Abstract:
The present invention relates to systems and methods for registry driven transformation of a document exchanged between businesses or applications. More particularly, it relates to systems and protocols for using one or more commonly accessible registries to transform electronic commerce documents among dissimilar interfaces, preferably XML documents. Particular aspects of the present invention are described in the claims, specification and drawings.

Description:
PRIORITY INFORMATION 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/763,136, titled “REGISTRY DRIVEN INTEROPERABILITY AND EXCHANGE OF DOCUMENTS” filed 19 Apr. 2010, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,683,321 on 25 Mar. 2014, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/369,784, titled “REGISTRY DRIVEN INTEROPERABILITY AND EXCHANGE OF DOCUMENTS” filed 7 Mar. 2006, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,703,008 on 20 Apr. 2010, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/199,963, titled “REGISTRY DRIVEN INTEROPERABILITY AND EXCHANGE OF DOCUMENT” by Christopher Todd Ingersoll, Jayaram Rajan Kasi, Alexander Holmes, Michael Clark, Ashok Aletty, Sathish Babu K. Senathi and Helen S. Yeun filed on 19 Jul. 2002, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,047,488 on 16 May 2006. 
    
    
     COPYRIGHT NOTICE 
     A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material that is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to systems and methods for registry driven semantic transformation of a document exchanged between businesses or applications. More particularly, it relates to systems and protocols for using one or more commonly accessible registries to transform electronic commerce documents among dissimilar interfaces, preferably XML documents. 
     Business-to-business (B2B) and application-to-application (A2A) electronic commerce are replacing former protocols for electronic data interchange (EDI). As businesses strive to improve their efficiency with B2B and A2A systems, a number of incompatible platforms and competing standards have emerged. One need that has been identified is to convert the documents from one system to another. 
     XML has become a widely used type of data because the rigid syntactic rules which must be applied to create inline markup make it relatively simple for computer programs to interpret and process. For example, a purchase order written in XML could be processed by an order entry software application that knows how to read the markup annotations that describe what is being purchased, who the purchaser is, and so forth. The growing acceptance of XML as an encoding scheme for documents has led to development of XML-ified application program interfaces for many legacy applications by enterprise adapter implementation (EAI) vendors. 
     EAI vendors bridge one system to the next, on an application-by-application basis. Interoperability is achieved by design, at design time. Connections between systems or applications are static. Implementation of new versions of applications requires modification of the static connections. Routing among applications is typically within an enterprise. Integration logic is developed on a point-to-point basis. Semantic logic is coded into EAI routines. Semantic logic and syntactic logic are mixed in the coding. The sending party or source of a document is responsible to ensure that what they send is exactly what the target or recipient has advertised to receive. There is no concept of modeling degrees of compatibility for an interface, as opposed to requiring perfect compatibility. This perfect compatibility is difficult to achieve, as it requires that all clients be updated with the latest versions of the services&#39; interfaces and that interfaces be updated contemporaneously. Transformation components are difficult to reuse. No commonly accessible repository is provided to capture individual transformation preferences or to support transformation based on user profiles. The EAI vendor approach makes it difficult and costly to adapt transform routines from one pair of systems or applications to another. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates the EAI vendor approach, as applied to supplier processing of incoming purchase orders into four disparate systems. In this figure, incoming purchase orders originate from three sources  101 , an electronic data interchange (EDI) buyer, and online store customer and an Open Application Group Business Object Document (OAG BOD)-compliant buyer. Each of the sources has a native interface  102  that produces a purchase order as input to the EAI infrastructure  103 . The formats of the documents may include EDI, XML and OAG. Four target systems  106 , include an SAP Financial system, an SAP MRP system, Biz IQ system and a Granger shipping system. The native formats of documents  105  accepted by these target systems include IDOC, BAPI, OAG and a custom application program interface (API). To connect the source and target, both syntactic and semantic differences need to be overcome. Point-to-point adapters  104  transform source documents into target documents on a pairwise basis. Even document transformations between systems utilizing the same syntax, such as OAG-to-OAG transformations, involved differing semantics, so an adapter is required. When a source or target system is updated, for instance if Oracle financials are substituted for SAP financials or an upgraded shipping system is installed, new adapters need to be written. In all likelihood, old and new adapters are both retained by the EAI infrastructure. As systems are updated, more and more adapters are subject to revision or replacement. A single transformation engine manages the transformation process and provides the transformation resources. 
     Accordingly, opportunities arise to devise methods and structures that commonly manage transformation of documents between dissimilar interfaces, that provide runtime interoperability and distributed execution of transformations. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to systems and methods for registry driven transformation of a document exchanged between businesses or applications. More particularly, it relates to systems and protocols for using one or more commonly accessible registries to transform electronic commerce documents among dissimilar interfaces, preferably XML documents. Particular aspects of the present invention are described in the claims, specification and drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a high-level block diagram of a prior art transformation process using point-to-point connections. 
         FIG. 2  is a high-level block diagram of the transformation process using a web services engine. 
         FIG. 3  is a hierarchical block diagram of document families and versions. 
         FIG. 4  is a block diagram of document libraries, namespaces, schemas and document families. 
         FIG. 5  is a network diagram of document family members and transforms among members. 
