Abstract:
The present invention relates generally to a building automation system, and, more particularly, to an Internet-centric, open, extensible software and hardware framework supporting all aspects of control and monitoring of a smart building ecosphere. The present invention further relates to an “intelligent,” real-time control system capable of both autonomous process control and interaction with system users and system administrators, which is configured to accommodate functional extensions and a broad array of sensors and control devices. The system allows individuals to communicate, monitor and adjust their personal environmental preferences (temperature, light, humidity, white noise, etc.) much like they would in an automobile, via the Internet. The system is equipped with an occupancy sensor that recognizes the presence and identity of the individual. A built-in expert system can make decisions based on data from multiple sources so that the system can alter its activity to conserve energy while maintaining users&#39; comfort.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/892,513, filed Mar. 1, 2007, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of Invention The present invention relates generally to a building automation system, and, more particularly, to an Internet-centric, open, extensible software and hardware framework supporting all aspects of control and monitoring of a smart building ecosphere. The present invention further relates to an “intelligent,” real-time control system capable of both autonomous process control and interaction with system users and system administrators, which is configured to accommodate functional extensions and a broad array of sensors and control devices. 
         [0003]    2. Description of Prior Art 
         [0004]    Digital convergence of communication networks has advanced in recent years. Voice and video communications are now well established on Internet Protocol (“IP”) networks and are quickly becoming as ubiquitous as basic information retrieval and e-commerce services. The global information infrastructure is essentially IP based, with all higher layers of network stack, diverse as they are, using the IP transport layer. 
         [0005]    Digital convergence is even more striking in the domain of end-user devices. The functions of cell phones, PDAs, digital still cameras and camcorders, as well as Internet access are now all contained in a single readily available and affordable product. This convergence process will accelerate with mobile dual IP/GSM phones and fourth generation wireless converged networks. By 2010, it is anticipated that there will be hundreds of essential productivity applications, each running on devices of every size and communicating over seamlessly converged, ubiquitous wireless and optical networks with nearly unlimited bandwidth. 
         [0006]    In contrast, convergence in the field of building automation and control is much slower, to a point that building automation systems (“BAS”) seem to be non-participants in the communication and media exchange convergence. BAS are computer-based systems that monitor and control, e.g., security, fire, heating and cooling, and other major systems of a building. 
         [0007]    The world of building and process automation is dominated by BACnet/LonTalk networks, which, although packet-based, implement a design philosophy alien to IP, with application logic supported by low-level network layers. Web-based interfaces to some of the existing systems and BACnet migration to Ethernet transport are superficial at best. The industrial application development frameworks (ADFs) are mostly proprietary and carry substantial royalties. This situation stifles innovation and makes true digital convergence of BASes an arduous process, with significant negative economic impact. 
         [0008]    Indoor climate control systems are conventional. All of the foregoing patent-related document(s) are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their respective entirety(ies). For example, US patent application 2006/0026972 (“Masui”) discloses a climate control system including: (i) an operation information processing section  11 ; (ii) a central remote controller  5 ; (iii) operation setting buttons  8   a , 8   b , 8   c ; (iv) transmission lines  6 ,  13 ; (v) display unit  9 ; (vi) a management information processing section  12   a ; (vii) a plurality of air conditioners  1 , 2 ; (viii) a remote monitor terminal  15 ; and (ix) a transmission medium  14 . The central remote controller divides the air conditioners into several groups. The central remote controller collects and monitors operation information of the air conditioner. In the remote monitor terminal browser software (or a computer program of a Web browser) is installed as general-purpose software. The remote monitor terminal  15  remotely monitors the operation of the air conditioner by receiving the operation information transmitted through the transmission medium. The remote monitor terminal transmits control information to control the operation of the air conditioner. A general-purpose personal computer is used as the remote monitor terminal. A Local Area Network (LAN) or a wireless LAN (WLAN) is used as the transmission medium. The transmission medium can be connected to the personal computer. The management information processing section  12   a  receives and relays the control information transferred from the remote monitor terminal, and transfers the information to the air conditioner to control the operation of the air conditioner. Some embodiments disclosed in Masui also include a carbon dioxide concentration sensor for use with the air conditioner control system. Masui also discloses that information is collected such as an outlet temperature of a compressor, a pipe temperature, and a frequency of the compressor from the outdoor air conditioner units, and room temperature from the indoor units. Masui compares information collected by its various sensors to target values. 
         [0009]    U.S. Pat. No. 7,055,759 (“Wacker”) discloses a climate control system with PDA configuration of thermostats. The Wacker system may be used to remotely set and adjust a climate control system, including such climate control variables as temperatures, humidity, sensors, volume of air movement, fan or air mover behavior, the percentage of added fresh air, modulated and non-modulated control of valves and dampers, stages of cooling and heating at various zones, control of heat pumps, heaters and air conditioners, modes of occupied, unoccupied or standby of respective spaces in a building, for day and night, at selected times, on certain days, for specific buildings at particular locations and so on. 
         [0010]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,097,672 (“Takenaka”) discloses a climate control system including a spot air-conditioner including a blow-off duct. The blow-off duct is rotatably mounted on an air-conditioner. Takenaka also includes a human body detection device, which is provided at the blow-off duct. The detection device detects the presence of a person to be air-conditioned. Comfortable localized air-conditioning can be achieved because a wind direction control device controls a duct drive device of the blow-off duct in response to detected motion and/or location of the human body. The blow-off duct is rotated in accordance with the movement of the person to be air-conditioned. 
         [0011]    US patent application 2006/0111816 (“Spalink”) discloses a computerized climate control system. In the Spalink system, sensed data is received at a local processor in the building. The sensed data is associated with the climate in the building, weather outside the building and/or occupants of the building. The received sensed data is compared with corresponding predictive data associated with the climate in the building, weather outside the building and/or occupants of the building. Parameters associated with the climate of the building are adjusted at the local processor based on a result of the comparison. 
         [0012]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,832,120 (“Frank et al.) discloses a control system. 
         [0013]    There is a need to go beyond the proprietary or vertically specialized networks, protocols, and application frameworks typical of the current industrial automation systems. 
         [0014]    There is also a need for digital convergence of building control, through a BAS, with IP networks (e.g., Internet network). Further, there is a need for faster, cheaper, and more efficient implementation of these automation systems. 
         [0015]    Therefore, it would be useful and desirable to have a system to meet the above-mentioned needs. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0016]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a system is provided which addresses all of the above mentioned needs. In particular, a customized environmental control framework (“the system”) is provided. The system comprises a software and hardware framework (made up of a plurality of interconnected software and hardware component modules) that supports the process of creating smart building systems. These smart building systems have the goal of increasing the productivity of the occupants of the building by providing personalized environmental zones while keeping the cost of maintenance and utilities at the same level as or lower than traditional building automation systems. While the system as described herein relates to environmental controls and human efficiency issues, the system has a clear general and universal technological advantage over current proprietary industrial solutions, and provides a sustainable foundation for, e.g., future collaborative development of smart building software by academic and industrial consortia and alliances. 
         [0017]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a system is provided which is vendor-independent, and uses only open-source tools and components, unless none are available, in which case public standards can be used. 
         [0018]    A system with a broad functionality, covering important aspects of building automation, is provided. More particularly, a system is provided with a specific functionality of climate environmental control in a space where users can express their preferences for several factors and realize them using personal environmental modules, while the system is responsible for global optimization and resolution of potential conflicts. The system relates to mapping BAS functionality into a pervasive Internet technology stack. The system also contemplates implementing a predictive model in the control module of the system. 
         [0019]    The system&#39;s functionality comprises (a) adjusting environment variables to increase occupants&#39; productivity; (b) tracking space occupants; (c) maintaining knowledge of the physical space including information about zones; (d) monitoring environmental factors in zones; (e) allowing individuals to communicate personal environmental preferences (temperature, noise, humidity, and the like); (f) providing a visual interface (e.g., similar to a weather map) to monitor the space/zones and their parameters; and (g) possessing the ability to self-adjust based on user preferences and output from an inference engine. 
         [0020]    The system (a) supports interaction of the building automation elements with the human occupants of the space, and (b) has ability to make “smart” decisions in response to ever changing conditions in the building as reported by a plurality of sensor devices. 
         [0021]    An embodiment of the present invention is focused on the design of the system&#39;s architecture, as well as the systems implementation, based on IP and open source technologies. The system supports the following features: Heterogeneous sensors and devices: It is possible to connect arbitrary IP-based sensors and devices to the system with minimal implementation, configuration, deployment, and maintenance effort; Personalized and dynamic environment: The system is able to customize environmental properties of the building spaces to align them with the preferences declared by the individual users. Environmental preferences form an environmental profile of an individual user that would travel with the individual across the building space; Customizable goal-oriented control: The system is able to apply reasoning to maintain the environmental parameters (temperature, humidity, etc.) of the building within specified parameters. The reasoning logic can be customizable, so that various strategies can be implemented, analyzed, and compared; Manual administrative control: The system provides means for an authorized personnel administrator to monitor the status of the system and set the global, overriding goals for the system and, means for direct control of specific devices can be provided; Potential of integration with IT infrastructure: The system provides interfaces for embedding it in the larger enterprise IT infrastructure; and Extensibility: It is possible to add new or replace existing system components using common software engineering skills. 
         [0022]    In brief, the following technologies have been used to assemble and integrate the system of an embodiment of the present invention: Web Services—communication among system components; BACNet—base for internal device description; CLIPS—open-source inference-engine platform; Java 2 Enterprise Edition—set of APIs for building enterprise applications; Open Source technology stack: JBoss—J2EE Application Server; Struts—Web Application framework; Axis—Web Services framework; Hibernate—Persistence framework; Hypersonic—Database Management System; JMS—Java Messaging System; AJAX—Web GUI implementation methodology. 
         [0023]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the system&#39;s implementation is based on the Java 2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE), which is used as a general programming platform for most server-side components of the system [(other general programming platforms such as MS .Net or PHP could be used). This implementation is related to the following features and properties of J2EE: (a) support for transactional access to the relational database management systems (DBMS); (b) well-defined communication mechanisms such as RMI, HTTP, Web-Services, and JMS; (c) mechanisms for accessing directory services such as LDAP; (d) J2EE is a set of specifications instead of products; the code is therefore easy to port to various implementations of J2EE; (e) Inclusion or integration with technologies that provide scalability, security, and fault tolerance; (f) J2EE is widely used as a platform for enterprise software systems; and (g) a selection of mature open-source implementations of J2EE platform is available. 
         [0024]    As noted supra, the overall system design is Internet-centric, uses Web Services, and assumes IP addressability of all system elements, including sensors and control devices. All system functions can be implemented as Web Services and all real-time signaling can use pervasive messaging technologies proven effective in mainstream communication systems, such as JMS. (Sensors and control devices used with the system can be Internet Protocol-based, but the XML-coded device data structures can be based on the BACnet networking standard.). This design follows the need to provide an efficient mechanism ensuring an easier and faster process of bringing building automation systems into the fold of global digitally-converged communication infrastructure. Further, the system preferably uses pervasive Internet network and open-source subsystems, applications, and application development tools. As such, the system framework is unique, since it makes a clean break with proprietary BAS technologies while maintaining a high degree of compatibility. The preferred embodiment of the system framework provides the first implementation of a fully digitally-converged BAS. 
         [0025]    In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, all real-time signaling use pervasive messaging technologies already proven effective in mainstream communication systems. In a preferred embodiment, sensors and control devices compatible with the system are IP-based since the device data structures are rigorously derived from the BACnet paradigm. 
         [0026]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a modular approach was adopted for the design of the system&#39;s architecture, where the system components reside on IP network nodes. A Smart Building Framework is at the core of the system. It constructs and maintains an up-to-date model, which represents the controlled environment. It allows components of the system to accurately interpret the data gathered from the devices and influence the environment as intended. The Smart Building Framework, which exposes its services using Web Services methodology, is implemented using the J2EE platform. It is deployed on a J2EE application server (e.g. JBoss) and communicates with a DBMS (e.g. Hypersonic). Third-party modules can connect to the Smart Building Framework over the network and access its services via a Web Services application-programming interface (API). 
         [0027]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, all other system components interact with the Smart Building Framework (including devices) through its set of web services. The following essential components of a preferred embodiment have been implemented: an Inference Engine implements the control logic of the Smart Building System; a Smart Device is a software wrapper for any real or virtual device that needs to be connected to the Smart Building System. It can be either deployed as a part of the real device software or it can run on a separate network node the real device connects to; an Administration Interface provides a graphical user interface (GUI) for monitoring and controlling the Smart Building System. It has tools for defining target environmental parameters for the system (goal-oriented approach), as well as specific device settings (direct device control overriding settings calculated and enforced by the Inference Engine). It is implemented by a Web-based application (Java Servlet, HTML, and JavaScript) that interacts with the Smart Building Framework to access the information about the system state; and (see  FIG. 15 ) a Personalization Interface provides a GUI for regular users of the system. It allows users to specify their environmental preferences that the system tries to enforce. It is deployed on the JBoss J2EE application server. 
         [0028]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the design of the system relates to a set of assumptions about a controlled space, called an environmental model. The controlled space is a physical space where the system monitors/controls environmental factors/characteristics such as temperature, humidity, light, noise, and the like. 
         [0029]    The assumptions may include the following: the controlled space shall be divided into rooms; each room shall be divided into one or more environmental zones; only one environmental profile shall be active in an environmental zone; active environmental profile in the environmental zone shall describe the environmental settings for this zone (temperature, humidity, light, etc); an environmental zone shall have default environmental profile associated with it; only one instance of environmental preferences shall be associated with each user; the following factors influence active environmental profile in the environmental zone: 1) environmental preferences of the users present in the environmental zone, 2) default environmental profile of the zone, 3) commands from the Inference Engine, and 4) commands from the administrator; information about the location of the devices shall have granularity of the environmental zone; an environmental zone shall have user presence information associated with it; and an environmental zone shall have a list of neighboring environmental zones associated with it. 
         [0030]    Other definitions which relate to basic concepts of a preferred embodiment of the present invention include: User presence—identity of the user (or users) present in the environmental zone. Identity equal to “null” indicates that no users are present; Environmental zone—a unit of space controlled by the system, which assumes that all environmental factors have uniform values within the environmental zone; Environmental profile—a set of key/value pairs that describe environmental parameters in the environmental zone, e.g., temperature=60, humidity=75, etc. The system strives to maintain environmental parameters of the zone within a given range from the values specified by the environmental profile; Environmental preference—a set of key/value pairs that describe environmental parameters selected by a space occupant/system user. Environmental preference of the user present in the environmental zone affects the environmental profile associated with this zone; Device—any hardware or software entity that can generate or accept data. The system receives information about environmental parameters of the environmental zone, and influences these parameters through devices installed in the zone; Sensor device—A device that generates data; System event—Action initiated by the system; Anomaly—Out of ordinary situation that potentially can have a negative impact on the building occupants, the building, or the System; Environmental control: control of at least one environmental characteristic; environmental characteristics include, but are not necessarily limited to: (i) relative humidity; (ii) absolute humidity; (iii) temperature; (iv) background, or white, noise; (v) light; (vi) air purification; and/or (vi) air flow; Environmental control appliance: any device for controlling at least one environmental characteristic; Environmental control sensor: any device for sensing at least one environmental characteristic; and biometric identification: identifying a person (or other animal) by evaluating at least one distinguishing biological feature including, but not limited to fingerprints, retina and iris patterns, voice, and DNA. A system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention could be readily adapted to provide a reference implementation of protocols being designed in the arduous industrial standard setting process practiced by the ASHRAE BACnet/XML Working Group, oBIX, and CABA. Re-use of existing IT infrastructure: Most of the server-side components of the Smart Building system of an embodiment of the present invention run on a standard J2EE-compliant application server commonly used in the enterprise. Any relational DBMS can be used. As a result, the server-side components can be deployed and integrated with an existing IT infrastructure. Standard TCP/IP-based networks can be used to connect devices; Extensibility: Since all components of the system communicate through well-defined interfaces, they can be easily replaced or updated. New components can be created or existing ones modified using well know programming languages (e.g., Java) and communication technologies (e.g., web-services). A Java API is provided for creating new Smart Devices to simplify development even further. API&#39;s in other languages can be easily created; Integration with enterprise systems: The systems based on the Smart Building platform of an EPI can be controlled through a web-services interface. As a result, they become one more element in the Service Oriented Architcture (SOA) palette in the organization; Support for legacy devices: Adding legacy devices (BACNet, LONTalk) is possible through gateways. Representation of devices in the platform as well as the communication protocol between Smart Device and Smart Building platform are based on BACNet concepts, therefore effort required to develop an adapter can be reduced; Blending of real and virtual worlds: Devices connected to the Smart Building Platform can be both real and virtual. This creates the possibility of making other components of the enterprise software infrastructure behave as virtual devices. For example, a corporate calendar can behave as a device that prepares conference room for a meeting before the meeting participants arrive; and Scalability and reliability: Making Web-based and J2EE based applications scalable and fault tolerant is a relatively well-understood field. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0031]    The present invention will be more fully understood and appreciated by reading the following Detailed Description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0032]      FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram illustrating the major components/modules of the system according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0033]      FIG. 2   a - 2   b  are diagrams of a workspace environment that is enhanced by the use of a PEM device. 
           [0034]      FIG. 2   c  is a diagram of a PEM interface controller, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0035]      FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram illustrating the components of the Smart Building Framework according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0036]      FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram illustrating the components of the Administration Web Application according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0037]      FIG. 5  is a schematic diagram illustrating the components of the Personalization Web Application according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0038]      FIG. 6  is a schematic diagram illustrating the components of the Inference Engine according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0039]      FIG. 7  is a schematic diagram illustrating the primary role of Profile Manager according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0040]      FIG. 8  is a schematic diagram illustrating that some client-side components rely on Profile Manager and User Profile for successful authentication to Smart Building Framework according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0041]      FIG. 9  is a schematic diagram illustrating the primary role of Presence Agent according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0042]      FIG. 10  is a schematic diagram illustrating the primary role of Notification Agent according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0043]      FIG. 11  is a schematic diagram illustrating the components of the Administration Web UI according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0044]      FIG. 12  is a schematic diagram illustrating the components of the Personalization Web UI according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0045]      FIG. 13  is a schematic diagram illustrating the components of the Smart Device according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0046]      FIG. 14  is a representation illustrating part of the Administrative Interface that shows a graphical layout of a room according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0047]      FIG. 15  is a schematic diagram illustrating the complete architecture of the deployed system including Hardware resources, software components, and network communication paths with a description of communication protocol according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0048]      FIGS. 16-18  is a graphical diagram of a building with four rooms illustrating the systems ability to customize environmental properties of building spaces and to align them with preferences declared by the individual users according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0049]      FIG. 19  is a graphical diagram of a building with four rooms illustrating factors that influence an environmental profile in an environmental zone according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0050]      FIG. 20  is a graphical diagram of a building with four rooms illustrating the relationship between the system and a building work environment set forth in  FIGS. 16-19  according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0051]      FIG. 21  is a representation illustrating a User Interface according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0052]      FIG. 22  is a schematic of a PEM interface according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0053]    The present invention will be more fully understood and appreciated by reading the following Detailed Description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like components. 
         [0054]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the system is divided into a number of software and hardware module components. A high-level design description of the preferred embodiment of the system will be described including system component functionality, any exposed interfaces, and dependencies, followed by a more detailed description of the system. Platform specific issues that have an impact on the design of the preferred embodiment of the system are also described. 
         [0055]    Turning to  FIG. 1 , a high-level diagram of the major components/modules of the system according to an embodiment of the present invention is illustrated. For each component, the communication interfaces and dependencies are depicted. The description of each interface contains information about the technology used for its implementation. 
         [0056]    The communication pattern between system modules in the preferred embodiment of the invention is based entirely on the Web Services model. This applies to both “read” and “write” operations, as described below. In addition, since devices and other modules can generate events that require handling, two mechanisms are implemented to propagate event information: for time-critical events, JMS (JMS engine is an integral part of the JBoss Application Server) is used; for event supporting services, such as archiving, a pooling mechanism under Web Services is used. 
         [0057]    As shown in  FIG. 1 , the preferred embodiment of the system  10  comprises a number of components that are categorized as server side, client side, and device infrastructure components. Server side components/modules comprise a smart building framework  100 , an administration Web application  20 , a personalization Web application  30 , an inference engine  200 , and a DBMS. Client side components/modules comprise an administration Web User Interface (UI)  40 , a personalization Web User Interface (UI)  50 , a notification agent  60 , a profile manager  70 , and a presence agent  95  (not shown). Device infrastructure components include at least one smart device and at least one real device  97  (not shown). The software modules provide services corresponding to the system requirements described herein. 
         [0058]    The system is extensible, as it can accommodate External Applications  300  of any kind. A good example might be an energy optimization engine, a computational fluid dynamics application, or a set of web services reaching out to external data sources, such as a weather forecast or dynamic energy pricing schedules. 
         [0059]    Smart Building Framework  100  is the central/core component of the system to which all other system components connect. Smart Building Framework  100  implements the following services: device status monitoring and data collection; device data archiving and retrieval; access to and manipulation of an object-oriented representation of the system state; event-based communication among system entities; and system configuration. 
         [0060]    Most of the services described above are exposed through a set of web service APIs. The following definitions are employed herein which relate to a set of web service APIs of an embodiment of the present invention: Device Web Service: allows external devices to connect to the system. External devices use this service to register their presence and to report changes in their state; Object Access Web Service: provides access to object-oriented representation of the system state maintained by the framework. The Object Access interface can be used to both read and write properties of the objects maintained by the system. Write operations on the system state may translate into commands issued to the components of the system controlled by the Smart Building Framework  100 . The service is also used by system components that need to access the information about the system entities (for example, Inference Engine  200  or Administration Interface  40 ); Event Access Web Service: implements a messaging system for sending prioritized, point-to-point or system-wide alerts related to the state of the system. For example, the Inference Engine  200  might send an alert to the Administration Interface  40  component, if the readings from the external devices exceed a certain threshold. Both sending and retrieving operations are supported. The service is used by all system components that need to send and/or retrieve alerts; and Archive Web Service: allows starting and stopping archiving of the data submitted by the external devices connected to the system. It also allows retrieval of the archived information. The Archive Web Service is used by the system entities that rely on the archived information about devices. 
         [0061]    The web services implemented by the Smart Building Framework  100  can be accessed not only by the components of the Smart Building system but also by other external (remote) entities that need to access the information about the status of the building infrastructure. 
         [0062]    All components of the preferred embodiment of the system can learn about the system-state changes through polling functionality embedded in all implemented web services. This approach is simple and works well with standard web infrastructure. To handle propagation of time-critical events, a server-side component implementing JMS-based notifications provided as shown in  FIG. 1 . Each component interested in receiving notifications from the Smart Building framework  100  can embed JMS client functionality. This also applies to the wrapper for devices and to the Inference Engine  200 , as well as to the Administration and Personalization Interfaces. The JMS messages may carry either actual module commands, or a request for a module to poll the message sender for information. 
         [0063]    Smart Building Framework  100  also provides communication, management, and monitoring services to other system components. Smart Building Framework  100  provides the following functionality: Access/modification of the current settings of the System components; Access/modification of the description and state of the controlled space (that includes information about Environmental Zones, Users, and Devices); Access to the archived information about the controlled space; Subscription to the real-time notifications about changes in the controlled space; and User authentication services. This functionality is used by the Administration Web Application  20 , Personalization Web Application  30 , Profile Manager  70 , and Inference Engine  200  (through Control Interface) to implement their services. The provided interface can be used by External Applications  300  to control the System. Moreover, Smart Building Framework  100  sends notifications about system events and pending actions to the Inference Engine  200  and Notification Agents  60 . Notifications can also be sent to External Applications  300 . 
         [0064]    Smart Building Framework  100  controls Smart Devices  90  connected to the System. Smart Device  90  needs to register with the Smart Building Framework  100  before it can be used by the System (through Device Interface). After registration, Smart Building Framework  100  can send notifications to the Smart Device  90  about pending actions. Smart Device  90  can send updates to Smart Building Framework  100  about changes in its states and can query Smart Building Framework  100  about pending actions (through Device Interface). Smart Building Framework  100  uses DBMS  80  to store all the information required by the System. 
         [0065]    As shown in  FIG. 1 , interfaces associated with Smart Building Framework  100  include device interface and control interface. Dependencies associates with Smart Building Framework  100  include Data Access interface implemented by DBMS  80 , Engine Notifications interface implemented by Inference Engine  200 , Device Notifications interface implemented by Smart Device  90 , Event Notifications interface implemented by Notification Agent  60 , and Application Notifications interface implemented by External Applications  300 . 
         [0066]    Administration Web Application  20  implements the server side of the Administration Interface of the System. When a user submits the access URL in a Web browser, Administration Web Application  20  generates the Administration Web UI  40  and later handles all requests sent by Administration Web UI  40  during the administrative session. Administration Web Application  20  uses Control Interface implemented by Smart Building Framework  100  to handle the requests that require information about the System or that require changing the System state. An interface associated with Administration Web Application  20  includes Administration Web Interface  20 . A dependency associated with Administration Web Application  20  includes Control Interface implemented by Smart Building Framework  100 . 
         [0067]    Personalization Web Application  30  implements the server side of the User Interface of the System. When the user submits the access URL in a Web browser, Personalization Web Application  30  generates the Personalization Web UI  50  and later handles all requests sent by Personalization Web UI  50  during the session. Personalization Web Application  30  uses Control Interface implemented by Smart Building Framework  100  to handle the requests that require information about the System or that require changing the System state. 
         [0068]    An interface associated with Personalization Web Application  30  includes Personalization Web Interface. A dependency associated with Personalization Web Application  30  includes Control Interface implemented by Smart Building Framework  100 . 
         [0069]    The Inference Engine  200  implements the “brain” of the Smart Building system, i.e., the Inference Engine  200  provides the “intelligence” driving the Smart Building Framework  100 . The Inference Engine  200  makes decisions based on information received from Smart Building Framework  100  and it drives the Smart Building Framework  100  to implement the decisions. While the devices connected to the framework  100  might be autonomous enough to make their own limited decisions, there exists a range of decisions that are beyond the capabilities of any single device. The Inference Engine  200  fills that gap by gathering information from the entire framework  100 , making decisions based on the gathered data and then controlling the framework  100  to execute the decisions. 
         [0070]    The Inference Engine  200  communicates with the rest of the Smart Building Framework  100  via a set of web-service interfaces. These allow it to extract information necessary for making a decision, and then to control the framework  100  to execute a decision taken. In particular, the framework interfaces allow: reading device input; controlling (writing to) devices; reading and modifying current environmental data; and sending system alerts. Since the communication mechanism is documented, it is possible to replace the engine  300  with another agent that would drive the framework. 
         [0071]    The Inference Engine&#39;s  300  main functionality, the decision making, is split into decision beans. The application schedules a bean to execute at a specified time after the application start. From then on, a bean is in charge of its own scheduling. In addition to making decisions, the beans can also be used for simpler tasks, for example, to translate the information retrieved from the devices into current condition data. 
         [0072]    The entire decision logic may be implemented as one complex bean, or as a several (possibly many) simpler beans. The Inference Engine  200  supports any approach. Typically, when a bean is executed, it will gather required data, analyze them and send the results (a decision) back to the framework  100 . The bean can then ask the Inference Engine  200  to be scheduled again at some later time. 
         [0073]    Simple decision beans can be implemented as Java objects. In the case of large systems and complex decision beans, the capabilities of the Java language might prove to be insufficient. For these scenarios, a rule engine can be integrated to allow the use of a more sophisticated decision making mechanism. The rule engine that can be used, CLIPS, can improve over Java in the areas of (a) processing more advanced condition statements, (b) resolving the conflicts among multiple conditions, and (c) general performance of complex-condition processing. Both Java and CLIPS decision beans can be used simultaneously. 
         [0074]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a very simple example of a CLIPS script is provided below. There is no limit to the complexity of the rules that can be incorporated into the entire framework, and some of the rules that have been implemented are rather complex. 
         [0075]    The data retrieved from the framework  100  are supplied to the script as CLIPS facts. The output of the script is also facts that are asserted or retracted based on the input: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 ;;;==================================================== 
               
