythagorean tuning. Mathematically perfect tuning may combine notes having a 3:2 ratio. Different types of tuning (or tuning systems), including but not limited to equal tempered tuning, may be used and considered within the scope of this disclosure. 
         [0060]    Processor  110  may include one or more of a digital processor, an analog processor, a digital circuit designed to process information, a central processing unit, a graphics processing unit, an analog circuit designed to process information, and/or other mechanisms for electronically processing information. Although processor  110  is shown in  FIG. 12  as a single entity, this is for illustrative purposes only. In some embodiments, processor  110  may include a plurality of processing units. 
         [0061]    It should be appreciated that although components  111 - 113  are illustrated in  FIG. 12  as being co-located within a single processing unit, in embodiments in which processor  110  includes multiple processing units, one or more of components  111 - 113  may be located remotely from the other components. The description of the functionality provided by the different components  111 - 113  described herein is for illustrative purposes, and is not intended to be limiting, as any of components  111 - 113  may provide more or less functionality than is described. For example, one or more of components  111 - 113  may be eliminated, and some or all of its functionality may be incorporated, shared, integrated into, and/or otherwise provided by other ones of components  111 - 113 . Note that processor  110  may be configured to execute one or more additional components that may perform some or all of the functionality attributed below to one of components  111 - 113 . 
         [0062]    Input component  111  may be configured to obtain information, e.g. from one or more digital audio files, or, alternatively and/or simultaneously, based on sensor-generate output signals. In some embodiments, the information may be obtained from storage, e.g. from electronic storage. Information obtained from storage may include electronic audio files in any format, including but not limited to MP3, WMA, WAV, AIFF, and/or other audio formats. In some embodiments, information may be obtained from sound sources including frequency generators, phonographs, CD-players, DVD players, AM radio, FM radio, and/or other sound sources. 
         [0063]    Processing component  113  may be configured to process the obtained information from input component  111 . In some embodiments, processing component  113  may be configured to generate a processed signal based on the obtained information from input component  111 . For example, processing module  113  may convert, filter, modify, and/or otherwise transform information or signals from input module  111  to generate the processed signal. 
         [0064]    Playback component  112  may be configured to produce sound signals based on one or more of the obtained information from input component  111  and/or the processed signal from processing component  113 . The sound signals produced by playback component  112  may be coupled electrically to the leads of one or more conductive wires wound around one or more runners of body  85   a  and/or body  85   b  such that the induced current corresponds to and/or is based on the sound signals. Alternatively, and/or simultaneously, the induced current may be controlled by and/or based on the sound signals produced by playback component  112 . In some embodiments, the sound signals produced by playback module  112  may be amplified by an amplifier before being electrically coupled to the leads of one or more conductive wires. In some preferred embodiments, the amplifier may be an audio amplifier ranging between 100 W and 400 W. Other types of amplifiers and/or amplifiers having a different power range are also contemplated. 
         [0065]      FIG. 14A  illustrates a wiring diagram  1411  for wiring a twisted wire  1421  and/or a twisted wire  1422  around one or more runners of a body having two or more intertwined helically wound runners, as described elsewhere in this disclosure. In some embodiments, twisted wire  1421  may be wound around a first runner (e.g. the same as or similar to runner  88  shown in  FIG. 8 ). One or more signals may be provided to twisted wire  1421  through four leads (indicated by a circled positive or negative sign in  FIG. 14A ). The signal provided to twisted wire  1421  may be based on audio recordings of a note, tone, or chord, generated by a frequency generator, a (musical) instrument, and/or another sound source. By way of non-limiting example, the signal may be similar to or based on the information obtained by an input component (e.g. the same as or similar to input component  111  shown in  FIG. 12 ), the processed signal generated by a processing component (e.g. the same as or similar to processing component  113  shown in  FIG. 2 ), a sound signal produced by a playback component (e.g. the same as or similar to playback component  112  shown in  FIG. 12 ), and/or an amplified signal from an audio amplifier  1405 . In some embodiments, audio amplifier  1405  may support multiple audio channels, e.g. a channel “a” and a channel “b” as illustrated by labels “a” and “b” in  FIG. 14A . The signal on channel “a” of audio amplifier  1405  is labeled “F 1 .” In some embodiments, signal F 1  may substantially include and/or be based on a particular frequency. As shown in  FIG. 14A , the positive side of signal F 1  may be electrically and/or operationally connected to two of the four leads of twisted wire  1421 , wherein the two selected leads are on opposite ends of twisted wire  1421 . The negative side of signal F 1  may be electrically and/or operationally connected to the remaining two of the four leads of twisted wire  1421 , which may be on opposite ends of twisted wire  1421 . 
         [0066]    In some embodiments, wiring diagram  1411  may include a second twisted wire  1422 . In some embodiments, twisted wire  1422  may be wound around a second runner (e.g. the same as or similar to runner  89  shown in  FIG. 8 ). One or more signals may be provided to twisted wire  1422  through four leads (indicated by a circled positive or negative sign in  FIG. 14A ). The signal provided to twisted wire  1422  may, in some embodiments, be the same as the signals provided to twisted wire  1421 , e.g. the F 1  signal. In some embodiments, the signal provided to twisted wire  1422  may be provided by channel “b” of audio amplifier  1405 . In some embodiments, the signal provided to twisted wire  1422  may be provided by one or more channels of an audio amplifier  1410 . The signal of audio amplifier  1410  is labeled “F 2 .” In some embodiments, signal F 2  may substantially include and/or be based on a particular frequency, which may be a different frequency than the frequency used for signal F 1 . For example, signal F 1  may be based on a frequency of 250 Hz, and signal F 2  may be based on a frequency of four times the frequency of signal F 1 , e.g. 1000 Hz. Likewise, signals F 1  and F 2  may be 216 Hz and 864 Hz, respectively, by way of non-limiting example. As indicated in  FIG. 14A , the positive side of signal F 2  may be electrically and/or operationally connected the two positive leads of twisted wire  1422 , on opposite ends of twisted wire  1422 . The negative side of signal F 1  may be electrically and/or operationally connected to the two negative leads of twisted wire  1422 , on opposite ends of twisted wire  1422 . 
         [0067]      FIG. 14B  illustrates a wiring diagram  1412  for wiring a twisted wire  1431  and a twisted wire  1432  around two runners of a body having two intertwined helically wound runners, as described elsewhere in this disclosure. In some embodiments, twisted wire  1431  may be wound around a first runner (e.g. the same as or similar to runner  88  shown in  FIG. 8 ). In some embodiments, twisted wire  1432  may be wound around a second runner (e.g. the same as or similar to runner  89  shown in  FIG. 8 ). One or more signals may be provided to twisted wire  1431  through four leads and to twisted wire  1432  through four leads (indicated by a circled positive or negative sign in  FIG. 14B ). In some embodiments, the signals provided to twisted wire  1431  and  1432  may be provided by an audio amplifier  1415  that supports multiple audio channels, e.g. a channel “a” and a channel “b” as illustrated by labels “a” and “b” in  FIG. 14B . The signal on channel “a” of audio amplifier  1415  is labeled “F 1 .” The signal on channel “b” of audio amplifier  1415  is labeled “F 2 .” As shown in  FIG. 14B , the positive side of signal F 1  may be electrically and/or operationally connected to two of the eight leads of twisted wires  1431  and  1432 , wherein the two selected leads are on opposite ends. The negative side of signal F 1  may be electrically and/or operationally connected to two other leads of twisted wires  1431  and  1432 , which may be on opposite ends of twisted wire  1421 . As shown in  FIG. 14B , the positive side of signal F 2  may be electrically and/or operationally connected to two of the eight leads of twisted wires  1431  and  1432 , wherein the two selected leads are on opposite ends. The negative side of signal F 2  may be electrically and/or operationally connected to two other leads of twisted wires  1431  and  1432 , which may be on opposite ends of twisted wire  1421 . In some embodiments using wiring diagram  1412 , signal F 1  may be based on a frequency of 250 Hz, and signal F 2  may be based on a frequency of four times the frequency of signal F 1 , e.g. 1000 Hz. Likewise, signals F 1  and F 2  may be 216 Hz and 864 Hz, respectively, by way of non-limiting example. 
         [0068]    In some embodiments, the wiring of two twisted wires around two intertwined helically wound runners as shown in wiring diagram  1411  and/or wiring diagram  1412  may be used as a basis for wiring an electrical system having two, three, or more bodies arranged in each other&#39;s proximity. such an electrical system may be the same as or similar to system  1000  shown in  FIG. 10  or system  1100  shown in  FIG. 11 . For example, in an electrical system using two bodies that each include two intertwined helically wound runners, the four runners may be wound with four twisted wires having a total of 16 leads that may be used to electrically and/or operationally connected to 1, 2, and/or 4 audio amplifiers and/or channels thereof that are the same as or similar to audio amplifier  1405 , audio amplifier  1410 , and/or audio amplifier  1415  (e.g. using channels “a” and “b”). 
         [0069]    Electronic storage  130  of system  115  in  FIG. 12  comprises electronic storage media that electronically stores information. The electronic storage media of electronic storage  130  may include one or both of system storage that is provided integrally (i.e., substantially non-removable) with system  115  and/or removable storage that is connectable to system  115  via, for example, a port (e.g., a USB port, a Firewire port, etc.) or a drive (e.g., a disk drive, etc.). Electronic storage  130  may include one or more of optically readable storage media (e.g., optical disks, etc.), magnetically readable storage media (e.g., magnetic tape, magnetic hard drive, floppy drive, etc.), electrical charge-based storage media (e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, RAM, etc.), solid-state storage media (e.g., flash drive, etc.), and/or other electronically readable storage media. Electronic storage  130  may store software algorithms, information determined by processor  110 , information received via user interface  120 , and/or other information that enables system  115  to function properly. For example, electronic storage  130  may store sound information and/or electronic audio files (as discussed elsewhere herein), and/or other information. Electronic storage  130  may be a separate component within system  115 , or electronic storage  130  may be provided integrally with one or more other components of system  115  (e.g., processor  110 ). 
