Abstract:
A tile for lining an internal surface in a heavy wear area. The tile includes at least one locating rod embedded within said tile and an internal mechanism for laterally extending said at least one locating rod out of said tile and into a gap in an adjoining structure which may be another tile. The tiles forming the lining surface are securely held in place as a result of the selective deployment of the locating rods into a gap in the adjoining structure.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention relates generally to ceramic linings for walls of reactors subject to high temperatures and more particularly to anchoring systems for tiles which are used to form such ceramic linings. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   Refinery process units, such as fluid catalytic cracking units, and other reactors and furnace-like equipment require, by their very nature, heat, wear and chemical resistant linings along portions of their interiors. The present art of ramming monolithic refractories into hexagonal-shaped metal mesh is well known. 
   Common practices in the field are to line reactors with hexagonal mesh ( FIGS. 1–3 ) into which a refractory monolithic material is rammed while in a plastic, malleable state. Reactions in such materials, with or without the application of heat, cause a hardening of the material resulting in a lining in the wear areas capable of withstanding the environment encountered. In contrast to malleable state materials, it has long been known that pre-formed ceramic materials are more resistant to wear, erosion, and corrosion conditions than monolithic refractories. Ceramic tiles, though resistant to extreme conditions, are relatively brittle. As such they must be mounted to a reactor substrate lining with care. Mounting them gently, however, often impedes how securely the tiles are affixed to the lining. Prior art has resulted in tiles that are unreliable and which fail due to thermal cycling and other stresses which occur in service. 
     FIGS. 1 ,  2  and  3  illustrate the current practice of using malleable, non-preformed materials and injecting them into mesh. Referring to these figures, it can be seen that hexagonal mesh (Hexmetal)  10 , which is typically ¾ to 1″ thick, is formed from metal strips  101  bent to form half-hexagonal shapes which are connected by clinches  102  punched from the metal strips  101  and bent over to secure two strips  101  together to form the hexagonal cells. Mesh  101  is preferably welded to substrate  302  via weld  215 . Tabs  103  may be punched from metal strips  101  and help to secure the monolithic refractory into the cells after hardening. After filling of the cells, the monolithic refractory hardens by use of a setting agent or by application of heat to form a wear- and corrosion-resistance lining. 
   To the extent that any pre-formed tiles are used, tabs  103  may be of assistance in securing the tiles. The punching of tabs  103  leaves holes  104  in metal strips  101 . These holes  104  can be used to secure pre-formed tiles to the interior of a reactor surface in place of the monolithic material. 
   Unfortunately, state of the art linings and the related techniques suffer from a number of drawbacks. These drawbacks include a relatively low mechanical stability and they often require very thick and heavy walls in order to provide the properties necessary to protect the reactor components. Another disadvantage of these prior art linings is the fact that it is generally difficult to remove individual elements or lining sections easily or non-destructively for replacement. 
   Finally, these prior art linings often are incapable of satisfying the ceramic property requirements associated with increasingly severe processes that result in ever increasing thermal and mechanical loads and stresses. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   What is therefore needed is an anchoring system that will securely hold tiles to the substrate, while at the same time being easy to install and preferably being able to be retrofitted with existing refractory linings, including those with existing mesh. 
   One object of the present invention is to provide a tile for use in refinery process units, reactors and other furnace-like equipment that may be easily affixed to a substrate. 
   Another object is to provide a tile for use in refinery process units, reactors and other furnace-like equipment that is capable of remaining affixed to the substrate despite being exposed to a severe environment. 
   These and other objects will become apparent from the detailed description of the preferred forms set out below and now summarized as follows. The present invention employs individual tiles to form the reactor lining and to provide the ceramic properties that are required by a broad range of processes. The tiles forming the ceramic lining of the present invention are mounted into a hexagonal mesh or other abutment. Preformed tiles according to the teachings of the present invention have an advantage over the present in-situ-formed monolithic linings in that they can be made much more durable than present linings, as well as being more easily replaced, in whole or in part, over a continuous lining. 
   Further, problems arising in the mounting of tiles to form an internal refractory surface are addressed according to the present invention. Unreliable mounting systems in the prior art which allow ingress of particulate materials (catalyst or other) between or beneath tiles, lead to quicker degradation of the refractory lining, resulting in poor performance, downtime or property damage. Typically, in a room-temperature application, tiles are cemented or anchored via simple mechanical attachment to a substrate. Where elevated temperatures are involved, the ceramic tile become loose or form gaps between them due to reversible thermal expansion differences between the tile and the metal substrate. Typically, ceramics have half or less reversible thermal expansion as compared to stainless steels. If particulate materials are present of sufficiently small size, as is the case in FCCU&#39;s, they will become lodged between and behind the tiles. When the unit subsequently cools for any reason, reversible thermal expansion dictates that the tile return to the original size. The trapped particulate material prevents this from happening, setting up powerful stresses in the tile, often causing failure of the tile itself or failure of the attachment. 
