Abstract:
A laminar flow jet for a surface mix gas burner that provides increased stability, adjustability, and control over flame chemistries and characteristics. The present invention utilizes a novel shape, typically created by a tube having a cross-sectional shape and inserting it into a faceplate cutout, or conduit, having another cross-sectional shape. This nesting of one shape inside another promotes laminar gas flow and produces desired effects. Tubes may also be placed under the faceplate provided they maintain fluid communication with the conduits. 
     Further, a burner is constructed with adjacent gas delivery tubes of different cross-sectional shapes which are mechanically held in place radially. The tubes touch in a longitudinal direction at points along their respective inner and outer dimensions, achieving axial alignment and preserving the necessary laminar gas flow. This configuration greatly speeds manufacturing time which allows production of economical burners even when a greater number of jets is desired.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This patent application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending patent application Ser. No. 13/209,538, entitled “Laminar Flow Jets” and filed Aug. 15, 2011, by the same inventors, priority of which is hereby claimed. That patent application is a continuation of patent application Ser. No. 12/410,934, also entitled “Laminar Flow Jets” filed Mar. 25, 2009, by the same inventors, since issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,087,928, on Jan. 3, 2012. The contents of these aforementioned cross-referenced applications are hereby wholly incorporated by reference herein to the present application. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to a laminar flow jet and its use in laminar fluid flow delivery system, particularly a gas burners (or “torch”) for use in the glass and quartz working industries and other industrial fields. More specifically, it relates to the shape and orientation of the jet, both singularly and in an array, on a gas burner and their capacity for improved control over the mix of multiple gases, typically oxygen gas and fuel, allowing for greater adjustability over flame chemistries and maintenance over desired flame characteristics. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Gas burners, or “torches,” are commonly used in the industrial arts for producing a very hot flame to hand work material such as glass and quartz. These devices are also used by jewelers, metal workers, and silversmiths. They can also have other uses including heating plastics. These burners are capped off by faceplates made of heat resistant material, typically stainless steel. Gases enter the body of the burner from a source sealed with a valve. Valves are used to meter the gas into the burner body by the user as needed. Gases travel from the burner body to the surface of the faceplate through a series of tubes, conduits, and isolated chambers. The greater the number of different gases, the more intricate the tubing, conduit, and chamber structure within the burner. Gases travel through these inner workings and to the surface of the faceplate through a series of strategically placed openings, or “jets.” These jets enable the gases to travel to the faceplate surface with laminar flow. The shape of the jet greatly affects the effectiveness of laminar flow. Laminar flow is desired as it promotes a safer, more stable, and more controllable flame. 
     Jets also have great influence over the chemistries, temperatures, and other characteristics of the flames. If the jet is shaped even slightly differently, flame attributes can change drastically. Poor jet design and shape can lead to turbulent flow, inadequate mix of multiple gases, unstable flames, discoloration of glass, unwanted impurities (called “scumming”) and a number of other consequences that make flames unsuitable for glass working. The jet shape, in conjunction with chemistry, can also affect the physical characteristics of the flame, including its width, smoothness, and intensity. 
     Gas burners containing laminar flow jets that minimize the aforementioned unwanted effects are highly desirable in the glass working industry. Preferred burners also employ an array of multiple laminar flow jets, each able to concurrently emit two, sometimes more, distinct gases. 
     Multiple gases can be used individually or simultaneously, and can be manipulated to achieve reduction, neutral, oxidized, and over-oxidized flame chemistries. In this context, flame chemistry refers to the resultant flame properties caused by the mixture of two or more gases, typically oxygen gas and carbon-based fuel. Therefore, it is an object of the invention to get the most complete combustion out of the gasses for maximum efficiency and to enhance flame chemistry and heat density throughout the entire flame range. The laminar flow jet of the present invention provides maximum control over the flame to manipulate multiple flame characteristics. 
     Burners obtain these chemistries not only through appropriate jet shape, but also through exact alignment and axial concentricity of the inner tubes, conduits, and chambers that supply the different gases. The orientation of the jet on the gas burner faceplate also affects flame characteristics. This requires a difficult manufacturing process but is essential in establishing a laminar gas flow that produces a high quality and efficient flame (i.e. greatly reducing unburned gases). 
     Production costs increase significantly as the number of jets in the faceplate array increases. This is due, in part, to the greater number of holes and openings that must be manufactured into the faceplate to create effective laminar flow jets. Therefore more efficient jet design allows for fewer jets in the faceplate to equal the same heat output as torches requiring many more jets in the faceplate. 
     Efficient jets allow the use of alternative oxygen sources that have lower pressure and flow capabilities. Alternative oxygen sources are becoming widely used in the form of onsite oxygen concentrators and generators due to the increasing cost of tanked oxygen. 
     Therefore, this invention also aims to reduce the number of openings in the faceplate, as needed, without affecting the jets&#39; ability to produce laminar flow and maintain desired flame chemistries. Some embodiments of the present invention accomplish this goal with a two-gas jet, while others utilize a three-gas, multiple opening, multiple tube configuration. 
     There is therefore a need in the art for a shape and structure of a laminar flow jet and its use in a gas burner, both singularly and in an array, to provide users with enhanced adjustability over flame chemistries, without sacrificing control and stability of multiple gases so that high quality flame and desired chemistries are preserved. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In order to meet a need in the art for a shape and structure of a laminar flow jet and its use in a gas burner, both singularly and in an array, to provide users with enhanced adjustability over flame chemistries, without sacrificing control and stability of multiple gases so that high quality flame and desired chemistries are preserved, the present invention has been devised. 
