Abstract:
An acoustic horn. In one implementation, the horn includes at least four wall sections, defining a passageway. The cross-sectional area of the mouth is at least ten times the cross sectional area of the throat. The wall sections are dimensioned so that at least one wall section has a dimension at the throat at least ten times a dimension at the throat of a second wall section. In another implementation the cross-section at the mouth is elongated and is be bounded by a continuous curve defining a geometric figure having a major axis at least ten times a minor axis.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    This specification relates to horn type loudspeakers. Horns are structures that affect the directional characteristics of acoustic energy that is radiated into the horn by an acoustic driver. Typically, the horn causes the acoustic energy to be radiated in a directional pattern, which will be discussed later. Horns typically include a throat, into which acoustic energy is radiated, and a mouth, from which acoustic energy is radiated to the environment. It is desirable that the impedance of the horn at the mouth match the impedance of the free air. If there is an impedance mismatch, some of the acoustic energy may be reflected back into the horn which creates audible resonances. One technique used to dampen the resonances is to create resistive leaks in the horn walls. 
         [0002]    For example, FIG. 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 3,174,578 (hereinafter &#39;578) is reproduced as  FIG. 1  of the attached drawings. According to &#39;578, the horn 1 of FIG. 1 has innumerable pores or slits in the wall 2, which pores are arranged near the mouth portion as described hereinafter. Air is allowed to leak through the pores or slits and is damped by acoustical resistance 3 such as silk cloth or wire gauze stretched over the pores or slits. 
         [0003]    Further according to &#39;578, the sound wave travelling from the horn throat 4 is initially a plane wave 5 and gradually changes to a spherical wave 6 as it passes the region where the wall has pores or slits. The change in shape of the sound wave results from the fact that the horn tends to have the character of the open end of an acoustical tube at the portion of the horn having pores owing to the leakage through the wall and the wave at the open end assumes the form of spherical wave as is well known. 
         [0004]    Still further according to &#39;578, upon reaching the horn mouth 7 the sound wave surface can take the form of a sphere 8 whose radius is almost equal to that of the horn mouth if suitable leakage through the wall is allowed. If the radius of the sound wave at 8 is equal to the radius of the horn mouth 7, the sound wave does not reflect at the horn mouth and the output sound pressure of the horn has no peak nor [sic or] dip at varying frequencies. 
         [0005]    Another example is described in U.K. Pat. 22,965, of which FIG. 1 is reproduced as  FIG. 2 . According to U.K. Pat. 22,965,  FIG. 2  shews [sic] the base of a trumpet. This base is perforated with holes of various diameters arranged parallel with the rim• of the trumpet and distributed uniformly over the base. Without entering into the theory of these perforations, it can nevertheless be stated that good results are obtained by arranging the holes along the generating lines of the trumpet, by diminishing the diameter of the holes as they recede from the base, by making the diameter of the holes in the first row proportionate to the diameter of the trumpet, and by stopping the perforations at a certain distance from the base. 
         [0006]    Still another example is described in U.S. Pat. No. 1,840,992 (hereinafter &#39;992), of which FIG. 1 is reproduced below as  FIG. 3 . According to U.S. Pat. &#39;992, carrying out [the] invention, the horn is made of a body 5 which may be made of any suitable material of sufficient stiffness to maintain the horn in its proper shape. [The inventor] contemplate[s] the use of thin perforate metal, papier-mache, wire mesh, wood, wicker, bamboo, or any other material suitable for the purpose. The stiff material 5 forming the body of the horn is preferably provided throughout its entire surface with a series of perforations 6. Any foraminous material such as a skeleton frame work of strip material with spaces between will suffice. These perforations can be very closely spaced; they may vary in shape and size; they may be situated in various areas of the horn and they may be in the form or slits, slots or various shaped openings. These perforations may be placed throughout the area of the horn or they may be localized to suit different requirements of sound distribution. It is also entirely feasible to use one or more large openings in place of a series of small openings, if desired. 
         [0007]    Further according to &#39;992, to dampen out undesirable resonance in the horn, [The inventor] find[s] it desirable to line both inner and outer faces of the horn with a suitable sound dampening material such as indicated at 7 and 8. This material may be in the form of loosely compacted felt, burlap, carpet, plush, felt, sponge rubber or some other material of similar characteristics placed on in single or multiple thickness [sic thicknesses]. It is not perforated but is preferably of “open” characteristics to the extent of permitting penetrability of the sound. 
