Abstract:
A method of washing fabric articles in a tunnel washer that includes moving the fabric articles from the intake of the washer to the discharge of the washer and through multiple modules or sectors. Liquid can be counter flowed in the washer interior along a flow path that is generally opposite the direction of travel of the fabric articles in order to rinse the fabric articles. While counterflow rinsing, the flow rate can be maintained at a selected flow rate or flow pressure head. One or more booster pumps can optionally be employed to maintain constant counterflow rinsing flow rate or constant counterflow rinsing pressure head. A source of fresh, make-up water can be provided to adjust conductivity. Conductivity is monitored in at least one of the modules. Conductivity of fluid in the discharged fabric articles is monitored. Make up water is added to one or more modules before if the conductivity of water in the discharged fabric articles exceeds a threshold value. In one embodiment, one of the modules is an empty pocket that is drained of fluid when rinsing with counterflowing liquid.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/971,336, filed on 20 Aug. 2013 (issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,200,398 on 1 Dec. 2015), which is a nonprovisional patent application of and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/691,140, filed 20 Aug. 2012; U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/765,484, filed 15 Feb. 2013; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/818,882, filed 2 May 2013, each of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
     Priority of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/971,336, filed on 20 Aug. 2013; U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/691,140, filed 20 Aug. 2012; U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/765,484, filed 15 Feb. 2013; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/818,882, filed 2 May 2013, each of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference, is hereby claimed. 
    
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
     Not applicable 
     REFERENCE TO A “MICROFICHE APPENDIX” 
     Not applicable 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to continuous batch washers or tunnel washers. More particularly, the present invention relates to an improved method of washing textiles or fabric articles (e.g., clothing, linen) in a continuous batch multiple module tunnel washer wherein the textiles are moved sequentially from one module to the next module and wherein one or more modules have conductivity sensors that monitor water conductivity. Water is selectively transferred in order to maintain water conductivity to within a pre-selected acceptable range which aids in proper ironing of textile articles. 
     2. General Background of the Invention 
     Currently, washing in a commercial environment is conducted with a continuous batch tunnel washer. Such continuous batch tunnel washers are known (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,454,237) and are commercially available (www.milnor.com). Continuous batch washers have multiple sectors, zones, stages, or modules including for example, pre-wash, wash, rinse and finishing zone. 
     Commercial continuous batch washing machines in some cases utilize a constant counterflow of liquor. Such machines are followed by a centrifugal extractor or mechanical press for removing most of the liquor from the goods before the goods are dried. Some machines carry the liquor with the goods throughout the particular zone or zones. 
     When a counterflow is used in the prior art, there is counterflow during the entire time that the fabric articles or textiles are in the main wash module zone. This practice dilutes the washing chemical and reduces its effectiveness. 
     A final rinse with a continuous batch washer has been performed using a centrifugal extractor or mechanical press. A problem occurs in prior art systems when the water that is used for the press has a conductivity that exceeds a preset limit (for example, about 1,000 microsiemens) above incoming fresh water. In such a case, the press water with excessive conductivity can cause the linen to stick to ironing implements such as an ironer roll that rests upon a chest. Without proper rinsing with water having proper conductivity, the linen can stick on the chest part of the ironer roll. 
     Patents have issued that are directed to batch washers or tunnel washers. The following table provides examples of such patented tunnel washers, each listed patent of the table being hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 ISSUE DATE 
               
               
                 PAT. NO. 
                 TITLE 
                 MM-DD-YYYY 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 4,236,393 
                 Continuous tunnel batch washer 
                 12-02-1980 
               
               
                 4,485,509 
                 Continuous batch type washing machine 
                 12-04-1984 
               
               
                   
                 and method for operating same 
                   
               
               
                 4,522,046 
                 Continuous batch laundry system 
                 06-11-1985 
               
               
                 5,211,039 
                 Continuous batch type washing machine 
                 05-18-1993 
               
