Abstract:
Systems, apparatus and methods for estimating a mass of an object by a mobile device are presented. The mobile device, which may be a smartphone, vibrates the mobile device both unloaded (without an object) and loaded (with an object) while measuring the unloaded and loaded vibrations. Next, the mobile device compares the unloaded and loaded vibrations and determines the mass of the object from the comparison.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This is the first application filed for the present technology. 
     BACKGROUND 
     I. Field of the Invention 
     This disclosure relates generally to systems, apparatus and methods for determining a mass, and more particularly to determining a mass of an object by applying vibrations and measuring accelerations with a smartphone. 
     II. Background 
     To determine a weight of an object, scales typically measure static force applied by the object to a static force sensor. For example a bathroom scale typically measures a person&#39;s weight using four static force sensor. The force on the four sensors is summed to result in the total weight of the person. Often small weights (e.g., up to 11 pounds with a one-ounce resolution) are measured with a tabletop-sized force sensor. A disadvantage is that the tabletop scale must be close by when needed. Weighing an object with a more readably available device, such as a smartphone, is desirable when not near a dedicated scale. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     Disclosed are systems, apparatus and methods for estimating a mass of an object by a mobile device. The mobile device vibrates the mobile device both unloaded and loaded with an object and measures both the unloaded and loaded vibrations. Next, the mobile device compares the unloaded and loaded vibrations to determine the mass of the object  200 . 
     According to some aspects, disclosed is a method in a mobile device for estimating a mass, the method comprising: vibrating the mobile device loaded with an object; measuring a loaded vibration of the mobile device and the object comprising determining linear acceleration from an accelerometer, wherein the mobile device comprises the accelerometer; comparing a tare vibration to the loaded vibration to result in a comparison, wherein the tare vibration comprises a measurement of a vibration of the mobile device unloaded with the object; and determining the mass of the object from the comparison. 
     According to some aspects, disclosed is a method in a mobile device for estimating a mass, the method comprising: vibrating the mobile device loaded with an object; measuring a loaded vibration of the mobile device and the object comprising determining an angular acceleration from a gyroscope, wherein the mobile device further comprises the gyroscope; comparing a tare vibration to the loaded vibration to result in a comparison, wherein the tare vibration comprises a measurement of a vibration of the mobile device unloaded with the object; and determining the mass of the object from the comparison. 
     According to some aspects, disclosed is a mobile device for estimating a mass, the mobile device comprising: a vibration unit configured to vibrate the mobile device loaded with an object; a vibration sensor comprising an accelerometer and configured to measure a loaded vibration of the mobile device and the object from an accelerometer; a comparator coupled to the vibration sensor and configured to compare a tare vibration to the loaded vibration to result in a comparison, wherein the tare vibration comprises a measurement of a vibration of the mobile device unloaded with the object; and a determination unit configured to determine the mass from the comparison. 
     According to some aspects, disclosed is a mobile device for estimating a mass, the mobile device comprising: means for vibrating the mobile device loaded with an object; means for measuring a loaded vibration of the mobile device and the object comprising determining linear acceleration from an accelerometer, wherein the mobile device comprises the accelerometer; means for comparing a tare vibration to the loaded vibration to result in a comparison, wherein the tare vibration comprises a measurement of a vibration of the mobile device unloaded with the object; and means for determining the mass of the object from the comparison. 
     According to some aspects, disclosed is a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium including program code stored thereon for a mobile device to estimate a mass, comprising program code to: vibrate the mobile device loaded with an object; measure a loaded vibration of the mobile device and the object comprising program code to determine linear acceleration from an accelerometer, wherein the mobile device comprises the accelerometer; compare a tare vibration to the loaded vibration to result in a comparison, wherein the tare vibration comprises a measurement of a vibration of the mobile device unloaded with the object; and determine the mass from the comparison. 
