Abstract:
A sludge removal apparatus includes a sludge removal head ( 10 ) with a sludge suction duct and an water supply duct with open end portions alongside each other, and a filter ( 32 ) adjacent to the open ends of the suction duct ( 36 ) and the water supply duct ( 38 ) so that the sludge is extracted through the filter ( 32 ). A drive mechanism moves the filter so that regions of the filter pass successively over the open ends of the suction duct, where it may become partially blinded with sludge, and then over the water supply duct where it is backwashed.

Description:
The present invention relates to a sludge removal apparatus that can be immersed into liquid and which can be used to retrieve and remove settled sludge from the liquid, and to a method using such an apparatus. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Sludge and debris tend to collect at the bottom of bodies of water both in natural ponds and lakes as well as artificial structures such as ponds used to store radioactive waste. It is required at times to remove/retrieve the sludge to recover contamination from the bottom of these bodies of water without having to remove the water. 
     Certain types of radioactive waste (such as spent MAGNOX reactor fuel) are stored underwater in storage ponds to provide shielding and cooling of the waste, and in this case a sludge can be formed with time due to for example the material suffering corrosion with the formation of magnesium hydroxide. This sludge will typically be radioactive. The sludge build up can cover other plant, equipment and systems contained within the storage pond. Periodically the build up of sludge needs to be removed. If the pond structure was to fail, for example owing to an earthquake, then the water and agitated sludge could escape into the environment. 
     A currently known method for the removal/retrieval of such sludge is to extract the sludge (using suction) via a pipe protected by a mesh filter typically with 6 mm diameter holes to prevent larger items of debris being sucked into the system. Typical experience with MAGNOX sludge confirms that filter meshes with holes of this size blind very quickly resulting in the loss of desludging efficiency and thereby requiring downtime to remove the system from the storage pond to carry out routine backwashing and cleaning. This potentially may result in the operating personnel receiving higher doses of radiation. It would therefore be desirable to be able to avoid the need remove the head to remove blinding material from the mesh filter. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to the present invention there is provided a sludge removal apparatus incorporating a filter defining a multiplicity of apertures through which fluidised sludge can pass, means for fluidising sludge in the vicinity of the front face of the filter, and means for backwashing the filter during operation. 
     Preferably the apparatus comprises a sludge removal head incorporating a sludge suction duct and a water supply duct with open end portions alongside each other, the filter being adjacent to the open ends of the suction duct and the water supply duct, and the apparatus comprising a mechanism for moving the filter so that regions of the filter pass successively over the open ends of the suction duct and then of the water supply duct. 
     For dealing with potentially radioactive material the moving mechanism preferably incorporates a hydraulic drive motor, as this is less subject to damage from radiation. Preferably the filter is rotated by this mechanism. Preferably the filter has apertures of such a size as to prevent larger particles of material such as cladding form being sucked up the suction duct, and the apertures would typically be of width in the range between 2 mm and 10 mm, preferably between 4 mm and 8 mm, for example 6 mm. The filter may be in the form of a wire mesh, or a perforated plate. 
     The filter protects the sludge suction duct from becoming blocked with large particulates. As the filter is constantly rotated by the drive system, filter wash water is fed down the water supply duct and discharges through the filter, thereby acting as a continuous backwash. Any large particulates or other debris that could blind the filter are immediately washed off by the filter wash water. This ensures that the filter is constantly cleaned, allowing continuous sludge retrieval/removal operations. As well as cleaning the filter the filter wash water also acts as a fluidising water jet to fluidise the settled sludge, improving extraction via the sludge suction duct. It will be appreciated that the volume flow through the sludge suction duct should be greater than that through the water supply duct. 
     Preferably the head also incorporates at least one outlet to form a water jet at the periphery of the mesh filter. Such water jets not only prevent the build up of sludge deposits between the filter and the other components of the sludge removal head, but also assist in fluidising the settled sludge, so improving the extraction process. 