   The present invention allows for tiles to be placed into the same hexagonal arrangement of mesh now commonly used in cyclones, and at the same time limits the deleterious effects of particulate ingress. 
   A preferred form of the tile for use in refinery process units, reactors and other furnace-like equipment is intended to accomplish at least one or more of the aforementioned objects according to the present teachings. One such form includes a tile for use in reactors and other furnace like equipment wherein the tile has an embedded locating rod that, when properly inserted into place, will laterally deploy into one or more punch holes  104  and secure the tile into place. In a refinement of this form, the tile is formed to include a gap that accepts a locating rod from an abutting tile. 
   In one form of this invention, a pin is driven into the top surface of the tile and forces at least one locating rod into a gap. In a refinement of this form, the threaded pin or screw is constructed of the same material as the tile surface and locks into place with a minimal seam on the tile surface. 
   In another form, the tile includes an embedded cam mechanism which, when turned, forces at least one locating rod into a gap. In a refinement of this form, the screw is constructed of the same material as the tile surface and locks into place with a minimal seam in the tile surface 
   In still another form, the tile has at least one embedded locating rod that is forced out and into a gap due to the insertion of a liquid material into a cavity in the tile. In this embodiment, the liquid material hardens into a refractory solid once the locating rod is in place. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The present invention will now be described in more detail with reference to preferred forms of the invention, given only by way of example, and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a typical hexagon metal mesh covering utilized in the prior art to contain monolithic materials in the hexagonal cells; 
       FIG. 2  is a top view of the hexmetal mesh as used in the prior art to secure monolithic materials to the substrate material; 
       FIG. 3  is a sectional view showing hexmetal mesh against substrate material as formed in connection with prior art attachment methodologies; 
       FIGS. 4A and 4B  represent a top view and sectional view, respectively, of a tile fastened to a substrate according to a first embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIGS. 5A and 5B  represent a top view and sectional view, respectively, of a tile fastened to a substrate according to a second embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIGS. 6A and 6B  illustrate the preferred orientation for locating rods according to the first and second embodiments of the present invention, respectively; 
       FIGS. 7A and 7B  represent a top view and sectional view, respectively, of a tile fastened to a substrate according to a third embodiment of the present invention; and 
       FIG. 8  illustrates shows the preferred orientation for locating rods according to the third embodiment of the present invention 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   Reference is now made to the forms depicted in  FIGS. 1 through 8  wherein like numerals refer to like elements. 
   Surfaces that are subject to high levels of erosion, wear, corrosive elements, high temperatures and other such conditions need to be protected with materials that are resistant to such an environment. Refinery process units, such as fluid catalytic cracking units (FCCU&#39;s), furnaces and other types of equipment, hereinafter referred to generically as “reactors,” are types of such equipment having a need for such linings. Although there are other kinds of equipment that equally have a need for resistant linings, herein FCCU&#39;s are used an exemplary embodiment of such equipment. As such, the teachings of the present invention should not be viewed to be limited to linings only for the particular equipment described in the examples of the following description. Instead, it should be understood that the invention described herein is limited only to what is claimed in the claims included herewith. 
   More reliable methods of mounting tiles to a refractory lining using locating rods embedded in a tile are now described. When a tile is in proper position, locating rods, as described below, are mechanically forced, laterally, into a gap. This gap may be a portion of the hexagonal mesh of the prior art, gaps in other structural devices of any shape which can cover area, such as triangles or rectangles, or even another adjacent tile. The locating rods may then be secured into position. 
   A detailed description of each of the embodiments is now provided.  FIGS. 4A and 4B  show an embodiment of the current invention where a threaded retaining pin or screw  410 , when inserted into a tile  400 , will force a pair of locating rods  420  into a gap of a pre-existing mesh or other gap in hexmetal structure  10  such as, for example, the gap  104  formed by the punch out of tabs  103  shown in  FIG. 1 . 
   Tile  400  has two locating rods  420  laterally embedded therein. Threaded pin or screw  410  may be forced into a space inside tile  400 , and as a result, locating rods  420  are forced outwards. Threaded pin or screw  410  is locked in place by the threaded portion  440  of tile  400  accepting the end of pin  410 .  FIG. 4B  shows a fully inserted pin  410  with locating rods  420  forced into a gap, such as maybe present in a wall  480  of a mesh structure, another type of structure or in an abutting tile. In linings that have a mesh covering, locating rods  420  may be designed to lock into the mesh, without the need for retaining tabs. Preferably the head of pin  410  is constructed of the same material as the facing of tile  400 , and forms a relatively seamless joint when inserted into place. Tile  400  preferably contains a chamfered bottom edge  450 , which allows room for the weld holding the structure containing the gap to the substrate  460 . 
