Abstract:
Methods of operating semiconductor memory devices with floating body transistors, using a silicon controlled rectifier principle are provided, as are semiconductor memory devices for performing such operations. A method of maintaining the data state of a semiconductor dynamic random access memory cell is provided, wherein the memory cell comprises a substrate being made of a material having a first conductivity type selected from p-type conductivity type and n-type conductivity type; a first region having a second conductivity type selected from the p-type and n-type conductivity types, the second conductivity type being different from the first conductivity type; a second region having the second conductivity type, the second region being spaced apart from the first region; a buried layer in the substrate below the first and second regions, spaced apart from the first and second regions and having the second conductivity type; a body region formed between the first and second regions and the buried layer, the body region having the first conductivity type; and a gate positioned between the first and second regions and adjacent the body region. The memory cell is configured to store a first data state which corresponds to a first charge in the body region in a first configuration, and a second data state which corresponds to a second charge in the body region in a second configuration. The method includes: providing the memory cell storing one of the first and second data states; and applying a positive voltage to a substrate terminal connected to the substrate beneath the buried layer, wherein when the body region is in the first state, the body region turns on a silicon controlled rectifier device of the cell and current flows through the device to maintain configuration of the memory cell in the first memory state, and wherein when the memory cell is in the second state, the body region does not turn on the silicon controlled rectifier device, current does not flow, and a blocking operation results, causing the body to maintain the second memory state.

Description:
[0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/086,170 filed Aug. 5, 2008, which application is hereby incorporated herein, in its entirety, by reference thereto. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to semiconductor memory technology. More specifically, the present invention relates to dynamic random access memory having an electrically floating body transistor. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Semiconductor memory devices are used extensively to store data. 
         [0004]    Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) is widely used in many applications. Conventional DRAM cells consist of a one-transistor and one-capacitor (1T/1C) structure. As the 1T/1C memory cell feature is being scaled, difficulties arise due to the necessity of maintaining the capacitance values of each memory scale in the scaled architecture. 
         [0005]    There is a need in the art for improve DRAM memory that can better retain capacitance values in the cells of a scaled architecture comprising many DRAM memory cells. Because of the rapid growth in the amounts of memory used by modern electronic devices, there is a continuing need to provided improvement in DRAM architecture that allow for a smaller cell size than the currently available 1T./1C memory cell architecture. 
         [0006]    Currently existing DRAM memory must be periodically refreshed to maintain the viability of the data stored therein, as the stored charges have a finite lifetime and begin to degrade after a period of time. The charges therefore need to be refreshed to their originally stored values. To do this, the data is first read out and then it is written back into the DRAM. This process must be repeated cyclically after each passage of a predetermined period of time, and is inefficient, as it is both time consuming and energy inefficient. 
         [0007]    Thus, there is a need for DRAM memory that is both space efficient and can be efficiently refreshed. 
         [0008]    The present inventions satisfies these needs as well as providing additional features that will become apparent upon reading the specification below with reference to the figures. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0009]    The present invention provides methods of operating semiconductor memory devices with floating body transistors, using a silicon controlled rectifier principle and also provide semiconductor memory devices for such operations. 
         [0010]    A method of maintaining the data state of a semiconductor dynamic random access memory cell is provided, wherein the memory cell comprises a substrate being made of a material having a first conductivity type selected from p-type conductivity type and n-type conductivity type; a first region having a second conductivity type selected from the p-type and n-type conductivity types, the second conductivity type being different from the first conductivity type; a second region having the second conductivity type, the second region being spaced apart from the first region; a buried layer in the substrate below the first and second regions, spaced apart from the first and second regions and having the second conductivity type; a body region formed between the first and second regions and the buried layer, the body region having the first conductivity type; and a gate positioned between the first and second regions and adjacent the body region. The memory cell is configured to store a first data state which corresponds to a first charge in the body region in a first configuration, and a second data state which corresponds to a second charge in the body region in a second configuration. The method includes: providing the memory cell storing one of the first and second data states; and applying a positive voltage to a substrate terminal connected to the substrate beneath the buried layer, wherein when the body region is in the first state, the body region turns on a silicon controlled rectifier device of the cell and current flows through the device to maintain configuration of the memory cell in the first memory state, and wherein when the memory cell is in the second state, the body region does not turn on the silicon controlled rectifier device, current does not flow, and a blocking operation results, causing the body to maintain the second memory state. 
