Abstract:
A light emitter diode (LED) driver drives a string of light emitting diodes. A rectifier receives an alternating current (AC) signal across two inputs and produces a direct current (DC) signal across two outputs. The two outputs are connected to ends of the string of light emitting diodes. A first capacitor is connected between a first input of the rectifier and an alternating current source. Current through the string of light emitting diodes is controlled by capacitive reactance of the first capacitor. A second capacitor is connected between the two outputs of the rectifier. A capacitive value of the second capacitor is selected to limit acoustic humming of the LED driver.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    Light emitting diode (LED) lamps, also referred to as LED bulbs, utilize light emitting diodes (LEDs). LED lamps provide long service life and high energy efficiency. An LED lamp is often arranged as LEDs with an LED driver in a package suitable to replace incandescent lamps or fluorescent lamps. The lumens of an LED lamp can be selected, for example, so that the LED can provide a similar luminosity to a particular wattage of an incandescent lamp or a fluorescent lamp that is to be replaced. 
         [0002]    LED lamps use direct current (DC) electrical power. In order to use LED lamps with an alternating current (AC) electrical power source, rectifier circuits are used. A rectifier circuit can convert an AC signal to a DC signal at a voltage suitable for powering LED lamps. LED lamps are generally designed to operate using a low voltage (e.g., 2 to 4 volts). Heat sinks are often used to dissipate heat that can damage LED circuitry. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0003]      FIG. 1  is a simplified schematic of a light emitting diode (LED) driver used to drive a string of light emitting diodes (LEDs) in accordance with an embodiment. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0004]      FIG. 1  is a simplified schematic of a light emitting diode (LED) driver  10  used to drive a string of light emitting diodes (LEDs)  20 . In  FIG. 1 , LED string  20  is shown to include an LED  21 , an LED  22 , an LED  23 , an LED  24 , an LED  25 , an LED  26 , an LED  27 , an LED  28 , an LED  29 , an LED  30 , an LED  31 , an LED  32 , an LED  33  and an LED  34 , serially connected as shown. The number of LEDs is only exemplary as any number, type and color of LEDs can be used. For example, each of LEDs  21  through  34  in the string of LEDS is rated for a DC current of 150 milliamps. The current and resulting voltage drop across each of LEDs  21  through  24  results in emission of light. 
         [0005]    LED driver  10  includes an AC power source  11  and a rectifier composed of, for example a rectifier diode  14 , a rectifier diode  15 , a rectifier diode  16  and a rectifier diode  17 , connected as shown. 
         [0006]    Current regulation is controlled by a capacitor  13 . The capacitive reactance (Xc) provided by capacitor  13  is set out in equation 1 below: 
         [0000]        Xc= 1/(2*π* f*C ),  Equation 1
 
         [0007]    where f is the frequency of AC power source  11  and C is the capacitance of capacitor  13 . The capacitance of capacitor  13  is chosen so that the rectifier will provide the desired current through the LED string. The capacitance of capacitor  13  is selected according to the LED forward current of, as well as the equivalent resistance provided by, each LED in the LED string. This will result in the rectifier providing the desired current to and through the LED string, regardless of the number of LEDs included in the LED string. 
         [0008]    Current (i) through the LED string can be calculated based on equation 2 below: 
         [0000]        i=V source/( Xc+R series),  Equation 2
 
