Abstract:
A system and method for interfacing with sensors using an open architecture and standards based approach is provided. A sensor controller located on each container and any variety of one or more sensors are equipped with complementary short range wireless communications devices. The sensor may adhere to a predefined interface specification such that it may be automatically commissioned into, and operation in conjunction with the sensor controller and the container security system.

Description:
CLAIM OF PRIORITY 
     The present invention claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/735,839, filed Nov. 14, 2005. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates generally to container security and, more particularly, to sensor communication within a shipping container security system. 
     2. Background of the Invention 
     In today&#39;s efficiency conscious transportation environment, there is a strong need to cost-effectively and accurately track the location of containers, and groups of containers shipped together as a lot, at various stages during the supply chain. This need exists both in the United States and abroad. 
     Despite the strong need few solutions, if any, have been able to provide the accuracy needed to suit the transportation industry and the government agencies charged with monitoring shipments. This lack of an acceptable solution is due to many factors which complicate interstate and international shipping. Shipping containers are used to transport most of the commerce entering, leaving, and transiting or moving within the United States. It is estimated that there are over 6 million containers moving in global commerce. Shipping containers have revolutionized the transportation of goods by greatly reducing the number of times goods must be loaded and unloaded during transport. However, at the same time, this same advantage has created a major problem in that it is very difficult to monitor and track the location of each container during transport and in most cases the containers look very similar, so it is virtually impossible to ascertain the contents of containers without opening them up to inspect them. 
     To adequately monitor containers using electronic means an array of many different sensor types is required. These sensors may be temperature, light, acoustics and vibration, radiation, chemical, door opening, tampering, and many more. In many ways the more sensors that are available in the container monitoring system, the more intelligent the system may be to detect a wide range of tampering and potential threats. Unfortunately, the addition of many sensors to a monitoring system can quickly complication implementation and escalate cost to a level where the system is not practical. 
     Also, for the system to operate properly various sensors often need to be placed in specific locations and these are not always nearby the device which controls and interfaces to these sensors. In these cases, it is highly impractical for devices to be wired or tethered in some fashion, and a wireless interface is the only reasonable approach for connectivity to occur. At the same time, a wireless interface adds complexity to the system, and field technicians can often spend hours attempting to interface sensors with the associated control devices. 
     Thus, a solution is needed for simplifying addition of sensors to a container monitoring system using an open architecture and standards based design. This concept has been used in the computer industry in recent years. For example, interfacing to a printer or scanner even as recently as a few years ago was often a cumbersome task. Specific drivers needed to be loaded in particular sequence and anyone who has used a computer in recent years can remember hours of struggling with various peripheral devices. More recently, computer physical interface and software interfaces have become more sophisticated as to provide the system with the ability to automatically recognize these devices and seamlessly integrate them. If one were to plug in most devices into a computer USB port today, the compute would automatically recognize theses devices and moments after plugging in the cable they are ready to use. 
     The same concept applies to a container security system. Most frequently, different sensors are built by different manufacturers, but a common interface standard would alleviate many of the engineering, installation, and maintenance issues associated with complex container monitoring and security systems. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART 
     A container security system as described by System Planning Corporation (SPC) (U.S. Pat. No. 7,098,784) herein referred to as “the SPC Invention”, performs many of the functions to monitor containers, their content, and to detect tampering within a container during transit. This is accomplished through a device is which located on a container, which performs multiple functions. Some of these functions may include controlling various sensors, collecting the data from these sensors and transmitting this data back to a central monitoring station. The central monitoring station may also send commands and information to individual containers equipment with this device. 
     To enable information to be transmitted to and from the container, there are several communications subsystems including a satellite or cellular communications device, or both. The SPC invention also describes the utilization of a short range wireless or local area communication channel to communicate with various sensors and other elements within the container. The SPC invention utilizes the satellite or cellular communications channel to communicate and send status and alarms to a central monitoring station. 
     A problem with the SPC invention is that it does go as far as suggesting the use of an open architecture based communications and interface standard for the various sensors, so they can be seamlessly and automatically be integrated into the container monitoring system without special modifications, programming, or other customization. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     To address the problems and limitations noted above, a system and method for a standards based open architecture sensor communications system is provided. Embodiments of the present invention comprise a system and method of for allowing the addition of sensors to a container monitoring system in a quick, cost efficient, and realizable manner using an open architecture standards based design. 
     The present invention allows sensors to be integrated and operate in conjunction with container monitoring and security systems, such that a sensor simply needs to be activated and paired with a sensor controller in the vicinity, and the sensor may be automatically commissioned into the system. 
