Abstract:
A coordinate transformer that includes foldable horizontal and vertical members utilizes GPS provided map coordinates to assist with location determination on a handheld map. Typically, GPS receivers provide accurate location information but their display size, memory and battery life prohibit the amount of topographic information that can be displayed in context, to a user. Through the use of the coordinate transformer, an ambulatory user is provided with an accurate location indication displayed within the context of a large portion of an actual topographic map, and the user is also able to determine the coordinates of a location of interest on the map for transfer to an internal or external unit.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION DATA 
   This application claims the benefit of and priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application. No. 60/609,261, entitled “GPS Coordinate Transformer,” filed Sep. 14, 2004, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 

   BACKGROUND 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   This invention relates generally to navigation. In particular, an exemplary aspect of this invention relates to coordinating Global Positioning System (GPS), or other system, provided coordinates with a physical map. Another exemplary aspect of this invention relates to a device for use in conjunction with a GPS receiver that allows one to pinpoint an exact location on a map. 
   2. Description of Related Art 
   Various devices have been developed since the 1800s to aid in maritime navigation by adjusting sliding devices along scales made parallel to the edges of the maritime charts to determine intermediate latitudes and longitudes. From this, a location coordinate on the map could be determined. Most of these devices assume a flat surface such as a table, or some other near horizontal surface upon which to place the chart and device. Some devices have also been developed for aeronautical navigation and some have anticipated land navigation but assume use in a land vehicle where support would be available. 
   The GPS is a constellation of satellites which orbit the Earth. This system was developed by the U.S. military, however became publicly available to assist the public with global navigation. With advent of the GPS satellite system and the current state of GPS receivers, an ambulatory person can see their location on a map displayed by the GPS receiver. GPS receivers provide accurate location information but their display size compromise the amount of topographic information that can be displayed in context, to a user. 
   A user can connect the GPS receiver to a portable computer with a large screen which would then display the necessary topographic detail in context with a large enough map area for navigation and planning purposes, but for many ambulatory persons this is not a practical solution because of weight, battery life, cost and operational difficulties. It is still useful for ambulatory persons to use a handheld map and transform the GPS provided map coordinates onto the map for their en-route navigation and planning. 
   A simple device exists to aid in the transformation of the GPS provided coordinates by providing small orthogonal scales on a transparent base that are held against the map at the appropriate intersection of two coordinate lines. The device is then moved horizontally and vertically on the map parallel to the map coordinate lines, to arrive at the actual position on the map between lines that the GPS provided coordinates represent. This is a simple method but it is prone to interpretation and operator error in field conditions utilizing hand-held maps. 
   SUMMARY 
   Whereas the use of latitude and longitude are preferred by maritime navigators, the slightly less accurate Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) and the military equivalent Military Grid Reference System (MGRS) coordinate systems, have great advantages for on-foot persons who are not concerned with the small errors, because one scale fits all maps of a group, independent of latitude. However this advantage is coupled with a small angle coordinate line orientation error relative to Truth North, and therefore a UTM/MGRS based system must accommodate those errors which vary in positive and negative directions depending on the longitude within the UTM/MGRS zone. Most of the prior art systems are oriented to True North and do not accommodate the UTM/GPRS coordinates. 
   An exemplary aspect of the invention overcomes the aforenoted deficiencies and in addition provides a quick, accurate and convenient method of transforming coordinates, including those utilizing the UTM/MGRS system, to a position on a map by a person on foot with the map and device hand-held, and this can be arranged to be suspended on the front of the body for quick use and temporary stowing, and in addition this is coupled with a folding scheme for longer term stowing, that provides dimensions that allow easy insertion and recovery of the folded device and rolled map into, for example, a body mounted holster which can be fitted to eliminate interference with other gear carried on the operators body, and also fitted so as not to interfere with the operator taking evasive action or with walking, running, riding, crawling or the like. 
   An aspect of the invention provides a mechanism for an operator on foot that can be fitted to a folded map that may be placed in a transparent map holder, and caused to indicate the position on the map of various given coordinates, while holding the mechanism, fitted holder and map by hand, without other support. 
   Another exemplary aspect of the invention provides a means for adapting the mechanism and map/holder to a size no greater than that which can be affixed to the operator&#39;s person in a way that does not interfere with use of a backpack or items carried on the operator&#39;s belt, while allowing full freedom of movement to accommodate evasive action and the mobility of crawling, walking and running. 
   Another exemplary aspect of the invention provides operation of a mechanism with coordinate transformation and the means for adapting for mobility, as simple, quick and self explanatory operations. 
   Another exemplary aspect of the invention is directed toward a mechanism with fully manual operation without need for battery power, and to provide various levels of automation to the mechanism with the addition of battery power. 
   Another exemplary aspect of the invention provides a protractor that can be placed on the “you are here” point so that compass direction to another point can be easily read by extending a retractable cord over the “you are here” point, to a point of interest. The protractor can then be folded up along the vertical arm for storage by using only one 100° straight scale on an offset arm that rotates in four 90° steps with four sets of numbers placed alongside the 100° scale. When the partial protractor is rotated so the positioned retractable cord crosses over the 100 degree segment, the set of numbers that are right side up are the ones used for reading the heading to the desired point, and a compensation for magnetic declination can be included. 