         [0009]    where Vsource is equal to the voltage supplied by power source  11  and Rseries is the total equivalent resistance across all the LEDs in the LED string. 
         [0010]    Capacitance of capacitor  13  is controlled by the negative voltage coefficient of capacitor  13  and the construction materials used to form capacitor  13 . The capacitive construction materials to form capacitor  13  can be chosen so that the voltage coefficient is negative to the voltage applied across capacitor  13 . When the voltage coefficient is negative to the voltage applied across capacitor  13 , capacitance across capacitor  13  is increased as the voltage across capacitor  13  is decreased. This means, from equation 1, that as the voltage across capacitor  13  is increased, the capacitive reactance (Xc) across capacitor  13  is also increased (due to capacitance value increasing as voltage increases). 
         [0011]    Careful selection of the properties of the capacitive construction materials used to construct capacitor  13  will result in the capacitive reactance across capacitor  13  to be automatically adjusted as LEDs are added or subtracted from the LED string. That is, as LEDs are added, the total equivalent resistance across all the LEDs in the LED string will increase accordingly. When the current is constant, adding to the total equivalent resistance across all the LEDs will increase the voltage drop across the LED string and correspondingly decrease the voltage drop across capacitor  13 . The decreased voltage drop across capacitor  13  will result in a decrease of the capacitive reactance across capacitor  13 . When the decrease of the capacitive reactance across capacitor  13  is roughly equivalent to the increase in the total equivalent resistance across all the LEDs in the LED string, then the current through the LED string will be roughly the same despite the addition of LEDs to the LED string. 
         [0012]    Likewise, when LEDs are removed, the total equivalent resistance across all the LEDs in the LED string will decrease accordingly. When the current is constant, subtracting from the total equivalent resistance across all the LEDs will decrease the voltage drop across the LED string and correspondingly increase the voltage drop across capacitor  13 . The increased voltage drop across capacitor  13  will result in an increase of the capacitive reactance across capacitor  13 . When the increase of the capacitive reactance across capacitor  13  is roughly equivalent to the decrease in the total equivalent resistance across all the LEDs in the LED string, then the current through the LED string will be roughly the same despite the subtraction of LEDs from the LED string. 
         [0013]    In this way a single design for LED driver can be used to drive LED strings of different sizes. For example, the capacitive construction materials may be a ceramic that results in a capacitor having the property that the voltage coefficient is negative to the voltage applied across the capacitor. For example, an X7R ceramic multilayer chip capacitor that provides a voltage coefficient of 0.166% of capacitance change for every 1 volt of variation on the capacitor is an example of a capacitor that is appropriate for this application. 
         [0014]    For example, if there are thirty LEDs in the LED string and each LED has a root mean squared (RMS) forward bias current (Ifwd) of 20 milliamps (mA) and a peak (PK) Ifwd of 30 mA, capacitor  13  is selected to have a capacitance of, for example, 0.47 microfarads (μF). If each LED has an RMS Ifwd of 40 milliamps (mA) and a PK Ifwd of 60 mA, capacitor  13  is selected to have a capacitance of, for example, 1.0 μF. If each LED has an RMS Ifwd of 60 milliamps (mA) and a PK Ifwd of 90 mA, capacitor  13  is selected to have a capacitance of, for example, 1.5 μF. If each LED has an RMS Ifwd of 80 milliamps (mA) and a PK Ifwd of 120 mA, capacitor  13  is selected to have a capacitance of, for example, 2.0 μF. And so on. 
         [0015]    When the LED string includes a low number of LEDs (e.g., less than 25 LEDs) it is often beneficial to include a transient voltage suppressor (TVS) diode  18  within LED driver  10 . The reverse LED voltage is typically five volts. During turn on, for the first couple of cycles, the LED string may be placed in a reverse polarity. In the reverse polarity, the full AC input voltage will be applied to the LEDs. If the cumulative LED reverse voltage of the LED string is less than the maximum AC input outage, the LEDs will experience a reverse current, which can cause damage to the LEDs. When TVS diode  18  is included as shown in  FIG. 1 , TVS diode  18  will prevent breakdown reverse current across the LEDs. When there are a sufficient number of LEDs in the cumulative reverse LED voltage across the entire LED string will be sufficiently high that breakdown reverse current across the LEDs will not occur. In this case, TVS diode  18  may be omitted from LED driver  10 . 
         [0016]    For example, when there are 5 LEDs in LED string  20 , the TVS value is 31 volts. When there are 10 LEDs in LED string  20 , the TVS value is 62 volts. When there are 15 LEDs in LED string  20 , the TVS value is 94 volts. When there are 20 LEDs in LED string  20 , the TVS value is 125 volts. When there are 25 LEDs in LED string  20 , the TVS value is 156 volts. In general, equation 3 below can be used to calculate the TVS value (TVSclamp) based on the reverse Led voltage (vLEDrev) and the number of LEDs (nLED): 
         [0000]        TVS clamp= v LEDrev* n LED*(1.15).  Equation 3
 
         [0017]    A capacitor  19  is included at the input of LED string  20 . Capacitor  19  alleviates the affect of 120 Hz acoustic humming. A fuse  12  is also included to guard against any shorting within LED driver  10  or LED string  20 . For example, fuse  12  is a 0.5 amp 125 VAC fuse. 
         [0018]    For LEDs  21  through  24 , the generated heat is an average (DC) of the peak voltage applied to LED  21  through  24 . The peak voltage from the rectifier bridge is smoothed by capacitor  19 . The use of the average DC voltage will produce desired lumens on the LED using less power and therefore less heat dissipation. The power dissipation on capacitor  13  is zero. Because of this the circuit generates less heat alleviating the need for a heat sink reducing weight of the circuitry and reducing cost of production. 
         [0019]    Very little power is dissipated by capacitor  13  because current across capacitor  13  is always changing in instantaneous magnitude and direction of voltage. In general, for any given magnitude of AC voltage at a given frequency, a capacitor of given size will “conduct” a certain magnitude of AC current. The AC current through a capacitor is a function of the AC voltage across it, and the reactance offered by the capacitor. Since capacitors “conduct” current in proportion to the rate of voltage change, the reactance in ohms for any capacitor is inversely proportional to the frequency of the alternating current; the current through a capacitor is a reaction against the change in voltage across it. Therefore, the instantaneous current is zero whenever the instantaneous voltage is at a peak (zero change, or level slope, on the voltage sine wave), and the instantaneous current is at a peak wherever the instantaneous voltage is at maximum change (the points of steepest slope on the voltage wave, where it crosses the zero line). This results in a voltage wave that is −90 degrees out of phase with the current wave “P=V*I”. For further information see Tony R. Kuphaldt, “Lessons in Electric Circuits, Volume II-AC”; chapter 4—REACTANCE AND IMPEDANCE CAPACITIVE, 2013. 
         [0020]    Due to the relatively small amount of power dissipated by capacitor  13  because of the AC current cancelation effect, a heat sink is not needed for LED driver  14 . This is a significant improvement over typical LED light systems where 75% of heat is produced by the driver circuit which typically requires the presence of a heat sink to dissipate the heat produced by the driver circuit. The omission of a heat sink allows for a significant decrease in LED system weight, decreasing cost of manufacture, etc. 
         [0021]    The embodiments discussed above allow an LED system to produce an equivalent amount of lumens to an incandescent bulb while using less than one sixth of the power required for the incandescent bulb. This is improvement over typical LED systems that produce an equivalent amount of lumens to an incandescent bulb while using about one fourth of the power required for the incandescent bulb. The embodiments discussed above allow an LED system to be implement with fewer components then typical LED systems and with no heat sink, as discussed above. 
         [0022]    While in the discussion above, example values for the various components of LED driver  10  are given, actual values will depend on desired operation parameters for a particular application. 
         [0023]    The foregoing discussion discloses and describes merely exemplary methods and embodiments. As will be understood by those familiar with the art, the disclosed subject matter may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or characteristics thereof. Accordingly, the present disclosure is intended to be illustrative, but not limiting, of the scope of the invention, which is set forth in the following claims.