Abstract:
Several bacterial species were isolated from marine segment obtained from seabed sediment at depths exceeding 1700 feet. At least four of the bacteria produced a compound that showed antibacterial activity against one or more multiple-drug-resistant (MDR) bacteria isolated from hospitals and clinics. One isolate, SJCH-12, exhibited a broad range of activity against MDR strains tested, including methicillin resistant  Staphylococcus aureus  (MRSA).

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is the U.S. national stage application of International Patent Application No. PCT/US2009/054766, tiled Aug. 24, 2009, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/091,535, filed Aug. 25, 2008, and Ser. No. 61/159,128, filed Mar. 11, 2009, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety, including all figures, tables and amino acid or nucleic acid sequences. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The invention relates generally to polypeptide antibiotics produced by bacteria isolated from marine environments. In particular, the present invention is directed to antibacterial compositions useful for treating a broad spectrum of bacterial infections. 
     2. Description of Background Art 
     The search for new and advanced cancer treatments is dependent upon the discovery of new compounds, the development of new therapeutic strategies and advances in predictive models for disease. Due to the immense technical advances that have been made in the pharmaceutical industry and medicine, there is a resurging interest in the use of natural products in the formulation of therapeutic drugs. In fact, many of the drugs in use today are derivatives of natural products, which provide additional incentive to take further advantage of the biodiversity available for the discovery of new drugs, particularly in the area of cancer therapy. 
     In response to evolutionary pressures imposed over time, new molecules and compounds constantly evolve, resulting in a structural diversity against which modern technologies such as combinatorial chemistry cannot compete. To make use of the biological and chemical diversity of natural products, it has become increasingly clear that the most powerful approach in the search for new drugs begins with drug leads revealed by natural product-based drug discovery techniques, and subsequently utilizing genomic-based platforms to identify and produce the lead compounds that are the basis for next generation drugs. 
     Since the discovery of penicillin in 1929, nearly 50,000 natural products have been isolated from microorganisms. Over 10,000 of these compounds have been shown to have biological activity and 100 of these are in use today in the treatment of a wide range of human and animal diseases. Numerous antibiotics and anticancer agents have been identified and have provided a powerful weapon in the arsenal of drugs for treating infectious diseases. 
     Microbes, unfortunately, constantly adapt to changing environments so that multiple drug resistance develops rapidly after infectious microorganisms are exposed to new antimicrobial agents. This resistance poses a continuing challenge to identify new agents that will effectively control bacterial growth and propagation. 
     A majority of antibiotics have, like penicillin, been isolated from natural sources or derived from bioactive natural products. The list is extensive and includes β-lactam antibiotics such as the cephalosporin family, chloramphenicol, vancomycin, bacitracin and structurally diverse compounds such as brominated pyrroles, magnesidins, and substituted biphenyldiols. The sources of these compounds are equally diverse and range from soil bacteria to marine pseudomonads and bioflora. 
     The oceans of the world cover over 70% of the earth&#39;s surface and have been described as being the “mother of the origin of life.” Given the uniqueness of the environment found in the oceans at various geographic locations around the world, organisms have responded by developing the structurally unique natural compounds required for adaptation and survival in a marine environment. Many of these compounds show pharmacologic activity against many human illnesses, ranging from infectious diseases to cancers. Previously discovered life saving drugs and potentially new drugs have been and are being isolated from microorganisms, algae, plants and invertebrates. With the advent of the technological advances made in the biotechnology, biomedical and pharmaceutical arenas, the discovery of new therapeutics from aquatic organisms has become a “new science”. Of the 25,000 plant species classified to date, only 10% have been studied in attempts to discover new therapeutically active compounds. 
