Abstract:
Machine-enabled methods of, and devices for, encoding color bitmap data as indexed red-green-blue (RGB) data for display.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is related to U.S. patent application, Attorney Docket No. SLA2365, entitled “ENCODING OF NON-INDEXED DATA FOR PRINTING USING INDEXED RGB,” by James E. Owen, filed Feb. 23, 2009, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes. 
     
    
     FIELD OF ENDEAVOR 
       [0002]    The present invention, in its several embodiments, relates to methods and devices for encoding color data, e.g., cyan-magenta-yellow-black (CMYK) data, using indexed red-green-blue (RGB) and particularly using combined color bitmaps or interleaved data to form directly the indexed RGB color of the combined pixel array for display. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    At times it is necessary to convert halftoned color data into an RGB color space, from which it may have been derived. For example, a conversion is required when a document management system is to display printed documents on an RGB display, such as the front panel of an MFP or a computer screen, and the printed document storage contains only the halftone data that may be used to print documents. This conversion can be both a conversion to RGB and a scaling down of the data from a high resolutioni image, i.e., the high resolution image that may have been printed, to a smaller image of lower resolution, i.e., a thumbnail image that may be shown on a display screen of the printing device. 
         [0004]    A bitmap defines a display space and color for each pixel. The colors may be defined in different spaces, such as RGB, CMYK, and LAB. Each color may be defined as some level in a range expressed by a level definable according to bit size, e.g., 1-bit, 2-bit, 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit. The arrangement of the pixels may be planar, e.g., a grayscale-like planar scheme for each of red, green and blue planes, which can be combined to generate a multiple color bitmap. The arrangement of pixels may be interleaved, where, for example in a single array, each pixel contains information pertaining to the multiple colors of the arrangement, e.g., an R level value followed by a G level of value followed by a B level of value. For the contone CMYK, the planar arrangement may comprise four grayscale-like planes. The interleaved arrangement may have a pixel defined by four constituent levels, e.g., a C level value followed by a M level value, followed by a Y level value followed by a K level value. 
         [0005]    Color data may be expressed in a CMYK interleaved color space having few, e.g., two or three, levels of gradation due to allocated bits per color component. A conversion from CMYK to RGB may be based on lookup tables of predefined general equivalents for the CMYK data. If the CMYK data is planar, each pixel may be first converted to interleaved data and then converted to RGB via a pixel-by-pixel lookup process based on the lookup tables. 
         [0006]    Presently, the process of displaying a halftoned image may be achieved by converting a pixel at a time to RGB. Because the possible halftoned values are limited, this pixel-by-pixel conversion can be expedited by using a lookup table with the conversions. Particularly where RGB display is much smaller than the full, i.e., printable, halftone image, some exploitation in reduction in image size for the RGB display may be made. This reduction can be performed after the conversion by standard scaling libraries that may be made available to the display. This approach involves a pixel-by-pixel conversion of the pixels of the halftone bitmap. Once the pixel-by-pixel conversion is complete, the same number of pixels are subject to a scaling process to reduce the actual number of converted pixels displayed via the display screen. Alternatively, in another method all of the pixels of the halftone bitmap are first subject to a scaling process; producing a reduced set of contone halftone pixels for conversion to RGB for display. For example, the halftoned image for printing may be scaled for RGB display by averaging multiple pixels into a much smaller contone bitmap, and then a pixel-by-pixel conversion of the contone bitmap to RGB is performed. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0007]    The pixel-by-pixel conversion from print color data to RGB for a display screen draws heavily on the memory access time of the physical computing device employed. A process, device, and system, are needed that minimize, or do not practice, a pixel-by-pixel conversion from print color data to RGB for a display screen. For those embodiments where the RGB images are to be shown in a scaled down form, the scaling operation may follow the needed process, device, and system that minimize, or do not practice, a pixel-by-pixel conversion from print color data to RGB for a display screen, however, the scaling operation of the several embodiments may be handled by special processing hardware for performing such operations, e.g., a video card. 
         [0008]    The invention, in its several embodiments may be illustrated as a process executed via a machine, device, or within a processing module of a device such as a multifunction peripheral (MFP) device. Embodiments of the present invention provide for a conversion of interleaved color data, an array of CMYK pixels, for display via an indexed RGB bitmap header and an RGB palette. For example, in order to reduce the throughput requirement of a processor converting an entire image from CMYK data to RGB data, the display of an image as CMYK data may be accomplished according to the teachings of the present invention by displaying a selected portion of the image via an RGB conversion effected by a display processor reading CMYK color data according to indexed RGB and a selected color palette. 
