Abstract:
A combined measles-malaria vaccine containing different attenuated recombinant measles-malaria vectors comprising a heterologous nucleic acid encoding several  Plasmodium falciparum  antigens is described. Preferably, it relates to viral vectors that comprise nucleic acids encoding the circumsporozoite (CS) protein of  P. falciparum,  the merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1) of  P. falciparum,  and its derivatives (p-42; p-83-30-38) in its glycosylated and secreted forms, and apical membrane antigen1 (AMA1) of  P. falciparum,  in its anchored or secreted form. The viral vector stems from an attenuated measles virus, based on a strain that is used as a vaccine and is efficient in delivering the gene of interest and that binds to and infects the relevant immune cells efficiently.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to a combined measles-malaria vaccine containing different attenuated recombinant measles-malaria vectors comprising a heterologous nucleic acid encoding several  Plasmodium falciparum  antigens. Preferably, it relates to viral vectors that comprise nucleic acids encoding the circumsporozoite (CS) protein of  P. falciparum , the merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1) of  P. falciparum , and its derivatives (p-42; p-83-30-38) in its glycosylated and secreted forms, and apical membrane antigen1 (AMA1) of  P. falciparum , in its anchored or secreted form. The viral vector stems from an attenuated measles virus, based on a strain that is used as a vaccine and is efficient in delivering the gene of interest and that binds to and infects the relevant immune cells efficiently. In a preferred embodiment, the CS, the MSP1 and the AMA1 proteins are generated from the virus such that they will give rise to a potent immune response in mammals, preferably humans; the expression of the proteins is elevated due to human codon optimisation. Furthermore, the invention relates to the use of the recombinant vaccine in the prophylactic treatment of malaria. 
       BACKGROUND INFORMATION 
     Measles Virus 
       [0002]    The invention relates to a vaccine containing recombinant attenuated measles viruses expressing antigens of  Plasmodium falciparum  (Pf) and to their use for the preparation of recombinant measles-malaria vaccine which will confer immunity against both Measles and Malaria antigens. 
         [0003]    Measles virus (MV) is a member of the order Mononegavirales, i.e. viruses with a non-segmented negative-strand RNA genome. The non segmented genome of MV has an antimessage polarity; thus, the genomic RNA is not translated either in vivo or in vitro. Furthermore, it is biologically active only when it is very specifically associated with three viral proteins in the form of a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex (see below). Transcription and replication of non-segmented (−) strand RNA viruses and their assembly as virus particles have been reviewed extensively (1). Transcription and replication of measles virus do not involve the nucleus of the infected cells but rather take place in the cytoplasm of infected cells. The genome of the measles virus comprises genes encoding six major structural proteins from the six genes (designated N, P, M, F, H and L) and additionally two-non structural proteins derived from the P gene, C and V, involved in counteracting the constitutive immune responses and in regulation of transcription/replication. The gene order is 3′ N, P (including C and V), M, F, H, and L 5′. In addition, from the 3′-terminal region a short leader RNA of about 50 nucleotides is transcribed. The cited genes respectively encode the proteins of the ribonucleocapsid (RNP) of the virus, i.e., the nucleoprotein (N), the phosphoprotein (P), and the large polymerase/replicase protein (L), which very tightly associate with the genome RNA, forming the RNP. The other genes encode the proteins of the viral envelope including the hemagglutinin (H), the fusion (F) and the matrix (M) proteins. The transcription of the MV genes follows a decreasing gradient: when the polymerase operates on the genomic template it synthesizes more RNA made from upstream genes than from downstream genes. In this discontinuous transcription mode the mRNAs are capped and polyadenylated. Conversely, in the replication mode, the L protein produces full length antigenomic and genomic RNA which are immediately covered with N, P and L proteins to form infectious progeny RNPs. 
         [0004]    The measles virus has been isolated in 1954: Enders and Peebles inoculated primary human kidney cells with the blood of David Edmoston, a child affected by measles, and the resulting Edmoston strain of MV (2) was subsequently adapted to growth in a variety of cell lines. Adaptation to chicken embryos, chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF), and/or dog kidney cells and human diploid cells produced the attenuated Edmonston A and B (3), Zagreb (EZ) and AIK-C seeds. Edmonston B was licensed in 1963 as the first MV vaccine. Further passages of Edmonston A and B on CEF produced the more attenuated Schwarz and Moraten viruses (3) whose sequences have recently been shown to be identical (4; 5). Because Edmonston B vaccine was reactogenic, it was abandoned in 1975 and replaced by the Schwarz/Moraten vaccine. Several other vaccine strains are also used: AIK-C, Schwarz F88, CAM70, TD97 in Japan, Leningrad-16 in Russia, and Edmonston Zagreb. The CAM70 and TD97 Chinese strains were not derived from Edmonston. Schwarz/Moraten and AIK-C vaccines are produced on CEF. Zagreb vaccine is produced on human diploid cells (WI-38). Today, the Schwarz/Moraten, AIK-C and EZ vaccines are commonly used (6), but in principle, any one of these attenuated vaccine strains, which are all of the one unique MV serotype, proven to be safe and to induce long-lasting immune responses, can be used for the purposes of the invention. 
         [0005]    MV vaccines induce life-long immunity after a single or two low-dose injections. Protection against measles is mediated both by antibodies and by CD4 and CD8 T cells. Persistence of MV-specific antibodies and CD8 cells has been shown for as long as 25 years after vaccination (7). 
         [0006]    MV vaccine is easy to produce on a large scale in most countries and can be distributed at low cost. Because the attenuation of MV genome results from an advantageous combination of numerous mutations, the vaccine is very stable and reversion to pathogenicity has never been observed (6). 
         [0007]    Regarding safety, MV replicates exclusively in the cytoplasm, ruling out the possibility of integration into host DNA. These characteristics make live attenuated MV vaccine an attractive candidate to be used as a multivalent vaccination vector. Such a vaccine may prove as efficient in eliciting long-lasting immune protection against other pathogenic agents as against the vector virus itself. 
         [0008]    Martin Billeter and colleagues cloned cDNA corresponding to the antigenome of Edmonston MV, and established an original and efficient reverse genetics procedure to rescue the virus (8), as described in International Patent Application WO 97/06270. The recombinant measles virus is recovered from the helper cell line 293-3-46, stably transfected and expressing MV N an P proteins as well as bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase. For rescue of any variant or recombinant MV the helper cell line is then transiently transfected with an expression plasmid encoding L protein, and most importantly with any antigenomic plasmid appropriately constructed to yield any mutated or recombinant antigenomic RNA compatible to give rise to progeny MV. The transient transfection step leads first to the transcription, preferably by the resident T7 RNA polymerase. The resulting antigenomic RNA is immediately (in statu nascendi) covered by the viral N, P and L proteins, to yield antigenomic RNP from which genomic RNP is produced. Second, the genomic RNP is transcribed by the attached L, to yield all viral mRNAs and the respective proteins. Finally, both genomic and antigenomic RNPs are amplified by replication. 
         [0009]    In a slight variation of this procedure, rather than using stably transfected 293-3-46 helper cells, commercially available 293T cells have been transiently transfected, using simultaneously all 5 plasmids detailed in the original patent description, those encoding N, P and T7 polymerase (previously used to create the helper cell line) as well as the plasmid encoding L and the antigenomic plasmid. Note that in the “fully transient transfection” procedure it is possible to use also variant expression plasmids and to avoid the use of T7 RNA polymerase altogether, utilizing instead the resident RNA polymerase H to express also the L protein and the antigenome (9). 
         [0010]    To rescue individual recombinant MVs the antigenomic plasmids utilized comprise the cDNA encoding the full length antigenomic (+)RNA of the measles virus recombined with nucleotide sequences encoding the heterologous antigen of interest (heterologous nucleotide sequence), flanked by MV-specific transcription start and termination sequences, thus forming additional transcription units (ATUs). This MV Edmonston strain vector has been developed by the original MV rescue inventors for the expression of foreign genes (10), demonstrating its large capacity of insertion (as much as 5 kb) and the high stability in the expression of transgenes (11; 12), such as Hepatitis B virus surface antigen, simian or human immunodeficiency viruses (SIV or HIV), mumps virus, and human IL-12. In particular, early on, recombinant measles virus expressing Hepatitis B virus surface and core antigens either individually or in combination have been produced and shown to induce humoral immune responses in genetically modified mice. 
         [0011]    From the observation that the properties of the measles virus and especially its ability to elicit high titers of neutralizing antibodies in vivo and its property to be a potent inducer of long lasting cellular immune response, the inventors have proposed that it may be a good candidate for the production of recombinant viruses expressing antigens from  P. falciparum , to induce neutralizing antibodies against said Malaria parasite which preferably could be suitable to achieve at least some degree of protection in animals and more preferably in human hosts. 
         [0012]    Especially, MV strains and in particular vaccine strains have been elected in the present invention as candidate vectors to induce immunity against both measles virus and  P. falciparum  parasite whose constituent is expressed in the designed recombinant MV, in exposed infant populations because they are having no MV immunity. 
         [0013]    Adult populations, even already MV immunized individuals, may however also benefit from MV recombinant immunization because re-administering MV virus under the recombinant form of the present invention results in a boost of anti-MV antibodies (13). 
         [0014]    The invention relates in particular to the preparation of recombinant measles viruses bearing heterologous genes from  P. falciparum  parasites. 
         [0015]    The advantageous immunological properties of the recombinant measles viruses according to the invention can be shown in an animal model which is chosen among animals susceptible to measles viruses, and wherein the humoral and/or cellular immune response against the heterologous antigen and/or against the measles virus is determined. Among such animals suitable to be used as model for the characterization of the immune response, the skilled person can especially use transgenic mice expressing CD46, one of the specific receptors for MV. The most promising recombinants can then be tested in monkeys. 
         [0016]    The recombinant measles virus nucleotide sequence must comprise a total number of nucleotides which is a mutiple of six. Adherence to this so-called “rule of six” is an absolute requirement not only for MV, but for all viruses belonging to the subfamily Paramyxovirinae. Apparently, the N protein molecules, each of which contacts six nucleotides, must cover the genomic and antigenomic RNAs precisely from the 5′ to the 3′ end. 
         [0017]    It is of note that the location of the ATUs can vary along the antigenomic cDNA. Thus, taking advantage of the natural expression gradient of the mRNAs of MV mentioned above, the level of expression of inserted ATUs can be varied to appropriate levels. Preferred locations of ATUs are upstream of the L-gene, upstream from the M gene and upstream of the N gene, resulting in low, medium and strong expression, respectively, of heterologous proteins. 