     Marine environments have been even less utilized as sources of new drugs. Over 80% of the world&#39;s plant and animal species are found in a marine environment. Of the 34 fundamental phyla representing life, 17 occur on land whereas 32 occur in the ocean. As of 2004, basic research has led to the isolation of approximately 14,000 marine natural products with approximately 10-15 different natural products entering clinical testing (FDA sponsored clinical trials) in the cancer, infectious disease, pain and inflammatory disease fields 
     Despite recognition that the marine environment is an exceptional reservoir of bioactive natural products arising from an amazing diversity of life, the identification of potential new drugs from the oceans has progressed only slowly. Bioactive compounds have been extracted from a variety of marine organisms: tunicates, sponges, soft corals, sea hares, nudibranchs, bryozoans, sea slugs and microorganisms. Spongouridine and spongothymidine from the Caribbean sponge were among the first bioactive compounds isolated over fifty years ago. 
     Drug research studies on sponge-derived products has led to the development of anticancer and antiviral compounds. Two successfully launched marine organism-derived (or analog derived) products reaching the clinics within the last 30 years are Acyclovir (synthetically known as Ara A) and cephalosporin. Synthetic Ara A was modeled on the previously isolated sponge-derived spongothymidine or spongouridine and later isolated as a natural product from  Eunicella cavolini . The antibiotic mimosamycin was isolated from a nudibranch sea slug and also found in certain sponges. 
     Secondary metabolites of marine organisms have also been studied over the past decades, which have often exhibited unique structures. Between 2000 and 2005, ziconotide, aplidine, KRN7000, discodermolide, bryostatin, synthadotin, dolastatin 10, soblidotin, halichondrin, HTI-286, kahalalide F, spisulosine, squalamine and ecteinascidin 743 have been identified from marine sources as potential drug candidates (Butler, 2005; Newman and Cragg, 2004A; Newman and Cragg, 2004B.) Several of these compounds are or have been in clinical trials. 
     Ziconotide, a 24-27 amino acid peptide from the -conotoxin cyclic cysteine known family, was identified from cone snail ( Conus magnus ) venom. It is a novel non-opioid analgesic that blocks the N-type voltage gated channel and was developed for management of severe chronic pain. 
     Aplidine is an analog of the didemnins isolated from  Aplidium albicans , a Mediterranean tunicate, and is reported to show activity against medullary thyroid carcinoma, renal carcinoma, melanoma and tumors of neuroendocrine origin and to inhibit secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (Taraboletti, 2004). 
     Agelasphins are new glycosphingolipids isolated as antitumor agents from  Agelas mauritianus , an Okinawan sponge. KRN7000 is a synthetic derivative in clinical trials whose activity is attributed to natural killer cell activation effected as a ligand of VαT cell antigen receptor (Hayakawa, et al., 2003). 
     Bryostatin was isolated from  Bulgula neritina  and binds to the same receptors as phobol esters but differs in not having any tumor promoting activity. Binding of bryostatin downregulates protein kinase C isoforms in several tumor cells, causing inhibition of growth, alteration of differentiation and/or cell death (Newman, 2005). 
     Discodermolide has been isolated from  Discodermia  dissolute and found to inhibit tumor cell growth in vitro (Capon, 2001) as do dolastatins, which are linear peptides isolated from the Indian Ocean sea hare  Dolabela auricularia  (Pettit, et al., 1989). 
     Other potential drugs have been isolated from marine sources, some of which are in or are candidates for clinical trial studies. Table 1 is a list of examples of additional compounds recovered from marine environments and the organism from which it was isolated. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 DRUG 
                 SOURCE 
                 ORGANISM 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Halichondrin 
                   