     It is understood that other aspects will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, wherein it is shown and described various aspects by way of illustration. The drawings and detailed description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not as restrictive. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
       Embodiments of the invention will be described, by way of example only, with reference to the drawings. 
         FIG. 1  shows an inertial balance. 
         FIG. 2  shows an eccentric motor. 
         FIG. 3  models a mobile device with an eccentric motor, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 4 and 5  models a mobile device with an eccentric motor loaded with an object, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 6 and 7  show a lumped model of an unloaded system, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 8  plots frequency and amplitude to illustrate resonance frequencies for both an unloaded mobile device and a loaded mobile device, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 9  charts a varying weight of an envelope and corresponding accelerations, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 10  shows an interposer in position between a mobile device and an object, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 11 and 12  show a mobile device, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 13 and 14  show a method, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The detailed description set forth below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of various aspects of the present disclosure and is not intended to represent the only aspects in which the present disclosure may be practiced. Each aspect described in this disclosure is provided merely as an example or illustration of the present disclosure, and should not necessarily be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present disclosure may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts of the present disclosure. Acronyms and other descriptive terminology may be used merely for convenience and clarity and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure. 
     As used herein, a mobile device, sometimes referred to as a mobile station (MS) or user equipment (UE), such as a cellular phone, mobile phone or other wireless communication device, personal communication system (PCS) device, personal navigation device (PND), Personal Information Manager (PIM), Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), laptop or other suitable mobile device which is capable of receiving wireless communication and/or navigation signals. The term “mobile device” is also intended to include devices which communicate with a personal navigation device (PND), such as by short-range wireless, infrared, wireline connection, or other connection—regardless of whether satellite signal reception, assistance data reception, and/or position-related processing occurs at the device or at the PND. Also, “mobile device” is intended to include all devices, including wireless communication devices, computers, laptops, etc. which are capable of communication with a server, such as via the Internet, WiFi, or other network, and regardless of whether satellite signal reception, assistance data reception, and/or position-related processing occurs at the device, at a server, or at another device associated with the network. Any operable combination of the above are also considered a “mobile device.” 
       FIG. 1  shows an inertial balance  10 . An inertial balance  10  consists of a spring  20  (such as a hacksaw blade) fixed at one end  22 . The other end  24  holds a mass W  30 . The inertial balance  10  measures the mass W  30  by measuring the frequency of oscillations. The frequency f  40  of oscillation is a function of mass. The conversion between frequency and mass may be observed during calibration. Alternatively, Hooke&#39;s law may be where frequency f is independent of a spring&#39;s amplitude of oscillation and may be determined from only the mass m and the stiffness k as 
             f   =       1     2   ⁢   π       ⁢         k   m       .             
The inertial balance  10  may be calibrated using at least two known masses to determine a frequency of oscillation associated for each known mass. Then when measuring an unknown mass W  30 , a frequency count may be interpolated or extrapolated to find the unknown mass from the calibration results.
 
     Smartphones do not contain an inertial balance  10 . Instead, a standard mobile device  100  often contains an eccentric motor  112  to vibrate the mobile device  100  and an accelerometer  122  to measure three-dimensional (3-D) linear acceleration of the mobile device  100 . Using an eccentric motor  112  as a vibration unit  110  and an accelerometer  122  as a vibration sensor  120 , a processor  140  may record and compare a tare weight to a loaded weight to determine an estimated mass of an object, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention. 
       FIG. 2  shows an eccentric motor  112 . An eccentric motor  112 , also called an eccentric rotating mass vibrating motor (ERM), is typically used in a smartphone in “silent” mode. A smartphone includes a large display for displaying web pages and often includes one or more of a media player, camera and GPS navigation unit, high-resolution touch screen, web browser to display a web page, and Wi-Fi transceiver. Normally, a motor includes only balanced rotational elements, however, an eccentric motor  112  includes an eccentric weight that rotates offset from a center axis. The centripetal force of the offset mass m forces the eccentric motor  112  to become displaced. When the offset mass m rotates at approximately 60 Hz to 300 Hz, the displacement is perceived as a vibration. The rotation rate of some eccentric motors  112  may be adjusted by adjusting an input driving voltage. For example, a varying voltage level changes from a low level to a high level with a voltage generator or a frequency generator results in a sweeping frequency from a low rotation rate to a high rotation rate. 
