Abstract:
A nanocomposite coating and method of making and using the coating. The nanocomposite coating is disposed on a base material, such as a metal or ceramic; and the nanocomposite consists essentially of a matrix of an alloy selected from the group of Cu, Ni, Pd, Pt and Re which are catalytically active for cracking of carbon bonds in oils and greases and a grain structure selected from the group of borides, carbides and nitrides.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a Divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/250,760, filed Sep. 30, 2011, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT INTEREST 
     The United States Government claims certain rights in this invention pursuant to Contract No. W-31-109-ENG-38 between the United States Government and the University of Chicago and/or pursuant to DE-AC02-06CH11357 between the Untied States Government and UChicago Argonne, LLC representing Argonne National Laboratory. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to coating materials and methods of manufacture thereof. More particularly the invention relates to catalytically active nanocomposite coatings and methods of manufacture to provide low friction surface layers for a variety of lubricant uses, such as for engines. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Current engine oils and greases typically include additives to enhance lubrication properties. Such additives include, for example, the well known additive ZDDP and MoTDC. However, these additives are very harmful to effective operation of catalytic converters and other after treatment devices for engines using such additive containing lubricants. The result is incomplete and ineffective operation of such devices which causes environmental pollution. Consequently, there is a substantial need to eliminate use of such additives in lubricants while still providing excellent engine operation and wear resistance while avoiding environmental pollution. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Compositions of coatings and methods of manufacture are directed to nanocomposite coatings with high catalytic reactivity to provide excellent lubrication properties between materials sliding relative to one another. These coatings cause catalytic activity which cracks long chain hydrocarbon molecules in base lubricating oils and greases to form a slick and highly protective (high wear and scuff resistance) carbon based film for sliding surfaces. Analyses show the film is carbon based and are structurally similar to ultra-low friction carbon films such as are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,548,173 which is incorporated by reference herein. The subject nanocomposite coatings are catalytically active metal alloys, including alloys of metals such as, for example, Cu, Ni, Pd, Pt and Re as the matrix and grains of transition metal and refractory metal nitrides, carbo-nitrides, carbides or borides. Various examples of preformed alloy compositions are described hereinafter. Such nanocomposite coatings provide excellent scuffing and wear resistance without need for the use of deleterious additives. 
     These and other objects, advantages, and features of the invention, together with the organization and manner of operation thereof, will become apparent from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates scuffing performance of a steel/steel test pair in synthetic PAO oil and also on insert micrograph of the wear area B60315B—Scuffing Steel vs steel PAO10; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates scuffing performance of a 0.5% ZDDP/PAO-10 synthetic oil mixture (B60317A Scuffing2 C60314 Low SHC vs Low SHC PAO10); 
         FIG. 3A  illustrates scuffing performance of a steel/steel test pair in fully formulated Mobil 1 oil (090202C Mobil 1 5w40 H60 fs 10 1000 rpm);  FIG. 3B  illustrates a schematic of the test pair; and  FIG. 3C  shows the mechanical scuffing on the block side; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates scuffing performance of a coating of an embodiment of the invention on a steel/steel test pair with pure PAO oil (B60317A Scuffing2 C60314 Low SHC vs Low SHC PAO100; 
         FIG. 5A  is a schematic illustration of a preferred form of a nanocomposite microstructure with MoN grains and grain boundaries of catalytically active metal alloys of the invention;  FIG. 5B ( 1 ) shows an SEM micrograph of a nanocomposite layer (“NL”);  FIG. 5B ( 2 ) shows a schematic of the typical columnar growth of such layers;  FIG. 5B ( 3 ) shows the nanocomposite layer deposited on a base layer (“BL”);  FIG. 5B ( 4 ) shows a layer magnification view of  5 B( 3 ) and  FIG. 5B ( 5 ) shows yet a layer magnification of  5 B( 3 );  FIG. 5C ( 1 ) shows a high magnification view of the BL portion after acid etching;  FIG. 5C ( 2 ) shows yet another high magnification view of the BL and NL portions; and  FIG. 5C ( 3 ) shows a transmission electron microscope view of the nanocomposition layer at high magnification; 
         FIG. 6A  illustrates a block on ring wear scuff test system with a black, shiny carbon based film on the surface undergoing wear testing;  FIG. 6B  illustrates a schematic of the test system; and  FIG. 6C  illustrates a layer of lubricant derived carbon film on the test block; 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a lubricant derived carbon based film formed on the ball and disk sides of a steel test pair having a catalytically active coating (C60314 Low SHC Flat vs C60314 Low SHC Ball (9.5 mm Rad) Pure PAO 10, 20 N load, 50 rpm, 38 mm track diameter CS60328A—Starved Condition); 
         FIG. 8  illustrates Raman spectra of a carbon film (labeled curve  4 ) formed on a wear track of a disk coated with catalytically active coatings tested in pure PAO-10 base oil and also shown are comparison spectra of diamond ( 1 ), graphite (1725-1) labeled curve ( 2 ), LDC film B60316 low SHC PAO10 in WT test, an LDC film ( 8 ), an LDC film ( 29 ) and an LDC film ( 30 ); 
         FIG. 9  shows further comparison Raman spectra for diamond ( 2 ), LDC film ( 4 ) C90204 N3 FC20 M2 steel test, LDC film ( 6 ) C81120 N3FC12 M2 steel test, graphite ( 1 ), LDC film ( 7 ) C81119 N3FC26 M2 steel test and LDC film ( 5 ) P60411 NFC6 440C steel; and 