       Malaria Parasite 
       [0018]    Malaria currently represents one of the most prevalent infectious diseases in the world, especially in tropical and subtropical areas. Per year, malaria infections lead to severe illnesses in hundreds of million individuals worldwide, killing between 1 and 3 million, primarily young infants in developing and emerging countries. The widespread occurrence and elevated incidence of malaria are a consequence of the widespread ban of DDT and the increasing numbers of drug-resistant parasites as well as insecticide-resistant parasite vectors. Other factors include environmental and climatic changes, civil disturbances, and increased mobility of populations. 
         [0019]    Malaria is caused by the mosquito-borne hematoprotozoan parasites belonging to the genus  Plasmodium  from the phylum Apicomplexa. Four species of  Plasmodium  genus infect humans:  P. malariae , responsible for Malaria quartana,  P. vivax  and  P. ovale , both of which cause Malaria tertiana, and  P. falciparum , the pathogen of Malaria tropica and responsible for almost all fatal infections. Many others cause disease in animals, such as  P. yoelii  and  P. berghei  in mice. 
         [0020]    Malaria parasites have a life cycle consisting of several stages. Each stage is able to induce specific immune responses directed against the corresponding occurring stage-specific antigens. Malaria parasites are transmitted to man by several species of female  Anopheles  mosquitoes. Infected mosquitoes inject the “sporozoite” form of the malaria parasite into the mammalian bloodstream. Sporozoites remain for a few minutes in the circulation before invading hepatocytes. At this stage, the parasite is located in the extra-cellular environment and is exposed to antibody attack, mainly directed to the “circumsporozoite” (CS) protein, a major component of the sporozoite surface. Once in the liver, the parasites replicate and develop into so-called “schizonts.” These schizonts occur in a ratio of up to 20,000 per infected cell. During this intra-cellular stage of the parasite, main players of the host immune response are T-lymphocytes, especially CD8+ T-lymphocytes. After about one week of liver infection, thousands of so-called “merozoites” are released into the bloodstream. Apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) and merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1) are both present on merozoites that emerge from infected liver cells: they are essential components of the asexual blood-stage merozoite, responsible for invasion of erythrocytes. Once they enter red blood cells, they become targets of antibody-mediated immune response and T-cell secreted cytokines. After invading erythrocytes, the merozoites undergo several stages of replication, giving rise to so-called “trophozoites” and to schizonts and merozoites, which can infect new red blood cells. A limited amount of trophozoites may evolve into “gametocytes,” which constitute the parasite&#39;s sexual stage. When susceptible mosquitoes ingest erythrocytes, gametocytes are released from the erythrocytes, resulting in several male gametocytes and one female gametocyte. The fertilization of these gametes leads to zygote formation and subsequent transformation into ookinetes, then into oocysts, and finally into salivary gland sporozoites. Targeting antibodies against gametocyte stage-specific surface antigens can block this cycle within the mosquito mid gut. Such antibodies will not protect the mammalian host but will reduce malaria transmission by decreasing the number of infected mosquitoes and their parasite load. 
         [0021]    The MSP-1 is synthesised as 190-200 kDa (d-190) precursor which is proteolytically processed into fragments of 83, 30, 38 and 42 kDa (d-42) during schizogony (14). At the time of erythrocytic invasion the 42-kDa is further cleaved to yield a 33 kDa fragment which is shed with the rest of the complex, and a 19 kDa fragment, which contains two epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains, that remains associated with the merozoite membrane during invasion. This secondary cleavage is a pre-requisite for successfully erythrocyte invasion (15). 
         [0022]    MSP-1 is an essentially dimorphic protein exhibiting high conservation within the dimorphic alleles characterised by the K1 and MAD20 prototypes. 
         [0023]    AMA-1 (16) is a structurally conserved type I integral membrane protein, comprising 622 aa in  P. falciparum  (PfAMA-1), organised in a cytosolic region (50 aa), a transmembrane region, and an ectodomain, which folds as an a N-terminal pro-sequence and three domains (DI, DII, DIII) Expression of the protein is maximal in late schizogony: the precursor of AMA-1 (83 kDa) is processed proteolytically, to cleave away the pro-sequence, converting the protein into a 66 kDa form, which allows the merozoite relocalisation. Antibodies recognise mainly DI and DII, and appear to react equally well with several allelic variants. Antibody responses to DIII are generally low, levels increasing in adults (17, 18). 
         [0024]    PfAMA-1 contains 64 polymorphic positions (9 in the pro-sequence, 52 in the ectodomain, 3 in the cytosolic region), most of them are dimorphic, which are important epitopes for host immune responses. To develop PfAMA-1-based vaccines it should be important to cover the polymorphisms: Diversity Covering (DiCo 1, 2 and 3) PfAMA-1 are artificial sequences representing, to the greatest extent possible, the naturally occurring polymorphism of the PfAMA1 ectodomain. It has been shown that they induce immune responses which are functional against a range of parasites carrying diverse PfAMA 1 alleles. This approach may offer a means by which vaccines targeting PfAMA1 can be produced such that a strong and a functional protection against the broad range of naturally occurring PfAMA1 alleles can be induced. (19). 
         [0025]    The CS protein (CSP) has about 420 aa and a molecular weight of 58 kDa. It represents the major surface protein of sporozoites: its function is fundamental for the maturation of sporozoites from oocystis and for the invasion of hepatocytes, which is mediated from a conserved motif of positively charged aminoacids. CSP is organised into two non-repetitive regions at 5′ and 3′ ends, and a variable species-specific central region, consisting of multiple repeats of four-residues-long motifs, which represents the main epitope within the CSP. Since CSP continues to be detectable for at least the first 3 days of schizogony, it is considered an attractive vaccine target for both antibody-mediated immuno response, directed against extracellular sporozoites, and cell-mediated immuno responses, directed against schizonts (20). 
         [0026]    Current approaches to malaria vaccine development can be classified according to the different stages in which the parasite can exist, as described above. 
         [0027]    Three types of possible vaccines can be distinguished: i) pre-erythrocytic vaccines, which are directed against sporozoites and/or schizont-infected cells. These types of vaccines are primarily CS-based, and should ideally confer sterile immunity, mediated by humoral and cellular immune responses, preventing malaria infection; ii) asexual blood-stage vaccines, which are directed against merozoites-infected cells: MSP1 and AMA1 are leading malaria vaccine candidates, designed to minimize clinical severity. These vaccines should reduce morbidity and mortality and are meant to prevent the parasite from entering and/or developing in the erythrocytes; iii) transmission-blocking vaccines, which are designed to hamper the parasite development in the mosquito host. This type of vaccine should favour the reduction of population-wide malaria infection rates. Next to these vaccines, the feasibility of developing malaria vaccines that target multiple stages of the parasite life cycle is being pursued in so-called multi-component and/or multi-stage vaccines. 
         [0028]    Today&#39;s global malaria vaccine portfolio looks promising with 47 new vaccine candidates, 31 in preclinical development, narrowing down to 16 in clinical trials. One of these, the RTS,S vaccine, being developed by GSK Biologicals and PATH-MVI, should enter final phase III clinical trials in 2008 (21). Other interesting vaccine candidates are those based on live recombinant viruses used as vector, such as Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA), as described in International Patent Application US2006127413, poxvirus (U.S. Pat. No. 6,214,353, AU7060294, AU1668197, WO9428930, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,756,101), adenovirus (US2007071726, US2005265974, US2007088156 and CA2507915), cold-adapted attenuated influenza virus, or based on yeasts, such as  Pichia pastoris  and  Saccharomyces  spp., or on bacterial expression systems, such as  Salmonella  spp. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,112,749) and  Escherichia coli  (EB0191748) (22). 
         [0029]    Currently, no commercially available vaccine against malaria is available, although the development of vaccines against malaria has already been initiated more than 30 years ago. Many factors make malaria vaccine development difficult and challenging. First, the size and genetic complexity of the parasite mean that each infection presents thousands of antigens to the human immune system. Understanding which of these can be a useful target for vaccine development has been complicated, and to date at least 40 different promising antigens have been identified. Second, the parasite changes through several life stages even while in the human host, presenting, at each stage of the life cycle, a different subset of molecules to the immune system. Third, the parasite has evolved a series of strategies that allow it to confuse, hide, and misdirect the human immune system. Finally, it is possible to have multiple malaria infections of not only different species but also of different strains at the same time. 
         [0030]    Hence the present invention fulfil the long felt need of prior art by providing combined measles-malaria vaccine containing different attenuated recombinant measles-malaria vectors comprising a heterologous nucleic acid encoding several  Plasmodium falciparum  antigens. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0031]    In one embodiment of the present invention provides a combined measles-malaria vaccine comprises a recombinant measles vaccine virus which express malaria antigens capable of eliciting immune response and protection both against measles and malaria. 
         [0032]    In another embodiment, the present invention provides the recombinant measles vaccine virus having nucleotide sequence which expresses MSP1 malaria antigen. In preferred embodiment, recombinant measles vaccine virus having nucleotide sequence which expresses malaria antigen d190 or d83-30-38 or d42 in both anchored and secreted forms from 3D7 strain and the FCB1 strain. 
         [0033]    In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides the recombinant measles vaccine virus having nucleotide sequence which expresses Diversity Covering (DiCo) AMA1 malaria antigen. 
         [0034]    In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides the recombinant measles vaccine virus having nucleotide sequence which expresses CS malaria antigen. 
     
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0035]      FIG. 1 : Schematic representation of the antigenomic DNA p(+)MV-EZ of measles virus. p(+)MV-EZ is a plasmid derived from pBluescript containing the complete sequence of the measles virus (Edmoston Zagreb), under the control of the T7 RNA polymerase promoter (T7), containing three ATU respectively in position 1 (before the N gene of the measles virus), 2 (between the P and the M genes of the measles virus) and 3 (between the H and the L genes of the measles virus), and exactly terminated by the hepatitis delta ribozyme and T7 RNA polymerase terminator (δT7t). The size of the plasmid is 18941 bp. 
           [0036]      FIG. 2 : Representation of the MSP-1 synthetic gene (d-190) from 3D7 strain. The coding nucleotides on the flanking regions of the d-190 gene fragments (d-83-30-38 and d-42) and the corresponding amminoacids are shown. Unique restriction sites added for cloning procedures are in colours; SP: signal peptide; GPI: glycosyl-phosphatidil-inositol sequence coded for membrane-anchored region. 
           [0037]      FIG. 3 : Representation of the MSP-1 synthetic gene (d-190) from FCB 1 strain. The coding nucleotides on the flanking regions of the d-190 gene fragments (d-83-30-38 and d-42) and, the corresponding amminoacids are shown. Unique restriction sites added for cloning procedures are in colours; SP: signal peptide; GPI: glycosyl-phosphatidil-inositol sequence coded for membrane-anchored region. SP and GPI regions are from 3D7 strain. 
           [0038]      FIG. 4 . Schematic representation of the recombinant measles-malaria plasmid, p(+)MV 2 -EZ-d190-3D7. It is a plasmid derived from p(+)MV-EZ containing d-190 malaria gene (3D7 strain), 5253 bp, coding the GPI-anchored form of the protein, cloned in position two of the measles genome by SgrAI-BssHII digestion. The size of the recombinant plasmid is 24323 bp. 
           [0039]      FIG. 5 : Schematic representation of the recombinant measles-malaria plasmid, p(+)MV 2 -EZ-d190*-3D7. It is a plasmid derived from p(+)MV-EZ containing d-190* malaria gene (3D7 strain), 5160 bp, coding the secreted form of the protein, cloned in position two of the measles genome by SgrAI-BssHII digestion. The size of the recombinant plasmid is 24227 bp. 
           [0040]      FIG. 6 : Schematic representation of the recombinant measles-malaria plasmid, p(+)MV 3 -EZ-d190-3D7 or p(+)MV 3 -EZ-d190*-3D7. It is a plasmid derived from p(+)MV-EZ containing the d-190 malaria gene (3D7 strain), 5253 bp, coding the GPI-anchored form of the protein, or the d-190* malaria gene (3D7 strain), 5160 bp, coding the secreted form of the protein, cloned in position three of the measles genome by SgrAI-BssHII digestion. The recombinant plasmid p(+)MV 3 -EZ-d190 is 24323 bp, and p(+)MV 3 -EZ-d190* is 24227 bp 
           [0041]      FIG. 7 : Schematic representation of the recombinant measles-malaria plasmid, p(+)MV 2 -EZ-d83-30-8-3D7. It is a plasmid derived from p(+)MV-EZ containing d-83-30-38 malaria gene (3D7 strain), 4122 bp, coding the GPI-anchored form of the protein, cloned in position two of the measles genome by SgrAI-BssHII digestion. The size of the recombinant plasmid is 23195 bp. 
           [0042]      FIG. 8 : Schematic representation of the recombinant measles-malaria plasmid, p(+)MV 2 -EZ-d83-30-38*-3D7. It is a plasmid derived from p(+)MV-EZ containing d-83-30-38* malaria gene (3D7 strain), 4029 bp, coding the secreted form of the protein, cloned in position two of the measles genome by SgrAI-BssHII digestion. The size of the recombinant plasmid is 23105 bp. 
           [0043]      FIG. 9 : Schematic representation of the recombinant measles-malaria plasmid, p(+)MV 3 -EZ-d83-30-38-3D7 or p(+)MV 3 -EZ-d83-30-38*-3D7. It is a plasmid derived from p(+)MV-EZ containing d-83-30-38 malaria gene (3D7 strain), 4122 bp, coding the GPI-anchored form of the protein, or the d-83-30-38* gene (3D7 strain), 4029 bp, coding the secreted form of the protein, cloned in position three of the measles genome by SgrAI-BssHII digestion. The recombinant plasmid p(+)MV 3 -EZ-d83-30-38 is 23195 bp, p(+)MV 3 -EZ-d83-30-38* is 23105 bp. 
           [0044]      FIG. 10 : Schematic representation of the recombinant measles-malaria plasmid, p(+)MV 2 -EZ-d42-3D7. It is a plasmid derived from p(+)MV-EZ containing d-42 malaria gene (3D7 strain), 1347 bp, coding the GPI-anchored form of the protein, cloned in position two of the measles genome by SgrAI-BssHII digestion. The size of the recombinant plasmid is 20417 bp. 
           [0045]      FIG. 11 : Schematic representation of the recombinant measles-malaria plasmid, p(+)MV 2 -EZ-d42*-3D7. It is a plasmid derived from p(+)MV-EZ containing d-42* malaria gene (3D7 strain), 1254 bp, coding the secreted form of the protein, cloned in position two of the measles genome by SgrAI-BssHII digestion. The size of the recombinant plasmid is 20345 bp. 
           [0046]      FIG. 12 : Schematic representation of the recombinant measles-malaria plasmid, p(+)MV 3 -EZ-d42-3D7 or p(+)MV 3 -EZ-d42*-3D7. It is a plasmid derived from p(+)MV-EZ containing d-42 malaria gene (3D7 strain), 1347 bp, coding the GPI-anchored form of the protein, or the d-42* malaria gene (3D7 strain), 1254 bp, coding the secreted form of the protein, cloned in position three of the measles genome by SgrAI-BssHII digestion. The recombinant p(+)MV 3 -EZ-d42 is 20417 bp, the p(+)MV 3 -EZ-d42* is 20345 bp. 
           [0047]      FIG. 13 : Schematic representation of the recombinant measles-malaria plasmid, p(+)MV 2 -EZ-d190-FCB1. It is a plasmid derived from p(+)MV-EZ containing d-190 malaria gene (FCB1 strain), 5013 bp, coding the GPI-anchored form of the protein, cloned in position two of the measles genome by SgrAI-BssHII digestion. The size of the recombinant plasmid is 24083 bp. 
           [0048]      FIG. 14 : Schematic representation of the recombinant measles-malaria plasmid, p(+)MV 3 -EZ-d190-FCB1. It is a plasmid derived from p(+)MV-EZ containing the d-190 malaria gene (FCB1 strain), 5013 bp, coding the GPI-anchored form of the protein, cloned in position three of the measles genome by SgrAI-BssHII digestion. The recombinant plasmid p(+)MV 3 -EZ-d190 is 24083 bp. 
           [0049]      FIG. 15 : Representation of the CS synthetic gene. The coding nucleotides on the flanking regions of the CS gene and the corresponding amminoacids are shown. Unique restriction sites added for cloning procedures are in colours. 
           [0050]      FIG. 16 : Schematic representation of the recombinant measles-malaria plasmid, p(+)MV 2 -EZ-CS. It is a plasmid derived from p(+)MV-EZ containing CS gene, 1119 bp, cloned in position two of the measles genome by SgrAI-BssHII digestion. The size of the recombinant plasmid is 20219 bp. 
           [0051]      FIG. 17 : Schematic representation of the recombinant measles-malaria plasmid, p(+)MV 3 -EZ-CS. It is a plasmid derived from p(+)MV-EZ containing CS gene, 1119 bp, cloned in position three of the measles genome by SgrAI-BssHII digestion. The size of the recombinant plasmid is 20219 bp. 
           [0052]      FIG. 18 : Representation of the DiCo-1 complete synthetic gene. The coding nucleotides on the flanking regions of the DiCo1 complete gene domains (ecto and trans-cyto) and the corresponding amminoacids are shown. Unique restriction sites added for cloning procedures are in colours; SP: signal peptide human codon optimised. 
           [0053]      FIG. 19 : Representation of the DiCo-1 ecto synthetic gene. The coding nucleotides on the flanking regions of the DiCo1 ecto domain and the corresponding amminoacids are shown. Unique restriction sites added for cloning procedures are in colours; SP: signal peptide (human codon optimised. 
           [0054]      FIG. 20 : Schematic representation of the recombinant measles-malaria plasmid, p(+)MV 2 -EZ-DiCo1-complete. It is a plasmid derived from p(+)MV-EZ containing DiCo1 complete gene, 1689 bp, coding the transmembrane form of the protein, cloned in position two of the measles genome by SgrAI-BssHII digestion. The size of the recombinant plasmid is 20753 bp. 
           [0055]      FIG. 21 : Schematic representation of the recombinant measles-malaria plasmid, p(+)MV 3 -EZ-DiCo1-complete. It is a plasmid derived from p(+)MV-EZ containing DiCo1 complete gene, 1689 bp, coding the transmembrane form of the protein, cloned in position three of the measles genome by SgrAI-BssHII digestion. The size of the recombinant plasmid is 20753 bp. 
           [0056]      FIG. 22 : Schematic representation of the recombinant measles-malaria plasmid, p(+)MV 2 -EZ-DiCo1-ecto. It is a plasmid derived from p(+)MV-EZ containing DiCo1 ecto gene, 1458 bp, coding the secreted form of the protein, cloned in position two of the measles genome by SgrAI-BssHII digestion. The size of the recombinant plasmid is 20525 bp. 
           [0057]      FIG. 23 : Schematic representation of the recombinant measles-malaria plasmid, p(+)MV 3 -EZ-DiCo1-ecto. It is a plasmid derived from p(+)MV-EZ containing DiCo1 ecto gene, 1458 bp, coding the secreted form of the protein, cloned in position three of the measles genome by SgrAI-BssHII digestion. The size of the recombinant plasmid is 20525 bp. 
           [0058]      FIG. 24 : Complete nucleotide sequence of p(+)MV 2 EZ-GFP. The sequence can be described as follows with reference to the position of the nucleotides:
       592-608 T7 promoter   609-17354 MV Edmoston Zagreb antigenome   4049-4054 MluI restriction site   4060-4067 SgrAI restriction site   4079-4084 BssHII restriction site   4085-4801 Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) ORF   4805-4810 BssHII restriction site   4817-4822 AatII restriction site   17355-17580 HDV ribozyme and T7 terminator         
           [0068]      FIG. 25 : Complete nucleotide sequence of p(+)MV 3 EZ-GFP. The sequence can be described as follows with reference to the position of the nucleotides:
       592-608 T7 promoter   609-17359 MV Edmoston Zagreb antigenome   9851-9856 MluI restriction site   9862-9869 SgrAI restriction site   9886-9891 BssHII restriction site   9892-10608 Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) ORF   10612-10617 BssHII restriction site   10624-10629 AatII restriction site   17360-17585 HDV ribozyme and T7 terminator         
           [0078]      FIG. 26 : AN101TE: this is the MSP1 d-190 3D7 sequence ORF cloned by the inventors. The sequence can be described as follows with reference to the position of the nucleotides:
       1-3 Start codon   4-99 d-1903D7 signal peptide   100-105 BamHI restriction site   4014-4020 BstEII restriction site   5152-5157 AclI restriction site   5158-5250 GPI sequence   5251-5253 STOP codon         
           [0086]      FIG. 27 : AN102TE: this is the MSP1 d-190* 3D7sequence ORF cloned by the inventors. The sequence can be described as follows with reference to the position of the nucleotides:
       1-3 Start codon   4-99 d-190*3D7 signal peptide   100-105 BamHI restriction site   4014-4020 BstEII restriction site   5152-5157 AclI restriction site   5158-5160 STOP codon         
           [0093]      FIG. 28 : AN103TE: this is the MSP1 d-83-30-38 3D7 sequence ORF cloned by the inventors. The sequence can be described as follows with reference to the position of the nucleotides:
       1-3 Start codon   4-99 d-83-30-38 3D7 signal peptide   100-105 BamHI restriction site   4014-4020 BstEII restriction site   4021-4026 AclI restriction site   4027-4119 GPI sequence   4120-4122 STOP codon         
           [0101]      FIG. 29 : AN104TE: this is the MSP1 d-83-30-38* 3D7 sequence ORF cloned by the inventors. The sequence can be described as follows with reference to the position of the nucleotides:
       1-3 Start codon   4-99 d-83-30-38* 3D7signal peptide   100-105 BamHI restriction site   4014-4020 BstEII restriction site   4027-4029 STOP codon         
           [0107]      FIG. 30 : AN105TE: this is the MSP1 d-42 3D7 sequence ORF cloned by the inventors. The sequence can be described as follows with reference to the position of the nucleotides:
       1-3 Start codon   4-99 d-42 3D7 signal peptide   100-105 BamHI restriction site   108-114 BstEII restriction site   1246-1251 AclI restriction sites   1252-1344 GPI sequence   1345-1347 STOP codon         
           [0115]      FIG. 31 : AN106TE: this is the MSP1 d-42* 3D7 sequence ORF cloned by the inventors. The sequence can be described as follows with reference to the position of the nucleotides:
       1-3 Start codon   4-99 d-42* 3D7 signal peptide   100-105 BamHI restriction site   108-114 BstEII restriction site   1246-1251 AclI restriction sites   1252-1254 STOP codon         
           [0122]      FIG. 32 : AN107TE: this is the MSP1 d-190 FCB1 sequence ORF cloned by the inventors. The sequence can be described as follows with reference to the position of the nucleotides:
       1-3 Start codon   4-99 d-190 FCB1 signal peptide   100-105 BamHI restriction site   146-151 HindIII restriction site   3825-3831 BstEII restriction site   4912-4917 AclI restriction sites   4918-5010 GPI sequence   5011-5013 STOP codon         
           [0131]      FIG. 33 : AN108TE: this is the CS sequence ORF cloned by the inventors. The sequence can be described as follows with reference to the position of the nucleotides:
       1-3 Start codon   4-1116 CS sequence   1117-1119 STOP codon         
           [0135]      FIG. 34 : AN109TE: this is the DiCo 1 complete sequence ORF cloned by the inventors. The sequence can be described as follows with reference to the position of the nucleotides:
       1-3 Start codon   4-99 DiCo1 complete signal peptide   100-105 BamHI restriction site   106-1686 DiCo 1 complete sequence ORF   1687-1689 STOP codon         
           [0141]      FIG. 35 : AN110TE: this is the DiCo 1 ecto sequence ORF cloned by the inventors. The sequence can be described as follows with reference to the position of the nucleotides:
       1-3 Start codon   4-99 DiCo 1 ecto signal peptide   100-105 BamHI restriction site   106-1455 DiCo 1 ecto sequence ORF   1456-1458 STOP codon         
           [0147]      FIG. 36 : Comparable cytopathic effects produced on Vero cells after infection with the recombinant Measles-p-42 Malaria virus MV virus vaccine. 
           [0148]      FIG. 37 : Expression of the d-42 3D7 transgene inserted into position three of the Measles vector (MV 3 EZ-d-42 SgrAI). Cell lysates from passage 1, 5 and 10 analysed by Western Blot against empty Measles vector (MVEZ) and a negative control (MV 3 L1, a recombinant MV-Papilloma virus). 
           [0149]      FIG. 38 : Expression of the d-42 3D7 transgene inserted into position three of the Measles vector (MV 3 EZ-d-42 SgrAI) analysed by immunofluorescence, compared with empty Measles vector (MVEZ) and a negative control (MV2EZL1, a recombinant MV-Papilloma virus). Arrows point to the same syncythia as they looked using an optical microscope before and after immunostaining. 
           [0150]      FIG. 39 : Growth kinetics curve of the recombinant Measles-p-42 Malaria virus compared with that of the MV virus vaccine. 
           [0151]      FIG. 40 : Expression of the d-190 FCB1 transgene inserted into position two and three of the Measles vector (MV 2-3 EZ-d-190 SgrAI FCB1). Cell lysates analysed by Western Blot against empty Measles vector (MVEZ) and a negative control (MV2EZL1, a recombinant MV-Papilloma virus). 
           [0152]      FIG. 41 : Growth kinetics curve of the recombinant Measles-p-190-FCB1 Malaria virus compared with that of the MV virus vaccine. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0153]    The object of the invention is the production of a combined measles-malaria vaccine from a recombinant Measles vectors capable of containing stably integrated DNA sequences which code for CS, MSP-1 or partial sections of it and AMA-1 or partial sections, in the secreted or surface anchored forms, of  P. falciparum.    
         [0154]    The invention shall also include the rescue of recombinant MV-Malaria viruses which are capable of infection, replication and expression of PfCS, PfMSP-1 and PfAMA-1 antigens in susceptible transgenic mice, monkeys and human host. 
         [0155]    Furthermore, the invention intends to include the construction of multivalent recombinant measles-malaria vectors, in which two different antigens are simultaneously cloned and expressed in the same vector, conferring immunity against both of them. 
         [0156]    Moreover, the invention relates to the combination of three different recombinant measles-malaria viruses, each carrying a different gene and expressing different antigens, in a manner to elicit immuno response in the host, directed against the different stages of the parasite&#39;s life-cycle. 
         [0157]    In addition, the invention includes a process to produce recombinant measles-malaria viruses which are avoided of defective interfering particles (DIs). The DIs are known to significantly inhibit the growth of virus in any production system and to successfully suppress immune response in human individuals. 
         [0158]    Furthermore, the invention comprises a method to produce a vaccine containing such recombinant viruses. 
         [0159]    The examples below describe the preferred mode of carrying out the invention. It should be understood that these examples are provided for illustration and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any way. 
       EXAMPLE 1 
     Construction of Recombinant MV-PfMSP-1 Plasmids 
       [0160]    All cloning procedures were done as per the techniques described in Sambrook et al. (1989). 
         [0161]    All the restriction enzymes were from New England BioLabs; the oligonucleotides PCR primers and DNA polylinkers were from Invitrogen. 
         [0162]    PfMSP1 and its fragments (d-83-30-38 and d-42) either in the secreted and anchored form, have been chemically synthesized and human codon optimised. They have been cloned into the pZE21MV intermediate vector and have been slightly modified by adding SgrAI cloning site at the 5′ end followed by an optimised Kozak sequence (TCATCA). These modifications have been checked by sequencing at MWG Biotech. 
         [0163]    List of the recombinant plasmids, GPI-anchored and secreted (*) forms, from 3D7 strain, which belongs to the MAD20 prototype, and from FCB1 strain, which belongs to the K1 prototype:
   p(+)MV 2 EZ-d-190-SgrAI (3D7)   p(+)MV 3 EZ-d-190-SgrAI (3D7)   p(+)MV 2 EZ-d-83-30-38-SgrAI (3D7)   p(+)MV 3 EZ-d-83-30-38-SgrAI (3D7)   p(+)MV 2 EZ-d-42-SgrAI (3D7)   p(+)MV 3 EZ-d-42-SgrAI (3D7)   p(+)MV 2 EZ-d-190*-SgrAI (3D7)   p(+)MV 3 EZ-d-190*-SgrAI (3D7)   p(+)MV 2 EZ-d-83-30-38*-SgrAI (3D7)   p(+)MV 3 EZ-d-83-30-38*-SgrAI (3D7)   p(+)MV 2 EZ-d-42*-SgrAI (3D7)   p(+)MV 3 EZ-d-42*-SgrAI (3D7)   p(+)MV 2 EZ-d-190-SgrAI (FCB1)   p(+)MV 3 EZ-d-190-SgrAI (FCB1)
 
1a) Construction of p(+)MV 2 EZ-d-190-SgrAI (3D7, 24323 bp) and p(+)MV 3 EZ-d-190-SgrAI (3D7, 24323 bp).
   
 
         [0178]    1 μg of MV plasmid DNA containing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) (p(+)MV 2-3 EZ-GFP Berna strain, 19774 bp:  FIGS. 24 and 25 ) was digested with one unit of both SgrAI and BssHII restriction enzymes, for two hours at their optimal temperature, in 50 μl final volume. All the digested DNA was loaded onto a 1% agarose gel, run at 80 Volt for about 2 hours. Then, the proper band (19048 bp) was excised from the gel, purified by QIAEX gel purification and the DNA concentration was calculated by absorbance at 260 nm and adjusted to 1 μg/ml. 
         [0179]    1 μg of d-190 gene, inserted into an intermediate plasmid (pZE21MV-d-190 SgrAI, 7564 bp,) was taken out by SgrAI-BssHII digestion (one unit of each enzyme), for two hours at their optimal temperature, in 50 μl final volume. All the digested DNA was loaded onto a 1% agarose gel, run at 80 Volt for about 2 hours. Then, the proper band (5275 bp) was excised from the gel, purified by QIAEX gel purification kit and the DNA concentration was calculated by absorbance at 260 nm and adjusted to 1 μg/ml. 
         [0180]    Thus, the vector (MV DNA:  FIG. 1 ) and the insert (d-190 DNA:  FIG. 2 ), were ligated in an equimolar ratio overnight at 16° C., using one unit of T4 DNA Ligase and its own reaction buffer in 10□ μl final volume. 
         [0181]    XL10 Gold chemical competent cell were then transformed with all ligation volume, following a standard transformation protocol (Sambrook et al. 1989), plated and selected on LB-Agar plates for ampicillin resistance. Colonies were screened by DNA plasmid preparation (QIAGEN, mini- midi and maxi kit) and restriction enzymes digestion. The right clones were sent to MWG for sequencing: the sequences, aligned with the assumed ones using a DNA Strider software, showed 100% identity. 
         [0182]    The d-190-3D7 gene, inserted into position 2 of the MV vector (SgrAI, pos. 4060, and BssHII, pos. 9335) is represented in  FIG. 4  and its Open Reading Frame (ORF) is listed in  FIG. 26 . 
         [0183]    The d-190-3D7 gene, inserted into position 3 of the MV vector (SgrAI, pos. 9862, and BssHII, pos. 15137) is represented in  FIG. 6 . 
         [0184]    The genome&#39;s length (starting at ACC, pos. 609, to GGT, pos. 21884) of the recombinant Measles-Malaria plasmids was a multiple of six, allowing the rescue of the recombinant MV 2-3 -d-190-3D7 viruses. 