         [0011]    In at least one embodiment, the memory cell includes, in addition to the substrate terminal, a source line terminal electrically connected to one of the first and second regions; a bit line terminal electrically connected to the other of the first and second regions; a word line terminal connected to the gate; and a buried well terminal electrically connected to the buried layer; the method further comprising: applying a substantially neutral voltage to the bit line terminal; applying a negative voltage to the word line terminal; and allowing the source line terminal and the buried well terminal to float. 
         [0012]    In at least one embodiment, the memory cell includes, in addition to the substrate terminal, a source line terminal electrically connected to one of the first and second regions; a bit line terminal electrically connected to the other of the first and second regions; a word line terminal connected to the gate; and a buried well terminal electrically connected to the buried layer; the method further comprising: applying a substantially neutral voltage to the source line terminal; applying a negative voltage to the word line terminal; and allowing the bit line terminal and the buried well terminal to float. 
         [0013]    A method of reading the data state of a semiconductor dynamic random access memory cell is provided, wherein the memory cell comprises a substrate being made of a material having a first conductivity type selected from p-type conductivity type and n-type conductivity type; a first region having a second conductivity type selected from the p-type and n-type conductivity types, the second conductivity type being different from the first conductivity type; a second region having the second conductivity type, the second region being spaced apart from the first region; a buried layer in the substrate below the first and second regions, spaced apart from the first and second regions and having the second conductivity type; a body region formed between the first and second regions and the buried layer, the body region having the first conductivity type; and a gate positioned between the first and second regions and adjacent the body region. The memory cell further comprises a substrate terminal electrically connected to the substrate, a source line terminal electrically connected to one of the first and second regions, a bit line terminal electrically connected to the other of the first and second regions, a word line terminal connected to the gate, and a buried well terminal electrically connected to the buried layer; wherein each memory cell is configured to store a first data state which corresponds to a first charge in the body region in a first configuration, and a second data state which corresponds to a second charge in the body region in a second configuration. The method includes: applying a positive voltage to the substrate terminal; applying a positive voltage to the word line terminal; applying a substantially neutral voltage to the bit line terminal; and allowing voltage levels of the source line terminal and the buried well terminal to float; wherein, when the memory cell is in the first data state, a silicon controlled rectifier device is formed by the substrate, buried well, body region and region connected to the bit line terminal is in low-impedance, conducting mode, and a higher cell current is observed at the bit line terminal compared to when the memory cell is in the second data state, as when the memory cell is in the second data state, the silicon rectifier device is in blocking mode. 
         [0014]    A semiconductor memory array is provided, including: a plurality of semiconductor dynamic random access memory cells arranged in a matrix of rows and columns, each semiconductor dynamic random access memory cell including: a substrate having a top surface, the substrate being made of a material having a first conductivity type selected from p-type conductivity type and n-type conductivity type; a first region having a second conductivity type selected from the p-type and n-type conductivity types, the second conductivity type being different from the first conductivity type, the first region being formed in the substrate and exposed at the top surface; a second region having the second conductivity type, the second region being formed in the substrate, spaced apart from the first region and exposed at the top surface; a buried layer in the substrate below the first and second regions, spaced apart from the first and second regions and having the second conductivity type; a body region formed between the first and second regions and the buried layer, the body region having the first conductivity type; and a gate positioned between the first and second regions and above the top surface; a source line terminal electrically connected to one of the first and second regions; a bit line terminal electrically connected to the other of the first and second regions; a word line terminal connected to the gate; a buried well terminal electrically connected to the buried layer; and a substrate terminal electrically connected to the substrate below the buried layer; wherein each memory cell further includes a first data state which corresponds to a first charge in the body region, and a second data state which corresponds to a second charge in the body region; wherein each of the terminals is controlled to perform operations on each the cell; and wherein the terminals are controlled to perform a refresh operation by a non-algorithmic process. 