     Preferably the sludge removal head also incorporates a framework to protect the filter. For example this may consist of a cage, for example of 6 mm diameter bars projecting 150 mm away from the filter. This framework prevents the filter and jetting nozzles from becoming damaged as a result of impacts, maintains a steady distance between the filter and the bed of sludge, and acts as a guide to enable the head to be fed into gaps between fuel skips stored in the pond. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DECRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The invention will now be further and more particularly described, by way of example only, and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  shows a longitudinal sectional view of a sludge removal head of the invention; 
         FIG. 2  shows a sectional view on the line  2 - 2  of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  shows a diagrammatic side view of a sludge removal head of  FIG. 1  supported on a gantry for removing sludge from an above-ground storage pond; 
         FIG. 4  shows a diagrammatic view of a sludge removal head of  FIG. 1  on a floating platform; and 
         FIG. 5  shows a diagrammatic view of a sludge removal head of  FIG. 1  supported by a crane. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Referring now to  FIG. 1 , a sludge removal head  10  incorporates an upper unit  12  enclosing a hydraulic motor  14  driving an output shaft  16  through a gearbox  18 . The upper unit  12  is connected to a lower unit  20  by bolts  22 . The lower unit  20  consists of a stainless steel pipe  24  which in this example is of diameter about 235 mm and the lower unit  20  is of overall length about 2.4 m. Most of the lower section of the pipe  24  encloses a second, concentric pipe  26 , and this projects some 150 mm beyond the bottom of the pipe  24 . Within the annular space between the pipes  24  and  26  are sixteen equally spaced narrow tubes  28 , open at their lower and (which is at the same level as the end of the outer pipe  24 ), and at their upper ends emerging through the outer pipe  24  to communicate with an annular header pipe  30  with an inlet pipe  31 . 
     Referring also to  FIG. 2 , the lower end of the inner pipe  26  is covered by a circular mesh filter  32  with 6 mm apertures, this having a peripheral flange  33  which fits loosely around the end of the pipe  26 ; the mesh filter  32  is bolted onto the bottom end of a drive shaft  34  whose upper end is connected to the output shaft  16 . (The flange  33  is shown partly broken away in  FIG. 2 .) A sludge extract pipe  36  and a water supply pipe  38  extend within the inner pipe  26 ; on opposite sides, each with an open end just above the mesh filter  32 ; as shown in  FIG. 2  the open end of the sludge extract pipe  36  has an arcuate shape, so that its cross-sectional area is about twice that of the water supply pipe  38 . Both these pipes  36  and  38  emerge through the outer pipe  24  near its upper end, and may be connected to hoses (not shown). 
     The mesh filter  32  is further protected by a cage  40  of 6 mm stainless steel bars enclosing a generally rectangular space about 150 mm below the mesh filter  32  and at their upper end being welded to the outer pipe  24 . 
     In use of the sludge removal head  10  fluidising water is fed through the inlet pipe  31  to the annular header pipe  30 ; filter wash water is fed into the water supply pipe  38 ; and a sludge/water mixture is extracted through the sludge extract pipe  36  (which is connected to a suitable pump  42 , shown diagrammatically). The hydraulic motor  14  is operated so that the mesh filter  32  gradually rotates, so that if any parts of the mesh filter  32  become blinded by sludge or debris as they pass across the open end of the sludge extract pipe  36 , they are backwashed and cleaned as they pass across the open end of the water supply pipe  38 . Water jets emerging from the tubes  28  liquidise the adjacent sludge, and also remove any sludge deposits from the flange  33  of the mesh filter  32 . 
     The overall length of the sludge removal head  10  is designed to allow it to be lowered between fuel skips contained within a pond while leaving the larger diameter drive unit (in the upper unit  12 ) above the boxes. For use in different conditions the length of the sludge retrieval head  10  can be decreased or increased as the conditions dictate. 
     The key parameters of the sludge retrieval head can be modified to suit a particular application, however the key principle of the self cleaning filter arrangement would be maintained as the key feature of any sludge retrieval head design configuration. 
     The sludge retrieval head  10  can be used underwater and in highly contaminated situations. The drive assembly can be held out of the liquid, and a quick release mechanism (undoing the bolts  22 ) employed to remove and dispose of the lower (under water) section  20 , thus retaining the more expensive section (drive unit/upper unit  12 ) for use with another lower section  20 . 
     This sludge removal head  10 , if it is to be used in a radioactive environment, is preferably made from radiation tolerant materials e.g. stainless steel, and the drive unit  24  is hydraulic to remove the requirement for electric motors etc. with radiation tolerant cabling. The system has been designed for ease of decontamination. The design allows for ease of wash and wipe down so that liquor and contamination can be easily removed. 
     The invention can be adapted to any environment and the head designed to any configuration to suit the particular application. 
     Typically this sludge retrieval head can be fixed to or slung from any suitable structure e.g. a floating structure, a driven structure such as an OHTC (Overhead travelling Crane) over a storage pond or a mobile structure such as a crane on wheels/tracks. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , a sludge removal head  10  as shown in  FIG. 1  is supported on a gantry  50  on girders  52  which extend above the top of an above-ground used nuclear fuel storage tank  54 . The tank  54  is built of concrete, and encloses a number of metal skips  56  which hold individual fuel elements. The sludge removal head  10  is of such a width that it can be lowered from the gantry  50  into the gaps between adjacent skips  56  to remove sludge  58 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 4 , a sludge removal head  10  as shown in  FIG. 1  is supported on a floating platform  60  which floats on a storage pond  62 . In this case flexible hoses  63 ,  64  to carry pressurised water to the sludge removal head  10 , and to carry away the sludge, respectively, can extend to processing units  65 ,  66  on the land adjacent to the pond  62 . The platform  60 , and with it the sludge removal head  10 , can be moved throughout the storage pond  62  to retrieve deposited sludge  68 . By way of example, the processing unit  66  which pumps out the sludge  68  may subject the retrieved sludge to dewatering, for example using a hydrocyclone, and then pipe the sludge into storage tanks (not shown). 
     Referring now to  FIG. 5 , a sludge removal head  10  an shown in  FIG. 1  is, in this case, supported from an extendable arm  70  of a crane  72 , being suspended by the flexible hoses  73  and  74  which carry pressurised water to the sludge removal head  10 , and carry away the sludge, respectively. These hoses  73  and  74  extend to processing units  75  and  76  on the ground adjacent to the crane  72 . In this case the crane  72  may include reels  78  carrying lengths of these hoses  73  and  74 . 
     It will be appreciated that in situations such as those described in  FIG. 3 and 5 , the sludge removal head  10  must be connected to a hose or pipe through which the sludge is extracted. It must also be provided with a supply of pressurised water, and means to operate the drive motor. As described above, these may be hoses that extend to a convenient location for processing units. Alternatively in some cases water may be extracted from the pond in the vicinity of the sludge removal head  10 , and pressurised by a pump; in this case an umbilical cable may supply power to the sludge removal head  10  both for operating the pump and for operating the drive motor; the power may be supplied electrically, hydraulically or pneumatically through such an umbilical. Thus power can be derived from fixed hydraulic power packs and electrical supplies but may instead utilise remote power supplies such as a diesel generator. 
     The personnal operating the system can do so by remote control to prevent radiological dose uptake and reduce the likelihood of being contaminated. 
     Flow rates for the filter wash and fluidising water can be infinitely varied i.e. increased/decreased as required to match at the requirements of the sludge characteristics and the debris. The sludge/effluent retrieval flow can also be increased/decreased to match the requirements of the sludge characteristics and in accordance with the water flow. The rotation of the mesh filter can also be adjusted to optimise performance and meet differing conditions. 
     As mentioned above, the wash and fluidising water may be derived from the storage pond or lake/canal, etc. The extracted sludge and water can be pumped to settlement tanks, or can be passed through a cyclone system to allow the sludge to be piped to storage tanks, so the water can be returned to the storage pond/lake. The tanks/cyclone system can be positioned onboard the floating platform or crane structure, or as mentioned above may be on the land nearby.