         FIGS. 6 and 7  are tables for transform sequences and logic components used to carry out transform sequences. 
         FIG. 8  is a class diagram including document libraries, namespaces, document types and schemas, document families and transforms. 
         FIG. 9  is a high-level block diagram of a software component that carries out transforms. 
         FIG. 10  is a corresponding activity diagram. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates sequences of transforms. 
         FIGS. 12 and 13  are flowcharts depicting aspects of determining the preferred sequence of transforms to convert a source document into a target document. 
         FIGS. 14 and 15  illustrate user interfaces that support administration of document families and searching to find transforms. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following detailed description is made with reference to the figures. Preferred embodiments are described to illustrate the present invention, not to limit its scope, which is defined by the claims. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize a variety of equivalent variations on the description that follows. 
       FIG. 2  depicts supplier processing of incoming purchase orders destined for four disparate systems. Incoming purchase orders originate from three sources  201 , an EDI buyer, an online store customer and an OAG-compliant buyer. The native formats utilized by the three sources  201  may include EDI, XML and OAG. Four target systems  206  include an SAP Financial system, an SAP MRP system, a Biz IQ system and a Grainger shipping system. The native formats accepted by these target systems  206  include IDOC, BAPI, OAG and a custom API. In this system, a web services engine  211  performs semantic transformations using a common syntactic base. For instance, EDI and OAG documents are converted to XML, as a common syntactic base. Transformations from XML to XML handle semantic differences between the source and target document. XML documents may be reconverted to native formats such as EDI, OAG, IDOC, or BAPI. The syntactical transformations to and from XML may be handled as part of the web services engine  211  or by the interfaces or adapters  202 ,  205  associated with the source  201  and target  206 . 
     The web services engine  211  has access to a variety of transforms  213 , including transforms using the common syntactic base. These transforms may be reusable. More than one transform may be invoked to convert a document from source semantics to target semantics. It may be desirable to utilize a common semantic base for transformations, for instance, transforming incoming documents to a well-understood document schema, such as the xCBL schema for electronic commerce documents  212 . By transforming incoming documents to a common semantic base, the need for point-to-point transforms is minimized. The transforms may be chained and may be reusable. The transforms may be isomorphic or homomorphic. That is, the transforms need not be perfectly reversible. The transforms typically will be rated, either a priori or by comparing source and target semantics before and after transformation, to estimate the degree of loss resulting from the transform. A transform success score can be used to select among alternate sequences of transforms from source to target semantics. Loss resulting from transforms can be compensated for by including in the target document one or more fields that capture imperfectly translated information from the source document. These fields may be user viewable, so that a user associated with the source, the target or an intermediary service provider can respond to imperfections in the computer-implemented transformation service. Alternatively, the source document and target document can be sent to the target, with references to parts of the source document that have been imperfectly transformed or that are suspected of having been imperfectly transformed. These references can be part of the target document or a separate document, such as an error document. They can be a string, a pointer or some other form of reference. References can be provided to one or more sections of the target document where the imperfectly transformed information belongs. The references to the target document may be to an element or subsection of the target document or to a specific location within an element or subsection. In yet another embodiment, the target document and excerpts of the source document can be sent to the target, with references to the excerpts of the source document and, optionally, to the target document. 
     A commonly accessible registry, partially illustrated in  FIG. 2 , facilitates management of the community using XML schema definition (XSD)-based XML electronic commerce documents or, more generally, a schema for a syntax using to character data encoding text characters and markup data identifying sets of storage units according to the logical structure of the documents. Maintaining transformations in at least one repository facilitates reuse, both in design of needed transforms and execution. A commonly accessible repository of transforms also permits distributed execution. The web services engine may use resources of the source, target, or an intermediary service. Upon determining the interfaces used by source and target, appropriate transform logic can be obtained from the commonly accessible registry or a cache in which transform logic previously obtained from the commonly accessible registry is kept. Interoperability is established at runtime, based on entries in one or more registries and logic residing in one or more repositories. At runtime, connections are dynamically determined between source and target. When source or target implements a version change, the dynamic determination of the connection accounts for the version change. 
     A commonly accessible registry can provide a so-called semantic hub. The commonly accessible registry may maintain service descriptions for the applications that provide services, such as electronic commerce services. Inbound and outbound document interfaces are registered as part of the service descriptions, preferably in the form of XSD definitions. A service is free to register multiple interfaces, for instance to support multiple versions of an electronic commerce document standard (e.g., xCBL 2.0, xCBL 3.0, or xCBL 3.5) or to support multiple document standards (e.g., xCBL, IDOC, OAG, or BAPI). The introduction of document family concepts provides a way to manage schemas and document types across documents standards and standards versions, as well as custom systems. Document families associate document types that represent the same business events into families. Transformation maps or transforms manage standard and custom logic to convert among document family members. A cost of using a particular transform may reflect imperfect translation of the document. Again, a transform success score can be associated with the transform either a priori, based on prior experience, or by dynamically comparing the semantic content of the document before and after application of the transform. 