     The present invention is a laminar flow jet with a novel shape, said shape allowing the jet to emanate multiple gases and blend them at the burner&#39;s faceplate surface to achieve desired flame chemistries and characteristics. These gases are individually received from multiple sources and subsequently fed into the burner body. Shapes may be basic and geometric, such as a circle or square, or abstract, like a filigree or snowflake. Specifically, the novel jet shape is a combination of a first, outer shape of greater dimension, having a second shape of smaller dimension inserted in it through various means. Typically, the first shape having greater dimension is manifested as a hole in the burner faceplate. The second shape of smaller dimension is typically formed by the cross-sectional shape of a tube nested inside the faceplate hole. 
     Preferably, the novel jet shape is an outer teardrop shape of greater dimension surrounding a substantially circular shape of lesser dimension, said circular shape created by a tube with a circular cross-section. The circular tube divides the teardrop shaped opening into two separate holes. These holes, as well as the hollow tube that divides them, all promote the unobstructed flow of gases. When precisely the right ratio of gases emanating from these holes is achieved—typically oxygen gas in the outer holes and fuel in the inner tube—then this configuration provides for greatly enhanced flame characteristics. 
     The most efficient means of creating these proper shape ratios is by nesting one shape inside another. Nesting the smaller shape inside the larger divides the larger shape into multiple openings, as best envisioned by the circular tube-in-teardrop opening configuration. Generally, the larger, outer shape is created by cutting out a portion of the faceplate, often by drilling. The smaller, inner shape is created by a tube. The surface of the tube is preferably flush with the surface of the faceplate. Securement between tube and inner wall of the faceplate opening occurs at longitudinal points along the length of the outer wall and inner wall of the opening directly contacting each other, thus dividing the faceplate opening into two sections. This configuration also ensures axial alignment of the tube and cutout along their lengths, as longitudinal points along the outer surface of the tube directly contact longitudinal points along the inside wall of the faceplate. 
     Although the present invention does not limit the number of shapes that can be nested inside each other, most embodiments of the present invention have one shape nested inside the other, i.e. one tube nested inside the faceplate cutout. These embodiments are the most economical, as they require only two gases and minimal tubing. In the event that another gas is needed, another tube is nested inside the first tube to create additional openings. Like the first tube and cutout, the additional tube has a cross-sectional shape, and has longitudinal points along its outer wall in direct contact with longitudinal points along the inner wall of the first tube. This configuration ensures stability of gases and proper axial alignment of tubing. Further, the top surfaces of additional tubes are flush with the faceplate and first, outer tube. Conceivably, the present invention does not limit the number of tubes that can be nested inside of each other, as added tubes would further enhance the control over the flame and provide better axial alignment. 
     In this context, an array refers to any combination or pattern of a plurality of laminar flow jets. However, for optimal results, the arrangement should be configured to promote desired flame characteristics. Therefore, multiple laminar flow jets should be arranged in a way that promotes desired flame shape and chemistries. For example, an array of laminar flow jets with a circular tube-in-teardrop cutout nesting shape can be arranged in a ring around the circumference of the faceplate. Another array may also exist in the center of the faceplate. Different groups and/or arrays of jets do not need to resemble each other. A faceplate may contain an array of jets configured in a ring on its outer rim and also contain an inner array resembling a grid, flower pattern, or another ring of jets. 
     A laminar flow jet delivers the different gases to the faceplate surface where they are ignited and used for glass working. Prior to arriving at the faceplate, each gas comes from a separate and distinct source, usually a storage tank. After arriving from these sources, gases typically pass through a valve before entering the body of the burner. In this context, valves are devices that allow users to meter specific quantities of gas into the burner. The volume of gas may be changed as needed, as the ratio of gases also affects flame chemistries. After passing the valve, each gas enters the body of the burner and contained in a separate, isolated chamber. Chambers are fluidtight, preventing seepage of one chamber&#39;s contents into another. The burner has one chamber for each gas used. Preferably, the present invention utilizes two gases, typically oxygen gas and fuel; in this respect, the burner body should have two separate chambers. 
     Chambers are stacked in parallel relative to the faceplate such that when the burner is held vertically, the chambers resemble floors in a building with the faceplate acting as the roof. In this particular configuration, a first, bottom chamber is at the base of the burner body, a second, top chamber sits on top of the first, and the faceplate caps off the second chamber. Additional chambers housing additional gases are stacked in the same fashion. A capped faceplate provides a fluidtight seal between it and the burner body. When working with fuel and oxygen gas in the two-chamber embodiment, the fuel is housed at the first, bottom chamber furthest from the faceplate and the chamber containing the oxygen separates the fuel chamber and faceplate. 
     Since the chambers are fluidtight, the only way gas can travel from the first, bottom chamber to the faceplate surface is through a tube. A first end of the tube is in fluid communication with the first, bottom chamber and its second end is exposed and flush with the faceplate. The cross-sectional shape of this tube forms the inner, nested shape of the laminar flow jet and divides the faceplate cutout that defines the outer shape, thus forming separate openings. The portion of tube between the two ends extends through the second, top chamber containing the other gas. Additional tubes leading to extra chambers are axially nested inside outer tubes as previously described and extend through additional chambers in the same fashion as the two-chamber configuration. 
     Usually, each laminar flow jet utilizes its own individual tube (and an additional tube for every additional gas). However, alternate embodiments allow for a single tube leaving the first chamber and branching out to several tubes that are in communication with the surface of the faceplate. Other embodiments can contain a combination of these tube configurations; for instance, one jet can use one tube alone while an array on the same faceplate can use a single tube that ultimately branches out. These branches will typically have the same cross-sectional shape, ensuring uniform laminar flow jet shape and structure, but this is not required. This invention is not limited in the number of cross-sectional shapes found across multiple jets on the same faceplate. Tubes are typically made of the same heat resistant material as the faceplate but can be made of a different, yet still heat resistant, material. 