         [0015]    In at least one embodiment, the data state of at least one of the cells is read by: applying a neutral voltage state to the substrate terminal, applying a voltage greater than or equal to zero to the buried well terminal, applying a neutral voltage to the source line terminal, applying a positive voltage to the bit line terminal and applying a positive voltage to the word line terminal. 
         [0016]    In at least one embodiment, the data state of at least one of the cells is read by: applying a positive voltage to the substrate terminal, applying a neutral voltage to the bit line terminal, applying a positive voltage to the word line terminal and leaving the source line terminal and the buried well terminal floating. 
         [0017]    In at least one embodiment, the first data state is written to at least one of the cells by: applying a positive voltage to the bit line terminal, applying a neutral voltage to the source line terminal, applying a negative voltage to the word line terminal, applying a positive voltage to the buried well terminal and applying a neutral voltage to the substrate terminal. 
         [0018]    In at least one embodiment, the first data state is written to at least one of the cells by: applying a positive voltage to the substrate terminal, applying a neutral voltage to the source line terminal, applying a positive voltage to the bit line terminal, applying a positive voltage to the word line terminal and allowing the buried well terminal to float. 
         [0019]    In at least one embodiment, the first data state is written to at least one of the cells by: applying a neutral voltage to the bit line terminal, applying a positive voltage to the word line terminal, applying a positive voltage to the substrate terminal and allowing the source line terminal and the buried well terminal to float. 
         [0020]    In at least one embodiment, the second data state is written to at least one of the cells by: applying a negative voltage to the source line terminal, applying a voltage less than or equal to about zero to the word line terminal, applying a neutral voltage to the substrate terminal, applying a voltage greater than or equal to zero to the buried well terminal, and applying a neutral voltage to the bit line terminal. 
         [0021]    In at least one embodiment, the second data state is written to at least one of the cells by: applying a positive voltage to the bit line terminal, applying a positive voltage to the word line terminal, applying a positive voltage to the substrate terminal, while allowing the source line terminal and the buried well terminal to float. 
         [0022]    In at least one embodiment, a holding operation is performed on at least one of the cells by: applying a substantially neutral voltage to the bit line terminal, applying a neutral or negative voltage to the word line terminal, and applying a positive voltage to the substrate terminal, while allowing the source line terminal and the buried well terminal to float. 
         [0023]    A semiconductor memory array is provided, including: a plurality of semiconductor dynamic random access memory cells arranged in a matrix of rows and columns, each semiconductor dynamic random access memory cell including: a substrate being made of a material having a first conductivity type selected from p-type conductivity type and n-type conductivity type; a first region having a second conductivity type selected from the p-type and n-type conductivity types, the second conductivity type being different from the first conductivity type; a second region having the second conductivity type, the second region being spaced apart from the first region; a buried layer in the substrate below the first and second regions, spaced apart from the first and second regions and having the second conductivity type; a body region formed between the first and second regions and the buried layer, the body region having the first conductivity type; and a gate positioned between the first and second regions and adjacent the body region; wherein each memory cell further includes a first data state which corresponds to a first charge in the body region, and a second data state which corresponds to a second charge in the body region; wherein the substrates of a plurality of the cells are connected to a same substrate terminal; and wherein data states of the plurality of cells are maintained by biasing the substrate terminal. 
         [0024]    In at least one embodiment, the cells are refreshed by a non-algorithmic process. 
         [0025]    In at least one embodiment, the voltage applied to the substrate terminal automatically activates each cell of the plurality of cells that has the first data state to refresh the first data state, and wherein each cell of the plurality of cells that has the second data state automatically remains deactivated upon application of the voltage to the substrate terminal so that each the cell having the second data state remains in the second data state. 
         [0026]    In at least one embodiment, the substrate terminal is periodically biased by pulsing the substrate terminal and wherein the data states of the plurality of cells are refreshed upon each the pulse. 
         [0027]    In at least one embodiment, the substrate terminal is constantly biased and the plurality of cells constantly maintain the data states. 
         [0028]    In at least one embodiment, the substrate has a top surface, the first region is formed in the substrate and exposed at the top surface; wherein the second region is formed in the substrate and exposed at the top surface; and wherein the gate is positioned above the top surface. 