               
                 5,454,237 
                 Continuous batch type washing machine 
                 10-03-1995 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides an improved method of washing fabric articles in a continuous batch tunnel washer. The method includes providing a continuous batch tunnel washer having an interior, an intake, a discharge, a plurality of modules, and a volume of liquid. 
     The present invention provides an improved method and apparatus for washing or laundering items in a continuous batch or tunnel washer. The present invention provides an improved method and apparatus for laundering articles in a continuous batch or tunnel washer that also employs an extractor such as a centrifuge or press, solving a problem that results in a sticking or adherence of the linen to the chest of an ironer roll because of improper conductivity of the water. 
     The present invention provides a tunnel washer or continuous batch washer that employs conductivity sensors located in one or more positions such as for example the press tank, incoming fresh water stream, and “pulse flow” tank. 
     In one embodiment, the maximum conductivity range of the press water is compared to incoming fresh water. 
     In one embodiment, the maximum conductivity range of the pulse flow tank water is compared to incoming fresh water. 
     In one embodiment, if the press water conductivity exceeds a preset limit (for example, 1,000 microsiemens above incoming fresh water), the fresh water then flows from one of the modules (for example, the last module) into the press tank such as for example during a “pulse flow” or higher velocity flow time of a transfer cycle. 
     In this manner, the conductivity of the press water will be adjusted (e.g., lowered) back to a pre-programmed, pre-selected acceptable range. The present invention thus corrects a problem before the pulse flow tank can reach a conductivity that is beyond a desired or selected range. 
     With the present invention, if an upset condition occurs in the pulse flow tank (i.e., exceeding its programmed range), a drain valve can be used to discharge water flow directly into the tank to correct the upset condition. 
     An alternate method provides an “empty pocket” that is inserted into a module such as module  1  (e.g., first module) with the drain open. The “empty pocket” is simply a module that is purposefully not filled with fabric articles (e.g. linen, clothing, or the like). Water from a pump counter flows from one of the later modules (e.g. module  8 ) to sewer through the first module drain. Upon the next transfer of fabric articles to the next downstream module, the “empty pocket” advances to second module, then to the third module and so forth. For an eight module washer, the empty pocket will initially be the first module or module  1 . The empty pocket then moves to the second module or module  2 . The empty pocket then moves in sequence to module three, then module  4 , then module  5  then module  6  then module  7  and finally module  8  is the empty pocket. In each module that is the empty pocket, the water from the pump is diverted to sewer. This method recovers the over conductivity measured in the press water faster because the free water that has too high a conductivity in the pulse flow zone is cleared faster by diverting the pulse flow water into the advancing “empty pocket” that has no clothing, linen, or fabric articles. This alternate method minimizes the time out of range conductivity by about 40 to 50% (one method requires 6 to 10 transfers to clear the conductivity error whereas the alternate method only requires 2 to 6 transfers). 
     The present invention includes a method of washing fabric articles in a continuous batch tunnel washer. The method can provide a continuous batch tunnel washer having an interior, an intake, a discharge, a plurality of modules, and a volume of liquid. The fabric articles can be moved from the intake to the modules and then to the discharge in sequence. A washing chemical can be added to the volume of liquid. The fabric articles can be discharged after to an extractor that removes excess water from the fabric articles, discharging said excess water to a press water tank. An ironer can be provided that receives fabric articles. Conductivity can be monitored of fluid in at least one of the modules. Conductivity can be monitored of fluid in the press water tank. Water can be added to one or more modules if the conductivity of water in the press water tank exceeds a threshold value so that the fabric articles to be ironed hold only water with a conductivity that is within an acceptable conductivity range. 
     In one embodiment, the extractor can be a press. 
     In one embodiment, the extractor can be a centrifuge. 
     In one embodiment, the threshold value can be about 1000 micro Siemens per centimeter. 
     In one embodiment, the threshold value can be between about 100 micro Siemens and 1000 micro Siemens above the conductivity value of the incoming or available water or source water. 
     In one embodiment, the invention further includes the step of after a selected time period, counter flowing a rinsing liquid along a flow path that can be generally opposite the direction of travel of the fabric articles. 
     In one embodiment, the water added can be a fresh influent water stream. 
     The present invention includes a method of washing and drying fabric articles in a continuous batch tunnel washer and ironer. The method can provide a continuous batch tunnel washer having an interior, an intake, a discharge, and a plurality of modules that segment the interior. The fabric articles can be moved from the intake to the discharge. A washing chemical can be added to one or more of the modules. The fabric articles can be discharged. A source of fresh, make-up water can be provided. Conductivity can be monitored of fluid in at least one of the modules. Conductivity can be monitored of fluid in the discharged fabric articles. Make-up water can be added to one or more modules if the conductivity of water in the discharged fabric articles exceeds a threshold value. 
     In one embodiment, the present invention further includes the step of extracting water from the fabric articles, the extracted water can be monitored for said conductivity to provide the value of conductivity for the discharged fabric articles. 
     In one embodiment, the threshold value is at least about 100 micro Siemens above the conductivity value of the incoming or available water or source water. 
     In one embodiment, the present invention further includes maintaining the conductivity of the water in the discharged fabric articles to a value of between about between about 100 micro Siemens and about 1000 micro Siemens above the conductivity value of the incoming or available water or source water. 
     The present invention includes a method of washing fabric articles in a continuous batch tunnel washer. The method provides a continuous batch tunnel washer having an interior, an intake, a discharge, and a plurality of modules that segment the interior and wherein one of the modules is an empty pocket that is drained of water. Fabric articles can be moved from the intake to the discharge and through the modules in sequence. A washing chemical can be added to one or more of the modules. The fabric articles can be rinsed by counter flowing liquid in the washer interior along a flow path that is generally opposite the direction of travel of the fabric articles, wherein one of the modules defines and empty pocket that is drained of water during this step, wherein one of the modules can be an empty pocket that is drained of fluid during such rinsing with counterflowing liquid. Wherein one of the modules can be an empty pocket that is drained of fluid. 
     In one embodiment, one of the modules can be an empty pocket that is drained of fluid and that does not have any fabric articles such as linens. 
     In one embodiment, the invention further comprises extracting excess fluid from the fabric articles. 
     In one embodiment, the empty pocket is moved from an upstream location to a downstream location. For example, for an eight module washer, the empty pocket moves from the first module at the intake end of the washer and then to modules  2 ,  3 ,  4 ,  5 ,  6 ,  7 ,  8  in sequence. 
     In one embodiment, the empty pocket separates white fabric articles from non-white fabric articles. 
     In one embodiment, the empty pocket separates white fabric articles from colored fabric articles. 
     In one embodiment, the empty pocket separates higher temperature modules from lower temperature modules. 
     The present invention includes a method of laundering fabric articles in a continuous batch tunnel washer. The method can provide a continuous batch tunnel washer having an interior, an intake, a discharge, and a plurality of modules that segment the interior. Fabric articles can be moved in a first direction of travel from the intake to the discharge. The fabric articles can be washed with a chemical bath in one or more of said modules. The fabric articles can then be rinsed. An empty pocket can be provided in one or more of said modules that is drained of fluid. Wherein the empty pocket is moved in a direction from the intake towards the discharge. Liquid can be counterflowed in the washer during the step of rinsing the fabric. 