                 
                   Halichondria okadai 
                 
               
               
                   
                 E7389 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 HTI-286 
                 sponge 
                 
                   Hemiasterella minor 
                 
               
               
                   
                 Kahalalide F 
                 mollusk 
                 
                   Elysia rufescens 
                 
               
               
                   
                 Spisulosine 
                   
                 
                   Spisula polynyma 
                 
               
               
                   
                 Squalamine 
                 dogfish shark 
                 
                   Squalus acanthias 
                 
               
               
                   
                 Ecteinascidin 
                 marine tunicate 
                 
                   Ecteinascidia turbinate 
                 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The vast majority of compounds currently in clinical trials or being considered as potential drug candidates exhibit antitumor activity, although the search for other classes of drugs has currently produced far fewer candidates. 
     Marine microorganisms have produced several potential antimicrobials, and new antibiotics isolated over the past several years, include lololatin, agrochelin (Acebal, et al., 1999) and sesbanimides from agrobacterium, pelagiomicins from  Pelagiobacter variabilis , d-indomycinone from a  Streptomyces  sp. (Biabini, et al., 1997) and dihydrophencomycin from  Streptomyces  (Pusecker, et al., 1997).  Pseudoalteromonas Alteromonas  has also been reported to produce antibiotics and other bioactive substances (Gauthier, et al., 1995). 
     Marine sources historically have been underutilized in the search for new drugs and are only now being more fully exploited by interdisciplinary groups devoted solely to drug discovery research. Despite some progress in identifying new antimicrobial compounds, there are a limited number of marine-derived compounds that are active against MDR bacteria. In 2005, only 6 new anti-bacterial pharmaceuticals were reported to be in the development pipeline (Usdin, 2006). 
     Recently, an unusual pair of antibiotics isolated from bacteria obtained from ocean sediments have been identified by Fenical, et al. (2008). The new compounds have a basic pyrrole structure that is an N, C2-linked bispyrrole, and exhibit antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant  S. aureus.    
     The rapid increase in the number of MDR strains and the decreasing effectiveness of currently used antimicrobials, are strong indications of the need for new and effective first-generation antibiotics. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides antibacterial compositions based on novel compounds obtained from marine sources. Several different antibiotic activities were identified in samples provided from core seabed samples on the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean. The samples were retrieved near the shipwreck of the SS Republic lost in a hurricane on Oct. 25, 1865, which sank approximately 100 miles off the Georgia coast and was found nearly a century later on the seabed at approximately 518 meters depth. 
     The active compounds produced by the isolated marine bacteria are relatively small proteins with molecular weights in the range of 5 kDa. They appear to be produced by several species of bacteria. 
     Thirteen bacterial isolates were isolated from the marine sediment samples of which four had antibacterial activity (SJCH-3, 10, 11 and 12); however, only SJCH-12 exhibited a broad range of antibacterial activity and only SJCH-12 had high activity against MRSA. 
     Bacterial isolate SJCH-12 was found to comprise two bacteria, one of which appeared to be a pseudomonad, tentatively identified as a  Pseudomonas stutzeri  species while the other, also a gram negative rod was similar to  Shigella  or an  E. coli  genus. The antibacterial polypeptide produced by the SJCH-12 culture may have required the presence of both bacteria but it was not determined whether or not actually produced by a single species. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1  illustrates the overall process used for isolating the marine microorganisms. 
         FIG. 2  shows the antibiotic activity of protein 08-1083 in the isolate from marine organism SJCH-12 separated by SDS-gel electrophoresis of soluble SJCH-12 proteins. 
         FIG. 3  is a PAGE gel electrophoresis demonstrating the protein profile of the antibiotically active agent in bacterial lysate SJCH-12 on a 16% acrylamide gel. The location of spots G and H having respective measured pls of 5.9 and 6.8-7.2 is shown in  FIG. 4 . 