         [0029]    In at least one embodiment, the first and second regions are formed in a fin that extends above the buried layer, the gate is provided on opposite sides of the fin, between the first and second regions, and the body region is between the first and second regions and between the gate on opposite sides of the fin. 
         [0030]    In at least one embodiment, the gate is additionally provided adjacent a top surface of the body region. 
         [0031]    These and other features of the invention will become apparent to those persons skilled in the art upon reading the details of the devices and methods as more fully described below. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0032]      FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional, schematic view of a memory cell according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0033]      FIGS. 2A-2B  illustrate various voltage states applied to terminals of a memory cell or plurality of memory cells, to carry out various functions according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
           [0034]      FIG. 3  illustrates an operating condition for a write state “1” operation that can be carried out on a memory cell according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0035]      FIG. 4  illustrates an operating condition for a write state “0” operation that can be carried out on a memory cell according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0036]      FIG. 5  illustrates a holding operation that can be carried out on a memory cell according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0037]      FIGS. 6-7  illustrate cross-sectional schematic illustrations of fin-type semiconductor memory cell devices according to embodiments of the present invention 
           [0038]      FIG. 8  illustrate a top view of a fin-type semiconductor memory cell device according to the embodiment shown in  FIG. 6 . 
           [0039]      FIG. 9  is a schematic diagram showing an example of array architecture of a plurality memory cells according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0040]      FIG. 10  is a schematic diagram showing an example of array architecture of a plurality memory cells according to another embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0041]    Before the present devices and methods are described, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to particular embodiments described, as such may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting, since the scope of the present invention will be limited only by the appended claims. 
         [0042]    Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that each intervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper and lower limits of that range is also specifically disclosed. Each smaller range between any stated value or intervening value in a stated range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range is encompassed within the invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included or excluded in the range, and each range where either, neither or both limits are included in the smaller ranges is also encompassed within the invention, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included in the invention. 
         [0043]    Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methods and materials are now described. All publications mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference to disclose and describe the methods and/or materials in connection with which the publications are cited. 
         [0044]    It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a memory cell” includes a plurality of such memory cells and reference to “the device” includes reference to one or more devices and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth. 
         [0045]    The publications discussed herein are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the present invention is not entitled to antedate such publication by virtue of prior invention. Further, the dates of publication provided may be different from the actual publication dates which may need to be independently confirmed. 
         [0046]    Definitions 
         [0047]    When a terminal is referred to as being “left floating”, this means that the terminal is not held to any specific voltage, but is allowed to float to a voltage as driven by other electrical forces with the circuit that it forms a part of. 
         [0048]    The term “refresh” or “refresh operation” refers to a process of maintaining charge (and the corresponding data) of a memory cell, typically a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) cell. Periodic refresh operations of a DRAM cell are required because the stored charge leaks out over time. 
         [0049]    Description 
         [0050]    The present invention provides capacitorless DRAM memory cells that are refreshable by a non-algorithmic process. Alternatively, the memory cells may be operated to maintain memory states without the need to refresh the memory states, similar to SRAM memory cells. 
         [0051]      FIG. 1  shows an embodiment of a memory cell  50  according to the present invention. The cell  50  includes a substrate  12  of a first conductivity type, such as a p-type conductivity type, for example. Substrate  12  is typically made of silicon, but may comprise germanium, silicon germanium, gallium arsenide, carbon nanotubes, or other semiconductor materials known in the art. The substrate  12  has a surface  14 . A first region  16  having a second conductivity type, such as n-type, for example, is provided in substrate  12  and is exposed at surface  14 . A second region  18  having the second conductivity type is also provided in substrate  12 , and is also exposed at surface  14 . Second region  18  is spaced apart from the first region  16 , as shown. First and second regions  16  and  18  are formed by an implantation process formed on the material making up substrate  12 , according to any of implantation processes known and typically used in the art. 