               
                 ====================== 
               
               
                 ;;; This script establishes user presence in a zone based on a reading from 
               
               
                 a presence sensor 
               
               
                 ;;; Input facts - presence-sensor; Output facts - zone-user 
               
               
                 ;;;==================================================== 
               
               
                 ====================== 
               
               
                 ;;; DEFTEMPLATES 
               
               
                 (deftemplate presence-sensor 
               
               
                  (slot status) 
               
               
                  (slot user-id) 
               
               
                  (slot activity)) 
               
               
                 (deftemplate zone-user 
               
               
                  (slot user-id)) 
               
               
                 ;;; RULES 
               
               
                 (defrule current-user “” 
               
               
                  (presence-sensor (status active) (user-id ?u) (activity ?a)) 
               
               
                  =&gt; 
               
               
                  (assert (zone-user (user-id ?u))) 
               
               
                  (printout t “user present is: ” ?u crlf)) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0076]    It is important to note that the Smart Building Framework  100  insulates Inference Engine  200  from the details of the System implementation, so that the only component the Inference Engine  200  knows about is the Smart Building Framework  100  itself. An important feature of the Inference Engine  200  is its scriptability, i.e. the possibility of adding new decision modules to extend its capabilities. 
         [0077]    An interface associated with the Inference Engine  200  includes engine notifications. A dependency associated with the Inference Engine  200  includes Control Interface implemented by Smart Building Framework  100 . 
         [0078]    DBMS  80  provides permanent storage and retrieval of the following types of information: Configuration: Information needed by the components of the System to initialize and find resources required by the System; System objects: Information about Environmental Zones, Users, and Devices managed by the System; Current state of the System: Information about the current status of the System objects; and System state history: Information about status of the System objects recorded by the System in the past. An interface associated with DBMS  80  includes Data Access Interface. 
         [0079]    Administration Web UI  40  allows the System administrator to configure, control, and monitor the System through graphical user interface (GUI). An Interface associated with Administration Web UI  40  includes Admin User Event Notification. A dependency associated with Administration Web UI  40  includes Administration Web Interface implemented by Administration Web App  20 . 
         [0080]    Personalization Web UI  30  allows the System user to modify and monitor her personal environmental preferences through graphical user interface (GUI). An interface associated with Personalization Web UI  30  includes User Event Notification. A dependency associated with Personalization Web UI  30  includes Personalization Web Interface implemented by Personalization Web App  30 . 
         [0081]    Notification Agent  60  receives System notifications on behalf of an active user. A number of Notification Agents  60  may be running in the deployed system, each handling notifications for one user. Notification Agent  60  accepts notifications from the Smart Building Framework  100  and passes them to Personalization Web UI  50  or Administration Web UI  40  (depending on which one is currently running on the client machine). If neither Personalization Web UI  50  nor Administration Web UI  40  is activated when Notification Agent  60  receives a notification from the Smart Building Framework  100 , Notification Agent  60  is responsible for launching Personalization Web UI  50  or Administration Web UI  40  (indicated by the configuration) and ensuring that the notification is received by one of these components. An interface associated with Notification Agent  60  includes Event Notification. Dependencies associated with Notification Agent  60  include User Event Notification implemented by Personalization Web UI  50  and Admin User Event Notification implemented by Administration Web UI  40 . 
         [0082]    Profile Manager  70  allows a user to set her System credentials and store them on the client machine for streamlined System login procedure. Profile Manager  70  provides graphical user interface for entering credentials and it communicates with Smart Building Framework  100  to verify them. Profile Manager  70  also allows a user to set her local preferences. Dependencies associated with the profile manager include Control Interface implemented by Smart Building Framework  100 . 
         [0083]    Presence Agent is a type of Smart Device  90 . It detects the presence of the user in the Environmental Zone. Usually it is deployed on a PC machine and it is activated whenever the user logs in to her operating system account. Presence Agent retrieves user&#39;s credentials stored on the machine by the Profile Manager  70  and notifies Smart Building Framework  100  about identity of the logged in user. In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the Presence Agent may be extended to include keyboard activity monitoring. An interface associated with presence agent includes Device Notifications. A dependency associated with presence agent includes Device Interface implemented by Smart Building Framework  100 . 
         [0084]    Smart Device  90  represents a single Real Device in the System. The Smart Device  90  component of the system is a Java wrapper implementing a generalized API used to communicate with real devices. This module provides a two-way translation between device proprietary protocols (if any) and Web Services used by the Smart Building Framework  100  and it may implement a JMS client. A driver for each real device in the system is a specialization of the Smart Device  90 . As mentioned supra, an XML-coded BACnet data model can be used to describe device data structures. The reasons for this data model&#39;s use include (a) BACnet is a public standard under a committee control, (b) its device data structures represent decades of domain-specific engineering experience, and (c) the particular choice of the device data model is not really relevant to the goals of the present invention (Use of such data structures does not imply that the system is compatible with BACnet network protocol layers, although, since the device data structures are rigorously derived from the BACnet paradigm the system could be relatively easily adapted to access and control most of the existing BACnet BAS infrastructures.). 
         [0085]    A number of Smart Devices  90  may be running in the deployed System. Smart Device  90  communicates with the Real Device using device-specific protocol. As a result, each type of the Real Device to be used by the System may require different implementation of the Smart Device  90 . 
         [0086]    Smart Device  90  communicates with the Smart Building Framework  100 . It receives notifications from the Smart Building Framework  100  about the system events targeted for the device. It sends information to Smart Building Framework  100  about changes in its status. It also queries Smart Building Framework  100  about actions that the device needs to execute. A specific implementation of Smart Device  90  may encapsulate services required by the Smart Building Framework  100  but not implemented directly by the Real Device. For example, Smart Device  90  may have to implement a service that sends updates to Smart Building Framework  100  about the changes in the Real Device state. An Interface associated with Smart Device  90  includes Device Notifications. Dependencies associated with Smart Device  90  include Device Interface implemented by Smart Building Framework  100  and Proprietary Real Device Interface implemented by Real Device. 
         [0087]    Real Device (not shown) is equivalent to the device as defined supra. An interface associated with real device includes Proprietary Interface. Several real devices can be implemented to interact with the system, including a Universal Device (as a template for future development of device drivers), a Presence Agent identifying personnel entering a controlled space, a simulated A/C heater-thermometer device simulating temperature changes according to a simple physical model driven by input from the Inference Engine  200 , as well as a PEM (Personal Environment System) controller. PEM is an example of a commercial product designed to provide an individually controlled work environment, as more fully described infra. 
         [0088]    An example of a Real Device that the system is configured to control includes the Personal Environments System (PEM) from Johnson Controls. The PEM allows a user/employee to customize his/her workspace environment by manually selecting: air temperature (mixing supplied and ambient air); air supply to the desktop (fan speed); radiant heat panel output; background noise masking; and task lighting level. In its basic configuration, the module is locally controlled and not networked. It can be connected to a data bus, but cost of the manual controller and proprietary software may be a factor. 
         [0089]    As shown in  FIG. 2   a - 2   b , a workspace environment is illustrated that is enhanced by the PEM through the use of the PEM manual controlled desktop control unit  400 . The PEM includes a PEM vent  405 , PEM heater  410 , and main unit  415 . An integrated occupancy sensor shuts the system down when users are away from their workstations. PEM allows an individual to create an optimal work environment and increase productivity. PEM Controls temperature, air flow, lighting and acoustic levels; Supplies conditioned air to the desktop; and Controls radiant heat panel, diffusers, fan and electronics unit, particle filter, and air temperature. 
         [0090]    PEM devices can be connected to a network. The basic requirements for a networked PEM controller are: (1) provide a network interface to the controller, preferably via TCP/IP; (2) read the data from manual device; (3) override the data from manual device by remote control data; (4) retain the manual control function by inserting SW interface enabling direct connection between input and output via the framework. 
         [0091]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, an IP based device interface controller  420  is provided for a proprietary device such as the PEM. This PEM Interface  420 , for example, is inserted between the “User Control Unit”/slider assembly  400  (panel with sliders—PEM manual controlled desktop control unit as shown in  FIG. 2   a ) and “Fan and Electronics Unit”  415  (the main PEM unit). It can be accessed remotely using TCP/IP protocol and allows to read/write settings for: Temperature Selection; Task Lighting; Background Noise; Fan Speed; Radiant Heat; Occupied/Unoccupied Status; and Temperature and Humidity. 
         [0092]    When active, the based device interface controller  420  overrides manual user preferences, and instead adjusts the environmental parameters to the user preferences stored by the system, subject to optimizations necessary to take into account preferences of users in other cubicles and energy usage constraints in the controlled space. The system&#39;s Inference Engine  200  implements the optimization procedures. Manual controls are replaced by a small application running on the user&#39;s workstation  425 , which, however, can be deactivated by a system operator. The PEM interface controller  420  is activated by user login to the workstation, although it can also be started by a signal when the building security system reports that the user is entering the building security gate, for example. 
         [0093]    The system of an embodiment of the present invention offers certain niceties, such as biometrics identifying the person and transferring his/her environmental preferences to the proper cubicle, together with the person&#39;s VoIP phone number. The PEM controller  420  implements a complete HTTP server on top of the IP stack, and is simply connected to the office LAN. The application running on the server communicates with controller&#39;s A/D and D/A converters, providing full control of PEM control elements, as well as providing additional temperature and humidity sensors plus several auxiliary industrial standard 0-10V inputs and outputs as shown in  FIG. 2   c.    
         [0094]    Turning to  FIG. 2   c , a PEM interface board is illustrated. The two connectors along the top edge are the Ethernet interface  510  (XPORT from Lantronix) and external power jacks  520 . The two connectors in the middle of each side are the two PEM connectors  530 / 535 . The PEM slider unit plugs into the connector  530  on the left. The main PEM unit plugs into the connector  535  on the right. The next set of connectors are 4 extra analog inputs  540  (0-10V) on the left, and 3 extra DAC outputs  545  on the right. The two connectors along the bottom edge are special purpose ports  550 . Also along that bottom edge are footprints  555  for two different temperature devices and a SHT75 temperature/humidity sensor. 
         [0095]    This integration of PEM Unit (Personal Environments System enhanced by PEM Interface) into the SmartBuilding Framework  100  of an embodiment of the present invention will now be described. The resulting software module is called PEM Device. 
         [0096]    In order to control PEM Unit over the network, the Unit has to be switched into computer-controlled mode. This is achieved by sending command  99  and a byte containing value of 1. 
         [0097]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the original PEM may be enhanced with a temperature and humidity sensor, e.g., SHT75 from Sensirion. Here is the list of PEM commands relevant to SHT75:  94  Start humidity measurement;  95  Read humidity (2 bytes—H,L—12 bits resolution);  96  Start temperature measurement;  97  Read temperature (2 bytes—H,L—14 bits resolution); 
         [0098]    PEM Unit supports several environmental parameters that can be controlled by PEM Device software. The following commands allow the PEM device to read and write the values of these parameters (the values have 10-bit resolution; they are packed in 2 bytes (H,L) order): A 0 , D 0  Temperature setting; A 1 , D 1  Task lighting; A 2 , D 2  White noise; A 3 , D 3  Fan speed; and A 4 , D 4  Radiant heating. 
         [0099]    PEM has an occupancy sensor. Its value can be read/write by 2 commands: B 0  read state of occupancy sensor; and E 0  set occupancy state. Occupancy state must be set to 1 in order for PEM unit to be operational. Otherwise the unit switches to standby. Setting occupancy state does not affect the reading of actual occupancy. In order words, the occupancy can be set to 1 with command E 0  but command B 0  still returns 0 if no one is present in the area. 
         [0100]    A more detailed design and implementation of the system components is provided below, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Technologies used to implement system components are also described. A description of each System component contains a discussion of its structure, internal and external communications, and technology used for the implementation. 
         [0101]    Smart Building Framework  100  is implemented as a J2EE application. This implies that Smart Building Framework  100  is deployed on a J2EE compliant Application Server. Smart Building Framework  100  consists of several components: Data Access  101 , System Configuration  102 , System State  103 , Archiving  104 , Control Services  105 , Device Services  106 , and Notifications  107  (see  FIG. 3 ). Smart Building Framework  100  provides two external interfaces: Control Interface and Device Interface. 
         [0102]    Data Access  101  encapsulates details of the data persistence implementation. It implements Data Access local interface that provides a set of transactional data operations to other Smart Building Framework  100  components. Data Access  101  is implemented as a stateless session bean and it runs in the EJB container of the Application Server. Data Access  101  uses Hibernate object/relational data mapping package (version 2.1) to store and retrieve information from the DBMS. Hibernate internally uses SQL and JDBC to access the DBMS  80 . 
         [0103]    System Configuration  102  manages System configuration information. The configuration information includes the following types of information: System users and their properties; System devices and their properties; Environmental zones controlled by the System and their properties; Resources required by the System to run; and System component settings (for example, Smart Building Framework  100  settings, Inference Engine  200  settings). System Configuration  102  implements Configuration Operations interface that provides access to the information described above. Moreover, System Configuration has the ability to notify other System components about configuration changes through notifications mechanism implemented by the Notifications  107  component. System Configuration  102  uses services of Data Access O 101  (through Data Access interface) to store and retrieve System configuration information. System Configuration  102  is implemented as stateless session bean and it runs in the EJB container of the Application Server. 
         [0104]    System State  103  provides a view of the current state of the controlled space in a form of an object model. The information contained in such a model includes (but is not limited to): Users present in the environmental zones. For example, user A is present in environmental zone  1 , and Devices active in the environmental zones; device PEM 01  is active in environmental zone  1 , and Current readings from active devices; the last reading from the device thermometer 01  was 75 degrees, and Current status of active devices; and/or, heating module in device PEM 01  is on. 
         [0105]    System State  103  continuously updates the model with input provided by Device Services  106  (which gathers information from Smart Devices  90 ). Access to the model is available through State Operations interface implemented by System State  103 . System State  103  allows changing the state of the controlled space through actions. Whenever the modification of the state of the controlled space is required, an Action object should be submitted to System State  103 . System State  103  holds a list of pending actions for the controlled space and it is responsible for sending the notifications (through Notifications  107  component) to the Smart Devices  90  that are the objects of an action. System State  103  uses services of Data Access  101  (through Data Access interface) to store and retrieve the information about the current state of the controlled space. System State  103  is responsible for archiving the state of the controlled space. System State  103  uses Archiving  104  component for that purpose (through Archiving Operations interface). System State  103  can be queried about the current and past state of the controlled space. Whenever required, System State  103  uses services of Archiving  104  component to handle such queries. System State  103  is implemented as stateless session bean and it runs in the EJB container of the Application Server. 
         [0106]    Archiving  104  component is a helper component for System State  103 . Archiving  104  component manages archived information about the state of the controlled space. It implements Archiving Operations interface that allows updating the archived information as well as running queries about the past conditions in the controlled space. Archiving  104  component uses services of Data Access  101  (through Data Access interface) to store and retrieve the information. Archiving  104  component is implemented as plain Java object and it runs in the EJB container of the Application Server. 
         [0107]    Control Services  105  component implements Web Services layer (Control Interface) of the Smart Building Framework  100  that allows other components of the System to access Configuration Operations interface (implemented by System Configuration  102 ) and State Operations interface (implemented by System State  103 ). Control Services  105  component is implemented as a plain Java object. Axis SOAP engine (version 1.2) is used to expose it as a Web service end-point. Control Services  105  component runs in the Web container of the Application Server. 
         [0108]    Device Services  106  component implements Web Services layer (Device Interface) of the Smart Building Framework  100  that allows Smart Devices  90  to access State Operations interface (implemented by System State  103 ). Device Services  106  component is implemented as a plain Java object. Axis SOAP engine (version 1.2) is used to expose it as a Web service end-point. Device Services  106  component runs in the Web container of the Application Server. 
         [0109]    Notifications  107  component encapsulates logic and manages resources needed to send notifications about system events to Smart Devices  90 , Inference Engine  200 , and Notification Agents  60 . Notifications  107  can be also sent to External Applications  300 . Notifications  107  component implements Notification Operations interface that allows System State  103  and System Configuration  102  components to trigger notification dispatch to the selected recipients. Notifications  107  component is implemented as stateless session bean and it runs in the EJB container of the Application Server. It uses Java Message Service (JMS) implemented by JBoss (version 4.0) to send the notifications. 
         [0110]    Administration Web Application  20  is implemented as a J2EE Web Application. This implies that Administration Web Application  20  runs in the J2EE compliant Web container. Administration Web Application  20  consists of two components: Services Delegate  21  and Presentation Logic  22  (see  FIG. 4 ). Administration Web Application  20  provides one external interface: Administration Web Interface. 
         [0111]    Services Delegate  21  implements local Control Interface that replicates functionality of the remote Control Interface provided by Smart Building Framework  100 . Whenever a method is called on the local Control Interface, Services Delegate  21  contacts Smart Building Framework  100  and calls corresponding method on the remote interface (unless the requested information is available from the local cache). Services Delegate  21  implements caching of the data returned by the Smart Building Framework  100 . It also has ability to re-try the failed calls to the remote interface. Services Delegate is implemented in Java (plain object) and uses Java API for XML-based RPC (JAX-RPC) to communicate with Smart Building Framework. 
         [0112]    Presentation Logic  22  implements Administration Web Interface, through which it accepts HTTP requests from the Web Browser and from the Administration Web UI  40  component. In response to the requests from the Web Browser, the Presentation Logic  22  generates HTML/SVG/JavaScript document that enables Web Browser to render Administration Web UI  40 . In response to the requests from the Administration Web UI  40 , the Presentation Logic  22  generates XML documents with the requested information and returns them to the Administration Web UI  40 . In the process of creating the XML documents, Presentation Logic  22  uses services of Services Delegate (through local Control Interface). Presentation Logic  22  is implemented using Struts framework (version 1.2). 
         [0113]    Personalization Web Application  30  uses the same design approach as the Administration Web Application  20  (see  FIG. 5 ). Personalization Web Application  30  differs in the implementation of the Presentation Logic  32  (to provide personalization functionality). Presentation Logic  32  implements Personalization Web Interface (instead of Administration Web Interface), which is used by Presentation Web UI  50 . Technology used to implement Personalization Web Application  30  is the same as in the case of Administration Web Application  20 . Personalization Web Application  30  provides one external interface: Personalization Web Interface. 
         [0114]    The System is able to use any third-party JDBC-compliant DBMS  80  as a data storage solution, e.g., Hypersonic database may be used. Database structures (tables, indexes, sequences) that are required to implement System data-processing operations are created automatically by the Hibernate package. The structures are created from the specifications contained in the Hibernate mapping files (XML format). DBMS  80  provides external interface (JDBC) used by the Smart Building Framework  100  to access the data. As already mentioned in the description of the Smart Building Framework  100 , the System does not access the database directly, but it uses Hibernate package for that purpose. Moreover, the System takes advantage of the database connection pooling capability of JBoss Application Server. 
         [0115]    Inference Engine  200  component is implemented as a stand alone JAVA application (e.g., mixed Java and native code module). It consists of several sub-components: Web Services Client  301 , JMS Client  302 , Data Processing  303 , Manager/Scheduler  304 , Decision Engine  305  and Decision Beans  306  (see  FIG. 6 ). It is important to note that even though certain components do not communicate directly, they are nevertheless interdependent. For example, a decision algorithm described by a Decision Bean  306  might depend on data processing functionality implemented by Data Processing  303 . 