     Maintaining transforms using XML as a common syntactic base is preferred, but not necessary. XML is a rich, self-describing data representation that facilitates declarative mapping logic. Several semantic bases, such as xCBL component model, provide a consistent semantic base to harness XML&#39;s powerful semantics. Modeling of XML documents to a semantic registry facilitates reuse and rapid development of new transforms, thereby enhancing the value of existing transforms. Focusing on semantic mapping, with a common syntactic base and even a common semantic base, reduces the complexity of developing new transforms. Business analysts, instead of programmers, may be able to use transform-authoring tools to define XML-to-XML semantic conversions. 
     A document family, as illustrated in  FIG. 3 , allows for categorization and grouping of documents. Related documents are grouped under the same document family  300 . Documents may be specified by a document identifier. The document identifier logical construct is used to represent a root element of a message, for instance a root element of an XML electronic commerce document. A document identifier may specify a document ID, its relationships, versions and family associations. Both XML and non-XML documents may be assigned document identifiers and stored in a common registry. Attributes of the document identifier may include a document identifier (e.g., the name “Order”); the namespace (e.g., urn:x-commerceone:document:com:commerceone:XCBL30:XCBL30.sox); a document library name (e.g., a xCBL, DTD, EDIFACT); a schema language (e.g., SOX, XSDL); a version (e.g., 3.0); and the document family name (e.g., PurchaseOrderFamily, PriceInquiryFamily, QuoteFamily). The document family organizes documents by document identifier in a hierarchy of versions. In  FIG. 3 , the document family tree  300  or other data structure is used to organize individual families  310 ,  320 . A purchase order family  310 , for instance, may include one or more major versions  311 ,  312 ,  313 . One or more of the major versions may be associated with minor versions (not illustrated), in a similar tree-structure. A version attribute may record both major and minor versioning. One possible differentiation between major and minor visions would be that major versions have significant changes that require transformation, whereas minor versions have no structural differences, only sub-element extensions. Users of the system may commonly extend a document&#39;s sub-element without modifying the doctype itself. This sub-element extension can be treated as a minor version, in the same way that modification of the doctype is handled. Therefore, the doctype node represents the doctype schema and all the schemas that make up the doctype element. For example, if the LineItem element is extended, and this extended type is used in instance of the PurchaseOrder, then the PurchaseOrder doctype is versioned. When sub-elements are versioned, users register new doctypes. They specify the parent doctype node and assign a new minor version relationship to the parent. A version ID is generated and assigned to the new node. 
     A registry may subdivide schemas into namespaces, as illustrated in  FIG. 4 . XML namespaces (e.g., XSD, SOX, RosettaNet, CIDX) and non-XML namespaces (e.g. EDI, EDIFACT) can be registered and managed using a schema namespace management component. A schema namespace may have various attributes including: a namespace URI; name; classification, namespace status; validation status (for XSD namespaces); namespace version; description; document library name; schema language (for XSD type namespaces); schema files; bean jar file name; dependent namespaces (if any, for XSD and SOX type namespaces); and external or informational URLs. Typically, different versions of namespaces will have different URIs. For instance, document libraries for major xCBL version 3.0  401  and for major xCBL version 3.5  402  may have one or more namespaces ( 411 ,  412 ,  413 ) and  414 , respectively, that can be used to support minor versions. One way of maintaining a schema is to use n files for n document schemas. A namespace manager may store meta data about the namespace, the schema files associated with the namespace and the Java jar file containing JavaBeans and classes corresponding to the schema files. A graphical user interface using a browser-based tool may be used to manage registration, activation, deactivation and deletion of namespace sets. Published namespaces may be first validated, including associated schema files, with tools such as the validation API from XML tools (XDK). In  FIG. 4 , there are two document libraries  401 ,  402 . Each of the document libraries includes three schema namespaces ( 411 ,  412 ,  413 ) and  414 , respectively. Name spaces are associated with schema files  421 - 425  and  426 . Working back up the tree from a namespace family  431  for purchase orders, for instance, two purchase orders of xCBL 3.0 and xCBL 3.5 types,  432 ,  433 , respectively, are associated with particular document schemas  421 ,  426 , respectively. 
       FIG. 5  presents another view of the document family, depicted here as a network of document family members interconnected by transforms. In this purchase order family, documents  501 ,  502 ,  503  are identified by library, document identifier, version and schema type. For instance, document  501 A is from the xCBL library, identified as an Order, version 4.0, using the schema type XSD. Document  501 C is also from the xCBL library, identified as an Order, version 3.5, using schema type SOX. Document  502 A is from the X12 markup library, identified as an 850 document, version 4200, using schema type XSD. Document  502 B is custom flat file document marked up in XML. This is the kind of document that could be prepared with a template and word processor, for instance. In this figure, separate transforms identified for each direction of conversion between document family members. Transform types identified included Contivo maps, XST maps, XSLT maps, Java classes translating between XSD and SOX, Java substring substitutions and Java maps (XDK). Different transform types may be used for transforms and inverse transforms between document family members. The system can be adapted to new or different transform types, for instance, as extensions of existing classes. For instance, translating from xCBL version 3.5  501 B to xCBL version 3.0  501 F involves applying an XSLT transform. Translating the opposite direction involves applying a Java component. The network of document family members interconnected by transforms can be considered a directed graph, in the sense that interconnections between nodes (document family members) are directed links (one directional transforms) having different attributes. Well-known algorithms can be applied to traverse this network while avoiding loops or circular references. Not illustrated in this diagram, an a priori transform success score or an experience-based transform success score can be associated with each of the transforms that link document family members. 
