Abstract:
This application discloses a method for diagnosing cancer by employing any of various immunochemical procedures to detect elevated levels of anti-(blood group T antigen) antibodies in a biological sample.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Serum anti-T agglutinins are antibodies having specificity for the cryptic blood group substance known as the Thomsen-Friedenreich T-antigen. The T-antigen has been found in all human sera and in the sera of other mammals such as rabbits and goats. Localized on erythrocytes, T-antigen is considered an immediate biosynthetic precursor of blood group MN antigens, and not expressed under ordinary circumstances. However, MN antigens may be converted in vitro to T-antigen by either an enzymatic or acidic pH treatment [G. F. Springer et al., Carbohydrate Research, 40, 183, (1975)]. 
     A significant level of circulating anti-T agglutinin appears during the first year after birth and by the age of three, it reaches titers found in adult sera [P. E. Lind et al., Australian J. Expl. Biol. Med. Sci., 25, 247, (1947)]. 
     While a normal, healthy adult usually exhibits constant mean anti-T titers, higher than normal titers have been measured in sera from patients exhibiting atypical pneumonia and liver cirrhosis. Also noteworthy is that significantly reduced agglutinin activities were reported in patients undergoing an antibiotic regimen [V. Boccardi et al., Vox Sang, 27, 268, (1974) and K. Fraser, J. Pathological Bacteriology, LXX, 13, (1955)]. 
     Recently, it was observed and reported that anti-T could serve as a useful marker for the diagnosis of carcinoma because depressed levels of anti-T were found in sera from individuals diagnosed as having a malignant disease [Springer et al., Clin. Immunol. Immunopath., 7, 426, (1977)]. In particular, the serum anti-T agglutinin levels were reported to be severely depressed among patients diagnosed to have breast carcinoma or gastrointestinal carcinoma. Those studies detecting a correlation between depressed levels of anti-T and malignant disorders were conducted by a hemagglutination procedure. Specifically, normal human red cells treated with an enzyme (neuraminidase) expose T-antigens on their surface and thereby become T-antigen-bearing red cells. These red cells will agglutinate when anti-T &#34;agglutinating&#34; antibodies are present in the assay system. The degree of agglutination is semi-quantitative in evaluating the antibody levels. 
     While attempting to duplicate the published results by employing radio-immunoassay techniques, an inconsistency was discovered. Specifically, it was found that the total serum anti-T levels were significantly elevated in samples obtained from untreated cancer patients compared with those of controls secured from normal, healthy individuals and from subjects with benign pathological diseases. 
     The apparently inconsistent results have been reconciled by recognizing that not all anti-T antibodies are agglutinating antibodies. The non-agglutinating anti-T antibodies would not agglutinate with the T-antigen-bearing red cells and would, therefore, go undetected in the hemagglutination assay medium. The invention disclosed and claimed herein relies on sensitive and specific immunoassays which can detect all the anti-T antibodies, agglutinating and non-agglutinating, to thereby demonstrate that &#34;total&#34; serum anti-T antibody levels are signficantly elevated in cancer patients when compared with &#34;total&#34; anti-T antibody levels observed in normal, healthy donors and patients with benign pathological diseases. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, it is the purpose of this document to disclose and demonstrate a method for the diagnosis of cancer which comprises immunochemically detecting elevated anti-T antibody activity in a biological sample from an untreated individual afflicted with a malignant disorder. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     In order to prepare the reagents necessary for the immunochemical determination of anti-T antibody levels, it is necessary to secure purified T-antigen. A suitable quantity of T-antigen can be prepared from O, MM and O, NN red blood cells according to the detailed procedure described by Springer et al. [Biochemistry, 5, 325, (1966); G. F. Springer et al., Carbohydrate Research, 40, 183 (1975)]. 
     The purified T-antigen can be labeled with a variety of markers commonly employed in immunochemical techniques including radio-isotopes, enzymes and fluorescent dyes. In the Examples set forth below, labeling the purified T-antigen was achieved by using radioactive iodine ( 125  I) in the insoluble lactoperoxidase method described by David and Reisfeld [Biochemistry, 13, 1014, (1974)]. Typically, 20 μg of purified T-antigen is labeled using 1.2 mCi of Na 125  I. 
     The anti-T antibody used in the detailed Examples was generated in rabbits by two separate methods. One group of animals was immunized with enzyme (neuraminidase)-treated human red blood cells and another with purified T-antigen mixed with complete Freund&#39;s adjuvant. The former group received 0.25 ml packed red cells and the latter group received 6-100 μg T-antigen in each injection until the immune response reached maturation. After three weeks following the injections, the rabbits were bled. The immunoglobulin fraction of the rabbit antisera was obtained by precipitation in 50% saturated (NH 4 ) 2  SO 4  and subsequent washing with more of the same salt solution. 
     To reliably demonstrate the claimed method for diagnosing malignant conditions, it is necessary that the biological sample, e.g. sera or pleural fluid, be obtained from untreated patients. It has been observed in a series of serum samples obtained from clinically diagnosed cancer patients before, during and after treatment (surgery, chemo-, radio-, and hormonal therapy) that in some patients the serum anti-T levels were significantly altered after initiation of a therapy. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE I 
     DETERMINATION OF ANTI-T BY SOLID-PHASE COMPETITIVE RADIOIMMUNOASSAY (SPRIA) 
     Polystyrene tubes (13×100 mm) were coated with immunoglobulin solution containing a high concentration of rabbit anti-T antibodies. The coating solution was prepared in 0.01 M Tris, pH 9.0, buffer and the final protein concentration was adjusted to yield the absorbance reading (at 280 nm) of 0.022-0.024. After introducing 1.1 ml of the antibody coating solution into each tube, the tubes were allowed to stand overnight (˜16 hrs.) at 4° C. They were washed twice with 0.01 M Tris, 0.15 M NaCl (Tris-saline) pH 7 buffer solution prior to use. 
     Serum samples were pre-diluted with 0.01 M phosphate buffered--0.15 M saline (PBS) before initiating the assay procedure. Specifically, 25 μl of serum was diluted with 1.0 ml PBS solution. 
     To begin the SPRIA procedure, 0.5 ml of 5 mg/ml bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS was introduced into each anti-T coated tube. One aliquot (100 μl) of the pre-diluted serum sample was pipetted into the tube, followed by a pre-diluted, constant volume (100 μl) of radiolabeled T-antigen ( 125  I-T), 250,000-300,000 counts per min/0.1 ml. A sufficient quantity of PBS solution was then added to bring the final volume of the mixture to 1.0 ml. The composition was mixed on a vortex mixer and incubated for 18 hours at 4° C. without disturbance. After incubation, the contents were aspirated and the tubes washed twice with 1.5 ml each of Tris-saline buffer. The tubes were counted on a gamma-counter to measure the amount of  125  I-T bound to the immobilized anti-T antibodies. A standard curve had been constructed using serially diluted known sample. The anti-T levels of unknown samples were evaluated from the radioactivity corresponding to the standard curve. 
     Table I illustrates the correlation between anti-T antibody activity determined by the solid-phase RIA method described above and various malignant conditions. A reading was designated as elevated and positive when the anti-T activity reached 25 units or higher. 
     
                       TABLE I______________________________________ANTI-T ANTIBODY ACTIVITY MEASUREMENTBY SOLID-PHASE RADIOIMMUNOASSAYClinical Diagnosis        No. Positive/Total No.                         % Positive______________________________________Normal healthydonors        3/23            13Ca colon andrectum       16/16            100Ca breast    28/33            85Other Ca     16/16            100Benign, non-cancerous disease        14/51            27______________________________________ 
    
     The following example will demonstrate an alternate immunochemical procedure which will also detect elevated anti-T antibody levels consistent with the claimed phenomenon. 
     EXAMPLE II 
     IMMUNE-COMPLEX PRECIPITATION RIA 
     Serum samples were diluted (1:200) with PBS solution. Specifically, 10 μl of a serum sample was diluted with 2.0 ml PBS. A batch of disposable glass tubes (10×75 mm) were labeled and 100 μl of 0.5 mg/ml BSA in PBS was introduced into each tube. An aliquot (50 μl) of the pre-diluted serum sample was pipetted into the tube. Iodine labeled-T antigen solution was prepared by diluting  125  I-T with 0.5 mg/ml BSA, PBS solution so that a radioactivity count of 100,000-120,000 counts/min./0.1 ml was attained. A sufficient amount of PBS solution was then added to make the final sample volume 0.30 ml. The contents were mixed on a vortex mixer and incubated overnight at 4° C. Following the incubation, an equal volume (0.30 ml) of (NH 4 ) 2  SO 4  solution which was saturated at 23° C. was added and the mixture allowed to equilibrate for 30 min. at 4° C. The samples were then centrifuged at 1300× g for 30 min. at 4° C. The supernatant was decanted gently without disturbing the precipitate. The precipitates, including  125  I-T anti-T antibodies, remained adhered at the bottom of the tube and were counted on a gamma-counter. A dose response curve obtained with serially diluted known samples served as a standard. The anti-T levels of unknown samples were evaluated from their radioactivity corresponding to the standard curve. 
     Table II illustrates the correlation between anti-T antibody activity determined by the immunoassay described in Example II and various malignant conditions. A reading was designated as elevated and positive when the anti-T activity reached 90 units or higher. 
     
                       TABLE II______________________________________ANTI-T ANTIBODY ACTIVITY MEASUREMENTBY FARR RADIOIMMUNOASSAYClinical Diagnosis        No. Positive/Total No.                         % Positive______________________________________Normal healthydonors       1/38              3Ca colon andrectum       11/13            85Ca breast    29/35            83Other Ca     6/14             43Benign, non-cancerous disease        3/47              6______________________________________ 
    
     Of course, numerous modifications and variations demonstrating the claimed phenomenon will occur to those skilled in the art; however, subsequent elaborations should not be interpreted as limiting the scope or application of the appended claims. Specifically,