Abstract:
An orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal spectrum shaping device comprises an input interface configured to receive an input signal, a modulation portion coupled to the input interface, configured to modulate the input signal to generate a plurality of uncompensated sub-carriers, and a sub-carrier gain control module configured to selectively apply a plurality of gain factors to the plurality of uncompensated sub-carriers to generate a plurality of compensated sub-carriers that are substantially equal in amplitude.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO OTHER APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/960,430, entitled SPECTRAL SHAPING IN MULTIBAND OFDM TRANSMITTER WITH CLIPPING filed Oct. 6, 2004, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,505,522, which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/508,994, entitled METHOD FOR SPECTRAL SHAPING NN MULTIBAND OFDM TRANSMITTERS filed Oct. 6, 2003, which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/548,547, entitled SPECTRAL SHAPING FOR MULTIBAND OFDM TRANSMITTERS filed Feb. 27, 2004, which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Multiband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) is a modulation technique used in some wireless communication systems such as ultra-wideband (UWB). The MB-OFDM modulation technique combines OFDM modulation with frequency hopping. It is a modulation technique suitable for devices designed to comply with Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulations relating to UWB devices. 
     Unlike most other wireless systems in which the transmit power limit is typically set with respect to the total power integrated over the entire signal band, UWB devices are allowed to operate within a relatively wide frequency band provided that two criteria are met. First, the occupied bandwidth is required to meet a predefined minimum. Second, the radiated power measured over an integrating bandwidth anywhere within the signal band is required to be less than a predefined maximum. According to the current regulations, UWB devices are allowed to operate in the frequency band between 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. The occupied bandwidth is required to meet a minimum of 500 MHz and the radiated power, when measured over a bandwidth of 1 MHz anywhere within the signal band, is required to be less than −41.3 dBm. 
     Since in UWB the integrating bandwidth (1 MHz) is much smaller than the bandwidth of the UWB signal itself (500 MHz), the shape of the spectrum is an important issue. In order to maximize the output power of a MB-OFDM transmitter, the spectrum of the generated signal should be made as flat as possible.  FIG. 1A  is a diagram illustrating a frequency spectrum of an ideal UWB signal. In practice, factors such as D/A converter pulse shape, non-ideal filter characteristics, component variations and data characteristics tend to affect the shape of the spectrum.  FIG. 1B  is a diagram illustrating the frequency spectrum of a typical UWB signal generated by an existing device. There are peaks and variations in the frequency spectrum. The transmit power is typically limited by the largest peak in the signal spectrum. It would be desirable to have a UWB MB-OFDM transmitter design that would generate a flat output spectrum over the operating frequency range of the transmitter. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Various embodiments of the invention are disclosed in the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings. 
         FIG. 1A  is a diagram illustrating a frequency spectrum of an ideal UWB signal. 
         FIG. 1B  is a diagram illustrating the frequency spectrum of a typical UWB signal generated by an existing device. 
         FIG. 1C  is a diagram illustrating the transmission of an OFDM packet using multiple frequency hopping bands. 
         FIG. 2A  is a diagram illustrating the frequency spectrum of three hop bands generated by some transmitter embodiments. 
         FIG. 2B  is a diagram illustrating the frequency spectrum of three hop bands generated by a transmitter embodiment that compensates the effects shown in  FIG. 2A . 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram illustrating an OFDM transmitter embodiment. 
         FIG. 4A  is a diagram illustrating a frequency spectrum of a set of uncompensated sub-carriers within a frequency hopping band. 
         FIG. 4B  is a diagram illustrating the frequency spectrum of the sub-carriers after the gain factors are applied. 
         FIG. 5  is a block diagram illustrating an OFDM transmitter embodiment that adjusts the sub-carrier amplitudes. 
         FIG. 6A  is a diagram illustrating the frequency spectrum of a signal. 
         FIG. 6B  is a diagram illustrating the clipped frequency spectrum. 
         FIG. 7  is a flowchart illustrating a frequency clipping process according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 8  is a block diagram illustrating another OFDM transmitter embodiment. 
         FIG. 9  is a block diagram illustrating another OFDM transmitter embodiment that implements the phase shift. 
         FIG. 10  is a diagram illustrating a transmitter embodiment that includes several spectrum shaping components. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The invention can be implemented in numerous ways, including as a process; an apparatus; a system; a composition of matter; a computer program product embodied on a computer readable storage medium; and/or a processor, such as a processor configured to execute instructions stored on and/or provided by a memory coupled to the processor. In this specification, these implementations, or any other form that the invention may take, may be referred to as techniques. In general, the order of the steps of disclosed processes may be altered within the scope of the invention. Unless stated otherwise, a component such as a processor or a memory described as being configured to perform a task may be implemented as a general component that is temporarily configured to perform the task at a given time or a specific component that is manufactured to perform the task. As used herein, the term ‘processor’ refers to one or more devices, circuits, and/or processing cores configured to process data, such as computer program instructions. 