         [0008]    Still further according to &#39;992, through the structure just described, it will be seen that by the provision of openings in the side walls of a sound reproducing device, the directional characteristics of such device are dissipated. There is a tendency for the sound to extend laterally through the openings and dampening covering, the amount of such lateral disposition of the sound being dependent upon the size and shape of such openings and upon the location of the same, together with the thickness and density of the fabric covering. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0009]    In one aspect, one aspect, an acoustic horn includes at least four wall sections, defining a passageway. The passageway includes a throat, for acoustically coupling the interior of the passageway with an acoustic driver and a mouth, through which acoustic energy is radiated from the passageway to the environment. The cross-sectional area of the mouth is at least ten times the cross sectional area of the throat. The wall sections are dimensioned so that at least one wall section (hereinafter a wide wall section) has a dimension at the throat at least ten times a dimension at the throat of a second wall section (hereinafter a narrow wall section). The acoustic horn further includes a pattern of acoustically resistive elements coupling the interior of the passageway with the environment. The pattern extends lengthwise along one of the wall sections. The pattern of acoustically resistive elements may include a pattern of holes. The pattern of acoustically resistive elements may include a slot in one of the wall sections and acoustically resistive material in the slot. The acoustic horn of claim may include two wide wall sections and two narrow wall sections. The pattern of acoustic resistance may be in the first two of the wall sections. The wide wall sections may be free of any acoustic resistances coupling the interior of the passageway with the environment. The narrow wall may sections diverge linearly. The narrow wall sections may diverge non-linearly. At least two of the wall sections may be a unitary structure The pattern of resistive elements may be in a narrow wall section. The pattern of resistive elements may be configured so that the radiation through the pattern of resistive elements is directional in a direction parallel to the wall section. The wide wall section may have a dimension at the throat at least fifteen times the dimension at the throat of the narrow wall section. The acoustic wide wall sections may be outwardly flared. 
         [0010]    In another aspect, an acoustic horn includes a passageway. The passageway includes a throat, for acoustically coupling the interior of the passageway with an acoustic driver and a mouth, through which acoustic energy may be radiated from the passageway to the environment. The cross-sectional area of the mouth may be at least ten times the cross sectional area of the throat. The cross-section at the mouth is elongated and may be bounded by a continuous curve defining a geometric figure having a major axis at least ten times a minor axis. The acoustic horn may further include a pattern of acoustically resistive elements coupling the interior of the passageway with the environment. The pattern has a width no greater than the minor axis and extends lengthwise along a curved edge of the passageway. The pattern of acoustically resistive elements may include a pattern of holes. The pattern of acoustically resistive elements may include a slot in one of the wall sections and acoustically resistive material in the slot. The pattern of acoustic resistances and the mouth may be the only acoustic couplings between the passageway with the environment. The pattern of resistive elements may be configured so that the radiation through the pattern of resistive elements may be directional in a direction parallel to the wall section. The major axis at the throat at least fifteen times the minor axis at the throat. The cross section at the mouth may be oval shaped. The cross section at the mouth may be a closed continuous curve includes two semicircles connected by two straight lines. 
         [0011]    Other features, objects, and advantages will become apparent from the following detailed description, when read in connection with the following drawing, in which: 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING 
         [0012]      FIG. 1  is a cross sectional view of a prior art horn of a loudspeaker; 
           [0013]      FIG. 2  is an isometric view of a prior art horn of a loudspeaker; 
           [0014]      FIG. 3  is a cross sectional view of a prior art horn of a loudspeaker; 
           [0015]      FIGS. 4A and 4B  are isometric views of a horns for a horn loudspeaker; 
           [0016]      FIGS. 5 and 6  are plan views of a horn loudspeaker; 
           [0017]      FIGS. 7A-7D  are cross sectional views at the mouth of a horn for a loudspeaker; 
           [0018]      FIGS. 8 and 9  are polar plots of the radiation patterns of a horn loudspeaker in different planes; 
           [0019]      FIGS. 10A and 10B  are plan views of a portion of a horn of a horn loudspeaker; 
           [0020]      FIGS. 10C and 10D  are cross sectional views and partial plan views of a horn of a horn loudspeaker; 
           [0021]      FIG. 11  shows two plan views of a horn type loudspeaker illustrating an aspect of the radiation pattern of a horn loudspeaker; and 
           [0022]      FIGS. 12A and 12B  are axial cross sectional views of the mouth of a horn for a horn loudspeaker. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0023]      FIGS. 4A and 4B  show isometric views of horns  102  of a horn loudspeaker.  FIGS. 5 and 6  show, respectively, a top plan view and a side plan view of horn loudspeakers including the horns of  FIGS. 4A and 4B .  FIGS. 4A-10  also show a Cartesian coordinate system that will be used in this Specification to describe the system. The horn of  FIGS. 4A-6  are configured so that the horns have a larger x-dimension (hereinafter x) than z-dimension (hereinafter z). The horns can also be used in orientations other than the orientation shown.  FIGS. 4A-7D  are not necessarily drawn to scale. Actual absolute and relative dimensions are stated in the Specification. 