   The tile  400  is secured in place as a result of threaded screw  410  protruding into a matching threaded section  440  of tile  400  wherein the matching threaded section  440  is designed to receive the end portion of threaded pin or screw  410 . The pin or screw  410  contains a recessed cavity  470  for the insertion of a tool to rotate the screw. The recess may be compatible with any of a number of tools, for example, Allen wrench, star tool or Phillips head screwdriver. 
     FIGS. 5A and 5B  illustrate another embodiment of the invention wherein a rotating locking cam  520  within tile  510  locks locating rods  530  into a gap within the wall  580  of hexmetal mesh  10  (which again may be a punch hole  104  in an existing hexmetal mesh  10  or some other gap in a supporting material) by applying a ¼ turn to center spindle  540 . Center spindle  540  causes rotating locking cam  520  to rotate when center spindle  540  itself is rotated an equivalent amount. When rotating locking cam  520  is rotated ¼ turn, it becomes longer in the lateral direction of the channel containing locating rods  530  so as to force locating rods  530  in a direction away from rotating locking cam  520  and into the gap in the wall  580  of hexmetal structure  10  or other abutment. Cam  520  itself is preferably locked into place by means of resin or mortar placed through an injection port  541 . Details of one possible configuration of the rotating cam  520 , locating rods  530  and center spindle  540  are shown in  FIG. 5A . In this instance, rotating cam  520  contains a hexagonal central cavity into which a matching hexagonal end of the center spindle  540  fits, thereby allowing rotation of the spindle  540  and cam  520 . The injection port itself  541  is shown as a hexagonal cavity enabling the insertion of an Allen wrench or other tool, as desired, to turn both the spindle  540  and cam  520 . Tile  510  preferably contains a chamfered bottom edge  550 , which allows room for the weld holding the structure  580  containing the gap to the substrate  560 . 
     FIGS. 6A and 6B  show the preferred orientation of locating rods  420  and  530 , respectively among adjacent tile for the embodiments of  FIGS. 4 and 5 , respectively. Hexagonal shapes for the supporting cells are shown, although the same mechanisms work for any shape suited to covering areas, such as triangles or rectangles. Since the prior art utilizes hexagonal mesh welded to the substrate, the examples given can be utilized in the existing mesh and can abut installations of the prior art. As can be seen from  FIGS. 6A and 6B , the preferred arrangement provides an alternating positioning of the locating rods  420  and  530  such that only a single locating rod  420  or  530 , as applicable, is placed within each cell wall. Although the locating rods and cavities in abutments or hexmetal may be of a large range of shapes, the following is given as an example of a size compatible with the current art. The locating rods may be 5 mm by 10 mm in cross-section and 25 mm long. 
   A preferred form using only a single locating rod  720  per tile is shown in  FIGS. 7A and 7B . Locating rod  720  in this embodiment adjoins a recess or cavity  750  in tile  710 . When the cavity  750  is filled by liquid under pressure through injection port  770 , the locating rod  720  is forced outwards into a gap in an abutting structure  730 . The material that fills the cavity  750  and forces locating rod  720  out and into the gap may be one of a variety of materials, but is preferably a mortar or resin-like material that will harden, locking tile  710  into position. Tile  710  also contains a second port  760  into which an adjacent tile can be locked in addition to or instead of a mesh or other substrate. As mentioned for the forms presented hereinabove, the locating rods  720  may extend through the gap and into other tiles or directly into other tiles without a separately abutting structure. Tile  710  preferably contains a chamfered bottom edge  740 , which allows room for the weld holding the structure  730  containing the gap to the substrate  780 . 
   To be compatible with current art using hexmetal mesh, the locating rod  720  may be, for example 25 mm long with a rod diameter of 5 mm and a rectangular cross-section head of 5 mm by 10 mm. The depth of the rectangular head may be 5 mm to 10 mm, for example. 
   In a preferred embodiment the tiles  710  in the embodiment of  FIGS. 7A and 7B  are arranged so that the locating rods  720  interlock with adjoining tiles in a linear pattern, as shown in  FIG. 8 . 
   Locating rods for all embodiments may be constructed of nearly any rigid, corrosive resistant material. Preferred materials, however, include pure ceramics, pure metals or mixtures of each. 
   Although the retaining tabs  103  in available hexmetal constructs are efficient for use with prior art, in-situ ceramics, they are generally not utilized in connection with the structures of the present invention, which requires the rapid and secure placement of tiles. The tabs  103 , useful to secure monolithic refractory when rammed in-situ, generally interfere with the insertion of tiles into the hexmetal  10  when preformed tiles are used as the ceramic material. The punch holes  104  which are created as a result of forming the tabs  103 , however, may be utilized according to the teachings of the present invention as described above. 
   While the preferred forms have been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, they are illustrative and not restrictive in character. All changes and modifications that come within the scope of the preferred forms are desired to be protected.