         [0116]    Web Services Client  301  implements the details of Web Services communication. It is expected that it will only be used to communicate with Smart Building Framework  100  Web Services interfaces, and as a result its internal interface will closely resemble the interfaces exposed by the Smart Building Framework  100 . Web Services Client  301  is implemented in Java. 
         [0117]    JMS Client  302  provides an interface to Smart Building Framework  100  notification mechanism. It handles other components&#39; subscription requests and receives and forwards notifications as necessary. JMS Client  302  is implemented in Java. 
         [0118]    Manager/Scheduler  304  controls the functionality of the entire Inference Engine  200  component. It receives notifications from JMS Client  302 , uses Web Services Client  302  to retrieve configuration data from Smart Building Framework  100  and initiates execution of Decision Beans  306  by Decision Engine  305 . As a result of receiving a notification, Manager/Scheduler  304  might: Retrieve configuration data from Smart Building Framework  100 ; or Initiate an execution of Decision Bean  106 . Manager/Scheduler  304  is implemented in Java. 
         [0119]    Data Processing  303  component is used by Decision Engine  305  for data retrieval. It, in turn, uses Web Services client  301  to extract data from Smart Building Framework  100 . Data Processing  303  module is necessary to prepare data for Decision Engine  305 , as the information retrieved from the framework  100  will likely require further processing. For example, the framework  100  will provide a history of certain property, while the engine might require an average value of the property. Data Processing  303  is implemented in Java. 
         [0120]    Decision Engine  305  component makes decisions by executing Decision Beans  306 . A Decision Bean  306  execution is initiated by Manager/Scheduler  304 . During the execution of a bean, Decision Engine  305  might request data from Data Processing  303  module (as required by the decision algorithm). A result of a decision might be: A request to Manager/Scheduler  304  to schedule an execution of a Decision Bean  306  (the same or a different one) at certain time; A request to Manager/Scheduler  304  to schedule an execution of a Decision Bean  306  when certain notification arrives; or A request to Web Services Client  301  to request Smart Building Framework  100  action. Decision Engine  305  component is implemented using Java and an embedded rule engine, for example CLIPS. 
         [0121]    A Decision Bean  306  represents an algorithm for making a decision. It contains a script for the embedded rule engine and information about notifications that are required by the script. A Decision Bean  306  is examined by Manager/Scheduler  304  (for information about notifications) and executed by Decision Engine  305 . Although a Bean  306  does not contain an explicit description of required data processing functionality, its execution might result in Decision Engine  305  requesting information from Data Processing  303  module. Decision Beans  306  are implemented in Java. 
         [0122]    An execution example is provided below to demonstrate interaction between the internal components of the Inference Engine  200 , as described supra: A user present in a controlled environmental zone requests a temperature of  70 F. The current temperature in the zone is  65 F. (1) Manager/Scheduler  304  will receive a notification of change; (2) Manager/Scheduler  304  will initiate execution of a Decision Bean  306  that might approve or reject the temperature change request; (3) Decision Engine  305  executing the selected Decision Bean  306  will request user and environmental zone data from Data Processing  303  module; (4) Data Processing  303  module will request the data from Web Service Client  301 . This scenario assumes that Decision Engine  305  approved the change; (5) Decision Engine  305  will request (from Manager/Scheduler  304 ) an execution of Decision Bean  306  that can control temperature adjustment. (6) Manager/Scheduler  304  will initiate execution of a Decision Bean  306  that will control temperature adjustment; (7) Decision Engine  305  executing the Bean  306  will request zone temperature data; (8) Based on the current temperature and the desired temperature, the Decision Engine  305  will request action from Web Service Client  301 . This scenario assumes that Decision Engine  305  will request switching on a heater placed in given environmental zone; and (9) Decision Engine  305  will request Manager/Scheduler  304  to schedule an execution of the same Decision Bean  306  in the future (e.g. 60 seconds) to verify results of the action. 
         [0123]    The Primary role of Profile Manager  70  (see  FIG. 7 ) is to make sure that user&#39;s credentials exist and are valid. Profile Manager  70  accesses credentials stored in User Profile using file system functions and presents them to Smart Building Framework  100  using a Web Services interface. If credentials are non-existent or invalid Profile Manager  70  displays a GUI for a user to enter correct credentials and repeats the authentication procedure. Valid user credentials are then stored by Profile Manager  70  in User Profile for the use by the other client-side components. Profile Manager  70  is implemented as a Java application and uses Java API for XML-based RPC (JAX-RPC) to communicate with Smart Building Framework  100 . Profile Manager  70  can be started upon user logon at the user station  650 . 
         [0124]    All other client-side components rely on Profile Manager  70  and User Profile described infra for successful authentication to Smart Building Framework  100  (See  FIG. 8 ). Profile Manager  70  relieves them from having GUI to query for user credentials and from managing credentials secure storage on the local machine. Other components may start simultaneously with Profile Manger  70 —when User Profile does not exist yet. In such cases, those components will quietly wait for User Profile to be created and to contain valid credentials before starting their operations. User Profile is not a software component. As explain herein, User Profile is rather a file with the user-related information. User Profile is created and controlled by Profile Manager  70 . Other components of the system access User Profile information either through Profile Manager  70  or directly from the file system in read-only mode. 
         [0125]    Although, at this point, the data to be stored in User Profile is related to user credentials, User Profile is designed to be a generic information repository that stores any data not suitable for the server-side storage. User Profile is a file-based repository and its format is based on XML. Only Profile Manager  70  has the right to modify User Profile, other components can only read it. Profile Manager  70  provides User Profile Access interface. Alternatively, access to User Profile may be implemented via file system functions. 
         [0126]    Presence Agent  95  announces an identified user presence to Smart Building Framework  100  to provide a customized environmental zone for the user (see  FIG. 9 ). Presence Agent  95  is considered a Sensor Device (type of Smart Device) by Smart Building Framework  100  and uses the same communication means (Device Interface via Web Services) as other Smart Devices. Presence Agent  95  is implemented as a Java application and uses Java API for XML-based RPC (JAX-RPC) to communicate with Smart Building Framework  100 . If a tight integration with Microsoft Windows is required (for example, to monitor user keystrokes) Presence Agent  95  may be re-implemented based on Microsoft .NET platform. Additionally, Presence Agent  95  may use JMS if asynchronous communication with Smart Building Framework  100  is required. At this point, such requirement has not been identified. Presence Agent  95  does not provide any external interface. 
         [0127]    Notification Agent  60  subscribes on behalf of the user to alerts/notifications issued by Smart Building Framework (see  FIG. 10 ). It exposes its Event Notification (JMS) interface to the Framework  100 . Received notifications are then passed to the subscribed client-side modules (e.g., UI Notification Module from Administration Web UI  40  component or from Personalization Web UI  50  component) through a local communication channel. The rationale behind Notification Agent  60  is to provide asynchronous communication means between Smart Building Framework  100  and the client-side components that is not currently well supported by traditional Web Services (SOAP/HTTP). Newer Web Services solutions based on SOAP/TCP, SOAP/XMPP, or WS-Notification are not mature enough to be used at this time. Notification Agent  60  is implemented as a Java application and uses Java Messaging Service (JMS). Notification Agent  60  provides Event Notifications interface for communication with Smart Building Framework  100 . 
         [0128]    The Administration Web User Interface  40  (UI) is the client-side “front-end” component that allows the system administrator to observe and interact with the System. It is implemented as a lightweight HTML and JavaScript web application that runs entirely within the Web browser. The Administration Web UI  40  utilizes Adobe&#39;s SVG Viewer ActiveX component to present the administrator with an interactive graphical representation of the System. Data flow within the Administration Web UI  40  component is handled by the UI Communication Module  41  and the UI Notification Module  42 . These client-side helper modules provide the Administration Web UI  40  with communication channels to and from the other components closer to the core of System. 
         [0129]    During regular use of the Administration Web UI  40 , the administrator&#39;s interaction with the visualization area and other user interface components generates requests that must be sent to the server for a response. As seen in  FIG. 11 , the Administration Web UI  40  forwards such requests towards the server by calling a function on the JavaScript interface exposed by the UI Communication Module  41 . The UI Communication Module  41  is then responsible for packaging the request in a standard format and sending it as an HTTP request to the server-side&#39;s Administration Web App  20  via the external interface it provides. In response to its requests, the UI Communication Module  41  receives XML documents containing the information requested from the Administration Web App  20 . The UI Communication Module  41  then disseminates the information in the response to update the Administration Web UI  40  as needed. For instance, part of the System visualization may be updated to show the effect of some administrator interaction or a popup window may open to display the results of an administrator inquiry of a user&#39;s environmental preferences history. The request-response data flow handled via the UI Communication Module  41  enables the Administration Web UI  40  to reflect the results of administrator-initiated actions. However, an equally important feature of the Administration Web UI  40  is to notify the administrator of events or alerts that originate within the System itself. The UI Notification Module  42 , an ActiveX component, handles the flow of this data. The UI Notification Module  42  receives asynchronous notifications from the Notification Agent  60  over a local TCP connection. These notifications are next passed to the Administration Web UI  40  via the triggering of JavaScript callback functions that the Administration Web UI  40  previously registered. These functions act as event handlers upon invocation, notifying the administrator in the appropriate manner. 
         [0130]    As seen in  FIG. 12 , the Personalization Web UI  50  is the client-side “front-end” component for users. It enables users to view their current environmental conditions and view or set their environmental preferences. In addition, the Personalization Web UI  50  displays notifications from the System to users. The Personalization Web UI  50  is implemented in the same manner as the Administration Web UI  40  is, but without any SVG-based visualization component. Data flow within the Personalization Web UI  50  is handled by the UI Communication Module  51  and the UI Notification Module  52  in the same way as in the Administration Web UI  40 . User interaction with the Personalization Web UI  50  is limited to standard web interface components such as sliders and form input boxes. 
         [0131]    Smart Device  90  is a software module running on a PC platform providing a software interface between the Smart Building Framework  100  and the Real Device  97  (e.g., thermometer) (see  FIG. 13 ). The module can run on a user workstation located in the environmental zone or on an arbitrary machine having access to the subnet hosting device controllers. In general, Smart Device  90  object is a data router with filtering capability and with additional capability to generate notifications and originating data transfers in responses to changes obtained from the device. 
         [0132]    Smart Device  90  is implemented as a Java application. It interfaces both to the Smart Building Framework  100  and to Real Device. Since Smart Device  90  is a port of the framework client, it should be lightweight and is not expected to require any infrastructure such as local web or application server. For this reason the object communicates with the framework using two protocols: JMS for incoming messages and Web services (SOAP) for outgoing messages. 
         [0133]    Communication with the Real Device  97  is device specific. For example, since PEM controller implements full TCP/IP stack and programmable EPROM, the connection between the device object and PM controller is via a simple TCP socket. 
         [0134]    Since the Smart Device&#39;s  90  main function is to represent the Real Device  97  it is important to select a flexible internal data model. Smart Device  90  provides two external interfaces: Device Notifications and Real Device Event Listener. 
         [0135]    Notifications Client  91  provides an interface to Smart Building Framework  100  notification mechanism. It handles other components&#39; subscription requests and receives and forwards notifications as necessary. Notifications Client  91  is implemented in Java using JMS technology (component described in the implementation of Inference Engine  200  as JMS Client  302  can be re-used). 
         [0136]    Web Services Client  92  implements the details of Web Services communication. It is expected that it will only be used to communicate with Smart Building Framework  100  Web Services interfaces, and as a result its internal interface will closely resemble the interfaces exposed by the Smart Building Framework  100 . Web Services Client  92  is implemented in Java using Java API for XML-based RPC technology (component described in the implementation of Inference Engine  200  as Web Services Client  301  can be re-used). 
         [0137]    Real Device Driver  94  implements the details of communication with the Real Device  97 . It is able to send commands/queries to the Real Device  97  and receive notifications from the Real Device  97 . Device-specific protocol is used for communication with the Real Device  97 . Real Device Driver  94  can obtain information about Real Device  97  properties and supported services from the Real Device  97  (if the Real Device  97  supports such a functionality). The retrieved information is mapped to the device data format used by the System. Real Device Driver  94  is implemented in Java. 
         [0138]    Device Logic  93  implements the main processing logic of the Smart Device  90 . It accepts notifications from the Notifications Client  91 . It communicates with the Smart Building Framework  100  through Web Services Client  92 . It communicates with the Real Device  97  through Real Device Driver  94 . Device Logic  93  is able to retrieve information about the Real Device  97  properties and supported services from the Real Device Driver  94  or from the configuration file. This information is used during execution of commands received from the Smart Building Framework  100 . Device Logic  93  implements a set of logical services that are used by the Smart Building Framework  100  to interact with the Smart Device  90 . The selection of the services is dependent on the capabilities of the Real Device  97  itself (specified as a list of properties and supported services). Real Device Driver  94  is implemented in Java. 
         [0139]    The general communication pattern of the Smart Device  90  object of a preferred embodiment of the present invention is as follows: (1) Object accepts JMS messages: instructing the object to modify values of writeable data structure elements not directly affecting real device settings (example: Change of Value (COV) element instructing the object to notify framework if the attached sensor reading changed more than COV), Instructing the object to provide a value associated with a sensor, and Instructing the object to modify the value of a control element; (2) Object uses web services interface to: Provide values of sensor data if the data change exceeded COV, Respond to the request for data values, and Query the framework for the new value of the control element; (3) and Object communicates with the device controller by: Sending proprietary protocol messages to device to set new value of the parameters, and Polling the device in predefined interval to obtain information about change of sensor values (This may or may not be necessary depending on the controller protocol). 
         [0140]    A short description of the technologies used for the implementation of the system components of a preferred embodiment of the present invention, is provided infra: Axis: An open source SOAP engine developed by Apache Software Foundation; Struts: An open source framework for creating presentation logic for Web applications. Distributed by Apache Software Foundation; Hibernate: Object/relational persistence and query service for Java. Open source; JBoss Application Server: Java 2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE) application server. Open Source; Hypersonic: SQL relational database engine written in Java. Open Source; CLIPS: Expert system tool. Provides an environment for the construction of rule and object based expert systems; AJAX: Asynchronous JavaScript and XML refers to a technique for developing web applications using JavaScript, XML, and similar technologies; SVG: Scalable Vector Graphics is a language for describing 2-D graphics in XML; and JMS: Java Message Service. Java API for creating, sending, receiving, and reading messages. 
         [0141]    A description of the external interfaces (interfaces exposed by the system to the external actors) of a preferred embodiment of the system is provided. The system offers three different views to the external actors: user perspective, administration perspective, and external application perspective. 
         [0142]    User Perspective is the view of the System exposed to a regular user. The System provides a graphical User Interface  2100  (see  FIG. 21 ) that allows a user to access the System functionality. This User Interface  2100  shows personal information  2105 , Environmental Preferences  2110 , and Current Environment information  2120  including environmental zone, description, environmental conditions, and environmental profile. User Interface functionality is implemented by the Personalization Web UI  50  component of the System. 
         [0143]    The following functionality is available to the user through the User Interface offered by the System: User shall be able to set her environmental preferences; User shall be able to read current environmental profile of her environmental zone; User shall be able to read her current environmental preferences  2110 ; User shall be able to read current environmental conditions  2120 ; and Notifications about system events shall be displayed. 
         [0144]    User Interface (GUI) implements the following features: User shall be able to modify her environmental preferences through a slider widget (See  FIG. 2 ,  400 ); Information about current environmental profile of her environmental zone shall be displayed in a table; Information about user&#39;s current environmental preferences shall be displayed in a table; Information about current environmental conditions shall be displayed in a table; Notifications about system events shall be displayed in a separate window; and Notifications about system events shall be complemented by auditory notification mechanisms. 
         [0145]    Administration Perspective is a view of the System exposed to the System administrator. The System provides graphical Administration Interface that allows an administrator to configure, manage, and monitor the System. Administration Interface functionality is implemented by the Administrator Web UI  40  component of the System. 
         [0146]    The following functionality is available to the administrator through the Administrator&#39;s Interface implemented by the System: Administrator&#39;s Interface shall control all aspects of the System operation; and Administrator&#39;s Interface shall provide access to all the information maintained by the System. 
         [0147]    As seen in  FIG. 14 , part of the Administrative Interface, which shows a graphical layout of a room  700 , is illustrated. Cubicle 01   710  with user John Smith, along with other cubicles, is shown. The environmental zone  720  of Cubicle 01   710  is also shown which illustrates the current conditions of Cubicle 01   710 , along with the environmental profile, user, and listed devices. 
         [0148]    Administration Interface (GUI) implements the following features: Information about each room in the controlled space shall be displayed as a graphical layout with representation of walls, cubicles, and other physical obstacles; Information about each environmental zone in the room shall be displayed as an outline of the area covered by this zone imposed on the layout of the room; Information about environmental profile for each environmental zone shall be displayed within the outline of the corresponding zone; Information about current environmental conditions for each environmental zone shall be displayed within the outline of the corresponding zone; Information about environmental preferences of the users present in the environmental zones shall be displayed within the outline of the corresponding zone; All devices and users in the controlled space shall be displayed as graphical objects imposed on the representation of the room and placed within the outline of the zone where they are located; Appearance of active object (device, environmental zone, user) shall differ from the appearance of inactive object; Information about devices, environmental zones, and active users in the controlled space shall be available and upon selecting the graphical object that represents them; Information about user&#39;s properties shall be available shall be displayed in form of a list; Information about user&#39;s environmental preferences shall be displayed in form of a table; Information about user&#39;s environmental preferences history shall be displayed in form of a chart; Changes to the information (for example, temperature read-out from the sensor) about all devices, environmental zones, and users in the controlled space shall be available in “real time”; Changes to the status (active/inactive) of all devices, environmental zones, and users in the controlled space shall be displayed in real time; and Administrator&#39;s Interface shall be able to display the difference between environmental preferences of the user present in the environmental zone and environmental profile calculated by the System for this zone. Administrator&#39;s Interface shall have controls to adjust the environmental profile in any environmental zone to the desired level. 
         [0149]    External Application Perspective is a view of the System exposed to the external application  300  that needs to access the System functionality. An external application  300  can access the System through Control Interface implemented by the Smart Building Framework  100  component. Control Interface is implemented as a Web service. External application may also register for the notifications about changes in the System state. The System uses JMS technology for distributing notifications. External application  300  has access to the same functionality as the System administrator. External application perspective is a programmatic interface and graphical user interface is not associated with it. 
         [0150]    Data formats/models used by the system will now be described. Data models for environmental zones, devices, and users are discussed. 
         [0151]    An Environmental Zone data contains information that allows the System to: Uniquely identify the zone; Provide human-readable name and description of the zone; Derive a list of neighboring zones (the list might potentially be empty as a zone might have 0 neighbors); and Identify the environmental profile associated with the zone. 
         [0152]    The user data model can be based on X.500 (ISO and ITU-T standard) user schema, for example. X.500 directories can be accessed using Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP). “Table 1—User Properties,” specifies subset of X.500 attribute types used in the System, as shown below. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 User Properties 
               
