Abstract:
The invention relates to a method for preparing a probe, thus prepared probe, and the use of such a probe for selectively choosing sequence for nucleic acid diagnostic purposes, using preferably homogenous solutions. The invention is based upon a great number of probes having different sequences and lengths which all are complementary to different parts of the nucleic acid to be detected, which probes are synthetised on a solid matrix. The signal which they provide in non-hybridized condition is monitored, whereupon the nucleic acid to be detected is added, and the signal is monitored again. Those probes that show the most significant difference in signal are those, from a sensitivity point of view, that are the most suitable one.

Description:
DESCRIPTION 
     1. Technical Field 
     The present invention relates to a method for the preparation of probes, in particular preparation of selective probes for the identification of nucleic acids; a matrix comprising such probes, and the use of such a probe for the hybridization of nucleic acids. 
     2. Background of the Invention 
     Probes for the hybridization of nucleic acids are used to show the presence of a certain nucleic acid in a test solution. Traditional probes provide no appreciable differences concerning detectable features in free and hybridized conditions but the nucleic acid is determined separation of hybridized and non-hybridized probes (Gillespie &amp; Spiegelman, J. Mol. Biol. 12, 829, 1956). Homogenous test methods, however, use probes the signals of which change at hybridization (FIG.  1 ). Such probes are composed by a sequence-recognizing part (SID) and a reporting group (RG) (FIG. 2) where SID as a rule is a synthetic oligodeoxy ribonucleic acid (Barton, J., U.S. Pat. No. 5,157,032; Yamana et al., Nucl. &amp; Nucl., 11 (2-4), 383, 1992; Linn et al., EP-A-0 710 668, U.S. Pat. No. 5,597,696) or a nucleic acid analogue (Kubista, PCT/SE97/00953). RG is commonly a colouring agent the fluorescence of which increases at the binding to a nucleic acid. As shown by Nygren et al,  Biopol ., 46, 39-51 (1998) the properties of such colouring agents are heavily dependent on the sequence of the nucleic acid. This, as shown in PCT/SE97/00953, leads to the fact that both the background fluorescence of free probes as well as the fluorescence of the hybridized probes depend on the sequence of the SID and consequently of the target sequence (MS) selected being complementary to SID. Further, it is probable. that even the sequence closest to MS is of importance. 
     Nucleic acids can, as a rule, be determined selectively using a great number of probes which differ in the SID part by recognizing different MS which constitute unique segments of the nucleic acid. A nucleic acid having the length m, comprises m+n+1 stretches of the length n which all are potential MS. As the length of MS has not to be particularly long in order to be unique (a 15 bases long stretch appears as an average once per 4 15 =10 9  bases) a great number of probes can be directed to a certain nucleic acid. A genome having 1000 bases, which is rather characteristic of a virus can be determined using 981 probes having the length of 20 bases, 982 of the length 19, 983 of the length 18, etc. Bacterial genomes which 5 are considerably larger, can be determined using a still greater number of different probes. In order to determine a specific mutation the choice is more restricted as the sequence of the probe has to overlap the presumptive mutation, but still there are several alternatives. 
     In PCT/SE97/00953 one selects the sequence of SID starting from the knowledge of the known properties of RG, and for asymmetric cyanine dye stuffs SID&#39;s are proposed the terminal bases, preferably, mixed pyrimidines (-TT or -CT). This strategy comprises several restrictions. On one hand detailed studies of the properties of the dye stuff are required which can not be trivially extrapolated to the properties of the probes, due to differences in experimental conditions, etc, and on the other hand the sequence requirements as a rule of an indefinite number of sequences (⅛ of all sequences, e.g., end with either -TT or -CT). Finally, there is no consideration concerning the sequence closest to MS. 
     The present invention solves these problems. Basically, it is a method for determining which of a great number of potential probes to a certain nucleic acid, that has the lowest background signal and which of these that obtains the strongest signal at hybridization. The difference in determinations is the increase in signal strength which is obtained using the different probes. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF FIGS. 
     FIG.  1 . Principle for homogenous testing 
     FIG.  2 . Probe for homogenous testing comprising a sequence recognizing part (SID) and a reporting group (RG) 
     FIGS. 3A-C. Principle showing how the most suitable probe for a nucleic acid from a sensitivity aspect can be identified. 
     A: Examples of probes which all recognize the same nucleic acid 
     B: These probes being synthetised onto a solid matrix 
     C: The fluorescence of probes monitored in free as well as hybridized conditions, those providing the greatest increase in signal strength being the most suitable ones. 
     FIG. 4 shows different probes and their different fluorescence intensities prior to. hybridization 
     FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate a construction of a probe designed in an embodying example with a sequence modification of the different probes the intensities of which are shown in FIG.  4 . 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Deoxyribonucleic acids and several nucleic acid analogues, such as peptide nucleic acids (PNA) are generally synthetised using a solid phase synthesis which i.a., allows the synthesis of a great number of fragments having different sequences and different lengths, as well, on a matrix (Khrapko et al., FEBS Lett. 256, 118. 1989; Southern, E., et al., Genomics 13, 1008, 1992; Caviani-Pease, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 91, 5022, 1994 ; Weiler et al., Nucl. Acids Res . 25, 2792, 1997). The fragments on this matrix can be hybridized using a labelled nucleic acid, e.g., fluorescent or radioactive groups, and the degree of hybridization can be determined from the signal of the nucleic acid. This technology has several applications and is often called DNA-chip technology. 
     In the present invention the DNA-chip technology is utilized in order to determine which of a great number of probes, which all, having a specificity enough, recognizes a certain nucleic acid suitable for nucleic acid hybridization, and then preferably in a homogenous solution. Probes, i.e., oligodeoxyribonucleic acids or nucleic acid analogues provided with reporting groups (RG) which all being complementary enough and specific enough to a certain nucleic acid are synthetised on a matrix (FIG.  3 ). The signal, preferably fluorescence, which they give raise to, i.e., the background signal is monitored. Then a certain nucleic acid is added and the fluorescence, this time from the hybridized probes, are registered. The difference in signal strength at these determinations is the increase of signal strength obtained by the different probes. Those which show the greatest difference in signal strength are those from a sensitivity point of view being the most suitable ones. 
     Different matrix materials can be used, such as cellulose substrates, metal substrates and polymer substrates. When using metal substrates the metal is most often provided with a coating of an amino acid to facilitate adherence. When using cellulose substrates a first nucleotide is attached to the substrate whereupon further nucleotides are synthetised onto the first one being attached until one has obtained a suitable nucleotide sequence. 
     The present probes can be used for the analysis of nucleic acid/s in the form of mRNA, DNA, PNA, PNA-PNA complexes, or DNA-PNA complexes. 
     The difference in signal strength at the hybridization can be obtained as a result of changing properties of the probes, i.e., a, signal difference non-hybridized condition vis-a-vis hybridized condition, or one hybridizes to a labelled nucleic acid using another reporting group, RG′, whereby the difference in signal strength is obtained when the RG-group of the probe and the RG′-group of the target DNA approach each other. RG and RG′ can the same or different. In a system comprising pyrene the fluorescence properties markedly when two pyrenes are brought into contact with each other, whereby an eximer fluorescence is obtained. Example of two different RG, RG′ are energy transfer pairs such as fluorescein/tetramethyl rhodamine or fluorophore/quencher pair. 
     The invention will be described below with reference to an example illustrating the invention, without, however, being restricted thereto. 
     EXAMPLE 
     Fifteen 10-bases long PNA-thiazole orange probes, complementary to different segments of the sequence GTCAGATGAGGAAGAGGCTATTGT, Seq. ID NO: 18 and a probe being complementary in a parallel orientation to the central polypurine region, were synthetised onto a Perspective-PP-NH 2 -membrane (separated from the membrane with PEG-500-Glu-Lys-capronic acid linker) using an ABIMED ASP 222 Automated SPOT Robot (Weiler, J. et al.,  Nucleic Acids Res ., 25, 2792, (1997), FIG.  1 ). The PNA monomers were attached as described by Weiler et al, supra. In the last step the thiazole orange dye stuff substituted with a carboxylic acid alkyl linker was activated and reacted in the same way as the Fmoc-PNA-monomers. After synthesis the side chain protecting groups were eliminated from the PNA oligomers by treatment using 90% TFA/5% of water/5% triethyl silane for 1 hr (TFA=trifluoro acetic acid). 
     The membrane was then moistened in a 10 mM borate buffer at pH 8.5 comprising an addition of 100 mM NaCl for 2 hrs, and was lightened using a standard UV-lamp having λ max =312 nm; and was photographed using a CCD camera (FIG.  4 ). The background fluorescence of the probes have been expressed in relation to probe 16 (CCTCTTCCTC-TO) Seq. ID No: 16, which exhibits the weakest intensity prior to hybridization and which, thereby, is expected to provide the greatest difference in signal strength after hybridization. 
     
       
         
           
             18 
           
           
             1 
             10 
             DNA 
             synthetic construct 
           
            1
cagtctactc                                                            10
 
           
             2 
             10 
             DNA 
             synthetic construct 
           
            2
agtctactcc                                                            10
 
           
             3 
             10 
             DNA 
             synthetic construct 
           
            3
gtctactcct                                                            10
 
           
             4 
             10 
             DNA 
             synthetic construct 
           
            4
tctactcctt                                                            10
 
           
             5 
             10 
             DNA 
             synthetic construct 
           
            5
ctactccttc                                                            10
 
           
             6 
             10 
             DNA 
             synthetic construct 
           
            6
tactccttct                                                            10
 
           
             7 
             10 
             DNA 
             synthetic construct 
           
            7
actccttctc                                                            10
 
           
             8 
             10 
             DNA 
             synthetic construct 
           
            8
ctccttctcc                                                            10
 
           
             9 
             10 
             DNA 
             synthetic construct 
           
            9
tccttctccg                                                            10
 
           
             10 
             10 
             DNA 
             synthetic construct 
           
            10
ccttctccga                                                            10
 
           
             11 
             10 
             DNA 
             synthetic construct 
           
            11
cttctccgat                                                            10
 
           
             12 
             10 
             DNA 
             synthetic construct 
           
            12
ttctccgata                                                            10
 
           
             13 
             10 
             DNA 
             synthetic construct 
           
            13
tctccgataa                                                            10
 
           
             14 
             12 
             DNA 
             synthetic construct 
           
            14
ctccgatata ac                                                         12
 
           
             15 
             10 
             DNA 
             synthetic construct 
           
            15
tccgataaca                                                            10
 
           
             16 
             10 
             DNA 
             synthetic construct 
           
            16
cctcttcctc                                                            10
 
           
             17 
             11 
             DNA 
             synthetic construct 
           
            17
tacgatcgat g                                                          11
 
           
             18 
             24 
             DNA 
             synthetic construct 
           
            18
gtcagatgag gaagaggcta ttgt                                            24