         [0024]    Referring to  FIG. 4A , the horn  102  portion of a loudspeaker is defined by four wall sections  106 ,  108 ,  110 , and  112  ( 106  and  112  not visible in this view). The wall sections are configured so that two of the wall sections  106  and  110  diverge from each other in the x-direction so that x increases as a function of the distance in the y-direction from the throat  114  (where the horn  102  is acoustically coupled to an acoustic driver  116 ) to the mouth  118  (where the horn  102  is acoustically coupled to the environment), so that the cross-sectional area in the x-z plane is substantially larger (for example, 5700 mm 2 ) at the mouth than it is at the throat (for example 361 mm 2 ). The divergence may be in the x-direction only, with the z-dimension constant. Alternatively, or in addition, the z-dimension may vary along the axis of the horn but varies less than in the x-direction, so that at the mouth, x is much larger than z (for example x≧10z). In one implementation, aspect ratio 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
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               300 
               19 
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    or about 15.8. Wall sections  106 ,  110  may diverge linearly (so that, for example, in  FIG. 5 , the wall sections  106  and  110  would appear as straight lines or may diverge according to some nonlinear curve, such as an exponential curve (so that, for example, in  FIG. 5 , the wall sections  106  and  110  would be curved). 
         [0025]    In  FIG. 4B , the horn is configured so that the horn is bounded by a continuous wall. Similar to the horn of  FIG. 4A , the horn diverges in the x-direction so that the cross sectional area at the mouth is significantly larger than the cross sectional area at the throat. In the z-direction, the horn diverges less than in the x-direction, so that at the mouth  118 , x is much greater than z (for example x≧10z). The horn of  FIG. 4B  has two curved edges  206  and  210  (only  210  visible in this view) and two wall areas  208  and  212  (only  208  visible in this view) that are planar or have a curvature that is significantly less than edges  206  and  210 . 
         [0026]      FIGS. 7A-7D  show cross sections in the x-y plane at the mouth and at various intermediate points of implementations of the horn of  FIGS. 4A-6 .  FIGS. 7A-7D  are not drawn to scale. Actual and relative dimensions are described in the Specification. The horns of  FIGS. 7A and 7B  have substantially rectangular cross sections. Near the throat of the horn, the dimension x may be only slightly larger or even equal to the dimension z; however at the mouth  118  of the horn, x is much larger than z (for example x≧10z). In one embodiment, the maximum x-dimension is 300 mm and the maximum z-dimension is 19 mm, so that the aspect ratio 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
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         [0027]    Wall sections  106 ,  108 ,  110 , and  112  could be planar or non-planar, curved surfaces. The wall sections  106 ,  108 ,  110 , and  112  can be separate sections, with edges of the separate sections joined to be form the horn so that in cross section in the x-z plane, the horn appears as a rectangle as shown in  FIG. 7A . In the implementations of  FIGS. 7A and 7B , the wall sections are defined by their spatial orientation relative to the other wall sections, not by whether they are separate structures. The transitions  130 ,  132 ,  134 , and  136  between the wall sections may be right angles, as in  FIG. 7A  or may be curved, as in  FIG. 7B . Different combinations of unitary and separate structures could be used; for example, wall sections  106  and  108  could be a unitary structure and wall sections  110  and  112  could be a second unitary structure, or wall sections  106 ,  108 , and  110  could be a unitary structure. 
         [0028]      FIGS. 7C and 7D  show horns with cross sections that are elongated structures bounded by a continuous curve, such as an ellipse ( FIG. 7C ) or “racetrack” (that is, two semicircles connected by substantially straight lines as in  FIGS. 4B and 7D ) with a major axis (the longest diameter) x slightly larger, or equal to, minor axis z (the shortest diameter) at the throat  114  but with a major axis (the longest diameter) x much larger (for example 10x) the minor axis z (the shortest diameter) at the mouth. The horn has an aspect ratio (that is, the major axis relative to the minor axis) at the mouth of 10 or greater. In one example, the aspect ratio 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
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               300 
               19 
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    or 15.8. 
