Abstract:
The present invention is embodied in an actuator arm which is mounted to a primary actuator. The primary actuator positions the actuator arm, with a read/write head mounted to the actuator arm, across a data storage disk. The actuator arm comprises an inboard portion, an outboard portion and a pair of bimorph actuators. The inboard portion has a longitudinal axis and is attached to the primary actuator. The outboard portion has the read/write head mounted onto it. The pair of bimorph actuators are deflectable together in a common direction and are connected between the inboard and the outboard portions. Upon deflection of the bimorph actuators in the same direction, the outboard portion is translated along an at least nearly straight line transverse to the longitudinal axis of the inboard portion. This transverse motion allows the read/write head to be kept substantially within a plane parallel to the surface of the data storage disk, preventing damage caused by possible contact between slider and the disk surface from rolling the slider due to out-of-plane motions. Further, the use of bimorph actuators provide increased displacements of the read/write head. Also, since the head displacement is not a function of microactuator&#39;s position along the actuator arm, the actuator arm can be shorter, allowing for use in compact disk drives.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Computer disk drives store and retrieve data by using a magnetic read/write head positioned over a rotating magnetic data storage disk. The head writes data onto the disk by aligning magnetic poles set in concentric tracks on the disk. The width of the tracks depends on the width of the read/write head used. The narrower the tracks can be made, the more data which can be stored on a given disk. As the size of read/write heads have become progressively smaller in recent years, track widths have decreased. This decrease has allowed for dramatic increases in the recording density and data storage of disks. 
     In a typical disk drive, the magnetic head is supported and held above the disk surface by an actuator arm. By moving back and forth, the actuator operates to position the head above the disk to read or write data on a desired track. The actuator arm is typically moved by a voice coil motor (VCM) acting as a primary actuator. The problem which has arisen as track widths have decreased, is that the limits of the VCM&#39;s positioning precision have begun to be reached. This limited precision has made it increasingly difficult to achieve accurate head positioning. As such, a need has arisen for a means to more precisely position read/write heads. 
     One approach to achieving finer head positioning has been to employ a secondary actuator to operate together with the primary actuation provided by the VCM. This approach involves placing a microactuator along the length of the actuator arm and configured the arm so the microactuator moves a portion of the arm containing the read/write head. Specifically, the head suspension assembly (HSA) of the actuator arm is divided into a fixed portion and a movable portion. Microactuators are connected between the two portions and positioned to be capable of moving the movable portion of the HSA. Thus, the VCM acts as a coarse actuator and the microactuator as a fine actuator. 
     Commonly, the microactuators have utilized piezoelectric materials which vary their length when a voltage is applied to them. As shown in FIG. 1, a widely used configuration is an actuator arm  2  which has two piezoelectric actuators  4  mounted between the base plate  6  and the load beam  8 . The piezoelectric actuators  4  are positioned about a hinge  7  separating the base plate  6  and the load beam  8 . 
     In this arrangement, the actuators  4  act in a ‘push-pull’ manner to move the load beam  8  relative to the base plate  6 . That is, as one actuator  4  constricts and pulls the load beam  8  in the desired direction, the opposing actuator  4  expands to push the load beam  8  in the same direction. At the outboard end of the load beam is mounted a slider  9  which carries a read/write head. As can be in FIG. 1, the actuator arm  2  holds the slider  9  above a disk and by swinging side-to-side, move the slider  9  over the surface of the disk. In turn, the slider  9  positions the read/write head just above the disk surface by flying in the thin airflow layer created by the rotating disk. In so doing, the slider and the head are both kept very close to the disk surface. As the actuator arm  2  is swung back and forth, the movement imparted to the slider  9  is in a plane parallel to the plane of disk&#39;s surface. As such, the slider  9  can be moved by the actuator arm  2  for relatively large displacements across the disk and can be moved by the piezoelectric actuators  4  for relatively small displacements. 
     Some significant disadvantages are inherent with this type of actuator arm. The primary disadvantage is out-of-plane movements which are imparted upon the slider  9  by the movement of the actuators  4 . The out-of-plane motions are due to a deformation of the structure of the load beam  8  which occurs when the actuators  4  pull and push on the load beam  8 . As a result, as the load beam  8  is moved and deformed by the actuators  4 , the slider  9  is both moved across the disk surface and rolled to a certain degree. This rolling may cause one side of the slider to drop closer to the disk surface, which can cause a possible contact with the disk surface. As a result, such contact can damage the data tracks on the disk and decrease the disk drive&#39;s overall performance. Clearly, such damage and reduced performance must be avoided. 