       FIGS. 6 and 7  depict tables that may be used to identify transforms in a document family such as depicted in  FIG. 5 . These tables can be accessed at runtime by a transformation engine to identify a preferred transform. Some transforms may be cached. In  FIG. 6 , the transformation from one document family member  601  to another  602  is accomplished by applying one or more logic components  611  in the order listed. These logic components can be Java class files, XSLT maps, XST maps, or any other generic or custom transform, accommodating current and future document standards and transformation standards. The transform success score  610  measures the imperfection resulting from translating the source  601  to the target document  602 . In this example, the transform entries are indexed by the source and target document attributes. These attribute sets comprise the document family namespace, family name, protocol, schema language, doctype, XML QName, and version ID. When searching for transform entries, wildcards can be used in the search. Transform entries may optionally contain flags for special rules  603 - 608 . Custom transformations can be applied at the trading partner level, service level or action level. The source or target trading partner ID can be flagged  603 ,  604  to indicate that the special logic components should be used for particular source or target trading partner. Similarly, service and action can be flagged  605 - 608  to indicate that special logic components should be used for particular source or target service or action. The transformation engine should use the most specific transform definition available. For instance, a definition that is specific to a trading partner, service and action triplet would be considered more specific to transform designated only by trading partner. Hierarchical importance may be assigned to trading partner, service or action, in case different elements of the triplet are defined for different transforms. For instance, trading partner may be considered more important than service if two transforms match the source and target document types, one transform which is specific to a trading partner and the other which is specific to a service. Other attributes of the transformation may evoke special rules. The present invention is not limited to special rules categorized by trading partners, services and actions.  FIG. 7  provides additional information regarding logic components  701  used as components of transforms in a column  611 . For logic components  710 , a type  702 , an implementation  703 , a configuration  704 , a package  705  and a version  706  may be supplied. 
       FIG. 8  depicts classes that may be used to represent a document family. Some aspects of these classes correspond to logical structures depicted in  FIGS. 3 and 4 . Document library  801  is the highest level of organization for documents and schemas. The name of a document library is represented by a string, such as “xCBL.” A library optionally may be versioned  802 . The library version is represented by string. For a versioned or unversioned library, namespaces may be provided  811 . Among namespaces, there may be dependencies, as indicated by the relationship loop that points from the namespace class back to the namespace class. Attributes of the namespace include a namespace URI, a name, a classification, a schema language, a namespace status, a validation status, a namespace version and a description. These attributes may be expressed the strings. In addition, flags or flag values may be provided to indicate whether the namespace is active, inactive, depreciated or depleted. Flags or flag values also may be provided indicate whether the namespace is validated or not validated. Associated with the namespace are an external link  803 , global elements  821 , schema files  824  and external files  827 . In this embodiment, the namespace may be externally linked by a URL to a uniform resource name. A description of the external link  803  also may be provided. The namespace may be linked to a set of global elements  821 . These global elements express valid root element names of XML documents, which correspond to document types recognized in the namespace. This class of global elements may be redundant to data maintained in other classes. The namespace also may be linked to a set of schema files  824 . Two distinct links may be provided, to root schema files and to other schema file containers. The root schema file is the root file that joins or includes the other schema files. Dependencies among namespaces are modeled, allowing all schema files for a namespace and all dependent namespaces to be retrieved, as well as to ensure that schemas are not accidentally removed leaving other namespaces in inconsistent states. Attributes of a schema file may include a filename string and a relative path string. An absolute path may alternatively the provided. A schema file element  824  is represented by an external file  827 . The external file object is used to model the physical location of a file and can be referenced by any entity that requires a physical file representation. This external file may, for instance, be a bean jar file linked directly to the namespace. 
     The namespace is linked to documents and document families, in this embodiment, through the document ID class  812 . The document ID  812  may actually have two types of links to a namespace, one of which is the root namespace it belongs to, and the other which is used for extension namespaces. This supports major versions and minor versions. A major version document ID may be a brand new version of a document that does not extend a previous version of a document. A minor version document ID may extend either a major or minor version document ID. A major version doc ID will only have a single namespace relationship, which references the namespace within which the root element is defined. A minor version doc ID references the super parent (major version) doc ID&#39;s namespace, along with any other namespaces within which any extensions exist. The document ID  812  may be associated with the document family  804 , an external ID  805 , document rule  813 , a transformation map  823  and an XML document ID  822 . Attributes of a document ID may include a name, a URI and a primary alternate URI. A URI is automatically generated for a doc ID using three components: namespace URI, DocID Name, DocId version. This Doc Id URI is used to refer to this Doc ID. If a user desires a custom Doc ID naming scheme, they may enter their own URI, and this is set in the primaryAltId relationship. Users may also have more than one naming scheme, in which case the otherIds relationship models these names. All these names should be unique. Attributes of a document ID may further include a display name, a description and a document version. All of these attributes may be maintained as strings. A specialization of document ID is XML document ID  822 , for XML documents. Attributes of the specialization may include an XML element name, a version type, a bean class name and major and minor versions. As characteristic of XML, a relationship loop indicates that XML document IDs may represent nested elements. An external ID  805  may be associated with the document ID  812 . The external ID  805  may be a registry key or an alias for a URI. Both a primary, default link and one or more user supplied aliases may link the document ID and external ID. 