         [0029]    A horn according to  FIGS. 4-6  has different radiation patterns in different orthogonal planes. For the purposes of characterizing the radiation patterns, the radiation is normalized, and the radiation is expressed in terms of −dB relative to the maximum radiation in any direction. 
         [0030]    Radiation patterns can be characterized as “more directional”, “less directional”, “highly directional” or “non-directional” or “omnidirectional” in a number of ways. For example a −6 dB angle is the angle at which the radiation is within −6 dB relative to the direction of maximum radiation. A “more directional” radiation pattern would have a smaller −6 dB angle than a “less directional” radiation pattern. A “highly directional” radiation pattern would have a small (for example less than about 45 degrees) −6 dB angle, while a “non-directional” radiation pattern would have a large (for example greater than 180 degrees) −6 dB angle and in an “omnidirectional” radiation pattern, the radiation would be within about −6 dB in all directions. Radiation patterns may also be characterized by a −24 dB angle, that is, the angle at which the radiation is within −24 dB relative to the direction of maximum radiation. “More directional” would have a smaller −24 dB angle than a “less directional” radiation pattern, and a “highly directional” radiation pattern would have a small −24 dB angle, for example 60 degrees, while a “non-directional” radiation pattern would not have a −24 dB angle. 
         [0031]    Acoustic devices generally become more directional at higher frequencies (shorter wavelengths). So in comparing the radiation pattern of one acoustic device to another, it is typical to provide a radiation pattern for each device at several frequencies and compare the radiation patterns at each of the several frequencies. 
         [0032]    The directivity of radiation patterns may also be characterized in terms of the minimum radiation in any direction. For example the minimum radiation in any direction in a “more directional” radiation pattern would have less radiation than in a “less directional’ radiation pattern; that is, if the radiation is expressed in terms of −n dB, the absolute value of n is larger for a more directional radiation pattern than for a less directional radiation pattern. In a highly directional radiation pattern, the absolute value of n would be greater than about 24, while in a non-directional radiation pattern, the absolute value of n would typically be less than about 12. 
         [0033]    The directivity pattern may also be characterized by the presence or absence of nulls. Nulls are local radiation minima in which the radiation is less than the maximum radiation by a specified amount, for example, directions in which the absolute value of n (in the expression −n dB) is 20 or greater. 
         [0034]    For example  FIG. 8  shows the directivity pattern in the x-y plane. In the x-y plane, the horn according to  FIGS. 4-6  exhibits typical horn behavior. At 1 kHz, the radiation pattern has a −6 dB angle of about 90 degrees, a minimum radiation of about −12 dB relative to the radiation in the direction the horn faces, and radiation of about −3 dB in a direction opposite to the direction the horn faces. At 4 kHz, the radiation pattern has a −6 dB angle of about 40 degrees, nulls (radiation of less than −30 dB) approximately orthogonal to the direction the horn faces, and radiation of about −12 dB in a direction opposite to the direction the horn faces. At 8 kHz, the radiation pattern has a −6 dB angle of about 50 degrees, two nulls and radiation of about −18 dB in a direction opposite to the direction the horn faces. At 16 kHz, the radiation pattern is highly directional, with a −6 dB angle of about 50 degrees, and a −24 dB angle of about 120 degrees. 
         [0035]    The radiation pattern in the x-z plane of a horn according to  FIGS. 4-6  is shown in  FIG. 9 . At 1 kHz, the radiation pattern is substantially omnidirectional, with the radiation varying less than about −3 dB in any direction. At 4 kHz, the radiation pattern has a −6 dB angle of about 220 degrees, with no nulls, and radiation of about −12 dB in a direction opposite to the direction the horn faces. At 8 kHz the radiation pattern has a −6 dB angle of about 200 degrees, with radiation of about −24 dB in the direction opposite to the direction the horn faces. At 16 kHz, the radiation pattern has a −6 dB angle of about 65 degrees and a −30 dB angle of about 240 degrees. 
         [0036]    Compared on a frequency by frequency basis, it can be seen that the radiation patterns of  FIG. 8  are more directional than the radiation patterns of  FIG. 9 , and that at low frequencies (less than 4 kHz) the radiation patterns of  FIG. 9  are omnidirectional or close to omnidirectional, while at similar frequencies, the radiation patterns of  FIG. 8  are not close to omnidirectional. This directivity pattern can be advantageous in some circumstances. For example, a radiation pattern that is directional outwardly in the x-y plane, so that more acoustic energy reaches a listener after being reflected off walls than reaches the listener directly can provide a more spacious acoustic image than if most of the energy reaches the listener directly. However if the radiation pattern is omnidirectional in the y-z plane, the acoustic image would be more uniform for listeners that are seated or standing. 
         [0037]    As compared to horns which diverge more uniformly, for example horns that have a square or circular cross section at the mouth, the horn of  FIGS. 4-6  has a greater impedance mismatch at the mouth of the horn, so the horn according to  FIGS. 4-6  may be more prone to reflections and resonances than horns which diverge more uniformly. A method of damping the resonances is shown in  FIGS. 10A-10D .  FIGS. 10A-10D  are not drawn to scale. A pattern of acoustically resistive elements, acoustically coupling the interior of the horn with the environment is positioned so that the pattern extends lengthwise along one or both of the narrow wall sections  106  and  110 . One implementation of the pattern of acoustic resistances ( FIG. 10A ) is a plurality of holes that are sufficiently small to provide acoustic resistance. Another implementation of the pattern of acoustic resistances ( FIG. 10B ) is a slot extending lengthwise in one of the narrow wall sections  106  and  110 , with metal mesh or fabric that provides, for example 140-920 and preferably 260-420 rayls of acoustic resistance. In one implementation, the pattern of acoustic resistances is exclusively in the narrow wall sections  106  and  110 ; that is, the wide wall sections  108  and  112  are unbroken surfaces. Generally, the slot should occupy about 15% of the area of the narrow wall sections  106  and  110 , and preferably about 22-25%. Leakage through the acoustically resistive material  124  dampens resonances that may develop as a result of impedance mismatches at the mouth of the horn. 
         [0038]      FIGS. 10C and 10D  are implementations that do not have rectangular cross sections at the mouth of the horn, but rather have cross-sections bounded by continuous curves, such as an ellipse ( FIG. 10C , similar to the horn of  FIG. 7C ) or a racetrack ( FIG. 10D , similar to the horn of  FIGS. 4B and 7D ). The implementations of  FIGS. 7C and 7D  have elongated cross sections, with the pattern of acoustic resistances at the curved edges  106 ,  110 . Similar to the implementations of  FIGS. 10A and 10B , the horns of  FIGS. 10C and 10D  have pattern of acoustically resistive elements, acoustically coupling the interior of the horn with the environment, positioned so that the pattern extends lengthwise along one or both of the narrow curved edges  106  and  110  of the horn. In cross section, the patterns of acoustic resistances, for example a slot with acoustically resistive material  124  is at the elongated ends of the cross sections. Generally, the slot should occupy a wall area approximately similar to the implementations of  FIGS. 10A and 10B . The acoustically resistive material  124  and the mouth of the horn may be the only acoustic coupling between the interior of the horn and the environment; in other words, there are no openings in wall areas  208  and  212 . 
         [0039]      FIG. 11  illustrates an additional advantage of the configuration of  FIG. 10 . Pressure waves that leak through the acoustically resistive material  124  interfere constructively in the direction of propagation of the pressure wave in the horn and interfere destructively in other directions. Therefore, the radiation through the acoustically resistive material  124  is directional in a direction substantially parallel to the surface of the wall sections  106  and  110 , as illustrated by arrows  126  and  128 . In this respect, the resistive material  124  in wall sections  106  and  110  acts in a manner similar to the resistive material along the pipe of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/114,261, published as U.S. Published Pat. App. 2009/0274329, now U.S. Pat. No. ______. In this way the radiation through the resistive material  124  is directional in the substantially the same direction as the horn, so that the radiation through the resistive material actually supplements that radiation through the mouth of the horn. Placing the pattern of acoustic resistance in the narrow wall sections  106  and  110  of previous figures, or the narrow edges  206  and  210  of previous figures, causes the directional effect illustrated in  FIG. 11  to accentuate the directional effect illustrated in  FIGS. 8 and 9 . 
         [0040]    As stated previously, the z-dimension may vary along the axis of the horn. Varying the z-dimension may provide some benefit (in addition to the benefit provided by the pattern of resistance) in reducing resonances due to impedance mismatch at the horn mouth. Even a slight variance, for example by chamfering, beveling, or rounding the horn wall as in  FIG. 12A  provides some benefit. Alternatively, wall sections  108  and  112  can be flared slightly at the mouth. The slight flare over the relatively short distance does not significantly affect the directional characteristics of the horn, but provides some damping of resonances due to impedance mismatches. 
         [0041]    Numerous uses of and departures from the specific apparatus and techniques disclosed herein may be made without departing from the inventive concepts. Consequently, the invention is to be construed as embracing each and every novel feature and novel combination of features disclosed herein and limited only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims.