Abstract:
A transceiver for reading RFID tags has a ferrite core antenna substantially circular in cross-section having a transmitting and receiving face producing substantially no RF energy below a plane of the transmitting and receiving face outside a peripheral surface of the ferrite core. A portion of the transceiver enclosure which passes through a mounting panel opening functions as light pipe for conducting LED indicator light in a substantially radially symmetrical manner to illuminate a sensing surface of the transceiver.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   This invention pertains to RFID transceivers, and in particular to panel mounted RFID transceivers adapted for a relatively small footprint, antenna tuning immunity to nearby metal, and an illuminated sensing surface for indicating transaction status. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   RFID tags are rapidly becoming quite important for tracking and identifying goods as well as for identifying customer accounts. Small tags having a transponder chip and antenna offer many advantages over simple bar codes, including unique serialization, non-contact reading through an outer packaging material, and on-chip storage of information for some transponder chip versions. RFID tags have proven themselves to be quite useful in a wide variety of applications, including those such as bin identification, pallet identification, product serialization, access card identification, and account identification. 
   Just as RFID tag application breath is wide, so also is the environment in which the tags are read. Thus the kind of transceiver antenna that is appropriate for reading tags on a pallet of goods passing through a doorway is different from the kind of transceiver that may be appropriate for reading a patron&#39;s account information at a vending machine. The antenna for reading tags on a pallet of goods may be a pair of wire loops two feet wide by four feet tall, one on each side of the pallet when it is in position to be read. Conversely, the antenna for reading a patron&#39;s key-fob RFID tag may be single sided, just a few square inches in size at most, and have a correspondingly shorter reading range. 
   Generally, RFID readers are fairly large and separate from any associated display of the information transmitted or received. Placing display circuitry in close proximity to an RFID transceiver antenna could adversely interact with the antenna by reducing the Q (quality factor) of its resonance through coupling the transmitted energy into the display circuitry resulting in energy loss from the tuned antenna circuit. The Q of an antenna is roughly proportional to both the radiated signal strength and receiver sensitivity, both of which are important for increasing the reading range to an RFID tag. Additionally, a high Q antenna implicitly means that it is narrow band and susceptible to the possibility that metal in the local vicinity may change the tuning of the central resonant frequency of the antenna away from the operating frequency of the RFID system thus degrading the reading range to an RFID tag. The operating frequency of a tuned antenna is inversely proportional to the square root of the antenna&#39;s inductance and thus is directly affected by metal objects within the radiation pattern of the antenna. Eddy currents may flow in the metal object as a result of a mutual inductance coupling term between the antenna and the metal object, thus altering the net inductance of the antenna and correspondingly altering the center frequency of the tuned antenna. In order to mount a small RFID reader antenna with an integrated visual display through a metal panel while maintaining its Q and center frequency requires a design that considers and avoids the aforementioned problems. 
   Mounting an industrial inductive proximity sensor through a metal panel has analogous problems to that of the RFID reader and similarly requires the need for immunity of the sensor to surrounding metal. An inductive proximity sensor having a shielded pot core configuration sensing surface and an indicator LED at the opposite end of its tubular enclosure is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,229,420 granted May 8, 2001 to Bauml, et al. 
   A fueling transaction system using RFID tags for customer account identification at the pump is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,116,505 granted Sep. 12, 2000 to Withrow wherein it is described how communications between the transceiver antenna and transponder tag require the absence of metal objects coming between them and thus when antennas are mounted within the fueling dispenser, glass or plastic dispenser walls are preferable. 
   An RFID reader having a cylindrical housing with a coil wound ferrite rod core that includes a light emitting diode indicator and a piezo buzzer on the reader&#39;s front face is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,378,880 granted Jan. 3, 1995 to Eberhardt. The disclosure is devoid of any discussion of the effects that the light emitting diode indicator, piezo buzzer, or a metal panel mounting location may have on the Q or center frequency of the antenna. 
   A multi-directional RFID read/write antenna unit in an industrial proximity sensor housing having a plurality of coils adapted to transmit multi-directional RF signals to an RFID tag and receive RF responses therefrom is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,069,564 granted May 30, 2000 to Hatano, et al. wherein each of the coils is ferrite shielded from the others and has no means for visual indication integrated with any of the sensing surfaces. 