     Gas travels from the top chamber to the faceplate surface through a conduit. In this context, a conduit is the cavity outlined by the outer shape cutout in the faceplate and bounded by the outside wall of the tube and the length of the faceplate. Each laminar flow jet contains at least one conduit. Many conduits can be fed from a single source, chamber, feed, valve or other passageway that delivers gas. In the preferred oxygen gas and fuel embodiment, the oxygen gas, housed in the top chamber, flows through the conduits to reach the faceplate surface. When a tube is in proper position, it divides the conduit into separate segments. Gas travels from the top chamber and through the conduit all around the outside of the tube except at the longitudinal points where the outside wall of the tube is in direct contact with the inside wall of the faceplate, throughout the length of the faceplate. 
     For instance, when the outer shape of the laminar flow jet is a teardrop, and the inner shape (i.e. the cross-sectional shape of the tube) is a circle, the circular tube divides the teardrop into two separated segments. The segment at the rounded end of the teardrop resembles a crescent moon shape, and the segment at the pointed end resembles a triangle with an arcuate base. The spaces defined by the crescent moon shape and pointed shape of the overall teardrop are both in communication with the top chamber but are not in communication with each other throughout the length of the faceplate as they are separated by the tube. This aspect of the invention highlights the importance of having longitudinal points along the outer surface of the tube directly contact longitudinal points along the inside wall of the faceplate. In the instance that this direct contact does not occur, axial alignment of the tube and cutout may be thrown off. Further, an excess of either gas can mix into the flame, creating unwanted chemistries. 
     Having increased control over flame chemistries is a primary object of this invention. Further, the laminar flow jet of the present invention is not restricted to specific types of flame chemistries. Instead, the current invention provides enhanced stability and control over many flame chemistries, including, but not limited to: reduction flame, neutral flame, oxidized flame, and over-oxidized flame. Reduction flame chemistry refers to the excess unburnt fuel in the flame that contains carbon. Depending on the need, reduction flame can be used for certain types of glass to strike color or create a hazing effect. Alternatively, undesired reduction flames can “scum” glass, meaning it instills unwanted impurities in the glass, and can ultimately destroy the workpiece. Neutral flame chemistry refers to the balance of fuel and oxygen gas in the flame. Oxidized flame chemistry refers to the excess unburnt oxygen in the flame, and, like reduction flame, is used for certain types of glass to strike color or create visual effects. Over-oxidized flame chemistry refers to the extreme excess of unburnt oxygen in the flame. An undesired over-oxidized flame usually scums glass similar to reduction flame. 
     As previously described, the laminar flow jet shape and chemistry affect physical characteristics of the flame. Reduction and neutral flame chemistries lead to wide, bushy flames with a smooth shape. Neutral, oxidized, and over-oxidized flame chemistries create hard, narrow, and driving flames with pinpoint shapes. Since the present invention allows for increased adjustability over flame chemistries, users can obtain a wider variety of flame characteristics as compared to laminar flow jets and burners already known in the art. 
     An alternate embodiment of the invention accounts for a configuration in which tubes are not flush with the top of the faceplate. Instead, the top surface of the tube directly contacts the bottom surface of the faceplate. This embodiment uses specifically manufactured holes and plurality of conduits to form an efficient laminar flow jet as opposed to the tube-in-cutout configuration previously described. The faceplate, in this case, includes at least two individually manufactured openings, both of which act as conduits. At least one of the conduits is in communication with a tube, which terminates at the base of the faceplate. The other end of the tube is in fluid communication with an isolated, bottom chamber inside the burner. The other conduit is in communication with the chamber closest to the faceplate, as is consistent to the previously disclosed embodiments. 
     Additionally, in previously disclosed embodiments, the tube is flush with the surface of the faceplate and the conduits are defined as the volume inside the faceplate in direct communication with the top chamber as bounded by the outer walls of the tube. Here, when the faceplate is secured to the burner body, it isolates the tube such that the gas only flows from the tube into this conduit. The gas then travels from the conduit to the surface of the faceplate, but never into other chambers of the burner body. 
     Further, since the tube terminates at the base of the faceplate and does not pass through the conduit, the faceplate may contain an undrilled portion that divides the conduit. These undrilled portions, specifically designed to promote proper laminar air flow and desired flame characteristics, pass directly over the tube to create different conduit shapes. This configuration provides the division in the openings that function similarly to the nested shape design of the preferred embodiments. 
     The present invention accounts for a plurality of these laminar flow jets specifically arranged on a burner head to acquire and adjust a variety of glass-working flames. Jets are specifically arranged to maximize the stability of flame and maintain laminar flow, as well as obtain the desired flame chemistries and characteristics. According to the invention, a burner head is constructed with adjacent gas delivery tubes of different geometric cross-sectional shapes which are mechanically held in place radially. The tubes housing separate gases touch in a longitudinal direction at points along their respective inner and outer walls so that precise axial alignment whether coaxial or axially offset, is achieved while preserving the necessary laminar gas flow. This configuration greatly speeds the manufacturing time, allowing production of economical burners even when a greater number of faceplate jets is desired. For burners that utilize three or more gases (and therefore having at least two tubes), the tube-to-tube contact is also beneficial to the operation of the burner by providing a heat transfer path way from the innermost tube, which prevents overheating. 