         FIG. 4  is a two dimensional gel electrophoresis of the SJCH-12 bacterial lysate. Zone H is shown in  FIG. 3  as the corresponding spot with a pI of 6.8-7.2. Zone G is shown in  FIG. 3  as having a measured pI of 5.9. 
         FIG. 5  is a photograph of SJCH-12 bacterium showing the rod shape and the 16SrRNA gene sequence (SEQ ID NO:1) of strain SJCH-12. 
         FIG. 6  shows the activity of partially purified protein 08-1083 from bacteria SJCH-12 against MRSA and  E. coli.    
         FIG. 7  shows activity of partially purified protein 08-1083 against MRSA compared with amoxicillin. 
         FIG. 8  shows activity of partially purified protein 08-1083 against  E. coli  compared with ampicillin. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides novel polypeptide compositions that show a wide range of antibacterial activity. The active compounds were isolated from marine bacteria isolated from core sample sediments which included coarse brown sediment with worm casings visible (core sample 1); rocky with grey sediment (core sample 2); and grey sediment containing rock-like material (core sample 3). Bacterial colonies were isolated from these samples. Of 13 bacterial colonies, at least 1 putative new species of bacterium was isolated and 2 bio-activities identified, one of which was a highly antimicrobial peptide identified as 08-1083 and the other an unidentified compound with adhesive properties. Of 93 core sample extracts, 20 active compounds were indicated in in vitro Tox. A Assays. 
     Eleven samples were taken from the three core samples and plated on LB agar or grown in LB broth. Thirteen bacterial isolates were colony purified and identified as SJCH 1-13. Of the 13 isolates, 4 exhibited antimicrobial activity. SJCH-12 isolate showed activity against 8 of 11 organisms tested, while SJCH-11 exhibited activity against 3 of the organisms; SJCH-10 against two; and SJCH-3 against only one, see Table 2. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Materials and Methods 
     Marine seabed samples were obtained from an Odyssey Dive Site located in the Atlantic ocean approximately 100 miles east of the Georgia coastline. Samples comprised seabed material recovered by Odyssey Marine Exploration (Tampa, Fla.) remote operated vehicle during routine dive operations at 1700 feet. Samples were stored at 4° C. or ambient temperature prior to analysis. 
     Bacteria isolate SJCH-12 was deposited on Oct. 20, 2008 at the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Inhoffenstrasse 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany)Germany under the conditions of the Budapest Treaty and assigned accession number DSM 21971. 
     The following examples are provided as illustrations of the invention and are in no way to be considered limiting. 
     Materials and Methods 
     Bacterial cultures were grown and isolated under standard conditions on agar or in LB medium. 
     Example 1 
     Isolation of Bacterial Colonies 
     A total of 13 isolates were obtained. These are listed in Table 2. Of these, isolates SJCH-10, SJCH-11, SJCh-12 and SJCH-13 exhibited antibacterial activity of varying degrees against one or more of the multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial strains,  K. pneumoniae, K. Oxytoca  and  A. baumannii  as shown in Table 3 in Example 2. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 STRAIN 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 
                   Aeromonas hydrophila 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Staphylococcus aureus 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Escherichia coli 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Enterobacter aerogenes 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Proteus vulgaris 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Klebsiella pneumoniae 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Providencia alcalifaciens 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Klebsiella oxytoca 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Acinetobacter baumannii 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Serratia liquefaciens 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Pseudomonas aeruginosa 
                 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 2 
     Antibacterial Activity of 13 Bacteria Isolates 
     Isolates selected from the bacterial colonies in Example 1 were tested for antibacterial activity against several strains of bacteria listed in Table 2 and isolated from hospital surgical suites and patient wards, including multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains. The MDR strains are  Klebsiella pneumoniae  ( KP ),  Klebsiella oxytoca  ( KO ) and  Acinetobacter baumannii  ( AB ). Antibacterial activities are shown in Table 3. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Antibiotic Sensitivity Assay 
               