   These exemplary aspects and their attendant advantages are accomplished by an exemplary embodiment of the present invention by a near vertical, in the plane of the map, arm with a front and back slide-base separated by a slot that allows a map or map holder to slide through it and be locked to it at skewed angles to accommodate map misalignment and UTM/MGRS angle errors. On either side of the vertical slide base is a lockable slide upon which a foldable horizontal arm may be placed that is perpendicular to, and in the plane of the vertical arm and map holder. Upon the horizontal arm slide base is a lockable slide upon which is a projection that indicates the location on the map referred to by the input coordinates, after the operator holding the mechanism and map holder by hand and without other support, adjusts the mechanism to fit the coordinate information. The size of the vertical arm with the horizontal arm folded to the vertical position and the map and map holder rolled around it, is such that it can fit into a body mounted holster that secures it to an average adult person without interfering with the person&#39;s backpack or belt mounted equipment, but allowing the person full mobility of crawling, walking, riding and running while accommodating any map, such as maps typical of the USGS topographic type at 1:24,000 to 1:100,000 scales. 
   In accordance with one exemplary feature of the invention, the vertical arm has a slide-base fitted to the front and another slide-base fitted to the back, with a space between them to allow the map holder to slide through the opening horizontally, with an upper and lower thumb screw to lock the arm to the map holder which has been manually aligned with a vertical coordinate line (East Line) on the map and which may be skewed by up to a few degrees relative to the vertical edge of the map holder. The length of the vertical arm is made to accommodate a map holder for a typical topographic map folded in half horizontally, such that the vertical arm can be locked in a skewed position to the upper and lower edges of the map holder. The halves of the map may be viewed by choosing the desired side of the map holder, and the mechanism can be duplicated in each side&#39;s slide base or one mechanism can be transferred to the desired side slide base. Other sizes may be used, however increasing the length of the vertical arm may require additional folding to be accommodated by the design to keep it within the capability to be stowed on a mobile person. 
   In accordance with another exemplary feature of the present invention, a lockable slide that slides within the vertical slide-base, has attached a horizontal arm which has an easting attachment housed above and a northing attachment housed below the horizontal arm, relative to the map plane. Upon the horizontal arm the easting attachment is fastened in such a manner that it is allowed to slide along the horizontal arm and be locked at intervals to the horizontal arm. An east step slide is mounted in the easting attachment above the horizontal arm. The easting attachment is moved by the operator until its index-line lines up with the Easting line coordinate given by the GPS. The easting step slide is then moved to align its scale with an index line on the easting attachment, using the East Step coordinate number provided by the GPS. The east step slide has a projection that extends below the horizontal arm through a slot in the horizontal arm placing it in contact with the northing attachment that causes the northing attachment to slide east and west with the adjustment of the east step slide moving east and west. The northing attachment contains a Northing step slide and the attachment with slide can be rotated by the operator to place the northing step slide orthogonal to and either above or below the horizontal arm and in its plane, the orientation being chosen by the operator for clarity, based upon best readability for the portion of the map in use. The rotation of the northing attachment and slide can also be stopped midway by the operator, placing it parallel to the horizontal arm for stowing. The Northing step slide also slides through the northing attachment allowing it to be adjusted to the GPS provided North Step coordinate based on a scale affixed to it being moved relative to an index on the northing attachment. The northing attachment also has attached a Northing line index marker. In initial setup the slide in the vertical slide-base is adjusted by the operator to place the Northing line index marker on a convenient Northing Line chosen for clarity, and locked in preparation of subsequent use. 
   The Northing step slide extends for approximately the vertical length of the map and moves up or down one UTM segment width as the operator adjusts it. In addition there is a slide with a “bulls-eye” on it that slides up or down the Northing step slide that is lockable. To choose the correct Nothing line, before other adjustments the Northing slide is set to zero and the “bulls-eye” is slid to the Northing line corresponding to the given coordinate Northing Line and locked. Then when the other three adjustments have been made (Northing Step, Easting Line and Easting Step) the “bulls-eye” sits over the “you are here” spot. 
   In accordance with an additional exemplary feature of the present invention, a horizontal arm is affixed onto the pivot that extends from the slide on the vertical arm, so that the horizontal arm can be held in a direction perpendicular to the vertical arm on either side, and in a plane parallel to the map holder, for use, and can also be pivoted plus or minus 90 degrees relative to its “use” position to stow the horizontal arm in a vertical direction (in a plane parallel to the map holder) to prepare for extended period mobility. In accordance with a further exemplary feature of the present invention, there are two ways of stowing the device and map when the operator is moving. 
   There is a quick response stow method and a holstered stow method. The quick response stow method provide a means to fasten the side ends of the map holder together so that only the usable portion of the map is adjacent to the operator. The bottom of the vertical arm contains a device that holds it to one side of the operator&#39;s front belt line. The top of the vertical arm has an adjustable loop fastened that can go between the front and back portions of the map and fastens to the belt line on the other front side of the operator. To use, the operator adjusts the length of the adjustable loop to provide a loop that goes over the head and allows the map and mechanism to stow in front of the operator at chest level. When the map is needed, the operator raises the loop over the head and the map drops down for use, held near to the operator&#39;s waist. When the operator wishes to stow again the loop is returned over the head. This quick stow response stow method can be stand alone, or can be combined with the holstered stow method. 
