Abstract:
An apparatus for perforating a casing string including a first module and a second module, each including a gun assembly. The first module is positioned longitudinally adjacent the second module on the casing string. Each module contains a firing assembly for igniting the gun assembly in the first module, a remote signaler to remotely detonate the firing assembly, and ballistic transfer assembly for igniting the gun assembly in the second module. The ballistic transfer assembly includes a booster charge.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/339,225 entitled “Casing Conveyed Perforation Apparatus and Method.” This application is also related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/902,203 entitled “Casing Conveyed Perforation Apparatus and Method”; Ser. No. 10/902,209 entitled “Casing Conveyed Perforation Apparatus and Method”; Ser. No. 10/902,206 entitled “Casing Conveyed Perforation Apparatus and Method”; and Ser. No. 10/840,589 entitled “Casing Conveyed Perforation Apparatus and Method” 
     
    
     FIELD OF INVENTION  
       [0002]     The present invention relates to an apparatus, firing assembly and method for perforating the walls of a well bore. More specifically, a perforating assembly is deployed along with the casing to be used for the perforation and stimulation of zones for the ultimate withdrawal of hydrocarbons therefrom or injection of fluids (liquid or gas) for the purpose of voidage replacement or stimulation of the production interval wherein said perforating assembly comprises a frame supporting a plurality of pressure chambers configured as longitudinally extending ribs which conveniently serve to centralize the casing within the well bore.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0003]     Well bores are typically drilled using a drilling string with a drill bit secured to the lower free end and then completed by positioning a casing string within the well bore. The casing increases the integrity of the well bore and provides a flow path between the surface and selected subterranean formations for the withdrawal or injection of fluids.  
         [0004]     Casing strings normally comprise individual lengths of metal tubulars of large diameter. These tubulars are typically secured together by screw threads or welds. Conventionally, the casing string is cemented to the well face by circulating cement into the annulus defined between the outer surface of the casing string and the well-bore face. The casing string, once embedded in cement within the well, is then perforated to allow fluid communication between the inside and outside of the tubulars across intervals of interest. The perforations allow for the flow of treating chemicals (or substances) from the inside of the casing string into the surrounding formations in order to stimulate the production or injection of fluids. Later, the perforations are used to receive the flow of hydrocarbons from the formations so that they may be delivered through the casing string to the surface, or to allow the continued injection of fluids for reservoir management or disposal purposes.  
         [0005]     Perforating has conventionally been performed by means of lowering a perforating gun on a carrier down inside the casing string. Once a desired depth is reached across the formation of interest and the gun secured, it is fired. The gun may have one or many charges thereon which are detonated using a firing control, which is activated from the surface via wireline or by hydraulic or mechanical means. Once activated, the charge is detonated to penetrate and thus perforate both the casing, cement, and to a short distance, the formation. This establishes the desired fluid communication between the inside of the casing and the formation. After firing, the gun is either raised and removed from the well bore, left in place, or dropped to the bottom thereof.  
         [0006]     Examples of the known perforating devices can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,538,680 to Brieger et al; U.S. Pat. No. 4,619,333 to George; U.S. Pat. No. 4,768,597 to Lavigne et al; U.S. Pat. No. 4,790,383 to Savage et al; U.S. Pat. No. 4,911,251 to George et al; U.S. Pat. No. 5,287,924 to Burleson et al; U.S. Pat. No. 5,423,382 to Barton et al; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,082,450 to Snider et al. These patents all disclose perforating guns that are lowered within a casing string carrying explosive charges, which are detonated to perforate the casing outwardly as described above. This technique provided the advantage of leaving the inside of the casing relatively unobstructed since debris and ragged edges would be outwardly directed by the detonations of the charges.  
         [0007]     U.S. Pat. No. 6,386,288 issued to Snider et al, describes an attempt to perforate a tubular from the outside. The technique in Snider involves the use of a perforating gun separate from and exterior to the casing to be perforated as can be seen in  FIGS. 1-3 .  
         [0008]     Referring to  FIG. 1 , the Snider perforating gun assembly  20  may be seen positioned within well bore  2  adjacent the exterior of casing  12 . The gun  20  is secured to casing  12  by metal bands (not shown), which are wrapped around both casing  12  and gun  20 . Assembly  20  is constructed of metal. An electric line  18  extends from a power source (not illustrated) at the surface  4  to ignite the gun  20 . Snider discloses that other suitable control systems for igniting the explosive charge(s) contained in perforating gun assembly  20 , such as hydraulic lines connected to a suitable source of pressurized hydraulic fluid (liquid or gas) or electromagnetic or acoustic signaling and corresponding receivers connected to the perforating gun assemblies for wave transmissions through the casing, soil and/or well bore fluids, may also be used. Snider indicates that conventional means are used to secure the lines to the casing at desired intervals.  
         [0009]     Referring to  FIG. 2 , the Snider gun  20  has two explosive charges,  22  and  26 , contained therein, which are aimed toward casing  12 . Charges  22  and  26  are axially spaced apart within assembly  20  and which, although oriented at slightly different angles, are both aimed toward casing  12 . As can best be seen in  FIG. 3 , upon transmission of electrical current via line  18 , explosive charge  22  detonates and fires a shaped charge along path  24  creating perforations  11  and  14  in the wall of casing  12 . Explosive charge  26  detonates and fires a shaped charge along path  28  creating perforations  15  and  16 .  
         [0010]     When the Snider gun is detonated, portions of the gun act in a manner similar to shrapnel to perforate the casing string. The resulting perforations  11 ,  14 ,  15 , and  16  tend to be ragged. Especially perforations  14  and  16 —the ones furthest away from the gun. This is because the perforations at these remote locations  14 ,  16  are created using not only the shaped charge itself, but also portions of the casing blasted from locations  11  and  15  when the proximate perforations were created. As a result, remote perforations  14  and  16  will be much less precise than proximate perforations  11  and  15 .  
         [0011]     A second disadvantage is that all of the charges in the Snider gun are fired from the same point of origin relative to the circumference of the casing. Because of this, the perforations created are significantly asymmetrical. As can be seen in  FIG. 3 , perforations  11  and  15  are very close together, whereas perforations  14  and  16  are far apart.  
         [0012]     The asymmetrical nature and raggedness of the perforations will cause the well to have poor in-flow properties when the well is placed into production. Additionally, the raggedness of casing perforations  11  and  15  may occur to the extent that the ruptured inner surface of the casing could damage or even prevent passage of down-hole tools and instruments. The structural integrity of the casing string might even be compromised to a degree.  
         [0013]     A third disadvantage inherent in the method disclosed in Snider relates to the size of the cement-filled annulus created between the outer surface of the casing  12  and the inner surface of the bore hole. See  FIG. 2 . This is because assembly  20  is unreasonably large, and thus, the profile of the well bore and casing  12  are not concentric. Rather, the center axis of the casing  12  is offset a great deal from the center axis of the well bore to create sufficient space that the assembly  20  and a flapper housing (not pictured) may be received therein. The flapper housing is disposed below the gun and is used to seal off lower zones after they have been perforated. The annular gap must be made even larger if multiple guns are to be employed at a given depth. Because this annular gap must be made larger with the Snider method, either the bore size must be made bigger, or the casing must be made smaller in diameter. Both of these solutions have disadvantages. Even a slight increase in bore size will result in significant additional drilling costs. Reducing the casing diameter  12 , however, will diminish the conduits flow abilities. Therefore, because deploying the Snider gun requires extra space outside the casing, the user must either pay additional drilling costs or suffer the consequence of reduced conduction of processing fluids.  
         [0014]     A fourth disadvantage is that the Snider gun assembly is constructed of metal. This is disadvantageous in that when the guns are fired, metal fragments from the assembly  20  will cause collateral damage thus impairing the flow performance of the perforation tunnel. This could be avoided if a less destructive material were used.  
         [0015]     Frequently a well penetrates multiple zones of the same formation and/or a plurality of hydrocarbon bearing formations of interest. It is usually desirable to establish communication with each zone and/or formation of interest for injection and/or production of fluids. Conventionally, this has been accomplished in any one of several ways. One way is to use a single perforating gun that is conveyed by wireline or tubing into the well bore and an explosive charge fired to perforate a zone and/or formation of interest. This procedure is then repeated for each zone to be treated and requires running a new perforating gun into the well for each zone and/or formation of interest.  
         [0016]     One alternative is to have a single perforating gun carrying multiple explosive charges. This multiple explosive charge gun is conveyed on wireline or tubing into the well and, as the gun is positioned adjacent to each zone and/or formation of interest, selected explosive charges are fired to perforate the adjacent zone and/or formation. In another alternative embodiment, two or more perforating guns, each having at least one explosive charge, are mounted spaced apart on a single tubing, then conveyed into the well, and each gun is selectively fired when positioned opposite a zone and/or formation of interest. When the select firing method is used, and the zone and/or formation of interest are relatively thin, e.g., 15 feet or less, the perforating gun is positioned adjacent the zone of interest and only some of the shaped charges carried by the perforating gun are fired to perforate only this zone or formation. The gun is then repositioned, by means of the tubing, to another zone or formation and other shaped charges are fired to perforate this zone or formation. This procedure is repeated until all zones and/or formations are perforated, or all of the shaped explosive charges detonated, and the perforating gun is retrieved to the surface by means of the tubing.  
         [0017]     However, the necessity of tripping in and out of the well bore to perforate and stimulate each of multiple zones and/or formations is time consuming and expensive. In view of this, multiple zones and/or formations are often simultaneously stimulated, even though this may result in certain zones and/or formations being treated in a manner more suitable for an adjacent zone and/or formation.  
         [0018]     Another disadvantage in conventional systems regards the deployment of sensitive transmission lines outside the casing. It is often desirable to deploy a cable, fiber or tube along the length of a well bore for connection to, or to act directly as, a sensing device. Where such a device is deployed outside a casing and where that casing is subsequently perforated, there exists a substantial risk that the device will be damaged by being directly impinged upon by the jet created by an exploding charge because the cables are not fixed at a known location to prevent being hit by the charge. This risk is elevated if the perforating system is difficult to orient within the well bore. Thus, there is a need in the prior art for a method of protecting these sensitive transmission lines during perforation.  