               
                 The following subset of X.500 attribute types is used in a preferred 
               
               
                 embodiment of the System for the description of users: 
               
             
          
           
               
                 X.500 Identifier 
                 Description 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Cn 
                 user&#39;s full name 
               
               
                 givenName 
                 user&#39;s first name 
               
               
                 Sn 
                 user&#39;s last name 
               
               
                 Title 
                 title of a person in their organizational 
               
               
                   
                 context 
               
               
                 Description 
                 additional description of the user. 
               
               
                 O 
                 organization the user belongs to 
               
               
                 Ou 
                 name of an organizational unit 
               
               
                 C 
                 two-letter ISO 3166 country code 
               
               
                 L 
                 name of a locality, such as a city, county or 
               
               
                   
                 other geographic region 
               
               
                 St 
                 full name of a state or province 
               
               
                 Street 
                 physical street address 
               
               
                 postalCode 
                 ZIP code 
               
               
                 postOfficeBox 
                 P.O. Box 
               
               
                 houseIdentifier 
                 identifies a building within a location 
               
               
                 postalAddress 
                 full address to the location where user can 
               
               
                   
                 accept package delivery 
               
               
                 telephoneNumber 
                 user&#39;s telephone number 
               
               
                 facsimileTelephoneNumber 
                 user&#39;s fax number 
               
               
                 userPassword 
                 hashed user password 
               
               
                 userCertificate 
                 user certificate (in binary form) 
               
               
                 cACertificate 
                 certification authority certificate (in 
               
               
                   
                 binary form) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0153]    Data model used by a preferred embodiment of the System to describe properties of the devices and operations applicable to the devices is based on the BACnet standard. The BACnet standard is widely adopted in the building automation industry. Its flexible data format allows the system to describe any device in terms of predefined data structures. Description of non-BACnet devices can be easily converted to BACnet format. The System uses following BACnet objects to describe device properties: Analog Input Object; Analog Output Object; Binary Input Object; Binary Output Object; Device Object; and Event Enrollment Object. 
         [0154]    Other BACnet objects are not applicable in context of the System since their functionality is taken over by various components of the System. For example, Smart Building Framework  100  handles scheduling and trend logging (which are described by separate objects in BACnet standard). In certain cases, the BACnet-based data format used by the System is extended to contain entries about information validity period. This extension is needed to enable archiving information about the state of the System. 
         [0155]    See “Table 2—Examples of Device Descriptions” below, for examples of device descriptions expressed in the format used by a preferred embodiment of the System. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Examples of Device Descriptions 
               
               
                 This Table contains examples of two devices - (1) Thermometer (a simple device) and (2) JC 
               
               
                 PEM (a complex device) in the data format used by the System. 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Property 
                 Value 
                 R/O 
                 Type 
                 Comment 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1. Device Object: Temperature Sensor 
               
               
                 (Thermometer) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Object_Identifier 
                 (Device, Instance 
                 R 
                 BACnetObjectIdentifier 
                 Unique throught the 
               
               
                   
                 1) 
                   
                   
                 whole system, numeric 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 code, 32 bits 
               
               
                 Object_Name 
                 “Temerature 
                 R 
                 CharacterString 
                 Unique throught the 
               
               
                   
                 Sensor #1” 
                   
                   
                 whole system 
               
               
                 Object_Type 
                 DEVICE 
                 R 
                 BACnetObjectType 
                 must be DEVICE 
               
               
                 System_Status 
                 OPERATIONAL 
                 R 
                 BACnetDeviceStatus 
                 OPERATIONAL or 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 NON_OPERATIONAL 
               
               
                 Vendor_Name 
                 “Vendor, Inc.” 
                 R 
                 CharacterString 
                 manufacturer 
               
               
                 Vendor_Identifier 
                 ??? 
                 R 
                 Unsigned16 
                 unique vendor number 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 assigned by ASHARE 
               
               
                 Model_Name 
                 “TEMP_S” 
                 R 
                 CharacterString 
                 model name 
               
               
                 Firmware_Revision 
                 1.0 
                 R 
                 CharacterString 
                 firmware revision of 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 SenSyr controller 
               
               
                 Application_Software_Version 
                 1.0 
                 R 
                 CharacterString 
                 software version on 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 SenSyr controller 
               
               
                 Location 
                 “Office CST 3- 
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 physical location of the 
               
               
                   
                 201, Cubicle A” 
                   
                   
                 device 
               
               
                 Description 
                 “USB Temperature 
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 additional description 
               
               
                   
                 sensor” 
               
               
                 Protocol_Version 
                 1 
                 R 
                 Unsigned 
                 BACnet version 
               
               
                 Protocol_Revision 
                 1 
                 R 
                 Unsigned 
                 BACnet revision 
               
               
                 Protocol_Services_Supported 
                 12, 14 
                 R 
                 BACnetServicesSupported 
                 list of supported services: 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Read Propert (12), Read 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Property Multiple (14), 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Write Property (15) 
               
               
                 Protocol_Object_Types_Supported 
                 0 
                 R 
                 BACnetObjectTypesSupported 
                 list of supported object 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 types: Analog Input (0), 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Analog Output(1), Binary 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Input(3), Binary 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Output(4) 
               
               
                 Object_List 
                 Analog Input #1 
                 R 
                 BACnetARRAY [N]of 
                 List of Bacnet 32-bit 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 BACnetObjectIdentifier 
                 Object Identifiers 
               
               
                 Max_APDU_Length_Accepted 
                 0 
                 R 
                 Unsigned 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Segmentation_Supported 
                 SEGMENTED_BOTH 
                 R 
                 BACnetSegmentation 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Max_Segments_Accepted 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 VT_Classes_Supported 
                   
                 O 
                 List of BACnetVTClass 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Active_VT_Sessions 
                   
                 O 
                 List of BACnetVTSession 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Local_Time 
                   
                 O 
                 Time 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Local_Date 
                   
                 O 
                 Date 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 UTC_Offset 
                   
                 O 
                 INTEGER 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Daylight_Savings_Status 
                   
                 O 
                 BOOLEAN 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 APDU_Segment_Timeout 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 APDU_Timeout 
                 0 
                 R 
                 Unsigned 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Number_Of_APDU_Retries 
                 0 
                 R 
                 Unsigned 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 List_Of_Session_Keys 
                   
                 O 
                 List of BACnetSessionKey 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Time_Synchronization_Recipients 
                   
                 O 
                 List of BACnetRecipient 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Max_Master 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned(1 . . . 127) 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Max_Info_Frames 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Device_Address_Binding 
                 IP address 
                 R 
                 List of 
                 BACnet device address; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 BACnetAddressBinding 
                 may be IP in our case 
               
               
                 Database_Revision 
                 0 
                 R 
                 Unsigned 
                 revision number of the 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 device database 
               
               
                 Configuration_Files 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetARRAY [N] of 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 BACnetObjectIdentifier 
               
               
                 Last_Restore_Time 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetTimeStamp 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Backup_Failure_Timeout 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned16 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Active_COV_Subscriptions 
                   
                 O 
                 List of 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 BACnetCOVSubscription 
               
               
                 Slave_Proxy_Enable 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetArray [N] of 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 BOOLEAN 
               
               
                 Manual_Slave_Address_Binding 
                   
                 O 
                 List of 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 BACnetAddressBinding 
               
               
                 Auto_Slave_Discovery 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetArray [N] of 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 BOOLEAN 
               
               
                 Slave_Address_Binding 
                   
                 O 
                 List of 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 BACnetAddressBinding 
               
               
                 Profile_Name 
                   
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 N/A 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Analog Input #1: Thermometer 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Object_Identifier 
                 (Analog Input, Instance 1) 
                 R 
                 BACnetObjectIdentifier 
                 numeric code, 32 bits, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 unique within the device 
               
               
                 Object_Name 
                 “Thermometer” 
                 R 
                 CharacterString 
                 unique within the device 
               
               
                 Object_Type 
                 ANALOG_INPUT 
                 R 
                 BACnetObjectType 
                 must be 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 ANALOG_INPUT 
               
               
                 Present_Value 
                 72 
                 R 
                 REAL 
                 current settings in Units 
               
               
                 Description 
                 “Thermometer” 
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 description 
               
               
                 Device_Type 
                   
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Status_Flags 
                 {FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE} 
                 R 
                 BACnetStatusFlags 
                 {IN_ALARM, FAULT, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 OVERWRITTEN, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 OUT_OF_SERVICE} 
               
               
                 Event_State 
                 NORMAL 
                 R 
                 BACnetEventState 
                 NORMAL or FAULT 
               
               
                 Reliability 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetReliability 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Out_Of_Service 
                 FALSE 
                 R 
                 BOOLEAN 
                 TRUE or FALSE 
               
               
                 Update_Interval 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Units 
                 Degrees-Fahrenheit 
                 R 
                 BACnetEngineeringUnits 
                 measurement units of this 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 object 
               
               
                 Min_Pres_Value 
                 −20 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the lowest setting 
               
               
                 Max_Pres_Value 
                 110 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the highest setting 
               
               
                 Resolution 
                 0.01 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the smallest recognizable 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 change in Present_Value 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in engineering units 
               
               
                 COV_Increment 
                 0.1 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the minimum change in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Present_Value that will 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 cause a COVNotification 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 to be issued to subscriber 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 COV-clients 
               
               
                 Time_Delay 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Notification_Class 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 High_Limit 
                   
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Low_Limit 
                   
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Deadband 
                   
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Limit_Enable 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetLimitEnable 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Event_Enable 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetEventTransitionBits 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Acked_Transitions 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetEventTransitionBits 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Notify_Type 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetNotifyType 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Event_Time_Stamps 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetARRAY [3] of 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 BACnetTimeStamp 
               
               
                 Profile_Name 
                   
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 2. Johnson Controls PEM 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 PEM—Personal Environment Module from Johnson Controls, Inc (from JC product datasheet). 
               