     Document ID rules  813  may be sufficiently generalized to support transforms, validations, and display maps. Transforms  823 , sometimes called transformation maps, are a specialization of the document ID rule  813 . Logic implementing the transform is linked to a document ID rule  813  through a set of transform components  825 . A transform component, in turn, is linked to an external file  827 . Attributes of the transformation map  823  may include a cost or transform success score, a transformation URI and a location URI. The transformation URI uniquely identifies a transformation map within a registry. A location URI is an optional identifier that indicates where the transformation should take place. For example, if only one host within a network is capable of performing the transformation, its URI is assigned to the location URI attribute and the transformation/router will send the transformation to this host to be performed. Attributes of the transformation component  825  may include a transformation component URI, a name, description, component type, implementation file, package name and execution order. Transformation components  825  are linked as a set to the document ID rule  813 . The execution order attribute confirms the sequence in which transforms are applied, if more than one transform is required. In this embodiment, transform logic may include one or more of an XSLT map, and XST map, a Java component, or a Contivo map. Transform components are linked to set of configuration elements  826 . Attributes of the configuration element may include a name and a value. Document ID rules  813  are also linked to a set of map context strings  814 . These strings associate the document ID rule  813  and with a particular trading party, either a sending/source or receiving/target party, or with a particular service or action, as described above in the context of  FIGS. 6 and 7 . 
     Logic to retrieve and execute transforms may conveniently be accessed through an XML transformation module (XTM), as illustrated in  FIG. 9 . The XTM module is supported by a registry service  905 , which serves transformation logic from local and remote registries. A registry client application program interface  904  maintains transparency as to whether a transform is retrieved from a local cache or registry  906  or a remote registry. A retrieved transform or transform reference may be passed to a document transformation application program interface  907 , which, in this embodiment, includes resources for various transform types  908 . If in alternative embodiment, the registry client API  904  may be invoked from the document transformation API  907 , also called a document transformation service. The document transformation service  907  may be invoked by an XTM module  902  either in the services home community or from a remote community, such as a community that is sending documents to the home community. An upgrade to the transformation service may involve adding a new type of transform  908  and new version of the transformation engine  907 . Connectors between XTM modules and document transform APIs may be upgraded in phases, after upgrading the document transformation API  907  and the component transforms  908 . A document transformation service may be invoked from a different community than the home community. For instance, a service sending a purchase order from community A to community B may invoke the service homed in community B. To perform the transform required so that the PO prepared using community A&#39;s semantics will be acceptable to community B, it may be necessary to invoke a transform that only runs on the transformation engine in community B. In this case, the XTM module in community A will invoke the document transform API in community B to remotely execute one or more transforms, converting the purchase order from community A&#39;s semantics and to community B&#39;s semantics. 
     The transformation may be identified in the inbound message  901 , which may but preferably does not include the details of which transforms should be applied to accomplish the transformation. In  FIG. 10 , a so-called interoperability contract document (ICD)  1011  is transmitted to the XTM  1001 , in the same envelope  901  as the message to be transformed. The ICD may include a path of transformation instructions and connectors along a route to carry a document from source to target. In one embodiment, the XTM module is associated with a connector component in a community of B2B applications, which community may belong to one or more networks of communication. The XTM module may access the ICD and determine whether the transformation instructions that it contains identify its connector as performing any transformation. If there is no transformation to be performed by the current connector or its XTM module, the XTM module may return success and, optionally, may log a pass-through event. If a transformation is to be performed by the current XTM module, it parses the transformation instructions and obtains  1002 ,  1003  a sequence of transforms be executed from the registry client API  1002 . The XTM extracts a source document from the envelope  901 . It matches the source document attributes with the first transform to be performed and indicates an error if there is a mismatch. It invokes  1014  the document transform API  1003 , with the list of transforms to be retrieved and performed. If an error is generated during the transform process, the error may be noted, or the transform may be aborted and an error message returned. The XTM module  1001  may archive the source and transformed target documents for security, non-repudiation, debugging or other purposes (not illustrated). The XTM module determines whether the target prefers to have the source document transmitted, as well as the transformed target document, and if so, attaches it when it creates  1016  the outgoing envelope  903 . The XTM module should be implemented in a thread-safe manner. The transformed envelope  903 , is returned  1017 . 
     An ICD is contained in the same envelope  901  as the message to be transformed, may use the following schema to identify a transformation required: 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 &lt;?xml version=“1.0” encoding=“UTF-8”?&gt; 
               