         [0000]    1b) Construction of p(+)MV 2 EZ-d-83-30-38-SgrAI (3D7, 23195 bp) and p(+)MV 3 EZ-d-83-30-38-SgrAI (3D7, 23195 bp). 
         [0185]    The measles vectors were prepared as detailed described in example 3a. 
         [0186]    The pZE21MV-d-190 SgrAI was digested BstEII-AclI to cut out the d-42 fragment; a polylinker, with cohesive BstEII and AclI ends, had been ligated to obtain the intermediate plasmid pZE21MV-d-83-30-38-SgrAI (6436 bp). 
         [0187]    The sequence of the polylinker was: 5′-GTCACCAGCGGCCGCAA-3′. 
         [0188]    1 μg of pZE21MV-d-83-30-38 SgrAI was digested SgrAI-BssHII (one unit of each enzyme), for two hours at their optimal temperature, in 50 final volume. All the digested DNA was loaded onto a 1% agarose gel, run at 80 Volt for about 2 hours. Then, the proper band (4147 bp) was excised from the gel, purified by QIAEX gel purification kit and the DNA concentration was calculated by absorbance at 260 nm and adjusted to 1□ μg/ml. 
         [0189]    Thus, the vector (MV DNA:  FIG. 1 ) and the insert (d-83-30-38 DNA:  FIG. 2 ), were ligated in an equimolar ratio overnight at 16° C., using one unit of T4 DNA Ligase and its own reaction buffer in 10□ μl final volume. 
         [0190]    XL10 Gold chemical competent cell were then transformed with all ligation volume, following a standard transformation protocol (Sambrook et al. 1989), plated and selected on LB-Agar plates for ampicillin resistance. Colonies were screened by DNA plasmid preparation (QIAGEN, mini- midi and maxi kit) and restriction enzymes digestion. The right clones were sent to MWG for sequencing: the sequences were then aligned with the assumed ones using a DNA Strider software. 
         [0191]    The right clones were sent to MWG for sequencing: the sequences, aligned with the assumed ones using a DNA Strider software, showed 100% identity. 
         [0192]    The d-83-30-38-3D7 gene, inserted into position 2 of the MV vector (SgrAI, pos. 4060, and BssHII, pos. 8207) is represented in  FIG. 7  and its Open Reading Frame (ORF) is listed in  FIG. 28 . 
         [0193]    The d-83-30-38-3D7 gene, inserted into position 3 of the MV vector (SgrAI, pos. 9862, and BssHII, pos. 14006) is represented in  FIG. 9 . 
         [0194]    The genome&#39;s length (starting at ACC, pos. 609, to GGT, pos. 20756) of the recombinant Measles-Malaria plasmids was a multiple of six, allowing the rescue of the recombinant MV 2-3 -d-83-30-38-3D7 viruses. 
         [0000]    1c) Construction of p(+)MV 2 EZ-d-42-SgrAI (3D7, 20417 bp) and p(+)MV 3 EZ-d-42-SgrAI (3D7, 20417 bp). 
         [0195]    The measles vectors were prepared as detailed described in example 3a. 
         [0196]    1 μg of d-42gene, inserted into an intermediate plasmid (pZE21MV-d-42 SgrAI, 3658 bp) was taken out by SgrAI-BssHII digestion (one unit of each enzyme), for two hours at their optimal temperature, in 50 μl final volume. All the digested DNA was loaded onto a 1% agarose gel, run at 80 Volt for about 2 hours. Then, the proper band (1369 bp) was excised from the gel, purified by QIAEX gel purification kit and the DNA concentration was calculated by absorbance at 260 nm and adjusted to 1□ μg/ml. 
         [0197]    Thus, the vector (MV DNA:  FIG. 1 ) and the insert (d-42 DNA:  FIG. 2 ), were ligated in an equimolar ratio overnight at 16° C., using one unit of T4 DNA Ligase and its own reaction buffer in 10□ μl final volume. 
         [0198]    XL10 Gold chemical competent cell were then transformed with all ligation volume, following a standard transformation protocol (Sambrook et al. 1989), plated and selected on LB-Agar plates for ampicillin resistance. Colonies were screened by DNA plasmid preparation (QIAGEN, mini- midi and maxi kit) and restriction enzymes digestion. The right clones were sent to MWG for sequencing: the sequences, aligned with the assumed ones using a DNA Strider software, showed 100% identity. 
         [0199]    The d-42-3D7 gene, inserted into position 2 of the MV vector (SgrAI, pos. 4060, and BssHII, pos. 5429) is represented in  FIG. 10  and its Open Reading Frame (ORF) is listed in  FIG. 30 . 
         [0200]    The d-42-3D7 gene, inserted into position 3 of the MV vector (SgrAI, pos. 9862, and BssHII, pos. 11231) is represented in  FIG. 12 . 
         [0201]    The genome&#39;s length (starting at ACC, pos. 609, to GGT, pos. 17978) of the recombinant Measles-Malaria plasmids was a multiple of six, allowing the rescue of the recombinant MV 2-3 -d-42-3D7 viruses. 
         [0202]    The recombinant Measles-p-42 Malaria viruses and MV vaccine induced similar cytopathic effect ( FIG. 36 ). The transgene is rather stably expressed: its expression was completely maintained in all analysed progeny clones derived from single original rescued clones after ten serial virus passages in human diploid cell MRC5 ( FIG. 37-38 ). 
         [0203]    The growth curves of recombinant MV-Malaria virus and MV vaccine showed the same kinetics ( FIG. 39 ). 
         [0000]    1d) Construction of p(+)MV 2 EZ-d-190*-SgrAI (3D7, 24227 bp) and p(+)MV 3 EZ-d-190*-SgrAI (3D7, 24227 bp). 
         [0204]    The measles vectors were prepared as detailed described in example 3a. 
         [0205]    Using the intermediate vector pZE21MVd-190-SgrAI as template, a PCR reaction has been performed to delete the GPI anchor region, which is located between AclI (pos. 5434) and ClaI (pos. 5536) sites. 
         [0206]    PCR amplifications were carried out using the proofreading Pfu DNA polymerase (Stratagene). DNA sequences of the synthetic oligonucleotides primers are given in lower case for the MV nucleotides and in upper case for non MV nucleotides; sequences of relevant restriction endonucleases recognition sites are underlined. 
         [0207]    The following oligonucleotides primers have been used: For-ClaI, 5′-CCAATA AACGTT TAAT AG atcgat tac gcgcgc tctagc-3′, and Rev-AvrII, 5′-gcctttgagtgagctgatacc-3′. 
         [0208]    For-ClaI is homologous to the template at the level of the ClaI and BssHII sites and contains an overhang (in upper case) with two stop codons (TAATAG), the AclI site (AACGTT), and a 6 bp long-protection site for AdI (CCAATA). In the so-called PCR-GPI and in the final construct d-190*, AclI will become close to ClaI. 
         [0209]    Rev-AvrII is homologous to the template (from pos. 5704 to 5724). 
         [0210]    PCR product was 207 bp-long: its digestion with AclI+AvrlI and ligation with the pre-digested AclI+AvrII intermediate vector pZE21MVd-190-SgrAI has produced pZE21MVd-190*-SgrAI. 
         [0211]    In detail, the digestion of the vector with AclI-AvrII has produced two bands of 7318 by and 246 by (containing the GPI region to delete): the 7.3 kb-fragment was purified from agarose gel by using QIAEX II purification kit (Qiagen) and was ligated to the digested AclI-AvrII PCR (insert) to obtain pZE21MVd-190*-SgrAI. 
         [0212]    To screen for positive clones, NcoI digestion has be done, producing a single band of 7 kb from the d-190* intermediate vector, and two bands of 1.3 and 5.7 kb from the original GPI-anchor construct. 
         [0213]    To construct the definitive recombinant p(+)MeV 2 EZ-d190* and p(+)MeV 3 EZ-d190* ( FIG. 5  and  FIG. 6 ), according to the “rule of six”, MeV vectors and intermediate plasmid were digested with SgrAI+BssHII and afterwards ligated each other. 
         [0214]    In detail, pZE21MVd-190*-SgrAI digested SgrAI+BssHII has produced three bands, 5.2 kb+1.3 kb+900 bp. D-190* sequence was contained in the 5.2 kb fragment, that has been cut, purified and ligated with MeV 2 EZ and MeV 3 EZ vectors SgrAI+BssHII digested (19 Kb in length), in an equimolar ratio overnight at 16° C., using one unit of T4 DNA Ligase. 
         [0215]    XL10 Gold chemical competent cell were then transformed with all ligation volume, following a standard transformation protocol (Sambrook et al. 1989), plated and selected on LB-Agar plates for ampicillin resistance. Colonies were screened by DNA plasmid preparation (QIAGEN, mini- midi and maxi kit) and restriction enzymes digestion. The right clones were sent to MWG for sequencing: the sequences, aligned with the assumed ones using a DNA Strider software, showed 100% identity. 
         [0216]    The d-190*-3D7 gene, inserted into position 2 of the MV vector (SgrAI, pos. 4060, and BssHII, pos. 9239) is represented in  FIG. 5  and its Open Reading Frame (ORF) is listed in  FIG. 27 . 
         [0217]    The d-190*-3D7 gene, inserted into position 3 of the MV vector (SgrAI, pos. 9862, and BssHII, pos. 15041) is represented in  FIG. 6 . 
         [0218]    The genome&#39;s length (starting at ACC, pos. 609, to GGT, pos. 21788) of the recombinant Measles-Malaria plasmids was a multiple of six, allowing the rescue of the recombinant MV 2-3 -d-190*-3D7 viruses. 
         [0000]    1e) Construction of p(+)MV 2 EZ-d-83-30-38*-SgrAI (3D7, 23105 bp) and p(+)MV 3 EZ-d-83-30-38*-SgrAI (3D7, 23105 bp). 
         [0219]    The measles vectors were prepared as detailed described in example 3a. 
         [0220]    The intermediate vector pZE21MVd-190-SgrAI was digested BstEII-ClaI to cut out the d-42 fragment and the GPI, region, which is located between AclI (pos. 5434) and ClaI (pos. 5536) sites; a polylinker, with cohesive BstEII and ClaI ends, had been ligated to obtain the intermediate plasmid pZE21MV-d-83-30-38*-SgrAI (6346 bp). 
         [0221]    The sequence of the polylinker was: 5′- GTCACC GGGGAATAATAGCGC AT -3′. 
         [0222]    DNA sequence of the synthetic oligonucleotide polylinker is given in upper case for non MV nucleotides; sequences of relevant restriction endonucleases recognition sites are underlined. 
         [0223]    Polylinker contains the BstEII (GTCACC) and ClaI (AT) sticky ends, two stop codons (TAATAG), and a triplet (GCG) to keep the rule of six. 
         [0224]    1 μg of pZE21MV-d-83-30-38* SgrAI was digested SgrAI-BssHII (one unit of each enzyme), for two hours at their optimal temperature, in 50 μl final volume. All the digested DNA was loaded onto a 1% agarose gel, run at 80 Volt for about 2 hours. Then, the proper band (4057 bp) was excised from the gel, purified by QIAEX gel purification kit and the DNA concentration was calculated by absorbance at 260 nm and adjusted to 1□ μg/ml. 
         [0225]    Thus, the vector (MV DNA:  FIG. 1 ) and the insert (d-83-30-38* DNA:  FIG. 2 ), were ligated in an equimolar ratio overnight at 16° C., using one unit of T4 DNA Ligase and its own reaction buffer in 10□ μl final volume. 
         [0226]    XL10 Gold chemical competent cell were then transformed with all ligation volume, following a standard transformation protocol (Sambrook et al. 1989), plated and selected on LB-Agar plates for ampicillin resistance. Colonies were screened by DNA plasmid preparation (QIAGEN, mini- midi and maxi kit) and restriction enzymes digestion. The right clones were sent to MWG for sequencing: the sequences were then aligned with the assumed ones using a DNA Strider software. The right clones were sent to MWG for sequencing: the sequences, aligned with the assumed ones using a DNA Strider software, showed 100% identity. 
         [0227]    The d-83-30-38*-3D7 gene, inserted into position 2 of the MV vector (SgrAI, pos. 4060, and BssHII, pos. 8117) is represented in  FIG. 8  and its Open Reading Frame (ORF) is listed in  FIG. 29 . 
         [0228]    The d-83-30-38*-3D7 gene, inserted into position 3 of the MV vector (SgrAI, pos. 9862, and BssHII, pos. 13919) is represented in  FIG. 9 . 
         [0229]    The genome&#39;s length (starting at ACC, pos. 609, to GGT, pos. 20666) of the recombinant Measles-Malaria plasmids was a multiple of six, allowing the rescue of the recombinant MV 2-3 -d-83-30-38*-3D7 viruses. 
         [0000]    1f) Construction of p(+)MV 2 EZ-d-42*-SgrAI (3D7, 20345 bp) and p(+)MV 3 EZ-d-42*-SgrAI (3D7, 20345 bp). 
         [0230]    The measles vectors were prepared as detailed described in example 3a. 
         [0231]    Using the intermediate vector pZE21MVd-42-SgrAI (3658 bp) as template, a PCR reaction has been performed to delete the GPI anchor region, which is located between AclI (pos. 1528) and ClaI (pos. 1630) sites. 
         [0232]    PCR amplifications were carried out using the proofreading Pfu DNA polymerase (Stratagene). DNA sequences of the synthetic oligonucleotides primers are given in lower case for the MV nucleotides and in upper case for non MV nucleotides; sequences of relevant restriction endonucleases recognition sites are underlined. The following oligonucleotides primers have been used: For-ClaI, 5′-CCAATA AACGTT TAAT AG atcgat tac gcgcgc tctagc-3′, and Rev-AvrII, 5′-gcctttgagtgagctgatacc-3′. 
         [0233]    For-ClaI is homologous to the template at the level of the ClaI (pos. 1630) and BssHII (pos. 1639) sites and contains an overhang (in upper case) with two stop codons (TAATAG), the AclI site (AACGTT), and a 6 by long-protection site for AclI (CCAATA). In the so-called PCR-GPI and in the final construct d-42*, AclI will become close to ClaI. Rev-AvrII is homologous to the template (from pos. 1798 to 1818). 
         [0234]    PCR product was 207 bp-long: its digestion with AclI+AvrII and ligation with the pre-digested AclI+AvrII intermediate vector pZE21MVd-42-SgrAI has produced pZE21MVd-42*-SgrAI. 
         [0235]    In detail, the digestion of the vector with AclI+AvrII has produced two bands of 3412 by and 246 by (containing the GPI region to delete): the 3.4 kb-fragment was purified from agarose gel by using QIAEX II purification kit (Qiagen) and was ligated to the digested AclI-AvrII PCR (insert) to obtain pZE21MVd-42*-SgrAI. 
         [0236]    To screen for positive clones, NcoI digestion has be done, producing&#39;a single band of 3.4 kb from the d-42* intermediate vector, and two bands of 1.3 and 2.3 kb from the original GPI-anchor construct. 
         [0237]    To construct the definitive recombinant p(+)MeV 2 EZ-d42* and p(+)MeV 3 EZ-d42*, according to the “rule of six”, MeV vectors and intermediate plasmid were digested with SgrAI+BssHII and afterwards ligated each other. 
         [0238]    In detail, pZE21MVd-42*-SgrAI digested SgrAI+BssHII+SpeI has produced four bands, 1.3 kb+936 bp+800 bp+400 bp. D-42* sequence was contained in the 1.3 kb fragment, that has been cut, purified and ligated with MeV 2 EZ and MeV 3 EZ vectors SgrAI+BssHII digested (19 Kb in length), in an equimolar ratio overnight at 16° C., using one unit of T4 DNA Ligase. 
         [0239]    XL10 Gold chemical competent cell were then transformed with all ligation volume, following a standard transformation protocol (Sambrook et al. 1989), plated and selected on LB-Agar plates for ampicillin resistance. Colonies were screened by DNA plasmid preparation (QIAGEN, mini- midi and maxi kit) and restriction enzymes digestion. The right clones were sent to MWG for sequencing: the sequences, aligned with the assumed ones using a DNA Strider software, showed 100% identity. 
         [0240]    The d-42*-3D7 gene, inserted into position 2 of the MV vector (SgrAI, pos. 4060, and BssHII, pos. 5357) is represented in  FIG. 11  and its Open Reading Frame (ORF) is listed in  FIG. 31 . 
         [0241]    The d-42*-3D7 gene, inserted into position 3 of the MV vector (SgrAI, pos. 9862, and BssHII, pos. 11159) is represented in  FIG. 12 . 
         [0242]    The genome&#39;s length (starting at ACC, pos. 609, to GGT, pos. 17906) of the recombinant Measles-Malaria plasmids was a multiple of six, allowing the rescue of the recombinant MV 2-3 -d-42*-3D7 viruses. 
         [0000]    1g) Construction of p(+)MV 2 EZ-d-190-SgrAI (FCB1, 24083 bp) and p(+)MV 3 EZ-d-190-SgrAI (FCB1, 24083 bp). 
         [0243]    First of all, the cloning of the synthetic gene for MSP-1 of the FCB 1 strain into the intermediate plasmid pZE21MV-SgrAI has been performed, keeping the signal peptide and the GPI-anchor region from MSP-1 of 3D7 strain. D-190 gene (FCB1) was obtained stepwise from an intermediate vector, called pZE23f-GX-190H, as follow: 
         [0244]    i). 1 μg of the plasmid pZE21MV-d-190-SgrAI (3D7) was digested with HindIII+AclI restriction enzymes, for two hours at their optimal temperature, in 50 μl final volume. All the digested DNA was loaded onto a 1% agarose gel, run at 80 Volt for about 2 hours. Then, the proper band (2558 bp), corresponding to the vector, was excised from the gel, purified by QIAEX gel purification and the DNA concentration was calculated by absorbance at 260 nm. 
         [0245]    ii). a PCR reaction was performed, using the pZE23f-GX-190H as template, in order to amplify and recover the d-42 portion of the MSP-1/FCB1. PCR amplification was carried out using the proofreading Pfu DNA polymerase (Stratagene). DNA sequences of the synthetic oligonucleotides primers are given in lower case for the MV nucleotides and in upper case for non MV nucleotides; sequences of relevant restriction endonucleases recognition sites are underlined. 
         [0246]    The following oligonucleotides primers have been used, designed on the pZE23f-GX-190H sequence: For-1 FCB1, 5′-CCC AAGCTT ccaggt ggtcacc ggAgagctgtcactcc-3′, and Rev-1 FCB1, 5′-GCCTGC aacgtt GCTagagctggagcaGaaGatcccgtcg-3′. 
         [0247]    For-1 FCB1 is homologous to the template from pos. 4509 to pos. 4538, comprising the BstEII site (ggtcacc). The A (in upper case) was a t in the template, and it has been modified to eliminate a SgrAI site. It contains an overhang (in upper case) with the HindIII site (AAGCTT), after its 3 by long-protection site (CCC). 
         [0248]    Rev-1 FCB1 contains an AclI site (aacgtt), preceded by a 6-bp protection site (GCCTGC). It was introduced a triplet GCT, coding for a serine, to keep the rule of six; two a have been modified in G to avoid a poly(A) site. 
         [0249]    The obtained PCR-HindIII-AclI (1.1 kb) has been digested HindIII+AclI and ligated, overnight at 16° C. in an equimolar ratio, to the pre-digested pZE21MV-d-190-SgrAI with HindIII+AclI (step i), obtaining the pZE21MV-d-42-SgrAI-FCB1 (3657 bp). XL10 Gold chemical competent cell were then transformed with all ligation volume, following a standard transformation protocol (Sambrook et al. 1989), plated and selected on LB-Agar plates for ampicillin resistance. Colonies were screened by DNA plasmid preparation (QIAGEN, mini- midi and maxi kit) and by restriction enzymes digestion with HindIII+AclI (expected fragments 2558 bp+1099 bp). 
         [0250]    iii). the pZE21MV-d-42-SgrAI-FCB1, obtained as described in step ii, has been digested HindIII+BstEII (HindIII, pos. 428, and BstEII, pos. 440), and the proper band (3645 bp), corresponding to the opened vector, was loaded on a 1% agarose gel, excised from the gel, purified by QIAEX gel purification and the DNA concentration was calculated by absorbance at 260 nm. 
         [0251]    iv). The pZE23f-GX-190H was digested HindIII+BstEII and the proper band of 3679 by (insert), corresponding to the d-83-30-38/FCB1 fragment, was purified from the gel, as previously described. 
         [0252]    v). the HindIII+BstEII digested fragment of 3657 by (vector), obtained from pZE21MV-d-42-SgrAI-FCB1, has been ligated to the HindIII+BstEII fragment of 3679 by (insert), containing the d-83-30-38/FCB1 and obtained by digestion from pZE23f-GX-190H. Ligation was done in an equimolar ratio overnight at 16° C., using one unit of T4 DNA Ligase, obtaining the pZE21MV-d-190-SgrAI-FCB1 (7324 bp). Afterwards, XL10 Gold chemical competent cell were then transformed with all ligation volume, following a standard transformation protocol (Sambrook et aL 1989), plated and selected on LB-Agar plates for ampicillin resistance. Colonies were screened by DNA plasmid preparation (QIAGEN, mini- midi and maxi kit) and restriction enzymes digestion. 
