Abstract:
Disclosed are electrorheological fluids having ceramic particles of high ion conductivity and a nonconducting or dielectric fluid. The high ion conductive particle may be Zr(HPO 4 ) 2 .

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to fluid compositions which demonstrate significant changes in their flow properties in the presence of an electric field. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Electrorheology is a phenomenon in which the rheology of a fluid is modified by the imposition of an electric field. Fluids which exhibit significant changes in their properties of flow in the presence of an electric field have been known for several decades The phenomenon of electrorheology was reported by W. M. Winslow, U.S. Pat. No. 2,417,850, in 1947. Winslow demonstrated that certain suspensions of solids in liquids show large, reversible electrorheological effects. In the absence of an electric field, electrorheological fluids generally exhibit Newtonian behavior. That is, the applied force per unit area, known as shear stress, is directly proportional to the shear rate, i.e., change in velocity per unit thickness. When an electric field is applied, a yield stress appears and no shearing takes place until the shear stress exceeds a yield value which generally rises with increasing electric field strength. This phenomenon can appear as an increase in viscosity of up to several orders of magnitude. The response time to electric fields is on the order of milliseconds. This rapid response, characteristic of electrorheological fluids makes them attractive to use as elements in mechanical devices. 
     A complete understanding of the mechanisms through which electrorheological fluids exhibit their particular behavior has eluded workers in the art. Many have speculated on the mechanisms giving rise to the behavior characteristics of electrorheological fluids. 
     A first theory is that the applied electric field restricts the freedom of particles to rotate, thus changing their bulk behavior. 
     A second theory ascribes the change in properties to the filament-like aggregates which form along the lines of the applied electric field The theory proposes that this &#34;induced fibrillation&#34; results from small, lateral migrations of particles to regions of high field intensity between gaps of incomplete chains of particles, followed by mutual attraction of these particles. Criticism of a simple fibrillation theory has been made on the grounds that the electrorheological effect is much too rapid for such extensive structure formation to occur; workers in the art have observed a time scale for fibrillation of approximately 20 seconds, which is vastly in excess of the time scale for rheological response of electrorheological fluids. On the other hand, response times for fibrillation on the order of milliseconds have been observed. 
     A third theory refers to an &#34;electric double layer&#34; in which the effect is explained by hypothesizing that the application of an electric field causes ionic species adsorbed upon the discrete phase particles to move, relative to the particles, in the direction along the field toward the electrode having a charge opposite that of the mobile ions in the adsorbed layer. The resulting charge separation and polarization could lead to &#34;dipole&#34; interactions and fibrillation. 
     Yet another theory proposes that the electric field drives water to the surface of discrete phase particles through a process of electro-osmosis. The resulting water film on the particles then acts as a glue which holds particles together. If correct, then a possible sequence of events in fibrillation would be: ionic migration, subsequent electro-osmosis of moisture to one pole of the particle (presumably the cationic region) and bridging via this surface supply of water. However, the advent of anhydrous electrorheological fluids means that water-bridging is not an essential mechanism and may indeed not be operative at all. 
     Despite the numerous theories and speculations, it is generally agreed that the initial step in development of electrorheological behavior involves polarization under the influence of an electric field. This then induces some form of interaction between particles or between particles and the impressed electric or shear fields which results in the rheological manifestations of the effect. See Carlson, U.S. Pat. No. 4,772,407; and Block et al &#34;Electro-Rheology&#34;, IEEE Symposium, London, 1985. Despite this one generally accepted mechanism, the development of suitable electrorheological fluids and methods of improving the same remains largely unpredictable. 
     The potential usefulness of electrorheological fluids in automotive applications, such as vibration damping, shock absorbers, or torque transfer, stems from their ability to increase, by orders of magnitude, their viscosity upon application of an electric field. This increase can be achieved with very fast (on the order of milliseconds) response times and with minimal power requirements. 
     Although ER-fluids have been formulated and investigated since the early 1940&#39;s, basic limitations have prevented their utilization in practical devices. The most restrictive requirements are (1) that the suspensions be stable over time; i.e., that the solid particles either remain suspended in the liquid or be readily redispersed if sedimentation occurs and (2) service and durability of the suspensions can be achieved outside the temperature range of 0°-100° C. This latter requirement is particularly restrictive in that most fluid compositions require water as an ER &#34;activator&#34; so that in completely nonaqueous systems the ER-effect is entirely absent or so small that it is not effectively useful. 