       FIG. 3  models a mobile device  100  with an eccentric motor  112 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention. The mobile device  100  has mass M and the offset weight on the eccentric motor  112  has mass m. The mass of the mobile device  100  includes all but the mass m from the offset weight of the eccentric motor  112 . According to Newton&#39;s third law of motion, the force F 100  caused by the mobile device  100  is equal and opposite from the force F 112  caused by the offset mass (F 100 =−F 112 ), which may be written as MV 0 =mv 0 , with V 0  defined as the instantaneous velocity of the mobile device  100  and v 0  defined as the instantaneous velocity, in the opposite direction, of the eccentric mass. The velocity relationship (MV 0 =mv 0 ) may be differentiated to form an acceleration relationship (MA 0 =ma), where A 0  represents the acceleration of the mobile device  100  and a represents the acceleration, in the opposite direction, of the eccentric mass m. The figure includes no external weights to be measured, therefore, measuring acceleration in this system measures the mobile device  100  unloaded by an object  200  of an unknown external mass. The acceleration measurements may be used to calibrate the system by determining a zero-weight, tare weight or tare mass of the mobile device  100 . 
       FIGS. 4 and 5  models a mobile device  100  with an eccentric motor  112  loaded with an object  200 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention. In  FIG. 4 , the mobile device  100  of mass M with an eccentric motor  112  of offset mass m is shown. The mobile device  100  is loaded with an object  200  with mass W 1 . Now the combined mass of the mobile device  100  and the object  200  work against the mass m of the eccentric motor  112 . Assuming the mobile device  100  travels with the object  200 , their velocities are equivalent (V 1 ). The combined system may be modeled as (M+W 1 )V 1 =mv 1 . Now the loaded system includes a mass m of the eccentric motor  112  that travels at v 1  as opposed to in the unload system traveling at a velocity of v 0 . The loaded velocity relationship may be differentiated to form a loaded acceleration relationship {(M+W 1 )A 1 =ma} where A 1  represents the acceleration of the loaded mobile device  100  and a represents the acceleration of the mass m of the eccentric motor  112 . 
     In  FIG. 5 , show a filled object  202 . If the object  200  is an empty container, for example, of mass W 1 , the system may be used as a zero weight, tare weight or tare mass of the system (shown in  FIG. 4 ) by recalibrating and referencing the empty system with just loaded with the empty container to a filled system with the filled object  202 . The combined mass of the empty system is (M+W 1 ). When the object  200  is filled by mass W 2  to form filled object  202 , a loaded mass (M+W 1 +W 2 ) may be compared with this tare mass (M+W 1 ) to determine a mass W 2  of the contents. Applying Newton&#39;s law again, the loaded system represented by {(M+W 1 +W 2 )V 2 =mv 2 )} may be differentiated to result in {(M+W 1 +W 2 )A 2 =ma)}, where A 2  represents the acceleration of the loaded system and a represents the acceleration of the eccentric mass m of the eccentric motor  112 . 
     In practice, acceleration rather than velocity is measured in a mobile device  100 . For example, an accelerometer  122  measures an acceleration A 0  of the mobile device  100 . Assuming the mobile device  100  is placed on a firm surface, the a acceleration of the eccentric mass m may be solved for with the equation (MA 0 =ma) as an unknown in terms of known quantities (a=MA 0 /m), where mass M of the mobile device  100  and mass m of the eccentric motor  112  are known a priori. The acceleration A 0  may be measured by the accelerometer  122 , assuming the eccentric motor  112  is collocated with the accelerometer  122 . If the mobile device  100  pivots or rotates with the eccentric motor  112 , a gyroscope  124  may be used to account for the rotation, which may be removed from the accelerometer results. Therefore, an unloaded system may be calibrated by solving for acceleration a of the eccentric motor  112 . 