               
                   
                 Gives individual employees the ability to customize their cubicle environments; From 
               
               
                   
                 desktop control unit (UCU), individuals can select their own settings for air temperature, air 
               
               
                   
                 flow, radiant heat, lighting and background noise masking; Allows an individual to improve 
               
               
                   
                 work environment and increase productivity 
               
               
                   
                 An integrated occupancy sensor shuts the system down when they&#39;re away from their 
               
               
                   
                 workstations for about 15 min, saving energy 
               
               
                   
                 User Control Unit (UCU, connected to FEU by RJ45 socket) allows to control 
               
               
                   
                 air temperature level 
               
               
                   
                 air supply (fan speed for air movement) 
               
               
                   
                 radiant heater for leg and foot warming 
               
               
                   
                 background noise masking 
               
               
                   
                 task light level or on/off control 
               
               
                   
                 occupancy sensor 
               
               
                   
                 Control I/O connector (RJ45) 
               
               
                   
                 (1) low voltage ground 
               
               
                   
                 (2) DC power supply from FEU (12.6 VDC) 
               
               
                   
                 (3) air temperature level (0-10 VDC) 
               
               
                   
                 (4) task light control (0-10 VDC) 
               
               
                   
                 (5) background noise masking (0-5 VDC) 
               
               
                   
                 (6) 12 VDC - unoccupied, 4 VDC - occupied 
               
               
                   
                 (7) air supply - fan speed (0-10 VDC) 
               
               
                   
                 (8) radiant heater for leg and foot warming (0-10 VDC) 
               
               
                   
                 Air temperature is determined by the proportion of conditioned air supplied by the 
               
               
                   
                 HVAC system which is combined with office ambient air 
               
               
                   
                 Air supply is regulated by the fan located in the FEU 
               
               
                   
                 Background noise masking is provided through 2 speakers located inside the FEU; 
               
               
                   
                 pseudo white noise adjusted between 0-45 dB 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Property 
                 Value 
                 R/O 
                 Type 
                 Comment 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Device Object: JC PEM 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Object_Identifier 
                 (Device, Instance 1) 
                 R 
                 BACnetObjectIdentifier 
                 Unique throught the 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 whole system, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 numeric code, 32 bits 
               
               
                 Object_Name 
                 “JC Personal 
                 R 
                 CharacterString 
                 Unique throught the 
               
               
                   
                 Environment System #1” 
                   
                   
                 whole system 
               
               
                 Object_Type 
                 DEVICE 
                 R 
                 BACnetObjectType 
                 must be DEVICE 
               
               
                 System_Status 
                 OPERATIONAL 
                 R 
                 BACnetDeviceStatus 
                 OPERATIONAL or 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 NON_OPERATIONAL 
               
               
                 Vendor_Name 
                 “Johnson Controls, Inc.” 
                 R 
                 CharacterString 
                 manufacturer 
               
               
                 Vendor_Identifier 
                 ??? 
                 R 
                 Unsigned16 
                 unique vendor number 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 assigned by ASHARE 
               
               
                 Model_Name 
                 “PE-FEU-DSA111” 
                 R 
                 CharacterString 
                 model name 
               
               
                 Firmware_Revision 
                 1.0 
                 R 
                 CharacterString 
                 firmware revision of SenSyr 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 controler 
               
               
                 Application_Software_Version 
                 1.0 
                 R 
                 CharacterString 
                 software version on SenSyr 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 controler 
               
               
                 Location 
                 “Office CST 3-201, 
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 physical location of the device 
               
               
                   
                 Cubicle A” 
               
               
                 Description 
                 “FEU, Suplied Air, 115 VAC, 
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 additional description 
               
               
                   
                 60 Hz, w/o N2” 
               
               
                 Protocol_Version 
                 1 
                 R 
                 Unsigned 
                 BACnet version 
               
               
                 Protocol_Revision 
                 1 
                 R 
                 Unsigned 
                 BACnet revision 
               
               
                 Protocol_Services_Supported 
                 12, 15 
                 R 
                 BACnetServicesSupported 
                 list of supported services: Read 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Propert (12), Read Property 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Multiple (14), Write 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Property (15) 
               
               
                 Protocol_Object_Types_Supported 
                 0, 1, 3, 4 
                 R 
                 BACnetObjectTypesSupported 
                 list of supported object types: 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Analog Input (0), Analog 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Output(1), Binary 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Input(3), Binary 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Output(4) 
               
               
                 Object_List 
                 Analog Input #1, Analog 
                 R 
                 BACnetARRAY [N]of 
                 List of Bacnet 32-bit Object 
               
               
                   
                 Input #2, Analog Input 
                   
                 BACnetObjectIdentifier 
                 Identifiers 
               
               
                   
                 #3, Analog Input #4, 
               
               
                   
                 Analog Input #5, Analog 
               
               
                   
                 Output #1, Analog 
               
               
                   
                 Output #2, Analog 
               
               
                   
                 Output #3, Analog 
               
               
                   
                 Output #4, Analog 
               
               
                   
                 Output #5, Binary Input # 
               
               
                   
                 1, Binary Output 
               
               
                   
                 #1, Analog Input # 6 
               
               
                 Max_APDU_Length_Accepted 
                 0 
                 R 
                 Unsigned 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Segmentation_Supported 
                 SEGMENTED_BOTH 
                 R 
                 BACnetSegmentation 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Max_Segments_Accepted 
                 0 
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 VT_Classes_Supported 
                   
                 O 
                 List of BACnetVTClass 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Active_VT_Sessions 
                   
                 O 
                 List of BACnetVTSession 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Local_Time 
                   
                 O 
                 Time 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Local_Date 
                   
                 O 
                 Date 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 UTC_Offset 
                   
                 O 
                 INTEGER 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Daylight_Savings_Status 
                   
                 O 
                 BOOLEAN 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 APDU_Segment_Timeout 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 APDU_Timeout 
                 0 
                 R 
                 Unsigned 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Number_Of_APDU_Retries 
                 0 
                 R 
                 Unsigned 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 List_Of_Session_Keys 
                   
                 O 
                 List of 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 BACnetSessionKey 
               
               
                 Time_Synchronization_Recipients 
                   
                 O 
                 List of BACnetRecipient 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Max_Master 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned(1 . . . 127) 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Max_Info_Frames 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Device_Address_Binding 
                 IP address 
                 R 
                 List of 
                 BACnet device 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 BACnetAddressBinding 
                 address; may be IP 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in our case 
               
               
                 Database_Revision 
                 0 
                 R 
                 Unsigned 
                 revision number of the device 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 database 
               
               
                 Configuration_Files 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetARRAY [N] of 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 BACnetObjectIdentifier 
               
               
                 Last_Restore_Time 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetTimeStamp 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Backup_Failure_Timeout 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned16 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Active_COV_Subscriptions 
                   
                 O 
                 List of 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 BACnetCOVSubscription 
               
               
                 Slave_Proxy_Enable 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetArray [N] of 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 BOOLEAN 
               
               
                 Manual_Slave_Address_Binding 
                   
                 O 
                 List of 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 BACnetAddressBinding 
               
               
                 Auto_Slave_Discovery 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetArray [N] of 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 BOOLEAN 
               
               
                 Slave_Address_Binding 
                   
                 O 
                 List of 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 BACnetAddressBinding 
               
               
                 Profile_Name 
                   
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 N/A 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Analog Input #1: Temperature Selection (0-10 VDC) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Object_Identifier 
                 (Analog Input, Instance 1) 
                 R 
                 BACnetObjectIdentifier 
                 numeric code, 32 bits, unique 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 within the device 
               
               
                 Object_Name 
                 “Air Temperature In” 
                 R 
                 CharacterString 
                 unique within the device 
               
               
                 Object_Type 
                 ANALOG_INPUT 
                 R 
                 BACnetObjectType 
                 must be ANALOG_INPUT 
               
               
                 Present_Value 
                 5.5 
                 R 
                 REAL 
                 current settings in Units 
               
               
                 Description 
                 “Temperature Selection” 
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 description 
               
               
                 Device_Type 
                   
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Status_Flags 
                 {FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE} 
                 R 
                 BACnetStatusFlags 
                 {IN_ALARM, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 FAULT, OVERWRITTEN, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 OUT_OF_SERVICE} 
               
               
                 Event_State 
                 NORMAL 
                 R 
                 BACnetEventState 
                 NORMAL or FAULT 
               
               
                 Reliability 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetReliability 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Out_Of_Service 
                 FALSE 
                 R 
                 BOOLEAN 
                 TRUE or FALSE 
               
               
                 Update_Interval 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Units 
                 VDC 
                 R 
                 BACnetEngineeringUnits 
                 measurement units of this object 
               
               
                 Min_Pres_Value 
                 0 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the lowest setting 
               
               
                 Max_Pres_Value 
                 10 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the highest setting 
               
               
                 Resolution 
                 0.01 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the smallest recognizable change 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in Present_Value in engineering 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 units 
               
               
                 COV_Increment 
                 0.1 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the minimum change in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Present_Value that will cause a 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 COVNotification to be issued to 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 subscriber COV-clients 
               
               
                 Time_Delay 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Notification_Class 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 High_Limit 
                   
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Low_Limit 
                   
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Deadband 
                   
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Limit_Enable 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetLimitEnable 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Event_Enable 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetEventTransitionBits 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Acked_Transitions 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetEventTransitionBits 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Notify_Type 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetNotifyType 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Event_Time_Stamps 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetARRAY [3] of 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 BACnetTimeStamp 
               
               
                 Profile_Name 
                   
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 N/A 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Analog Output #1: Temperature Selection (0-10 VDC) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Object_Identifier 
                 (Analog Output, Instance 1) 
                 R 
                 BACnetObjectIdentifier 
                 numeric code, 32 bits, unique 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 within the device 
               
               
                 Object_Name 
                 “Air Temperature Out” 
                 R 
                 CharacterString 
                 unique within the device 
               
               
                 Object_Type 
                 ANALOG_OUTPUT 
                 R 
                 BACnetObjectType 
                 must be ANALOG_OUTPUT 
               
               
                 Present_Value 
                 5.5 
                 W 
                 REAL 
                 current settings in Units 
               
               
                 Description 
                 “Temperature Selection” 
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 description 
               
               
                 Device_Type 
                   
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Status_Flags 
                 {FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE} 
                 R 
                 BACnetStatusFlags 
                 {IN_ALARM, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 FAULT, OVERWRITTEN, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 OUT_OF_SERVICE} 
               
               
                 Event_State 
                 NORMAL 
                 R 
                 BACnetEventState 
                 NORMAL or FAULT 
               
               
                 Reliability 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetReliability 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Out_Of_Service 
                 FALSE 
                 R 
                 BOOLEAN 
                 TRUE or FALSE 
               
               
                 Units 
                 VDC 
                 R 
                 BACnetEngineeringUnits 
                 measurement units of this object 
               
               
                 Min_Pres_Value 
                 0 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the lowest setting 
               
               
                 Max_Pres_Value 
                 10 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the highest setting 
               
               
                 Resolution 
                 0.01 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the smallest recognizable change 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in Present_Value in engineering 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 units 
               
               
                 Priority_Array 
                 ??? 
                 R 
                 BACnetPriorityArray 
               
               
                 Relinquish_Default 
                 ??? 
                 R 
                 REAL 
               
               
                 COV_Increment 
                 0.1 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the minimum change in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Present_Value that will cause a 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 COVNotification to be issued to 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 subscriber COV-clients 
               
               
                 Time_Delay 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Notification_Class 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 High_Limit 
                   
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Low_Limit 
                   
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Deadband 
                   
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Limit_Enable 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetLimitEnable 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Event_Enable 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetEventTransitionBits 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Acked_Transitions 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetEventTransitionBits 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Notify_Type 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetNotifyType 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Event_Time_Stamps 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetARRAY [3] of 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 BACnetTimeStamp 
               
               
                 Profile_Name 
                   
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 N/A 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Analog Input #2: Fan Speed Selection (0-10 VDC) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Object_Identifier 
                 (Analog Input, Instance 2) 
                 R 
                 BACnetObjectIdentifier 
                 numeric code, 32 bits, unique 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 within the device 
               
               
                 Object_Name 
                 “Fan Speed In” 
                 R 
                 CharacterString 
                 unique within the device 
               
               
                 Object_Type 
                 ANALOG_INPUT 
                 R 
                 BACnetObjectType 
                 must be ANALOG_INPUT 
               
               
                 Present_Value 
                 5.5 
                 R 
                 REAL 
                 current settings in Units 
               
               
                 Description 
                 “Fan Speed Selection” 
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 description 
               
               
                 Device_Type 
                   
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Status_Flags 
                 {FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE} 
                 R 
                 BACnetStatusFlags 
                 {IN_ALARM, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 FAULT, OVERWRITTEN, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 OUT_OF_SERVICE} 
               
               
                 Event_State 
                 NORMAL 
                 R 
                 BACnetEventState 
                 NORMAL or FAULT 
               
               
                 Reliability 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetReliability 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Out_Of_Service 
                 FALSE 
                 R 
                 BOOLEAN 
                 TRUE or FALSE 
               
               
                 Update_Interval 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Units 
                 VDC 
                 R 
                 BACnetEngineeringUnits 
                 measurement units of this object 
               
               
                 Min_Pres_Value 
                 0 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the lowest setting 
               
               
                 Max_Pres_Value 
                 10 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the highest setting 
               
               
                 Resolution 
                 0.01 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the smallest recognizable change 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in Present_Value in engineering 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 units 
               
               
                 COV_Increment 
                 0.1 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the minimum change in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Present_Value that will cause a 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 COVNotification to be issued to 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 subscriber COV-clients 
               
               
                 Time_Delay 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Notification_Class 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 High_Limit 
                   
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Low_Limit 
                   
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Deadband 
                   
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Limit_Enable 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetLimitEnable 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Event_Enable 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetEventTransitionBits 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Acked_Transitions 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetEventTransitionBits 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Notify_Type 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetNotifyType 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Event_Time_Stamps 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetARRAY [3] of 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 BACnetTimeStamp 
               
               
                 Profile_Name 
                   
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 N/A 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Analog Output #2: Fan Speed Selection (0-10 VDC) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Object_Identifier 
                 (Analog Output, Instance 
                 R 
                 BACnetObjectIdentifier 
                 numeric code, 32 bits, unique 
               
               
                   
                 2) 
                   
                   
                 within the device 
               
               
                 Object_Name 
                 “Fan Speed Out” 
                 R 
                 CharacterString 
                 unique within the device 
               
               
                 Object_Type 
                 ANALOG_OUTPUT 
                 R 
                 BACnetObjectType 
                 must be ANALOG_OUTPUT 
               
               
                 Present_Value 
                 5.5 
                 W 
                 REAL 
                 current settings in Units 
               
               
                 Description 
                 “Fan Speed Selection” 
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 description 
               
               
                 Device_Type 
                   
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Status_Flags 
                 {FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE} 
                 R 
                 BACnetStatusFlags 
                 {IN_ALARM, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 FAULT, OVERWRITTEN, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 OUT_OF_SERVICE} 
               
               
                 Event_State 
                 NORMAL 
                 R 
                 BACnetEventState 
                 NORMAL or FAULT 
               
               
                 Reliability 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetReliability 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Out_Of_Service 
                 FALSE 
                 R 
                 BOOLEAN 
                 TRUE or FALSE 
               
               
                 Units 
                 VDC 
                 R 
                 BACnetEngineeringUnits 
                 measurement units of this object 
               
               
                 Min_Pres_Value 
                 0 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the lowest setting 
               
               
                 Max_Pres_Value 
                 10 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the highest setting 
               
               
                 Resolution 
                 0.01 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the smallest recognizable change 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in Present_Value in engineering 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 units 
               
               
                 Priority_Array 
                 ??? 
                 R 
                 BACnetPriorityArray 
               
               
                 Relinquish_Default 
                 ??? 
                 R 
                 REAL 
               
               
                 COV_Increment 
                 0.1 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the minimum change in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Present_Value that will cause a 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 COVNotification to be issued to 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 subscriber COV-clients 
               
               
                 Time_Delay 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
               
               
                 Notification_Class 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
               
               
                 High_Limit 
                   
                 O 
                 REAL 
               
               
                 Low_Limit 
                   
                 O 
                 REAL 
               
               
                 Deadband 
                   
                 O 
                 REAL 
               
               
                 Limit_Enable 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetLimitEnable 
               
               
                 Event_Enable 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetEventTransitionBits 
               
               
                 Acked_Transitions 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetEventTransitionBits 
               
               
                 Notify_Type 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetNotifyType 
               
               
                 Event_Time_Stamps 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetARRAY [3] of 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 BACnetTimeStamp 
               
               
                 Profile_Name 
                   
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Analog Input #3: Radiant Heat Panel Selection (0-10 VDC) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Object_Identifier 
                 (Analog Input, Instance 3) 
                 R 
                 BACnetObjectIdentifier 
                 numeric code, 32 bits, unique 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 within the device 
               
               
                 Object_Name 
                 “Radiant Heat In” 
                 R 
                 CharacterString 
                 unique within the device 
               
               
                 Object_Type 
                 ANALOG_INPUT 
                 R 
                 BACnetObjectType 
                 must be ANALOG_INPUT 
               
               
                 Present_Value 
                 5.5 
                 R 
                 REAL 
                 current settings in Units 
               
               
                 Description 
                 “Radiant Heat Selection” 
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 description 
               
               
                 Device_Type 
                   
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Status_Flags 
                 {FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE} 
                 R 
                 BACnetStatusFlags 
                 {IN_ALARM, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 FAULT, OVERWRITTEN, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 OUT_OF_SERVICE} 
               
               
                 Event_State 
                 NORMAL 
                 R 
                 BACnetEventState 
                 NORMAL or FAULT 
               
               
                 Reliability 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetReliability 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Out_Of_Service 
                 FALSE 
                 R 
                 BOOLEAN 
                 TRUE or FALSE 
               
               
                 Update_Interval 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Units 
                 VDC 
                 R 
                 BACnetEngineeringUnits 
                 measurement units of this object 
               