         [0009]    For example, a first exemplary computer-implemented method of encoding color bitmap data as indexed red-green-blue (RGB) data for display includes steps, and not necessarily in the following order, of: (a) receiving, by a physical device, e.g., a memory store, a plurality of pixels of a non-RGB pixel array comprising an ordered set of bits; (b) receiving, e.g., via an input port, an indexed RGB palette for determining a color of at least one pixel of the plurality of pixels; and (c) outputting, by a physical processing device, the indexed RGB palette, an indexed RGB data header, and the non-RGB pixel array for display as RGB color data according to the indexed RGB palette. The computer-implemented method may further comprise steps of: (a) combining, by the physical processing device, a set of member pixel arrays by associating pixels across the member pixel arrays according to a shared relative location in two-space to form a combined pixel array, wherein each pixel of the combined pixel array comprises an ordered set of bits representing the respective states of each of the associated pixels across the set of member pixel arrays. In some embodiments, the set of member pixel arrays comprises: (a) a first pixel array representing, via a state for each pixel of the first pixel array, a first primary color bitmap; (b) a second pixel array representing, via a state for each pixel of the second pixel array, a second primary color bitmap; (c) a third pixel array representing, via a state for each pixel of the third pixel array, a third primary color bitmap; and (d) a fourth binary pixel array representing, via a state for each pixel of the fourth pixel array, a black bitmap. In some embodiments, at least one of the first pixel array, second pixel array, third pixel array and fourth pixel array comprise an array comprising 1-bit pixels and, in other embodiments, 2-bit pixels, or higher bit pixels. In other embodiment, the indexed RGB palette is indexed for sixteen colors, and in other embodiments, the provided indexed RGB palette is indexed for 256 colors or other values of colors. 
         [0010]    Another computer-implemented method of encoding non-RGB color bitmap data as indexed red-green-blue (RGB) data for display may comprise steps of: (a) receiving an indexed RGB palette by a physical computing device, e.g., a processing device having a addressable member; (b) combining the indexed RGB palette, an indexed RGB header, and a bitmap header with a pixel array of pixels comprising ordered set of bits representing non-RGB color data; and (c) displaying a plurality of pixels of the pixel array of the non-RGB color data according to index values for each of the ordered set of bits of the plurality of pixels and based on the indexed RGB palette equivalent. In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method may further comprise outputting the combined bitmap header with the pixel array of color data and indexed RGB palette. Some embodiments may further comprise: combining a set of member pixel arrays, to form the pixel array of color data, by associating pixels across the set of member pixel arrays according to a shared relative location in two-space to form a combined pixel array wherein each pixel of the combined pixel array comprises an ordered set of bits representing the respective states of each of the associated pixels across the member pixel arrays. The set of member pixel arrays may comprise: (a) a first pixel array representing, via a state for each pixel of the first pixel array, a first primary color bitmap; (b) a second pixel array representing, via a state for each pixel of the second pixel array, a second primary color bitmap; (c) a third pixel array representing, via a state for each pixel of the third pixel array, a third primary color bitmap; and (d) a fourth binary pixel array representing, via a state for each pixel of the fourth pixel array, a black bitmap. In some embodiments, at least one of the first pixel array, second pixel array, third pixel array and fourth pixel array comprise an array comprising 1-bit pixels, 2-bit pixels, or higher bit pixels. 