     After loading with a mass W 1 , the loaded system represented by equation {(M+W 1 )A 1 =ma}. The mass W 1  may be easily solved as (W 1 =ma/A 1 −M), where masses m and M are known a priori, acceleration a was determined during calibration, and acceleration A 1  is measured by the accelerometer  122 . If the object  200  is used as an empty container, the additional mass W 2  may be solve for from {(M+W 1 +W 2 ) A 2 =ma)} as (W 2 =ma/A 2 −M−W 1 ), where A 2  is current measured by the accelerometer  122  and W 1  is determined as described above. 
       FIGS. 6 and 7  show a lumped model of an unloaded system, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention. As shown in  FIG. 6 , the model of the unloaded system includes a mass M of the mobile device  100 , a mass m from the eccentric motor  112 , a damping coefficient c, a Hooke&#39;s law of elasticity constant k, acceleration due to gravity g, a radius r representing how much the eccentric mass m is offset from a center axis, and an angular frequency ω of the eccentric motor  112 . As shown in  FIG. 7 , the term listed above for the equality (M+m){umlaut over (x)}+c{dot over (x)}+kx=(M+m)g+mrω 2 ·sin(ωt), where the inertial force is represented by (M+m){umlaut over (x)}, damping is represented by c{dot over (x)}, Hooke&#39;s law of elasticity is represented by kx, the force due to gravity is represented by (M+m)g, and the driving force of the eccentric motor  112  is represented by mrω 2 ·sin(ωt), where {umlaut over (x)}, {dot over (x)}, and x represent the acceleration, velocity and position, respectively, of the mobile device  100 , and t represents time. 
     Instead of a vibration of a constant frequency, the eccentric motor  112  may sweep through a range of frequencies. By sweeping through a range of frequencies, a resonance frequency of a mobile device  100  may be determined. Each instance the mobile device  100  changes mass (e.g., from being unloaded to loaded), the resonance frequency changes. Specifically, the resonance frequency of the mobile device  100  decreases as the mass increases. Therefore, an unloaded mobile device  100  with mass M has a higher resonance frequency than a loaded mobile device  100  with mass (M+W 1 ). 
       FIG. 8  plots frequency and amplitude to illustrate resonance frequencies for both an unloaded mobile device and a loaded mobile device, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention. When an unloaded mobile device  100 , with mass M and an eccentric motor  112 , sweeps through a range of frequencies, an amplitude of the vibration may be measured by the accelerometer  122 . A frequency resulting in a peak measurement of the unloaded mobile device represents a resonance frequency f 0 . When a loaded mobile device  100  of mass (M+W 1 ) sweeps through the range of frequencies, a frequency resulting in a peak measurement of the loaded mobile device is a resonance frequency f 1 . The resonance frequency f 1  of the loaded mobile device is lower that the resonance frequency f 0  of the unloaded mobile device. A difference in the resonance frequencies (f 0 −f 1 ) may be used as an indication of mass W 1 . That is, the difference (f 0 −f 1 ) may be used as an index to a table or extrapolated/interpolated to determine the mass W 1 . 
       FIG. 9  charts a varying weight of an envelope and corresponding accelerations, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention. With the experimental data, a magnitude of a change in acceleration (m/s 2 ) is plotted at varying points of envelope weight and a line connects these points. Acceleration was calculated as single acceleration a from a 3-D accelerometer from individual accelerators measurements (a x ,a y ,a z ) from a=√{square root over (a x   2 +a y   2 +a z   2 )}. An envelope acted as the object to be weighed. In some situation, an interposer is desirable between the object to be measured and a smartphone. For example, a common empty paper or plastic cup can act as an interposer between a smartphone and the envelope. Generally, any suitable object may be used as an interposer. If the resolution of the mass of the object to be weighed is comparable to the mass of the interposer, the system may be calibrated to account for the interposer. 