     Another embodiment of the present invention includes a method of washing fabric articles in a continuous batch tunnel washer, comprising the steps of: a) providing a continuous batch tunnel washer having an interior, an intake, a discharge, and a plurality of modules that segment the interior and wherein one of the modules is an empty pocket that is drained of water, said modules including a first module next to the intake and a final module next to the discharge; b) moving the fabric articles from the intake to the discharge and through the modules in a sequence beginning with the first module and ending with the final module; c) adding a washing chemical to one or more of the modules; d) rinsing the fabric articles by counter flowing liquid in the washer interior along a flow path that is generally opposite the direction of travel of the fabric articles in steps “b” and “c”; e) wherein one of the modules defines an empty pocket module that is drained of fluid during step “d”; and f) wherein the modules that are not empty pocket modules contain both fabric articles and fluid. 
     In another embodiment, the method of the present invention further comprises extracting excess fluid from the fabric articles after step “e”. In one embodiment, the empty pocket is moved from an upstream location to a downstream location. 
     In another embodiment of the method of the present invention, the empty pocket separates white fabric articles from non-white fabric articles, and in another embodiment, the empty pocket separates white fabric articles from colored fabric articles. In another embodiment, the empty pocket separates higher temperature modules from lower temperature modules. 
     In another embodiment of the method of the present invention, there are multiple different counterflow streams in step “d”. In one embodiment, one counterflow stream in step “d” rinses white fabric articles and another counterflow stream rinses the non-white fabric articles. In one embodiment, one counterflow stream in step “d” rinses white fabric articles and another counterflow stream rinses colored articles. In another embodiment one counterflow stream rinses higher temperature modules and another counterflow stream rinses lower temperature modules. 
     Another embodiment of the present invention includes a method of laundering fabric articles in a continuous batch tunnel washer, comprising the steps of: a) providing a continuous batch tunnel washer having an interior, an intake, a discharge, and a plurality of modules that segment the interior; b) moving the fabric articles and fluid in a first direction of travel from the intake to the discharge; c) washing the fabric articles with a chemical bath in one or more of said modules; d) rinsing the fabric articles after step “c”; e) providing an empty pocket in one or more of said modules that is drained of fluid; f) wherein the empty pocket is moved from one module to the next module in sequence, and in a direction from the intake towards the discharge; and g) counterflowing liquid in the washer during step “d”. 
     Another embodiment of the present invention includes a method of washing fabric articles in a continuous batch tunnel washer, comprising the steps of: a) providing a continuous batch tunnel washer having an interior, an intake, a discharge, and a plurality of modules that segment the interior and wherein one of the modules is an empty pocket that is drained of water; b) moving the fabric articles and a volume of liquid from the intake to the discharge and through the modules in sequence; c) adding a washing chemical to one or more of the modules; d) rinsing the fabric articles by counter flowing liquid in the washer interior along a flow path that is generally opposite the direction of travel of the fabric articles in steps “b” and “c”; and e) wherein one of the modules defines an empty pocket module that is drained of liquid during step “d”. 
     In another embodiment of the method of the present invention, the method further comprises extracting excess fluid from the fabric articles after step “e”. 
     In another embodiment of the method of the present invention, the empty pocket is moved from an initial upstream location to downstream modules that are downstream of said initial upstream location. 
     Another embodiment of the present invention includes a method of laundering fabric articles in a continuous batch tunnel washer, comprising the steps of: a) providing a continuous batch tunnel washer having an interior, an intake, a discharge, and a plurality of modules that segment the interior and including at least one intake module and at least one final module; b) moving the fabric articles in a first direction of travel from the intake to the discharge; c) washing the fabric articles with a chemical bath in one or more of said modules; d) rinsing the fabric articles after step “c”; e) providing an empty pocket in one or more of said modules that is drained of fluid; f) wherein the empty pocket is moved one module at a time starting at the intake module and ending at the final module, and in a direction from the intake towards the discharge; and g) counterflowing liquid in the washer during step “d”. 
     In another embodiment of the method of the present invention, the empty pocket separates white fabric articles from non-white fabric articles, and in another embodiment the empty pocket separates white fabric articles from colored fabric articles. In one embodiment the empty pocket separates higher temperature modules from lower temperature modules. 
     In another embodiment of the method of the present invention, there are multiple different counterflow streams in step “g”. In one embodiment one counterflow stream in step “d” rinses white fabric articles and another counterflow stream rinses non-white fabric articles. In another embodiment, one counterflow stream in step “d” rinses white fabric articles and another counterflow stream rinses colored fabric articles. In another embodiment of the method of the present invention one counterflow stream rinses higher temperature modules and another counterflow stream rinses lower temperature modules. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For a further understanding of the nature, objects, and advantages of the present invention, reference should be had to the following detailed description, read in conjunction with the following drawings, wherein like reference numerals denote like elements and wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is comprised of half  FIGS. 1A-1B  that connect at match lines A-A, providing a schematic diagram showing a preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is comprised of half  FIGS. 2A-2B  that connect at match lines B-B providing a schematic diagram showing a preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  is a fragmentary view of a preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention illustrating the ironer rolls for demonstrating that without proper rinsing the linen can stick to the chest portion of the ironer roll; 
         FIG. 4  is comprised of half  FIGS. 4A-4B  that connect at match lines C-C, providing a diagram of an alternate embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention; 
         FIG. 5  is a fragmentary view of the alternate embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention; 
         FIG. 6  is a diagram of an alternate embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention showing a five module tunnel washer for use in the hospitality industry and with chlorine bleach; 
         FIG. 7  is a diagram of an alternate embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention showing a five module tunnel washer for use in the hospitality industry and with hydrogen peroxide; 
         FIG. 8  is a diagram of an alternate embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention showing a five module tunnel washer for use in the hospitality industry and with sanitizing sour; 
         FIG. 9  is a diagram of an alternate embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention showing a seven module tunnel washer for use in the hospitality industry and with chlorine bleach; 
         FIG. 10  is a diagram of an alternate embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention showing a seven module tunnel washer for use in the hospitality industry and with hydrogen peroxide; 
         FIG. 11  is a diagram of an alternate embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention showing a seven module tunnel washer for use in the hospitality industry and with sanitizing sour; 
         FIG. 12  is a diagram of an alternate embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention showing an eight module tunnel washer for use in the hospitality industry and with chlorine bleach; 
         FIG. 13  is a diagram of an alternate embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention showing an eight module tunnel washer for use in the hospitality industry and with hydrogen peroxide; 