   A Metal compensated RFID reader housed so that the influence of metallic objects in its physical surroundings on system performance is minimized by using a pre-compensation metal plate to stabilize the self-resonant frequency of the reader is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,377,176 granted Apr. 23, 2002 to Lee. There is no means for visual indication integrated with the sensing surface. 
   A bridge circuit utilizing a pair of back-to-back pot core sensors operating at 10 KHz to provide positive identification of a metal body is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,847,552 granted Jul. 11, 1989 to Howard. There is no means for visual indication integrated with the sensing surface. 
   Despite the considerable effort that has been applied heretofore in the design of RFID transceivers none have produced a compact RFID reader that can be mounted through a metal panel and integrate status indication into the sensor face without having the antenna be adversely affected by the presence of the status indicator within the transmitted field or adversely affected by the proximity of the metal in a panel when being mounted therethrough. Many applications for RFID validation are considerably space limited. Manufacturers of equipment that use RFID validation would prefer no restrictions on the materials they use to produce their products just because they wish to install an RFID reader. Finally, many applications for RFID validation do not have other suitable displays available to indicate the status of the sensor or of the information transacted and must rely on a status indicator integrated into the reader. 
   As can readily be appreciated, there remains a need for further improvement in the features and operation of RFID readers, and in particular RFID readers offering a small footprint that can be mounted through a metal panel and provide status indication integrated with the sensing surface. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   In a first embodiment of the present invention a transceiver for reading RFID tags has an enclosure with a sensing surface suitable for mounting through a panel and for conducting both light and RF energy therethrough. The transceiver has an antenna for transmitting and receiving RF energy that includes a ferrite half pot core inductor having a transmitting and receiving face aligned with and adjacent to the sensing surface. A multi-color LED located on an opposite side of the antenna from the sensing surface indicates at least the functional status of the transceiver. A light pipe conveys the LED light around and/or through the antenna in a substantially radially symmetrical manner to the sensing surface where it is diffused to illuminate the sensing surface of the transceiver. A portion of the enclosure that passes through the panel to the sensing surface functions as part of the light pipe. Light passing through and/or around the ferrite antenna is diffused to provide a more uniform illumination of the sensing surface. A radially symmetrical depression on the inside face of the sensing surface axially aligned with a central hole of a ferrite core preferentially directs light away from an axis of the central hole. 
   In a second embodiment of the present invention the half pot core ferrite antenna is replaced with an antenna having a disk shaped ferrite with a center post on one face in order to produce a larger sensing range at the expense of having a higher mounting profile on the panel to maintain immunity to metal in the panel. 
   In a third embodiment of the present invention a multi-color illumination means encircles the ferrite core below the plane of the transmitting and receiving face of the antenna and is composed of a plurality of LEDs disposed in a substantially radially symmetrical pattern to provide substantially radially symmetrical illumination of the sensing surface. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1A  is a side plan view, and illustrates an RFID transceiver. 
       FIG. 1B  is an axial cross-sectional view of the RFID transceiver of  FIG. 1A , and illustrates interior components of the RFID transceiver of  FIG. 1A . 
       FIG. 1C  is is an axial cross-sectional view of the RFID transceiver of  FIG. 1A , and illustrates a light pipe functionality for an RFID transceiver. 
       FIG. 2  is an isometric exploded view, and illustrates the winding bobbin, ferrite pot core, radially symmetrical light pipe, and multi-color LED for the RFID transceiver of  FIG. 1A . 
       FIG. 3A  is an axial cross-sectional view, and illustrates the RF sensing field for the RFID transceiver of  FIGS. 1A-1C  mounted in a panel. 
       FIG. 3B  is an axial cross-sectional view, and illustrates the RF sensing field for the RFID transceiver of  FIGS. 1A-1C  mounted in a panel. 
       FIG. 4A  is an isometric view, and illustrates a ferrite core for an antenna. 
       FIG. 4B  is an isometric view, and illustrates another ferrite core for an antenna. 
       FIG. 5  is an axial cross-sectional view, and illustrates an illumination means encircling a ferrite core antenna of an RFID transceiver. 
       FIG. 6  is a top plan view of the RFID transceiver of  FIG. 5 , and illustrates an illumination means for encircling the ferrite core antenna of an RFID transceiver. 
       FIG. 7  is an axial cross-sectional view, and illustrates light rays of an illumination means passing through a central hole in the ferrite core antenna of an RFID transceiver. 