     The interposer may help to: (a) avoid blocking a view to the smartphone display; and (b) prevent sagging (such as from an envelope) of the object to be weighed from touching a surface near the smartphone. The envelope was placed on top of the empty paper cup, which was placed on the screen of the smartphone. A plastic cup or a Styrofoam cup may substitute for a paper cup. In the case when an interposer is employed, the calibration or tarring procedure accounts for the interposer mass. 
       FIG. 10  shows an interposer in position between a mobile device and an object, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention. The figure illustrates sensitivity of the accelerometer to different weights of the envelope. Extrapolation shows the smartphone used in this experiment was sensitive to more than 16 ounces (oz.) and extremely sensitive for objects weighing less than 5 oz. 
       FIGS. 11 and 12  show a mobile device  100 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention. In  FIG. 11 , the mobile device  100  includes an eccentric motor  112 , a speaker  114 , an accelerometer  122 , a gyroscope  124 , a microphone  126 , a processor  140 , memory  150 , a display  160 , a user input device  170  and a thermometer  180  connected together with a bus  130 . Either or both of the eccentric motor  112  and the speaker  114  may be used as a vibration unit  110 . For example, the speaker  114  may be used to generate a sound to vibrate the mobile device  100 . The accelerometer  122  and/or the gyroscope  124  and/or the microphone  126  may be used as a vibration sensor  120 . For example, the microphone  126  may be used to measure an amplitude signal caused by the vibration unit  110 . 
     In order to simplify the description above, reference has been made to an accelerometer and gyroscope, each in a singular sense. In practice, a smartphone has a three-dimensional accelerometer also referred to as three accelerometers with mutually orthogonal sensitive axes, often referred to as a 3-D accelerometer, or just an accelerometer, having an X-axis accelerometer, Y-axis accelerometer and Z-axis accelerometer. Similarly, a smartphone also has a 3-D gyroscope also referred to as three gyroscopes with mutually orthogonal sensitive axes, often referred to as a 3-D gyroscope having an X-axis gyroscope, Y-axis gyroscope and Z-axis gyroscope. 
     For simplicity, signal processing described above refers to both a single-axis accelerometer (e.g., Z-axis accelerometer) and a single-axis gyroscope (e.g., X-axis gyroscope). Similarly, a 3-D accelerometer and a 3-D gyroscope may be used, which together provide 6 degrees of freedom as represented by an array of inertial sensor measurements. 
     In  FIG. 12 , a mobile device  100  contains a vibration unit  110 , a vibration sensor  120  and a processor  140  connected by a bus  130 . The processor  140  includes software modules or code to form a comparator  142  and a determination unit  144 . The vibration unit  110  is configured to vibrate the mobile device  100  when loaded with an object  200 . The vibration unit  110  may also be configured to vibrate the mobile device  100  when unloaded, for example, during calibration. Alternatively, a calibration value may be stored in the mobile device  100  at the factory. The vibration sensor  120  is configured to measure a loaded vibration of the mobile device  100  and the object  200 . Also, the vibration sensor  120  may be configured to measure an unloaded or tare vibration of the mobile device  100  alone. The comparator  142  is coupled to the vibration sensor  120  and configured to compare the tare vibration to the loaded vibration to result in a comparison. The comparison may be a difference in amplitudes or a difference in resonance frequencies. The determination unit  144  is configured to determine the mass from the comparison. For example, the determination unit  144  interpolates, extrapolates and/or looks up a mass based on the difference from the comparison. 