         FIG. 14  is a diagram of an alternate embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention showing an eight module tunnel washer for use in the hospitality industry and with sanitizing sour; 
         FIG. 15  is a diagram of an alternate embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention showing a ten module tunnel washer for use in the hospitality industry and with chlorine bleach; 
         FIG. 16  is a diagram of an alternate embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention showing a ten module tunnel washer for use in the hospitality industry and with sanitizing sour; 
         FIG. 17  is a diagram of an alternate embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention showing a twelve module tunnel washer for use in the hospitality industry and with chlorine bleach; 
         FIG. 18  is a diagram of an alternate embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention showing a twelve module tunnel washer for use in the hospitality industry and with hydrogen peroxide; 
         FIG. 19  is a diagram of an alternate embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention showing a twelve module tunnel washer for use in the hospitality industry and with sanitizing sour; 
         FIG. 20  is a schematic diagram of a preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention showing a twelve module tunnel washer with alternate pulse flow and long distance incompatibility avoidance for incompatible batches; 
         FIG. 21  is a schematic diagram of an alternate embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention having alternate pulse flow and long distance incompatibility avoidance wherein white textile articles follow colored or non-white textile articles; 
         FIG. 22  is a schematic diagram of a preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention showing an eight module tunnel washer with alternate pulse flow and wherein low temperature white fabric articles follow high temperature white fabric articles; 
         FIG. 23  is a schematic diagram of a preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention showing an eight module tunnel washer with alternate pulse flow and wherein low temperature white fabric articles follow high temperature white fabric articles; and 
         FIG. 24  is a schematic diagram of a preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention showing an eight module tunnel washer with alternate pulse flow and wherein color fabric articles follow white fabric articles. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       FIGS. 1-2  show a preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention designated generally by  10 A in  FIGS. 1 and 2 . It should be understood that  FIG. 1  includes half  FIGS. 1A and 1B  that assemble at match lines A-A.  FIG. 2  includes half  FIGS. 2A and 2B  that assemble at match lines B-B. In  FIG. 1  there can be seen a textile washing apparatus  10 A which employs a tunnel washer  11  having an inlet end portion  12  and an outlet end portion  13 . The inlet end portion  12  has a hopper  14  that enables the tunnel washer  11  to accept soiled linen or fabric articles  25  as indicated generally by arrow  16  in  FIG. 2 . A discharge  15  from tunnel washer  11  enables laundered articles such as linen to be transferred from tunnel washer  11  to an extractor the removes water such as a press  19 . From the press or extractor  19 , the laundered articles can be moved using a shuttle  20  to a dryer  21  and then via transport  22  to a finishing station  23  (see  FIG. 2 ). The tunnel washer  11  provides a plurality of modules or stations  1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 ,  5 ,  6 ,  7 ,  8 ,  9 ,  10 . Fabric articles to be cleaned are moved generally in the direction of arrows  17 ,  18  in  FIG. 2 . Counterflow flow lines  193  are provided for counterflowing fluid from one module (e.g. module  4 ) to the previous module (module  3 ). Such counterflow flow lines  193  can be provided for each embodiment of  FIGS. 1-24  to counterflow fluid from any downstream module to an upstream module or in a direction opposite to arrows  17 ,  18 . In  FIG. 1 , there is provided an extractor reuse tank  24  and a “pulse flow” tank  26 . “Pulse flow” tank  26  provides a supply of water to pumps  38 ,  69 . These pumps then transmit water at a high flow rate (e.g., between 75 (283) and 250 (946.4) gallons (liter) per minute) to a selected module or modules. 
     A plurality of conductivity sensors are provided as part of the apparatus  10 A. In  FIG. 1 , a conductivity sensor  27  is provided in the extractor reuse tank  24 . Another conductivity sensor  28  is provided in the pulse flow tank  26 . A third conductivity sensor  29  is provided in the influent flow line  30  to monitor the conductivity of fresh water that is flowing through the influent flow line  30  (from a selected source). The source of fresh water in flow line  30  can include a cold source  79  of fresh water as well as a hot or tempered source  80  of fresh water. The present invention monitors conductivity of water that is contained in the modules  1 - 10  and adjusts by adding fresh water or make up water in order to maintain the conductivity in modules  1 - 10  within a selected or desired range (i.e. between about 100 micro Siemens (minimum value) and a maximum value of about 1000 micro Siemens above the conductivity value of the incoming or available water or source water). 
     Because the fluid that is discharged from modules  9  and  10  through valves  63  and  64  enters extractor reuse tank  24 , the conductivity sensor  27  in tank  24  monitors the conductivity of the tunnel washer modules  9  and  10 . Valve  63  feeds flow line  65 . A tee fitting  67  joins valve  64  with lines  65  and  66  as shown in  FIG. 1 . The line  66  feeds water to the extractor reuse tank  24  where conductivity is measured by sensor  27 . 
     Pump  58  discharges water from extractor reuse tank  24  and transmits that water via line  68  to the pulse flow tank  26 . Valves can be provided at  60 ,  34  in flow line  68 . A drain can be provided in the form of valve  61  as shown in  FIG. 1  for discharging directly to a sewer  62  or other suitable drain. A valve  59  is provided for discharging water directly from extractor reuse tank  24  if desired. 
     Water in pulse flow tank  26  is monitored for conductivity using conductivity sensor  28 . The conductivity of water in tank  26  can be monitored and adjusted by introducing water from an outside source  79  and/or  80  through flow line  30  and meter  31 . Conductivity sensor  29  monitors the conductivity of water in flow line  30  before it reaches pulse flow tank  26 . Additionally, the water in tank  26  is also monitored for conductivity by sensor  28 . Flow meter  31  and valve  32  can be provided in flow line  30 . Water can be discharged from tank  26  to sewer  43  by opening valve  33 . Water can also be discharged from tank  26  through flow line  37  using pump  38 . Water exiting tank  26  through flow line  37  can be injected into either module  8  or  9  as shown in  FIG. 1  using valves  39 ,  41  or  42 . 
     A plurality of flow meters can be provided in the various flow lines. The flow line  37  can be equipped with a flow meter  40 . A flow meter  31  is provided in the influent flow line  30 . A flow meter  47  is provided in the flow line  44 . 
     The influent flow line  30  provides a valve  32 . The influent flow line  30  provides make up water as needed for the pulse flow tank  26 . The module  10  can be a standing bath. The module  9  can be a standing bath or wash module. 
     Flow line  35  and pump  69  in  FIG. 1  enable water to be transferred from pulse flow tank  26  to module  10 . Flow line  35  can be provided with valve  36 . Flow line  44  transfers water from module  5  to module  4 . Flow line  44  can be provided with pump  45 , valve  46  and flow meter  47 . Flow line  48  enables water to be transferred from module  1  through pump  49  into hopper  14 . In this fashion, soiled laundry or other textile articles added to hopper  14  are immediately wetted with a fast moving stream of water while entering module  1 . This function allows the washing process to start in module  1  whereas previous practice module  1  was used only to wet the linen. Flow line  50  enables fresh water to be added directly to module  10 . Influent flow line  50  can be provided with flow meter  51  and tee fitting  52 . Tee fitting  52  enables fresh water to be transferred to either flow line  53  or  54 , each equipped with a valve  55  or  56  as shown. In this fashion, fresh water can be added to either module  9  or  10  in order to adjust conductivity of the water in those modules  9  and  10  to a selected range. A tee fitting  71  can be provided in flow line  35  for adding water directly to hopper  14 . The tee fitting  71  enables water to enter hopper  14  through flow line  72  which is equipped with valve  57  and flow meter  70 . 