       FIG. 8  is a block diagram of an RFID system including an RFID transceiver, and illustrates components thereof and cooperative interaction therebetween. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   Within the description of the invention that follows, the following definitions and meanings will be used. The terms RFID reader and RFID transceiver will have the same meaning. An RFID tag includes an RFID transponder circuit, an antenna, and the physical package enclosing them. RF energy received by the transceiver includes that of a transponder modulating its antenna impedance to cause a time varying portion of the RF energy transmitted by the transceiver to be reflected back to the transceiver. A light pipe is a transparent conduit for conducting light on a path from an entrance aperture to an exit aperture utilizing total internal reflection properties to channel the light along the path, wherein the light pipe is a material of a higher index of refraction surrounded by a material (including air) of a lower index of refraction. 
   An RFID transceiver  10  having sensing surface  11  is shown in  FIG. 1A . A threaded tubular body  12  of the RFID transceiver is designed for through-panel mounting and is fastened to a panel  54  ( FIG. 3A ) between a washer  13  and a sensing surface lip  15  using a threaded nut  14  to hold the assembly tight. A connecting cable  16  passes through an apertured back flange  17  to provide wires  18  for connection of the RFID transceiver  10  to external communication and power supply circuits (not shown). 
   The RFID transceiver  10  ( FIG. 1B ) includes a label recess  20  on a sensing surface  11  for attachment thereto of a graphic label. A transceiver circuit board  21  located inside the threaded tubular body  12  has a transceiver chip  22  and other associated electronic components mounted thereon. RFID transceiver chips are manufactured by WJ Communications, Atmel, Texas Instruments, and others. The preferred embodiment of this invention utilizes the RI-R6C-001A chip from Texas Instruments. This multi-protocol transceiver chip enables 13.56 MHz RFID interrogator designs for portable and stationary readers. The corresponding Reference Guide provided by Texas Instruments for this chip provides detailed circuit design information for use of the chip in customized products. Of the many RFID frequencies for which a design could be made, this one is preferred because of the convenient pre-packaged RFID tags available from Texas Instruments and the market momentum garnered for this particular product family by having also been selected by AMEX and MasterCard for incorporation into credit cards. 
   A multi-color LED  23  emits light into a prismatic aperture  24  of a light pipe  25  for conveyance around and through a ferrite core antenna  26  to the sensing surface  11  where it may be viewed by a patron interacting with the RFID transceiver. One such suitable LED  23  is the GM5WA06250Z super-luminosity RGB LED from Sharp having a red, green, and blue LED die all in the same reflective depression of a six-pin packaged device. As is commonly understood, the mixing of various proportions of light from the three LED die will produce a plurality of perceptible colors. For example, the equal mixture of red and green will produce yellow, the equal mixture of all three produces white, and so forth. By illuminating the sensing surface  11  of the RFID transceiver  10  with different colors, the patron can determine the current status of the RFID transceiver  10 , of the data being transferred, or of the function being requested. For example, the sensing surface  11  could be illuminated blue to indicate normal idle conditions, green to indicate acceptance of the account identity, red to indicate rejection of the account identity, yellow to indicate the inability to perform the function, purple to indicate malfunction of the transceiver or its data connection, and so forth. In this manner, sufficient operational status information is conveyed to a patron without the need for a separate display. 
   The RFID transceiver  10  in  FIG. 1C  shows the path of numerous light rays (unnumbered headed arrows) emanating from LED  23  into the prismatic aperture  24 . The prismatic aperture  24  serves to preferentially refract the emanated light rays toward either a lateral portion  46  ( FIG. 2 ) of the right pipe  25  or the central portion  30  of the light pipe  25  such that the angle of incidence of the light rays on the respective surfaces of those light pipe portions are predominantly less than about 49° degrees. According to Snell&#39;s Law 49° is the maximum angle of incidence for which total internal reflection will occur for a light pipe material having an index of refraction of 1.55, such as poly-carbonate, when it is surrounded by air having an index of refraction of 1.0. Ideally, the faces of the prismatic aperture  24  are substantially perpendicular to the path of a light ray traveling from the emitting point of light from LED  23  down through the center of the respective light pipe portion. The resulting preferred geometrical shape of the circularly symmetrical prismatic aperture  24  is that of a frustum. 