               
                 &lt;xs:schema xmlns:xs=“http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema” 
               
               
                 elementFormDefault=“qualified”attributeFormDefault=“unqualified”&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:element name=“TransformationContract”&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:annotation&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:documentation&gt;Transformation 
               
               
                   
                 Instructions&lt;/xs:documentation&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;/xs:annotation&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:complexType&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:sequence&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:element name=“Attachment” type=“xs:boolean” 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 minOccurs=“0”/&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:element name=“Transformation” minOccurs=“0” 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 maxOccurs=“unbounded”&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:complexType&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:sequence&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:element name=“Connector” 
               
               
                   
                 type=“xs:anyURI”/&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:element 
               
               
                   
                 name=“StartDocTypeName” 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 type=“xs:QName”/&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:element name=“StartDocVersion” 
               
               
                   
                 type=“xs:string”/&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:element 
               
               
                   
                 name=“EndDocTypeName” 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 type=“xs:QName”/&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:element name=“EndDocVersion” 
               
               
                   
                 type=“xs:string”/&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:element name=“CommunityID” 
               
               
                   
                 type=“xs:string” 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 minOccurs=“0”/&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:element name=“ComponentID” 
               
               
                   
                 type=“xs:string” 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 maxOccurs=“unbounded”/&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;/xs:sequence&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;/xs:complexType&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;/xs:element&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;/xs:sequence&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;/xs:complexType&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;/xs:element&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                 &lt;/xs:schema&gt; 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     An example of transformation instructions, according to schema above, is: 
                                                                                                   &lt;xs:element name=“Transformation” minOccurs=“0”       maxOccurs=“unbounded”&gt;                &lt;xs:complexType&gt;                &lt;xs:sequence&gt;                &lt;xs:element name=“Connector” type=“xs:anyURI”/&gt;           &lt;xs:element name=“StartDocTypeName”           type=“xs:QName”/&gt;           &lt;xs:element name=“StartDocVersionID” type=“xs:string”/&gt;           &lt;xs:element name=“EndDocTypeName”           type=“xs:QName”/&gt;           &lt;xs:element name=“EndDocVersionID” type=“xs:string”/&gt;           &lt;xs:element name=“CommunityID” type=“xs:string”           minOccurs=“0”/&gt;           &lt;xs:element name=“ComponentID” type=“xs:string”                maxOccurs=“unbounded”/&gt;                &lt;/xs:sequence&gt;                &lt;/xs:complexType&gt;            &lt;/xs:element&gt;                    
In this example, the source document type is identified by StartDocTypeName and StartDocVersion. The StartDocTypeName should be a fully qualified document type, a QName in XML terms, including a namespace and local name of the root element for the document type. Alternatively, a unique naming convention could be used, with appropriate administrative provisions to enforce uniqueness within a relevant scope. A version identifier should be supplied to distinguish among variations of the same document. A customer may extend an address element within a purchase order, for instance, and the extensions will have a different minor version ID than the major version. EndDocTypeName and EndDocVersion identify the target document resulting from the transform. Community ID specifies the community where the transform is registered. Component ID is used to look up the transform logic, for instance via the transformation component  825 .
 
     One implementation of an ICD specifying the target&#39;s preference to receive (or not) the original, source document in addition to the transformed target document is expressed in the following schema excerpt: 
                                                                                                         &lt;xs:element name=“TransformationContract”&gt;                &lt;xs:annotation&gt;                &lt;xs:documentation&gt;Transformation           Instructions&lt;/xs:documentation&gt;                &lt;/xs:annotation&gt;           &lt;xs:complexType&gt;                &lt;xs:sequence&gt;                &lt;xs:element name=“Attachment” type=“xs:boolean”                minOccurs=“0”/&gt;                        
The attachment tag will indicate whether the original, source document should be attached or not. A default, in the absence of this element, may either be to attach the document or not to attach it.
 