     Another limiting factor to these microactuator designs is that the relatively short displacement stroke of the push-pull piezoelectric actuators arrangement results in limited displacement of the read/write head. As such, these microactuator designs are limited to track following operations and cannot seek data tracks on their own. 
     Thus, a device is sought which will provide sufficient and precise in-plane motion of the read/write head to augment the displacements from the VCM, allowing for the fine head positioning needed with smaller track widths. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is embodied in an actuator arm which utilizes microactuators to provide fine positioning of a read/write head to supplement larger displacements from a primary actuator. A read/write head is mounted to the actuator arm and is displaced by the microactuators along an at least nearly straight line transverse to the longitudinal axis of the actuator arm. This transverse motion allows the read/write head to be kept substantially within a plane parallel to the surface of the data storage disk. This is a great advantage as no out-of-plane motion is imparted on the read/write head during the fine actuation, thus avoiding damage due to possible contact between slider and the disk surface. Another advantage is provided by the use of bimorph actuators which provide greater displacements to the read/write head than the displacements typically achieved from use of piezoelectric actuators in a push-pull configuration. Still another advantage is achieved from the transverse motion imparted to the head from the microactuators, as the amount of lateral displacement of the head is no longer a function of microactuator&#39;s position along the actuator arm (as is the case with pivoting push-pull actuators in which the lateral head displacement is directly dependent on the distance between the actuators and the head). Since the displacement of the head is not adversely affected by the location of the microactuators on the actuator arm, the actuator arm can be made shorter, allowing the disk drive to be made more compact. 
     The actuator arm is attached to a primary actuator (e.g. a voice coil motor (VCM)) so the actuator arm and read/write head can be moved across the data storage disk. The actuator arm includes an inboard portion, an outboard portion and a pair secondary actuators. The secondary actuators are bimorph actuators. The inboard portion has a longitudinal axis and is attached to the primary actuator. The outboard portion has the read/write head mounted onto it. The pair of bimorph actuators are deflectable together in a common direction and are connected between the inboard and the outboard portions. Upon deflection of the bimorph actuators in the same direction, the outboard portion is translated along an at least nearly straight line transverse to the longitudinal axis of the inboard portion. 
     The outboard section can be moved to either side of the inboard portion. That is, the bimorph actuators can be deflected to cause the outboard section to translate to either side of the longitudinal axis of the inboard portion. The bimorph actuators can each include first and second piezoelectric layers. The layers are mounted longitudinally adjacent each other. Each actuator has electrical interfaces positioned to allow voltages to be applied to them. Thus, one layer is lengthened while the other is shortened, to cause the actuator to deflect in a direction towards the shortened layer. With the two bimorph actuators positioned substantially parallel to one another, a deflection in the same direction of both actuators will cause the outboard portion to move in a substantially linear direction. With the two bimorph actuators set at an angle (not parallel) to one another, the outboard portion will rotate as well as translate when moved by the actuators. 
     The actuator arm can be configured such that the read/write head is displaced to either side by at least the width of a single data storage track, or several tracks as needed. Also, the actuator arm can be configured such that the read/write head will be moved by the bimorph actuators substantially in a plane at least nearly parallel to the surface of the data storage disk. 
     The bimorph actuators can each have a first end and a second end, where the first end is mounted to the inboard portion of the actuator arm in a fixed manner to prevent rotation, and the second end is rotatably mounted to the outboard portion. This mounting allows the bimorph actuators to deform in a cantilever mode, and the outboard portion to translate along an at least nearly straight line transverse to the longitudinal axis. Alternatively, the first end can be rotatably mounted to the inboard portion and the second end can be mounted to the outboard portion in a fixed manner to prevent rotation. This alternate configuration also moves the outboard portion along an at least nearly straight line transverse to the longitudinal axis. 