   Light rays traveling through the central portion  30  of the light pipe  25  exit the light pipe after passing through a central hole of pot core antenna  26  and enter a conical depression  29  on the inside face of the sensing surface  11  of the enclosure  10 . The conical depression  29  acts as a prismatic diffuser or spreader and is axially aligned with a central hole of the ferrite pot core antenna  26  for preferentially directing light away from the axis of the central hole toward areas between the ferrite pot core antenna  26  and the sensing surface  11  in order to more uniformly illuminate the entirety of the sensing surface  11 . 
   Light rays traveling through a lateral portion  46  of light pipe  25  exit the light pipe  25  where it meets with the threaded tubular body  12  which is molded with a transparent material such as polycarbonate. The portion  28  of the threaded tubular body  12  between the lateral portion  46  of light pipe  25  and sensing surface  11  is designed to perform the function of a light pipe. The light rays exiting the lateral portion of light pipe  25  enter the threaded tubular body  12  where the light rays reflect off an annular facet  31  due to total internal reflection and travel through light pipe portion  28  toward the sensing surface  11  of the RFID transceiver  10 . The sensing surface  11  of the RFID transceiver  10  is matte textured to provide scattering of the light rays reaching the sensing surface  11 . Matte texturing fills a surface with randomly oriented prismatic micro-facets, each bending light in a correspondingly random direction and resulting in a uniform surface glow effect when back lit and viewed from a macro perspective. 
   Through strategic utilization of light pipe  25 , the facet  31 , the light pipe portion  28 , the prismatic apertures  24  and  29 , and the light diffusing textured sensing surface  11 , the objective of substantially uniformly illuminating the sensing surface  11  of the RFID transceiver  10  is accomplished without placing any circuitry or electronic components within the RF field generated by the ferrite pot core antenna  26  that may adversely affect its Q or central resonant frequency. 
   The ferrite pot core antenna  26  ( FIG. 2 ) of the preferred embodiment is  14 mm in diameter with a central hole  41  and is made of a ferrite that continues to have low material losses up through the 13.56 MHz operating frequency. One example is the Epcos P/N B65541-D-R1 pot core with type K1 ferrite. Typically pot cores are used in pairs and have bobbins made accordingly. However, a half height bobbin  40  ( FIG. 2 ) for single sided operation is available from Cosmo as P/N 1221-0. The light pipe  25  includes a central post portion  30  ( FIGS. 1C and 2 ) for conveying light through the central hole  41  of pot core antenna  26 , a lateral portion  46  in a conical dish shape for conveying light out to the threaded tubular body  12 , and an alignment box portion  44  for slipping over LED  23  to align it with the central post  30  of the light pipe  25 . LED  23  has a centrally located reflective depression in which 3 LED die  45  ( FIG. 2 ) are mounted and between them are able to provide multi-color light. 
   An RFID transceiver  10  of  FIG. 3A  is mounted through the panel  54  with its sensing surface  11  emitting an RF field  52  from ferrite pot core antenna  26  (shown separately in  FIG. 4A ). An RFID transceiver  50  of  FIG. 3B , substantially similar to the RFID transceiver  10 , is mounted through the panel  54  with its sensing surface  51  emitting RF field  53  from ferrite antenna  56  having a disk  58  with post  57  geometry a shown in  FIG. 4B . The RF field  53  of RFID transceiver  50  extends measurably upwardly and outwardly in comparison to the RF field  52  of RFID transceiver  10  because of the differences in their ferrite core antenna geometries. An advantage of the RFID transceiver  10  is that it is lower profile, and an advantage of the RFID transceiver  50  is that it has greater sensing range, either of which could be preferable for a particular application. In both cases, the RF fields  52  and  53  do not interact with the mounting panel  54  and the sensing surfaces  11  and  51  are well illuminated. The ferrite core  56  can be separately produced in a mold, or alternatively can be a machined version of pot core  26 . Machining ferrites is a common practice in the industry to achieve precision gaps and other features. The geometry of the ferrite core  56  is also commonly used in the industrial proximity sensor market for extended range sensing. 
   An RFID transceiver  60  of  FIG. 5  utilizes a plurality of LEDs  63  ( FIG. 6 ) disposed in a substantially radially symmetrical pattern around a ferrite core antenna  65  on a circuit board  64  to provide a substantially radially symmetrical illumination of a sensing surface  61 . The light rays ( 66  being one of them) emanating from LEDs  63  are concentrically aligned beneath an annular depression  67  on an inside face (unnumbered) of the sensing surface  61  for preferentially directing light radially inward and radially outward from the annular depression  67  in order to more uniformly disperse light over the entirety of the sensing surface  61 . The annular depression  67  could take a variety of shapes, but is preferably “v”-shaped in cross-section as depicted in  FIG. 5 . An illuminator assembly  62  shown in  FIG. 6  is defined by the plurality of LEDs  63  and the circuit board  64 . 
   An RFID transceiver  70  of  FIG. 7  utilizes a single central LED  73  located in a central hole (unnumbered) of a ferrite core antenna  75 . The light rays ( 76  being one of them) emanating from LED  73  pass through a radially symmetrical depression  77  on a inside face of a sensing surface  71  axially aligned with the central hole of the ferrite core antenna  75  for preferentially directing light away from the axis of the central hole in order to more uniformly disperse light over the sensing surface  71 . The radially symmetrical depression  77  could take a variety of shapes, but is preferably “v”-shaped in cross-section, as depicted in  FIG. 7 . 
   An RFID system  100  of  FIG. 8  includes a transceiver controller  90  which receives commands over a communication link  91  and translates the commands into requisite messages to send to a transmit encoder  81  for modulation by a mixer  82  with 13.56 MHz from an oscillator  83  in the mixer  82 . The output of the mixer  82  passes through an output amplifier  84 , through an impedance matching network  94  to an antenna  95 . In order to most efficiently launch a transmission from the antenna  95 , the impedance of the antenna  95  must be matched to the impedance of the output amplifier  84  on a transceiver chip  80 . This is accomplished by passive a RLC network  94  as specified for the preferred RI-R6C-001A transceiver chip  80  in the corresponding Reference Guide provided by Texas Instruments. An RF field  96  is transmitted to RFID tag  97  which has an antenna and a transponder chip embedded within the tag  97 . Most RFID transponders are powered by energy extracted from the transmitted RF field  96 , and respond not by transmitting energy of their own per say, but rather by modulating the impedance of their own antenna to cause energy to be alternately absorbed or reflected by their antenna back to the transceiver antenna  95 . The transceiver detects the coherent RF field reflection  98  as a minute change in signal voltage at its own antenna  95 . The received signal is processed through the impedance matching network  94 , a peak detector  85 , and a low pass filter  86 . The output from the low pass filter  86  is decoded into information by a receiver decoder  87  and is delivered back to the transceiver controller  90  for evaluation and possible transmission on communication link  91 . External power supply  93  is regulated by ordinary voltage regulators in a power regulator block  92  to provided power to the transceiver controller  90  and transceiver chip  80 . RGB illumination LEDs  99  of any of the RFID transceivers  01 ,  50 ,  60  and  70  heretofore described are controlled by the transceiver controller  90  to produce a plurality of colors as so directed to represent the status of the transceiver, the information transacted, or a request made. 
   The transceiver controller  90  may be virtually any ordinary microcontroller having a first serial communication port to support the communication link  91  and a second serial communication port to support communication with the transceiver chip  80 . For example, the MC68HC705C8A microcontroller by Freescale (previously Motorola) provides two such serial communication ports as well as parallel ports capable of driving the three die of LED  23 , for example, of the RFID transceiver  10 . The firmware of the transceiver controller  90  is adapted for formatting communication messages to and from the transceiver chip  80  to simplify the communication protocol over the communication link  91 . The communication protocol of the communication link  91  could be as simple as reporting the ID of any valid RFID tag  97  that is correctly read at least twice in a row and receiving a command to change the color of the RGB illuminator  99  to a particular color for a specified period of time. The details for creating such a simple protocol are well understood by those skilled in the art. The protocol for communication between the transceiver controller  90  and the transceiver chip  80  are fully detailed in the RI-R6C-001A transceiver chip Reference Guide provided by Texas Instruments and need only be coded for implementation in the transceiver controller  90 . Components for the transceiver controller  90  could be mounted to the back side of the transceiver circuit board  21  of  FIG. 1B  or on a secondary circuit board (not shown) located behind circuit board  21 , but electrically connected to it as required. 
   It is to be understood that the above-described embodiments of the invention are illustrative only, and many variations and modifications will become apparent to one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.