         [0070]    User interface  120  of system  115  in  FIG. 12  is configured to provide an interface between system  115  and a user (e.g., a user  108 , a subject  106 , a caregiver, a therapy decision-maker, etc.) through which the user can provide information to and receive information from system  115 . This enables data, results, and/or instructions and any other communicable items, collectively referred to as “information,” to be communicated between the user and system  115 . An example of information that may be conveyed to user  108  is an indication of the volume and/or intensity of the sound signals produced by playback module  112 . Examples of interface devices suitable for inclusion in user interface  120  include a keypad, buttons, switches, a keyboard, knobs, levers, a display screen, a touch screen, speakers, a microphone, an indicator light, an audible alarm, and a printer. Information may be provided to user  108  or subject  106  by user interface  120  in the form of auditory signals, visual signals, tactile signals, and/or other sensory signals. 
         [0071]    It is to be understood that other communication techniques, either hard-wired or wireless, are also contemplated herein as user interface  120 . For example, in one embodiment, user interface  120  may be integrated with a removable storage interface provided by electronic storage  130 . In this example, information is loaded into system  115  from removable storage (e.g., a smart card, a flash drive, a removable disk, etc.) that enables the user(s) to customize system  115 . Other exemplary input devices and techniques adapted for use with system  115  as user interface  120  include, but are not limited to, an RS-232 port, RF link, an IR link, modem (telephone, cable, Ethernet, internet or other). In short, any technique for communicating information with system  115  is contemplated as user interface  120 . 
         [0072]      FIGS. 13A and 13B  illustrate methods  1300  and  1400  for providing therapy and/or electromagnetic effects to a subject. The operations of methods  1300  and  1400  presented below are intended to be illustrative. In certain embodiments, methods  1300  and  1400  may be accomplished with one or more additional operations not described, and/or without one or more of the operations discussed. Additionally, the order in which the operations of methods  1300  and  1400  are illustrated in  FIGS. 13A and 13B  and described below is not intended to be limiting. 
         [0073]    In certain embodiments, methods  1300  and  1400  may be implemented in one or more processing devices (e.g., a digital processor, an analog processor, a digital circuit designed to process information, an analog circuit designed to process information, and/or other mechanisms for electronically processing information). The one or more processing devices may include one or more devices executing some or all of the operations of methods  1300  and  1400  in response to instructions stored electronically on an electronic storage medium. The one or more processing devices may include one or more devices configured through hardware, firmware, and/or software to be specifically designed for execution of one or more of the operations of methods  1300  and  1400 . 
         [0074]    Regarding method  1300 , at an operation  1302 , an electrical system is arranged at or near a subject. The electrical system includes a body. The body includes a first runner and a second runner. The first runner and the second runner are helically intertwined around each other. The body is arranged in a toroidal shape having a centroid. A first conductive wire is wound around the first runner (e.g. as shown in  FIG. 8 ). At least part of the first runner is hollow such that the first runner includes a cavity spanning the first runner longitudinally. The first runner includes material that is non-porous to liquid and that is translucent and/or transparent. In some embodiments, operation  1302  is performed by a system the same as or similar to system  1000  (shown in  FIG. 10  and described herein). 
         [0075]    At an operation  1304 , an alternating current is induced through the first conductive wire such that the alternating current creates an electromagnetic effect at or near the first centroid. The electromagnetic effect may provide therapy to a subject. In some embodiments, operation  1304  is performed by a current source the same as or similar to current source  12  (shown in  FIG. 12  and described herein). 
         [0076]    At an operation  1306 , a liquid is pumped into the cavity of the first runner. The liquid emits electromagnetic radiation through the material of the first runner. The emitted electromagnetic radiation may contribute to the therapy. In some embodiments, operation  1306  is performed by a pump the same as or similar to pump  1001  (shown in  FIG. 10  and described herein). 
         [0077]    Regarding method  1400 , at an operation  1402 , a system is arranged at or near the subject. The system includes a body. The body includes a first runner and a second runner. The first runner and the second runner are helically intertwined around each other. The body is arranged in a toroidal shape having a centroid. The body further includes a tube spirally wound around the first runner. The tube includes material that is non-porous to liquid and that is translucent and/or transparent. In some embodiments, operation  1402  is performed by a system the same as or similar to system  1100  (shown in  FIG. 11  and described herein). 
         [0078]    At an operation  1404 , a liquid is pumped into the tube that is wound around the first runner. The liquid emits electromagnetic radiation through the material of the tube. The emitted electromagnetic radiation may provide therapy to the subject. In some embodiments, operation  1404  is performed by a pump the same as or similar to pump  1001  (shown in  FIG. 11  and described herein). 
         [0079]    Although the invention has been described in detail for the purpose of illustration based on what is currently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that such detail is solely for that purpose and that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments, but, on the contrary, is intended to cover modifications and equivalent arrangements that are within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. For example, it is to be understood that the present invention contemplates that, to the extent possible, one or more features of any embodiment can be combined with one or more features of any other embodiment.