Abstract:
A torque measuring system is provided in a vehicle transmission including a clutch assembly having a two part, rotatable torque transmitting member, the two pans of the member being angularly movable relative to one another against the compression of at least one damper spring pack, and an actuator with a non rotatable cylinder for controlling the clutch. A device for radiating and receiving wave energy is arranged to irradiate the damper spring pack in order to receive a reflected modulation signal proportional to the current resonance frequency of the damper spring pack, and where the modulation signal is arranged to be converted to a torque value by a signal processing device, which torque value corresponds to the actual torque over the clutch.

Description:
BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY 
     The present invention relates to a torque measuring device in a vehicle for measuring torque over a transmission arranged between a vehicle engine and a driven wheel of said vehicle. 
     Automatic transmissions of the Automatic Mechanical Transmission (AMT) type have become increasingly common in heavy-duty vehicles as microcomputer technology has continued to advance and has made it possible, with a control computer and a number of control elements, for example servo motors, to precision-control the engine speed the connection and disconnection of an automated clutch between engine and gearbox and clutch members of the gearbox, relative to one another, so that smooth gearshift is always obtained at the correct rev speed. The advantage with this type of automatic transmission compared to a traditional automatic transmission based on a set of planetary gears and with a hydrodynamic torque converter on the input side is first that, particularly with respect to use in heavy vehicles, it is simpler, more robust and can be produced at substantially lower cost, and second that it has higher efficiency which results in lower fuel consumption. 
     The automatic mechanical transmission of the type mentioned above strongly reduces the driver&#39;s gear shifting work and the driver will not need to worry about selecting the right next gear ratio when driving the vehicle. All this is taken care of within the AMT. 
     In order to perform gear shifts faster it is known to measure and/or estimate torque at the input shaft of the AMT so as to be able to control engine output torque in a more optimal way in order to achieve zero or almost zero torque in the AMT, when, for example, gear shift is performed without disengaging the clutch arranged between the engine and the AMT. Instead an engagement ring of the engaged gear is disengaged directly, the engine rotational speed is adapted to the new selected gear and the engagement ring of the new gear is engaged in order to engage the new gear. When the new gear is engaged the engine output torque is resumed according to, for example driver demand. 
     The clutch in an AMT can be of the dry plate clutch type and which is used to facilitate start-off from rest and disengage the transmission from the engine at some or all gear shifts. In general, there is a damper hub integrated in a dry plate clutch. Adequately designed, this damper hub reduces torsional vibrations from the engine and spares the transmission downstream of the clutch. In this context the term “downstream” is defined as a direction after a particular point in the direction of power transfer through the transmission. A damper hub usually has a number of helical springs arranged circumferentially on the driven disc that transfers torque from the engine flywheel to the input shaft of the transmission. Some designs are shown in DE102 20 205. 
     In order to be able to control disengagement and engagement of engagement rings in the gearbox, the engine torque has to be controlled so that zero or almost zero torque is prevailing over the AMT. One way to measure torque in such transmission arrangement is magnetostriction, which means that the AMT input shaft is magnetized with a predetermined magnetic pattern. Micro twisting of the input shaft as torque is applied is measured with electromagnetic coils arranged outside and in a contactless relationship relative the input shaft. The electromagnetic coils measure changes in permeability of the magnetic pattern, which changes are proportional to the torque twisting the shaft. An example of such a system is disclosed in for example U.S. Pat. No. 4,976,160. 
     Instead of measuring, the torque on the input shaft an alternative solution is to measure torque over the clutch. U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,746 discloses an arrangement for measuring the torque applied on the input shaft of a transmission by measuring the compression of clutch damper helical springs arranged in the clutch between the engine and the transmission. A certain compression distance of the spring corresponds to a certain torque applied over the clutch. 
     WO 2001/73389 discloses a sensor for non-contact detection of torque on a shaft by measuring the resonance frequency of a string attached to two collars on the shaft. As the shaft is twisted the string will increase or decrease its pretension, and thereby change its lateral vibration resonance frequency. By measuring the prevailing resonance frequency it is possible to indirectly determine the torque applied over the shaft. The string is radiated with microwave energy and a modulation of the microwave signal is caused by the mechanic oscillation of the string. The modulation is translated to a corresponding torque value by a signal processing device. 
     The known examples suffer from various drawbacks, such as slow response times, insufficient accuracy for use in AMT transmissions, expensive sensor components or complex and/or sensitive sensor arrangements. 
     It is desirable to come up with an alternative relatively cheap, robust, sufficiently accurate and fast torque measuring device in a vehicle transmission. 
     The invention, according to an aspect thereof, relates to a torque measuring system a vehicle transmission comprising a clutch assembly having at least a two part, rotatable torque transmitting member. A first part can be a part of or be connected to a flywheel driven by a prime mover, such as an engine. A second part can be a part of or be connected to an input shaft for a transmission, such as a gearbox. The transmission can be an automatic mechanical transmission. The two parts of said torque transmitting member are angularly movable relative to one another against the compression of at least one damper spring pack. An actuator with a non rotatable cylinder is provided for controlling the clutch. Although the torque measuring system according to the invention is primarily intended for friction clutch assemblies, the invention can also be applied to hydrodynamic clutches and torque converters. 
     A device for radiating and receiving wave energy is arranged to irradiate said damper spring pack in order to receive a reflected modulation signal proportional to the current resonance frequency of said damper spring pack, and where said modulation signal representing a measured mechanical resonance frequency is arranged to be converted to a torque value by a signal or data processing device, which torque value corresponds to the actual torque over said clutch. Torque values are determined continuously while the part comprising spring packs is rotated, in order to monitor the torque over the clutch. The resulting torque values can be used in a target gear selection function, for instance for determining when a gear change can be carried out. 
     The torque measuring system according to the invention is characterized in that a device for exciting, or radiating, and receiving wave energy is arranged to radiate a damper spring pack of a clutch. Suitable devices for this purpose are devices for emitting electromagnetic radiation, such as pulsed electromagnetic radio waves, microwaves, millimetric or sub-millimetric radio waves. Alternatively, devices for emitting acoustic signals can be used, for instance, for emitting ultrasonic signals. The device can comprise separate transmitter and receiver units arranged spaced apart or an integrated transmitter and receiver unit. In the subsequent text these alternatives will be referred to by the collective term “device”. 
     Said wave energy is reflected back from the damper spring pack in order for the device to receive a modulation signal, for instance an amplitude modulation signal, created by a current mechanical resonance frequency of said damper spring pack. Said measured mechanical resonance frequency is translated by a signal processing device to a torque value, which corresponds to the actual torque prevailing over said clutch. 
     The device for radiating and receiving wave energy is arranged in a suitable location from which a transmitted signal can reach the at least one spring pack and be reflected back to said device. According to a first example, the device for radiating and receiving wave energy is arranged between said spring packs and a radial diaphragm spring connecting the actuator and the clutch. According to a second example, the a radial diaphragm spring connecting the actuator and the clutch is arranged between said spring packs and said device for radiating and receiving wave energy. 
     Due to tolerances in the production of these spring packs and tolerances in the spring pack mounting, variations in the compression and/or resonance frequency for a certain torque over the clutch can occur between said different spring packs for a certain torque. 
     According to one example the signal processing device can be programmed to calibrate the measurements for one of the spring packs in the clutch. The device for radiating and receiving wave energy is then arranged to radiate wave energy to a single spring pack, whereby a torque value is determined for said spring pack. Said spring pack can for example be identified as the one with the lowest or highest mechanical resonance frequency. 
     In a further example and in order to be able to program the signal processing device so that it can identify the right, damper spring pack, a first distance between two of the six spring packs can differ somewhat compared to the other distances between the spring packs, which other distances can be equal. In this way, when the clutch is rotating, the time passing by between when a first spring pack has passed and to when the next spring pack passes can be identified. Thus, the right spring pack can be the one which follows after said first distance, which differs from the other distances. Said first distance can be longer or shorter compared to the other distances. 
     In a further example and in order to be able to program the signal processing device so that it can identify the right damper spring pack, a marker can be arranged adjacent the right damper spring pack. This marker can be a projection or a recess/aperture in the outer plate which affects the modulation of the electromagnetic radiation in such a way as to be identifiable. In this way, when the clutch is rotating, the right spring pack can be identified as the one that follows the marker in the direction of rotation. 
     Alternatively, the device for radiating and receiving wave energy is arranged to radiate wave energy to at least two spring packs, whereby the signal processing device is arranged to determine an average torque value for said spring packs. Ultimately, this can involve radiating and receiving individual modulation signals to and from each spring pack, respectively. 
     The reflected modulation signal received by the device is preferably an amplitude modulation signal. As stated above, the device is arranged to radiate wave energy in the form of electromagnetic, radiation or acoustic wave energy towards at least one spring pack. 
     In order to maintain accurate torque value readings, the signal processing device can be arranged to perform a recalibration when a first vehicle condition corresponding to a first torque level and a second vehicle condition corresponding to a second torque level have been detected. Said first vehicle condition can for example be a condition where zero torque is prevailing and said second vehicle condition where a maximum torque is prevailing. The relationship between the change in resonance frequency corresponding to zero torque and up to the resonance frequency corresponding to the maximum torque is linear so the resonance frequencies corresponding to different torque levels between said two different known torque levels, such as zero torque and maximum torque, can be calculated. The recalibration is necessary since the size of the windows and or the elastic properties of the spring packs can change over time. Such changes can be due to normal wear and the resonance frequency of the spring pack may therefore change accordingly over time. 
     The invention further involves a torque measuring method for a vehicle transmission comprising a clutch assembly having a two part, rotatable torque transmitting member, the two parts of said member being angularly movable relative to one another against the compression of at least one damper spring pack, and an actuator with a non rotatable cylinder for controlling the clutch 
     The method involves the steps of:
         radiating wave energy towards at least one spring pack by means of a device for radiating and receiving, wave energy;   receiving wave energy in the form of a modulation signal reflected from said at least one spring pack by means of said device which modulation signal is proportional to the current resonance frequency of said damper spring pack;   transmitting the modulation signal to a signal processing device; and   converting the modulation signal to a torque value using said signal processing device, which torque value corresponds to the actual torque over said clutch.       

     According to a first example, the method involves radiating wave energy to a single spring pack and determining a torque value based on the modulation signal from said single spring pack. According to a second example, the method involves radiating wave energy to at least two spring packs and determining an average torque value based on the modulation signals from each spring pack. As stated above, torque values are determined continuously while the part comprising spring packs is rotated, in order to monitor the torque over the clutch. The resulting torque values can be used in a target gear selection function, for instance for determining when a gear change can be carried out. 
     The torque measuring method preferably involves receiving an amplitude modulation signal reflected from said at least one spring pack. 
     The method can involve radiating wave energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation or acoustic wave energy towards at least one spring pack. 
     According to the torque measuring method, a recalibration can be performed when two different vehicle conditions have been detected, where a first vehicle condition has a first torque level and a second vehicle condition has a second torque level which torque levels differ by a predetermined amount, as discussed above. 
     The invention also involves a computer program comprising program code means for performing all the steps of the torque measuring method described above, when said program is run on a computer. 
     The invention further involves a computer program product comprising program code means stored on a computer readable medium for performing all steps of the torque measuring method described above, when said program product is run on a computer. 
     The invention further involves a computer system for implementing the torque measuring method described above, said computer system comprising a suitable storage medium for storing a program for controlling a target gear selection function for the vehicle, and for receiving and storing modulation signals proportional to the current resonance frequency of at least one damper spring pack, wherein a signal processing device operable to run said program for converting said modulation signals to torque values and to control the target gear selection based on said torque values. 
     The advantage with the device according to the invention is that the response times and the accuracy for torque measurement is improved, which in turn allows for faster and more accurate gear changes in an AMT transmissions. The use of expensive sensor components or complex and/or sensitive sensor arrangements can be avoided, as the invention merely requires a single device for radiating and receiving wave energy arranged within sensor range from a spring pack. As the device is not required to be located in the immediate vicinity of a shaft, as in the case of a Hall sensor or a magnetorestrictive sensor, less space is required for the system according to the invention. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The invention will now be described in detail with reference to the appended drawing figures. It is understood that the drawing figures are only illustrations and are not intended to define the scope of the invention, which is defined by the claims appended below. It is further understood that the drawing figures are not necessarily drawn to scale, and that, unless otherwise indicated, the drawing figures only show schematic illustrations of constructions and methods described herein. 
         FIG. 1  shows a schematic longitudinal section of a conventional single-disc dry plate clutch with a torque measuring device according to the invention. 