         FIG. 10A  shows a TEM micrograph of LDC film particles,  FIG. 10B  shows the raw diffraction pattern from the LDC film and  FIG. 10C  shows an EELS spectrum of the LDC film. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The invention is directed to methods of preparation of catalytically active nanocomposite coatings. Rather than add lubricant additives, which have substantial deleterious effects, the method of the invention concerns depositing of catalytically active metal based films on engine or machine parts which are in contact and moving while in contact. Various catalytically active coatings are therefore deposited by any one of various conventional deposition methodologies, such as, PVD, CVD and ALD. Such selected hard/soft-phase nanocomposite coatings enable substantial improvement of scuff and wear resistance for engine or machinery with sliding contact. 
     In  FIG. 1  is shown the scuffing performance of a steel on steel test pair in a conventional pure synthetic oil (PAO). As can be seen from the data, the steel/steel pair undergoes substantial, rapid scuffing at a load of 400 Newtons “(N)”. In  FIG. 2 , it can be seen that the addition of a conventional additive, 0.5% ZDDP-containing PAO oil, causes the scuffing behavior to improve dramatically. In  FIG. 3  is shown data for fully formulated engine oil, such as Mobil 1; and the scuffing load is increased to about 1400 N. Such an oil is fully formulated with several oil additives, including ZDDP and MoTDC. This can be compared to the performance in  FIG. 1  showing a substantial improvement thereover. 
     In order to overcome the disadvantages of such additives, the engine or machine components can be coated at selected friction points, to provide a film which is a nanocomposite of catalytically active ingredients, generally including one or more of Cu, Ni, Pd, Pt and Re as a matrix and grains of a transition or refractory metal nitride, carbide, carbo-nitrides and borides. As shown in  FIG. 4 , a nanocomposite coating of formulation MoN—Cu (with 2 wt. % Cu) results in greatly improved scuffing performance even compared to Mobil 1, generally acknowledged as the best engine oil available. As shown in  FIG. 5 , the coating has a preferred microstructure with nano-sized grains, such as, for example, a molybdenum nitride phase with grain boundaries of the catalytically active metal phase, such as, Cu, Ni, Pd, Pt, and Re, and alloy combinations thereof. The weight percentages of the most preferred nanocomposite includes about 1-10% by weight for the matrix and 90-99% by weight the nano-sized grains. Tests performed on various nanocomposites also determined that the alloy composition must be adjusted to compositions which achieve a threshold catalytic activity which enables cracking of the carbon chain in the oil used to create the diamond-like carbon material at the wear interface. 
     In order to evaluate the nature of the coating, tests were performed on a metal test component as shown in  FIG. 6 . Tests were performed on rubbing surfaces on a block side of a steel test pair which provided the performance data of  FIG. 4 . The surfaces of the sliding test pair exhibited a shiny film. Likewise, such a shiny film was formed in the test system of a sliding surface of a ball and disk shown in  FIG. 7  in which pure PAO-10 oil was the lubricant used. The shiny film was examined using Raman spectroscopy, and the Raman features of  FIG. 8  are quite similar to that of a diamond-like carbon film. 
     In  FIG. 8 , B60316 is an internal experiment number for reference purposes only. Low SHC is the coating tested. It is made out of Mo—N—Cu produced by the PVD method. The numbers 8, 29 and 30 in the figures are for Raman spectrum taken from the black area after a block on ring tribology test, showing that the test produces Diamond Like Carbon species on the tested surfaces. 
       FIG. 9  shows a further comparison of the Raman spectra for crystalline diamond ( 1 ), crystalline graphite ( 1 ), a conventional graphite; LDC film ( 4 ) on test system C90204 N3 FC20 M2 steel; LDC film ( 6 ) C81120 N3 FC12 M2 steel; LDC film ( 7 ) C81119 N3 FC26 M2 steel; and LDC film ( 5 ) P60411 NF C6 440C steel. C90204, C81120, C81119, P60411 and P60411 are internal experimental numbers; and are also reference numbers used to track those coatings in our system. N3FC20, N3FC12 and N3FC26 are hydrogenated Diamond Like Carbon Coatings produced by reactive PVD method. The higher the number (e.g. 12, 20, 26) the higher the CH 4  gas flow during the deposition; or the higher the number, the higher the hydrogen content in the LDC film. P60411 is also an internal experiment number. NFC6 also is a Diamond Like Carbon (here LDC layers as described before) coating produced by Plasma Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition (PA-CVD). All above LDC films are made out of carbon and hydrogen only. M2 steel and 440C steel are well-known steels for the substrate materials. 
     Diamond and graphite (graphite reference is for a disordered graphite in  FIGS. 8 and 9 ) are used as a Raman reference in the graphs. 
       FIG. 10A  shows transmission electron microscopy of on LDC film;  FIG. 10B  shows an electron diffraction pattern of  FIG. 10A ; and  FIG. 10C  shows electron energy loss spectrum for  FIG. 10A  all of which illustrate the DLC character of the product lubricating media produced by use of the nanocomposite in contact with an oil during wear tests. The following non-limiting Example illustrates one method of preparation. 
     EXAMPLE 
     This is an example of preparation of a nanocomposite coating of Mo—N—Cu done by Magnetron sputtering. 
     Process-ID: xxx 
     Cathode 2: Mo 
     Cathode 1: Mo—Cu (20% at. Cu) 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Remaining Time 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 (seconds) 
                 Main 
                 Sub 
                 Parameters 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Heating 
               