     In one embodiment of the invention, the actuators are ‘s-shaped’ bimorphs. With a s-shaped actuator the bimorph actuators each include an inboard portion and an outboard portion. Each of these portions has two piezoelectric layers mounted longitudinally adjacent to each other with opposite polarization. The inboard and outboard portions are aligned and positioned such that the arrangement of the piezoelectric layers of the inboard portion are the opposite of that of the outboard portion. Each actuator has electrical interfaces positioned to allow voltages to be applied to them. The actuators are therefore configured such that when a voltage is applied to each, the actuators deflect into s-shaped beams. With such s-shaped bimorph actuators, ends of the actuators are mounted in a fixed manner to prevent their rotation. 
     In another embodiment of the invention, each secondary actuator is a single layer of piezoelectric mounted along a support member of a bendable length of non-piezoelectric material. In this embodiment, the shortening or lengthening of the piezoelectric relative to the connected constant length bendable support member causes the combination to bend in one direction or the other. For example, as the piezoelectric is shortened, the bendable member will be bent in the direction of the piezoelectric and if the piezoelectric is lengthened, the bendable member will be bent in the direction away from the piezoelectric. This deformable material can be metal. The deformable material can also be part of the structure of the actuator arm, such that the deformable material will function both to support the actuator arm and as part of the actuators which can deflect the outboard portion of the actuator arm. 
     The actuator arm can also include a voltage source and a voltage controller for applying voltages across the electrical interfaces of the actuators. This application of a voltage allows each first layer to be deformed an equal amount and each second layer to be deformed an equal amount which is separate from that of the first layers. As such, the first layers are deformed differentially from the second layers to cause the bimorph actuators to bend. 
     In one embodiment, the actuator arm can include a support arm and a suspension assembly. The suspension assembly being attached to the support arm at a swage point. The suspension assembly including a base plate at the swage point and a load beam separate from the base plate and extending out therefrom. Between the base plate and the load beam are a substantially parallel pair of two-layer piezoelectric bimorph actuators deflectable together in a common direction. Upon deflection of the actuators in the same direction, the load beam (which carries the slider and magnetic head) is translated along an at least nearly straight line transverse to the longitudinal axis of the actuator arm. The load beam moving substantially in a plane at least nearly parallel to the substantially planar surface of the data storage disk. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an actuator arm having a push-pull microactuator. 
     FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing the actuator arm with bimorph actuators. 
     FIG. 3 is a side view showing the actuator arm with bimorph actuators. 
     FIG. 4A is a top view of a portion of the actuator arm showing the bimorph actuators deflected in a first direction. 
     FIG. 4B is a top view of a portion of the actuator arm showing the bimorph actuators deflected in a first direction. 
     FIG. 5 is a top view of a portion of the actuator arm showing the bimorph actuators deflected in a second direction. 
     FIG. 6 is a top view of a s-shape actuator shown with potential displacement in one of two separate directions. 
     FIG. 7 is a perspective view showing the actuator arm with monomorph actuators. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     In the preferred embodiments of the present invention, the actuator arm utilizes microactuators to provide fine positioning of a read/write head to supplement the displacements of a primary actuator. The read/write head is displaced by the microactuators along an at least nearly straight line transverse to the longitudinal axis of the actuator arm. This transverse motion provides the advantage of keeping the read/write head substantially within a plane parallel to the surface of the data storage disk. The lack, or reduction, of out-of-plane motion, prevents damage to the slider and disk from possible contact between them, due to rolling caused by out-of-plane motions. Another advantage is that bimorph actuators are used provide greater displacements to the read/write head, allowing greater data track coverage. This provides the read/write head the ability to not only follow data tracks but also to seek tracks. Since no pivot arm is needed to move the read/write head about, still another advantage is that the actuator arm can be shortened, allowing the disk drive to be more compact. 
     In the preferred embodiments an actuator arm  30  mounted on a bearing  10 , is moved through a displacement arc  44  above a data storage disk  20  by a voice coil motor (VCM)  11 . These elements are shown in both FIG.  2  and FIG.  3 . 
     The displacement arc  44  is sufficient to allow a read/write head  42  mounted at the outboard end of the actuator arm  30  to be positioned over the entire usable disk surface  24 , as the disk  20  rotates. Allowing the read/write head  42  to be positioned above any desired data storage track  26 . The width of the data storage tracks  26  are directly dependent upon the width of the read/write head  42 . 
     The actuator arm  30  has a plane of rotation  12  which is substantially parallel to a disk plane  22 , such that as the read/write head  42  is moved through the displacement arc  44 , it is kept in a plane substantially parallel the disk plane  22 . This keeps the read/write head  42  at a nearly constant distance relatively close above the disk surface  24 . The VCM  11  acts as the primary actuator for moving the actuator arm  30 . Movements of the read/write head  42  caused by the VCM  11  are relatively coarse as compared to the smaller, or fine, displacements imparted to the read/write head  42  by secondary actuators  50  and  60 . 
     As seen in FIG. 2, actuator arm  30  has a longitudinal axis  32  running along its length. The actuator arm  30  is mounted to the bearing  10  and extends outward therefrom over the disk surface  24 , so to position the read/write head  42  over the disk surface  24 . Several disks  20  and actuator arms  30  can be used together in a stack arrangement. 
     Actuator arm  30  is divided into an inboard portion  34  and an outboard portion  36 , as seen in FIGS. 2-5. The inboard portion  34  is mounted to the bearing  10  and the VCM  11  such that can be moved about the bearing  10  by the VCM  11 . The outboard portion  36  has an outboard end  38  from which a slider  40  is mounted. The separation between the inboard portion  34  and the outboard portion  36  can be placed anywhere between the bearing  10  and the slider  40 . For instance, in one embodiment, the separation is set between a base plate  46  and load beam  48 . Such that the inboard portion  34  includes a support arm  45  and base plate  46  and the outboard portion  36  includes a load beam  48 . 
     The slider  40  is an air bearing slider which is positioned in the air flow existing just above the disk surface  24  when disk  20  is rotating. Slider  40  is shaped to provide a lifting force from the air flowing past it. This lifting force acts to keep the slider  40  at a nearly constant distance above the disk surface  24 . Mounted in the slider  40  is the read/write head  42 . The read/write head  42  operates to read data by detecting the magnetic poles on the disk  20  and to write data by re-aligning the poles. 
     The outboard portion  36  is separate from the inboard portion  34  such that the outboard portion  36  can be moved transversely, relative to the arm longitudinal axis  12 , along a displacement path  90 . This transverse motion is specifically shown in FIGS. 4 and 5. The transverse motion of the outboard portion  36  causes the read/write head  42  to be moved over one or more data storage tracks  26 . This separate transverse head positioning provides a fine displacement of the read/write head  42  in addition to the relatively coarse positioning provided by the VCM  11 . 
     The attachment of the outboard portion  36  to the inboard portion  34  can be carried out in a variety of different ways. In some embodiments of the present invention, the outboard portion  36  is mounted to the inboard portion by the first and second actuators  50  and  60 . 
     In one embodiment, these actuators are bimorphs positioned substantially parallel to one another, as shown in FIGS. 2-5. The bimorphs are made of a piezoelectric laminate having a first piezoelectric layer  70  and a second piezoelectric layer  72 . The first piezoelectric layer  70  and the second piezoelectric layer  72  are polarized in opposite directions such that one layer will contract and the other will expand when a voltage is applied. These bimorph actuators each have interfaces  74  to allow a voltage to be applied to them. The actuator arm  30  can include a voltage source  76  and a voltage controller  78  for applying a voltages across the electrical interfaces  74  of the bimorph actuators, as shown in FIG.  4 A. 
     Thus, the actuators  50  and  60  are wired and controlled such that when one piezoelectric layer lengthens, the other shortens. That is, as a first voltage is applied to the bimorph actuators, the first piezoelectric layer  70  lengthens, and the second piezoelectric layer  72  shortens, in a manner well known to those skilled in the art. Since the two layers are connected together to form a single beam, the lengthening of one side and the shortening of the other causes the laminate beam to deform as a cantilever. The resulting deformation of the actuator beam is towards the shortened piezoelectric layer. That is, with the first layer  70  lengthened, and the second layer  72  shortened, the beam deflects in a direction towards the second layer  72 , as shown in FIG.  4 A. If instead, a second voltage is applied to the bimorph actuators, the first piezoelectric the first layer  70  is shortened and the second layer  72  lengthened, the actuator beam bends in the opposite direction towards the first piezoelectric layer  70 , as shown in FIG.  5 . 
     With these bimorph actuators mounted between the inboard portion  34  and the outboard portion  36  of actuator arm  30 , and with the piezoelectric laminates orientated side-by-side and substantially along the length of the actuator arm  30  (e.g. aligned with the actuator arm longitudinal axis  32 ), the common deformation of the actuators in the same direction will cause the outboard portion  36  to move transverse to the arm longitudinal axis  32 . For the outboard portion  36 , and thus the read/write head  42 , to move laterally along an at least nearly straight line, it is preferred that the first actuator  50  and the second actuator  60  have the same configuration (e.g. same overall undeflected length, same piezoelectric material, and the like), as well as being aligned parallel to each other. As shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, this allows the movement of the slider  40  and read/write head  42 , to remain in a plane parallel with the disk plane  22 , avoiding the out-of plane motion associated with deformation of an outboard portion of a device having push-pull movement about a hinge. This in-plane displacement provides the benefit of maintaining a constant and level flight height of the slider  40  without imparting any roll which might cause damage from an edge of the slider  40  contacting the disk surface  24 . 
     The bimorph actuators are each mounted to the inboard portion  34  at an inboard actuator support  35 . Specifically, the first actuator  50  is attached to an inboard actuator support  35  at a first actuator inboard end  52 , as shown in FIGS. 2-5. Likewise, the second actuator  60  is attached to an inboard actuator support  35  at a second actuator inboard end  62 , as shown in FIGS. 2,  4  and  5 . Also, the actuators are each attached to the outboard portion  36  at an outboard actuator support  37 . The first actuator  50  is attached to the outboard portion  36  at a first outboard actuator end  54  to an outboard actuator support  37 . The second actuator  60  is attached to the outboard portion  36  at a second outboard actuator end  64  to an outboard actuator support  37 . 
     Since the bimorph actuators deform as a cantilever, to achieve a straight line transverse displacement of the outboard portion  36 , one end of each actuator must be mounted in a fixed manner to prevent any rotation, and the opposing end must be attached at a pivot to allow rotation. One embodiment of this form of mounting is shown in FIGS. 2-5. Although either end of the actuators could be fixed with the opposing ends free to rotate, it is preferred that the first actuator inboard end  52  and the second actuator inboard end  62  each be rigidly attached to an inboard actuator support  35 , such that the inboard ends of the actuators cannot rotate. It is also preferred that the first actuator outboard end  54  and second actuator outboard end  64  be attached to the outboard portion  36  at outboard actuator support  37  in a manner which allows them to rotate about the attachment, so to allow the actuators bending together as cantilevers to displace the outboard portion  36  to one side or the other, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5. 
     One advantage to using a two bimorph actuator arrangement for displacing the outboard portion  36  is that by operating as cantilever beams, the piezoelectric elements provide a greater displacement to the outboard portion  36  than the displacements which would be obtained orienting the piezoelectric elements in a push-pull manner and rotating the outboard portion about a pivot or hinge. 
     Because the displacement imparted upon the outboard portion  36  by the actuators  50  and  60  is substantially linear and not rotational, the actuator pair can be placed at nearly any position along the length of the actuator arm  30 . That is, the displacement of the read/write head  42  will be generally the same whether the actuators are placed near the bearing  10 , at the middle of the actuator arm  30 , or near the outboard end  38 . Nevertheless, as noted, the actuators  50  and  60  can be placed between the base plate  46  and the load beam  48 , as shown in FIGS. 2-5. This location is preferred as in most actuator arm designs the base plate  46  is the typical point of connection to a support arm  45  of the actuator arm  30 . The base plate  46  is connected to the support arm  45  at the swage  43 . The load beam  48  extends outward from base plate  46  to its attachment with slider  40 . It is common to manufacture a suspension assembly having a base plate and a load beam element, separately from the manufacture of the support arm and then attach the suspension assembly to the support arm at a swage point during the final stages of assembly of the actuator arm. As such, it is preferred that in order to simplify manufacturing, that the actuators  50  and  60  be positioned between the base plate  46  and the load beam  48 . 
     Nevertheless, the actuators can be placed at any of a variety of locations along the length of the actuator arm  20 . This is possible because the displacement provided by the actuators is translational, as opposed to rotational, and thus the displacement imparted to the read/write head  42  will be the same regardless of the position of the actuators along the length of the actuator arm  30 . 
     In one embodiment, one or more additional bimorph actuators are added to operate along with the first and second actuators  50  and  60 . The added actuators are placed in parallel with the first two and are of the same length and have the same deformation. 