         FIG. 2  shows an axial view of the conventional driven disc in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  shows a typical relationship between torque and relative rotational displacement for a damper hub like the one in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 4  shows a diagram of an embodiment of the invention with a device for exciting and receiving electromagnetic radiation and a signal processing device. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 1  shows a simplified longitudinal section of a single-disc dry plate clutch  101  (friction clutch assembly), which as such is known art. There, a clutch cover assembly  102  is fastened to a flywheel  103  by means of screws  104 . The clutch cover assembly  102  is composed of a clutch cover  105 , a diaphragm spring  106  and a pressure plate  107 . 
     The diaphragm spring has fingers  106   f  extending radially inwards. A clutch device (not shown) rotationally connects the pressure plate  107  to the clutch cover  105  and allows a limited axial relative motion. Furthermore, there is a driven disc  110  that is composed of a friction plate  111  and a damper hub.  112 . 
     An inner plate  113  of the damper hub  112  is connected fixedly to the friction plate  111 . Spring packs  114  are carried in windows  113   w  in the inner plate  113 . The spring packs  114  are also carried by outer plates  115  in corresponding windows  115   w . Each spring pack  114  can be composed of a single helical spring or of two or more helical springs placed inside each other. The outer plates  115  are connected via a symbolically shown pre-damper  116  to an inner huh  117 . Finally, the inner hub  117  is axially moveable but rotationally fixed to an input shaft  120  of a not shown transmission. 
     The clutch  101  is controlled by an actuator  121  whose piston  121   p  via a release bearing  122  pushes the fingers  106   f  of diaphragm spring  106  for the disengaging the clutch. 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 1 , a device  125 ,  126  for radiating and receiving wave energy is arranged to irradiate one of the damper spring packs  114   a  in order to receive a reflected modulation signal proportional to the current resonance frequency of said damper spring pack  114   a , and where said modulation signal representing a measured mechanical resonance frequency is arranged to be convened to a torque value by a signal or data processing device  127 , which torque value corresponds to the actual torque over said friction clutch. Torque values are determined continuously while the inner and outer plates  113 ,  15  comprising spring packs  114  are rotated, in order to monitor the torque over the clutch  101 . The resulting torque values can be used in a target gear selection function, for instance for determining when a gear change can be carried out. 
     The torque measuring, system according to the invention uses a device  125 ,  126  for exciting, or radiating, and receiving wave energy is arranged to radiate a damper spring pack of a clutch. Suitable devices for this purpose are devices for emitting electromagnetic radiation, such as pulsed electromagnetic radio waves, microwaves millimetric or sub-millimetric radio waves. Alternatively, devices for emitting acoustic signals can be used, for instance, for emitting ultrasonic signals. The device can comprise separate transmitter and receiver units arranged spaced apart or an integrated transmitter and receiver unit. In the subsequent text these alternatives will be referred to by the collective term “device”. 
     The device  125 ,  126  for radiating and receiving wave energy is arranged in a suitable location from which a transmitted signal can reach the at least one spring pack and be reflected back to said device  125 ,  126 . According to a first example, the device  125  for radiating and receiving wave energy is arranged between said spring packs  114  and a radial diaphragm spring  106   f  connecting the actuator  121  and the clutch  101 . According to a second example, the radial diaphragm spring  106   f  connecting the actuator  121  and the clutch  101  is arranged between said spring packs  114  and a device  126  (shown in dotted lines) for radiating and receiving wave energy in both cases, the device  125 ,  126  for radiating and receiving wave energy is connected to said data-processing unit  127 . 
       FIG. 2  shows an axial view of the driven disc  110 . As can be seen that there is a number of spring packs  114  arranged in corresponding windows  115   w  of the outer plates  15 . In general, the larger the number of spring packs is the larger torques can be handled by the driven disc. 
     When the clutch  101  is engaged, the diaphragm spring  106  urges the pressure plate  107  to clamp the friction plate  111  of the driven disc  110  towards the flywheel  103 . Thereby, torque can be transferred from the flywheel  103  via the friction plate  111  to the inner plate  113 . A relative angular motion between the inner plate  113  and the outer plates  115  will compress the spring packs  114 . Thereby, at each instant the torque that is transferred is dependent on the compression of the spring packs  114 . A large torque corresponds to a large compression, and vice versa. On the outer plates  115 , the threes from the compressed spring packs  114  are carried by shoulders  115   s  between the windows  115   w.    