       FIG. 11  depicts chaining of transforms to convert a document from source semantics to target semantics. In this figure, the document state is indicated by a block and a state-to-state transform is indicated by a solid or dotted line. The solid and dotted lines indicate alternative transforms. These transforms may be public and private transforms or may be generally applicable and specially selected transforms. In the first example, source  1101  desires to send a purchase order to target  1104 . The document standard or native interface of the source is IDOC. The document name and version for this purchase order, within IDOC semantics, is ORDERS2. The schema type is XSD. The native interface of the target is OAG. The document name is Purchase Order. The version for this purchase order is 7.2.1. The schema type is XSD. In this example, transforms from both the source or sender registry  1131  and the target or receiver registry  1132  are used. The series of transforms is traced  1141 . The source document is subject to source registry  1131  transforms  1101 - 1102  and  1102 - 1112 . These transforms convert the ORDERS02 document to an xCBL version 4.0 Order document. Two additional transforms  1103 - 1113  and  1113 - 1104  from the target registry  1132  are applied next. Thus, by application of four transforms, the IDOC interface document is converted to an OAG interface document. In this instance, the common intermediate semantic base is xCBL. By inspection of  FIG. 11 , it becomes apparent that three transforms from the sender registry  1131  and a single transform from the receiver registry  1132  could, alternatively, have been used to convert the IDOC interface document. An alternative path would have been to convert from a xCBL version 4.0 to version 3.5 using a transform  1112 - 1122  in the sender registry  1131 . Then, the receiver registry  1132  transform with similar functionality  1103 - 1113  would not need to be used. The choice of paths  1141  for this conversion may be explained by the dotted line in the receiver registry between  1103  and  1113 . This implies that the target preferred use of its own transform for conversion between versions 4.0 and 3.5. In the second example, source  1121  desires to send its XYZ Order to target  1124 . Three transforms  1121 - 1122 ,  1113 - 1123 , and  1123 - 1124  are used  1142 . Again, the semantic base for transforms is xCBL. A custom transform is used to convert the marked up flat file to xCBL version 3.5. Non-custom transforms are used thereafter to convert the document to X12 markup format. While these examples illustrate transforms stored in both source and target registries, other configurations of registries may equally well be used, such as a single common registry or a common registry and supplemental registries for sources and targets with custom logic components. 
     More detail regarding computation of transform sequences using both source and target registries of transforms is provided in flowchart  FIGS. 12 and 13 .  FIG. 12  is an overall flowchart.  FIG. 13  depicts one of many algorithms that can be used to trace paths through one or more registries of document family members.  FIG. 12  begins  1201  with information about the source document and identifications of the source and target. The source document is described by a document type attribute set. The source and target are described by a triplet of party, service and action. The first logical branch  1202  determines whether a policy against transformations has been set. This type of policy might apply where the target wants the source to bear all risk of an erroneous transformation, so use of public transform elements is at the source&#39;s own risk. If there is a policy against transformation, a no transform instruction message is returned  1211 . Passing the logical branch  1202 , the document type of the target is retrieved  1203 . This may be from a registry, as described above. Give information about the source and target documents, alternative transform sequences or paths are determined  1204 , which may include transform success scores for the paths and also may include transform preferences of the source and target. The list of alternative paths is inspected and candidate paths that produce the desired target document type are identified  1205 . If no path producing the desired target document type appears in the list, a no transform instruction message is returned  1211 . Passing the logical branch  1206 , a preferred path is selected and extracted  1207 . The preferred path may have a preferred transform success score or it may conform to transform preferences of the source, target or both. Transform instructions are created  1208  and returned  1209 . 
       FIG. 13  illustrates tracing transform sequence paths through source and target registries, beginning from a particular document family member. In overview, the algorithm queries the source and target registries for the intersection of identical document types in the source and target document families. It performs integrity and error checks not illustrated in the figure. For each part of a multi-part message, it determines the target document and runs a cost algorithm that recursively traverses a document family graph, following transform links between document state nodes. If the document type of a node is among the intersection of identical document types previously determined, the algorithm splits into a path through both registries. If a transformation policy applies that requires lossless transformation (perfect transform success scores), then lossey transform paths are ignored. This traversing and costing are a variation on Dijkstra&#39;s algorithm for solving a single-source, shortest-path problem on an edge-weighted graph in which all the weights are non-negative. It finds the shortest paths from some starting node to all other nodes, one-by-one. Paths are traversed, in Dijkstra&#39;s algorithm, in order of their weighted lengths, starting with the shortest, proceeding to the longest. In general, any traversal of the applicable document families from source document to target document may be used, and document families may be small enough that the particular traversal used has minimal impact on computational costs. 
     Referring to the flow chart in  FIG. 13 , this part of the algorithm begins  1204  with a start node or document family member, and party/service/action triplets identifying the source and target. At step  1301 , an intersection of nodes between source and target registries is calculated. For instance, do both source and target process xCBL version 3.0 or xCBL version 3.5 documents? If there is no intersection between document semantics processed by the source and target, no transform sequence is available. Referring to  FIG. 11 , the intersection would be xCBL versions 4.0 and 3.5 ( 1112  to  1103  and  1122  to  1113 ). Lists are maintained by this processing algorithm of SourceNodes, ProcessedNodes and transform sequences. Some or all of these lists may be maintained in stacks or heaps of recursively allocated and processed variables. Referring to  FIG. 5 , boxes (e.g.,  501 ,  502  or  503 ) are SourceNodes from which a walk of the directed graph proceeds. SourceNodes may be labeled or unlabeled, depending on the progress of the walk. The walk begins by adding the StartNode to the list of SourceNodes  1302 . The list is processed in a loop bounded by  1303  and  1305  and by an inner loop bounded by  1311  and  1324 . At  1303 , processing of a so-called iNode in the SourceNodes list begins. The current iNode is labeled. Then, connected members of the document family that have not yet been labeled are considered  1311 . For instance, referring to  FIG. 5 , for iNode  501 B, the connected document family member nodes would be  501 A,  501 C,  501 F and  502 C. The connected nodes that are unlabeled are called yNodes  1311 . A yNode is tested  1312  to determine whether it is in the ProcessedNodes list and, if not, it is added to the list  1321  and processed  1313 . If the yNode is in the ProcessedNodes list, the algorithm determines whether the current path to the yNode is better than previously calculated paths. At step  1313 , the cost of reaching the current yNode is compared to the previous cost of reaching the same node. If the current cost is better than the old cost, processing proceeds to step  1314 , where the ProcessedNode list is updated. At step  1315 , yNode is added to the SourceNodes list for later processing. Again at step  1313 , if the current cost is not better, then processing proceeds to step  1322 , which tests whether the costs are the same. If the costs are the same, then a variety of criteria might be used to break the tie  1323 . One criterion is to favor an instance of yNode that is in the receiver&#39;s registry, when the same node appears in both the receiver&#39;s and sender&#39;s registries. Another criterion would be to favor an instance of yNode that is in the sender&#39;s registry. Yet another criterion would be to favor the path that involves the fewest nodes or hops. At step  1324 , processing loops to  1311 , where the next connected node that is not labeled is processed. If the unlabeled connected nodes all have been processed, the next step is  1305 , at which processing loops to  1303  where the next iNode in SourceNodes is processed. When all SourceNodes have been processed  1305 , the results of this processing are returned  1306 . 
     The calculation of alternative transform sequences and preferred transform sequences may operate in different environments. The following use cases illustrate some of these environments. In the first use case, no transformation is required. The module for determining a transform sequence is invoked, but the source and target documents are the same type. No transformation is required. In the second use case, no transformation is available between source and target. This may be the case when no transform sequence can be calculated between differing source and target documents, or when transformation policy is “no transforms” and the source and target documents differ, or when only a lossless transformation is accepted but all calculated transform sequences are lossey, as indicated by their transform success scores. An operating exception occurs. In the third use case, the source and target are in the same community, so only one transform registry is queried and a valid path exists. One or more transform sequences are determined. A preferred sequence is determined. In a fourth use case, the source and target are in separate communities and a valid path exists. Two transform registries are queried. As in the third case, one or more transform sequences are determined and a preferred sequence is determined. 
     Transform success scores, as described above, can be determined a priori, by experience or dynamically, or, more generally, by any metric of a lossey semantic transform. An a priori score is assigned to a transform based on some combination of analysis and tests. The score does not change with experience. An experience based score may begin with an a priori score or a default score, and be adjusted with experience. For instance, methods of dynamically computing success, explained below, can be applied for selected transforms that are used, and the corresponding transform success score updated, for instance as a weighted or moving average, either discarding an oldest historical success score or assigning relative weights to past and present success scores. One approach to dynamically determining success scores is to apply a transform to the candidate document and analyze the transformed document. The transform is applied to the source or intermediate source document, producing a target or intermediate target document. The content of elements (in an XML or similar document) is listed for source and target documents, for instance in a frequency table. Discrepancies between the source and target frequencies reduce the transform success score, regardless of whether the difference is positive or negative. The discrepancies optionally are reported. The success score can depend on exact matches between element contents, or may be weighted by degree. The following example helps illustrate this approach to dynamic scoring. The source document fragment is: 
     
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 &lt;NameAddress&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;Name&gt;Pikachu Pokemon&lt;/Name&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;Address1&gt;125 Henderson Drive&lt;/Address1&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;City&gt;Pleasanton&lt;/City&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;State&gt;CA&lt;/State&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;/ NameAddress &gt; 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The transformed target document fragment is: 
     
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 &lt;NameAddress&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;Name&gt;Pikachu Pokemon&lt;/Name&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;Street&gt;Henderson Drive&lt;/Street&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;HouseNumber&gt;125&lt;/HouseNumber &gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;City&gt;Pleasanton&lt;/City&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;State&gt;CA&lt;/State&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;/NameAddress&gt; 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     A frequency comparison, based on elements of the source document fragment and keyed to exact matches would be: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Source Doc 
                 Target Doc 
               
               
                   
                 Content 
                 frequencies 
                 frequencies 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Pikachu Pokemon 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 125 Henderson Drive 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 Pleasanton 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 CA 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     A dynamic transform success score corresponding to the fraction of fields in the source document that appear verbatim as fields in the target document can be expressed as a success of 75 percent or a cost of 25 percent could be assigned to this example. A different score would be assigned if partial matches counted, as the house number element of the target document matches one token of the address  1  element of the source document. The success score could correspond to the fraction of the text in fields of the source document that appears verbatim in fields of the target document. Application of a sequence of scores requires calculation, for some purposes, of an aggregate success scores. When individual scores are combined into an aggregate transform success score, the combination may be additive, averaged or multiplicative. The method of constructing an aggregate transform success may take into account the number of transforms in sequence, as in the multiplicative combination of success scores or may accumulate (without compounding) the errors, as in the additive combination of costs. For instance, in the multiplicative combination, if the transforms are T1, T2 and T3, loss percentages can be calculated for each of the three and combined as (1−T1)*(1−T2)*(1−T3). More generally, an aggregate transform success score may be any metric of a sequence of transforms resulting in a lossey transformation from source to target document. 
     User interfaces for administering document family information and for searching for transforms are illustrated in  FIGS. 14 and 15 .  FIG. 14  depicts a user interface supporting administration of document families. A document tree  1401  shows the hierarchical interrelationship of major  1403  and minor  1404  versions of a document  1402 . For a family, document family information common to family members is displayed  1411 .  FIG. 15  depicts a user interface supporting a search to find available transforms, for instance, to prepare a new transform sequence. The results displayed  1511  identify part of 23 transform sequences that convert a source document (PurchaseOrder, CBL, SOX, Y, 200) from xCBL version 2.0 to version 3.0. The search criteria are specified using a standard  1501  or advanced  1502  query interface. One or more rows of the results can be deleted  1512  or used to create a new transformation  1513 . In this example, the transform sequences returned vary by expressed preferences of sending party  1514  or receiving party  1515 , cost or losseyness of the transform  1516  and logical components implementing the transform sequence  1517 . 
     While the present invention is disclosed by reference to the preferred embodiments and examples detailed above, it is understood that these examples are intended in an illustrative rather than in a limiting sense. Computer-assisted processing is implicated in the described embodiments. Accordingly, the present invention may be embodied in methods for computer-assisted processing, systems including logic to carry out transform processing, media impressed with logic to carry out transform processing, data streams impressed with logic to carry out transform processing, or computer-accessible transform processing services. It is contemplated that modifications and combinations will readily occur to those skilled in the art, which modifications and combinations will be within the spirit of the invention and the scope of the following claims.