               
                 Min_Pres_Value 
                 0 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the lowest setting 
               
               
                 Max_Pres_Value 
                 10 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the highest setting 
               
               
                 Resolution 
                 0.01 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the smallest recognizable change 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in Present_Value in engineering 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 units 
               
               
                 COV_Increment 
                 0.1 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the minimum change in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Present_Value that will cause a 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 COVNotification to be issued to 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 subscriber COV-clients 
               
               
                 Time_Delay 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Notification_Class 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 High_Limit 
                   
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Low_Limit 
                   
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Deadband 
                   
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Limit_Enable 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetLimitEnable 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Event_Enable 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetEventTransitionBits 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Acked_Transitions 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetEventTransitionBits 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Notify_Type 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetNotifyType 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Event_Time_Stamps 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetARRAY [3] of 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 BACnetTimeStamp 
               
               
                 Profile_Name 
                   
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 N/A 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Analog Output #3: Radiant Heat Panel Selection (0-10 VDC) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Object_Identifier 
                 (Analog Output, Instance 
                 R 
                 BACnetObjectIdentifier 
                 numeric code, 32 bits, unique 
               
               
                   
                 3) 
                   
                   
                 within the device 
               
               
                 Object_Name 
                 “Radiant Heat Out” 
                 R 
                 CharacterString 
                 unique within the device 
               
               
                 Object_Type 
                 ANALOG_OUTPUT 
                 R 
                 BACnetObjectType 
                 must be ANALOG_OUTPUT 
               
               
                 Present_Value 
                 5.5 
                 W 
                 REAL 
                 current settings in Units 
               
               
                 Description 
                 “Radiant Heat Selection” 
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 description 
               
               
                 Device_Type 
                   
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Status_Flags 
                 {FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, 
                 R 
                 BACnetStatusFlags 
                 {IN_ALARM, 
               
               
                   
                 FALSE} 
                   
                   
                 FAULT, OVERWRITTEN, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 OUT_OF_SERVICE} 
               
               
                 Event_State 
                 NORMAL 
                 R 
                 BACnetEventState 
                 NORMAL or FAULT 
               
               
                 Reliability 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetReliability 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Out_Of_Service 
                 FALSE 
                 R 
                 BOOLEAN 
                 TRUE or FALSE 
               
               
                 Units 
                 VDC 
                 R 
                 BACnetEngineeringUnits 
                 measurement units of this object 
               
               
                 Min_Pres_Value 
                 0 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the lowest setting 
               
               
                 Max_Pres_Value 
                 10 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the highest setting 
               
               
                 Resolution 
                 0.01 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the smallest recognizable change 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in Present_Value in engineering 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 units 
               
               
                 Priority_Array 
                 ??? 
                 R 
                 BACnetPriorityArray 
               
               
                 Relinquish_Default 
                 ??? 
                 R 
                 REAL 
               
               
                 COV_Increment 
                 0.1 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the minimum change in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Present_Value that will cause a 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 COVNotification to be issued to 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 subscriber COV-clients 
               
               
                 Time_Delay 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
               
               
                 Notification_Class 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
               
               
                 High_Limit 
                   
                 O 
                 REAL 
               
               
                 Low_Limit 
                   
                 O 
                 REAL 
               
               
                 Deadband 
                   
                 O 
                 REAL 
               
               
                 Limit_Enable 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetLimitEnable 
               
               
                 Event_Enable 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetEventTransitionBits 
               
               
                 Acked_Transitions 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetEventTransitionBits 
               
               
                 Notify_Type 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetNotifyType 
               
               
                 Event_Time_Stamps 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetARRAY [3] of 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 BACnetTimeStamp 
               
               
                 Profile_Name 
                   
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Analog Input #4: Task Lighting Selection (0-10 VDC) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Object_Identifier 
                 (Analog Input, Instance 4) 
                 R 
                 BACnetObjectIdentifier 
                 numeric code, 32 bits, unique 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 within the device 
               
               
                 Object_Name 
                 “Task Lighting In” 
                 R 
                 CharacterString 
                 unique within the device 
               
               
                 Object_Type 
                 ANALOG_INPUT 
                 R 
                 BACnetObjectType 
                 must be ANALOG_INPUT 
               
               
                 Present_Value 
                 5.5 
                 R 
                 REAL 
                 current settings in Units 
               
               
                 Description 
                 “Task Lighting Selection” 
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 description 
               
               
                 Device_Type 
                   
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Status_Flags 
                 {FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, 
                 R 
                 BACnetStatusFlags 
                 {IN_ALARM, 
               
               
                   
                 FALSE} 
                   
                   
                 FAULT, OVERWRITTEN, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 OUT_OF_SERVICE} 
               
               
                 Event_State 
                 NORMAL 
                 R 
                 BACnetEventState 
                 NORMAL or FAULT 
               
               
                 Reliability 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetReliability 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Out_Of_Service 
                 FALSE 
                 R 
                 BOOLEAN 
                 TRUE or FALSE 
               
               
                 Update_Interval 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Units 
                 VDC 
                 R 
                 BACnetEngineeringUnits 
                 measurement units of this object 
               
               
                 Min_Pres_Value 
                 0 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the lowest setting 
               
               
                 Max_Pres_Value 
                 10 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the highest setting 
               
               
                 Resolution 
                 0.01 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the smallest recognizable change 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in Present_Value in engineering 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 units 
               
               
                 COV_Increment 
                 0.1 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the minimum change in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Present_Value that will cause a 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 COVNotification to be issued to 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 subscriber COV-clients 
               
               
                 Time_Delay 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Notification_Class 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 High_Limit 
                   
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Low_Limit 
                   
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Deadband 
                   
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Limit_Enable 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetLimitEnable 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Event_Enable 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetEventTransitionBits 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Acked_Transitions 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetEventTransitionBits 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Notify_Type 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetNotifyType 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Event_Time_Stamps 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetARRAY [3] of 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 BACnetTimeStamp 
               
               
                 Profile_Name 
                   
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 N/A 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Analog Output #4: Task Lighting Selection (0-10 VDC) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Object_Identifier 
                 (Analog Output, Instance 
                 R 
                 BACnetObjectIdentifier 
                 numeric code, 32 bits, unique 
               
               
                   
                 4) 
                   
                   
                 within the device 
               
               
                 Object_Name 
                 “Task Lighting Out” 
                 R 
                 CharacterString 
                 unique within the device 
               
               
                 Object_Type 
                 ANALOG_OUTPUT 
                 R 
                 BACnetObjectType 
                 must be ANALOG_OUTPUT 
               
               
                 Present_Value 
                 5.5 
                 W 
                 REAL 
                 current settings in Units 
               
               
                 Description 
                 “Task Lighting 
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 description 
               
               
                   
                 Selection” 
               
               
                 Device_Type 
                   
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Status_Flags 
                 {FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, 
                 R 
                 BACnetStatusFlags 
                 {IN_ALARM, 
               
               
                   
                 FALSE} 
                   
                   
                 FAULT, OVERWRITTEN, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 OUT_OF_SERVICE} 
               
               
                 Event_State 
                 NORMAL 
                 R 
                 BACnetEventState 
                 NORMAL or FAULT 
               
               
                 Reliability 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetReliability 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Out_Of_Service 
                 FALSE 
                 R 
                 BOOLEAN 
                 TRUE or FALSE 
               
               
                 Units 
                 VDC 
                 R 
                 BACnetEngineeringUnits 
                 measurement units of this object 
               
               
                 Min_Pres_Value 
                 0 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the lowest setting 
               
               
                 Max_Pres_Value 
                 10 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the highest setting 
               
               
                 Resolution 
                 0.01 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the smallest recognizable change 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in Present_Value in engineering 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 units 
               
               
                 Priority_Array 
                 ??? 
                 R 
                 BACnetPriorityArray 
               
               
                 Relinquish_Default 
                 ??? 
                 R 
                 REAL 
               
               
                 COV_Increment 
                 0.1 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the minimum change in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Present_Value that will cause a 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 COVNotification to be issued to 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 subscriber COV-clients 
               
               
                 Time_Delay 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
               
               
                 Notification_Class 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
               
               
                 High_Limit 
                   
                 O 
                 REAL 
               
               
                 Low_Limit 
                   
                 O 
                 REAL 
               
               
                 Deadband 
                   
                 O 
                 REAL 
               
               
                 Limit_Enable 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetLimitEnable 
               
               
                 Event_Enable 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetEventTransitionBits 
               
               
                 Acked_Transitions 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetEventTransitionBits 
               
               
                 Notify_Type 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetNotifyType 
               
               
                 Event_Time_Stamps 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetARRAY [3] of 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 BACnetTimeStamp 
               
               
                 Profile_Name 
                   
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Analog Input #5: Background Noise Masking Selection (0-5 VDC) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Object_Identifier 
                 (Analog Input, Instance 5) 
                 R 
                 BACnetObjectIdentifier 
                 numeric code, 32 bits, unique 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 within the device 
               
               
                 Object_Name 
                 “Noise Masking In” 
                 R 
                 CharacterString 
                 unique within the device 
               
               
                 Object_Type 
                 ANALOG_INPUT 
                 R 
                 BACnetObjectType 
                 must be ANALOG_INPUT 
               
               
                 Present_Value 
                 1 
                 R 
                 REAL 
                 current settings in Units 
               
               
                 Description 
                 “Temperature Selection” 
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 description 
               
               
                 Device_Type 
                   
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Status_Flags 
                 {FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, 
                 R 
                 BACnetStatusFlags 
                 {IN_ALARM, 
               
               
                   
                 FALSE} 
                   
                   
                 FAULT, OVERWRITTEN, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 OUT_OF_SERVICE} 
               
               
                 Event_State 
                 NORMAL 
                 R 
                 BACnetEventState 
                 NORMAL or FAULT 
               
               
                 Reliability 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetReliability 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Out_Of_Service 
                 FALSE 
                 R 
                 BOOLEAN 
                 TRUE or FALSE 
               
               
                 Update_Interval 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Units 
                 VDC 
                 R 
                 BACnetEngineeringUnits 
                 measurement units of this object 
               
               
                 Min_Pres_Value 
                 0 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the lowest setting 
               
               
                 Max_Pres_Value 
                 5 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the highest setting 
               
               
                 Resolution 
                 0.01 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the smallest recognizable change 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in Present_Value in engineering 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 units 
               
               
                 COV_Increment 
                 0.1 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the minimum change in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Present_Value that will cause a 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 COVNotification to be issued to 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 subscriber COV-clients 
               
               
                 Time_Delay 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Notification_Class 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 High_Limit 
                   
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Low_Limit 
                   
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Deadband 
                   
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Limit_Enable 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetLimitEnable 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Event_Enable 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetEventTransitionBits 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Acked_Transitions 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetEventTransitionBits 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Notify_Type 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetNotifyType 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Event_Time_Stamps 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetARRAY [3] of 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 BACnetTimeStamp 
               
               
                 Profile_Name 
                   
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Object_Identifier 
                 (Analog Output, Instance 
                 R 
                 BACnetObjectIdentifier 
                 numeric code, 32 bits, unique 
               
               
                   
                 5) 
                   
                   
                 within the device 
               
               
                 Object_Name 
                 “Noise Masking Out” 
                 R 
                 CharacterString 
                 unique within the device 
               
               
                 Object_Type 
                 ANALOG_OUTPUT 
                 R 
                 BACnetObjectType 
                 must be ANALOG_OUTPUT 
               
               
                 Present_Value 
                 1 
                 W 
                 REAL 
                 current settings in Units 
               
               
                 Description 
                 “Noise Masking 
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 description 
               
               
                   
                 Selection” 
               
               
                 Device_Type 
                   
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Status_Flags 
                 {FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, 
                 R 
                 BACnetStatusFlags 
                 {IN_ALARM, 
               
               
                   
                 FALSE} 
                   
                   
                 FAULT, OVERWRITTEN, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 OUT_OF_SERVICE} 
               
               
                 Event_State 
                 NORMAL 
                 R 
                 BACnetEventState 
                 NORMAL or FAULT 
               
               
                 Reliability 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetReliability 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Out_Of_Service 
                 FALSE 
                 R 
                 BOOLEAN 
                 TRUE or FALSE 
               
               
                 Units 
                 VDC 
                 R 
                 BACnetEngineeringUnits 
                 measurement units of this object 
               
               
                 Min_Pres_Value 
                 0 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the lowest setting 
               
               
                 Max_Pres_Value 
                 5 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the highest setting 
               
               
                 Resolution 
                 0.01 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the smallest recognizable change 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in Present_Value in engineering 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 units 
               
               
                 Priority_Array 
                 ??? 
                 R 
                 BACnetPriorityArray 
               
               
                 Relinquish_Default 
                 ??? 
                 R 
                 REAL 
               
               
                 COV_Increment 
                 0.1 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the minimum change in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Present_Value that will cause a 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 COVNotification to be issued to 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 subscriber COV-clients 
               
               
                 Time_Delay 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
               
               
                 Notification_Class 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
               
               
                 High_Limit 
                   
                 O 
                 REAL 
               
               
                 Low_Limit 
                   
                 O 
                 REAL 
               
               
                 Deadband 
                   
                 O 
                 REAL 
               
               
                 Limit_Enable 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetLimitEnable 
               
               
                 Event_Enable 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetEventTransitionBits 
               
               
                 Acked_Transitions 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetEventTransitionBits 
               
               
                 Notify_Type 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetNotifyType 
               
               
                 Event_Time_Stamps 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetARRAY [3] of 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 BACnetTimeStamp 
               
               
                 Profile_Name 
                   
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Binary Input #1: Occupancy Status (12 VDC unoccupied, 4 VDC occupied) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Object_Identifier 
                 (Binary Input, 
                 R 
                 BACnetObjectIdentifier 
                 numeric code, 32 bits, unique 
               
               
                   
                 Instance 1) 
                   
                   
                 within the device 
               
               
                 Object_Name 
                 “Occupancy Status 
                 R 
                 CharacterString 
                 unique within the device 
               
               
                   
                 In” 
               
               
                 Object_Type 
                 BINARY_INPUT 
                 R 
                 BACnetObjectType 
                 must be BINARY_INPUT 
               
               
                 Present_Value 
                 INACTIVE 
                 R 
                 BACnetBinaryPV 
                 INACTIVE or ACTIVE 
               
               
                 Description 
                 “Occupancy Status” 
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 description 
               
               
                 Device_Type 
                   
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Status_Flags 
                 {FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, 
                 R 
                 BACnetStatusFlags 
                 {IN_ALARM, 
               
               
                   
                 FALSE} 
                   
                   
                 FAULT, OVERWRITTEN, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 OUT_OF_SERVICE} 
               
               
                 Event_State 
                 NORMAL 
                 R 
                 BACnetEventState 
                 NORMAL or FAULT 
               
               
                 Reliability 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetReliability 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Out_Of_Service 
                 FALSE 
                 R 
                 BOOLEAN 
                 TRUE or FALSE 
               
               
                 Polarity 
                 NORMAL 
                 R 
                 BACnetPolarity 
                 NORMAL = 12 DVC, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 REVERSE = 4 VDC 
               
               
                 Inactive_Text 
                   
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Active_Text 
                   
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Change_Of_State_Time 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetDateTime 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Change_Of_State_Count 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Time_Of_State_Count_Reset 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetDateTime 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Elapsed_Active_Time 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned32 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Time_Of_Active_Time_Reset 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetDateTime 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Time_Delay 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Notification_Class 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Alarm_Value 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetBinaryPV 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Event_Enable 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetEventTransitionBits 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Acked_Transitions 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetEventTransitionBits 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Notify_Type 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetNotifyType 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Event_Time_Stamps 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetARRAY [3] of 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 BACnetTimeStamp 
               
               
                 Profile_Name 
                   
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 N/A 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Binary Output #1: Occupancy Status (12 VDC unoccupied, 4 VDC 
               
               
                 occupied) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Object_Identifier 
                 (Binary Output, 
                 R 
                 BACnetObjectIdentifier 
                 numeric code, 32 bits, unique 
               
               
                   
                 Instance 1) 
                   
                   
                 within the device 
               
               
                 Object_Name 
                 “Occupancy Status 
                 R 
                 CharacterString 
                 unique within the device 
               
               
                   
                 Out” 
               
               
                 Object_Type 
                 BINARY_OUTPUT 
                 R 
                 BACnetObjectType 
                 must be BINARY_OUTPUT 
               
               
                 Present_Value 
                 INACTIVE 
                 W 
                 BACnetBinaryPV 
                 INACTIVE or ACTIVE 
               
               
                 Description 
                 “Occupancy 
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 description 
               
               
                   
                 Status” 
               
               
                 Device_Type 
                   
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Status_Flags 
                 {FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, 
                 R 
                 BACnetStatusFlags 
                 {IN_ALARM, 
               
               
                   
                 FALSE} 
                   
                   
                 FAULT, OVERWRITTEN, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 OUT_OF_SERVICE} 
               
               
                 Event_State 
                 NORMAL 
                 R 
                 BACnetEventState 
                 NORMAL or FAULT 
               
               
                 Reliability 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetReliability 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Out_Of_Service 
                 FALSE 
                 R 
                 BOOLEAN 
                 TRUE or FALSE 
               
               
                 Polarity 
                 NORMAL 
                 R 
                 BACnetPolarity 
                 NORMAL = 12 DVC, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 REVERSE = 4 VDC 
               
               
                 Inactive_Text 
                   
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
               
               
                 Active_Text 
                   
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
               
               
                 Change_Of_State_Time 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetDateTime 
               
               
                 Change_Of_State_Count 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
               
               
                 Time_Of_State_Count_Reset 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetDateTime 
               
               
                 Elapsed_Active_Time 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned32 
               
               
                 Time_Of_Active_Time_Reset 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetDateTime 
               
               
                 Minimum_Off_Time 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned32 
               
               
                 Minimum_On_Time 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned32 
               
               
                 Priority_Array 
                   
                 R 
                 BACnetPriorityArray 
               
               
                 Relinquish_Default 
                   
                 R 
                 BACnetBinaryPV 
               
               
                 Time_Delay 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
               
               
                 Notification_Class 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
               
               
                 Feedback_Value 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetBinaryPV 
               
               
                 Event_Enable 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetEventTransitionBits 
               
               
                 Acked_Transitions 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetEventTransitionBits 
               
               
                 Notify_Type 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetNotifyType 
               
               
                 Event_Time_Stamps 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetARRAY [3] of 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 BACnetTimeStamp 
               
               
                 Profile_Name 
                   
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Analog Input #6: Thermometer 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Object_Identifier 
                 (Analog Input, 
                 R 
                 BACnetObjectIdentifier 
                 numeric code, 32 bits, unique 
               
               
                   
                 Instance 6) 
                   
                   
                 within the device 
               
               
                 Object_Name 
                 “Thermometer In” 
                 R 
                 CharacterString 
                 unique within the device 
               
               
                 Object_Type 
                 ANALOG_INPUT 
                 R 
                 BACnetObjectType 
                 must be ANALOG_INPUT 
               