         [0011]    A machine or device embodiment of the present invention may be a stand-alone processing device, a processing module incorporated in processing systems such as an MFP device, or distributed in modules within an MFP or between two or more devices such as an MFP and a user&#39;s personal computer and/or MFP and a server. Accordingly, an exemplary processing device embodiment may be configured to encode non-RGB color bitmap data as indexed red-green-blue (RGB) data for display, where the exemplary processing device comprises: a processing device configured to encode non-RGB color bitmap data as indexed red-green-blue (RGB) data for display comprising: (a) a receiving portion configured to input an indexed RGB palette and (b) a processor unit and accessible memory, where the processor unit may be configured to execute instructions to: (a) combine the indexed RGB palette, an indexed RGB header, and a bitmap header with a pixel array of pixels comprising ordered set of bits representing non-RGB color data; and (b) send for display a plurality of pixels of the pixel array of the non-RGB color data according to index values for each of the ordered set of bits of the plurality of pixels and based on the indexed RGB palette equivalent. In some machine embodiments, the processing unit is further configured to execute instructions to input a set of member pixel arrays comprising associated pixels across the member pixel arrays according to a shared relative location in two-space to form the plurality of pixels of the pixel array of color data, wherein the plurality of pixels comprises an ordered set of bits representing the respective states of each of the associated pixels across the member pixel arrays. In some device embodiments, the receiving portion may be further configured to input a set of member pixel arrays comprising: (a) a first pixel array representing, via a state for each pixel of the first pixel array, a first primary color bitmap; (b) a second pixel array representing, via a state for each pixel of the second pixel array, a second primary color bitmap; (c) a third pixel array representing, via a state for each pixel of the third pixel array, a third primary color bitmap; and (d) a fourth binary pixel array representing, via a state for each pixel of the fourth pixel array, a black bitmap. In still other embodiments, the processor unit may be further configured to execute instructions to: combine a bitmap header with the pixel array and indexed RGB palette; and output the combined bitmap header with the pixel array and indexed RGB palette. In some device embodiments, the at least one of the first pixel array, second pixel array, third pixel array and fourth pixel array comprise an array comprising 2-bit pixels and/or higher bit pixels, and the provided indexed RGB palette may be indexed for 256 colors or other values of colors. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0012]    Embodiments of the present invention are illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings, and in which: 
           [0013]      FIG. 1  illustrates, at a top level, an exemplary system comprising a plurality of processing devices in communication with a multi-function peripheral (MFP) device; 
           [0014]      FIG. 2  illustrates a top level functional block diagram of an exemplary MFP device; 
           [0015]      FIG. 3  illustrates a top level functional block diagram of an exemplary process within an exemplary MFP device for converting by displaying non-RGB color data having an associated indexed RGB header and pallete; 
           [0016]      FIG. 4  is a graphical depiction of an exemplary interleaving of 1-bit CMYK halftoned bitmaps to 4-bpp indexed RGB; 
           [0017]      FIG. 5  is a tabular depiction of an exemplary palette expressed as 4-bpp indexed RGB; 
           [0018]      FIG. 6  illustrates a top level functional block diagram of an exemplary process within an exemplary MFP device for outputting a file for converting by displaying at an external processing device non-RGB data as RGB data; 
           [0019]      FIG. 7  is a graphical depiction of an exemplary interleaving from 1-bit KYMC halftoned bitmaps to 4-bpp indexed RGB; 
           [0020]      FIG. 8  is a tabular depiction of an exemplary palette expressed as 4-bpp indexed RGB; 
           [0021]      FIG. 9  is a graphical depiction of an exemplary interleaving from 2-bit CMYK halftoned bitmaps to 4-bpp indexed RGB; 
           [0022]      FIG. 10  is a tabular depiction of an exemplary palette expressed as 8-bpp indexed RGB; and 
           [0023]      FIG. 11  is a tabular depiction of an exemplary palette expressed as 4-bpp indexed RGB. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0024]      FIG. 1  illustrates an exemplary system embodiment  100  of the present invention where a printing device or a multi-functional peripheral (MFP) device  110  may be in direct communication  112  with a processing device  120 , such as a computer hosting one or more drivers applicable to the printing device or multi-functional peripheral device  110 . In addition, via a network  130  and a network link  131 - 133 , the printing device or a multi-functional peripheral device  110  may be in communication with one or more processing devices  140 ,  141 , such as a one or more computers that may each host one or more drivers applicable to the printing device or the MFP device  110 . 
         [0025]    The exemplary printing device or MFP device  110  of  FIG. 1  may be illustrated in greater exemplary functional detail in  FIG. 2 . Interface ports  202  may be present to connect a printer cable, a network link, or an external wireless module. The interface ports  202  may be serviced by one or more interface controllers  204  that function to direct communications and/or condition signals between the respective interface port  202  and one or more modules of the MFP device  110  which may be in common communication via a data bus  206 . The MFP device  110  may include one or more processing modules  208  that may draw data from read-only memory (ROM)  210  and exchange data with random access memory (RAM)  212  and may store files having sizes greater than the RAM  212  capacity in one or more mass storage units  214 . The MFP device  110  may maintain a log of its images  216  and have a user display and interface  218 . The image log  216  may be a separate module or distributed, for example, with a portion executed via the processing module  208  that may access parameters, files, and/or indices that may be stored in ROM  210 , RAM  212 , a mass storage unit  214  or in combination thereof. The MFP device  110  may include as individual or separate modules a scan control module  220 , a facsimile (FAX) control module  222 , and a copy control module  224  where each module may service the scanner  230  to direct communications and/or condition signals between the scanner  230  and one or more modules of the MFP device  110 , for example, via the data bus  206 . The MFP device  110  may include as individual or separate modules the FAX control module  222 , the copy control module  224  and a print control module  226  where each module may service the printer  240  to direct communications and/or condition signals between the printer  240  and the one or more modules of the MFP device  110 , for example, via the data bus  206 . The exemplary MFP device  110  may store a calibration table in ROM  210 , RAM  212 , a mass storage unit  214  or in combination thereof and accordingly, the calibration table may be accessed by the print control module  226  and/or a processing module  208  and made available to devices external to the MFP device  110  via one or more interface ports  202 . The exemplary MFP device  110  may have notice, for example, due to a user input via the user interface  218  or sensed by an output orientation sensor  242  of the printer  240  and may be communicated via the print control module  226  to devices external to the MFP device  110  via one or more interface ports  202 . 
         [0026]    Illustrated in  FIG. 3  is a functional block diagram of an exemplary process within an exemplary MFP device for converting and displaying graphics data where images may be logged via an image log and the images may be stored in a compressed format as pages or bands of graphic data. Accordingly, one or more compressed pages or bands may be read from a memory store  310  and decompressed into planes (step  320 ). The decompressed bands or planes may then be interleaved (step  330 ). For example, a magenta 1-bit halftone plane may be interleaved between a cyan 1-bit halftone plane and yellow 1-bit halftone plane and the yellow 1-bit halftone plane may be interleaved between the magenta 1-bit halftone plane and a 1-bit black halftone plane. A palette may be defined or selected (step  350 ). An indexed RGB header may be associated with the selected palette (step  340 ). The indexed RGB header and associated palatte may then be attached or otherwise associated (step  360 ) with the 4-bpp CMYK color data array as an example of non-RGB data. A bitmap header may be set up for 4-bpp indexed RGB and the CMYK color data may be treated by video processing as RGB data according to the indexed RGB header, colored according to the selected palette, and my be scaled before being sent to the display  370  of the MFP device. Accordingly, the interleaved and recorded state of each pixel for each plane, in this example as an ordered set four interleaved bits, or a provided interleaved non-RGB color data array may then be effectively converted (step  370 ) to RGB data by being processed as a 4-bpp RGB bitmap, due to the indexed RGB header, according to the defined RGB palette. In addition, the processing unit of the MFP device may be a general processor, a special processor, and/or may be a video card configured to process the CMYK color data according to the indexed RGB data and palette to generate a scaled RGB array for display  370 . 
         [0027]      FIG. 4  depicts graphically the mapping of a portion of an image which, in this example, is a four-by-four set of 4-bit pixel depth  410  where each bit is represented in a color plane or bitmap level of depth, i.e., single bit-per-pixel (1-bpp) halftoned CMYK data. The top exemplary plane  411  represents a halftoned 1-bit cyan, C, bitmap. The next exemplary plane  412  below the cyan bitmap represents a halftoned 1-bit magenta, M, bitmap. The next exemplary plane  413  below the magenta bitmap represents a halftoned 1-bit yellow, Y, bitmap. The bottom exemplary plane  414  represents the halftoned 1-bit black, K, bitmap. These four planes  411 - 414 , when aligned, express as 1-bit planes a 4-bit bitmap. Applying the CMYK scheme  420  to these 1-bit planes  411 - 414  of a bitmap, the resulting 4-bit bitmap  430  may be expressed in exemplary fashion as black (BLA←K), blue (BLU←C+M), yellow (YEL←Y), red (RED←M+Y), cyan (CYA←C), magenta (MAG←M), and green (GRN←C+Y). Two-space as it is used here includes a geometrically expressed line of pixels such as m×1 as well as a block, rectangle or matrix of pixels such as m×n. Rather than represent the color information for a bitmap in the four planes  411 - 414 , the information may be represented in an interleaved bitmap  440  where in this example a 1-bit level of a color component may be expressed by a “1” and in the order of the CMYK scheme. That is, the colors may be expressed in exemplary fashion as black (BLA←0001), blue (BLU←1100), yellow (YEL←0010), red (RED←0110), cyan (CYA←1000), magenta (MAG←0100), and green (GRN←1010). Whether originating from an expression in planes  411 - 414  or as interleaved colors  440  of non-RGB data or non-RGB color spaces, or in other embodiments as RGB data or RGB color spaces, the 4-bits per pixel (bpp) representation  430 , in this example, may be mapped  450 , based on a selected palette and according to 4 bbp indexed RGB  460 . 
