Abstract:
The disclosure provides methods for directed self-assembly (DSA) of a block co-polymer (BCP). In one embodiment, a method includes: forming an oxide spacer along each of a first sidewall and a second sidewall of a cavity in a semiconductor substrate; forming a neutral layer between the oxide spacers and along a bottom of the cavity; and removing the oxide spacers to expose the first and second sidewalls and a portion of the bottom of the cavity adjacent the first and second sidewalls.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    Graphoepitaxy directed self-assembly (DSA) employs a topographical guiding pattern to direct the self-assembly of block copolymers (BCPs). One commonly-used BCP in DSA includes polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as the monomeric species, commonly referred to as PS-PMMA. BCPs employing other polymer species are possible, of course, including, for example, polystyrene-polyvinylpyrrolidone (PS-PVP), polystyrene-polydimethylsiloxane (PS-PDMS), polystyrene-polytrimethylsilylstyrene (PS-PTMSS), and polystyrene-polyhydroxystyrene (PS-PHOST). 
         [0002]    BCPs may arrange into any number of patterns during self-assembly. Controlling or directing this arrangement enables the formation of patterns useful in semiconductor manufacturing. DSA can therefore be employed in place of multiple steps of patterning and etching during the manufacture of a semiconductor device. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0003]    In one embodiment, the invention provides a method comprising: forming an oxide spacer along each of a first sidewall and a second sidewall of a cavity in a semiconductor substrate; forming a neutral layer between the oxide spacers and along a bottom of the cavity; and removing the oxide spacers to expose the first and second sidewalls and a portion of the bottom of the cavity adjacent the first and second sidewalls. 
         [0004]    In another embodiment, the invention provides a method comprising: forming a neutral layer along a first sidewall, a second sidewall, and a bottom of a semiconductor cavity; depositing a polymeric sacrificial material atop the neutral layer; and removing the polymeric sacrificial material and a portion of the neutral layer, whereby a remaining portion of the neutral layer extends along the bottom of the cavity and along at least a portion of each of the first and second sidewalls. 
         [0005]    In still another embodiment, the invention provides a method comprising: depositing a neutral polymeric material within a cavity in a semiconductor material; baking the neutral polymeric material; and removing a portion of the neutral polymer material, whereby a remaining portion of the neutral polymeric material forms a neutral layer extending along a bottom of the cavity and along at least a portion of each of a first and a second sidewall of the cavity. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0006]    These and other features of this invention will be more readily understood from the following detailed description of the various aspects of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings that depict various embodiments of the invention, in which: 
           [0007]      FIGS. 1A and 1B  show, respectively, cross-sectional top- and side-views of one arrangement following the directed self assembly (DSA) of a block co-polymer (BCP); 
           [0008]      FIGS. 2A and 2B  show, respectively, cross-sectional top- and side-views of another arrangement following the DSA of a BCP; 
           [0009]      FIGS. 3A and 3B  show, respectively, cross-sectional top- and side-views of still another arrangement following the DSA of a BCP; 
           [0010]      FIGS. 4A through 4E  show cross-sectional side-views of the DSA of a BCP according to one embodiment of the invention; 
           [0011]      FIGS. 5A through 5G  show cross-sectional side-views of the DSA of a BCP according to another embodiment of the invention; 
           [0012]      FIG. 6  shows a detailed cross-sectional side-view of a semiconductor substrate prepared for DSA of a BCP according to an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0013]      FIGS. 7A through 7D  show photomicrographs of the DSA of BCPs according to various embodiments of the invention; 
           [0014]      FIGS. 8A  though  8 H show cross-sectional side-views of the DSA of a BCP according to yet another embodiment of the invention; and 
           [0015]      FIG. 9  shows a perspective view of a semiconductor substrate following the DSA of a BCP according to an embodiment of the invention. 