         [0052]    A buried layer  22  of the second conductivity type is also provided in the substrate  12 , buried in the substrate  12 , as shown. Buried layer  22  is also formed by an ion implantation process on the material of substrate  12 . A body region  24  of the substrate  12  is bounded by surface  14 , first and second regions  16 , 18 , insulating layers  26  and buried layer  22 . Insulating layers  26  (e.g., shallow trench isolation (STI)), may be made of silicon oxide, for example. Insulating layers  26  insulate cell  50  from neighboring cells  50  when multiple cells  50  are joined in an array  80  to make a memory device. A gate  60  is positioned in between the regions  16  and  18 , and above the surface  14 . The gate  60  is insulated from surface  14  by an insulating layer  62 . Insulating layer  62  may be made of silicon oxide and/or other dielectric materials, including high-K dielectric materials, such as, but not limited to, tantalum peroxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, hafnium oxide, and/or aluminum oxide. The gate  60  may be made of polysilicon material or metal gate electrode, such as tungsten, tantalum, titanium and their nitrides. 
         [0053]    Cell  50  further includes word line (WL) terminal  70  electrically connected to gate  60 , source line (SL) terminal  72  electrically connected to one of regions  16  and  18  (connected to  16  as shown, but could, alternatively, be connected to  18 ), bit line (BL) terminal  74  electrically connected to the other of regions  16  and  18 , buried well (BW) terminal  76  electrically connected to buried layer  22 , and substrate terminal  78  electrically connected to substrate  12  at a location beneath buried layer  22 . 
         [0054]      FIG. 2  illustrates relative voltages that can be applied to the terminals of memory cell  50  to perform various operations. For a read operation, a neutral voltage (i.e., about zero volts) is applied to the substrate terminal  78 , a neutral or positive voltage (greater than or equal to about zero volts) is applied to the BW terminal  76 , a neutral voltage (about zero volts) is applied to SL terminal  72 , a positive voltage is applied to BL terminal  74 , and a positive voltage is applied to WL terminal  70 , with the voltage at terminal  70  being more positive (higher voltage) that the voltage applied to terminal  74 . If cell  50  is in a state “1” having holes in the body region  24 , then a lower threshold voltage (gate voltage where the transistor is turned on) is observed compared to the threshold voltage observed when cell  50  is in a state “0” having no holes in body region  24 . In one particular non-limiting embodiment, about 0.0 volts is applied to terminal  72 , about +0.4 volts is applied to terminal  74 , about +1.2 volts is applied to terminal  70 , about +0.6 volts is applied to terminal  76 , and about 0.0 volts is applied to terminal  78 . However, these voltage levels may vary. 
         [0055]    Alternatively, a neutral voltage is applied to the substrate terminal  78 , a neutral or positive voltage is applied to the BW terminal  76 , a neutral voltage is applied to SL terminal  72 , a positive voltage is applied to BL terminal  74 , and a positive voltage is applied to WL terminal  70 , with the voltage at terminal  74  being more positive (higher voltage) that the voltage applied to terminal  70 . If cell  50  is in a state “1” having holes in the body region  24 , then the parasitic bipolar transistor formed by the SL terminal  72 , floating body  24 , and BL terminal  74  will be turned on and a higher cell current is observed compared to when cell  50  is in a state “0” having no holes in body region  24 . In one particular non-limiting embodiment, about 0.0 volts is applied to terminal  72 , about +3.0 volts is applied to terminal  74 , about +0.5 volts is applied to terminal  70 , about +0.6 volts is applied to terminal  76 , and about 0.0 volts is applied to terminal  78 . However, these voltage levels may vary. 
         [0056]    Alternatively, a positive voltage is applied to the substrate terminal  78 , a substantially neutral voltage is applied to BL terminal  74 , and a positive voltage is applied to WL terminal  70 . The SL terminal  72  and the BW terminal  76  are left floating, as shown in  FIG. 2 . Cell  50  provides a P1-N2-P3-N4 silicon controlled rectifier device, with substrate  78  functioning as the P1 region, buried layer  22  functioning as the N2 region, body region  24  functioning as the P3 region and region  16  or  18  functioning as the N4 region. In this example, the substrate terminal  78  functions as the anode and terminal  72  or terminal  74  functions as the cathode, while body region  24  functions as a p-base to turn on the SCR device. If cell  50  is in a state “1” having holes in the body region  24 , the silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) device formed by the substrate, buried well, floating body, and the BL junction will be turned on and a higher cell current is observed compared to when cell  50  is in a state “0” having no holes in body region  24 . A positive voltage is applied to WL terminal  70  to select a row in the memory cell array  80  (e.g., see  FIGS. 9-10 ), while negative voltage is applied to WL terminal  70  for any unselected rows. The negative voltage applied reduces the potential of floating body  24  through capacitive coupling in the unselected rows and turns off the SCR device of each cell  50  in each unselected row. In one particular non-limiting embodiment, about +0.8 volts is applied to terminal  78 , about +0.5 volts is applied to terminal  70  (for the selected row), and about 0.0 volts is applied to terminal  74 . However, these voltage levels may vary. 