         [0253]    To construct the p(+)MV 2 EZ-d-190-SgrAI-FCB1 and p(+)MV 3 EZ-d-190-SgrAI-FCB1, the measles vectors were prepared as detailed described in example 3a. 
         [0254]    1 μg of d-190/FCB1 gene, inserted into an intermediate plasmid (pZE21MV-d-190 SgrAI-FCB1, 7324 bp), was taken out by SgrAI-BssHII digestion (one unit of each enzyme), for two hours at their optimal temperature, in 50 μl final volume. All the digested DNA was loaded onto a 1% agarose gel, run at 80 Volt for about 2 hours. Then, the proper band (5035 bp) was excised from the gel, purified by QIAEX gel purification kit and the DNA concentration was calculated by absorbance at 260 nm and adjusted to 1□ μg/ml. 
         [0255]    Thus, the vector (MV DNA:  FIG. 1 ) and the insert (d-190/FCB1 DNA:  FIG. 3 ), were ligated in an equimolar ratio overnight at 16° C., using one unit of T4 DNA Ligase and its own reaction buffer in 10□ μl final volume. 
         [0256]    XL10 Gold chemical competent cell were then transformed with all ligation volume, following a standard transformation protocol (Sambrook et al. 1989), plated and selected on LB-Agar plates for ampicillin resistance. Colonies were screened by DNA plasmid preparation (QIAGEN, mini- midi and maxi kit) and restriction enzymes digestion. The right clones were sent to MWG for sequencing: the sequences, aligned with the assumed ones using a DNA Strider software, showed 100% identity. 
         [0257]    The d-190-FCB1 gene, inserted into position 2 of the MV vector (SgrAI, pos. 4060, and BssHII, pos. 9095) is represented in  FIG. 13  and its Open Reading Frame (ORF) is listed in  FIG. 32 . 
         [0258]    The d-190-FCB1 gene, inserted into position 3 of the MV vector (SgrAI, pos. 9862, and BssHII, pos. 14897) is represented in  FIG. 14 . 
         [0259]    The genome&#39;s length (starting at ACC, pos. 609, to GGT, pos. 21884) of the recombinant Measles-Malaria plasmids was a multiple of six, allowing the rescue of the recombinant MV 2-3 -d-190-FCB1 viruses. 
         [0260]    The transgene is rather stably expressed: its expression was completely maintained in all analysed progeny clones derived from single original rescued clones after ten serial virus passages in human diploid cell MRC5 ( FIG. 40 ). 
         [0261]    The growth curves of recombinant MV-Malaria virus and MV vaccine showed the same kinetics ( FIG. 41 ). 
       EXAMPLE 2 
     Designing of DiCo1 Nucleic Acid Sequence 
       [0262]    Starting from the aminoacidic DiCo1 sequence (ecto, trans and cytoplasmic domains: aa 97-622) and using the DNA Strider software, a correspondent nucleic acid sequence has been designed comparing the DiCo1 DNA degenerate sequence to a selected PfAMA1 gene (accession number AAG141.1), which represents the most similar sequence to the DiCo1 after BLAST alignment. 
         [0263]    At the 5′ end suitable unique restriction sites has been added (MluI and SgrAI) as cloning sites, followed by an optimal KOZAC sequence and a human optimised Signal Peptide (SP). At the 3′ end, two stop codons and a BssHII cloning site have been added. Following this scheme, we designed two nucleotides sequences (respecting the “rule of six” for the further expression into the measles vector), encoding the anchored and the secreted forms of the DiCo1 protein: the first gene comprises the ectoplasmasmic, the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains ( FIG. 18 ), while the second one corresponds to the ectodomain alone ( FIG. 19 ). The two sequences has been human codon optimised by GENEART, to reduce AT % content, to avoid poly(A) sequence and RNA instability motif. 
         [0264]    DiCo1 complete ORF and DiCo1 ectodomain ORF are listed respectively in  FIGS. 34 and 35 . 
       EXAMPLE 3 
     Construction of Recombinant MV-PfAMA-1 Plasmids 
       [0265]    All cloning procedures were done as per techniques described in Sambrook et al. (1989). 
         [0266]    PfAMA1, and in particular Diversity Covering sequences 1 (DiCo1) either in the secreted and anchored form, have been chemically synthesized and human codon optimised. 
         [0267]    The codon optimised DiCo 1 secreted and anchored forms were digested SgrAI+BssHII and ligated, overnight at 16° C. in an equimolar ratio, to the pre-digested MeV2EZ and MeV 3 EZ vectors (19 Kb in length), using one unit of T4 DNA Ligase, obtaining the following recombinant MV-PfAMA-1 plasmids: p(+)MV 2 EZ-DiCo1-complete ( FIG. 20 ), p(+)MV 3 EZ-DiCol-complete ( FIG. 21 ),  P (+)MV 2 EZ-DiCo1-ecto ( FIG. 22 ), and p(+)MV 3 EZ-DiCo1-ecto ( FIG. 23 ). 
       EXAMPLE 4 
     Construction of Recombinant MV-PJCS Plasmids 
       [0268]    Construction of p(+)MV 2 EZ-CS-SgrAI (20219 bp) and p(+)MV 3 EZ-CS-SgrAI (20219 bp) 
         [0269]    All cloning procedures were basically as described in Sambrook et al. (1989). 
         [0270]    PJCS1, cloned into an intermediate vector pAdApt35Bsu.CS.Pfalc.aa-sub.gcc, has been amplified by PCR, and directly cloned into the definitive MV vectors, obtaining two recombinant MV-PJCS plasmids: p(+)MV 2 EZ-CS and p(+)MV 3 EZ-CS. 
         [0271]    In detail, a PCR reaction was performed, using the pAdApt35Bsu.CS.Pfalc.aa-sub.gcc as template, in order to amplify and recover the CS gene ( FIG. 15 ). PCR amplification was carried out using the proofreading Pfu DNA polymerase (Stratagene). DNA sequences of the synthetic oligonucleotides primers are given in lower case for the MV nucleotides and in upper case for non MV nucleotides; sequences of relevant restriction endonucleases recognition sites are underlined. 
         [0272]    The following oligonucleotides primers have been used, designed on the pAdApt35Bsu.CS.Pfalc.aa-sub.gcc sequence: For-SgrAI, 5′-ACTTCT CACCGGTG Tgg aagctt gccac catgat-3′, and Rev-BssHII-CS 5′-TA GCGCGCtctaga ggatccttatcagc-3′. 
         [0273]    For-SgrAI is homologous to the template from pos. 1356 to pos. 1375, comprising the HindIII site (aagctt). It contains an overhang (in upper case) with ScgrAI restriction site (CACCGGTG), after 6-bp long-protection site (ACTTCT). 
         [0274]    Rev-BssHII-CS contains an overhang (in upper case) with BssHII restriction site (GCGCGC), which will be close to Xbal (tctaga) in the PCR-CS (1187 bp). 
         [0275]    The obtained PCR-CS has been digested SgrAI+BssHII and ligated, overnight at 16° C. in an equimolar ratio, to the pre-digested MeV 2 EZ and MeV 3 EZ vectors SgrAI+BssHII (19 Kb in length), using one unit of T4 DNA Ligase, obtaining, respectively, p(+)MV 2 EZ-CS-SgrAI (20219 bp,  FIG. 16 ) and p(+)MV 3 EZ-CS-SgrAI (20219 bp,  FIG. 17 ). The CS ORF is listed in  FIG. 33 . 
         [0276]    XL10 Gold chemical competent cell were then transformed with all ligation volume, following a standard transformation protocol (Sambrook et al. 1989), plated and selected on LB-Agar plates for ampicillin resistance. Colonies were screened by DNA plasmid preparation (QIAGEN, mini- midi and maxi kit) and restriction enzymes digestion. The right clones were sent to MWG for sequencing: the sequences, aligned with the assumed ones using a DNA Strider software, showed 100% identity. 
       EXAMPLE 5 
     Cells and Viruses 
       [0277]    Cells were maintained as monolayers in Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagles Medium (DMEM), supplemented with 5% Foetal Calf Serum (FCS) for Vero cells (African green monkey kidney) and with 10% FCS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (P/S) for 293T cells (human embryonic kidney); DMEM supplemented with Glutamax (F12) and 10% FCS for MRC-5 (human foetal fibroblast); DMEM supplemented with 10% FCS and 1.2 mg/ml of G 418 for 293-3-46. 
         [0278]    To grow MV virus stocks reaching titers of about 10 7  pfu/ml, recombinant viruses and the vaccine strain Edmoston Zagreb were propagated in MRC-5 cells: plaque purification was carried out by transferring a syncythium to 35 mm MRC-5 cell culture which was expanded first to a 10 cm dish, and afterwards to a 175 cm flask. Virus stocks were made from 175 cm 2  cultures when syncythia formation was about 90% pronounced. Medium corresponding to the so-called “free-cell virus fraction” was collected, freeze and thawed three times and spun down to avoid cell debris. The medium was then stored at −80° C. Cells, which correspond to the so-called “cell-associated virus fraction”, were scraped into 3 ml of OPTIMEM (Gibco BRL) followed by three rounds freezing and thawing, spun down and the cleared surnatant stored at −80° C. 
       EXAMPLE 6 
     Transfection of Plasmids and Rescue of MV Viruses 
       [0279]    293T cells were seeded into a 35mm well to reach ˜50-70% confluence when being transfected. 4 h before transfection, the medium was replaced with 3 ml DMEM containing 10% FCS. All recombinant plasmids were prepared according to the QIAGEN plasmid preparation kit. The kit for the Ca 2+ phosphate coprecipitation of DNA was from Invitrogen. 
         [0280]    Cells were co-transfected with the plasmids in the follows final concentration: pCA-L 0.5 μg, pCA-N 0.5 μg, pCA-P 0.1 μg, pCA T7 1 μg and the recombinant Measles-Malaria plasmid 4 μg. All five plasmids, diluted in H 2 O, were added in a Eppendorf tube containing 2M CaCl 2 , the mix was added to another Eppendorf tube containing HEPES buffer under shaking conditions, and was incubated 30 min at room temperature (RT). Thus, the co-precipitates were added dropwise to the culture and the transfection was carried out at 37° C. and 5% CO 2  for about 18 h. Then, the transfection medium was replaced with 3 ml of DMEM containing 10% FCS. 