               
                 Present_Value 
                 72 
                 R 
                 REAL 
                 current settings in Units 
               
               
                 Description 
                 “Thermometer 
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 description 
               
               
                   
                 attached to SenSyr 
               
               
                   
                 controller” 
               
               
                 Device_Type 
                   
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Status_Flags 
                 {FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, 
                 R 
                 BACnetStatusFlags 
                 {IN_ALARM, 
               
               
                   
                 FALSE} 
                   
                   
                 FAULT, OVERWRITTEN, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 OUT_OF_SERVICE} 
               
               
                 Event_State 
                 NORMAL 
                 R 
                 BACnetEventState 
                 NORMAL or FAULT 
               
               
                 Reliability 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetReliability 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Out_Of_Service 
                 FALSE 
                 R 
                 BOOLEAN 
                 TRUE or FALSE 
               
               
                 Update_Interval 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Units 
                 Degrees-Fahrenheit 
                 R 
                 BACnetEngineeringUnits 
                 measurement units of this object 
               
               
                 Min_Pres_Value 
                 −20 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the lowest setting 
               
               
                 Max_Pres_Value 
                 110 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the highest setting 
               
               
                 Resolution 
                 0.01 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the smallest recognizable change 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in Present_Value in engineering 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 units 
               
               
                 COV_Increment 
                 0.1 
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 the minimum change in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Present_Value that will cause a 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 COVNotification to be issued to 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 subscriber COV-clients 
               
               
                 Time_Delay 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Notification_Class 
                   
                 O 
                 Unsigned 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 High_Limit 
                   
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Low_Limit 
                   
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Deadband 
                   
                 O 
                 REAL 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Limit_Enable 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetLimitEnable 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Event_Enable 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetEventTransitionBits 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Acked_Transitions 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetEventTransitionBits 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Notify_Type 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetNotifyType 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 Event_Time_Stamps 
                   
                 O 
                 BACnetARRAY [3] of 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 BACnetTimeStamp 
               
               
                 Profile_Name 
                   
                 O 
                 CharacterString 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Note: 
               
               
                 Object_Identifier = BACnetObjectType(10 bits) + Instance Number (22 bits) 
               
               
                 BACnetObjectIdentifier: list on page 421 of BACnet Specification (analog_input (0), analog_output(1), digital_input (3), digital_output (4)) 
               
               
                 R: property required and readable; 
               
               
                 O - property is optional 
               
               
                 W - property required, readable, writable 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0156]    A description of Device Services supported by Smart Building Framework, according to an embodiment of the present invention is provided below. Device Services relates to information about services that can be used in the description of the devices. In particular, BACnet objects allow organizing information related to physical devices. A physical device is represented by one DEVICE object and, optionally, several other objects, appropriate to the device&#39;s functions. Each object carries a collection of information about the device. Every object consists of a set of properties and associates values. Object can be represented by a table with 2 columns. 
         [0157]    Smart devices  90  can be asked to perform services. A Smart device  90  to which humidity sensor is attached. For example, may be asked to read humidity measurement from the sensor and provide it to the Framework  100 . BACnet device is not required to implement all services. Only one service, ReadProperty, should be processed by all BACnet devices. 
         [0158]    The Object Access Services allows any software module communicating with Smart Building Framework to read, modify and write Properties. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Service 
                 Description 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 ReadProperty 
                 Returns a value of one property of one object. 
               
               
                 ReadPropertyMultiple 
                 Returns the values of multiple properties of 
               
               
                   
                 multiple objects. 
               
               
                 WriteProperty 
                 Writes a value to one property of one object. 
               
               
                 WritePropertyMultiple 
                 Writes values to multiple properties of 
               
               
                   
                 multiple objects. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0159]    The ReadProperty service (Spec 15.5) is used by a client to request the value of one property of one Object. This service allows read access to any property of any object. 
         [0000]    Service specification: 
       ReadProperty (Object Identifier, Property Identifier [Property Array Index])); 
       [0160]    Result (success): Object Identifier, Property Identifier, Property Value;
 
Result (failure): Error Message: Unknown Object, Unknown Property, Property is not an Array, Invalid Array Index.
 
         [0161]    The ReadPropertyMultiple service (Spec 15.7) is used by a client to request the values of one or more specified properties of one or more Objects. This service allows read access to any property of any object. The user may read a single property of a single object, a list of properties of a single object, or any number of properties of any number of objects. 
         [0000]    Service specification: 
       ReadPropertyMultiple (List of Read Access Specifications;); 
     List of Read Access Specifications={Object Identifier, {Property Identifier}}; 
       [0162]    Result (success): List of Read Access Results; 
       List of Read Access Results={Object Identifier, {Property Identifier, Property Value)}}; 
       [0163]    Result (failure): Error Message: Unknown Object, Unknown Property, Property is not an Array, Invalid Array Index. 
         [0164]    The WriteProperty service (Spec 15.9) is used by a client to modify the value of a single specified property of an Object. This service potentially allows write access to any property of any object. 
       Service Specification: 
     WriteProperty (Object Identifier, Property Identifier [Property Array Index], Property Value); 
       [0165]    Result (success): Change of Property Value;
 
Result (failure): Error Message: Unknown Object, Unknown Property, Property is not an Array, Invalid Array Index, Write Access Denied, Invalid Data Type, Duplicate Name, Duplicate Object ID, Value out of Range.
 
         [0166]    The WritePropertyMultiple service (Spec 15.10) is used by a client to modify the value of one or more specified properties of an object. This service potentially allows write access to any property of any object. 
       Service Specification: 
     ReadPropertyMultiple (List of Write Access Specifications); 
     List of Write Access Specifications={Object Identifier, {Property Identifier, Property Value)}}; 
       [0167]    Result (success): Change of Property Values;
 
Result (failure—): Error Message: Unknown Object, Unknown Property, Property is not an Array, Invalid Array Index, Write Access Denied, Invalid Data Type, Duplicate Name, Duplicate Object ID, Value out of Range.
 
         [0168]    The Alarm and Event Services report changes which might indicate problems or error conditions, such as a sensor reading out of normal range; or a change in a reading termed Change Of Value (COV). COV reporting is a useful alternative to repeatedly polling an object for some monitored value. COV reporting allows it to send out notices when a change occurs. Alarm, Event and COV notifications are generated by the software monitoring Objects directly related to control operations. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Service 
                 Description 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 ConfirmedCOVNotification 
                 Tells subscribing devices of the COV that 
               
               
                   
                 occurred in a property. 
               
               
                 A SubscribeCOVProperty 
                 Request to be told of COVs in an object 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0169]    The ConfirmedCOVNotification service (Spec 13.6) is used to notify subscribers about changes that may have occurred to the properties of a particular object. Subscriptions for COV notifications are made using the SubscribeCOVProperty service. 
       Service Specification: 
     ConfirmedCOVNotification (Subscriber Process Identifier, Monitored Object Identifier, Time Remaining, List of Values); 
       [0170]    Subscriber Process Identifier defines the process that should receive notification;
 
Time Remaining defines lifetime of the subscription in seconds;
 
Result (success): Indicates the success of the operation.
 
Result (failure): Indicates the failure.
 
         [0171]    The SubscribeCOVProperty service (Spec 13.15) is used by a COV-client to subscribe for the receipt of notifications of changes that may occur to the properties of a particular object. Any object may optionally support COV reporting. If a standard object provides COV reporting, then changes of value of subscribed-to properties of the object, in some cases based on programmable increments, trigger COV notifications to be sent to one or more subscriber clients. Typically, COV notifications are sent to supervisory programs in devices or to operators or logging devices. 
       Service Specification: 
     SubscribeCOVProperty (Subscriber Process Identifier, Monitored Object Identifier; LifeTime, Monitored Property Identifier, COV Increment); 
       [0172]    Subscriber Process Identifier defines the process that should receive notification;
 
Result (success). Indicates the success of the operation.
 
Result (failure): Indicates the failure.
 
         [0173]    A description of the installation procedures of the system (e.g., installing the System on the target deployment platform) of a preferred embodiment of the present invention is provided below. 
         [0174]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the System of a preferred embodiment of the present invention comprises several components, as described supra, that are deployed on appropriate hardware platforms: Smart Building Framework  100 , Administration Web Application  20 , Personalization Web Application  30 , Database Management System  80 , Inference Engine  200 , Administration Web User Interface  40 , Notification Agents  60 , Profile Manager  70 , Personalization Web User Interface  50 , and several Smart  90  and Real Devices. The complete architecture of the deployed system is presented in  FIG. 15 . Hardware resources as well as software components are shown. All network communication paths are identified with description of communication protocol used. 
         [0175]    The deployment of the system requires the following machines: Smart Building Server  800 ; Administration Machine  810 ; User Workstation  600 ; and Smart Device Controller  820 . 
         [0176]    For the Smart Building Server  800 , Microsoft Windows 2000/XP/2003 is required. The server runs a J2EE 1.4 compatible, open source JBoss Application Server 4.0.1 and Hypersonic relational database integrated with the JBoss. JBoss Application Server is available as a free download and requires at least Java 2 SDK 1.4 to run. 
         [0177]    The Smart Building Server  800  runs the following components of the System: (1) Smart Building Framework  100  (SBF) is implemented as a J2EE application deployed on JBoss Application Server. The SBF  100  provides communication backbone for the system; accepts requests from Smart Devices  90 , Administration Web Apps  20 , Personalization Web Apps  30 , Inference Engine  200 , External Applications  300  (all use Web services); sends notifications to DBMS  80  (JDBC), Smart Devices  90  (JMS), Inference Engine  200  (JMS), Notification Agents  60  (JMS), External Applications  300  (Web services); (2) Administration Web Application  20  (AWA) is implemented as a J2EE application deployed on JBoss Application Server. The AWA  20  is the system administration Web application, which sends requests to Smart Building Framework  100  (Web Services) and accepts requests from web browsers and Administration Web UI  40  (HTTP); (3) Personalization Web Application  30  (PWA) is implemented as a J2EE application deployed on JBoss Application Server. The PWA  30  sends requests to Smart Building Framework  100  (Web Services) and accepts requests from web browsers and Personalization Web UI  50  (HTTP); (4) Hypersonic Database  80  (HDBMS) comes with JBoss Application Server distribution. The HDBMS  80  stores system configuration data; stores information about system objects and archives information generated by system objects; and (5) Inference Engine  200  (CLIPS, Java) controls devices (through Smart Building Framework  100 ), implements system logic, provides data to rule engine and retrieves output from rule engine, sends messages to Smart Building Framework  100  (web services), accepts notifications from Smart Building Framework  100  (JMS). 
         [0178]    For the Administration Machine  810 , Microsoft Windows 2000/XP is required. The workstation provides administration GUI interface to the System administrator. The workstation runs the following components of the System: (1) Administration Web User Interface  40  (AWUI) is running in web browser. The AWUI  40  renders UI for the system administrator and provides the central administration interface for the while Framework [?]. The AWUI  40  is using Scalable Vector Graphics and JavaScript for graphics, and includes Communication Module  41  (AJAX) and Notification Module  42  (ActiveX); and (2) Notification Agent  60  (NA) is implemented as a Java Application. The NA  60  receives notifications from the Smart Building Framework  100 , passes notifications to the UI Notification Module  42 , and starts Web browser with the UI component. 
         [0179]    For User Workstation  600 , Microsoft Windows 2000/XP is required. The workstation is installed in user&#39;s office (cubicle) and runs the following components of the System: (1) Personalization Web User Interface  50  (PWUI) running in Web browser. The PWUI  50  is using Scalable Vector Graphics and JavaScript for graphics, and includes Communication Module  51  (AJAX) and Notification Module  52  (ActiveX); (2) Notification Agent  60  (NA) is implemented as a Java Application. The NA  60  receives notifications from the Smart Building Framework  100 , passes notifications to the UI Notification Module  52 , and starts Web browser with the UI component; (3) Profile Manager  70  (PM) implemented as a Java Application. The PM  70  starts on user login, starts Presence Agent  95  and Notification Agent  60  after positive authentication, communicates with Smart Building Framework  100  to verify credentials, stores user credentials, stores local user preferences. Alternatively, Presence Agent  95  and Notification Agent  60  start simultaneously to Profile Manger  70 . If user credentials are non-existent or invalid both components will wait before starting their operation; and (4) Presence Agent  95  (PE) implemented as a Java Application and works as a sensor device. The PE  95  starts upon user login to the system, retrieves user credentials from the stored user profile, notifies Smart Building Framework  100  about user logon. 
         [0180]    For Smart Device Controller  820 , Microsoft Windows 2000/XP is required. The workstation is running one or more Smart Devices  90 ′,  90 ″ that control physical (or simulated) sensors. Smart Device  90  (SD) represent a Real Device  97 ′,  97 ″ in the System, accepts messages from the real device  97 ′,  97 ″ using proprietary protocol, sends messages to the real device  97 ′,  97 ″ (proprietary protocol), sends messages to the Smart Building Framework (Web Services), accepts notifications from Smart Building Framework  100  (JMS), implements some operations required by the Smart Building Framework  100  but not implemented directly by the Real Device  97 ′,  97 ″. 
         [0181]    The Default installation requires three workstations running Windows operating system. The System requires some Real Devices  97 ′,  97 ″ to be controlled by Smart Devices  90 ′,  90 ″. 
         [0182]    Smart Building Server  800  requires Microsoft Windows 2000/XP/2003, Internet Explorer Web Browser 6.0 or higher, Java 2 SDK 1.4, JBoss Application Server 4.0.1. Smart Building Server  800  includes: Smart Building Framework  100  (SBF) implemented as a J2EE application deployed on JBoss Application Server, Administration Web Application  20  (AWA) implemented as J2EE application deployed on JBoss Application Server  830 , Personalization Web Application  30  (PWA) implemented as J2EE application deployed on JBoss Application Server  830 , Hypersonic Database  80  (HDBMS) that comes with JBoss Application Server distribution, and Inference Engine  200  (CLIPS, Java). 
         [0183]    Administration Machine  810  requires: Microsoft Windows 2000/XP, Internet Explorer Web Browser 6.0 or higher, Java 2 SDK 1.4. Administration Machine  810  system components include: Administration Web User Interface  40  (AWUI) running in web browser  840 , and Notification Agent  60  (NA) implemented as a Java Application. 
         [0184]    User Workstation  600  requires Microsoft Windows 2000/XP, Internet Explorer Web Browser 6.0 or higher, Java 2 SDK 1.4. User Workstation  600  system components include: Personalization Web User Interface  50  (PWLI) running in Web browser  850 , Notification Agent  60  (NA) implemented as a Java Application, Profile Manager  70  (PM) implemented as a Java Application, Presence Agent  60  (PE) implemented as a Java Application, one or more Smart Devices  95  implemented as a Java applications. 
         [0185]    With the exception of the operating system layer, all technologies used in the System implementation of an embodiment of the present invention are open source products and do not require any license to run. A preferred embodiment of the System does not implement any licensing mechanism. 
         [0186]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, functional requirements for a preferred embodiment of the system comprising the software components, as described supra, is summarized in Table 3 below. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Category/ 
                   
                   
               
               
                 ID 
                 Requirement 
                 Priority 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Functional System Requirements for example embodiment 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Frame- 
                   
                   
               
               
                 work 
               
               
                 SG-001 
                 The System shall be a prototype of the 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 software framework for creating Smart 
               
               
                   
                 Building systems. 
               
               
                 Demon- 
               
               
                 stration 
               
               
                 SG-002 
                 The System shall illustrate the capabilities of 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 the software framework. 
               
               
                 SG-003 
                 The System shall be an example of the real 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 Smart Building system. 
               
               
                 SG-004 
                 It shall be possible to execute the following 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 Demonstration Scenario using the System. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Environment Model 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Frame- 
                   
                   
               
               
                 work 
               
               
                 EM-001 
                 The controlled space shall be divided into rooms. 
                 essential 
               
               
                 EM-002 
                 Each room shall be divided into environmental 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 zones (in the simplest case, a room will have 
               
               
                   
                 only one environmental zone). 
               
               
                 EM-003 
                 Only one environmental profile shall be active in 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 an environmental zone. 
               
               
                 EM-004 
                 Active environmental profile in the 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 environmental zone shall determine 
               
               
                   
                 environmental settings for this zone 
               
               
                   
                 (temperature, humidity, light, etc). 
               
               
                 EM-005 
                 An environmental zone shall have default 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 environmental profile associated with it. 
               
               
                 EM-006 
                 A user shall have only one instance of 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 environmental preferences associated with her. 
               
               
                 EM-007 
                 The following factors influence active 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 environmental profile in the environmental zone: 
               
               
                   
                 1) environmental preferences of users present in 
               
               
                   
                 the environmental zone 2). default environmental 
               
               
                   
                 profile of the zone 3) commands from the 
               
               
                   
                 inference engine 4) commands from the 
               
               
                   
                 administrator. 
               
               
                 EM-008 
                 Information about the location of the devices 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 shall have granularity of the environmental zone. 
               
               
                 EM-009 
                 An environmental zone shall have user presence 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 information associated with it. 
               
               
                 EM-010 
                 An environmental zone shall have a list of 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 neighboring environmental zones associated with 
               
               
                   
                 it. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Monitoring 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Frame- 
                   
                   
               
               
                 work 
               
               
                 MO-001 
                 The System shall be able to detect changes in the 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 state of user presence in the controlled space. 
               
               
                 MO-002 
                 The System shall be able to detect changes in the 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 state of the devices placed in the controlled 
               
               
                   
                 space. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Actions 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Frame- 
                   
                   
               
               
                 work 
               
               
                 AC-001 
                 The System shall be able to change the state of 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 the devices placed in the controlled space. 
               
               
                 AC-002 
                 The System shall have ability to notify system 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 Administrator about a system event. 
               
               
                 AC-003 
                 The System shall have ability to notify 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 emergency personnel about a system event. 
               
               
                 AC-004 
                 The System shall have ability to notify a specific 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 user about a system event. 
               
               
                 AC-005 
                 The System shall have ability to notify users in 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 the selected environmental zones about a system 
               
               
                   
                 event. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Data 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Frame- 
                   
                   
               
               
                 work 
               
               
                 DT-001 
                 The System shall maintain information about 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 user&#39;s of the System. 
               
               
                 DT-002 
                 Information about a user shall include: ID, 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 properties, current environmental preferences, 
               
               
                   
                 history of the user preferences. 
               
               
                 DT-003 
                 The System shall maintain information about the 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 devices in the controlled space. 
               
               
                 DT-004 
                 Information about a device shall include: ID, 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 location (environmental zone), properties, 
               
               
                   
                 services. 
               
               
                 DT-005 
                 The System shall have ability to store a record of 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 properties for the selected device (for example, 
               
               
                   
                 record of temperature readings). 
               
               
                 DT-006 
                 The System shall maintain information about the 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 physical space of the controlled space. 
               