   In the holster stow method, a holster is provided that fits the folded mechanism with map holder and map rolled around it, to be secured on a persons body for mobility including evasive action, crawling, walking, riding and running. The holster can be suspended from adjustable straps that are attached to the body. The bottom of the holster can attach, for example, to a horizontal seam of clothing around the waist such as a trouser top or belt. To use the holster, the horizontal arm of the mechanism is folded to the vertical position and the map holder, with map inside, are rolled around it so that a compact package is obtained. The package is placed in the holster and a fastener system emanates from the holster support strap to lock the top of mechanism to the holster and to pull it close to the upper body. The adjustable strap can be loosened for normal activity and tightened for running and crawling where the holster must stay very close to the body. The bottom of the holster can be adjusted so that the holster can be used above backpack belts and equipment on belts. The location of the holster can be the side of the carrier&#39;s chest and pointed slightly outward, but with enough room not to interfere with backpack straps. Other positions are also possible. The holster can sit above the belt line enough that when crawling on hands and knees, or mounted in a saddle, it does not interfere with the bent upper leg. In accordance with another exemplary feature of the present invention, methods of automating portions of the transformation operation are described. An exemplary intent of the automation is ease of use by decreasing chance for operator error, decreasing the level needed for operator training, and to speed up transformations. The map holder, map, a vertical arm that locks onto the map holder along a vertical coordinate line and the stowing methods are basic to both the manual and also to all the automated modes. In all automated modes, a power source such as a battery, solar cells and/or the like, are added to power an electronic controller and in the more automated versions, power electric motors. 
   The exemplary electronic controller provides: 1) an input-output communication device to acquire and return coordinate and other information; 2) a display for the operator; 3) an operator input means; and 4) mechanism position indications and output control signals used for directing the operator to adjust the transformer mechanism or cause the controlling-motors to adjust it. The input-output communication devices to acquire or return coordinate or other information can be: A) a manual input from the operator; or B) a wired or wireless transfer in communication with a local GPS or a remote site. The display for the operator can provide the entire coordinate information and can organize the information to make it more useful to the operator, such as allow the operator to insure that the correct map is being used, and to allow the operator to choose the correct side of the map to display, translate coordinate information to operator directives, and for general operator information. An operator input allows adding information for calibration that cannot be automatically read from the map and the operator can cause measured information of the coordinates from a point of interest on the map to be transferred to the local GPS or a remote site. The output control signals can go to audio and/or visual guides to the operator who moves the slides under such guidance until they represent the position on the map of the input coordinates, resulting in a low-power system. The output control signals may also go to motors which provide the movement but requiring somewhat higher power. All slide bases can have index marks that are read by distance measurer sensors and provide the feedback to the controller to use in calculations of output control signals. All of these automated modes may require a calibration step before use, after a new map has been inserted in the mechanism and it is also prudent to re-zero the distance measurers periodically during use. 
   At the start of operations on a newly inserted map, a calibration cycle is initiated. The controller displays the desired East and North line numbers for the input coordinates given. The operator may use the most significant digits, as in the manual mode, to confirm that the correct map is in place and the operator locks the vertical arm to a convenient vertical coordinate line on the map. A limit indicator is then moved towards the bottom of the Vertical arm to mark the position of the South-most horizontal coordinate line on the map, and locked. The vertical arm slide that positions the horizontal arm is then moved to that position, the mechanism on the horizontal slide is moved back to it the west-most limit and the distance measurers commanded to be zeroed. It is also necessary that the controller know what the calibration coordinate line numbers are. These digits can be entered through the operator input and can be entered serially with a rotary switch to eliminate necessity for a keyboard. To reduce complexity only the number that is the difference between the GPS supplied line coordinates and the limit line coordinates need be transferred. After the calibration, all new coordinates can be located automatically by the system until the map needs replacement, or map sides changed. 
   In the exemplary automated versions of coordinate transformation operation, the linear adjustments for the Northing and Easting steps can be made by the operator following visual or audible clues based on the desired position and measurement of the current position. The Easting line adjustment can be made by the operator by visual or audible clues indicating the correct detent along the horizontal arm. The Northing line adjustment is made automatically by the controller lighting a light at the correct selection on the northing arm, which is known after calibration. As an alternative the Northing and Easting steps and the Easting line can be adjusted by motors while the Northing line can still be selected by lighting a light at the proper location. These implementations may be accomplished while still maintaining the stow-ability mechanisms of the manual method. Another exemplary embodiment replaces the horizontal arm with a light-beam projecting from the correct position on the vertical arm and being intersected with another light-beam that is in correct position along a fixed horizontal arm, or mounted on the vertical and rotatable to intersect with the horizontal beam at the desired position. Other methods of mounting the two light beam sources can obtain the same results. 
   It is also possible to have both sides of the map with mechanisms that are both calibrated, in which case when the limit on one map is reached the controller would be able to move and provide the location on the other side while alerting the operator to the change. In this case the vertical arm locking mechanism on the end of the arm away from the map fold could have independent locks on each side. 
   The same techniques of transformation and location can be applied to full maps without folding, which may be useful in stationary situations. However, the unfolded maps are too large for use by mobile persons with hand held maps. Maps may also be made with coordinate lines able to be read electronically which would reduce chance for operator error and speed operations as well. 
   Additional exemplary embodiments include the device taking coordinates, such as might be supplied by a GPS receiver, and placing the position indicated by the coordinates on a map or chart contained in a transparent container. The device is particularly useful to a person on foot in the field, and does not require any additional support. The device is also usable in land, airborne and maritime vehicles, animal-borne and cycle-borne riders as well as on stationary tables in vehicles or buildings. 