               
                 Marine Bacterial Isolates 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Bacterial 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Strains 
                 SJCH-1 
                 SJCH-2 
                 SJCH-3 
                 SJCH-5 
                 SJCH-7 
                 SJCH-8 
                 SJCH-9 
                 SJCH-10 
                 SJCH-11 
                 SJCH-12 
                 SJCH-13 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AH 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
               
               
                 MRSA 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 +/− 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
               
               
                 EC 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 + 
                 Neg 
               
               
                 EA 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 + 
                 Neg 
               
               
                 PV 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 + 
                 Neg 
               
               
                 KP 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 + 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 Neg 
               
               
                 PA 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
               
               
                 KO 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 Neg 
               
               
                 AB 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 + 
                 +/− 
               
               
                 SL 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
               
               
                 PSA 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 Neg 
                 + 
                 Neg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AH =  Aeromonas hydrophila   
               
               
                 SA =  Staphylococcus aureus   
               
               
                 EC =  E. coli   
               
               
                 EA =  Enterobacter aerogenes   
               
               
                 PV =  Proteus vulgaris   
               
               
                 KP =  Klebsiella pneumoniae   
               
               
                 PA =  Providencia alcalifaciens   
               
               
                 KO =  Klebsiella oxytoca   
               
               
                 AB =  Acinetobacter baumannii   
               
               
                 SL =  Serratia liquefaciens   
               
               
                 PSA =  Pseudomonas aeruginosa   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 3 
     The bacteria from which antibacterially active 08-1083 was isolated were highly adherent when cultured on agar plates. No determination was made as to whether this was an immobilization phenomenon or the result of chemical bonding. Agar is a polymannuronic acid formed as a polymer of agarobiose, composed of disaccharide units of D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose. Agar is commonly used as a cell immobilization medium which allows trapped cells to grow while entrapped in a microporous membrane. 
     The SJCH-12 bacteria appeared as Gram negative rods with a width of 0.7-0.8 microns and a length of 1.2-2.5 microns. They are anaerobic (facultative), acid producers (ASS), pigment producing (orange). No plasmid was detected and they are +/− with respect to hemolysin.  FIG. 5  is a slide showing the rod shape. 
     The bacterial SJCH-12 cultures are stable at 4°, 25°, and 37° C. for at least 30 days and at 4° C. for at least 6 months. There is some loss of stability at 25° and 37° C. on 6 month storage. 
     Example 4 
     16S rRNA Gene Sequence of 08-1033 Bacteria 
     Approximately 95% of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the SJCH-12 bacteria was determined by direct sequencing of PCR-amplified 16S rDNA, SEQ ID NO:1. 
     Genomic DNA extraction of bacterial strain SJCH-12 was followed by PCR mediated amplification of the 16S rDNA and purification of the PCR product as described by Rainey, et al. (1996). Purified PCR product was sequenced using the CEQTMDTCS-Quick Start Kit (Beckmann coulter) as directed in the manufacturer&#39;s protocol. Sequence reactions were electrophoresed using the CEQtm 8000 Genetic Analysis System. 
     Sequence data was put into the alignment editor ae2 and aligned manually. It was then compared with the 16S rRNA gene sequences of representative organisms belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae class. 
     Table 4 is a similarity matrix for SJCH-12 and a phylogenetic tree. The 16S rRNA gene similarity values were calculated by pairwise comparison of the sequences within the alignment. For construction of the phylogenetic dendrogram operations of the ARB package were used (Pruesse, et al., 2007). The phylogenetic tree was constructed by the neighbor-joining method using the correlation of Jukes and Cantor (196) based on the evolutionary distance values. The roots of the tree were determined by including the 16S rRNA gene sequence of  Cronobacter sakazakii  into the analysis. The scale bar below the dendrograms indicates the 1 nucleotide substitutions per 100 nucleotides. 
     The complete 16S rDNA gene sequence of strain SJCH-12 shows a highest similarity of 99.8% (binary value) with  Shigella sonnei . On the basis of this result, strain SJCH-12 appears to represent at least one new species within the genus  Shigella ; however, the genus  Escherichia  is phylogenetically highly related to this genus; therefore, it cannot be excluded that strain SJCH-12 may also represent a new species within the genus  Escherichia . 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Strains 
                 1. 
                 2. 
                 3. 
                 4. 
                 5. 
                 6. 
                 7. 
                 8. 
                 9. 
                 10. 
                 11. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SJCH-12 (ID 08-1083) 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Escherichia albertii 
                 
                 99.2 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 LMG 20976 T   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Escherichia coli 
                 
                 99.6 
                 99.2 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 ATCC 11775 T   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Escherichia fergusonii 
                 
                 99.8 
                 99.2 
                 99.6 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 ATCC 35469 T   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Escherichia hermannii 
                 
                 97.4 
                 96.8 
                 97.1 
                 97.4 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 GTC 347 T   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Escherichia vulneris 
                 
                 99.7 
                 99.1 
                 99.5 
                 99.7 
                 97.2 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 ATCC 33821 T   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Shigella dysenteriae 
                 
                 98.9 
                 98.3 
                 98.7 
                 98.9 
                 97.3 
                 98.8 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 ATCC 13313 T   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Shigella flexneri 
                 
                 99.9 
                 99.3 
                 99.7 
                 99.9 
                 97.4 
                 99.8 
                 99.0 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 ATCC 29903 T   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Shigella sonnei 
                 
                 99.8 
                 99.2 
                 99.6 
                 99.8 
                 97.4 
                 99.7 
                 98.9 
                 99.9 
                 — 
                   
                   
               
               
                 GTC 781 T   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Salmonella bongori 
                 
                 97.3 
                 97.1 
                 97.1 
                 97.3 
                 97.7 
                 97.1 
                 97.9 
                 97.4 
                 97.3 
                 — 
                   
               
               
                 BR 1859 T   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Salmonella enterica 
                 
                 97.7 
                 97.5 
                 97.4 
                 97.7 
                 97.7 
                 97.6 
                 97.4 
                 97.7 
                 97.8 
                 97.9 
                 — 
               
               
                 ssp  arizonae   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 ATCC 13314 T   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Brenneria alni 
                 
                 93.1 
                 92.6 
                 92.9 
                 93.0 
                 93.5 
                 92.9 
                 93.1 
                 93.0 
                 93.1 
                 93.4 
                 93.5 
               
               
                 DSM 11811 T   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Brenneria salicis 
                 
                 93.0 
                 92.5 
                 92.8 
                 93.1 
                 93.5 
                 92.9 
                 93.3 
                 93.1 
                 93.0 
                 93.5 
                 93.2 
               
               
                 DSM 30166 T   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Dickeya chrysanthemi 
                 
                 95.0 
                 94.2 
                 94.6 
                 94.8 
                 94.1 
                 94.8 
                 95.0 
                 94.9 
                 94.8 
                 94.8 
                 94.8 
               
               
                 DSM 4610 T   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Pectobacterium 
                 
                 95.0 
                 94.5 
                 95.0 
                 95.0 
                 95.6 
                 94.9 
                 95.3 
                 95.0 
                 95.0 
                 95.8 
                 95.4 
               
               
                 
                   carotovorum 
                 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 DSM 30168 T   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Edwardsiella hoshinae 
                 
                 95.0 
                 94.4 
                 94.7 
                 95.0 
                 95.0 
                 95.0 
                 95.3 
                 95.0 
                 95.0 
                 95.0 
                 94.2 
               
               
                 JCM1679 T   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Edwardsiella ictaluri 
                 
                 95.2 
                 94.5 
                 94.9 
                 95.1 
                 95.0 
                 95.1 
                 95.4 
                 95.2 
                 95.1 
                 95.2 
                 94.4 
               
               
                 JCM1680 T   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Cedecea davisae 
                 
                 96.5 
                 95.9 
                 96.2 
                 96.5 
                 97.7 
                 96.5 
                 96.4 
                 96.5 
                 96.5 
                 96.2 
                 96.2 
               
               
                 DSM 4568 T   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Cedecea neteri 
                 
                 96.2 
                 95.6 
                 95.9 
                 96.2 
                 97.4 
                 96.1 
                 96.1 
                 96.2 
                 96.2 
                 96.1 
                 96.1 
               
               
                 GTC1717 T   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Trabulsiella 
                 
                 95.5 
                 94.9 
                 95.3 
                 95.6 
                 96.4 
                 95.6 
                 96.1 
                 95.6 
                 95.5 
                 96.2 
                 96.0 
               
               
                 
                   guamensis 
                 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 ATCC 49490 T   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Cronobacter sakazakii 
                 
                 96.8 
                 96.8 
                 96.6 
                 96.9 
                 96.7 
                 96.8 
                 97.0 
                 96.9 
                 96.8 
                 96.5 
                 96.5 
               