       FIG. 3  shows a curve indicating typical known relationship between transferred torque M and relative angular motion between the inner plate  113  and the inner hub  117 . At low levels of torque, indicated by section  331  of the curve, the pre-damper  116  is active and allows a fairly large relative motion. The pre-damper  116  will reduce rattling noise from the gear meshes of the transmission when the engine is idling, or when a zero or near zero torque condition occurs in the transmission. At a predetermined load point  332  the torque is sufficient to start to compress spring packs  14 . The transferred torque will then increase substantially linearly with the relative angular motion along section  333  of the curve up to a stop torque  334  where further compression of the spring packs  114  is mechanically blocked. The corresponding relative angular motion is referred to as the stop angle  335 . If the dimensioning of the spring packs is correct the stop angle  335  should normally not be reached. The present invention is aimed at measuring torque mainly along said line  333 , were the spring packs  114  are compressed. 
     When the clutch  101  is engaged (partly or fully) and torque is transmitted from the engine to the input shaft  120  the spring packs  114  are compressed in an axial direction of each spring pack. Said compression in the axial direction of a spring pack is proportional to the torque applied over the clutch. The torque applied over the clutch is also prevailing over the input shaft to the transmission. During propulsion the vibrations from the engine causes the spring packs to oscillate in a lateral direction. According to known laws of physics a spring pack will oscillate at its mechanical resonance frequency, which frequency is dependent of the compression of the spring pack, and, thus also, of the torque applied over the clutch. 
     According to the invention the current resonance frequency of at least one of the spring packs  114  can be measured using a device  125 ,  126  for radiating and receiving electromagnetic radiation. With reference to  FIG. 1 , the device  125  can in a first example be attached to the stationary housing of the actuator  121 , which housing extends axially past the radial fingers  106   f  of the diaphragm spring  106 . From this position the device  125  can be placed in free view of the spring packs  114 , so that the electromagnetic radiation can be radiated and received unimpeded. 
     According to an alternative example, the device  126  can be attached to the stationary housing of the actuator  121  outside the radial fingers  106   f  of the diaphragm spring  106 . From this position the device  126  can radiate and receive electromagnetic radiation to and from the spring packs  114  through gaps between the radial fingers  106   f  of the diaphragm spring  106 . In this example, reflected signals from the radial fingers  106   f  must be filtered from the desired reflected signals from the spring packs. 
     In order to increase the accuracy further, it is also possible to use two or more devices to determine the current mechanical resonance frequency of the same spring pack or for multiple spring packs. This can include using one or more devices for determining the current mechanical resonance frequency of all spring packs individually in order to achieve an average torque value. The latter arrangement can also be used for monitoring the state of each spring pack. 
     Said device is arranged to radiate said damper spring pack in order to receive a reflected amplitude modulation, which is created by said current mechanical resonance frequency of said damper spring pack. Said modulation and thus measured mechanical resonance frequency is translated by a signal processing device to a torque value, which corresponds to the actual torque prevailing over said friction clutch. In the example shown in  FIG. 1  there are six damp spring packs. 
     Due to tolerances in the production of these spring packs and tolerances of the size of the windows  113   w  and  115   w , the compression and/or resonance frequency for a certain torque over the clutch can vary between said different spring packs for a certain torque. According to one example the signal processing device can be programmed to calibrate the measurements for one of the spring packs in the clutch. 
     Said spring pack can for example be identified as the one with the lowest or highest mechanical resonance frequency. 
     In a further example and in order to be able to program the signal processing device so that it can identify the right damper spring pack, a first distance between two of the six spring packs can differ somewhat compared to the other distances between the spring packs, which other distances can be equal. In this way, when the clutch is rotating, the time passing by between when a first spring pack has passed and to when the next spring pack passes can be identified. Thus, the right spring pack can be the one which follows after said first distance, which differs from the other distances. Said first distance can be longer or shorter compared to the other distances. 
     In a further example and in order to be able to program the signal processing device so that it can identify the right damper spring pack, a marker can be arranged adjacent the right damper spring pack. This marker can be a projection or a recess/aperture  115   m  in the outer plate  115  which affects the modulation of the electromagnetic radiation in such a way as to be identifiable. In this way, when the clutch is rotating, the right spring pack can be identified as the one that follows the marker in the direction of rotation. 