       
    
    
       [0016]    It is noted that the drawings of the invention are not to scale. The drawings are intended to depict only typical aspects of the invention, and therefore should not be considered as limiting the scope of the invention. In the drawings, like numbering typically represents like elements between and among the drawings. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0017]    As noted above, during self-assembly, a BCP may arrange into any number of patterns or configurations. For example,  FIGS. 1A and 1B  show, respectively, top and side cross-sectional views of one such DSA arrangement.  FIG. 1B  is a cross-sectional view taken along plane A-A of  FIG. 1A . A BCP has been deposited into a substrate  10  having a pair of sidewalls  12 ,  14  and a bottom  16 . Substrate  10  may comprise or include any now known or later developed semiconductor material including but not limited to amorphous or crystalline silicon, amorphous carbon, germanium, silicon germanium, silicon carbide, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, an organic planarization layer, and those consisting essentially of one or more III-V compound semiconductors having a composition defined by the formula Al X1 Ga X2 In X3 As Y1 P Y2 N Y3 Sb Y4 , where X1, X2, X3, Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 represent relative proportions, each greater than or equal to zero and X1+X2+X3+Y1+Y2+Y3+Y4=1 (1 being the total relative mole quantity). Other suitable substrates include II-VI compound semiconductors having a composition Zn A1 Cd A2 Se B1 Te B2 , where A1, A2, B1, and B2 are relative proportions each greater than or equal to zero and A1+A2+B1+B2=1 (1 being a total mole quantity). As will be explained in greater detail below, in some embodiments of the invention, substrate  10  is preferably etch resistant to dilute hydrogen fluoride. 
         [0018]    In  FIGS. 1A and 1B , PMMA  20  and PS  30  have self-assembled to form vertically-stacked layers of PS within PMMA. This is achieved or directed by the use of sidewalls  12 ,  14  and bottom  16  to which PMMA is attracted and PS is not. That is, sidewalls  12 ,  14  and bottom  16  are preferential to PMMA. For example, PMMA is polar and PS is not. In a case such as that shown in  FIGS. 1A and 1B , the sidewalls  12 ,  14  and bottom  16  may be chemically charged to direct alignment of PMMA during self-assembly. In terms of semiconductor manufacture, however, the arrangement shown in  FIGS. 1A and 1B  is of limited use. 
         [0019]      FIGS. 2A and 2B  show similar top and side cross-sectional views of another DSA arrangement. Here, sidewalls  12 ,  14  and bottom  16  are all neutral, such that there is no preference for PMMA or PS with respect to the sidewalls and the BCP will self-assemble along bottom  16  to form alternating columns of PMMA  20  and PS  30  in a lamellar pattern oriented substantially perpendicular to sidewalls  12 ,  14 . As is known in the art, sidewalls  12 ,  14  and bottom  16  may be made neutral by depositing, for example, a thin layer of a neutralizing material, e.g., a random copolymer of styrene and methyl methacrylate with a hydroxyl functional group at one end of the polymer chain. The hydroxyl group on the polymer chain will be covalently bonded with a hydroxyl group on surfaces of the substrate through condensation reaction. In such a case, only one monolayer of polymers will be anchored to the surface of the substrate. Excess, unreacted polymers can then be rinsed away with solvents. 
         [0020]      FIGS. 3A and 3B  show similar top and side cross-sectional views of yet another DSA arrangement. Here, sidewalls  12 ,  14  are preferential to PMMA (i.e., PMMA is attracted to sidewalls  12 ,  14 ) and bottom  16  is neutral, resulting in a lamellar pattern of alternating columns of PMMA  20  and PS  30  oriented substantially parallel to sidewalls  12 ,  14 . This is the arrangement most typically desired in semiconductor manufacturing. 
         [0021]    As noted above, in  FIGS. 3A and 3B , preferential sidewalls and a neutral bottom is desired and may be achieved by depositing a polymeric neutral layer on the substrate and performing a lithography process to create photoresist structures on top of the neutral layer. However, resist residues are known to affect the neutrality of such polymeric layers, which in turn can negatively impact the DSA. Photoresist also has lower glass transition temperature than semiconductor materials and therefore limits the annealing temperature for DSA. One could bury the neutral layer underneath semiconductor materials and then use lithography and a reactive ion etch (RIE) to reveal the neutral layer while defining the structure. However, plasma etching is also known to damage the neutral layer. These issues can be particularly problematic where double patterning methods are employed, such as Litho Etch Litho Etch (LELE), Litho Freeze Litho Etch (LFLE), and Spacer Image Transfer (SIT), because these methods typically employ plasma etching or result in resist residues. 
         [0022]      FIGS. 4A through 4E  show side cross-sectional views of a DSA method according to one embodiment of the invention. In  FIG. 4A , sidewalls  12 ,  14  and bottom  16  define a cavity in substrate  10 . Substrate  10  may be hardened to sustain the temperatures involved in the subsequent BCP annealing process. Such hardening may involve thermal or actinic processes, as is known in the art. 
         [0023]    Sidewalls  12  and  14  may be formed in any number of ways, including, for example, etching substrate  10  to form sidewalls  12  and  14 , by depositing a material, such as a hard mask, onto substrate  10  to form sidewalls  12 ,  14 , or by depositing a material onto substrate  10  and etching a cavity into the material. Suitable hard masks may include, for example, a nitride, an oxide, an oxynitride, or combinations thereof. Deposition may involve, for example, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods, such as plasma enhanced CVD (PECVD), metal-organic CVD (MOCVD), low-pressure CVD (LPCVD), semi-atmosphere CVD (SECVD), high density plasma CVD (HDPCVD), rapid thermal CVD (RTCVD), ultra-high vacuum CVD (UHVCVD), limited reaction processing CVD (LRPCVD), metalorganic CVD (MOCVD). Deposition may also include sputtering deposition, ion beam deposition, electron beam deposition, laser assisted deposition, thermal oxidation, thermal nitridation, spin-on methods, physical vapor deposition (PVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), chemical oxidation, molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), plating, or evaporation. 
         [0024]    In  FIG. 4B , a neutral polymeric material  40 , sometimes referred to as a “brush” material, the chemical structure of which is described above, is spun onto substrate  10 , entirely lining bottom  16  and the area between sidewalls  12  and  14 . Neutral polymeric material  40  is then baked to a proper temperature to activate the reaction between the functional group on the polymers and on the substrate surfaces, including sidewalls  12 ,  14 , and bottom  16 . Because there is only one functional group per polymer chain, this reaction will be self-limiting and result in only one monolayer of polymer covalently bonded to substrate  10  while the unreacted polymers are still soluble in solvent. 
         [0025]    Neutral polymeric material  40  is then etched such that it remains along bottom  16  using, for example, a reactive ion etch, as shown in  FIG. 4C . Excess neutral polymeric material  40  may then be removed using a solvent rinse, as shown in  FIG. 4D . Solvents and developers usually do not significantly affect the neutrality of neutral polymers, such as neutral polymeric material  40 . 
         [0026]    The solvents employed to remove excess neutral polymeric material  40  may vary, of course, depending on the polymeric material employed. Suitable solvents include, but are not limited to, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA), n-butyl acetate (nBA), toluene, and anisole. 
         [0027]    A BCP is then deposited onto the remaining neutral polymeric material  40  and between sidewalls  12  and  14  and annealed, forming a lamellar pattern of alternating columns of PMMA  20  and PS  30  atop the remaining neutral polymeric material  40  and oriented substantially parallel to sidewalls  12 ,  14 , as shown in  FIG. 4E . 
         [0028]      FIGS. 5A through 5G  show side cross-sectional views of a DSA method according to another embodiment of the invention. In  FIG. 5A , sidewalls  12 ,  14  and bottom  16  are formed in substrate  10 , as described above with respect to  FIG. 4A . In FIG.  5 B, a neutral polymeric material  40  is spun onto substrate  10 , lining bottom  16  and the area between sidewalls  12  and  14 . Neutral polymeric material  40  is then baked to activate the reaction between the polymers and substrate  10 . 
         [0029]    In  FIG. 5C , a solvent rinse has been applied, leaving a monolayer of neutral polymeric material  40  covering the top and sides of sidewalls  12 ,  14  as well as bottom  16 . This differs from the structure depicted in  FIG. 4C , where an etch leaves neutral polymeric material  40  along just bottom  16 . 
         [0030]    In  FIG. 5D , a sacrificial polymeric material, such as photoresist, homopolymer, random or block copolymer, may be deposited atop neutral polymeric material  40 . Suitable sacrificial materials include, but are not limited to, ArF photoresist, KrF photoresist, homopolymers of PS, homopolymers of PMMA, and random or block copolymers of PS and PMMA. In  FIG. 5E , both sacrificial polymeric material  50  and neutral polymeric material  40  have been etched using, for example, a reactive ion etch. The deposition of sacrificial polymeric material  50  prior to etching allows for greater control of the etching of neutral polymeric material  40  than the direct etching of neutral polymeric material  40  as shown, for example, in  FIGS. 4C and 4D . 
         [0031]    Sacrificial polymeric material  50  may then be removed using, for example, a solvent rinse, to leave neutral polymeric material  40  along bottom  16  and extending partially along sidewalls  12  and  14 , as shown in  FIG. 5F . A BCP is then deposited onto the remaining neutral polymeric material  40  and between sidewalls  12  and  14  and annealed, forming a lamellar pattern of alternating columns of PMMA  20  and PS  30  atop the remaining neutral polymeric material  40  and oriented substantially parallel to sidewalls  12 ,  14 , as shown in  FIG. 5G . 
         [0032]      FIG. 6  shows a side cross-sectional view of substrate  10  at the step shown in, for example,  FIG. 4D  or  FIG. 5F . Here, the remaining neutral polymeric material  40  can be seen to have a height h along sidewalls  12  and  14  and a thickness t, both of which may be measured relative to the diameter d of the space between sidewalls  12  and  14 . DSA results improve when diameter d is close to multiple of the natural period (L o ) of the BCP, which typically ranges from about 3 nm to about 50 nm. Height h and thickness t are dependent upon the material properties of polymeric material  40  and the extent to which neutral polymeric material  40  is removed using, for example, an etch and/or solvent rinse, and preferably optimize subsequent DSA of the BCP. 
         [0033]      FIGS. 7A through 7D  show top-view photomicrographs of DSA results according to embodiments of the invention at varying parameters. In  FIG. 7A , for example, DSA has resulted in a lamellar pattern with alternating columns of PMMA  20  and PS  30  oriented substantially perpendicular to sidewalls  12  and  14 . This is a consequence of insufficient etching of neutral polymeric material  40 , such that sidewalls  12  and  14  remain non-preferential to PS and PMMA. 
         [0034]    In  FIG. 7B , while diameter d and pitch remained the same, etch time was increased, resulting in improved but incomplete orientation of PMMA  20  and PS  30  columns. Defects  25  are still observable and include line breaks and bridging between PMMA  20  and PS  30  columns. 
         [0035]    In  FIG. 7C , the etch time is the same as that employed in  FIG. 7B , but pitch was increased slightly from 95 nm to 100 nm. This has resulted in sidewalls  12 ,  14  preferential to PMMA and the preferred lamellar pattern of PMMA  20  and PS  30  columns oriented substantially parallel to sidewalls  12  and  14 , with no observable DSA defects. 
         [0036]    In  FIG. 7D , etch time is the same as that employed in  FIGS. 7B and 7C , but pitch was again increased slightly to 105 nm. Again, the preferred lamellar pattern of PMMA  20  and PS  30  columns oriented substantially parallel to sidewalls  12  and  14  is obtained, with no observable DSA defects. 
         [0037]      FIGS. 8A through 8H  show side cross-sectional views of a DSA method according to yet another embodiment of the invention. As in other embodiments,  FIG. 8A  shows sidewalls  12 ,  14  and bottom  16  formed in substrate  10 . Here, however, sidewalls  12  and  14  as well as bottom  16  need to be resistant to a subsequent etch, such as dilute hydrogen fluoride (dHF), and preferably comprise amorphous carbon, amorphous silicon, silicon nitride (SiN), an organic planarization layer (OPL), or the like. In terms of an OPL, the layer may include any organic self-planarizing polymer. The material of the OPL could be, but is not limited to, ODL-102 or ODL-401, which are commercially available from Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., or JSRHM8833, which is commercially available from JSR Corporation. The material of the OPL could also be, but is not limited to, a hydrocarbon component of greater than 75% and less than 90% by weight with the remaining components comprising a combination of oxygen with hydrogen, and nitrogen of greater than 5% and less than 20% by weight. 
         [0038]    In  FIG. 8B , an oxide layer  60  is deposited using, for example, atomic layer deposition (ALD) or a similar process. Oxide layer  60  may comprise, for example, silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) or hafnium (IV) oxide (HfO 2 ). Oxide layer  60  is then etched to form oxide spacers  62 ,  64  along sidewalls  12 ,  14 , as shown in  FIG. 8C . Oxide layer  60  may be etched using, for example, RIE. Oxide layer  60  may be deposited as a conformal layer. 
         [0039]    As described above, a neutral polymeric material  40  may be spun onto substrate  10 , covering the tops of sidewalls  12 ,  14 , oxide spacers  62 ,  64 , and bottom  16 . Neutral polymeric material  40  is then etched, as shown in  FIG. 5E . 
         [0040]    Oxide spacers  62 ,  64  may then be removed in  FIG. 8F  using, for example, a dHF etch. A solvent rinse may then be applied as in  FIG. 8G  to remove excess neutral polymeric material  40 . As can be seen, the arrangement of the remaining neutral polymeric material  40  in  FIG. 8G  differs from that shown in  FIGS. 4D and 5F  in that neutral polymeric material  40  not only does not extend along a portion of sidewalls  12 ,  14 , but does not extend laterally to sidewalls  12 ,  14 . This leaves portions  15 ,  17  of bottom  16  adjacent sidewalls  12 ,  14  uncovered. The polymer extension, h in  FIG. 6 , varies with process conditions such as etch back time, pattern density, and coating uniformity. As illustrated by  FIGS. 7A and 7B , sidewall condition/preference, which correlates to h, is critical to DSA behavior. Hence, the method shown in  FIGS. 8A through 8H  creates a controllable polymeric material extension independent of process conditions and is advantageous, as compared to the methods shown in  FIGS. 4A-4E and 5A-5H  under the same parameters. 
         [0041]    As shown in  FIG. 8H , a BCP is then deposited and DSA results in a lamellar pattern of alternating PMMA  20  and PS  30  columns oriented substantially parallel to sidewalls  12 ,  14 . 
         [0042]      FIG. 9  shows a perspective view of substrate  10  following DSA according to various embodiments of the invention. PMMA as well as the neutral layer underneath PMMA may be selectively removed from the lamellar pattern of alternating PMMA and PS columns, leaving voids  21  in place of the PMMA columns. As will be understood by one of skill in the art, PS columns  30  may be employed, among other things, as an etch mask to etch bottom  16  of substrate  10 , after which PS columns  30  and neutral polymeric material  40  may be removed. 
         [0043]    The descriptions of the various embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclose. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain the principles of the embodiments, the practical application or technical improvement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodiments disclosed herein.