     Examples of the simplest geometric tube shapes employed are, for example, a square within a circle, or conversely, a circle within a square. In the former case, the outside diagonal dimension of the square is almost equal to the inside diameter of the surrounding circular tube so that the abutment of the tubes along the outside of the corners of the square ensures precise coaxial alignment without requiring the precision assembly necessary to hold two coaxial, non-touching circular tubes such that each tube is held precisely centered by its end, a position necessary to maintain the evenness of the laminar gas flow as seen in the prior art. In accordance with the invention, the latter example of a square tube surrounding a circular tube provides a direct mechanical means through radial interference to maintain the desired coaxial alignment of the tubes. In this case, the outside of the circular tube is dimensioned to be equal to the inside dimension of the surrounding square tube between opposite sides. The two tubes therefore are in contact at lines along four points around the circumference of the circular inner tube, where they meet the inside walls of the outer square tube. In either case, the alignment is maintained by direct mechanical contact between the tubes along their sides rather than holding them in non-contacting relation by a supporting structure at end points of the tubes as in the prior art. It will be readily understood therefore that the present system provides a much more economical means of producing a pair of axially positioned gas jets. It has also been found that the flame characteristics are improved and carbon-buildup is reduced. 
     More specifically, the present invention allows the laminar axial flow of different combined fluids comprising a first fluid conduit tube having a first cross-sectional shape and a second fluid conduit tube having a second cross-sectional shape wherein longitudinal points along an inside wall of one of said tubes are in contact with longitudinal points along a outside wall of the other tube for radially maintaining axial alignment along their length. The space between said tubes is a conduit for one of said fluids. At a faceplate, the tubes open to the surrounding atmosphere at a common longitudinal terminus where the fluids are combined. 
     In one embodiment of the invention, a gas burner for producing a flame comprises a head portion including a faceplate being the terminus of a plurality of elongate axially aligned gas delivery tubes. At least two of said tubes deliver two different types of fuel to said faceplate. A first tube has a first polygonal cross-sectional shape and a second tube has an arcuate cross-sectional shape. Longitudinal points along an inside wall of the first tube are in contact along a longitudinal line on an outside wall of the second tube for maintaining the axial alignment of the tubes. 
     In order to provide yet greater economies of producing the present invention, an alternate embodiment of the invention employs faceplate inserts to provide the desired non-circular geometric shape so that each non-circular shape does not have to be individually cut out of the faceplate material. 
     In this respect, before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and to the arrangements of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced and carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. 
     As such, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception, upon which this disclosure is based, may readily be utilized as a basis for the designing of other structures, methods, and systems for carrying out the several purposes of the present invention. It is important, therefore, that the claims be regarded as including such equivalent constructions insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention. These and other constructions will become obvious to those skilled in the art from the following drawings and detailed description of the preferred embodiment. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a top front isometric view of a teardrop shaped cutout for use in a laminar flow jet of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a top front isometric view of a teardrop shaped cutout with a nested circular tube for use in a laminar flow jet of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a top front isometric view of a generally lightbulb shaped cutout for use in a laminar flow jet of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  is a top front isometric view of a generally lightbulb shaped cutout with a nested circular tube for use in a laminar flow jet of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 5-8  are top plan views of alternate embodiments of the nested tube-in-cutout configuration for use in a laminar flow jet shown in  FIGS. 2 and 4 . 
         FIG. 9  is a top plan view of a teardrop shaped cutout with a nested circular tube for use in a laminar flow jet of the present invention. 
         FIG. 10  is a top plan view of a teardrop shaped cutout with a nested square tube for use in a laminar flow jet of the present invention. 
         FIG. 11  is a top plan view of a generally lightbulb shaped cutout with a nested circular tube for use in a laminar flow jet of the present invention. 
         FIG. 12  is a top plan view of a generally lightbulb shaped cutout with a nested square tube for use in a laminar flow jet of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 13-14  are top plan views of a gas burner faceplate featuring an array of teardrop shaped cutout with a nested circular tube laminar flow jets arranged in an outer ring. 
         FIGS. 15-16  are top plan views of a gas burner faceplate featuring an array of a generally lightbulb shaped cutout with a nested circular tube laminar flow jets arranged in an outer ring. 
         FIG. 17  is a front isometric cutaway view of a gas burner of the present invention. 
         FIG. 18  is a top plan view of an alternate embodiment of the present invention featuring a series of tubes that are not flush to the surface. 
         FIG. 19  is a top plan view of another alternate embodiment of the present invention as shown in  FIG. 18  in a series on a burner faceplate. 
         FIG. 20  is a side elevation cross-section view of a prior art gas burner head. 
         FIG. 21  is a top plan view of the prior art burner head shown in  FIG. 20 . 
         FIG. 22  is a top front isometric view of a burner head of the invention. 
         FIG. 23  is a top front isometric exploded view of the burner head shown in  FIG. 22 . 
         FIG. 24  is a top front isometric view of an alternate embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 25  is a top front isometric assembly view taken of the alternate embodiment shown in  FIG. 24 . 
         FIGS. 26 a, b  and  c    are diagrams showing gas jet configurations. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The following detailed description and corresponding drawings are of the best currently contemplated modes of carrying out exemplary embodiments of the invention. The description is not to be taken in a limiting sense, but is made for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the invention. 
       FIG. 1  depicts a teardrop shaped cutout  1  for use in a laminar flow jet  10 . The cutout  1  is made in a faceplate  2 , shown here as a section. The faceplate  2  is generally made of any heat resistant material but typically stainless steel. The cutout  1  has a rounded end  3  of specific diameter and forming a partial circle. Before the circle is complete, the sides  4  taper off and come together at a point  5 , wherein the point  5  is preferably opposite the furthermost point  6  of rounded end  3 . The teardrop shaped cutout  1  extends all the way through faceplate  2  to create conduit  7 . Conduit  7  is adapted to accept a tube  8  as seen in  FIG. 2 . Preferably, conduit  7  is in fluid communication with a top chamber  140  of the burner  100 , allowing the flow of oxygen gas to reach the surface of faceplate  2  as best viewed in  FIG. 17 . 
       FIG. 2  depicts the preferred embodiment of a singular laminar flow jet in which teardrop shaped cutout  1  accepts circular tube  8 , said tube  8  extending through conduit  7 . Circular tube  8  has a specific thickness  9  that is predetermined such that desired flame chemistries and maximum flame control are achieved. The tube  8  is in fluid communication with a bottom chamber  130  of the burner  100 , allowing the flow of fuel to travel through the inner cavity  11  of tube  8  and reach the surface of faceplate  2  as best viewed in  FIG. 17 . The outer wall  12  and  13  of tube  8  directly contacts the inner wall  15  and  16  of conduit  7  at longitudinal points  19  throughout the length of tube  8  and conduit  7 . 
     This direct contact effectively divides conduit  7  into two separated, isolated conduit section  20  and  30 . Section  20  (i.e. the portion representing the point of the teardrop) is bounded by a portion of outer wall  12  of tube  8  and a portion of inner wall  16  of conduit section  20 . section  20  has a cross-sectional shape of a triangle with inverted arcuate segment  25  at the base, said triangle topped by the teardrop point  5 . Section  30  is bounded by a portion of outer wall  13  of tube  8  and portion of inner wall  18  of conduit section  30 . Section  30  has a cross-sectional shape of a crescent moon, wherein the points of said crescent moon terminate at the longitudinal points  19 . Oxygen gas is free to flow all throughout conduit sections  20  and  30  except at longitudinal points  19  where the tube  8  seals and isolates the two segments. The division of conduit  7  into sections  20  and  30  does not affect the flowing of carbon-based fuel throughout inner tube cavity  11 . 
       FIG. 3  illustrates an alternate embodiment of the invention: a generally lightbulb shaped cutout  35 . Unlike the tapered sides  4  and teardrop point  5  of the preferred embodiment seen in  FIG. 1 , the cutout  35  features a rounded segment  36 . This rounded segment  36  represents the “base” of the lightbulb. 
     Similarly,  FIG. 4  depicts the alternate embodiment of a singular laminar flow jet in which lightbulb shaped cutout  35  accepts circular tube  8 , said tube  8  extending through conduit  40 . Tube  8  divides conduit  40  in two isolated sections  46  and  48  in the same fashion as depicted in  FIG. 2  such that oxygen gas may flow freely throughout the conduit sections  46  and  48  except where longitudinal points  19  along the length of tube  8  directly contact the inner wall  41  of conduit  40 . 
     Isolated section  46 , (i.e. the portion representing the base of the lightbulb) is bounded by a portion of the outer wall  12  of tube  8  and inner wall  42 , and has different cross-sectional shape than the pointed triangle with arcuate base  25 . Instead, the cross-sectional shape of conduit section  46  has a crescent moon shape, bounded by rounded segment  36  as its outer diameter and interior diameter  45 . Interior diameter  45  has much shorter length than that of outer wall  13  of tube  8  which defines the interior diameter for the crescent moon cross-section of conduit section  48  (and, similarly, section  30  shown in  FIG. 2 ). Section  48  is bounded by the outer wall  13  of tube  8  and inner wall  44 . 
       FIGS. 5 through 7  all depict alternate embodiments for the laminar flow jet of the present invention. The faceplate  2  openings are depicted as a triangle, square, and hexagon, in  FIGS. 5, 6 , and  7 , respectively. These three embodiments depict circular tubes  8  of a specific thickness  9 . In all examples, the circular tube directly contacts an interior wall of the alternatively shaped conduit at longitudinal points  19  throughout their lengths, thus sealing off two separate and isolated conduit sections. These drawings are intended to illustrate the variety of opening shape that can be used in the present laminar flow jet  10  invention. 
     Similarly,  FIGS. 8 and 10  depict alternate embodiments of the present invention, through illustration of a triangle and teardrop opening, respectively. However, they differ from previous Figures in that they feature a square tube  50  having thickness  52  as opposed to the conventional circular tube  8  with thickness  9 . The square tube  50  directly contacts an inner wall of each shape&#39;s faceplate, effectively dividing the existing conduit into two separate and isolated conduit sections. In this context, a square refers to any generally four-sided geometric shape, and therefore includes all rectangles. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates a top view of the preferred embodiment: a teardrop shaped opening  1  with nested circular tube  8 . Here, the basic features of the preferred laminar flow jet  10  are shown, including conduit segments  20  and  30 , circular tube  8  outer walls  12  and  13 , as well as the teardrop&#39;s outermost points  5  and  6 . 
     Similarly,  FIG. 11  provides a top view of the alternate lightbulb shape cutout  35 . Basic features of this embodiment, including rounded segment  36  and isolated conduit sections  46  and  48  are shown. 
       FIG. 12  depicts an alternate embodiment of the lightbulb shaped cutout  35  having square tube  50  with thickness  52 . Like the embodiments disclosed in  FIGS. 8 and 10 , the square tube  50  divides one conduit of larger dimension into two conduits of smaller dimension such that gas may flow throughout these isolated conduits except at the point where the tube makes direct contact with the inner wall of the faceplate. 
     Featured in  FIGS. 13 and 14  are the preferred embodiment of the full burner head faceplate  2 , complete with a plurality of laminar flow jets  10 . The laminar flow jets  10  include the preferred teardrop shaped opening  1  and nested circular tube  8  configuration. Shown in  FIG. 13  is an array of eight jets  10  are radially arranged relative to a centerpoint  65  of faceplate  2  in an outer ring  60 . The points  5  of the teardrop shape  1  point away from substantially the centerpoint  65 . Preferably, the laminar flow jets of this embodiment are arranged such that jets featured on opposite sides of the centerpoint  65  are mirror images of each other. 
     Surrounding the centerpoint  65  is another array of laminar flow jets  10  arranged in a flower pattern  70  (also shown in  FIGS. 14-16 ). This flower pattern  70  includes a series of five tubes, four of which (reference numbers  61 ,  62 ,  63 , and  64 ) are in direct abutment at each “corner” with a center tube  75  having greater thickness  76  than the other four. The four tubes  61 ,  62 ,  63 , and  64  in the corners have the same thickness  9  and cross-sectional shape as found in the tubes  8  of the laminar flow jets  10  in the outer ring  60 . All five tubes  61 ,  62 ,  63 ,  64 , and  75  are in fluid communication with a bottom chamber  130  and allow fuel to freely travel through their inner cavities  71 ,  72 ,  73 ,  74 , and  77 , respectively, and reach the surface of faceplate  2  as best viewed in  FIG. 17 . 
     Referring again to  FIGS. 13 and 14 , the five tubes  61 ,  62 ,  63 ,  64 , and  75  extend through a large opening  80  at the center of faceplate  2 . Their top surfaces are preferably flush with the top surface of faceplate  2 . As the tubes  61 ,  62 ,  63 , and  64  are in direct abutment with center tube  75  at one end and the inside wall of faceplate  2 , they define a series of four inner conduits  81 ,  82 ,  83 , and  84 . These four inner conduits  81 ,  82 ,  83 , and  84  are in fluid communication with a top chamber  140  and allow oxygen gas to freely travel through them and reach the surface of faceplate  2  as best viewed in  FIG. 17 . On the side of the tubes  61 ,  62 ,  63 , and  64  are inner conduit sections  86 ,  87 ,  88 , and  89  each having a cross-sectional shape of a triangle with an arcuate base similar to the cross-sectional shape of conduit section  20  seen in  FIG. 2 . 
       FIG. 14  further depicts another preferred embodiment, albeit with fifteen laminar flow jets  10  as opposed to the eight jet configuration shown in  FIG. 13 . The laminar flow jets  10  are comprised of the preferred teardrop shaped opening  1  and nested circular tube  8  configuration. The fifteen laminar flow jets  10  are radially arranged relative to a centerpoint  95  of faceplate  2  in an outer ring  90 . The points  5  of the teardrop shape  1  point away from substantially the centerpoint  95 . The inner array features the same flower pattern  70  as first illustrated in  FIG. 13 . 
       FIG. 15  depicts an alternate embodiment of the faceplate  2  complete with laminar flow jets  10  having the lightbulb shaped cutouts  35  and nested circular tube  8  configuration as depicted in  FIGS. 3, 4, and 11 . An array of eight jets  10  are radially arranged relative to a centerpoint  96  of faceplate  2  in an outer ring  91 . The crescent moon shapes bounded by rounded segment  36  and inner diameter  45  point away from substantially the centerpoint  96 . Preferably, the laminar flow jets of this embodiment are arranged such that jets featured on opposite sides of the centerpoint  96  are mirror images of each other. 
       FIG. 16  provides another alternate embodiment, albeit with fifteen laminar flow jets  10  as opposed to the eight jet configuration shown in  FIG. 15 . The laminar flow jets  10  are comprised of the alternate lightbulb shaped opening  35  and nested circular tube  8  configuration. The fifteen laminar flow jets  10  are radially arranged relative to a centerpoint  97  of faceplate  2  in an outer ring  92 . The rounded segments  36  of the lightbulb shapes  35  point away from substantially the centerpoint  97 . The inner array features the same flower pattern  70  as illustrated in  FIGS. 13, 14 , and  15 . 
       FIG. 17  is a cutaway drawing of a gas burner  100  featuring the preferred faceplate  2  of  FIG. 13 , itself including the preferred laminar flow jets  10  with teardrop shaped cutouts  1  and nested circular tubes  8  as seen in  FIG. 2 .  FIG. 17  illustrates the burner  100  with the preferred two-gas, two-chamber embodiment, i.e. utilization of oxygen gas and carbon-based fuel, and how these different gases reach the surface of the burner faceplate  2  so they may be ignited and used in glass working. Oxygen gas and fuel supply lines as well as their sources are well known in the art and are expressed diagrammatically in  FIG. 17 . The burner  100  is generally cylindrical with exterior wall  110  and baseplate  150 . Bisecting the generally hollow body is plate  180 . When the faceplate  2  is secured to the burner  100 , it forms a fluidtight seal with the top surface  101  of burner body  100 . 
     Plate  180  is integral with and secured in place by generally cylindrical interior wall  120 . Bottom chamber  130  is defined by the bottom surface  181  of plate  180 , top surface  151  of baseplate  150 , and a lower portion  121  of inner wall  120 . In this preferred embodiment, bottom chamber  130  houses fuel. Above the bottom chamber  130  is top chamber  140 , defined by the top surface  182  of plate  180 , bottom surface  141  of faceplate  2 , and an upper portion  122  of inner wall  120 . 
     Oxygen gas comes from a source, and is fed through a valve means G, shown schematically in  FIG. 17 . The user meters the needed amount of oxygen gas which then travels through oxygen gas hose  103  unimpeded and unobstructed, and ultimately passes into top chamber  140 . Top chamber  140  is fluidtight such that no oxygen gas can exit it except for the plurality of conduits  7  cutout of faceplate  2 . These conduits exist in the outer ring  60  and have teardrop shaped cutouts  1 . When the circular tubes  8  are in proper position; i.e. in direct contact with longitudinal points  19  along an inner wall  15 , conduits  7  are divided into conduit sections  20  and  30  as best seen in  FIG. 2 . Oxygen gas can fully flow throughout these conduit sections  20  and  30  except at the longitudinal points  19 . Further, oxygen gas may pass through whatever openings exist in the array of jets closer to faceplate centerpoint  65 . In this preferred embodiment, oxygen gas may travel to the surface of faceplate  2  via the four inner conduits  81 ,  82 ,  83 , and  84  and their corresponding inner conduit sections  86 ,  87 ,  88 , and  89 . 
     Fuel comes from a source and is fed through a valve means F, shown schematically in  FIG. 17 . The user meters the needed amount of fuel which then travels through fuel hose  104  unimpeded and unobstructed, and ultimately passes into top chamber  140 . Plate  180 , baseplate  150 , and the top portion  122  of interior wall  120  form a fluidtight seal such that none of its contents seep into the top chamber  140 , outside of exterior wall  110 , or beneath baseplate  150 . Fuel can travel only though the inner cavities  11  of circular tubes  8  found in the laminar flow jets  10  of the outer ring  60  as well as the inner cavities  71 ,  72 ,  73 ,  74 , and  77 , of the tubes  61 ,  62 ,  63 ,  64 , and  75 , respectively. 
       FIG. 18  shows an alternate embodiment  300  in which a series of tubes abut the bottom surface of faceplate  2 , as opposed to extending through faceplate openings and terminating flush with the top surface of faceplate  2  as previously disclosed. This embodiment  300  may be employed alone as shown in  FIG. 18 , or in a series as depicted in  FIG. 19 . The faceplate  2  is broken into sections, each section having specifically shaped openings to allow the passage of gas from the tube, through the conduits of the faceplate, and up to the surface. 
     This particular embodiment depicts a faceplate  2  broken into three pieces  301 ,  302 , and  303 . These faceplate pieces act as inserts that are placed on top of the exposed tubes and conduits. First faceplate piece  301  is the outer donut shaped ring that conceals a portion of the outer tubes  320  such that only an opening  325 , generally shaped as a half-moon, is exposed to the surface. In this embodiment, first faceplate piece  301  covers a portion of twelve outer tubes  320  oriented in a ring towards the outside circumference of the burner. The outer tubes  320  may be in fluid communication with any isolated chamber throughout the burner body. The portion of the outer tubes  320  sealed by first faceplate piece  301 , i.e. the portion of outer tube  320  not exposed as half-moon shaped opening  325  is pictured as a dashed phantom line. The outer edge  310  of first faceplate piece  301  defines the outer dimension of the faceplate  2  and is generally flush with the exterior walls of the gas burner. 
     Similarly, the illustrated embodiment features a third faceplate piece  303 , which is the smaller donut shaped ring that conceals a portion of the inner tubes  340  such that only an opening  345 , generally shaped as a half-moon, is exposed to the surface. In this embodiment, third faceplate piece  303  covers a portion of six inner tubes  340  oriented in a ring nested inside the outer donut shaped ring of first faceplate piece  301 . The inner tubes  340  may be in fluid communication with any isolated chamber throughout the burner body. The portion of the inner tubes  340  sealed by third faceplate piece  303 , i.e. the portion of inner tube  340  not exposed as half-moon shaped opening  335  is pictured as a dashed phantom line. 
     Inserted between first and third faceplate pieces  301  and  303  is the generally gear-shaped second faceplate piece  302 . Second faceplate piece  302  is in direct abutment with, and bounded by, the inner circumference  311  of first faceplate piece  301  and the outer circumference  304  of third faceplate piece  303 . However, instead of having substantially circular inner and outer circumferences, second faceplate piece  302  has an outer boundary  312  having generally half-moon shaped cutouts adapted to substantially match the half-moon shaped outer tubes  325 . This permits gas to flow from its respective chamber, through the opening defined by outer tube  325 , through the outer boundary  312 , and to the faceplate surface. 
     Furthermore, second faceplate piece  302  has an inner boundary  313  having generally half-moon shaped cutouts adapted to substantially match the half-moon shaped inner tubes  345 . This permits gas to flow from its respective chamber, through the opening defined by inner tube  345 , through the inner boundary  313 , and to the faceplate surface. By substantially matching the exposed parts of the tubes and conduits, the faceplate pieces work in conjunction to promote laminar flow and therefore increase control and stability of flame chemistries. The faceplate pieces  301 ,  302 , and  303  of this embodiment rest on top of the tube surfaces and are secured by their direct abutment. 
       FIG. 19  depicts a plurality of the embodiment  300  as seen in  FIG. 18  organized on a faceplate. This figure illustrated how the embodiment  300 , shown singularly in  FIG. 18 , may also be configured in a series, much like a single laminar flow jet  10  can be arranged in an array  60  as shown in  FIG. 13 .  FIG. 19  depicts eight individual embodiments  300  radially arranged relative to a centerpoint  370  of faceplate  2  in an outer ring  360 . Another embodiment  300  is oriented about the centerpoint  370 . 
     Known in the art are bench type and handheld burners with a faceplate where the fuel jets exit the burner at the base of the flame. The construction of these burners is similar to the burner marketed by American Gas Furnace as shown in  FIGS. 20 and 21 . 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 20 and 21 , burners of this type require concisely aligned concentric tubing  238  in combination with faceplate hole jets  232  to deliver individual gases to the faceplate  234 . One gas such as hydrogen is delivered to faceplate jets  232  from chamber  230  around tubes  238 . Each tube is free-standing being held only at one end extending from chamber  236  through which a second gas such as oxygen is delivered. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 22 , a burner  200  employing the invention is shown. The burner  211  has a head portion  212  which includes a faceplate  213 . The burner head produces a flame due to the combustion of mixed gases which emanate from jets  215  that are distributed around the faceplate in arrays. The jets include a plurality of concentric tubular members which extend downwardly through the burner head shown at  217  and  219 . The construction of this embodiment of the invention is shown in more detail in  FIG. 23 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 23 , the alignment of the tubular gas jets provided by the inter-fitting of different geometric shapes is accomplished in part by inserts  220  fitted into the faceplate  213 . The faceplate is drilled to provide holes  221  which receive a cluster of inserts. The inserts  220  and corresponding holes  220  may be threaded for better securement, although the present invention does account for unthreaded inserts and holes as depicted in  FIG. 23 . Each insert is identical as shown here in  FIG. 23  and provides an economical tubular member of square internal cross-section  224 . Nesting inside the square tube is a first inner-tubular member  223  having an outside diameter substantially equal to the inside width of the square. This is more clearly depicted diagrammatically in  FIG. 26 a    and provides a laminar flow of two gases. For tri-laminar flow, yet smaller tubes  225  lie within tubes  223 . In this example, tubes  225  are held coaxially within tubes  223  at their ends as is conventional in the art. Thus, the arrangement of gas jets provided by the above-described delivery tubes provides a concentric tri-laminar flow of three gases: a first jet being a group of four small channels bounded by the square aperture  224  of the insert  221  on the outside and the circular tube  223  on the inside; a second jet being provided by flow through tube  223  bounded on the inside by the outside surface of innermost tube  225 ; and a third jet being the unrestricted flow through tube  225 . 
     Another embodiment of the invention is shown in  FIG. 24  which provides a dual flow burner head  230  constructed from inter-fitting square tubes  233  positioned within an array of drilled holes  235  in the faceplate  232 . This construction is more economical than the previous embodiment. As shown here in  FIG. 24  and depicted in  FIG. 26 b   , the diagonal dimension of the square tube is approximately equal to the inside diameter of the faceplate hole. This provides an interference fit, or nesting, of the square tubes  233  within the faceplate holes  235  and provides an accurate coaxial alignment of the two fluid conduits formed by this arrangement. Namely, a first conduit is defined by the space within the faceplate hole  235  but around the periphery of the square tube  233 , and a second conduit is the square tube itself.  FIG. 25  depicts the alignment and placement of the tubes and the fitting of the tubes  233  within the faceplate holes  235  after the holes have been drilled. This construction is also shown diagrammatically in  FIG. 26 b    which is like-numbered for reference to this second embodiment. A construction of this type is significantly advantageous when a large jet size ratio is desired. A small outer jet can be provided while maintaining precise symmetrical alignment with a much larger inner jet. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 26 , yet other embodiments of the invention may employ the combination of different geometric shapes as desired.  FIG. 26 c    depicts a circular tube  241  within a teardrop outer conduit  243  lying against its tapered side. The outer conduits can be formed by faceplate holes. Thus, the present invention lends itself to any combination of polygonal or arcuate shapes which utilize the principal of the nesting or contacting alignment between adjacent tubular members in order to ensure their consistent alignment throughout their longitudinal adjacency. As an added benefit, the direct contact of the tube provides heat transfer from the inner tubes thus significantly reducing the chance of overheating or carbon buildup. 
     The foregoing embodiments provide excellent flame characteristics while preserving the advantages of a quiet-running torch that also significantly reduces the chances of overheating or carbon buildup of the jets. By these constructions, assembly of the burners is easier to accomplish and lends itself to experimentation with different shapes to get an optimal gas oxygen combustion. Also, by using the faceplate to space the tubes, fewer jets may be used for increased efficiency and to control the flame characteristics. For example, a burner head utilizing twenty jets constructed according to the present invention is capable of providing a flame size requiring over twice the mount of jets making for a much more powerful, compact and efficient burner as compared to that of the prior art shown in  FIGS. 20 and 21 . By altering the shape and size of space around the jets on the faceplate, maximum laminar flow for the optimal mixing ratio of fuel and oxygen can be achieved. Also, most importantly, a wide range of flame characteristics may be achieved by varying the shape, size and placement of the jets. There is no limitation to the size or shape of the tubing, and any number of tubes may be used. Torches constructed according to the invention are not limited as to the type of fuel and may use liquid fuel or gas. 
     The construction of the invention is not limited to surface mix torches but may also be applied to nozzle mix or premix torches. Furthermore, other types of fluids may be employed for different purposes, such as the nozzle heads used in snow making machines. The materials used in constructing the device of the invention can include metal, glass or ceramics. Therefore, the foregoing is considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention. Further, since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation shown and described, and accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, falling within the scope of the invention. For example, the tube shape combinations are unlimited. The polygonal shapes can be hexagonal, triangular, etc. and the arcuate conduits can be of any shape desired. 
     It should be understood, of course, that the foregoing relates to exemplary embodiments of the invention and that modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims. 
     Therefore, the foregoing is considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention. Further, since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation shown and described, and accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, falling within the scope of the invention.