       FIGS. 13 and 14  show a method  300 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention. The first figure shows a calibration process without an object  200  and the second figure shows a process loaded with the object  200  having a mass W 1 . In  FIG. 13  at  310 , a processor  140  causes a vibration unit  110  to vibrate the mobile device  100 . At this point the mobile device  100  is unloaded without the object  200 . At  320 , the processor  140  causes a vibration sensor  120  to measure an unloaded or tare vibration of the mobile device  100  with the object  200 . This tare vibration is a calibration of the mobile device  100  unloaded with the object  200 . At  330 , a user places the object  200  on the mobile device  100 . 
     In  FIG. 14  at  340 , the processor  140  causes the vibration unit  110  to vibrate the mobile device  100  loaded with the object  200 . At  350 , the processor  140  causes the vibration sensor  120  to measure the loaded vibration of the mobile device  100  loaded with the object  200 . At  360 , the processor  140  uses a comparator  142  to compare the tare vibration to the loaded vibration. For example, the processor  140  compares a difference in amplitudes or frequencies to form a comparison result. At  370 , the processor  140  uses a determination unit  144  to determine the mass from the comparison result. 
     The processor  140  may adjust the acceleration measurements according to a specific calibration curve. The acceleration measurements may be amplified more or less depending on the calibration curve. Calibration curves account for ambient temperature measured by the thermometer  180 , the angular acceleration measurements from the gyroscope  124 , the position of the vibration unit  110  relative to the vibration sensor  120 , the casing around the mobile device  100 , the surface on with the mobile device  100  is at rest, and the type of object  200  being weighted. A calibration curve may be customized to a category of devices, a particular device model or a certain individual device. A calibration curve may be set for an average temperature or may be a function of temperature. 
     For example, a casing around the mobile device  100  with a hardcover requires less adjustment than a softcover. A user may be prompted to enter the type or state of object  200  (e.g., solid, liquid or powder), the type casing (e.g., soft, hard or no casing), and/or a type of surface on which the mobile device  100  is placed. In some embodiments, the user is instructed where on a surface of a display  160  to place the object  200 . That is, the processor  140  draws a target area for placing the object  200  or interposer on a display  160  of the mobile device  100 . 
     In some embodiments, vibrating the mobile device  100  loaded with the object  200  includes repeatedly activating and deactivating an eccentric motor  112  inside the mobile device  100  to form a pulse-width modulation (PWM). 
     The methodologies described herein may be implemented by various means depending upon the application. For example, these methodologies may be implemented in hardware, firmware, software, or any combination thereof. For a hardware implementation, the processing units may be implemented within one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), processors, controllers, micro-controllers, microprocessors, electronic devices, other electronic units designed to perform the functions described herein, or a combination thereof. 
     For a firmware and/or software implementation, the methodologies may be implemented with modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) that perform the functions described herein. Any machine-readable medium tangibly embodying instructions may be used in implementing the methodologies described herein. For example, software codes may be stored in a memory and executed by a processor unit. Memory may be implemented within the processor unit or external to the processor unit. As used herein the term “memory” refers to any type of long term, short term, volatile, nonvolatile, or other memory and is not to be limited to any particular type of memory or number of memories, or type of media upon which memory is stored. 
     If implemented in firmware and/or software, the functions may be stored as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Examples include computer-readable media encoded with a data structure and computer-readable media encoded with a computer program. Computer-readable media includes physical computer storage media. A storage medium may be any available medium that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer; disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media. 
     In addition to storage on computer readable medium, instructions and/or data may be provided as signals on transmission media included in a communication apparatus. For example, a communication apparatus may include a transceiver having signals indicative of instructions and data. The instructions and data are configured to cause one or more processors to implement the functions outlined in the claims. That is, the communication apparatus includes transmission media with signals indicative of information to perform disclosed functions. At a first time, the transmission media included in the communication apparatus may include a first portion of the information to perform the disclosed functions, while at a second time the transmission media included in the communication apparatus may include a second portion of the information to perform the disclosed functions. 
     The previous description of the disclosed aspects is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present disclosure. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure.