Abstract:
A high efficiency centrifugal slurry pump having satisfactory wear characteristics. The increased efficiency is obtained primarily through making the pump more narrow. Through careful control of the other pump dimensions, the increase in wear normally associated with higher efficiency narrow pumps can be reduced or eliminated.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to centrifugal pumps, and more particularly to centrifugal pumps used for transporting slurries and other abrasive-containing fluids. Specifically the invention concerns centrifugal slurry pumps having physical dimensions such that they are capable of achieving a combination of high efficiency and low wear characteristics not heretofore possible. 
     A centrifugal pump consists basically of a rotatable impeller enclosed by a collector or shell. As the impeller is rotated, it generates velocity head at the periphery of the shell. The shell collects the velocity head and converts it to a pressure head. There are many configurations within the framework of this basic design. In one common configuration, the flow enters the shell on one side along the axis of rotation of the impeller, that is, the flow enters the shell at a point adjacent to the center of the impeller, referred to as the &#34;eye&#34; of the impeller, while the discharge of the shell is located at a point tangent to the shell outer periphery. The general performance of such a pump is shown in FIG. 1, wherein the flow BEPQ is that at the best efficiency point (BEP), the latter being the highest point of the parabolic efficiency curve. The best efficiency point head (BEPH) is defined as the head at BEP. 
     The magnitude of the head is largely determined by the impeller diameter, and the flow is mostly affected by the width of the pump and the size of the internal section area. The shell and the impeller tend to work like two nozzles in series, with the impeller generating, and the shell collecting, the head. A change to either will affect the head and the flow. Because both can be varied, more than one combination of variables of impeller and shell dimensions can achieve the same effect. 
     The magnitude of the peak efficiency is largely determined by the efficiency of the impeller and shell wetted geometry in generating and collecting the head and flow. The location of the BEP is affected in large part by the magnitude (width and depth) of the hydraulic sections. Larger hydraulic sections cause the location of the BEP to move to higher flows. 
     With regard specifically to slurry pumps, these pumps are subject to high wear due to the abrasive effect of particles in the slurry, which through impact and friction erode the various pump surfaces. 
     Heretofore, there has been no method of determining or predicting wear except by experience. Empirical data can be useful, except that the observation is global, that is, it does not indicate the individual effect of the different variables of slurry hardness, abrasive size and concentration, resistance of the pump materials of construction, the effect of the pump hydraulic sections and proportions, and the resulting effect on the fluid and slurry particle velocity. Without a means for determining the individual effects of the variables, slurry pump design has heretofore been preoccupied with minimizing wear. 
     As a consequence, slurry pump hydraulic sections have tended toward sized larger than absolutely necessary in order to keep velocities down, since velocity is a large factor in the wear process. Decreased wear, however, comes at the expense of pump efficiency, since the pump is not operated at or near the BEP. This results in overall increased costs of operation. 
     Slurry pumps generally have wide impellers to allow passage of large spheres (slurry particles). The thicker metal sections dictated by manufacturing and/or wear considerations require slurry pump impellers to be wider than their equivalent water pump versions. The meridional section (radial section) velocities of a slurry pump impeller are also much lower than an equivalent centrifugal water pump. This means that the hydraulic sections and head losses in the shell play a more significant part in controlling the flow and location of the BEP compared to the more balanced water pumps. Without a tool to analyze and understand wear characteristics, however, it has previously not been possible to optimize the hydraulic energy efficiency and wear performance of slurry pumps. 
     One of the areas of high wear in slurry pumps is the tongue, which is subject to gouging wear. Tongue wear, or more particularly, wear in the sidewall sections of the tongue, is generally considered to be a three-dimensional phenomenon caused by the higher velocities in the throat and the different velocity in the area between the tongue and the impeller due to recirculating flow. 
     There is thus a need in the art for slurry pump designs which maximize efficiency without significantly increasing the wear characteristics. 
     DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION 
     It is accordingly an object of the invention to provide a slurry pump having increased flow efficiency compared to prior art slurry pumps for a given rate of wear. 
     This object is achieved by a centrifugal pump for pumping a slurry, which comprises (a) a shell defining a pump housing, the shell having a longitudinal axis and a radius and further including (1) a throat having an actual throat area, (2) a tongue positioned along a peripheral portion of the shell, and (3) an outlet branch; and (b) an impeller rotatably disposed within the housing for rotation about the axis, the impeller including (1) an outlet area, (2) a plurality of vanes, (3) inside and outside shrouds secured to said vanes and defining a shroud width, (4) an outside diameter, and (5) an eye having a diameter; wherein the ratio of the impeller outlet area to the shell actual throat area is from about 5.0 to about 9.0, wherein the ratio of the radius of the shell at the tongue to the radius of the shell at right angles to a centerline of the outlet branch is from about 0.6 to about 1.0, wherein the ratio of the impeller outside diameter to the shroud width is from about 5.0 to about 7.0, wherein the ratio of the impeller outside diameter to the impeller eye diameter is from about 1.5 to about 3.5, and wherein the ratio of the impeller outside diameter to the radius of the shell at the tongue is from about 1.5 to about 1.8. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a graph of the efficiency of a centrifugal pump at constant rotational speed as it varies with the flow rate through the pump; 
     FIG. 2 is a partial cross-sectional view of one embodiment of the pump of the invention; 
     FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the pump shell; 
     FIG. 4 is a sectional view taken along line 4--4 illustration the cutwater shape of the pump shell; and 
     FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating the efficiency of a centrifugal pump of the invention as compared with that of the prior art. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Pump designs meeting the objects of the invention have dimensions dictated by the application of a novel analytical model as set forth in &#34;Analytical Model and Experimental Studies on Slurry Flow and Erosion Flow and Erosion in Pump Casings,&#34; Roco, M. C. and Addie, G. R., Eighth International Technical Conference on Slurry Transportation, STA, San Francisco, Calif. (1983), and in &#34;Erosion of Concentrated Slurries in Turbulent Flow,&#34; Rocco, M. C., Nair, P., Addie, G. R. and Dennis, J., J. of Pipelines, 4 (1984) 213-221, Elsevier Science Publishers, Bv Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 
     FIG. 2 illustrates one embodiment of the slurry pump of the invention. The pump, indicated generally by the number 10, comprises a shell 12 and an impeller 14 rotatably positioned along an axis 16 of the shell. The impeller 14 has front and back shrouds 18 and 20, respectively, which define a shroud width 21 and further has an impeller eye 22 having a diameter 23. The impeller also has an outside diameter 26. The impeller outlet area is defined as the impeller diameter by 3.142 by the distance between the shrouds, less the area of the vanes at the circumference of the impeller. The shell radius at right angle to the branch center line is defined as the radius from the center of the shell in plan view to a point on the outside of the volute section located adjacent the branch along a line parallel to the branch face. 
     In FIG. 3 is shown a cross-sectional side view of the pump shell 12 including an actual throat 28 and a tongue 30. Also shown is the shell radius 31 at the tongue 30. 
     FIG. 4, taken along line 4--4 of FIG. 3, illustrates a cutwater 32 which defines the tongue 30. The cutwater has a special shape which reduces the effects of three-dimensional wear in the tongue. 
     Generally the shape is parabolic and is defined by the equation y=Ax B , where x and y define the points on the parabola. The original 32a of the x and y graph is the intersection of the shell parting line 32b (the centerline of the shell defining the &#34;y&#34; axis) and a lie 32c perpendicular to the shell parting line (defining the &#34;x&#34; axis) which is tangent to the tongue tip 32d. Further, A=F[2 B  /w B-1 )] where B is a number from 2 to 5, w is the width of the shell in inches, and F is a number from 1.0 to 0.5. In a preferred embodiment, B is 3, w is 11.5, F is 1.0 and, therefore, A=0.06049. &#34;A&#34;, &#34;B&#34;, and &#34;F&#34; are constants which were determined experimentally in developing the present invention, and fall within the ranges set out above, while W is the total width of the shell of the pump, which is equal to the width of the shroud 21 plus a clearance factor of from about 5% to about 10% of the width of the shroud 21. 
     The following ratios define the critical dimensions of the pump of the invention. The ratio of the impeller outlet area to the shell actual throat area is from about 5.0 to about 9.0, preferrably from about 5.3 to about 5.75. The ratio of the radius of the shell at the tongue to the radius of the shell at a right angle to the branch centerline (as defined earlier) is from about 0.8 to about 0.9, preferably from about 0.85 to about 0.88. The ratio of the impeller outside diameter to the shroud width is from about 5.0 to about 7.0, preferably from about 5.5 to about 6.5. The ratio of the impeller outside diameter to the impeller eye diameter is from about 1.5 to about 3.5 and preferably from about 2.0 to about 3.0. The ratio of the impeller outside diameter to the radius of the shell at the tongue is from about 1.5 to about 1.8, and preferably from about 1.6 to about 1.75. 
     Pumps constructed having the above dimensional ratios have increased hydraulic efficiency without significantly increased wear characteristics. Compared to prior art pumps, the pumps of the invention have been narrowed, which shifts the best efficiency point (BEP) to a lower flow rate, as shown qualitatively in FIG. 5, where the dashed line represents the prior art efficiency curve, and the solid line the efficiency curve of the pump of the invention. This lower BEP flow rate is closer to the duty flow rate, so that greater efficiency is obtained. The duty flow rate is the flow required to transport the slurry. At the same time, the wear characteristics of the pump have not been significantly degraded, as would be expected by narrowing the pump&#39;s thickness. 
     The following examples illustrate the invention. All dimensions are in inches. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     A pump was fabricated having the following dimensional ratios: ##EQU1## 
     Additional physical dimensions and performance characteristics are given in TABLE 1. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     A pump was considered having the following dimensional ratios: ##EQU2## 
     Additional physical dimensions and performance characteristics are given in TABLE 1. 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1 
     A prior art pump having the following dimensional ratios was evaluated: ##EQU3## 
     Additional physical dimensions and performance characteristics are given in TABLE 1. 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2 
     A prior art pump having the following dimensional ratios was evaluated: ##EQU4## 
     Additional physical dimensions and performance characteristics are given in TABLE 1. 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 3 
     A prior art pump having the following dimensional ratios was evaluated: ##EQU5## 
     Additional physical dimensions and performance characteristics are given in Table 1. 
     
                                           TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________Wear/Performance Comparison                      Duty Flow = 12,000   Shell Expected                      RPM = 585            Wear Through        Implr Casing                  BEP Head  Power ×                                 Water                                     Sphere                                           Time (Months)        Dia.  Width                  Flow                      ft. H.sub.2 O                            1.3  Eff.                                     Clearance                                           200 um                                               300__________________________________________________________________________                                               umCOMPARATIVE EX. 1        44&#34;   16&#34; 23,400                      243   1,350                                 70.0                                     8.5&#34;  12.7                                               4.2COMPARATIVE EX. 2        44&#34;   12&#34; 24,800                      230   1,100                                 77.3                                     7.5&#34;  4.1 1.1COMPARATIVE EX. 3        42.8&#34; 13&#34; 23,100                      238   1,250                                 67-68                                     8-9&#34;  7.5 2.0        (T/D 41&#34;)EXAMPLE 1    46&#34;   10.5&#34;                  19,500                      255   1,235                                 81-82                                     7.0&#34;  13.5                                               3.5EXAMPLE 2    46&#34;   11.5&#34;                  19,500                      255   1,235                                 81-82                                     8.0&#34;  12.7                                               3.2__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     The shell in each example and comparative example had a thickness of 4 inches in the tongue area, which is the location where wearthrough occurs. As can be seen from Table 1, the shell wearthrough time and/or the water efficiency is greatly improved over that of the pumps in the comparative examples. The pumps of Examples 1 and 2 both have efficiencies of 81 to 82% and have wear properties at least as great as the pumps in the comparative examples. The highest efficiency obtained in the prior art pumps was that of comparative Example 2 (77.3%) yet the shell wearthrough time was considerably less than that of either Example 1 or 2. 
     The cutwater shape was not a factor in the above examples. Indeed, the particular cutwater shape can be employed in prior art pumps to obtain increased wear resistance in the tongue.