         [0019]     Thus, a need exists for (i) a modular perforation assembly which is conveyed by the casing as it is lowered within the well bore so that it eliminates the need to run perforating equipment in and out of the well when completing multiple zones and/or formations; (ii) that the assembly be externally-mounted in such a way that the casing will be centered rather than offset within the well bore upon its installation; (iii) that the assembly create perforations which are equally spaced and precise so that the perforated casing will have desirable in-flow characteristics and not be obstructed; (iv) that the charges of the assembly are fired from a plurality of points of origin about the periphery of the casing, but are limited in power so that they will penetrate the casing only once and will cause no damage to the rest of the casing; (v) that the perforations created do not significantly compromise the structural integrity of the casing; (vi) that the charges are fired in opposite directions so that different charges may be fired to rupture the casing wall while other more powerful charges are used to perforate the formation; (vii) a frame for the assembly that is easily constructed and will protectively maintain the charges on the outside of the casing in a dry and pressure-controlled environment; (viii) that the portions of the frame through which the charges are blasted into the formation be constructed of a less-damaging material than metal in order to minimize collateral formation damage that might be caused by the charges, and (ix) that a method be provided that enables perforation to be accomplished without damaging sensitive casing-conveyed transmission lines.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0020]     The present inventions include an apparatus for perforating a casing string comprising a first module and a second module, each first and second module comprising a gun assembly contained therein, the first module being positioned longitudinally adjacent the second module on the casing string a firing assembly for igniting the gun assembly in the first module, a remote signaler to remotely detonate the firing assembly, and a ballistic transfer assembly for igniting the gun assembly in the second module, wherein said ballistic transfer assembly comprises a booster charge at one end of said gun assembly in said first module adjacent a receiver charge at one end of said gun assembly in said second module.  
         [0021]     The present inventions include an apparatus for perforating a subterranean earth formation through a wellbore lined with casing, comprising a first module comprising a first gun assembly mounted on said casing at a first depth in the wellbore proximate a first zone of interest in said formation, a second module coupled with said first module, said second module comprising a second gun assembly mounted on said casing at a second depth in the wellbore proximate a second zone of interest in said formation, and a remote transmitter for detonating said first gun assembly and said second gun assembly, respectively; wherein said first module comprises a third gun assembly, each of said first and third gun assemblies being contained within a respective chamber, each chamber being disposed about the periphery of said casing so that when said casing is positioned in said wellbore, said casing and said wellbore are substantially coaxial.  
         [0022]     The present inventions include a method for perforating a subterranean-earth formation through a wellbore lined with casing, comprising the steps of securing a first module comprising a first gun assembly at a first position on said casing, securing a second module comprising a second gun assembly at a second position on said casing, securing a third module comprising a third gun assembly at a third position on said casing, selecting said first position and said second position so that when said casing is positioned in said wellbore, said first module is proximate a first zone of interest in said formation and said second module is proximate a second zone of interest in said formation, selecting said third position so that when said casing is positioned in said wellbore, said third module is proximate a third zone of interest in said formation, wherein said first zone of interest is closer to a surface of the earth formation than said second zone of interest, wherein said first module comprises a third gun assembly and said second module comprises a fourth gun assembly, each first, second, third and fourth gun assembly being contained within a respective chamber, placing said casing in said wellbore, detonating said first gun assembly with a remote transmitter; and detonating said second gun assembly by a ballistic transfer of energy from said first gun assembly, detonating said third gun assembly through a ballistic transfer of energy from the detonation of said second gun assembly; and further comprising the step of positioning said chambers on said second module so that said casing and said wellbore are substantially coaxial when said casing is positioned in said wellbore.  
         [0023]     The present inventions include a firing assembly for activating a perforating device and perforating a subterranean earth formation through a wellbore lined with casing, said perforating device comprising a module having a first chamber and a second chamber, said first chamber including a first gun assembly and said second chamber including a second gun assembly, said firing assembly comprising a firing head for transferring ballistic energy to the perforating device, said firing head having a detonator and a plurality of ballistic charges, said detonator coupled to at least one of said first gun assembly and said second gun assembly a remote telemetry device for sending a detonation signal, a transmission medium for transmitting said detonation signal to said firing head, and a receiving device for receiving said detonation signal and a processor for interpreting said detonation signal and activating said detonator, said detonator causing at least one of said plurality of ballistic charges to explode and detonate at least one of the first gun assembly and the second gun assembly an isolating device to prevent short circuiting of said remote signaler after detonation of the at least one of the first gun assembly and the second gun assembly; wherein said firing head is further comprised of a low voltage power source and a high-voltage device, said high-voltage device elevating a low voltage delivered from said low voltage power source to a higher voltage sufficient to activate said detonator. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0024]     The present invention is described in detail below with reference to the attached drawing figures, wherein:  
         [0025]      FIG. 1  is a sectional side view of the Snider perforating gun assembly as positioned in a subterranean well.  
         [0026]      FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of the Snider perforating gun assembly as positioned within a subterranean well bore taken along line  2 - 2  of  FIG. 1 .  
         [0027]      FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view of the Snider perforating gun assembly as positioned within a subterranean well bore taken along line  2 - 2  of  FIG. 1  after the explosive charges of the perforating gun have been detonated.  
         [0028]      FIG. 4  is a perspective view of the casing with the carrier and pressure chambers of the present invention mounted thereon.  
         [0029]      FIG. 5  is a perspective view of the perforating gun assembly of the present invention.  
         [0030]      FIG. 6A  is a cut view of the firing head of the present invention.  
         [0031]      FIG. 6B  is a side view of the firing head of the present invention showing the receptacles.  
         [0032]      FIG. 7  is a schematic diagram showing the electrical components of the firing head.  
         [0033]      FIG. 8  is an end-to-end view from above showing the insides of two adjacent pressure vessels.  
         [0034]     FIGS.  9 A-D show the end cap of the present invention.  
         [0035]      FIG. 10  shows an alternative bi-directional charge that may be used with the present invention.  
         [0036]      FIGS. 11A and 11B  show the ends of the carrier of the present invention in profile and  FIGS. 11C and 11D  show the carrier in perspective and cross-section, respectively.  
         [0037]      FIGS. 12A, 12B  and  12 C shows the clamp of the present invention in profile, cross-section and perspective views, respectively. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0038]     The present invention provides a device and method for externally perforating a well-bore casing. The perforating apparatus is attached to the outside of the casing itself and is conveyed along with the casing when it is inserted into the well bore.  
         [0039]     Referring first to  FIG. 4 , The casing conveyed perforating (CCP) system of the present invention comprises a plurality of pressure chambers  101  which are arranged radially around the outside of a well-bore casing  102 . These pressure chambers  101  are used to protect the relatively sensitive components contained therein.  
         [0040]     Upon installation of the casing within the ground, a number of casing segments are run into the well bore after it has been drilled in a manner known to those skilled in the art. Cement is then typically poured around the casing to fill in an annular space or gap between the outer diameter of the casing and the well bore. Hydrostatic pressure created by any fluid in the well bore, e.g., mud, brine, or wet cement creates pressures that might damage gun components such as detonating equipment or charges. The protective chambers  101  of the present invention guard against such damage.  
         [0041]     It is not necessary, however, that the present invention be used only in cemented completions. The casing conveyed perforating assembly of the present invention might also be used for uncemented completions. In such cases, cement is not placed around the casing.  
         [0042]     Regardless of the application, each pressure chamber  101  is a tubular vessel of constant internal diameter. The vessel is capable of withstanding external well-bore pressure while maintaining atmospheric pressure within. Each pressure chamber  101  should be constructed of a material resistant to abrasion and impermeable to well-bore fluids. It should also be resistant to chemical degradation under prolonged exposure to well-bore fluids at bottom hole temperature and pressure. These chambers  101  may be either metallic or non-metallic in nature and are sealed at both ends by end caps  115 . The chamber  101  should be configured so as not to rotate. It should be non-rotating so as to maintain the orientation of its contents constant, relative to the surface of the casing. It should also have an internal diameter not less than that required to accommodate one or more shaped charges  104 .  
         [0043]     The preferred embodiment of pressure chamber  101  is a tube having a circular cross-section. It is manufactured of composite material, e.g. carbon fiber winding saturated with a thermoplastic resin. It is held in position relative to the casing by a carrier  116  and secured in position by a clamp  117 . The chamber is made non-rotating as a result of a square profile  118  on its end caps  115  (See  FIG. 9B ), which are held in place by matching profiles on clamp  117  or by grooves cut into the end cap  115 , into which set screws are secured through the clamp  117 .  
         [0044]     The end caps  115  form plugs to seal the end of the pressure chamber. See FIGS.  9 A-D. Each has a profile  124  (See  FIG. 9C ) that allows its insertion to a fixed distance into the pressure chamber  101 . One or more sealing elements  125  (O-rings) provide pressure isolation between the inside of the pressure chamber and the outside. Profile  126  is configured so that when it is secured by clamp  117 , it prevents rotation of the pressure chamber  101  relative to the casing  102 . Each end cap  115  also has an internal bore  127  along its axis. Bore  127  does not penetrate entirely through the plug. This enables ballistic transfer devices, such as receiver charge  120  or booster charge  121 , to be fixed within each end cap  115 . The end caps  115  may be metallic or non-metallic in nature. Preferably, end caps  115  should be constructed of composite materials. Such composite articles such as the pressure chamber  101  and end caps  115  may be supplied by Airborne Products, BV located in the city of Leidschendam, Netherlands.  
         [0045]     Inside each of pressure chambers  101  is a flat metal strip  103 . Strip  103  may be seen in  FIGS. 5 and 8 . Strips such as the one used here (at  103 ) are known in the art. They are typically used within hollow carrier perforating devices in the oilfield. Minimized portions  80 ,  82  on each strip are received in the each end cap  115 . Slots  119  in the end caps  115  hold the strip so that it may not rotate within the pressure chambers. Thus, strip  103  is secured within pressure chamber  101 . Holes are machined into strip  103  so that it can accommodate the shaped charges  104 . Slots are machined into strip  103  in order to accommodate the detonating cord  105  used to provide ballistic transfer between the shaped charges  104  and between the ballistic transfer devices  120 ,  121  contained in the end caps  115 .  
         [0046]     The charges  104  are located in strip  103  in two groups. One grouping  42  of charges  104  (as shown in  FIG. 5 ) face inward toward the casing  102 , whereas the charges in a second grouping face outward into the formation. The charges in the two groups  42  and  44  are alternatively spaced. It has been learned that different kinds of charges are better used for blasting into metal surfaces (such as casings) and other kinds of charges are better for blasting into rock formations. As can be recalled from the background section above, the conventional perforation gun techniques require the shaped charges to penetrate both the metallic casing and rock formations. Because the gun assembly  40  of the present invention allows the charges of the first group  42  (the ones used to perforate the casing) to be different than those of the second group  44  (the ones used to perforate the formation), the user may select the charge most appropriate for each.  
         [0047]     Charges such as those used here are typically metallic in nature, containing pressed explosives and a pressed metal or forged liner, creating a shaped explosive charge, as is typically used in oilfield perforating devices. When ignited, they will create a hole of specific dimensions through the material into which they are fired. These charges must be maintained in an environment of low humidity and at atmospheric pressure. This is accomplished by the pressure vessel, which protects the charges from subterranean fluids, and the tremendous pressures encountered within the well bore. The charges of the first group  42  will perforate through the pressure chamber, the frame, and through the adjacent wall of the casing. These shaped charges will not, however, damage in any way the wall of the casing diametrically opposite from the point of perforation. The charges of the second group  44  will perforate through the pressure chamber and through any surrounding cement sheath and into the adjacent rock formation. This may be perpendicular or tangential to the surface of the casing, or form any other angle thereto.  
         [0048]     In an alternative embodiment, all of the charges  104  shown in  FIG. 5  are instead bi-directional in nature, having both inward and outward-firing components so as to fire two separate shaped charges in opposite directions simultaneously. Referring to  FIG. 10 , the bi-directional charge  86  of the present invention is contained in a charge capsule  90 . A first, larger charge component  88  is aimed in the direction of the formation  81 . A second, smaller charge component  89  is aimed inward towards the well-bore casing  102 . Both charge components  88  and  89  comprise pressed explosives that are contained within shaped liners  92  and  94 . Liners  92  and  94  have liner profiles  96  and  98  that serve to ideally direct the explosive perforating jets emitted after detonation. As can be seen from the figure, the outwardly fired charge component  88  is much larger than the inwardly fired charge component  89 . This is to maximize penetration into the formation using a larger charge component  88 , while providing the minimum required explosive mass to satisfactorily penetrate the casing wall. Because much less penetrating force is necessary to pierce the well-bore casing  102 , the charge component used for this purpose  89  is much smaller. This limitation in the explosive force created also prevents damage of any kind to the wall of the casing diametrically opposite from the point of perforation. The bi-directional charges  86  in  FIG. 10  are arranged on a metal strip  203  in the same manner, as were the charges  104  shown in  FIG. 5 . They are also associated with a detonating cord  205  in much the same way—except that with the embodiment in  FIG. 10 , the cord  205  bisects pressed explosives  92  and  94 . These bi-directional charges may be arranged in any pattern within the pressure vessel and are maintained in an environment of low humidity and at atmospheric pressure by means of the pressure vessel. Like the first embodiment, the charges are maintained in ballistic connection by means of the detonating cord.  
         [0049]     In either embodiment, a common detonating cord  105  interconnects the charges. Referring to  FIG. 5 , the cord  105  is seen being threaded through the metal strip via slots prepared for that purpose and being secured to ballistic transfer devices  120  and  121  within the end caps. Cord  105  is used to simultaneously ignite all the charges  104  on the strip to perforate the casing and well in response to an electrical charge. Detonating cord  105  may be any explosive detonating cord that is typically used in oilfield perforating operations (and other applications, such as mining). The cord chosen should also have the capability to provide ballistic transfer between an electronic detonator and a ballistic transfer device, between ballistic transfer devices, and between ballistic transfer devices and shaped charges. Detonating cords such as those used in the present invention are well known in the art. The present embodiment uses a cord (when used in a pressure chamber) that is formed of RDX or HMX explosive within a protective coating.  
         [0050]     The pressure chambers also include a means for propagating ballistic transfer  120 ,  121  to another pressure chamber positioned above or below. At the other end of assembly, a booster charge  120  is used to receive ballistic transfer from either another pressure chamber or a detonating device  107  positioned above or below.  
         [0051]     Referring to  FIG. 6 , a firing head  108  is also provided, in one respect, to secure each chamber  101  of an array chambers  101  surrounding the casing. Each firing head  108  is also used to detonate a booster charge  120  in each pressure chamber  101 . The firing head is a machined body that fits around the outside of the casing. The firing head  108  ports  160 , fittings and receptacles (not shown) to allow the installation of electrical devices within a pressure chamber while providing requisite electrical and ballistic connections to the outside of each chamber  101 . The firing head also includes a receptacle, or nipple  122 , for each adjacent and aligned pressure chamber  101 , each nipple containing a ballistic transfer device (not shown) for activating the receiver charge  120 . The firing head  108  may be secured to the casing by any known means, such as grub screws, so that it cannot rotate or move laterally along the casing. The firing head is normally constructed to be metallic in nature and has a number of connection points  123  for the admission of signals from a telemetry device on the surface.  