     An object of this invention is to formulate a stable, substantially water free, or nonaqueous ER-fluid with improved properties. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention generally includes electrorheological fluids having ceramic particles of high ion conductivity and a nonconducting or dielectric fluid. The high ion conductive particle may be a material having the formula Zr(HPO 4 ) 2 . These ceramic particles of high ion conductivity eliminate the need for water in the electrorheological fluids. It is believed that the structure of the material is such that ions are mobile within and/or on the surface of the particle. These mobile ions produce a charge separation (dipoles) on the surface of the particle in the presence of an electric field. Under the influence of an electric field, the dipoles of the particles could interact resulting in chains of particles extending between electrodes and which require additional energy to shear. Such chains produce a higher viscosity in the electrorheological fluid. Where the invention comprises anhydrous fluids, the elimination of the requirement for water in the electrorheological fluid increases the temperature range in which the electrorheological fluid may operate. 
     These and other objects, features and advantages of this invention will be apparent from the following detailed description, appended drawings and claims. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a graphic illustration of the viscosity of an electrorheological fluid according to the present invention both in the presence and absence of an electric field. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The solid phase of an electrorheological fluid according to the present invention comprises a high ion conductive material including a material having the formula Zr(HPO 4 ) 2 . Solid phase materials may be prepared by conventional ceramic techniques known to those skilled in the art. For example, a solid phase may be prepared from 100 ml of 1-M ZrOCl 2  •8H 2  O added dropwise to a constantly stirred, refluxing phosphate solution, which may be prepared by dissolving 2 moles (276 g) of NaH 2  PO 4  •H 2  O in 200 ml 3M HCl. The latter solution may be heated to reflux temperature to effect complete dissolution of sodium dihydrogen phosphate in the hydrochloric acid at concentration levels specified. The zirconium gel, which precipitates immediately, may be refluxed with its mother liquid for 25 hours. The resulting crystalline zirconium phosphate may be collected by centrifugation or filtered off with suction using a very retentive, acid hardened filter paper. The crystalline material may be washed and collected by centrifugation or filtration, first with several liters 2M hydrochloric acid to remove sodium ions, and then with about one liter of 0.2M phosphoric acid to remove chloride ions, and finally with several volumes of distilled, deionized water. The product may be dried at about 400° C. in vacuum. 
     Preferably, the materials of the solid phase are in the form of particles such as spheres, cubes, whiskers or platelets. Preferably, the particles are equiaxed. The particles have an effective length or diameter ranging from about 0.1 to about 75 micrometers. The particles may be present in the fluid in an amount ranging from about 5 to about 50, and preferably about 15 to about 30 percent by volume of the composition. 
     Preferably, the material of the solid phase is dried at a temperature ranging from about 200° C. to about 400° C., preferably 300° C. to about 400° C. and most preferably 400° C., which is sufficient to remove any residual water on the solid phase but not alter the structure of the solid. The particles are referred to as being substantially free of water. The term &#34;substantially free of water&#34; means less than 0.5 percent by weight water adhering (i.e., absorbed or adsorbed) to the particles. Preferably, the amount of water adhering to the particles is less than that required for the water to be an &#34;activator&#34; of electrorheological response. That is, the amount of water adhering to the particles of the solid phase is not sufficient to create water bridges between particles under the influence of an electric field. The drying of the particles is carried out under low vacuum at a constant pressure. Preferably the drying is at a pressure ranging from about 300 to about 50 mTorr, preferably 200  to about 50 mTorr and most preferably at 50 mTorr. The resultant, dry particles are then dispersed in a liquid phase. 
     Suitable liquid phase materials include any nonconductive substance that exists in a liquid state under the conditions which a fluid made using it would be employed. Any nonconducting fluid in which particles could be dispersed would be suitable. A preferred fluid is silicone oil. Other suitable liquid phase materials are disclosed in Block et al, &#34;Electro-Rheology&#34;, IEEE Symposium, London, 1985, which is hereby incorporated by reference. A suitable silicone fluid is available from Union Carbide under the trade name SILICONE FLUID L45/10 tm . The stability of the electrorheological fluid may be improved by adding a dispersant or stabilizer to the liquid phase. When the liquid phase is a mineral oil, a preferred stabilizer is an amine-terminated polyester, such as SOLSPERSE 17000 tm  available from ICI Americas. An electrorheological fluid was prepared as described above wherein the solid phase consisted of a material having the composition Zr(HPO 4 ) 2  and the liquid phase consisted of silicone fluid. As can be seen in FIG. 1, in the presence of an electric field the fluid exhibited a dramatic increase in viscosity compared to the fluid in the absence of electric field. 
     The various embodiments may be combined and varied in a manner within the ordinary skill of persons in the art to practice the invention and to achieve various results as desired. 
     Where particular aspects of the present invention are defined herein in terms of ranges, it is intended that the invention includes the entire range so defined, and any sub-range or multiple sub-ranges within the broad range. By way of example, where the invention is described as comprising one to about 100 percent by weight component A, it is intended to convey the invention as including about five to about 25 percent by weight component A, and about 50 to about 75 percent by weight component A. Likewise, where the present invention has been described herein as including A 1-100  B 1-50 , it is intended to convey the invention as A 1-60  B 1-20 , A 60-100  B 25-50  and A 43  B 37 .