               
                 DT-007 
                 Information about the physical space shall be 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 sufficient to determine the configuration of 
               
               
                   
                 environmental zones in the controlled space and 
               
               
                   
                 render layout of the space in the GUI. 
               
               
                 DT-008 
                 The System shall maintain information about the 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 environmental zones present in the controlled 
               
               
                   
                 space. 
               
               
                 DT-009 
                 Information about the environmental zone shall 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 include: unique identifier of the zone, human- 
               
               
                   
                 readable name and description of the zone, a list 
               
               
                   
                 of neighboring zones (the list might potentially 
               
               
                   
                 be empty as a zone might have 0 neighbors), the 
               
               
                   
                 environmental profile associated with the zone. 
               
               
                 DT-010 
                 The System shall maintain information about the 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 emergency personnel. 
               
               
                 DT-011 
                 Information about the emergency personnel shall 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 include name, description, and contact 
               
               
                   
                 information. 
               
               
                 DT-012 
                 The System shall provide mechanisms for 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 retrieving/adding/removing/modifying the 
               
               
                   
                 maintained information. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Presence 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Frame- 
                   
                   
               
               
                 work 
               
               
                 PR-001 
                 User presence shall have three distinct states: 1). 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 identified users are present (in particular, there 
               
               
                   
                 could be only one user present) 2). unidentified 
               
               
                   
                 user is present 3). no user is present. 
               
               
                 PR-002 
                 State 1) shall be determined by identified 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 presence sensor devices. Examples of such 
               
               
                   
                 sensor devices are a computer system requiring 
               
               
                   
                 user login or a wireless ID tag and a receiver. 
               
               
                 PR-003 
                 State 2) shall be determined by anonymous 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 presence sensor devices. An example of such 
               
               
                   
                 sensor devices is a motion detector of a JC PEM 
               
               
                   
                 unit. 
               
               
                 PR-004 
                 A group of users in the same environmental zone 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 shall be treated as an unidentified user unless any 
               
               
                   
                 user from the group uses an identified presence 
               
               
                   
                 sensor device. 
               
               
                 PR-005 
                 User&#39;s presence (both identified and anonymous) 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 shall be communicated to the system in order to 
               
               
                   
                 optimize user&#39;s environmental zone. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Management 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Frame- 
                   
                   
               
               
                 work 
               
               
                 MA-001 
                 It shall be possible to set the priority for each 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 factor (see EM-007) used to determine the 
               
               
                   
                 environmental profile for the environmental 
               
               
                   
                 zone. 
               
               
                 MA-002 
                 The System shall implement mechanism for 
                 condi- 
               
               
                   
                 scheduling periodic system actions. 
                 tional 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Interfaces 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Frame- 
                   
                   
               
               
                 work 
               
               
                 IN-001 
                 The System shall provide Administrator&#39;s 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 Interface for managing the System operations. 
               
               
                 IN-002 
                 The System shall provide User&#39;s Interface for 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 managing personal environmental preferences. 
               
               
                 IN-003 
                 The System shall provide Web Services interface 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 for managing the System operations. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 User&#39;s Interface 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Frame- 
                   
                   
               
               
                 work 
               
               
                 UI-001 
                 User shall be able to set her environmental 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 preferences using software interface. 
               
               
                 UI-002 
                 User shall be able to read current 
                 condi- 
               
               
                   
                 environmental profile of her environmental 
                 tional 
               
               
                   
                 zone using software interface. 
               
               
                 UI-003 
                 User shall be able to read her current 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 environmental preferences using software 
               
               
                   
                 interface. 
               
               
                 UI-004 
                 User shall be able to read current 
                 condi- 
               
               
                   
                 environmental conditions using software 
                 tional 
               
               
                   
                 interface. 
               
               
                 UI-005 
                 Notifications about system events shall be 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 displayed by the user&#39;s interface. 
               
               
                 UI-006 
                 Notifications about system events shall be 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 complemented by auditory notification 
               
               
                   
                 mechanisms. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Administrator&#39;s Interface 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Frame- 
                   
                   
               
               
                 work 
               
               
                 AD-001 
                 Administrator&#39;s Interface shall control all 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 aspects of the System operation. 
               
               
                 AD-002 
                 Administrator&#39;s Interface shall provide 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 access to all the information maintained by 
               
               
                   
                 the System (see Data section). 
               
               
                 Demon- 
               
               
                 stration 
               
               
                 AD-003 
                 Information about each room in the 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 controlled space shall be displayed as a 
               
               
                   
                 graphical layout with representation of 
               
               
                   
                 walls, cubicles, and other physical 
               
               
                   
                 obstacles. 
               
               
                 AD-004 
                 Information about each environmental zone 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 in the room shall be displayed as an outline 
               
               
                   
                 of the area covered by this zone imposed on 
               
               
                   
                 the layout of the room. 
               
               
                 AD-005 
                 Information about environmental profile for 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 each environmental zone shall be displayed 
               
               
                   
                 within the outline of the corresponding 
               
               
                   
                 zone. 
               
               
                 AD-006 
                 Information about current environmental 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 conditions for each environmental zone 
               
               
                   
                 shall be displayed within the outline of the 
               
               
                   
                 corresponding zone. 
               
               
                 AD-007 
                 Information about environmental 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 preferences of the users present in the 
               
               
                   
                 environmental zones shall be displayed 
               
               
                   
                 within the outline of the corresponding 
               
               
                   
                 zone. 
               
               
                 AD-008 
                 All devices and users in the controlled 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 space shall be displayed as graphical 
               
               
                   
                 objects imposed on the representation of the 
               
               
                   
                 room and placed within the outline of the 
               
               
                   
                 zone where they are located. 
               
               
                 AD-009 
                 Appearance of active object (device, 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 environmental zone, user) shall differ from 
               
               
                   
                 the appearance of inactive object. 
               
               
                 AD-010 
                 Information about devices, environmental 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 zones, and active users in the controlled 
               
               
                   
                 space shall be available upon selecting the 
               
               
                   
                 graphical object that represents them. 
               
               
                 AD-011 
                 Information about user&#39;s properties shall be 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 available. 
               
               
                 AD-012 
                 Information about user&#39;s environmental 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 preferences shall be available. 
               
               
                 AD-013 
                 Information about user&#39;s environmental 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 preferences history shall be available. 
               
               
                 AD-014 
                 Changes to the information (for example, 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 temperature read-out from the sensor) about 
               
               
                   
                 all devices, environmental zones, and users 
               
               
                   
                 in the controlled space shall be available in 
               
               
                   
                 real time. 
               
               
                 AD-015 
                 Changes to the status (active/inactive) of all 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 devices, environmental zones, and users in 
               
               
                   
                 the controlled space shall be displayed in 
               
               
                   
                 real time. 
               
               
                 AD-016 
                 Administrator&#39;s Interface shall be able to 
                 condi- 
               
               
                   
                 display the difference between 
                 tional 
               
               
                   
                 environmental preferences of the user 
               
               
                   
                 present in the environmental zone and 
               
               
                   
                 environmental profile calculated by the 
               
               
                   
                 System for this zone. 
               
               
                 AD-017 
                 Administrator&#39;s Interface shall have controls 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 to adjust the environmental profile in any 
               
               
                   
                 environmental zone to the desired level. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Devices 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Frame- 
                   
                   
               
               
                 work 
               
               
                 DV-001 
                 The System shall have generic interface for 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 connecting devices (vendor-independent). 
               
               
                 Demon- 
               
               
                 stration 
               
               
                 DV-002 
                 JC PEM shall be connected to the System. 
                 essential 
               
             
          
           
               
                 System Security 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Frame- 
                   
                   
               
               
                 work 
               
               
                 SE-001 
                 Access to the Administrator&#39;s Interface shall be 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 protected by password verification. 
               
               
                 SE-002 
                 User&#39;s identity shall be verified through 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 login/password procedure. 
               
               
                 SE-003 
                 User&#39;s identity shall be verified through biometric 
                 optional 
               
               
                   
                 procedure. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Inference Engine 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Frame- 
                   
                   
               
               
                 work 
               
               
                 IE-001 
                 The System shall be able to use archived and 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 the current information in making decisions. 
               
               
                 IE-002 
                 The decision-making logic of the System shall 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 be scriptable and replaceable. 
               
               
                 Demon- 
               
               
                 stration 
               
               
                 IE-003 
                 The System shall implement example logic 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 detecting an anomaly. 
               
               
                 IE-004 
                 The System shall implement example logic 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 able to evaluate the anomaly and determine 
               
               
                   
                 the affected environmental zones. 
               
               
                 IE-005 
                 The System shall implement example logic 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 able to undertake actions AC-001-AC-005 
               
               
                   
                 depending on the results of the evaluation and 
               
               
                   
                 affected environmental zones. 
               
               
                 IE-006 
                 The System shall implement example logic 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 able to recover to normal operation once the 
               
               
                   
                 anomaly response procedure has been 
               
               
                   
                 completed. 
               
               
                 IE-007 
                 The System shall implement example logic 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 calculating energy-efficient environmental 
               
               
                   
                 profile for the particular environmental zone in 
               
               
                   
                 the building. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Deployment 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Demon- 
                   
                   
               
               
                 stration 
               
               
                 DP-001 
                 The System shall be deployed on Monitoring 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 Station and on User&#39;s Station. 
               
               
                 DP-002 
                 Administrator&#39;s Interface functionality of the 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 System shall be available on Monitoring 
               
               
                   
                 Station. 
               
               
                 DP-003 
                 User&#39;s Interface functionality shall be available 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 on User&#39;s Station. 
               
               
                 DP-004 
                 JC PEM device and User&#39;s Station shall be 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 deployed in the same environmental zone. 
               
               
                 DP-005 
                 Sensor Station shall simulate a sensor device. 
                 optional 
               
               
                 DP-006 
                 Device Station shall simulate a device that can 
                 optional 
               
               
                   
                 be controlled remotely (e.g. boiler, heater). 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Other 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Frame- 
                   
                   
               
               
                 work 
               
               
                 OT-001 
                 Open source software shall be used in the System 
                 essential 
               
               
                   
                 implementation wherever possible. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0187]    Turning to  FIGS. 16-18 , a building with four rooms is shown in order to illustrate the ability of the preferred embodiment of the system to customize environmental properties of building spaces and to align them with the preferences declared by the individual users. In each of  FIGS. 16-18 , work area A  900 , work area B  905 , meeting room  910 , and lab  915  are shown. 
         [0188]      FIG. 16  shows a building that does not have the system of an embodiment of the present invention. The rooms  900 ,  905 ,  910 , and  915 , each have a uniform environment. However, as shown in  FIG. 17-18 , a building which has incorporated the system of an embodiment of the present invention, individual user environmental preferences are illustrated. These environmental preferences form an environmental profile of an individual user that can travel with the individual across the building space and into different rooms. 
         [0189]    Turning to  FIG. 19 , factors that influence an environmental profile in an environmental zone is shown. This figure illustrates the situation where environmental preferences of the users present in the environmental zone (here—meeting room  910 ) are factors that can influence the environmental profile of the room. Other factors that have an influence on the environmental profile of a room, are discussed supra. 
         [0190]    Turning to  FIG. 20 , the relationship between the system and a building work environment set forth in  FIGS. 16-19  is shown.  FIG. 20  shows that the overall system design is Internet-centric, uses Web Service, and assumes IP addressability of all system elements, including sensors and control devices (Devices  97 ). The connections between the Smart Building Framework  100 , Inference Engine  200 , Database  80  and the individual rooms  900 ,  905 ,  910 , and  915  are shown. 
         [0191]    In some applications of the environmental control system of the present invention, there may be a local computer located in or near the environmentally controlled zone (e.g., workstation). This computer may be for example, a PC. This computer may help process data from the sensor(s) or control instructions being sent to the environmental control appliance(s) (see definitions, supra). 
         [0192]    In some applications of the present invention, some or all of the sensor(s) and/or the environmental control appliance(s) may send data to and/or receive data from remote computer(s). Sensor(s) that send data directly to remote locations should preferably have sufficient processing built in to convert raw sensor data into an Internet transmissible protocol. Environmental control appliance(s) that receive control instructions directly from remote locations should preferably have sufficient processing built in to convert control instructions in the format of an Internet transmissible protocol into physical control of the operative hardware of environmental control appliance. Further aspects of the distribution of software and/or functionality between sensor(s), control appliance(s) and any local computer will now be discussed. 
         [0193]    In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, raw sensor data is massaged by a local microcontroller prior to communications with the server. Any sort of “intelligent” or “smart” sensor would include some sort of processor element. In fact, the local sensor may have two levels of processor—one to handle the sensor data collection and another to support the communications protocol, such as TCP/IP. With such a scheme it&#39;s possible to substitute one protocol with another without changing the firmware supporting the other functions. For example, in the PEM interface  420 , as discussed supra, it would be very easy to replace the ethernet controller module with a USB or a Bluetooth communications module. 
         [0194]    A generalized sensor may need to have it&#39;s raw data converted to standard, calibrated units. Some sensors would require linearization of their raw data. At a minimum, the local processor handles the minutia of getting the data from the sensor. For example, reading the temperature and humidity from a Sensirion SHT7× sensor requires lots of bit-banging to properly obtain the data from the sensor. The SHT7× sensor is also an example of a smart sensor that includes some processing built into the sensor. 
         [0195]    In any situation, the purpose of the local processing is to: 1. Provide communications with the central server. This would include any security protocols; 2. Provide sensor data and status to the central server on demand without bogging down the central server with the details of specific sensor management; 3. Optionally accept and handle alarm thresholds for sensor values so that the local smart sensor can alert the system to a critical condition; 4. Optionally provide a list of available data and services; 5. Optionally provide a local user interface to the sensor data and alarm states. For example, a local thermostat could accept settings through a local control panel and LCD, and then report any local changes to the central server. 
         [0196]    A “PEM interface”  420  according to present invention preferably has many of these features, but its specific functionality will preferably be unique to its intended application. The PEM interface  420  shown in  FIG. 22  will now be further discussed. 
         [0197]    The PEM Interface  420  is a specialized device that preferably insinuates itself into the Johnson Controls&#39; PEM system between the user slider control and the PEM base unit. This allows the PEM Interface  420  to report the values of the slider controls to the Smart Building System and also set these slider control parameters independent of the actual slider positions. Power is provided either from a separate wall-wart power module or directly from the PEM Interface  420 . The PEM Interface  420  preferably has some built-in sensors (for example, a Dallas DS1726 temperature sensor and a Sensirion SHT75 temperature/humidity sensor). In research platform applications of the PEM Interface  420 , it is preferable to provide additional analog inputs and outputs, as well as two connections to the SPI bus. These allow for the connection of other controls or sensors to the PEM Interface  420 . 
         [0198]    The Ethernet interface is preferably handled by a Lantronix XPORT interface module. This module takes care of all the Internet protocols and effectively serves as an Ethernet-to-RS232 converter. Data encryption is preferably supported. Preferably, there is a connection to the PEM Interface  420  microcontroller that allows the XPORT interface module to be reset, and another digital line that can be used to trigger the XPORT module to send an e-mail in response to some programmed event. The XPORT module preferably runs on 3.3 VDC power. 
         [0199]    Analog outputs are preferably configured for a 0-10V range. Voltage dividers on the analog inputs allow 0-10V inputs to be scaled down to the 0-5V input range of the microcontroller&#39;s ADC. Other positive-voltage input ranges could be accommodated by changing the resistors that comprise the input voltage dividers. The PEM Interface  420  accepts the following control inputs from the standard PEM user input control: temperature, task lighting, white noise, fan, radiant heat, and occupancy. Occupancy is preferably a digital input. The user control panel has a PIR sensor circuit that changes the state of the occupancy control line when presence is detected. The other inputs are preferably analog voltage controls. The temperature control changes the temperature of the forced air. The fan control changes the speed of fans in the PEM. The task lighting control dims an attached task light. The white noise control helps mask noise exterior to the cubicle, workstation or other environmentally controlled zone. The radiant heat control changes the intensity of a radiant electric heater at the user&#39;s feet, for example. 
         [0200]    The PEM Interface  420  preferably operates in two modes: pass-through and computer-controlled. In pass-through mode, all the analog inputs and the occupancy sensor state are preferably replicated on the PEM control input. In some preferred embodiments, no computer control at all is required. The state of the control inputs, local temperature and humidity sensors, auxiliary inputs can be monitored via the Ethernet interface. SPI device messages can also be transmitted. In computer-controlled mode, the outputs are preferably only controlled via the Ethernet interface. Changing the state of an input does not directly change the corresponding output. Output changes are transmitted to the local PEM interface via the Ethernet interface. This mode could allow for more complicated response functions of the input sliders. 
         [0201]    Another use would be for the Smart Building System to exert local control as part of goal-seeking algorithms. For example, if the occupancy sensor (preferably an accurate occupancy sensor) monitor discovered that the cubicle occupant had left the area, the Smart Building System could turn down the temperature, and switch off the task lighting and the radiant heater. When the cubicle occupant returns, these settings could automatically be restored. Similarly, energy consuming settings could be automatically implemented at the end of the business day, or alternatively when the occupancy sensor determines that all occupants are likely to be gone from the environmentally controlled zone for a substantial length of time. 
         [0202]    In the PEM Interface  420 , the actuators (task light, heater, white noise, and fan) can be either locally controlled or get their levels from the server computer. The PEM Interface  420  acts like it&#39;s another slider control wired in parallel to the standard user slider control (or is completely passive and just monitors the user settings). Generalized, a local actuator could receive its setting from the central server, but could also employ alarm thresholds and local sensors to provide local closed-loop operation. Using the heater example, the local device could switch on the radiant heater panel, but local sensors could also monitor the temperature to make sure that the affected area doesn&#39;t get too hot and act like a local thermostat. Some safety features (a tip-over sensor, for example) would have to be implemented so that processor or system failure would not interfere with their action. A tip-over switch would have to directly cut power to a local heater, but still could be monitored by the local smart sensor interface which could report alarm conditions to the central server for added protection. 
         [0203]    Effectively, smart sensor/actuators preferably have all the “smarts” they need in order to perform their assigned task. The concept is scalable. The simplest form would be a single microcontroller with supporting discrete components and a single sensor of some sort. On the other end of the scale, the “smart sensor” could be a full-fledged computer bristling with actuator controllers and sensor input interfaces. The concept is also extensible, covering not only smart building control, but also process control in a factory, or even control of animatronics. 
         [0204]    The modular design of the system permits replacement of any of is components by a proprietary or simply different implementation. The focus on open-source software provides an affordable starting configuration. Device drivers, which are a very significant obstacle to interoperability, can be implemented in a matter of days or even hours by extending or replacing software modules provided in templates. The selection of Web Services implemented in the framework covers all typical uses identified in BAS systems, and implementation of an operational system of medium complexity provides a strong proof of the concept. 
         [0205]    While the invention is susceptible to various modifications, and alternative forms, specific examples thereof have been shown in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not to be limited to the particular forms or methods disclosed, but to the contrary, the invention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.