     A detailed description of one or more embodiments of the invention is provided below along with accompanying figures that illustrate the principles of the invention. The invention is described in connection with such embodiments, but the invention is not limited to any embodiment. The scope of the invention is limited only by the claims and the invention encompasses numerous alternatives, modifications and equivalents. Numerous specific details are set forth in the following description in order to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. These details are provided for the purpose of example and the invention may be practiced according to the claims without some or all of these specific details. For the purpose of clarity, technical material that is known in the technical fields related to the invention has not been described in detail so that the invention is not unnecessarily obscured. 
     Spectrum shaping techniques for transmitting OFDM signals are disclosed. In some embodiments, a band gain control is used to determine a band gain for a selected band associated with the signal to be transmitted. In some embodiments, a sub-carrier amplitude control is used to apply a gain factor to each of the sub-carrier frequency components of the modulated signal. In some embodiments, modified synchronization sequences are used to reduce peaks in the frequency spectrum. In some embodiments, a random phase shifter introduces random or pseudorandom phase shifts to the signal to reduce repetitive patterns in the signal and achieve flatter frequency spectrum. Combinations of these techniques can be used in various embodiments. For purposes of illustration, spectrum shaping of frequency hopping OFDM signals is discussed in detail below. 
     In some MB-OFDM systems, multiple frequency hopping bands (also referred to as hop bands or transmission bands) are used to transmit OFDM symbols to avoid symbol collision. An OFDM symbol waveform includes a number of modulated carrier waveforms, referred to as sub-carriers. Each sub-carrier is used to carry one data symbol, encoded as a phase shift or a combination of amplitude shift and phase shift. In some embodiments, the sub-carrier frequency spacing is approximately equal to the inverse of the OFDM symbol duration, which means that the sub-carrier waveforms partly overlap in the frequency domain.  FIG. 1C  is a diagram illustrating the transmission of an OFDM packet using multiple frequency hopping bands. In the example shown, each rectangle corresponds to a synchronization symbol or an OFDM symbol. The initial part of the packet, referred to as the synchronization preamble, includes a sequence of identical packet synchronization (PS) symbols, followed by a small number of frame synchronization (FS) symbols. The synchronization symbols are used to aid the receiver in synchronizing to the received signal. In the example shown, the synchronization symbols, which are not OFDM-modulated, include a specific sequence of binary phase shift keying (BPSK) symbols known as the synchronization sequence. The PS and FS symbols are identical except for a phase shift of 180°, making them easily distinguishable to the receiver. Detecting the location of the FS symbols allows the receiver to determine the boundary between the synchronization preamble and the OFDM-modulated portion of the packet. 
     For the purpose of illustration, three frequency hopping bands are used in the examples below, although any number of frequency hopping bands may be used as appropriate.  FIG. 2A  is a diagram illustrating the frequency spectrum of three hop bands generated by some transmitter embodiments. In this example, the frequency spectrum that includes hop bands  202 ,  204  and  206  is uneven. The unevenness of the frequency spectrum is sometimes due to component gain difference (i.e. the gain difference introduced by transmitter components such as mixers, amplifiers, filters and the antenna). Variations in the manufacturing process and changes in the operating environment are some additional factors that may contribute to the gain difference. 
       FIG. 2B  is a diagram illustrating the frequency spectrum of three hop bands generated by a transmitter embodiment that compensates the effects shown in  FIG. 2A . In this example, frequency hopping bands  252 ,  254  and  256  each has a corresponding band gain used to compensate and adjust the signal strength to achieve a relatively flat frequency spectrum  260 . The adjustment is made by determining the frequency hopping band associated with the signal to be transmitted, determining the band gain that corresponds to the frequency hopping band and applying the band gain to the signal. The band gains are determined during the design process of the transmitter in some embodiments to correct any systematic gain deviations for different hop bands. In some embodiments, an uncompensated output signal is measured to supply feedback information used to determine the band gain values and achieve the desired frequency spectrum characteristics. The feedback technique can be used during the manufacturing process, during the transmission operations of the transmitter or both. 
       FIG. 3  is a block diagram illustrating an OFDM transmitter embodiment. In this example, transmitter  300  outputs a signal with a gain compensated frequency spectrum similar to  260 . Data bits are received on medium access control (MAC) interface  302  and then encoded by a forward error correction (FEC) encoder  304 . In some embodiments, the encoded bits are optionally punctured, interleaved and repeated to provide better protection against multipath and interference. The bits are then mapped to modulation symbols by a symbol modulator  306 . Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) or other appropriate modulation scheme may be used. The modulated symbols such as QPSK symbols are also referred to as sub-carriers. Optionally, pilot tone inserter  306  adds pilot tones to the modulated symbols. An inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) component  308  is used to transform blocks of symbols from frequency domain into a time domain waveform (also referred to as an OFDM symbol). A synchronization preamble that includes repeated PS and FS synchronization symbols is added to the beginning portion of each data packet by preamble inserter  310 . A guard interval and a cyclic prefix or zero prefix are added to the OFDM symbol by prefix and guard inserter  312 . 
     In this example, band gain control  314  applies a time varying band gain factor on its input to counter the effects of gain variations in different hop bands to achieve a more uniform frequency spectrum. Depending on the value of the gain factor that is applied, the signal becomes amplified, attenuated or unchanged as appropriate. Band gain control  314  is controlled by a hop timing signal and a band select signal. Gain values that correspond to different hop bands are stored in a lookup table or other appropriate storage. The hop timing signal determines when the band gain factor should change according to the timing of the OFDM symbol generation. The band select signal determines the value of the band gain factor used for a given hop band. In some embodiments, signal strength is measured during operation and an appropriate gain is determined according to the measurement. 
     The inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) components of the gain compensated baseband OFDM signal are converted from digital to analog by digital to analog converters (DACs)  316  and  318 , respectively. The analog signals are sent to a radio transmitter  320  to be up-converted to the desired carrier frequency, amplified and then transmitted via antenna  324 . The local oscillator (LO) signal used by radio  320  is generated by frequency synthesizer  322 , which is also controlled by the control signals. Frequency synthesizer  322  has the ability to switch its output frequency at the start of each OFDM symbol period so that different transmitted OFDM symbols may occupy different hop bands. In some cases, the LO frequency is switched every symbol period. In other cases, the LO frequency remains the same for several symbol periods before it is switched again. The timing of the frequency switch is controlled by the hop timing signal. The appropriate LO frequency to be synthesized for a given symbol period is determined by the band select signal. 
     Variations in frequency spectrum exist among frequency hopping bands as well as among sub-carriers.  FIG. 4A  is a diagram illustrating a frequency spectrum of a set of uncompensated sub-carriers within a frequency hopping band. Ideally, the sub-carriers should have equal amplitude and form a flat frequency envelope. In practice, uncompensated sub-carriers such as  402 ,  404  and  406  have different amplitudes and form a frequency envelope  400  with amplitude variations. In the diagram shown, the signal amplitudes near the edges of the envelope are significantly weaker than those near the center of the envelope. The amplitude variations are partly attributed to the transmitter&#39;s DACs, which introduce a sin(x)/x shaping of the signal spectrum and cause the reduction in signal amplitude near the band edges. The various filters in the transmitter&#39;s signal path have a similar effect as the DAC. In some embodiments, these filters also cause a ripple in the signal spectrum. 
     In some embodiments, the effects of the DACs, the filters as well as other components are offset using gain compensation. A plurality of sub-carrier gain factors are applied to the uncompensated sub-carriers to make the amplitudes of the resulting gain compensated sub-carrier approximately equal. Depending on the value of the gain factor used, the corresponding uncompensated sub-carrier amplitude may be amplified, attenuated or unchanged.  FIG. 4B  is a diagram illustrating the frequency spectrum of the sub-carriers after the gain factors are applied. Each sub-carrier is multiplied with an appropriate sub-carrier gain factor. The values of the gain factors are selected such that when multiplied with corresponding sub-carriers in signal  415 , the resulting compensated sub-carriers have approximately the same amplitude. For example, the sub-carriers near the band edges receive greater gain boost than the sub-carriers near the band center. The resulting sub-carrier envelope  430  is substantially more even compared to  406 . In some embodiments, the amplitudes of uncompensated sub-carrier frequency components are measured to supply feedback information used to determine the sub-carrier gain factors. The measurement may take place during the manufacturing process, during the transmission operations of the transmitter or both. 
       FIG. 5  is a block diagram illustrating an OFDM transmitter embodiment that adjusts the sub-carrier amplitudes. In this example, like components of transmitter  500  and transmitter  300  perform like functions. Transmitter  500  additionally includes a sub-carrier gain control  502  that adjusts the amplitudes of the sub-carriers by applying appropriate gain factors to the corresponding sub-carriers. In some embodiments, a different set of gain factors is used for each frequency hopping band. During transmission, the frequency hopping band associated with the signal is determined and the appropriate set of gain factors is selected and applied. The application of the gain factors compensates the spectral distortion introduced by the DACs and various filters in the transmit signal path. A substantially flat baseband signal similar to signal  430  is thus obtained. 
     The synchronization sequences are often chosen for their autocorrelation and cross correlation properties rather than their spectral properties. As a result, the synchronization data sequence sometimes introduces peaks in the frequency spectrum, making the frequency spectrum substantially non-flat.  FIG. 6A  is a diagram illustrating the frequency spectrum of a signal. In this example, the signal includes several peaks (such as peak  602 ) in its frequency spectrum. In some embodiments, the signal is clipped at a level  604  to create a frequency spectrum that is more even.  FIG. 6B  is a diagram illustrating the clipped frequency spectrum. Details of the clipping process are discussed below. 
       FIG. 7  is a flowchart illustrating a frequency clipping process according to some embodiments. During process  700 , frequency components of an input are limited to a predetermined clip level in order to reduce or eliminate the peaks and achieve a flat frequency spectrum. The original data sequence is first Fourier transformed to obtain its complex-valued spectral representation ( 702 ). A spectral component is then selected ( 704 ). In this example, the spectral component (also referred to as the Fourier coefficient) with the maximum amplitude is chosen. Next, the clip level is selected ( 705 ). The clip level, which controls the flatness of the generated signal spectrum, is chosen relative to the selected spectral amplitude in some embodiments. The amplitudes of the spectral components are then clipped according to the clip level ( 706 ). In other words, spectral components with amplitude exceeding the clip level are given a new amplitude value equal to the clip level. Other spectral components with amplitudes less than or equal to the clip level are unchanged. Finally, an inverse Fourier transform is applied to the clipped spectrum to transform the signal back to the time domain ( 708 ). 
     The clipping operation can affect the auto-correlation and cross-correlation properties of the synchronization sequence. In some embodiments, a moderate clip level (for example, 3 dB below the maximum spectral amplitude) is chosen to achieve a substantial improvement of the spectral flatness with only a small impact on the performance of the receiver. In some embodiments, the clip level is further reduced until all the spectral components in the modified synchronization sequence have approximately equal amplitude, thus creating a spectrum that is substantially flat. In some cases, the clip level is set to a value less than or equal to the smallest spectral amplitude. In some embodiments, several outputs generated by using different clip levels are compared to select an appropriate clip level that offers flat spectrum without significantly degrading the output sent to the receiver. 
     It is not necessary to perform the computations described in process  700  for each data sequence during transmission. In some embodiments, similar effects are achieved by using pre-computed, modified synchronization sequences that have reduced spectral peaks in the preamble waveform. One way to derive the modified synchronization sequences is to apply the computations of process  700  to different synchronization sequences and store the results.  FIG. 8  is a block diagram illustrating another OFDM transmitter embodiment. Like components of transmitter  800  and transmitter  300  perform like functions. In this example, modified synchronization sequences are stored in a lookup table  802 . When a preamble is to be generated, the modified synchronization sequence that corresponds to the preamble is retrieved and inserted into the signal stream. Other implementations are sometimes used in different embodiments. For example, the preambles can be inserted prior to the IFFT operation. The frequency domain components may be clipped and buffered before they are processed by the IFFT component. 
     In some embodiments, a random phase shifter that applies random or pseudorandom phase shifts to the OFDM symbols is used to randomize the signal and reduce peaks in the frequency spectrum. The amount of phase shift for each symbol may be determined according to a pseudo random sequence or other predefined sequence. If desired, the sequence of phase shifts can be reconstructed in the receiver, allowing the receiver remove the phase shift of each received OFDM symbol before other tasks such as channel estimation, phase estimation and data demodulation are carried out. 
       FIG. 9  is a block diagram illustrating another OFDM transmitter embodiment that implements the phase shift. In this example, a random phase shifter  902  is used to introduce random or pseudo random phase shifts to the OFDM symbols. In some embodiments, the phase shifts are limited to multiples of 90° (i.e. the phase shifts are restricted to 0°, 90°, 180°, 270°) so that the random phase shifter can be implemented via two basic operations: interchanging the I and Q signal components and reversing the sign of I and/or Q signal components. Although the random phase shift is shown to take place prior to analog to digital conversion in this example, the phase shift operation may also be performed elsewhere in the transmitter. For example, the phase of the QPSK symbols at the input of the IFFT may be shifted before the IFFT is applied. 
     The spectrum shaping techniques can be used in combination in some embodiments. For example, some transmitter embodiments include both a modified synchronization sequence lookup table for clipping preamble frequency spectrum and a random phase shifter for performing phase shift. Some transmitter embodiments use both a band gain control and a sub-carrier amplitude control.  FIG. 10  is a diagram illustrating a transmitter embodiment that includes several spectrum shaping components. Transmitter  1000  shown in this example includes a sub-carrier amplitude control  1002 , a modified synchronization sequence lookup table  1004 , a random phase shifter  1006  and a band gain control  1008 . One or more of these components may be active at the same time to shape the output signal to achieve a more uniform output spectrum. 
     Although the foregoing embodiments have been described in some detail for purposes of clarity of understanding, the invention is not limited to the details provided. There are many alternative ways of implementing the invention. The disclosed embodiments are illustrative and not restrictive.