         [0052]     The firing head is controlled using a telemetry system (not shown). The telemetry system may be any of a number of known means of transmitting signals generated by a control system outside the well to the electronic devices located in the firing head(s) inside the well, and signals transmitted by the electronic devices to the control system. It may use signals that are electronic, electromagnetic, acoustic, seismic, hydraulic, optical, radio or otherwise in nature. The telemetry system may comprise a continuous device providing a connection between the firing heads and the wellhead (e.g. cable, hydraulic control line or optical fiber). It also includes a feed-through device to allow the continuous connection device to pass through the wellhead without creating a leak path for well-bore fluids or pressure. It may be secured to the outside of the casing to prevent damage while running in the well bore. The telemetry system is connected with the internal components of the firing head via connector  109 . Alternatively, the well-bore casing could be used as a conductive path.  
         [0053]     Non-continuous transmittal means for the detonating signals may also be used. A non-electric detonating train comprising Nonal or an equivalent material may initiate the signal. The use of electrical or other continuous means to initiate the explosive charges (or used to “back-up” a continuous means) may cause the device to be susceptible to short-circuit as a result of leakage. Where several devices are to be connected in series, the risk of failure increases with the number of down-hole connections. The use of a non-continuous means to conduct the initiation process means that fluid ingress at any leaking connector becomes non-terminal.  
         [0000]     Regardless of whether continuous or non-continuous means are used for signal transmission, the system transmits signals at a power level that is insufficient to cause detonation of the detonating device or shaped charges.  
         [0054]     A schematic diagram showing the electronic features of firing head  108  is provided in  FIG. 7 . The physical embodiment may be seen in  FIG. 6 . Referring first to  FIG. 7 , a signal is received from the surface though a signal conduit. The signal is in the form of a recognizable sequence of impulses that are generated by a control station located outside the well. They are typically transmitted using a telemetry system on the surface and then relayed to the electronic receiving device  112  inside the firing head  108  via the electrical connector  109  and electronic connection point  123 . These impulses are recognized by the electronic device  112  as matching a pre-programmed specification corresponding to a command to execute some pre-determined action.  
         [0055]     Electrical connector  109  is a device via which signals transmitted by the telemetry system on the surface are connected to the firing head electronic connection point, via which they are communicated to electronic devices within the firing head. The connector  109  has at least two coaxial conductors and two or three terminations, forming either an elbow or T-piece configuration. The connector also provides continuity of each of the at least two conductors to each of the two or three termination points. The body of connector  109  may be metallic or non-metallic in nature, being typically either steel or a durable composite (e.g., the composite known by the acronym “PEEK”).  
         [0056]     Besides connector  109 , other electronic features shown include a transmitter/receiver for transmitting or receiving a signal to or from the surface, with an isolating device  110  to prevent short-circuit of a telemetry system  111  after detonation of the firing head.  
         [0057]     Isolating device  110  is used to isolate the electronic connector  109  to which it is attached from any invasion of conductive fluids, such that electrical continuity at and beyond the connector is maintained even though the conductive fluids have caused a short circuit at the isolating device. It is used to maintain electrical continuity of the telemetry system after detonation of the firing head within which the isolating device is contained. An isolating device is necessary because well-bore fluid will enter the spent firing head, causing short-circuiting of the electronic devices within the firing head, which are in electrical connection to the telemetry system via the isolating device. Isolating devices such as the one disclosed at  110  are known in the art and are commercially available.  
         [0058]     An electronic processing device  112  is also provided. It is used to interpret signals from surface and then transmit signals back to the surface. Electronic processing device  112  is a microprocessor-based electronic circuit capable of discriminating with extremely high reliability between signals purposefully transmitted to it via the telemetry device and stray signals received from some other source. It is also capable of interpreting such signals as one or more instructions to carry out pre-determined actions. It contains known internal devices that physically interrupt electrical continuity unless predetermined conditions are met. These internal devices may include a temperature switch, a pressure switch, or a timer. Once a particular condition is satisfied (e.g., a particular temperature, pressure, or the elapse of time) the internal device creates electrical continuity. Once continuity has been created, the resulting electrical connection is used to initiate one or more pre-determined actions. These actions may include (i) initiating the firing of an electronic detonating device via electronic high-voltage device  114 ; (ii) the transmission of a coded signal back to the telemetry device, the nature of which may be determined by the state of one or more variable characteristics inherent to the processing device; and/or (iii) the execution of an irreversible action such that the electronic processing and/or high-voltage device(s) are rendered incapable of initiating the electronic detonating device. The preferred embodiment of processor  112  is manufactured by Nan Gall Technology Inc. and is easily modified to perform in the manner described above, said modifications being well within the skill of one skilled in the art.  