             
          
           
               
                 25200 
                 Heating_Startpress.[mPa]6 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Roughpump1 
               
               
                   
                 Tablespeed[%]15 
               
               
                   
                 Turbo1speed[%]100 
               
               
                   
                 Heater[W]8000 
               
               
                   
                 Press.lim.1[mPa]6 
               
               
                   
                 Press.lim.2[mPa]6 
               
               
                   
                 Testinterval[s]5400 
               
             
          
           
               
                 20400 
                 Heater[W]Heater[W]2500 
               
               
                 20400 
                 Turbo1speed[%]Turbo1speed[%]66 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Etching 
               
             
          
           
               
                 19800 
                 Etching_Argon[mln]200 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Turbo1speed[%]66 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Tablespeed[%]30 
               
               
                 19790 
                   
                 MF-tableControlmode7 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Setpoint550 
               
               
                   
                 Frequency[kHz]240 
               
               
                   
                 Rev.time[ns]1600 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Coating 
               
             
          
           
               
                 16200 
                 Coating_Argon[mln]150 
               
               
                   
                 N2[mln]0 
               
               
                   
                 Heater[W]0 
               
               
                   
                 Tablespeed[%]30 
               
               
                   
                 Turbo1speed[%]66 
               
               
                 16190 
                 DC-tableControlmode7 (Voltage) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Setpoint 200 V 
               
             
          
           
               
                 16190 
                 DCcathode2[W]DCcathode2[W]2500 
               
             
          
           
               
                 16180 
                 Rampcath 
                   
                 .2Startvalue[W]2500 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Endvalue[W]8000 
               
               
                   
                 Stepwidth[W]250 
               
               
                   
                 Int.val.time[sec]20 
               
             
          
           
               
                 15680 
                 DCcathode1[W]DCcathode1[W]500 
               
               
                 15670 
                 Rampcath.1Startvalue[W]500 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Endvalue[W]4000 
               
               
                   
                 Stepwidth[W]100 
               
               
                   
                 Int.val.time[sec]15 
               
             
          
           
               
                 15070 
                 DC-tableControlmode7 (Voltage) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Setpoint 100 V 
               
             
          
           
               
                 15070 
                 N2Startvalue[mln]150 
               
             
          
           
               
                 15060 
                 Nitrogen control 
                 Set press[mPa] 600 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Cooling 
               
             
          
           
               
                 1800 
                 Cooling_Vent.temp.[° C.]145 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The foregoing description of embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the present invention to the precise form disclosed, and modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of the present invention. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the principles of the present invention and its practical application to enable one skilled in the art to utilize the present invention in various embodiments, and with various modifications, as are suited to the particular use contemplated.