         [0057]      FIG. 3  illustrate a write state “1” operation that can be carried out on cell  50  according to an embodiment of the invention, by performing band-to-band tunneling hot hole injection or impact ionization hot hole injection. To write state “1” using band-to-band tunneling mechanism, the following voltages are applied to the terminals: a positive voltage is applied to BL terminal  74 , a neutral voltage is applied to SL terminal  72 , a negative voltage is applied to WL terminal  70 , a positive voltage is applied to BW terminal  76 , and a neutral voltage is applied to the substrate terminal  78 . Under these conditions, holes are injected from BL terminal  74  into the floating body region  24 , leaving the body region  24  positively charged. In one particular non-limiting embodiment, a charge of about 0.0 volts is applied to terminal  72 , a voltage of about +2.0 volts is applied to terminal  74 , a voltage of about −1.2 volts is applied to terminal  70 , a voltage of about +0.6 volts is applied to terminal  76 , and about 0.0 volts is applied to terminal  78 . However, these voltage levels may vary. 
         [0058]    Alternatively, to write state “1” using impact ionization mechanism, the following voltages are applied to the terminals: a positive voltage is applied to BL terminal  74 , a neutral voltage is applied to SL terminal  72 , a positive voltage is applied to WL terminal  70 , a positive voltage less than the positive voltage applied to BL terminal  74  is applied to BW terminal  76 , and a neutral voltage is applied to the substrate terminal  78 . Under these conditions, holes are injected from BL terminal  74  into the floating body region  24 , leaving the body region  24  positively charged. In one particular non-limiting embodiment, +0.0 volts is applied to terminal  72 , a voltage of about +2.0 volts is applied to terminal  74 , a charge of about +0.5 volts is applied to terminal  70 , a charge of about +0.6 volts is applied to terminal  76 , and about 0.0 volts is applied to terminal  78 . However, these voltage levels may vary. 
         [0059]    In an alternate write state “1” using impact ionization mechanism, a positive bias can be applied to substrate terminal  78 , a positive voltage greater than or equal to the positive voltage applied to substrate terminal  78  is applied to BL terminal  74 , a neutral voltage is applied to SL terminal  72 , a positive voltage is applied to WL terminal  70 , while the BW terminal  76  is left floating. The parasitic silicon controlled rectifier device of the selected cell is now turned off due to the negative potential between the substrate terminal  78  and the BL terminal  74 . Under these conditions, electrons will flow near the surface of the transistor, and generate holes through the impact ionization mechanism. The holes are subsequently injected into the floating body region  24 . In one particular non-limiting embodiment, about +0.0 volts is applied to terminal  72 , a voltage of about +2.0 volts is applied to terminal  74 , a voltage of about +0.5 volts is applied to terminal  70 , and about +0.8 volts is applied to terminal  78 , while terminal  76  is left floating. However, these voltage levels may vary, while maintaining the relative relationships between the charges applied, as described above. 
         [0060]    Alternatively, the silicon controlled rectifier device of cell  50  can be put into a state “1” (i.e., by performing a write “1” operation) by applying the following bias: a neutral voltage is applied to BL terminal  74 , a positive voltage is applied to WL terminal  70 , and a positive voltage is applied to the substrate terminal  78 , while SL terminal  72  and BW terminal  76  are left floating. The positive voltage applied to the WL terminal  70  will increase the potential of the floating body  24  through capacitive coupling and create a feedback process that turns the SCR device on. Once the SCR device of cell  50  is in conducting mode (i.e., has been “turned on”) the SCR becomes “latched on” and the voltage applied to WL terminal  70  can be removed without affecting the “on” state of the SCR device. In one particular non-limiting embodiment, a voltage of about 0.0 volts is applied to terminal  74 , a voltage of about +0.5 volts is applied to terminal  70 , and about +3.0 volts is applied to terminal  78 . However, these voltage levels may vary, while maintaining the relative relationships between the voltages applied, as described above, e.g., the voltage applied to terminal  78  remains greater than the voltage applied to terminal  74 . 
         [0061]    A write “0” operation of the cell  50  is now described with reference to 
         [0062]      FIG. 2B  and  FIG. 4 . To write “0” to cell  50 , a negative bias is applied to SL terminal  72 , a neutral voltage is applied to BL terminal  74 , a neutral or negative voltage is applied to WL terminal  70 , a neutral or positive voltage is applied to BW terminal  76  and a neutral voltage is applied to substrate terminal  78 . Under these conditions, the p-n junction (junction between  24  and  18 ) is forward-biased, evacuating any holes from the floating body  24 . In one particular non-limiting embodiment, about −2.0 volts is applied to terminal  72 , about −1.2 volts is applied to terminal  70 , about 0.0 volts is applied to terminal  74 , about +0.6 volts is applied to terminal  76  and about 0.0 volts is applied to terminal  78 . However, these voltage levels may vary, while maintaining the relative relationships between the charges applied, as described above. Alternatively, the voltages applied to terminals  72  and  74  may be switched. 
         [0063]    Alternatively, a write “0” operation can be performed by putting the silicon controlled rectifier device into the blocking mode. This can be performed by applying the following bias: a positive voltage is applied to BL terminal  74 , a positive voltage is applied to WL terminal  70 , and a positive voltage is applied to the substrate terminal  78 , while leaving SL terminal  72  and BW terminal  76  floating. Under these conditions the voltage difference between anode and cathode, defined by the voltages at substrate terminal  78  and BL terminal  74 , will become too small to maintain the SCR device in conducting mode. As a result, the SCR device of cell  50  will be turned off. In one particular non-limiting embodiment, a voltage of about +0.8 volts is applied to terminal  74 , a voltage of about +0.5 volts is applied to terminal  70 , and about +0.8 volts is applied to terminal  78 . However, these voltage levels may vary, while maintaining the relative relationships between the charges applied, as described above. 
         [0064]    A holding or standby operation is described with reference to  FIGS. 2B and 5 . Such holding or standby operation is implemented to enhance the data retention characteristics of the memory cells  50 . The holding operation can be performed by applying the following bias: a substantially neutral voltage is applied to BL terminal  74 , a neutral or negative voltage is applied to WL terminal  70 , and a positive voltage is applied to the substrate terminal  78 , while leaving SL terminal  72  and BW terminal  76  floating. Under these conditions, if memory cell  50  is in memory/data state “1” with positive voltage in floating body  24 , the SCR device of memory cell  50  is turned on, thereby maintaining the state “1” data. Memory cells in state “0” will remain in blocking mode, since the voltage in floating body  24  is not substantially positive and therefore floating body  24  does not turn on the SCR device. Accordingly, current does not flow through the SCR device and these cells maintain the state “0” data. In this way, an array of memory cells  50  can be refreshed by periodically applying a positive voltage pulse through substrate terminal  78 . Those memory cells  50  that are commonly connected to substrate terminal  78  and which have a positive voltage in body region  24  will be refreshed with a “1” data state, while those memory cells  50  that are commonly connected to the substrate terminal  78  and which do not have a positive voltage in body region  24  will remain in blocking mode, since their SCR device will not be turned on, and therefore memory state “0” will be maintained in those cells. In this way, all memory cells  50  commonly connected to the substrate terminal will be maintained/refreshed to accurately hold their data states. This process occurs automatically, upon application of voltage to the substrate terminal  78 , in a parallel, non-algorithmic, efficient process. In one particular non-limiting embodiment, a voltage of about 0.0 volts is applied to terminal  74 , a voltage of about −1.0 volts is applied to terminal  70 , and about +0.8 volts is applied to terminal  78 . However, these voltage levels may vary, while maintaining the relative relationships therebetween. Alternatively, the voltages applied to terminals  72  and  74  may be reversed. 
         [0065]      FIGS. 6-8  show another embodiment of memory cell  50  according to the present invention. In this embodiment, cell  50  has a fin structure  52  fabricated on substrate  12 , so as to extend from the surface of the substrate to form a three-dimensional structure, with fin  52  extending substantially perpendicularly to, and above the top surface of the substrate  12 . Fin structure  52  is conductive and is built on buried well layer  22 . Region  22  is also formed by an ion implantation process on the material of substrate  12 . Buried well layer  22  insulates the floating substrate region  24 , which has a first conductivity type, from the bulk substrate  12 . Fin structure  52  includes first and second regions  16 ,  18  having a second conductivity type. Thus, the floating body region  24  is bounded by the top surface of the fin  52 , the first and second regions  16 ,  18  the buried well layer  22 , and insulating layers  26  (see insulating layers  26  in  FIG. 8 ). Insulating layers  26  insulate cell  50  from neighboring cells  50  when multiple cells  50  are joined to make a memory device. Fin  52  is typically made of silicon, but may comprise germanium, silicon germanium, gallium arsenide, carbon nanotubes, or other semiconductor materials known in the art. 
         [0066]    Device  50  further includes gates  60  on two opposite sides of the floating substrate region  24  as shown in  FIG. 6 . Alternatively, gates  60  can enclose three sides of the floating substrate region  24  as shown in  FIG. 7 . Gates  60  are insulated from floating body  24  by insulating layers  62 . Gates  60  are positioned between the first and second regions  16 ,  18 , adjacent to the floating body  24 . 
         [0067]    Device  50  includes several terminals: word line (WL) terminal  70 , source line (SL) terminal  72 , bit line (BL) terminal  74 , buried well (BW) terminal  76  and substrate terminal  78 . Terminal  70  is connected to the gate  60 . Terminal  72  is connected to first region  16  and terminal  74  is connected to second region  18 . Alternatively, terminal  72  can be connected to second region  18  and terminal  74  can be connected to first region  16 . Terminal  76  is connected to buried layer  22  and terminal  78  is connected to substrate  12 .  FIG. 8  illustrates the top view of the memory cell  50  shown in  FIG. 6 . 
         [0068]      FIG. 9  shows an example of array architecture  80  of a plurality of memory cells  50  arranged in a plurality of rows and columns according to an embodiment of the present invention. The memory cells  50  are connected such that within each row, all of the gates  60  are connected by a common word line terminal  70 . The first regions  16  within the same row are also connected by a common source line  72 . Within each column, the second regions  18  are connected to a common bit line terminal  74 . Within each row, all of the buried layers  22  are connected by a common buried word terminal  76 . Likewise, within each row, all of the substrates  12  are connected by a common substrate terminal  78 . 
         [0069]    In one embodiment, the buried layer  76  or the substrate  78  can be segmented (e.g., see  FIG. 10 ) to allow independent control of the applied bias on the selected portion of the memory array. For example, the buried layer terminals  76   a  and  76   b  are connected together to form a segment independent of the segment defined by common buried layer terminals  76   m  and  76   n  in  FIG. 10 . Similarly, the substrate terminals  78   a  and  78   b  can form a segment that can be biased independently from other segments, for example, the segment defined by substrate terminals  78   m  and  78   n.  This array segmentation allows one segment of the memory array  80  to perform one operation (e.g., read), while the other segments perform another operation (e.g., holding). 
         [0070]    From the foregoing it can be seen that with the present invention, a semiconductor memory with electrically floating body is achieved, and that this memory can be operated to perform non-algorithmic refreshment of the data stored in such memory. Additionally, such restore operations can be performed on the memory cells automatically, in parallel. The present invention also provides the capability of maintaining memory states without the need for periodic refresh operations by application of a constant positive bias to the substrate terminal. As a result, memory operations can be performed in an uninterrupted manner While the foregoing written description of the invention enables one of ordinary skill to make and use what is considered presently to be the best mode thereof, those of ordinary skill will understand and appreciate the existence of variations, combinations, and equivalents of the specific embodiment, method, and examples herein. The invention should therefore not be limited by the above described embodiment, method, and examples, but by all embodiments and methods within the scope and spirit of the invention as claimed.