         [0059]     The source of voltage necessary for detonation is drawn from a power source  113 . Power source  113  comprises one or more electrical batteries capable of providing sufficient power to allow the electronic devices within the firing head to function as designed until at least the design life of the system. The battery or batteries selected may be of any of a number of known types, e.g. lithium or alkaline. The power source  113  is housed within firing head  108 . They may also optionally be rechargeable, in a trickle-charge manner, via the telemetry system.  
         [0060]     An electronic high-voltage device  114  is used to deliver the elevated voltage necessary for ignition by transforming the low voltage supply provided by power source  113  (typically less than 10 volts) into a high-voltage spike (typically of the order 1000V, 200 A, within a few microseconds) appropriate for detonation of the electronic detonating device. Such a device is known to those skilled in the art as a “fireset” or “detonating set.” Device  114  is housed within firing head  108 . The electronic high-voltage device  114  used in the preferred embodiment is commercially available and is manufactured by Ecosse Inc.  
         [0061]     An electronic detonating device  107  is triggered when the appropriate signals are transferred to the firing head through connector  109 . After processor  112  interprets detonation signals, a charge from battery  113  is transmitted through the electronic high voltage device  114  to the detonating device  107 .  
         [0062]     The detonating device  107  is what triggers the detonating cord  105  that detonates the charges  104  within the nipples on the firing head. The electronic detonating device  107  generates a shock wave on application of electrical voltage of the appropriate waveform. It typically comprises a wire or filament of known dimensions, which flash vaporizes on application of high voltage. An example of one form of detonator that may be used is referred to by those skilled in the art as an exploding bridge wire (EBW) detonator. Such detonators are typically packaged together with an electronic high-voltage device such as the one shown at  114  in  FIG. 7 . Other kinds of detonators known to those skilled in the art will also work, however.  
         [0063]     Not all of the pressure vessels are detonated using detonating devices such as that shown in  FIG. 7 . Instead, ballistic transfer may fire these pressure vessels. This is accomplished using one detonating device that initiates a ring of detonating cord. This ring of cord then initiates shaped charges in the nipples of the firing head. These charges in the nipples then initiate the uppermost pressure chambers via ballistic transfer across the known gap between the firing head nipples and the pressure chamber end caps aligned below them. Once the upper pressure chambers are ignited, ballistic transfer is used to propagate a detonation shock wave across the interruption in the detonating cord between the upper and next lower gun assemblies.  FIG. 8  shows this arrangement. Referring to the figure, a ballistic transfer arrangement enables the detonating cord  105  of a gun assembly of a first (upper) pressure chamber  61  to be in shock-wave communication with the detonating cord  105  of another gun assembly in a second, lower pressure chamber  63 . Booster charge  121  at the lower end  60  of the upper pressure chamber  61  is axially aligned and separated by a known distance from an upper end  62  of the second pressure chamber  63  containing receiver charge  120 . The arrangement must be such that the axis of the pressure chambers  61  and  63  are be aligned so that the shock wave generated by the ignition of the gun assembly in the first pressure chamber is transferred from the booster  121  in the first chamber  61  to the receiver  120  in the second chamber. Booster charge  121  and receiver charge  120  may be contained either in the firing head or in the pressure chamber end caps. The use of boosters and receivers in successive chambers may be used to reliably allow the continued propagation of the detonation shock wave from the firing head to an adjacent pressure chamber, or from one pressure chamber to the next.  
         [0064]     The carrier  116  of the present invention, as can be seen in  FIGS. 4 and 11 A-!!D, comprises a machined part, fitting around the outside of the casing  102 . Pre-formed channels  128  on the exterior of carrier  116  receive the tubular pressure chambers  101 . Each carrier has profiles  129  at either end to accommodate clamps  117 , which will be discussed hereinafter. Each carrier  116  comprises two hemi-cylindrical parts, secured one to the other along the edges by bolts, for which bolt holes  130  are provided. A plurality of longitudinal canals  131  are defined by the structure of the carrier  116 . These canals  131  create a protective space in which a continuous medium such as cable, control line or fiber can be deployed without being vulnerable to damage when the shaped charges are detonated. It is often desirable to deploy a cable, fiber or tube along the length of a well bore for connection to, or to act directly as, a sensing device. By deploying these items in the protective canals  131 , they are kept away from the jets created by an exploding charge.  
         [0065]     The carrier may be constructed of metallic or non-metallic materials. The material used in the preferred embodiment is aluminum. The length of the carrier is equal to that of the pressure chambers with end caps inserted, allowing for a pre-determined separation between the end cap of one pressure chamber and that of the next pressure chamber mounted adjacent to it along the casing.  
         [0066]     A pre-formed clamp  117  is used for securing pressure chambers and carriers to the casing. See  FIG. 12 . Clamp  117  is attached to the casing  102  and a profile  132  matching that of the end caps  115  such that the end caps are secured and cannot rotate or move laterally or longitudinally relative to the casing  102 . The outer diameter of clamp  117  should be no greater than that of carrier  116  when mounted on the casing  102 . Like carrier  116 , clamp  117  comprises two hemi-cylindrical parts, secured one to the other along the edges by bolts (not pictured), for which bolt holes  150  are provided.  