               
                 ATCC 29544 T   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Strains 
                 12. 
                 13. 
                 14. 
                 15. 
                 16. 
                 17. 
                 18. 
                 19. 
                 20. 
                 21. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 SJCH-12 (ID 08-1083) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   Escherichia albertii 
                 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 LMG 20976 T   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   Escherichia coli 
                 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATCC 11775 T   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   Escherichia fergusonii 
                 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATCC 35469 T   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   Escherichia hermannii 
                 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 GTC 347 T   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   Escherichia vulneris 
                 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATCC 33821 T   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   Shigella dysenteriae 
                 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATCC 13313 T   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   Shigella flexneri 
                 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATCC 29903 T   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   Shigella sonnei 
                 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 GTC 781 T   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   Salmonella bongori 
                 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 BR 1859 T   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   Salmonella enterica 
                 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ssp  arizonae   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATCC 13314 T   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   Brenneria alni 
                 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 DSM 11811 T   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   Brenneria salicis 
                 
                 96.0 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 DSM 30166 T   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   Dickeya chrysanthemi 
                 
                 95.3 
                 95.9 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 DSM 4610 T   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   Pectobacterium 
                 
                 95.6 
                 94.7 
                 96.2 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   carotovorum 
                 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 DSM 30168 T   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   Edwardsiella hoshinae 
                 
                 92.6 
                 93.5 
                 94.6 
                 95.2 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 JCM1679 T   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   Edwardsiella ictaluri 
                 
                 92.9 
                 93.6 
                 95.0 
                 95.2 
                 99.3 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 JCM1680 T   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   Cedecea davisae 
                 
                 94.1 
                 94.3 
                 95.1 
                 96.6 
                 95.6 
                 95.5 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 DSM 4568 T   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   Cedecea neteri 
                 
                 94.4 
                 94.3 
                 95.2 
                 96.6 
                 95.6 
                 958 
                 99.0 
                 — 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 GTC1717 T   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   Trabulsiella 
                 
                 93.3 
                 92.9 
                 94.2 
                 94.7 
                 95.4 
                 95.3 
                 95.5 
                 95.5 
                 — 
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   guamensis 
                 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATCC 49490 T   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   Cronobacter sakazakii 
                 
                 93.0 
                 93.7 
                 95.0 
                 94.7 
                 95.5 
                 95.3 
                 96.3 
                 95.3 
                 96.8 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 ATCC 29544 T   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Table 5 is the gene sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) for the 16S rRNA for SJCH-12. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 LOCUS 
                 1083-08 
                 1530 bp 
                 RNA 
                 RNA 
                 23-JAN-198 
               
               
                 BASE COUNT 
                 381 a 
                 354 c 
                 484 g 
                 309 t 
                 2 others 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 TTTGATCCTG GCTCAGATTG AACGCTGGCG GCAGGCCTAA CACATGCAAG TCGAACGGTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 61 
                 ACAGGAANCA GCTTGCTGNT TCGCTGACGA GTGGCGGACG GGTGAGTAAT GTCTGGGAAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 121 
                 CTGCCTGATG GAGGGGGATA ACTACTGGAA ACGGTAGCTA ATACCGCATA ACGTCGCAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 181 
                 ACCAAAGAGG GGGACCTTCG GGCCTCTTGC CATCGGATGT GCCCAGATGG GATTAGCTAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 241 
                 TAGGTGGGGT AAAGGCTCAC CTAGGCGACG ATCCCTAGCT GGTCTGAGAG GATGACCAGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 301 
                 CACACTGGAA CTGAGACACG GTCCAGACTC CTACGGGAGG CAGCAGTGGG GAATATTGCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 361 
                 CAATGGGCGC AAGCCTGATG CAGCCATGCC GCGTGTATGA AGAAGGCCTT CGGGTTGTAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 421 
                 AGTACTTTCA GCGGGGAGGA AGGGAGTAAA GTTAATACCT TTGCTCATTG ACGTTACCCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 481 
                 CAGAAGAAGC ACCGGCTAAC TCCGTGCCAG CAGCCGCGGT AATACGGAGG GTGCAAGCGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 541 
                 TAATCGGAAT TACTGGGCGT AAAGCGCACG CAGGCGGTTT GTTAAGTCAG ATGTGAAATC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 601 
                 CCCGGGCTCA ACCTGGGAAC TGCATCTGAT ACTGGCAAGC TTGAGTCTCG TAGAGGGGGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 661 
                 TAGAATTCCA GGTGTAGCGG TGAAATGCGT AGAGATCTGG AGGAATACCG GTGGCGAAGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 721 
                 CGGCCCCCTG GACGAAGACT GACGCTCAGG TGCGAAAGCG TGGGGAGCAA ACAGGATTAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 781 
                 ATACCCTGGT AGTCCACGCC GTAAACGATG TCGACTTGGA GGTTGTGCCC TTGAGGCGTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 841 
                 GCTTCCGGAG CTAACGCGTT AAGTCGACCG CCTGGGGAGT ACGGCCGCAA GGTTAAAACT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 901 
                 CAAATGAATT GACGGGGGCC CGCACAAGCG GTGGAGCATG TGGTTTAATT CGATGCAACG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 961 
                 CGAAGAACCT TACCTGGTCT TGACATCCAC GGAAGTTTTC AGAGATGAGA ATGTGCCTTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1021 
                 GGGAACCGTG AGACAGGTGC TGCATGGCTG TCGTCAGCTC GTGTTGTGAA ATGTTGGGTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1081 
                 AAGTCCCGCA ACGAGCGCAA CCCTTATCCT TTGTTGCCAG CGGTCCGGCC GGGAACTCAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1141 
                 AGGAGACTGC CAGTGATAAA CTGGAGGAAG GTGGGGATGA CGTCAAGTCA TCATGGCCCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1201 
                 TACGACCAGG GCTACACACG TGCTACAATG GCGCATACAA AGAGAAGCGA CCTCGCGAGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1261 
                 GCAAGCGGAC CTCATAAAGT GCGTCGTAGT CCGGATTGGA GTCTGCAACT CGACTCCATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1321 
                 AAGTCGGAAT CGCTAGTAAT CGTGGATCAG AATGCCACGG TGAATACGTT CCCGGGCCTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1381 
                 GTACACACCG CCCGTCACAC CATGGGAGTG GGTTGCAAAA GAAGTAGGTA GCTTAACCTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1441 
                 CGGGAGGGCG CTTACCACTT TGTGATTCAT GACTGGGGTG AAGTCGTAAC AAGGTAACCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1501 
                 TAGGGGAACC TGCGGCTGGA TCACCTCCTT 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     REFERENCES 
     
         
         Acebal, C., Canedo, L. M. Puentes, J. L. Fl, Baz, J. P., Romero, B., Da La Calle, and Rodrigues, M. 1999. Agrochelin, a new cytotoxic antiviotice from a marine  agrobacterium . Isolation, physiochemical properties and biological activity. J. Antibiotic. 52:983-987. 
         Biabani, M. A. F., Laatsch, H., Helmke, E., and Weyland, H. 1997. d-Indomycinone: class of antibiotics isolated from marine  Streptomyces  sp. J. Antibiot. 50: 874-877. 
         Gauthier, G., Gauthier, M. and Christen, R., 1995. Phylogenetic analysis of the genera and  Moritella  using genes coding for small-subunit rRNA sequence and division of the genera,  Alteromonas  (emended) and  Pseudoalteromonas  gen. November, and proposal of twel Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 45: 755-761. 
         Imamura, N., Nishijima, M. Takadera, T., Adachi, K., Sakai, M. and Sano, H. 1997. pelagiomicins produced by a new marine bacterium  Pelagiobacter variabilis . J. Antibiot. 
         Pusecker, K., Laatsch, H., Helmke, E., and Weyland, H. 1997. dihydrophencomycin phenazine derivative from a marine Streptomycete. J. Antibiot. 50: 479-483. 
         Isnansetyo, A. and Kamei, Y. 2003. MC21-A, a Bactericidal Antibiotic Produced by a new Marine Bacterium  Pseudoalteromonas phenolica  sp. November O-BC30T, against Methicillin Resistant  Staphylococcus aureus . Antimicrob. Agents chemother. February: 47(2) 48-488. 
         Usdin, S., BioCentury, Jun. 26, 2006. 
         Chemistry &amp; Engineering News, Jan. 28, 2008, p. 57.