         [0028]    File formats like TIF and JPG store a 24 bit RGB value for each of the millions of image pixels. But GIF files only store a 4 or 8 bit index at each pixel, so that the image data is ⅙ or ⅓ the size of 24 bits. Indexed Color is limited to 256 colors, which can be any 256 from the set of 16.7 million 24 bit colors. Each color used is a 24 bit RGB value. Each such image file contains its own color palette, which is a list of the selected 256 colors, or 16 colors in a smaller palette. Images are called indexed color because the actual image color data for each pixel is the index into this palette. Each pixel&#39;s data is a number that specifies one of the palette colors, like maybe “color number 15”, where the number 15 is the index (e.g., first or index column of tabular  FIG. 5 ) into the palette, the fifth color in the palette list of colors. Reference must be made to the palette to determine the color is being indexed. The palette may be stored in the file with the image. 
         [0029]    The index may be a 4-bit value that yields 16 colors or an 8-bit value that yields 256 colors for each pixel. The first RGB color in the table is index 0, the second RGB color is index 1, and so on. While an 8-bit number can only contain a numerical value of 0 to 255, i.e., only 256 colors can be in the palette of possible colors, the use of indexed color economized storage in that eight bits may be used for an indexed color of 256 colors that requires considerably less storage space or channel capacity than 24 bits for every pixel. The size of most graphics files can be limited to use 16 colors, which requires no more than 4-bit indexes. The indexed file also contains the palette too, which is the table of the selected 24 bit colors, or 3 bytes of RGB overhead for each color in the palette (768 bytes for 256 colors). Indexed files have 24 bits stored for each palette color, but not for each pixel. Each pixel stores either a 4-bit or an 8-bit index to specify which palette color is used. Four bits permit a table or palette having an index of sixteen entries.  FIG. 5  illustrates an exemplary palette of sixteen color entries where each index or color value has a corresponding binary value that corresponds to a 4-bit RGB value. A mapping from the CMYK scheme to the 4-bit RGB representation may be accomplished via the color equivalencies illustrated in the color name column of  FIG. 5 . The exemplary palette for the bitmaps may comprise eight primary colors and eight identical blacks. In reviewing the tabular representation and particularly the 4-bit binary column, one may note that when the lowest or rightmost position is set to “1,” the indexed value is black One may also not that when the lowest or rightmost position is set to “0,” white or another color may be indexed. For example, the highest or leftmost position may be used to represent cyan when set to “1” or “on,” the second highest position may be used to represent magenta and the third highest position may be used to represent yellow. One may also note the color combinations produced by positioning two “on” values may be used to index the colors red, green and blue. Embodiments of the present invention include those that readily scale up including two bit-per-pixel (2-bpp) halftoned data where the color, e.g., each color plane of  FIG. 4 , may have three levels of intensity/pigmentation. In place of an indexed 4-bpp RGB conversion, an 8-bpp RGB conversion is applied that may be based on a palette expanded over that of  FIG. 5  comprising 256 color entries where the entries are selected to provide two levels each of cyan, magenta, yellow, and black. 
         [0030]      FIG. 6  is a functional block diagram of an exemplary process within an exemplary MFP device for converting and displaying graphics data at the user display of an external processing device  670 , such as at a personal computer running an operating system, e.g., MICROSOFT™ WINDOWS™, where images may be logged via an image log and the images may be stored in a 1 -bpp compressed format as pages or bands of graphic data. For example, for a user to invoke or launch the display functions associated with MICROSOFT™ WINDOWS™, the graphics data may be decompressed into planes, interleaved, and then a standard MICROSOFT™ WINDOWS™ bitmap header may be attached (step  660 ) that specifies 4-bpp indexed RGB data having the selected palette attached. The process may scale up, for example, where the images may be stored in a 2-bpp compressed format as planes of graphic data. The eight planes of decompressed planes (step  620 ) may be combined into four planes of 2-bpp CMYK color data (step  630 ) as an example of non-RGB color data. The four planes of 2-bpp CMYK color data may be interleaved (step  630 ). In other embodiments, the 2-bpp CMYK color data may be provided already interleaved. With a defined or selected palette  650 , and the array of 2-bpp CMYK color data, an 8-bit indexed RGB data header may be associated with the selected pallette (step  640 ) and a user may invoke or launch the display functions, e.g., those that may be associated with MICROSOFT™ WINDOWS™, where, a bitmap header, such as standard MICROSOFT™ WINDOWS™ bmp header may be attached (step  660 ) that specifies 8-bpp indexed RGB data having the selected palette attached, for example, as a file. The exemplary file may be sent to an external processing unit (step  670 ) for display. The processing unit may be a video card, or the processing unit may be associated with a video card configured to process the CMYK color data according to the indexed RGB data and palette in order to generate a scaled RGB array for display. 