         [0067]     The above design enables easy installation. First, the equipment is easily installed on the outside of the casing as described above. Once this has been completed (the pressure chambers  101  have been installed in the pre-formed channels  128  of the carriers  116 , the end caps  115  have been secured and the pressure chambers locked into place longitudinally by the clamps  117  with the charges  104  appropriately placed therein), the entire casing with attached gun assembly may be run down the well bore. The perforating assemblies are modular so that a large number of assemblies may be connected end to end, with ballistic transfer arranged from one to the next for perforation of long intervals. For shorter intervals, fewer modules will be used.  
         [0068]     As the modules are run into the well bore, the centralizing function of the perforating assembly is realized. Because the spine shaped fins (formed by the assembly of firing heads, carriers  116 , clamps  117 , end caps  115  and pressure chambers  101  onto the casing segments  102 ) each extend an equal distant radially from the outer casing surface, these fins will cause the casing to be centered within the well bore—or in other words—to be self-aligning as it is inserted into the bore hole. Because the casing is centralized—not offset like with the conventional external perforating assembly methods—the annular space (the area between the outer surface of the casing and the well bore) is minimized. This minimization of annular space afforded by the present invention will enable drillers to either minimize bore diameters, maximize casing diameters, or both—resulting in reduced costs and increased productivity.  
         [0069]     Once the casing is properly positioned within the well bore, cement is circulated into the annular space between the outer surface of the casing and the well bore wall by means generally well known to those skilled in the art. The cement circulates freely through longitudinal channels created between each longitudinally shaped fin (spine-fins), said fins comprising the pressure chambers  101  and associated components. Although circulation is not impaired by a straight finned embodiment, it could, however, be enhanced by a helical embodiment.  
         [0070]     If the fins on the casing are formed in a helical shape, instead of longitudinally as shown in  FIGS. 4-12C , they will induce turbulence when the cement is circulated through the annular space. Turbulence created by the circulating cement forces mud and other substances to the surface where they are preferably removed. Otherwise, when the cement hardens, the mud that has not been displaced will inhibit the formation of a seal between the casing and the formation. Therefore, forming the pressure chambers on the outside of the casing in a helical design can enhance the desired sealing properties of the cement.  
         [0071]     Additionally, the spine-finned or helical design inherently reduces the amount of annular space thus, placing the spine fins in closer proximity to the formation. Because this arrangement of charges requires less annular space between the outer surface of the casing and the well bore, less cement is required thus, further reducing costs. As a result, smaller charges are needed to perforate though the cement into the formation. This advantage is even greater for the inwardly projecting charges that do not have to penetrate the cement before perforating the casing.  
         [0072]     Additionally, once installed, the firing heads, and associated groups of modules can be fired in any order. This is a significant advantage over the Snider system, which requires that the modules must be fired from bottom to top. This is necessary because with the Snider system, continuity is destroyed when the tool is activated. Such is not the case with the method of the present invention, however. Because the modules of the present invention may be fired in any order, the user is able to optimize multiple formations during the life of the well. The result is increased productivity.  
         [0073]     Of course, alternative embodiments not specifically identified above, but still falling within the scope of the present invention exist.  
         [0074]     For example, the tool may also be embodied such that the pressure chamber and carrier are formed as one integral component. Additionally, an injection molding could be used providing all of the features described above as being part of the pressure chamber and the carrier. Resin transfer molding could be used for the same purpose, as could any other comparable process for manufacturing such solid bodies.  
         [0075]     Attaching the internal components to the well bore casing by any known means, such as applying adhesive, could also embody the tool. In such a case, the pressure chambers could be formed when epoxy resin, or other such material that cures into a hard solid, is poured over and around the components within a pre-formed mold.  
         [0076]     It is also possible that the present invention could be used equally well in situations in which the perforating assembly is attached to a tubular that is not cemented into the well bore. When drilling certain hydrocarbon bearing formations, the invasion of drilling fluids into the formation causes significant damage to the near-well-bore region, impairing productivity. In situations where cementing and perforating a casing is undesirable, various means are used to avoid and/or remove such damage such as under-balanced drilling, exotic drilling fluids and clean up or stimulation fluids. In addition a pre-drilled or slotted liner may often be run to preserve well bore geometry and/or prevent ingress of formation material. The present method provides for a cost-effective way to bypass the damaged zone by perforating the formation and casing without cementing the casing in place using the perforating assembly in the same manner as described above, except that the step of cementing the casing (or portions of the casing) is eliminated.  
         [0077]     It is also possible that the pressure chambers could be disposed on the casing in some other configuration other than the spine-shaped fin configuration disclosed above. For example, as mentioned briefly above, they could be formed helically (instead of longitudinally) on the exterior of the casing. Such a particular configuration would have the turbulence promoting advantages desired upon circulation of cement into the annular space between the casing and well bore.  
         [0078]     Although the invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiments illustrated in the attached drawing figures, and described above, it is noted that substitutions may be made and equivalents employed herein without departing from the scope of the invention.