         [0281]    Another way to obtain recombinant measles-malaria vaccine viruses is described hereafter, using the 293-3-46 helper cell (human embryonic kidney cells), stably expressing the measles N and P proteins as well as the T7 RNA polymerase. The viral RNA polymerase (large protein, L) was expressed by co-transfecting the cells with 15 ng of the plasmid peMCLa. To improve transfection efficiency 300 ng of pSC6-Neo were added. Calcium-phosphate method was used for transfection. 
         [0282]    First syncytia appeared 3-4 days after transfection when the cells were still subconfluent. To allow syncytia formation to progress more easily, almost confluent cell monolayer of each 35 mm well were then transferred to a 10 cm dish. Each syncytium was taken up in 300 μl of transfection medium and put in a sterile Eppendorf tube containing 700 μl of OPTIMEM, freeze and thaw for three rounds, and stored at −80° C. 
       EXAMPLE 7 
     Virus Titration by Plaque Assay 
       [0283]    Serial 10-times dilutions of virus preparations were carried out using OPTIMEM to a final volume of 0.5 ml. Each dilution was added on 35 mm Vero cell cultures. After 1 h of virus adsorption, the inoculum was removed and the infected cells were overlaid with 2 ml of DMEM containing 5% FCS and 1% low melting point agarose (LMP agarose). After 5 days of incubation at 37° C. and 5% CO 2 , cultures were fixed with 1 ml of 10% TCA for 1 h, then UV cross-linked for 30 min. After removal of the agarose overlay, cell monolayers were stained with crystal violet dissolved in 4% ethanol, washed with water and the plaques were counted under the inverted microscope. 
       EXAMPLE 8  
     MRC-5 Virus Serial Passages of Recombinant Viruses 
       [0284]    Rescued viruses were serially passaged 10-times on MRC5 cells, seeded into 10 cm diameter plates, that were infected with the standard and the recombinant MV viruses at MOI of 0.01 PFU/cells. After monolayer was full infected, 1% surnatant of each culture was used to infect the subsequent MRC5 cells monolayer. To test transgene expression and stability, viruses from passage 1, 5, and 10 were used for further characterisation of expression by Western blot and immunofluorescence. 
       EXAMPLE 9 
     Western Blot, Immunofluorescence 
       [0285]    To analyse the expression either MV and Malaria, Western blot and immunofluorescence were carried out. 
         [0286]    For Western blot, Vero cells seeded on 35 mm dish (1-5×10 5 ) were monitored the next day for 90% confluence and infected with cleared virus suspension from cell-associated virus fraction, using 0.1 MOI (Multiplicity Of Infection), including MVEZ as control. When about 80% syncythia formation was observed, cells were first washed with PBS and then scraped in 1 ml PBS and collected in an Eppendorf tube, and centrifuge at 2000 RPM/4 min. Cells were then lysated 5 min/RT with 70 μl of lysis buffer (1% NP-40, 50 mM Tris pH 8, 150 mM NaCl) supplemented with protease inhibitor cocktail (Complete Mini, Roche, 1 836 153). Surnatants were cleared by centrifuge at 13000 RPM/5 min, and transferred into a new tube: 30 μl of 4×loading buffer (Invitrogen) were added; samples were mixed and boiled at 95° C./2 min, spun down and stored at −20° C. 
         [0287]    An SDS-PAGE migration was performed, running a NuPAGE 12% Bis-acrylamide gel in reducing conditions, using 1× Running Buffer, for 50 min at 200V (start 100-125 mA, end 60-80 mA). 
         [0288]    Then, semi-dry method was used to transfer separated cell-proteins to Nitrocellulose Membrane, at 14V/1h30. 
         [0289]    As first antibodies, rabbit polyclonal against MSP1-p-83, diluted in PBST at least 1:30000, and against MSP1-p-42,* diluted at least 1:50000, were used. The second antibody was a swine anti-rabbit antibody coupled to horse-radish peroxidase allowing the visualization of the bands by the enhanced chemiluminescence kit (ECL™, Amersham LifeScience). 
         [0290]    For immunofluorescence, Vero cells were seeded on a 24 mm×24 mm glass cover slips in 35 mm wells, cultured overnight and infected with rescued recombinant virus. 3 days after infection cells on coverslips were fixed with 3.7% paraformaldehyde in PBS, and permeabilized with 0.1% TX-100, washed with blocking solution (PBS containing 1% BSA) for 1 h, and stained with the specific antibodies. Mouse hybridoma supernatant mAb 5.2, which recognises a EGF-like domain in the p-19 portion of p-42, was used in a dilution 1:100 followed by FITCH conjugated goat anti-mouse serum, diluted 1:250. 
       EXAMPLE 10 
     Growth Kinetics Curve 
       [0291]    MRC5 cells seeded on 35 mm dish (1-5×10 5 ) were monitored for 90% confluence and infected with cleared virus suspension from cell-associated virus fraction, using 0.1 MOI, including MVEZ as control. Samples, corresponding to the so-called “free-cell virus fraction” and to the so-called “cell-associated virus fraction”, were collected daily for one week and titrated. 
       EXAMPLE 11 
     Mice Immunisation 
       [0292]    The immunogenic power of the rescued recombinant MV-Malaria viruses described was proven by immunisation tests performed on transgenic mice IFNAR/CD46, susceptible to MV infections. The animals were kept under optimal hygienic conditions and were immunized at 6-8 weeks of age. Below is provided an example of mice immunization with two recombinant Measles-Malaria virus: the MeV2EZ-d-p42-SgrAI (the GPI anchored form) and the MeV2EZ-d-p42* (the secreted form). Immunisation was performed intra-muscularly using 10 5  PFU of each recombinant MV-Malaria in three injections at 0, 4 and 8 weeks. Mice immunized with recombinant-empty Measles (rMVEZ13-Empty cloned) served as negative control. UV inactivated rMV was used as a control to determine the effect of virus replication on activation of immune responses. The immune response of the MV vectored antigen was tested compared to the purified d-42 protein (0.5 mg/ml): mice were immunized sub cutaneously with 20 μg of protein in Incomplete Freund&#39;s Adjuvant. 
         [0293]    The presence of MV-specific antibodies in the sera from the immunised IFNAR/CD46 mice (6 per test group and 3 for control group) was determined by ELISA using 96-microwell plates, coated with Measles virus EIA bulk (ATCC VR-24), for IgG antibody detection. Protein was diluted 0.6 μg/ml with 0.05 M carbonate buffer (pH 9.4), and 100 μl per well was added to 96-well-microtiter plates. The plates were incubated overnight at 4° C., washed with PBS/0.05% Tween 20 (PT) (ph 7.4), incubated with PT (0.1 ml/well)-10% BSA for 60 min at 37° C., and washed again with PT. Serial 2-folds dilutions of the tested sera were added (100 μl/well), and the plates were incubated for 60 min at 37° C. The plates were washed with PT and were incubated with 100 μl of goat anti-mouse IgG HRP diluted 1:2000 in PT for 30 min at 37° C. The plates were washed with PT and incubated with 100 μl OPD (o-Phenylendiamin, Fluka 78411). The reaction was stopped after 3-4 min. Plates were read on a MicroElisa Reader at a wave length of 490 nm. Readings higher than three-folds negative controls were scored as positive reaction. 
         [0294]    The presence of MV-Malaria-specific antibodies in the sera of immunised CD46 mice (at least 10 per test group) was determined by ELISA assay. Briefly, 96-microwell plates were coated 50 ng/ well MSP-1-d42 3D7 strains, diluted with carbonate buffer pH 9.4. The plates were incubated overnight at 4° C., washed with PBS/0.05% Tween 20 (PT). Subsequently, unspecific interaction were blocked with 10% defatted milk dissolved in PT for lhour at 37° C. and wells were washed again with PT. The plates were consecutively incubated with various dilutions of mouse sera (starting at 1:200, followed by serial two-fold dilutions), peroxidase-conjugate goat anti-mouse IgG and with OPD substrate. Optical density values were measured at 490 nm. Values above the cut-off background level (mean value of sera from MV immunised mice multiplied by a factor of 2.1) were considered positive. Titres were depicted as reciprocal end-dilutions. 
         [0295]    The humoral immune responses against Measles are shown in FIG. A. The humoral immune responses against Malaria p42 are shown in FIG. B. 

 
       EXAMPLE 12 
     Purification of Recombinant Measles Virus Expressing Malaria Antigens from Defecting Interfering Particles (DIs) by Plaque Purification 
       [0296]    It is known from literature that after a certain number of passages with Paramyxoviruses, and in particular with measles virus, an accumulation of defective interfering particles (DIs) will occur (23, 24). It has been described that these DIs develop various defects: negative impact on vaccine safety, negative influence on virus yields in production, genome instability and suppression of immune reaction after vaccination. In order to avoid such DIs with our new recombinant viruses, we have applied the method of plaque purification as described in example 6 with the exception that we use MRC5 cell instead of 293T cells. After the formation of clear, well defined syncytia we aspirated under the microscope with a micropipette such material for further passaging in a fresh MRC5 tissue culture. 
       EXAMPLE 13 
     Purification of Recombinant Measles Virus Expressing Malaria Antigens from Defecting Interfering Particles (DIs) by End Point Dilution 
       [0297]    The end point dilution technique was applied in microplates: in all wells a fresh monolayer of MRC5 cells had just developed. The virus suspension containing recombinant measles-malaria viruses was prepared in two fold dilutions. From the well of the latest monolayer where a syncytia was detected the supernatant was aspirated with a pipette. The supernatant was mixed with a suspension containing MRC5 cells. This mixture was incubated at 4° C. for 1 hour. Finally, it was transferred in a small Costar flask and incubated at 35° C./5% CO 2  and harvested for purify recombinant measles-malaria virus after ten days. 
       EXAMPLE 14 
     Production of a Combined Measles-Malaria Vaccine 
       [0298]    The working seed of the described recombinant measles-malaria virus has been incubated on MRC5 cell monolayer in 1750 cm 2  roller bottles at 35° C. for ten days. The cells have been monitored every day for status of health and confluence. On day ten at highest level of syncytia formation, the supernatant was pumped in a steel cylinder for storage in liquid nitrogen, The same procedure was repeated two days later. After performing of all the tests (virus titer, genome stability, virus safety, cell safety, chemical analysis, sterility and others), the harvests have been thawed up and mixed with stabilizer containing gelatine, sorbitol, amminoacids and other sugars to final dilution of 10 5 . With a automated filling machine small lyo bottles (F3) have been inoculated with 0.5 ml each. A specially calculated lyophilisation program was used to guarantee maximal survival of the product during the freeze-drying process. 
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