     According to a first preferred embodiment, a sensor controller with a short range wireless communications device communicates with one or more sensors with complementary short range wireless communication devices. These components communicate via a standard radio frequency interface and a predetermined protocol. The controller element, received signals transmitted from the sensor elements indicating their capability and interface format, performs diagnostics, and then completes a protocol that allows them to be commissioned such that they are automatically integrated into the system for operation. The sensor control element may request authorization and receive acknowledgement from a central monitoring system to add new sensors to the monitoring network. 
     The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate various embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows a functional system configuration of sensor controller device and two sensors in an open architecture configuration. 
         FIG. 2  shows an example of a configuration of an intelligent sensor configuration system. 
         FIG. 3  shows a flow chart of the sensor commissioning and activation method. 
         FIG. 4  shows a sensor configuration table which is used by the sensor controller to commission the sensor for operation. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The present invention provides a unique system and method for a container monitoring and security system operating with a plurality of varied sensor devices. 
     Throughout this specification, preferred embodiments of the invention are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the embodiments, various examples and illustrative embodiments are provided. It should be understood that these embodiments and examples are provided purely for purposes of illustration. The present invention is limited solely by the claims appended hereto. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 1 , and for the purposes of explanation, a basic shipping container  100  has a system which is designed to collect data from a variety of sensors  104  and  106 . These sensors may include at least one sensor from the group of sensors containing: temperature sensor, visible light sensor, acoustic sensor, vibration sensor, motion sensor, microbolometer, radiation sensor, hazardous chemical, explosives sensor, proximity sensor, infrared sensor, door switch sensor, and smoke detector. 
     Each sensor  104 ,  106  may include a sensor section (sensor A, sensor B) and a wireless communications device. 
     According to the embodiments of the present invention, containers  100  are equipped with a sensor controller device  102  which controls, monitors, receives status and sensory data from the variety of sensors via a short range wireless communications device. 
     The short range wireless communications device comprises a channel protocol or wireless local area network (WLAN) and may be any one of a number of standards such as Bluetooth, Zigbee, 802.11, or any other standards based or proprietary wireless protocol capable of transmitting data within a few feet to a several hundred feet. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , an intelligent sensor system  200  comprises a sensor  202  which may be a sensor with an analog or digital output; an analog-to-digital converter  204  which is used to convert the analog sensor output into a digital format which can be received by a micro processor device  206 ; and a short range wireless communications device  208 . The wireless communications device  208  connects to an antenna device  210  which emanates and receives radio frequency signals and which may be mounted anywhere on the interior or exterior of the container. The system also contains a battery system  212  to power the sensor and other systems. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 3 , the method of interface and communications between the sensor controller device and the sensors is discussed. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step  302  prior to shipment or at the time of installation, the intelligent sensors are programmed at  302  with a sensor configuration table as shown in  FIG. 4 . 
     As provided in the sensor configuration table of  FIG. 4 , a variety of values may be stored that allow the sensor controller and overall container monitoring system to recognize the sensor, its capabilities, and operational parameters. The table may include certain items in any order. 
     The table may include a container address to which that particular sensor may be paired. While it is anticipated that this value may be programmed in the factory prior to shipment, it may also be changed in the field during installation. 
     The table may additionally include a sensor type which identifies the specific type of sensor tot the sensor controller. 
     The data format of the sensor may be provided in the table and may be represented in any variety of formats including integer, decimal, binary, or any other give numbering format. 
     The table may also include the dynamic range of the sensor which indicates the range of lowest level detection signals to highest levels. 
     Trigger thresholds may be provided which may be used to indicate when a sensor may fire or activate. 
     The table may also include a battery life of the intelligent sensor system which may be represented in voltage or time remaining. 
     Once again in  FIG. 3 , in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step  304 , the intelligent sensor may transmit an auto-commissioning request message to the sensor controller. This message is a request to come into the sensor network. Prior to the sensor controller allowing the requesting sensor into the network, the controller may perform certain diagnostics on said sensor. These diagnostics for example may include readings certain sensor values, commanding the sensor to runs self tests, and varying thresholds to force the sensor to activate. Should the diagnostics pass and the sensor controller determine that the sensor is operating properly, the controller may send a message to the central monitoring station in step  306  requesting to commission said sensor into the network. Upon receiving an acknowledgement from the central monitoring station, the sensor controller may commission said sensor for operation in step  308  and may receive verification of operational status from the newly commissioned sensor in step  310 . Alternatively, the sensor controller may simply notify the central monitoring status of the addition of a new sensor without requesting permission first, or even add said sensor without notification.