     According to known art each damper spring pack can sometimes be covered with a metal cap in order, for example, to protect the damper spring packs. Such a metal cap will not let through the electromagnetic radiation and thus a measurement according to the invention would normally not be possible. In a further example and in order to be able to program the signal processing device so that it can identify the correct damper spring pack, a hole or slot can be arranged in the metal cap covering the right spring pack. The size and form of the hole or slot would be sufficient to let through the radiated and reflected electromagnetic radiation. In this way, the only signals that would be measurable would be those modulated by the desired spring pack. 
     According to a further example, the signal processing device can be programmed to be recalibrated for a certain spring pack according to a preprogrammed schedule. For example, a recalibration can be performed every time two different vehicle conditions have been prevailing, where a first vehicle condition has a first torque level and a second vehicle condition has a second torque level which differs considerably from said first torque level. Said first vehicle condition can for example be a condition where zero torque is prevailing and said second vehicle condition where a maximum torque is prevailing. The relationship between the change in resonance frequency corresponding to zero torque and up to the resonance frequency corresponding to the maximum torque is linear so the resonance frequencies corresponding to different torque levels between said two different known torque levels, such as zero torque and maximum torque, can be calculated. The recalibration is necessary since the size of the windows  113   w  and  115   w  or the elastic properties of the spring packs can change over time. Such changes can be due to normal wear and the resonance frequency of the spring pack  114  may therefore change accordingly over time. 
     The torque measuring system uses a device for exciting, or radiating, and receiving wave energy which device is arranged to radiate a damper spring pack of a clutch. Suitable devices for this purpose are devices for emitting electromagnetic radiation, such as pulsed electromagnetic radio waves, microwaves, millimetric or sub-millimetric radio waves. Alternatively, devices for emitting acoustic signals can be used for instance, for emitting ultrasonic signals. The device can comprise separate transmitter and receiver units arranged spaced apart or an integrated transmitter and receiver unit. In the attached figures a single device is shown, but the invention is not limited to this example. 
     The present invention also relates to a computer program, computer program product and a storage medium for a computer all to be used with a computer for executing said method.  FIG. 4  shows the invention applied on a computer arrangement. 
       FIG. 4  shows an apparatus  400  according to one embodiment of the invention, comprising a nonvolatile memory  420 , a processor  410  and a read and write memory  460 . The memory  420  has a first memory part  430 , in which a computer program for controlling the apparatus  400  is stored. The computer program in the memory part  430  for controlling the apparatus  400  can be an operating system. 
     The apparatus  400  can enclose, for example, a control unit, such as a data-processing unit  410 . The data-processing unit  410  can comprise, for example, a microcomputer. 
     The memory  420  also has a second memory part  440 , in which a program for measuring torque according to the invention is stored. In an alternative embodiment, the program for measuring torque is stored in a separate nonvolatile storage medium  450  for data, such as, for example, a CD or an exchangeable semiconductor memory. The program can be stored in an executable form or in a compressed state. 
     When it is stated below that the data-processing unit  410  runs a specific function, it should be clear that the data-processing unit  410  is running a specific part of the program stored in the memory  440  or a specific part of the program stored in the nonvolatile storage medium  450 . 
     The data-processing unit  410  is tailored for communication with the storage memory  450  through a data bus  414 . The data-processing unit  410  is also tailored for communication with the memory  420  through a data bus  412 . In addition, the data-processing unit  410  is tailored for communication with the memory  460  through a data bus  411 . The data-processing unit  410  is also tailored for communication with a data port  490  by the use of a data bus  415 . 
     The method according to the present invention can be executed by the data-processing unit  410 , by the data-processing unit  410  running the program stored in the memory  440  or the program stored in the nonvolatile storage medium  450 . 
     The invention should not be deemed to be limited to the embodiments described above, but, rather a number of further variants and modifications are conceivable within the scope of the following patent claims. For instance, the invention can be applied to clutches having either single friction plates ( FIG. 1 ) or parallel, double friction plates, as long as spring dampers are used. Further, the term “friction clutch assembly” includes any suitable clutch that comprises spring packs. Hence, such clutch assemblies can also comprise a flywheel and friction clutch assembly, where the friction clutch assembly includes a dual mass flywheel (see e.g. DE10013576).