   To aid in use by a person on foot, the device folds up for transport utilizing all captive parts, allowing the map/chart holder, the map/chart and the device to be rolled into a small diameter cylinder for ease of transport in a backpack or similar carrying container. 
   The exemplary coordinate transformer has room in the map container to provide complete operational instructions on use of the device, including a pictorial decomposition of the UTM digits or the MGRS alpha-numerics as they would appear on the GPS readout. The decomposition results in designation of an Easting Line and a Northing Line, and an Easting Step and a Northing Step, and information that insures one has the correct map. 
   The East Line is used to set and lock the mechanism on the horizontal arm. The North Line is used to set and lock the slide on the northing step slide. The Easting Step is used to adjust a horizontal slide against a scale where it is locked. The Northing Step is used to adjust a vertical slide against a scale where it is locked. At the end of those operations the result appears under a small aperture with “cross-hairs” around it, at a location that indicates “You are here.” The defined location can be marked on the map container through the “You are here” aperture with an appropriate pen. 
   The exemplary device can be of all manual operations, requiring no electrical power, except for the GPS needs. The device can also be made to include some electronic automation, if some source of power is provided. Various levels of automation are possible, and deriving information directly from a connection to the GPS is basic to most. 
   The exemplary general method of this invention starts with a calibration step that sets moveable arms to fixed positions on a map. This then is followed by conversion of given coordinate sets to directives that direct the arms to be moved to place an indicator-point anywhere on a map to indicate the position on the map corresponding to a given coordinate set. The directives are determined by knowing the scale of the map, the limits of the map and the equations describing arm movement. The calibration does not have to be repeated until a different portion of the map, or a different map is needed. 
   A non-limiting implementation utilizing the UTM coordinate system will be described in detail because the arm scales remain fixed for all latitudes within a full set of maps such as all the 7.5′ topographic maps of the 48 contiguous United States, and therefore do not need map dependent scale calculations to determine the directives. This provides a basic mechanism with fixed scales on the arms which may not need electronic calculation and therefore may not need a power supply such as a battery (although user utility can be enhanced by adding powered electronics). 
   In addition other coordinate systems that have scale changes over the range of maps require new scales to be substituted whenever a map scale changes. Another exemplary embodiment employs a controller that can calculate directives for using the fixed scale markings existing on the moveable arms but calculate the appropriate directive without changing scales on the arms. This could be particularly useful for, for instance, the latitude-longitude coordinate system in which the longitude scales change with latitude, but may require a power supply for the calculations. 
   Further, while the UTM implementation example uses arms related to rectangular coordinates, other arm arrangements can use other systems such as a polar coordinate implementation. Illustrating that the system is not limited to a particular arm arrangement, a system using a polar coordinate basis is also shown in which after calibrating the arm(s), an angle and a length can be used to move the indicator point over the position that represents the given coordinate set on the map. 
   For the system using UTM coordinates, the UTM coordinates can be converted to associated polar coordinates in a GPS or externally in a powered controller. And given a powered controller, latitude-longitude coordinates, and other coordinate systems that have scale changes on different maps can also be implemented in the rectangular coordinate based mechanism, the polar coordinate based mechanism and other similar mechanisms. 
   All of these implementations can have folding arms that stow in alignment with each other and allow the map/map-holder to be rolled up around the folded arms and placed in a holster fitted to the body of an average adult while allowing full mobility of walking, running and of riding. 
   These and other exemplary embodiments and aspects of the invention will be described in relation to the following detailed description. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an exemplary environmental view of the GPS coordinate transformer according to this invention; 
       FIG. 2  is a flowchart outlining an exemplary method of setting-up the coordinate transformer for use according to this invention; 
       FIG. 3  is a flowchart outlining the exemplary method of using the coordinate transformer according to this invention; 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a first exemplary embodiment of the coordinate transformer according to this invention; 
       FIG. 5  illustrates a second exemplary embodiment of the coordinate transformer according to this invention; 
       FIG. 6  illustrates a third exemplary embodiment of the coordinate transformer according to this invention; 
       FIG. 7  is a cross-sectional view of the alignment arm taken along line A-A of  FIG. 5 ; 
       FIG. 8  is a fourth exemplary embodiment of the coordinate transformer according to this invention; 
       FIG. 9  is a fifth exemplary embodiment of the coordinate transformer according to this invention; 
       FIG. 10  is a sixth exemplary embodiment of the coordinate transformer according to this invention; 
       FIG. 11  illustrates the exemplary coordinate transformer in a folded position; 
       FIG. 12  illustrates the coordinate transformer in an exemplary protective pouch according to this invention; 
       FIG. 13  illustrates basic map reading for use in conjunction with this invention; 
       FIG. 14  illustrates an exemplary method of transforming coordinates according to this invention; and 
       FIG. 15  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a polar coordinate configuration. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
   The exemplary systems and methods of this invention will be described in relation to a coordinate transformer mechanism. However, to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present invention, the following description omits well-known structures and devices. For the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It should be appreciated, however, that the present invention may be practiced in a variety of ways beyond those specifically set forth herein. For example, the various features illustrated in the differing embodiments can be combined into one or more additional embodiments that are not illustrated. For example, the linear scale feature of the invention could be combined with the display apparatus illustrated in conjunction with the embodiment shown in  FIG. 6  and, for example, information from the linear scale used to assist with the placement of the “You Are Here” crosshairs as previously discussed. 
     FIG. 1  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the coordinate transformer  10 . The coordinate transformer  10  comprises an alignment arm  20 , a traverse arm  30 , an orthogonal attachment  40 , a traverse attachment  50 , a traverse step slide  55 , an orthogonal step slide  48  and a You Are Here slide  60 . 
   As illustrated in the environmental view of  FIG. 1 , the coordinate transformer  10  is secured to a map  5 . The coordinate transformer  10  comprises an alignment arm  20  and a traverse arm  30 . The alignment arm  20  has alignment arm alignment marks  25 . The traverse arm  30  is pivotably attached to the alignment arm  20  via the traverse arm-locking pivot  80 . Moving in increments relative to detents  70  in the traverse arm  30  is the traverse attachment  50 , which may be temporarily fixed to one of detents  70  by a pivot  57 , upon which the orthogonal attachment  40  moves in a transverse direction by attachment to the transverse step slide  55 . Within the traverse attachment  50  the traverse step slide  55  moves in a transverse direction and within the orthogonal attachment  40  the orthogonal step slide  48  moves in orthogonal direction. Slideably attached to the orthogonal step slide  48  is the You Are Here slide  60 . 
   While the coordinate transform is illustrated as being constructed of a transparent or partially transparent material, such as a clear plastic or a plastic-like material, it should be appreciated that the coordinate transformer or portions thereof can be made of differing types of materials that may or may not be transparent including, but not limited to, plastic or plastic like materials, metals, composite materials, wood, paper-based products, carbon fiber, fiberglass, metal alloys, or the like. Moreover, while the exemplary embodiments will be described in relation to a specific map type, it should be appreciated that the scales on the coordinate transformer can be adjusted, for example by replacing the various arms, or by maintaining the arm scale and using a controller to appropriately adjust the directives to accommodate different map scales. 
   It is assumed that the user has the appropriate maps to work with the coordinate transformer and these maps include perpendicular, equilateral coordinate lines such as the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) or its military equivalent GPRS and a source of coordinates to be plotted on the map such as from a GPS receiver. The UTM coordinates for a provided location are normally given as two sets of seven digits each with the first set of digits being the Easting set and the second set of digits being the Northing set. From these digits, a line number and step number can be determined for the Easting and the Northing coordinates. The Easting and Northing line numbers designate the lower left corner of the UTM box on a map at the desired location. The four sides of the box are defined by the Easting and Northing lines and the next line to the East and the next line to the North. The Easting step numbers show how far to the East the desired coordinate location is from the lower left hand corner of the box, and the Northing step number shows how far to the North the desired coordinate location is from the lower left-hand corner of the box (see  FIG. 13 ). 
   As discussed above, the UTM coordinates for a provided location are normally given as two sets of seven digits each, with the first set the Easting set and the second set the Northing set. With reference to  FIG. 14 , if the digits are designated as E 1 -E 7  for the Easting coordinate and N 1 -N 7  for the Northing coordinate, the digits can be coded as illustrated in the figure. The digits E 7  and N 7  add to the accuracy of the designated steps but can not be discerned on a map of scale equivalent to a 7.5 minute topographic map or maps of less resolution. If a higher resolution map were used, the E 7  and N 7  digits can be added into each step value, changing it from a two digit to a three digit number. 
   Typical 7.5 minute topographic maps printed by the U.S.G.S. are approximately 27 inches high and 22 to 23 inches wide. To facilitate ease of mobile use, these maps can be folded in half, although not limited thereto, for use with the coordinate transformer. The coordinate transformer device is affixed to the folded map, for example, by a friction fit between the two portions of the alignment arm, which can be slightly longer than the height of the map being affixed to (discussed hereinafter) and the alignment arm alignment marks aligned with a convenient coordinate line on the map. The alignment arm need not be limited to being longer than the map but could also be shorter than the map with, for example, an open end into which the map is slid. The alignment marks  25  are shown in the center of the alignment arm  20  however they can be placed other wise such as being placed on both sides of the alignment arm, with the right mark used when the transverse arm is chosen to project to the east, and the left mark used when the transverse arm is chosen to project to the west. Utilizing this alignment methodology, the coordinate transformer is able to accommodate any misalignment in placing the map in, for example, a map holder and can also accommodate the longitude-dependent skew that exists in the UTM coordinate system relative to the map border and the true North-South and East-West coordinate lines. 
   While the exemplary embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 1  shows the alignment arm in the substantially vertical direction, it will be appreciated with reference to additional embodiments illustrated herein that the coordinate transformer can also be utilized with the traverse in various orientations relative to the alignment arm. The traverse arm can be attached via, for example, a friction fit, a locking pivot mechanism, nut and screw configuration, frictional fit with detents that allow the traverse arm to be held perpendicular to the alignment arm, or the like. The traverse arm is set along a coordinate line orthogonal to the coordinate line that the alignment arm is aligned to. This can be accomplished by allowing the traverse arm  30  to slide relative to the alignment arm and lock thereto. For example, the alignment arm  20  can contain a slot (not shown) along its length through which the traverse arm-locking pivot  80  slides. 
   The traverse attachment  50  slides on the traverse arm and is set to the various coordinate lines crossing the traverse arm, which are parallel to the alignment arm. The traverse step adjuster  35  moves the traverse step slide  55  relative to the traverse attachment  50  and can be set to a position between the coordinate lines parallel to the alignment arm  20 . The orthogonal attachment  40  is connected to the traverse step slide  55  and moves in the transverse direction together with the traverse step slide  55  along the traverse attachment  50 . The orthogonal step slide  48  moves relative to the orthogonal attachment  40  in the orthogonal direction. The orthogonal step adjuster  45 , in similar manner to the traverse step adjuster  35  can be used to adjust the position of the orthogonal step slide  48  relative to the orthogonal attachment  40 . Therefore, the orthogonal step adjuster  45  can be used to manipulate the position of the orthogonal step slide  48  between the coordinate lines orthogonal to the coordinate line that the alignment arm is aligned to. 
   There are at least two methods to utilize the coordinate transformer according to this invention. A first exemplary method moves the traverse arm  30  along the alignment arm and is locked in an appropriate position via the traverse arm-locking pivot  80 . The second exemplary method allows the traverse arm  30  to be aligned and locked along a convenient border coordinate line. The orthogonal step slide  48  is provided to slide within the orthogonal attachment  40 . The You Are Here slider  60  moves by increments on the orthogonal step slide  48  and is moved to the appropriate orthogonal line as discussed hereinafter. 
   In accordance with the first exemplary embodiment, the You Are Here slider  60  is provided at a proper offset along the orthogonal step slide  48  to indicate the position on the map indicated by a given coordinate after the coordinate transformer has been positioned to the correct two lines of the UTM box and the correct two steps. 
   With the second method outlined above, the orthogonal step adjuster  45  is temporarily set to zero and the You Are Here slider  60  moved on the orthogonal step  48  to the given orthogonal line coordinate. The orthogonal step adjuster  45  is then adjusted to the proper step adjustment, and this action together with the traverse line and step adjustment places the You Are Here marker at the correct coordinate position on the map. As discussed in more detail hereinafter, both the orthogonal step adjuster  45  and the traverse step adjuster  35  can include numbered increments that are calibrated to, for example, a specific type of map being used. Both of these adjusters are also envisioned as being interchangeable to accommodate different maps as appropriate. 
     FIGS. 2-3  outline an exemplary method of using the coordinate transformer according to an exemplary embodiment of this invention.  FIG. 2  illustrates an exemplary method to set-up the coordinate transformer for use with an area of interest on the map.  FIG. 3  provides the exemplary method for performing coordinate transformations within that area of interest. The set-up method shown in  FIG. 2  will be performed again if the area of interest on the map is moved. 
   Control begins in step S 200  and continues to step S 210 . In step S 210 , the appropriate map is determined and selected. Next, in step S 220 , and if appropriate, the correct side of the map is chosen. Then, in step S 230 , the alignment arm of the coordinate transformer is placed in a usable position relative to the map. Control then continues to step S 240 . 
   In step S 240 , the traverse arm is attached to the alignment arm on the appropriate side of the map, if applicable. For convenience, the traverse arm can be attached to either side of the alignment arm by virtue of, for example, a slot (not shown) and traverse arm locking pivot as previously discussed or by unlocking the traverse arm locking pivot and rotating the attached traverse arm to the opposite side of the alignment arm. Next, in step  250 , the traverse arm is aligned with a convenient Northing line and control continues to step S 260 , which jumps to step S 300 . 
   Once the basic initialization and setup of the coordinate transformer has been performed, provided the user wants to locate various positions within the same general area the user only need perform the steps illustrated in exemplary  FIG. 3 . More specifically, control begins in step S 300  and continues to step S 310 . In step S 310 , the GPS UTM, or equivalent, readings are obtained. Next, in step S 320 , the GPS UTM reading is translated into an East line number, an East step number, a North line number and a North step number. This can be done manually, for example in accordance with  FIG. 14 , and/or automatically, for example, via the GPS receiver forwarding the information to the coordinate transformer, which may or may not be displayed thereon as discussed in relation to the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 6 . The orthogonal step adjuster is set to zero in step S 330 , and, in step S 340 , the You Are Here slider is aligned with the Northing line vw. Next, in step S 350 , the orthogonal step adjuster is adjusted to the xy position. For example, the orthogonal step adjuster can include a scale that corresponds to the step number. Additionally, the coordinate transformer can include, for example, a linear scale and can cooperate with a GPS receiver unit, local controller or the like, so that as the orthogonal step adjuster is moved, real-time location information about the step number can be provided and, for example, displayed to the user via a display device. Control then continues to step S 360 . 
   In step S 360 , the traverse attachment is moved to the provided Easting Line cd. Next, the traverse step adjuster moves the traverse step slide at the East step value ef, and as with the orthogonal step adjuster, can communicate with and display information associated with the GPS receiver, remote site, or the like. Control then continues to step S 380 , where the “You Are Here” crosshairs are located on the map and the position corresponding to the GPS coordinates revealed. Control then continues to step S 390  where the control sequence ends. 
     FIG. 4  illustrates another exemplary embodiment of the coordinate transformer  10 . In accordance with this exemplary embodiment, the orthogonal step adjuster  45  and traverse step adjuster  35  are provided with gear mechanisms,  47  and  37 , respectively. Each of these gear mechanisms respectively cooperates with racks  49  and  39  in a rack-and-pinion type configuration. However, it should be appreciated that the embodiment is not limited to this particular configuration but could also use a frictional, instead of rack-and-pinion system or in general, any mechanical and/or electromechanical mechanism(s) whereby the rotation of the step adjusters moves the orthogonal step slide and/or the traverse attachment. 
     FIG. 5  illustrates the exemplary embodiment of the coordinate transformer  10  that includes a linear scale that is associated with the traverse arm  30  and a linear scale associated with the orthogonal step slide  48 . Each linear scale comprises a scale ( 505  and  515 ) fixably disposed on each of the traverse arm  30  and/or orthogonal step slide  48  with a corresponding measuring circuit ( 510  and  500 ) that measure the location of the orthogonal step slide relative to the you are here slide  60  relative to the orthogonal attachment  40 , and the traverse attachment relative to the traverse arm and the traverse step slide  55  to the traverse arm  30 . Additionally, a linear scale could be associated with the alignment arm  20  or any other component of the coordinate transformer where the location of one element relative to another is desired. The linear scales can be one or more of inductive, capacitive, magnetic, or in general any type of linear scale that allows the position of one element to be determined relative to another element could be used with equal success with the systems and methods of this invention. 
   Thus, for example, the coordinate transformer can be equipped with a display unit (not shown in this embodiment) that can display the position of one or more of the orthogonal step slide and traverse attachment to assist with placement of the You Are Here crosshairs. 
     FIG. 6  illustrates another embodiment of the coordinate transformer that includes a plurality of displays  600 , each of which correspond to specific UTM coordinates. It should be appreciated that this embodiment could include features of other embodiments such that the coordinate transformer is capable of being in communication with a GPS receiver  650  or remote site and the UTM coordinates populated into the various displays  600  automatically and shown to assist with the placement of the You Are Here crosshairs or coordinate transformer measurements may be may be made and communicated to a GPS receiver or to a remote site, or the like. For example, visual and/or audio cues such as up or down arrows could be included in the appropriate display  600  to instruct the user regarding the direction of movement required of one or more of the orthogonal step slide and traverse attachment  50  and traverse step slide  55  to place the You Are Here slider  60  in the appropriate location on the map. Moreover, the location, size and color of the displays can be varied as appropriate. 
     FIG. 7  illustrates a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of  FIG. 5 . More specifically, the alignment arm  20  is illustrated with the map  5  frictionally engaged between the two portions of the alignment arm. The alignment arm  20  further includes set screws  705  and  710 , however is not limited thereto and can include any mechanism that allows for the alignment arm to be held in a fixed position relative to the map including, but not limited to, clips, snaps, elasticized members, or the like. Furthermore, the alignment arm could be made slightly flexible with a slot cut therein that the map  5  can be inserted into. By virtue of the construction of the alignment arm  20 , the map  5  would be held in place with sufficient space from the map ends to the fixing means to accommodate misalignment of the map and to accommodate the UTM angle errors prior to tightening the fixing means, such as set screws. 
     FIGS. 8-10  show various exemplary orientations of the coordinate transformer  10 . For example, as previously discussed, it may be advantageous to position the alignment arm and the traverse arm in different locations depending on the anticipated portion of the map that will be used. 
   An exemplary attribute of the transformer uses a traverse arm  30  that is rotatable around a pivot  80 , and uses an orthogonal step arm  48 , rotatable around a pivot  90 , which can slide along the length of a slot  92  in traverse arm  30 , so that the coordinate transformer can transform over a map area of interest in any of four orientations. Orientation one was shown previously in  FIGS. 1 ,  4 ,  5  and  6 , and orientation two is shown in  FIG. 8 , orientation three is shown in  FIG. 9 , and orientation four is shown in  FIG. 10 . These four orientations allow the operator to choose an orientation that covers the largest area of interest to the operator with the minimum amount of obscuration, and in addition allows the operator to choose the orientation that more easily allows the operator to move to an adjacent area of interest when that becomes necessary. 
   In addition the orientation choices allow the transformer to provide transformation on the partial map UTM areas that appear adjacent to the west and south map borders, which have missing portions of the UTM areas including missing easting or northing lines because they fall in the margin of the map. Orientations  2  and  3  allow transformation of the partial UTM section just east of the west map border and Orientations  3  and  4  allow transformation of the partial UTM section just north of the south map border. (There is no problem in the partial map sections at the east and north map borders because the UTM given line is always on the lower left of the UTM area, therefore these lines always appear on the map next to the partial UTM sections located adjacent to the east and north map borders.) 
   The pivoting arms that provide this multi-orientation capability can include two scales for each arm because of the reversal of the lettering/numbering and the direction of the scale, since the UTM lines are always on the lower left of the UTM area. In this design the two scales both appear to the operator, each with the correct scale for one of the orientations, but the operator&#39;s eye chooses the correct scale as the right-side-up scale relative to the operator who is observing the map annotation right-ride-up. Also instructional text can be made orientation unique by using the same method, allowing the operator&#39;s eye to choose the right-side-up text for the orientation in use. 
     FIG. 11  illustrates the coordinate transformer in a folded position. By virtue of the attaching mechanisms between the alignment arm, traverse arm, and orthogonal step slide, the coordinate transformer  10  is able to be folded upon itself, and thus easily stored. The coordinate transformer may be folded with the traverse arm  30  over the orthogonal step slide  48  and both over the alignment arm  20  as shown in  FIG. 11  or an offset pivot from the traverse arm locking pivot point may be included which places the folded traverse arm  30  over the orthogonal step slide  48  next to the alignment arm  20  rather than on the top. 
   As illustrated in  FIG. 12 , the folded coordinate transformer  10 , an optionally rolled map, can be placed in a satchel  1200  that includes a strap, clip, or the like  1205  which attaches a little above, for example, the front belt line of the operator and a strap arrangement  1210  that goes over the shoulder and attaches to the operator&#39;s body to secure the satchel. The length of coordinate transformer in the pouch can be such that it may be angled slightly in a direction towards the side of the body, and will not interfere with the bent leg when sitting or crawling, nor will it interfere with the person in other positions or actions or with backpack straps or belt. Other adjustable mechanisms may be included to provide fit for multiple operator sizes and to loosen or tighten based on the type of operator activity. However, it should be appreciated that most any type of containment mechanism can be made to work well including containment mechanisms that may be affixed by one or more of hook and loop fasteners, belts, straps, or the like and may be attached to one or more of the user, a backpack, a portion of the body such as an arm or leg, a piece of apparel such as a jacket or shirt, or the like. 
   The coordinate transformer also allows quick and easy set up such that a large area of interest on the map can be clearly displayed and, over that area, the coordinate transformer adjusted to transform various coordinates to indicate a position on the map. This can easily be accomplished by a single person without the need for additional supporting structures such as a table. Moreover, the area of interest can be easily modified and the coordinate transformer moved for use on another area of the map. While the exemplary system is described with a purely mechanical configuration without the need for electrical power, embodiments are also described that include display elements, linear scales, and the like. Additionally, the coordinate transformer can include motorized elements and can contain a GPS or cooperate with, for example, a GPS receiver or remote site to facilitate placement of the You Are Here crosshairs or to transfer the coordinates determined by operator placement of the transformer on the map to a GPS receiver or a remote site. Even with these enhanced embodiments, the device may still be used in a mechanical fashion as a fail-safe backup. 
   An enhancement that does not require adding electric power can provide the compass heading from the You Are Here to another position of interest, by utilization of a string that can be retrieved from a mounted container and moved through the You Are Here center to the position of interest. A protractor (not shown) or a portion of a protractor that can be rotated around the center position under the string can be made to read the desired compass heading, and can also compensate for the magnetic declination and the UTM grid error. When a portion of the protractor is used it can be made on a straight scale on an offset arm around the “you are here” point such that it can be easily folded up for stowing, and the various scales to cover 360 degrees can be printed in orientations such that the correct scale will appear right side up to the operator for each orientation of the partial protractor. The string could then be returned to its container, for example, by being spring loaded. Moreover, the string could be associated with the You Are Here slider and, for example, be tied to a spring-loaded mechanism so that the string is always readily available and associated with the coordinate transformer. Additional enhancements to the basic system further utilize communication mechanisms, local position sensors on the devices to provide operator directives for movement of the devices in a low power mode and could include motors to automatically move the devices in a higher power mode and readout devices that indicate the coordinate location by projection or by, for example, pixels in a field without physically having to move the components. Two-way communication between the GPS receiver and/or a remote site and the coordinate transformer can also be provided. Thus, the coordinate transformer could display received coordinates, and could supply new coordinates based on the operator indicating a position of interest while using the device. The amount of information to be transferred in either can be reduced after the first transfer of a coordinate is received since only the relative change to a prior point is needed for transmission. The coordinate transformer also gains the capability of coding coordinates provided by the operator positioning of the device because of the inclusion of position sensors in the device. The coordinate transformer can also use the position sensors to provide visual and/or audible cues to the operator as directives to move the device to the given coordinate location in a manner that uses less power than providing motion by motors. 
   It is therefore apparent that there has been provided, in accordance with the invention, systems and methods for navigation. 
   Another exemplary embodiment is illustrated in  FIG. 15 . A polar coordinate type coordinate transformer  15  having a given arm arrangement is illustrated. Specifically, the coordinate transformer includes an alignment arm  1500 , a first pivot  1510 , a second pivot  1520 , a third pivot  1530 , folding protractor arms  1540 , a rotating arm  1550  and a you are here slide. In use the alignment arm  1500  is set on a vertical coordinate line on either side of the map area of interest. The pivot  1530  is slid on the alignment arm  1500  until the pivot  1530  it is on a horizontal coordinate line on the edge of the area of interest. The equal length protractor arms  1540  are unfolded around the area of interest (to make a U shape with the alignment arm). The 0° mark of the protractor arm  1540  is aligned with the pivot  1530  of the rotating arm  1550  (as illustrated, the pivot  1530  of the rotating arm  1550  and the 0° of the protractor arm could be on the same horizontal coordinate line). The rotating arm  1550  is rotated around the pivot and over the protractor arms  1540  (which can included scaled increments from 0° to 90°), to the directed angle. The you are here slide is moved to the directed length value. The you are here slide then is over the location on the map designated by the directives derived from the given coordinates. The rotating arm&#39;s length could also be collapsible so that the end signifies the you are here point, which would also make the arm easier to stow. While a specific configuration of the arms is shown, it should be appreciated that a number of modifications and alternative mechanical assemblies are possible provided they have an alignment arm to which a protractor type assembly is affixed and to which a you are here arm is used to locate the desired angle. 
   While this invention has been described in conjunction with a number of embodiments, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations would be or are apparent to those of ordinary skill in the applicable art. Accordingly, the invention is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, equivalents, and variations that are within the spirit and scope of the invention.