       FIG. 3  shows an ironer that is designated generally by the numeral  73 . Ironer  73  can include multiple rolls or rollers  75 , each supported upon a chest  74 . In the prior art, linen sheets or other fabric articles  25  could stick to the chest  74  without proper rinsing. Further, if the conductivity of the water in the linen sheets or fabric articles  25  was outside a selected range, the linen could stick to any one of the chests  74 . 
     With the present invention, the linen sheets or fabric articles  25  (which are indicated schematically by the dotted line  77 ) in  FIG. 3  are less likely to stick to the chest  74  because conductivity of the water is monitored and held within a selected range of between about 100 micro Siemens (minimum value) and a maximum value of about 1000 micro Siemens above the conductivity value of the incoming or available water or source water. In  FIG. 3 , the arrow  76  schematically illustrates the intake of linen sheets whereas the arrow  78  indicates schematically the discharge of linen sheets after ironing. The ironer  73  shown in  FIG. 3  can be part of the finishing station  23  of  FIG. 2 . 
       FIGS. 4-5  show an alternate embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention designated as  10 B. It should be understood that  FIG. 4  includes half  FIGS. 4A-4B  that assemble at match lines C-C. As with the embodiment of  FIGS. 1-3 , textile washing apparatus  10 B provides a tunnel washer  11  having a plurality of modules or stations (e.g., between 1 and 32 stations or modules)  1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 ,  5 ,  6 ,  7 ,  8 ,  9 ,  10 , inlet end portion  12 , outlet end portion  13  and discharge  15 . The apparatus  10 B can employ the press/extractor  19 , shuttle  20 , dryer  21 , transport  22  and finishing station  23  of  FIG. 2  and the ironer  73  arrangement of  FIG. 3 . 
     Fabric or textile articles  25  to be cleaned are added to hopper  14  at inlet end portion  12 . Fabric or textile articles  25  to be cleaned are moved generally in the direction of arrows  17 ,  18  in  FIG. 4 . In  FIGS. 4-5 , an “empty pocket” is provided in a selected module  1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 ,  5 ,  6 ,  7 ,  8 ,  9  or  10 . For example, the empty pocket can initially be module  1 , the first module that is next to the inlet end portion  12 . The empty pocket then moves in sequence to the second module  2 , then to the third module  3 , then to modules  4 ,  5 ,  6 ,  7 ,  8 ,  9  and finally module  10 . This “empty pocket” module typically has no linen. Notice in  FIG. 5  that the empty pocket with no linen is module  3 . The empty pocket module is created by allowing a transfer of linen from one module to the next for all modules other than the empty pocket module. 
     For the empty pocket module, no linen is put into the first empty pocket module  1 . On the next transfer of linen from each module to the next module, the empty pocket module is now module  2 . It is possible to have more than one empty pocket module by means of programming the controller. This “empty pocket” module arrangement minimizes the time out of range conductivity by about forty to fifty percent (40-50%). With the alternate method and apparatus of  FIGS. 4-5 , as few as two to six transfers are needed to clear a conductivity error compared to between ten and twenty transfers required for a comparable tunnel washer that does not employ this “empty pocket” module arrangement of  FIGS. 4-5 . 
     As with the preferred embodiment of  FIGS. 1-3 , textile washing apparatus  10 B can employ conductivity sensors  27 ,  28 ,  29 . Many of the flow lines, valves, fittings and components of  FIG. 1  can be seen in  FIG. 4 . In  FIG. 5 , water header  121  is supplied with water from tank  26  with an alternate pump  122 . Module  2  receives water through fill valve  124  during a “pulse flow” portion of the cycle. The overall cycle sequence is comprised of three functions: (1) standing bath, which can be about 75% of the cycle; (2) “pulse flow” (high speed or high flow rate rinsing), which can be about 24% of the cycle; and (3) transfer (movement of the linen from one module to the next module, e.g., module  1  to module  2 ), which can be about 1% of the cycle. 
     “Pulse flow” is a high velocity rinsing step. Flow line  121  is a simplified representation of the headers shown in  FIG. 4A . Pump  101  (the alternative pulse flow pump) supplies water to header  102  or header  104 . In  FIG. 5 , flow line  121  represents either of these headers  102 ,  104 . The empty pocket separates heavily lint fabric articles (e.g., bar towels) from different fabric articles (e.g., table linen). Although valve  124  remains open during the pulse flow portion of the cycle, no water flows because the alternate pulse flow pump  122  is turned off Fill valves  123 ,  125  and  126  are closed. Water counterflows from module  4  to module  3  via a counterflow flow line  193  and through open valve  134 . However, this water goes immediately to sewer  128  via flow line  127  (see arrow  140 ,  FIG. 5 ) and open drain valve  130 . Module  3  (the empty pocket module) remains empty of water. The valve conditions shown in  FIG. 5  accompany an empty pocket of module  3 . This valve condition moves with the “empty pocket” as it moves from one module to the next module through the tunnel washer  11  in the direction of arrows  17 ,  18 . In the method and apparatus of  FIGS. 4 and 5 , the “empty pocket” is first placed in module  1 , then moves to module  2 , then 3, then to each subsequent module in sequence: 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 until the empty pocket reaches the last module  10 . In this case where module  10  is the empty pocket, the controller will signal the receiving apparatus, such as a press or an extractor, that there is no linen in the press or extractor so that it does not cycle. 
     Counterflow in washer  11  is controlled by the counterflow valves  132 ,  133 ,  134 ,  135 . Counterflow is permitted when the valve  133  for flow from module  3  to the previous module  2  is open and the valve  136  for flow to the sewer  128  is closed. Counterflow is prevented when the valve states are opposite. Although counterflow would be possible between module  3  and module  2  in  FIG. 5 , there is no water available for counterflow as long as drain valve  130  remains open. Any chemical inlets or dispensers  120  on module  3  remain closed during the empty pocket portion of the cycle. 
     In  FIG. 4 , flow line  81  connects with Tee-fitting  82  to flow line  102 . Line  81  provides valve  83  and flow meter  84 . Line  102  provides valve  85 . As can be seen in  FIG. 4 , line  102  discharges into module  9 . Tee-fittings are provided at  86 ,  87  and flow line  102 . Line  88  connects with flow line  102  at Tee-fitting  86 . Line  88  provides valve  89  and discharges into module  7 . Line  90  joins line  102  at Tee-fitting  87 . Line  90  provides valve  91  and discharges into module  8 . Flow line  92  has flow meter  93  and valve  94 . Tee-fitting  95  joins flow line  92  with flow line  104 . Line  92  has valve  96 , Tee-fitting  97  and flow meter  99 . Line  103  joins line  92  at Tee-fitting  97 . Below Tee-fitting  97 , line  92  is designated as  100  and connects with pump  101  that communicates with tank  26 . Flow line  81  has valve  98  and is designated as line  103  below Tee-fitting  102 , joining with line  100  at fitting  97 . Flow line  104  joins to line  92  at Tee-fitting  95 . Tee-fittings  105 ,  106 ,  107  and  108  are provided in flow line  104 . Line  109  connects to Tee-fitting  105 . Line  110  connects to Tee-fitting  106 . Line  111  connects to line  104  at Tee-fitting  107 . Line  112  connects to line  102  at Tee-fitting  108 . Flow line  109  has valve  114 . Flow line  110  has valve  115 . Flow line  111  has valve  116 . Flow line  112  has valve  117 . Flow line  104  has valve  118 . 
       FIGS. 6-24  show variations of the washing apparatus  10 A,  10 B of  FIGS. 1-5 .  FIG. 6  shows a five module washing apparatus, designated generally by the numeral  10 C. Washing apparatus  10 C can be a tunnel washer having modules  1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 ,  5  wherein modules  1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4  can be dual use modules that perform both wash and rinse functions. Module  5  is a finish module. Washing apparatus  10 C has an inlet end portion with hopper  14  for intake of laundry or textile articles or linens and a discharge end portion that discharges fabric articles, linens, laundry to an extraction device  19  (e.g., press or centrifuge). As with the embodiments of  FIGS. 1-5 ,  FIGS. 6-24  can provide counterflow flow lines for counterflowing fluid from a downstream module (e.g., module  4 ) to an upstream module (e.g., module  3 ). 
       FIG. 6  is an example of an apparatus having particular utility for the hospitality sector of business. Line  141  is a counterflow line from module  4  to module  3 . Line  142  is a counterflow line from module  3  to module  2 . Line  143  is a counterflow line from module  2  to module  1 . Lines  144 ,  145  and valved drain lines to sewer  128 . Line  146  is a valved recirculation line to hopper  14 . As with  FIGS. 1-5 ,  FIG. 6  employs tanks  24 ,  26 . Flow line  161  drains module  5  to tank  24 . Line  147  transmits fluid from tank  24  to tank  26 . Flow line  148  has pump  149  and transmits fluid from tank  26  to module  5  and/or hopper  14  via branch line  150 . Line  151  and pump  152  transmit fluid from tank  26  to module  4 . Alkali detergent at  153  is shown for addition to module  1 . Chlorine bleach is shown at  154  for addition to module  2 . Antichlor sour solution is shown at  155  for addition to module  5 . 
     For exemplary parameters of  FIG. 6 , total time is 17.5 minutes. Transfer time of fabric articles, linens, laundry from one module to the next module (e.g., module  1  to module  2  or module  2  to module  3 , etc.) is 180 minutes. Batches of laundry, linens, fabric articles per time is about 17 batches per hour. Water consumption is 0.3 to 0.4 gallons per pound of laundry (2.5 to 3.3 liters per kilogram of laundry). Average pulse flow water quantity is 105 gallons (or 398 liters) per batch of laundry. In  FIG. 7 , washer  10 C replaces chlorine bleach at  154  with hydrogen peroxide at  156 . Water can be added to tank  26  via source  157  and valved flow line  158 . In  FIG. 8 , sanitizing sour at  159  is added to module  4 . In  FIG. 8 , chlorine bleach  154  and hydrogen peroxide  156  are not present. 
       FIGS. 9-11  show an arrangement similar to  FIGS. 6-8  but for a seven module tunnel washer apparatus  10 D wherein alkali detergent  153  is added to modules  1 ,  2  with chlorine bleach  154  is added to module  3  and antichlor sour  155  to module  7 . In  FIG. 10 , hydrogen peroxide  156  replaces chlorine bleach  154 . In  FIG. 11 , sanitizer sour  160  is added to module  4  and sour solution  161  to module  7  while chlorine bleach and hydrogen peroxide are not present. In  FIGS. 9-11 , counterflow lines are provided as with  FIGS. 1-8 . One of the counterflow flow lines can be provided with pump  162 . Pump  162  can be in the counterflow flow line that transmits fluid from module  5  to module  4 . In  FIGS. 9-11 , exemplary parameters are 14.6 minutes total time. Transfer time is 129 seconds. Batches per time equals 29 per hour. Water consumption is 0.3 to 0.4 gallons per pound of fabric articles (e.g., linens) or between 2.5-3.3 liters per kilogram. Pulse flow water liquor ratio is about 0.7 gallons per pound or 5.8 liters per kilogram. Average pulse flow water per batch is 105 gallons (397.5 liters). 
       FIGS. 12-14  show a washing apparatus similar to  FIGS. 6-8 , but for an eight module washer  10 E. In  FIGS. 12-14 , alkali detergent  153  is added to modules  1 ,  2 . Chlorine bleach  154  is added to modules  3 ,  4  and antichlor sour solution  155  to module  8 . In  FIG. 13 , hydrogen peroxide  156  replaces the chlorine bleach  154  of  FIG. 12 . In  FIG. 14 , neither chlorine bleach  154  nor hydrogen peroxide  156  are used. Instead, sanitizing sour  159  is added to module  5  and sour solution  160  is added to module  8 . In  FIGS. 12-14 , the counterflow lines are provided as with  FIGS. 1-11 . One of the counterflow lines can be provided with pump  163 . Pump  163  can be in the counterflow line that transmits fluid from module  5  to module  4 . 
       FIGS. 15-16  show a ten module washing apparatus  10 F wherein pump  164  is in a counterflow line that transmits fluid from module  6  to module  5 . 
       FIGS. 17-19  show a twelve module washing apparatus  10 G wherein pump  165  is in a counterflow line from module  8  to module  7 . Pump  166  is in a counterflow line from module  4  to module  3 . 
       FIG. 20  shows a twelve module washing apparatus  10 H with an alternate pulse flow that uses two or more pulse flow streams and having long distance incompatibility avoidance for incompatible batches, pH sensing and conductivity sensing. In cases of white vs. colored fabric articles separated by empty pocket, an alternate pulse flow can be provided which provides separate streams of counterflow water so that the counterflow for the colored downstream linen does not contact the white linen at the front of the machine. 
     In  FIG. 20 , two finish modules  11 ,  12  are provided for optional starching. In  FIG. 20 , tank  26  has pumps  149 ,  152  and a third pump  167 . Line  151  branches at tee fitting  168  to lines  169  (discharging to module  8 ) and line  170  (discharging to module  9 ). Third pump  167  discharges to line  169  which has tee fittings at  171 ,  172 ,  173 . Valves are provided on opposing sides of tee fittings  172 ,  173  so that hot water at  174  or tempered water at  175  can be selectively added to an alternate pulse flow header  176  or  177 . Alternate pulse flow header  176  enables water to be added to any one of modules  1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 ,  5 ,  5 ,  6 ,  7  or  8  via a valved branch line  178 . As with  FIGS. 1-5 , each module has a valved drain line and counterflow lines that connect a module (e.g., module  9 ) to a previous module (e.g., module  8 ). Line  177  has valved branch lines  180 ,  181 ,  182 . 
     An incompatible batch normally refers to a classification of linen which can be a different color than linen in downstream modules. For example, if red table linen is in modules  1  to  10  and the next classification of linen to enter the tunnel is white, the counterflow water used for the red table linen cannot be used for the white linen. Different counterflow streams are thus provided, described herein as “alternate pulse flow”. Because the press water extracted from the red table linen normally flows to the PulseFlow tank, this water has to be diverted to sewer using the valves  60  (Closed) and  61  (Open), as seen in  FIG. 4B . The programming feature in the controller to operate these valves is called “Long Distance Incompatibility”.  FIGS. 20-24  all provide such “alternate pulse flow” with multiple sources of counterflow or multiple pulse flow headers. 
     In  FIG. 21 , a twelve module washing apparatus  10 I provides an example of long distance incompatibility avoidance wherein white linen or textile articles follow colored linen or textile articles, an empty pocket provided at module  6 . Colored textile articles or colored linen are in modules  7 - 12  in  FIG. 21 . White linen or textile articles are in modules  1 - 5  in  FIG. 21 . 
       FIG. 21  is similar to  FIG. 20 , but provides an “empty pocket” (at module  6  in  FIG. 21 ) which separates colored fabric articles from white fabric articles. 
     In  FIG. 22 , washing apparatus  10 J provides an eight module washing apparatus wherein low temperature washing follows high temperature washing of white linen or white textile articles. In  FIG. 22 , modules  1  and  2  are low temperature (e.g., 50° C.). Modules  2 - 8  are high temperature (e.g. 75° C.). 
     In  FIG. 23 , modules  1 - 3  are low temperature white linen or textile articles wherein modules  4 - 8  are high temperature white linen or textile articles. In  FIG. 24 , colored linen articles in modules  1 - 2  follow white linen articles in modules  3 - 8 . 
     In  FIGS. 22, 23, 24  an additional tank  185  is provided. Tank  26  is for white fabric articles while tank  185  is used for colored fabric articles. Each tank  26 ,  185  has a water or fluid source  157 . Header  186  receives flow from tank  185  and pump  188 . Header  187  receives flow from tank  185  and pump  189 . Line  190  receives flow from tank  26  and pump  152 . Line  191  receives flow from tank  26  and pump  149 . Line  190  transmits fluid from tank  26  to hopper  14 . Header or line  191  connects with each of a plurality of branch flow lines  192 . Each branch flow line  192  discharges to a module  1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 ,  5 ,  6 ,  7  or  8 . The branch flow lines  192  can be valved flow lines. 
     Header or flow line  186  connects with each of a plurality of branch flow lines  193 . Each branch flow line  193  can be valved. Each branch flow line  193  discharges to a module  1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 ,  5 ,  6 ,  7 ,  8 . In  FIG. 22 , low temperature white linens follow high temperature white linens. In the example of  FIG. 22 , only modules  1 , 2  are low temperature (e.g., 50° C.). Modules  3 - 8  are high temperature (e.g., 70° C.). 
     In  FIG. 23 , the same arrangement of  FIG. 22  is shown but after a transfer where the low temperature of module  2  has transferred to module  3  and the low temperature of module  1  has transferred to module  2 . 
       FIG. 24  is similar to  FIG. 22  but colored fabric articles replace the low temperature white fabric articles of  FIG. 22 . The high temperature white fabric articles of modules  2 - 8  of  FIG. 22  are just white fabric articles in  FIG. 24 . 
     The following is a list of parts and materials suitable for use in the present invention. 
     PARTS LIST 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Part Number 
                 Description 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                  1 
                 module 
               
               
                   
                  2 
                 module 
               
               
                   
                  3 
                 module 
               
               
                   
                  4 
                 module 
               
               
                   
                  5 
                 module 
               
               
                   
                  6 
                 module 
               
               
                   
                  7 
                 module 
               
               
                   
                  8 
                 module 
               
               
                   
                  9 
                 module 
               
               
                   
                  10 
                 module 
               
               
                   
                  10A 
                 textile washing apparatus 
               
               
                   
                  10B 
                 textile washing apparatus 
               
               
                   
                  10C 
                 textile washing apparatus 
               
               
                   
                  10D 
                 textile washing apparatus 
               
               
                   
                  10E 
                 textile washing apparatus 
               
               
                   
                  10F 
                 textile washing apparatus 
               
               
                   
                  10G 
                 textile washing apparatus 
               
               
                   
                  10H 
                 textile washing apparatus 
               
               
                   
                  10I 
                 textile washing apparatus 
               
               
                   
                  10J 
                 textile washing apparatus 
               
               
                   
                  11 
                 tunnel washer 
               
               
                   
                  12 
                 inlet end portion 
               
               
                   
                  13 
                 outlet end portion 
               
               
                   
                  14 
                 hopper 
               
               
                   
                  15 
                 discharge 
               
               
                   
                  16 
                 soiled linen arrow 
               
               
                   
                  17 
                 arrow 
               
               
                   
                  18 
                 arrow 
               
               
                   
                  19 
                 press/extractor 
               
               
                   
                  20 
                 shuttle 
               
               
                   
                  21 
                 dryer 
               
               
                   
                  22 
                 transport 
               
               
                   
                  23 
                 finishing station 
               
               
                   
                  24 
                 extractor reuse tank 
               
               
                   
                  25 
                 linen/fabric articles 
               
               
                   
                  26 
                 pulse flow tank 
               
               
                   
                  27 
                 conductivity sensor 
               
               
                   
                  28 
                 conductivity sensor 
               
               
                   
                  29 
                 conductivity sensor 
               
               
                   
                  30 
                 influent flow line 
               
               
                   
                  31 
                 flow meter 
               
               
                   
                  32 
                 valve 
               
               
                   
                  33 
                 valve 
               
               
                   
                  34 
                 valve 
               
               
                   
                  35 
                 flow line 
               
               
                   
                  36 
                 valve 
               
               
                   
                  37 
                 flow line 
               
               
                   
                  38 
                 pump 
               
               
                   
                  39 
                 valve 
               
               
                   
                  40 
                 flow meter 
               
               
                   
                  41 
                 valve 
               
               
                   
                  42 
                 valve 
               
               
                   
                  43 
                 sewer 
               
               
                   
                  44 
                 flow line 
               
               
                   
                  45 
                 pump 
               
               
                   
                  46 
                 valve 
               
               
                   
                  47 
                 flow meter 
               
               
                   
                  48 
                 flow line 
               
               
                   
                  49 
                 pump 
               
               
                   
                  50 
                 influent flow line 
               
               
                   
                  51 
                 flow meter 
               
               
                   
                  52 
                 tee fitting 
               
               
                   
                  53 
                 flow line 
               
               
                   
                  54 
                 flow line 
               
               
                   
                  55 
                 valve 
               
               
                   
                  56 
                 valve 
               
               
                   
                  57 
                 valve 
               
               
                   
                  58 
                 pump 
               
               
                   
                  59 
                 valve 
               
               
                   
                  60 
                 valve 
               
               
                   
                  61 
                 valve 
               
               
                   
                  62 
                 sewer 
               
               
                   
                  63 
                 valve 
               
               
                   
                  64 
                 valve 
               
               
                   
                  65 
                 flow line 
               
               
                   
                  66 
                 flow line 
               
               
                   
                  67 
                 tee fitting 
               
               
                   
                  68 
                 flow line 
               
               
                   
                  69 
                 pump 
               
               
                   
                  70 
                 flow meter 
               
               
                   
                  71 
                 tee fitting 
               
               
                   
                  72 
                 flow line 
               
               
                   
                  73 
                 ironer 
               
               
                   
                  74 
                 chest 
               
               
                   
                  75 
                 roller 
               
               
                   
                  76 
                 arrow 
               
               
                   
                  77 
                 dotted line 
               
               
                   
                  78 
                 arrow 
               
               
                   
                  79 
                 cold water source 
               
               
                   
                  80 
                 hot water source 
               
               
                   
                  81 
                 flow line 
               
               
                   
                  82 
                 Tee-fitting 
               
               
                   
                  83 
                 valve 
               
               
                   
                  84 
                 flow meter 
               
               
                   
                  85 
                 valve 
               
               
                   
                  86 
                 Tee-fitting 
               
               
                   
                  87 
                 Tee-fitting 
               
               
                   
                  88 
                 flow line 
               
               
                   
                  89 
                 valve 
               
               
                   
                  90 
                 flow line 
               
               
                   
                  91 
                 valve 
               
               
                   
                  92 
                 flow line 
               
               
                   
                  93 
                 flow meter 
               
               
                   
                  94 
                 valve 
               
               
                   
                  95 
                 Tee-fitting 
               
               
                   
                  96 
                 valve 
               
               
                   
                  97 
                 Tee-fitting 
               
               
                   
                  98 
                 valve 
               
               
                   
                  99 
                 flow meter 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 flow line 
               
               
                   
                 101 
                 pump 
               
               
                   
                 102 
                 flow line 
               
               
                   
                 103 
                 flow line 
               
               
                   
                 104 
                 flow line 
               
               
                   
                 105 
                 Tee-fitting 
               
               
                   
                 106 
                 Tee-fitting 
               
               
                   
                 107 
                 Tee-fitting 
               
               
                   
                 108 
                 Tee-fitting 
               
               
                   
                 109 
                 flow line 
               
               
                   
                 110 
                 flow line 
               
               
                   
                 111 
                 flow line 
               
               
                   
                 112 
                 flow line 
               
               
                   
                 114 
                 valve 
               
               
                   
                 115 
                 valve 
               
               
                   
                 116 
                 valve 
               
               
                   
                 117 
                 valve 
               
               
                   
                 118 
                 valve 
               
               
                   
                 120 
                 chemical dispenser 
               
               
                   
                 121 
                 water header 
               
               
                   
                 122 
                 pump 
               
               
                   
                 123 
                 fill valve 
               
               
                   
                 124 
                 fill valve 
               
               
                   
                 125 
                 fill valve 
               
               
                   
                 126 
                 fill valve 
               
               
                   
                 127 
                 flow line 
               
               
                   
                 128 
                 sewer 
               
               
                   
                 129 
                 drain valve 
               
               
                   
                 130 
                 drain valve 
               
               
                   
                 131 
                 drain valve 
               
               
                   
                 132 
                 counterflow valve 
               
               
                   
                 133 
                 counterflow valve 
               
               
                   
                 134 
                 counterflow valve 
               
               
                   
                 135 
                 counterflow valve 
               
               
                   
                 136 
                 valve 
               
               
                   
                 137 
                 valve 
               
               
                   
                 138 
                 valve 
               
               
                   
                 139 
                 valve 
               
               
                   
                 140 
                 arrow 
               
               
                   
                 141 
                 counterflow line 
               
               
                   
                 142 
                 counterflow line 
               
               
                   
                 143 
                 counterflow line 
               
               
                   
                 144 
                 valved drain lines 
               
               
                   
                 145 
                 valved drain lines 
               
               
                   
                 146 
                 valved recirculation line 
               
               
                   
                 147 
                 transmitter 
               
               
                   
                 148 
                 flow line 
               
               
                   
                 149 
                 pump 
               
               
                   
                 150 
                 branch line 
               
               
                   
                 151 
                 line 
               
               
                   
                 152 
                 pump 
               
               
                   
                 153 
                 alkali detergent 
               
               
                   
                 154 
                 chlorine bleach 
               
               
                   
                 155 
                 antichlor solution 
               
               
                   
                 156 
                 hydrogen peroxide 
               
               
                   
                 157 
                 fluid source 
               
               
                   
                 158 
                 valved flow line 
               
               
                   
                 159 
                 sanitizing sour 
               
               
                   
                 160 
                 sour solution 
               
               
                   
                 161 
                 flow line 
               
               
                   
                 162 
                 pump 
               
               
                   
                 163 
                 pump 
               
               
                   
                 164 
                 pump 
               
               
                   
                 165 
                 pump 
               
               
                   
                 166 
                 pump 
               
               
                   
                 167 
                 pump 
               
               
                   
                 168 
                 tee fitting 
               
               
                   
                 169 
                 flow line 
               
               
                   
                 170 
                 flow line 
               
               
                   
                 171 
                 tee fitting 
               
               
                   
                 172 
                 tee fitting 
               
               
                   
                 173 
                 tee fitting 
               
               
                   
                 174 
                 hot water source 
               
               
                   
                 175 
                 tempered water source 
               
               
                   
                 176 
                 alternate pulse flow header 
               
               
                   
                 177 
                 alternate pulse flow header 
               
               
                   
                 178 
                 valved branch line 
               
               
                   
                 179 
                 ph sensor 
               
               
                   
                 180 
                 valved branch line 
               
               
                   
                 181 
                 valved branch line 
               
               
                   
                 182 
                 valved branch line 
               
               
                   
                 185 
                 tank 
               
               
                   
                 186 
                 header 
               
               
                   
                 187 
                 header 
               
               
                   
                 188 
                 pump 
               
               
                   
                 189 
                 pump 
               
               
                   
                 190 
                 flow line 
               
               
                   
                 191 
                 flow line 
               
               
                   
                 192 
                 branch flow line 
               
               
                   
                 193 
                 counterflow flow line 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     All measurements disclosed herein are at standard temperature and pressure, at sea level on Earth, unless indicated otherwise. 
     The foregoing embodiments are presented by way of example only; the scope of the present invention is to be limited only by the following claims.