         [0031]    While CMYK was applied by example, non-CMYK four-color schemes may be embodied with little if any change in structure and/or processing. The invention may be embodied via alternative printing systems. For example, another embodiment shown in the graphical depiction of  FIG. 7 , an exemplary conversion is made from 1-bit KYMC halftoned bitmaps to 4-bpp indexed RGB.  FIG. 7  depicts graphically the mapping of a portion of an image which, in this example, is a four-by-four set of 4-bit pixel depth  710  where each bit is represented in a color plane or bitmap level of depth, i.e., single bit-per-pixel (1-bpp) halftoned KYMC data. The bottom exemplary plane  711  represents a halftoned 1-bit cyan, C, bitmap. The next exemplary plane  712  above the cyan bitmap represents a halftoned 1-bit magenta, M, bitmap. The next exemplary plane  713  above the magenta bitmap represents a halftoned 1-bit yellow, Y, bitmap. The top exemplary plane  714  represents the halftoned 1-bit black, K, bitmap. These four planes  711 - 714 , when aligned, express as 1-bit planes a 4-bit bitmap. Applying the KYMC scheme  720  to these 1-bit planes  711 - 714  of a bitmap, the resulting 4-bit bitmap  730  may be expressed in exemplary fashion as black (BLANK), blue (BLU←C+M), yellow (YEL←Y), red (RED←M+Y), cyan (CYA←C), magenta (MAG←M), and green (GRN←C+Y). Rather than represent the color information for a bitmap in the four planes  711 - 714 , the information may be represented in an interleaved bitmap  740  where, in this example, a 1-bit level of a color component may be expressed by a “1” and in the order of the KYMC scheme. That is, the colors may be expressed in exemplary fashion as black (BLA←1000), blue (BLU←0011), yellow (YEL←0100), red (RED←0110), cyan (CYA←0001), magenta (MAG←0010), and green (GRN←0101). Whether originating from an expression in planes  711 - 714  or as interleaved colors  740  of RGB data or RGB color spaces, or non-RGB data or non-RGB color spaces, the 4-bits per pixel (bpp) representation  730 , in this example, may be mapped  450 , based on a selected palette and according to 4 bbp indexed RGB  460 . 
         [0032]      FIG. 8  is a tabular depiction of an exemplary palette expressed as 4-bpp indexed RGB from the 1-bit KYMC halftoned bitmaps or directly provided by interleaved data.  FIG. 9  depicts another embodiment having 2-bit CMYK halftoned bitmaps, and illustrates a graphical depiction of an exemplary conversion from 2-bit CMYK halftoned bitmaps to 4-bpp indexed RGB. As explained above in the 1-bit examples of  FIGS. 4 and 7 , an exemplary alternative to four color planes  910 , an interleaved bitmap may represent the colors in each pixel and in this case, two bits would be allotted  940  to define the level for each of the four components in a CMYK representation, resulting in an 8-bit expression in the interleaved CMYK representation.  FIG. 10  is a tabular depiction of an exemplary palette expressed as 8-bpp indexed RGB from the 2-bit CMYK halftoned bitmap or directly provided by interleaved data. The indexed RGB embodiments may include grayscales.  FIG. 11  is a tabular depiction of an exemplary palette for grayscale expressed as 4-bpp indexed RGB. 
         [0033]    One of ordinary skill in the art will also appreciate that the modules, elements, and/or functions described herein may be further subdivided, combined, and/or varied and yet still be in the spirit of the embodiments of the invention. In addition, while a number of variations of the invention have been shown and described in detail, other modifications, which are within the scope of this invention, will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art based upon this disclosure, e.g., the exemplary flowcharts or processes described herein may be modified and varied and yet still be in the spirit of the invention. It is also contemplated that various combinations or subcombinations of the specific features and aspects of the embodiments may be made and still fall within the scope of the invention. Accordingly, it should be understood that various features and aspects of the disclosed embodiments can be combined with or substituted for one another in order to form varying modes of the disclosed invention. Thus, it is intended that the scope of the present invention herein disclosed should not be limited by the particular disclosed embodiments described above.