     Although, as noted herein, it is preferred that the outboard portion  36  be translated along an at least nearly straight line when the bimorph actuators  50  and  60  are deflected, the actuators can be configured to also impart some rotation to the outboard portion  36 . This can be achieved in many ways including positioning the two actuators so that they are not parallel to one another or altering the deformation of the piezoelectric layers of the actuators. 
     In one embodiment, in place of using oppositely polarized piezoelectric layers, similarly polarized layers that have separate voltages applied to each layer is used. These piezoelectric elements each have interfaces  74  to allow a voltage to be applied to each them separately, as shown in FIG.  4 B. The voltage source  76  and voltage controller  79  to apply a first voltage across the electrical interfaces  74  of the first piezoelectric layers, and a second voltage across the electrical interfaces  74  of the second piezoelectric layers. Thus, the layers are wired and controlled such that when one layer lengthens, the other shortens. That is, as a voltage is applied to the first piezoelectric layer  70  to cause it to lengthen, a separate voltage is applied to the second piezoelectric layer  72  to cause it to shorten, in a manner well known to those skilled in the art. Since the two layers are connected together to form a single beam, the lengthening of one side and the shortening of the other causes the laminate beam to deform in a cantilever mode. The resulting deformation of the actuator beam is towards the shortened piezoelectric layer. 
     In place of a two layer bimorph actuator, a ‘S-shaped’ bimorph can be used in another embodiment of the invention. As shown in FIG. 6, the s-shaped bimorph  90  is a layered piezoelectric element that deforms into a s-shaped beam in either of two directions. The s-shaped bimorph  90  has a two layer inboard section  92  and a two layer outboard section  94 . Each of these sections has two piezoelectric layers mounted longitudinally adjacent each other and polarized opposite to each other. The inboard and outboard sections are aligned and positioned such that the arrangement of the piezoelectric layers of the inboard section  92  are the opposite of that of the outboard portion  94 . Each actuator  90  has electrical interfaces  96  positioned to allow voltages to be applied to them. The actuators  90  are therefore configured such that when a voltage is applied to each, the actuators  90  deflect into s-shaped beams. In this configuration the s-shaped bimorph deforms the inboard section  92  in a curve opposite of the deformation curve of the outboard section  94 . With such s-shaped bimorph actuators, both ends of the actuators  90  are mounted in a fixed manner to prevent their rotation. With two s-shaped bimorphs  90  placed between the inboard section  34 ′ and the outboard section  36 ′ of actuator arm  30 ′, in a substantially parallel configuration, the outboard portion can be translated along at least a nearly straight line as is achieved with using the cantilever deforming bimorph actuators  50  and  60 . 
     As shown in FIG. 7, in another embodiment of the invention, each secondary actuator can be a monomorph actuator  100 . The monomorph is a single layer of piezoelectric material  102  mounted along a support member of a bendable length of non-piezoelectric material  104 . In this embodiment, the shortening or lengthening of the piezoelectric member  102  relative to the connected constant length bendable member  104  causes the combination to bend in one direction or the other. For example, as the piezoelectric member  102  is shortened, the bendable member will be bent in the direction of the piezoelectric member  102  and if the piezoelectric member  102  is lengthened, the bendable member  104  will be bent in the direction away from the piezoelectric. This deformable material can be metal. As shown in FIG. 7, the deformable material can also be part of the structure of the actuator arm  30 ″, such that the deformable member  104  functions both to support the actuator arm  30 ″ and as a portion of the actuator  100 , deflecting the outboard portion  36 ″ of the actuator arm relative to the inboard portion  34 ″. In such an embodiment the inboard portion  34 ″ and the outboard portion  36 ″ are connected by the two bendable members  104 . The piezoelectric members  102  could be placed on either side of the bendable members  104 . With both the piezoelectric members  102  placed on the same side of the bendable members  104 , then the piezoelectric members  102  are both deflected in the same direction (e.g. both lengthen) and by the same amount to get the actuators  100  to both deflect in the same direction. With the piezoelectric members  102  on opposite sides of the bendable members  104 , as shown in FIG. 7, then the piezoelectric members  102  are deflected the opposition to each other (e.g. one lengthened and one shortened) to cause the monomorph actuators  100  to deflect in the same direction. Of course, the monomorph actuator could also be used in place of the cantilever bimorphs described herein. 
     While the invention has been described in detail by specific reference to preferred embodiments, it is understood that the above description is not limiting of the disclosed invention and variations and modifications thereof may be made without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention.