Abstract:
An optical coating composition comprising a liquid monofunctional photohardenable acrylic ester monomer having dissolved therein an oligomer having a molecular weight of at least 500 and a photoinitiator system.

Description:
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 760,947, filed July 31, 1985, now abandoned. 
    
    
     FIELD OF INVENTION 
     The invention relates to a composition for forming optical layers particularly for use in the manufacture of optical recording media. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In response to the demand for more reliable and higher capacity data storage and retrieval systems, there is considerable activity in the research and development of so-called optical disk recording systems. These systems utilize a highly focused modulated beam of light, such as a laser beam, which is directed onto a recording layer which is capable of absorbing a substantial amount of the light. The heat thusly produced causes the light-absorbing material in the areas struck by the highly focused laser beam to change chemically and/or physically, thus producing a concomitant change in optical properties, e.g., transmissivity or reflectivity, in the affected area. For readout, the contrast between the amount of light transmitted or reflected from the unaffected parts of the absorbing layer and from the marked areas of the layer is measured. Examples of such recording systems are disclosed throughout the literature and in numerous U.S. Patents such as U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,314,073 and 3,474,457. In recording data, a rotating disk having a light-absorptive recording layer is exposed to modulated radiation from a laser source. This radiation is passed througH a modulator and appropriate optics, and the highly focused laser beam is directed onto the disk which forms by chemical and/or physical reaction of the light-absorbing layer a series of very small marks along a circular path within the light-absorptive layer. The frequency of the marks is determined by the modulator inputs. Using laser beams with a focused spot diameter of 1 μm or less, data can be stored at a density of 10 8  bits/cm 2  or higher. 
     The simplest optical disk medium consists merely of a dimensionally stable solid substrate on which is coated a thin layer of light-absorptive material such as a metal layer. When the light-absorptive layer is struck by an intense beam of coherent light, such as from a laser source, the light-absorptive material is either vaporized and/or thermally degraded, thereby producing a very small marked area which exhibits different transmissivity or reflectivity than the adjacent unmarked layer. Multilayer antireflection structures, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,305,081 to Spong and U.S. Pat. No. 4,270,132 to Bell, increase the absorption of the laser beam which also gives better read/write contrast than with the use of simple single layer media. Therefore, for purposes of obtaining better power efficiency, sensitivity and readout response of the record, it has been preferred to use multilayer antireflective structures. 
     There are two basic types of multilayer antireflective structures, one of which is basically a bilayer structure and the other a trilayer structure. In bilayer media, the substance is coated with a very smooth, highly reflective material such as aluminum, on top of which is coated a layer of moderately light-absorptive material which is preferbly of a thickness corresponding to about λ/4n, where λ is the wavelength of the recording light source and n is the refractive index of the light-absorptive layer. In trilayer media, the substrate is likewise coated with a first layer of very smooth highly reflective material on which is coated a second layer of transparent material. Atop the transparent second layer is coated a thin third layer of strongly light-absorptive material. The combined thickness of the transparent and absorptive layers is preferably adjusted to be about λ/4n. In both types of structures, the adjustment of certain layer thicknesses according to the wavelength of light and refractive index of the layer is for the purpose of minimizing the amount of light reflected from the unmarked areas and maximizing the amount of light reflected from the marked areas, thus producing a higher playback signal amplitude. A detailed discussion of the three types of disk construction is given by A. E. Bell in Computer Design. January 1983, pp. 133-146 and the references cited therein. See especially Bell and Spong, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. QE-14, 1978, pp. 487-495. 
     It will be realized, of course, that the terms &#34;bilayer&#34; and &#34;trilayer&#34; refer only to the fundamental optical layers and do not exclude the use of ancillary layers. In particular, it is essential in most instances to have a polymeric layer which seves two important functions: (1) the layer must be optically smooth in order to provide an optically suitable foundation for the overlying reflective layer; and (2) the layer must have good adhesion to the underlying substrate as well as the overlying reflective layer. Furthermore, these properties must persist under all the environmental conditions which may exist as the medium is used and stored. 
     PRIOR ART 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,188,433, Dijkstra et al. 
     Dijkstra et al. disclose a laser beam recording medium in which the energy absorbing recording layer is protected by a cured layer of UV-curable lacquer which serves as an adhesive layer and an overlying layer of transparent resin. The lacquer is preferably a mixture of protic acrylic acid esters such as hydroxyalkyl or aminoalkyl acrylates. The overlying resin layer can be made of any of several transparent resins, including poly(methyl methacrylate). 
     U.S. Pat. No. 3,665,483, Becker et al. 
     This patent is directed to a laser beam recording medium in which the energy-absorbing recording layer is protected with an overlying transparent layer of SiO 2 . It is disclosed that if the SiO 2  is thick enough, it can displace surface dust and dirt from the focal plane of the laser beam. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 3,911,444, Lou et al. 
     The Lou et al. patent is directed to a laser beam recording medium in which the energy-absorbing recording layer is coated upon an underlying layer of poly(alkyl methacrylate) or fluorinated polyethylene. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,300,143, Bell et al. 
     The Bell et al. patent is directed to an optical recording medium in which the recording layer is protected by an adjoining transparent layer of organic or inorganic material. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,477,328, Broeksema et al. 
     This patent discloses a liquid coating for use on optical recording disks comprising a solution of acrylate or methacrylate oligomers and photoinitiator having a viscosity of 1000-15000 cP. Preferred oligomers are indicated to have a molecular weight of 300-1000. Only alkylene-bis(phenoxy alkylacrylate) and alkylene-bis(phenoxy alkylmethacrylate) are disclosed. 
     U.S. Pat. 4,492,718, Mayer et al. 
     The Mayer patent discloses a rotation coating of optical disk substrates with compositions containing acrylate prepolymers, a mixture of triacrylate monomer, monoacrylate monomer, surfactant and initiator. One composition is disclosed which contains only a high molecular weight acrylate oligomer, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, surfactant and initiator. No compositions are disclosed which use oligomers having molecular weights below 1000. 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In a primary aspect, the invention is directed to an optical coating composition comprising a solution of: 
     a. liquid monofunctional photohardenable acrylic ester monomer having no less than 4 carbon atoms in the ester group and having dissolved therein 
     b. oligomer having a molecular weight of at least 500; and 
     c. 0.05-10% wt. photoinitiator system, the liquid uncured solution having a viscosity of at least 10 cP and surface tension of less than 36 dynes/cm at coating temperature and the solid cured composition having a transmissivity of at least 88% to light having a wavelength of 488-830 nm and a pencil hardness of at least 2B. 
     In a second aspect, the invention is directed to 
     (1) applying to the substrate a liquid layer of the above-described coating composition at a temperature such that the viscosity of the composition is at least 10 cP; and 
     (2) exposing the coated layer to actinic radiation for a time sufficient to effect substantially complete photohardening of the acrylic monomer. 
     In a third aspect, the invention is directed to an optical recording medium comprising: 
     a. a dimensionally stable substrate; 
     b. a layer of light-absorptive material; and 
     c. an optical layer coated on layer b. by the method described above. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     A. Photohardenable Monomer 
     Only a very narrow class of acrylic ester (acrylate) monomers is suitable as the primary monomer for use in the coating composition of the invention. In particular, the primary monomer must meet each of the following four criteria: 
     (1) No less than 4 carbon atoms in the ester group; 
     (2) Mutual solubility with the oligomer; 
     (3) Liquidity at room temperature; 
     (4) Monofunctionality. 
     If the acrylate monomer contains less than 4 carbon atoms in the ester group, the coating tends to shrink excessively upon curing and adhesion is degraded. It is preferred that the ester group contain no more than 20 branched carbon atoms or no more than 10 linear carbon atoms since monomers with ester groups having branched or linear carbon atoms which exceed these values tend to produce compositions which are too soft and waxy. Aromatic acrylate monomers occasionally exhibit incompatibility with the other components. Therefore, only those which are mutually soluble with the other components of the composition can be used in the invention. It will, of course, be apparent that the composition of the invention must be compatible because of their intended use as optical layers. With respect to the monomer composition, reference to the length of the carbon chain means the number of consectutive carbon atoms in the ester group (R&#34;) as follows: ##STR1## wherein R&#39;=H or CH 3  and --OR&#34; is the ester group. 
     Because the composition of the invention contains no volatile solvents and because the acrylate monomer also serves as the dispersion medium for the oligomer and the photoinitiation system and since the composition must be liqid at whatever temperature it is coated and preferably at room temperature, the monomer must also be liquid at ambient room temperature. 
     Of particular interest is the fact that the primary acrylate monomers of the invention must be monofunctional. Multifunctional acrylates are not suitable except in very small amounts for the reason that the photohardened monomers incur excessive shrinkage and thus degrade adhesion. Despite their unsuitability as primary monomers, multifunctional acrylate monomers and solid monofunctional acrylate monomers can be used in quantities up to about 10% wt. of the total monomer content so long as they meet the other criteria listed above. It is, however, preferred to use not more than about 5% wt. In some instances it may be desirable to use limited amounts of certain multifunctional acrylates in order to enhance secondary properties such as hardness and water resistance. 
     Suitable primary monofunctional acrylate monomers include the following: 
     
         ______________________________________Monomer                Abbreviations______________________________________isobornyl acrylate     iBAisobornyl methacrylate iBMAcyclohexyl acrylate    CHAcyclohexyl methacrylate                  CHMAisodecyl acrylate      iDAn-decyl acrylate       nDAdicyclopentenyl acrylate                  DCPAdicyclopentenyloxoethyl acrylate                  DCPOEA2-ethylbutyl acrylate  2-EBA2-ethylhexyl acrylate  2-EHAglycidyl acrylate      GAn-hexyl acrylate       nHAn-heptyl acrylate      nHEPAn-lauryl acrylate      nLAn-lauryl methacrylate  nLMA2-octyl acrylate       2-OAisooctyl acrylate      iOAoctadecyl acrylate     ODAoctadecyl methacrylate ODMAphenyl acrylate        PA2-phenylethyl acrylate PEAtetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate                  THFA3,5,5-trimethylhexyl acrylate                  TMHA______________________________________ 
    
     Other examples of suitable hydrocarbon monofunctional photohardenable acrylic monomers include the following cycloaliphatic acrylates in which the ring positions are substituted with one or more hydrogen or C 1-4  alkyl groups: 
     cyclopentyl acrylates 
     cyclohexyl acrylates 
     cycloheptyl acrylates 
     cycloheptenyl acrylates 
     cyclooctyl acrylates 
     cyclooctenyl acrylates 
     cyclononenyl acrylates 
     cyclodecyl acrylates 
     dicyclopentenyl acrylates 
     dicyclopentenyloxoethyl acrylates 
     dicyclopentenyloxoixopropyl acrylates 
     dicyclopentenyloxopropyl acrylates 
     dicyclopentenyloxoisobutyl acrylates 
     dicyclopentenyloxotertiarybutyl acrylates 
     2-hydroxyalkyl-5-norbornene acrylates. 
     B. Oligomer 
     The oligomer component of the composition is needed to adjust the physical properties of the composition. In particular, it is a means for adjusting the viscosity of the coating composition and to adjust the hardness and other physical properites of the photohardened layer. Thus, so long as the oligomer is completely soluble in the acrylic monomer, its chemical composition is not narrowly critical. Thus, polyacrylates, epoxy resins, polyurethanes, aminoplast resins and phenolic resins can all be used as the oligomer component of the compositions of the invention. 
     When acrylate oligomers are used, they may be either monofunctional or polyfunctional. thus they can be oligomers of any of the above-described monofunctional acrylate monomers or they can be oligomers of acrylate monomers which do not meet the above-described five criteria. For example, monomers that do not meet those criteria are: 
     1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate 
     1,6-hexanediol diacrylate 
     1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate 
     methyl acrylate 
     neopentylglycol dimethacrylate 
     polyethyleneglycol dimethacrylate 
     1,4-butanediol diacrylate 
     ethoxyethoxyethyl acrylate 
     2-hydroxyethyl acrylate 
     methyl methacrylate 
     2-methoxyethyl acrylate 
     pentaerythritol triacrylate 
     triethyleneglycol diacrylate 
     triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate 
     tetaraethyleneglycol diacrylate 
     trimethylolpropane triacrylate 
     tripropyleneglycol diacrylate 
     1,5-pentanediol diacrylate 
     ethylene glycol diacrylate 
     diethylene glycol diacrylate 
     1,3-propanediol diacrylate 
     decamethylene glycol diacrylate 
     decamethylene glycol dimethacrylate 
     1,4-cyclohexanediol diacrylate 
     2,2-dimethylol propane diacrylate 
     glycerol diacrylate 
     2,2-di(p-hydroxyphenyl)-propane diacrylate 
     pentaerythritol tetraacrylate 
     2,2-di(p-hydroxyphenyl)-propane dimethacrylate, 
     polyoxyethyl-2,2-di(p-hydroxyphenyl)-propane dimethacrylate 
     di-(3-methacryloxy-2-hydroxypropyl) ether of bisphenol-A 
     di-(2-methacryloxyethyl) ether of bisphenol-A 
     di-(3-acryloxy-2-hydroxypropyl) ether of bisphenol-A 
     di-(2-acryloxyethyl) ether of bisphenol-A 
     di-(3-methacryloxy-2-hydroxypropyl) ether of tetrachloro-bisphenol-A 
     di-(2-methacryloxyethyl) ether of tetrachloro-bisphenol-A 
     di-(3-methacryloxy-2-hydroxypropyl) ether of tetrabromo-bisphenol-A 
     di-(2-methacryloxyethyl) ether of tetrabromo-bisphenol-A, 
     di-(3-methacryloxy-2-hydroxypropyl) ether of 1,4-butanediol 
     di-(3-methacryloxy-2-hydroxypropyl) ether of diphenolic acid 
     polyoxypropyltrimethylol propane triacrylate (462) 
     ethylene glycol dimethacrylate 
     1,3-propanediol dimethacrylate 
     1,2,4-butanetriol trimethacrylate 
     2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol dimethacrylate 
     1-phenyl ethylene-1,2-dimethacrylate 
     pentaerythritol tetramethacrylate 
     trimethylol propane trimethacrylate and 
     1,5-pentanediol dimethacrylate. 
     A wide variety of liquid cross-linking resins can be used as the oligomeric component for the invention, including thermosetting resins such as aminoplast resins, phenolic resins, blocked polyisocyanates, masked isocyanates, and epoxy resins. 
     The aminoplast resins used may be alkylated methylol melamine resins, alkylated methylol urea, and similar compounds. Products obtained from the reaction of alcohols and formaldehyde with melamine, urea or benzoguanamine are most common and are preferred herein. However, condensation products of other amines and amides can also be employed, for example, aldehyde condensates of triazines, diazines, triazoles, guanadines, guanamines and alkyl- and aryl-substituted derivatives of such compounds, including alkyl- and aryl-substituted ureas and alkyl- and aryl-substituted melamines. Some examples of such compounds are N,N&#39;-dimethyl urea, benzourea, dicyandiamide, formaguanamine, acetoguanamine, ammeline, 2-chloro-4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazine, 6-methyl-2,4-diamino-1,3,5-triazine. 3,5-diaminotriazole, triaminopyrimidine, 2-mercapto-4,6-diaminopyrimidine, 3,4,6-tris(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazine, and the like. 
     While the aldehyde employed is most often formaldehyde, other similar condensation products can be made from other aldehydes, such as acetaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, acrolein, benzaldehyde, furfural, glycols and the like. 
     The aminoplast resins contain methylol or similar alkylol groups, and in most instances at least a portion of these alkylol groups are etherified by a reaction with an alcohol to provide organic solvent-soluble resins. Any monohydric alcohol can be employed for this purpose, including such alcohols as methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, heptanol and others, as well as benzyl alcohol and other aromatic alcohols, cyclic alcohol such as cyclohexanol, monoethers of glycols such as Cellosolves and Carbitols, and halogen-substituted or other substituted alcohols, such as 3-chloropropanol and butoxyethanol. The preferred aminoplast resins are substantially etherified with methanol or butanol. 
     The phenolic resins which may be used herein are formed by the condensation of an aldehyde and a phenol. The most used aldehyde is formaldehyde, although other aldehydes, such as acetaldehyde, can also be employed. Methylene-releasing and aldehyde-releasing agents such as paraformaldehyde and hexamethylene tetramine, can be utilized as the aldehyde agent if desired. Various phenols can be used; for instance, the phenol employed can be phenol itself, a cresol, or a substituted phenol in which a hydrocarbon radical having either a straight chain, a branched chain or a cyclic structure is substituted for a hydrogen in the aromatic ring. Mixtures of phenols are also often employed. Some specific examples of phenols utilized to produce these resins include p-phenyl-phenol, p-tert-butylphenol, p-tert-amylphenol, cyclopentyl-phenol and unsaturated hydrocarbon-substituted phenols, such as the monobutenyl phenols containing a butenyl group in ortho, meta or para position, and where the double bond occurs in various positions in the hydrocarbon chain. A common phenol resin is phenol formaldehyde. 
     Particularly preferred types of phenolic resins are the alkyl ethers of mono-, di- and tri-methylol phenols. Various forms of these resins are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,579,329, 2,579,330, 2,579,331, 2,598,406, 2,606,929, 2,606,935 and 2,825,712. These materials are sold under the tradename Methylon® resins by General Electric Co., Schenectady, NY. 
     Blocked organic polyisocyanate may be used as the oligomeric component herein. The conventional organic polyisocyanates, as described above, which are blocked with a volatile alcohol, ε-caprolactam, ketoximes or the like, so that they will be unblocked at temperatures above 100° C. may be used. These curing agents are well known in the art. 
     A masked polyisocyanate may also be used as the curing agent. These masked polyisocyanates, as is known in the art, are not derived from isocyanates but do produce isocyanate groups upon heating at elevated temperatures. Examples of useful masked polyisocyanates include diaminimides ##STR2## adiponitrile dicarbonate, and the like. 
     Epoxy resins that can be used in the composition include those having the formula ##STR3## where b is a positive integer of about 1 to 4.  Preferably, the epoxy resin is the polymerization product of epichlorohydrin and bisphenol-A. In a preferred epoxy resin, R 2  in the above formula is ##STR4## Typical of these preferred epoxy resins is Epon 828® having an equivalent weight of about 185-192, manufactured by Shell Chemical Company, Houston, TX and DER 331 having an equivalent weight of about 182-190, manufactured by The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI. The equivalent weight is the grams of resin that contain one gram equivalent of epoxide. 
     An epoxy novolac resin that can be used in the composition has the formula ##STR5## where d is a positive integer of about 1-2. Preferred epoxy novolac resins are DEN 431 where d has an average value of 0.2, DEN 438 where d has an average value of 1.6 and DEN 439 where d has an average value of 1.8. These resins are also manufactured by The Dow Chemical Company. 
     C. Photoinitiation System 
     Suitable photoinitiation systems are those which are thermally inactive but which generate free radicals upon exposure to actinic light at or below 185° C. These include the substituted or unsubstituted polynuclear quinones which are compounds having two intracyclic carbon atoms in a conjugated carbocyclic ring system, e.g., 9,10-anthraquinone, 2-methylanthraquinone, 2-ethylanthraquinone, 2-tert-butylanthraquinone, octamethylanthraquinone, 1,4-naphthoquinone, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone, benz(a)anthracene-7,12-dione, 2,3-naphthacene-5,12-dione, 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, 1,4-dimethylanthraquinone, 2,3-dimethylanthraquinone, 2-phenylanthraquinone, 2,3-diphenylanthraquinone, retenequinone, 7,8,9,10-tetrahydronaphthacene-5,12-dione, and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenz(a)anthracene-7,12-dione. Other photoinitiators which are also useful, even though some may be thermally active at temperatures as low as 85° C., are described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,760,863 and include vicinal ketaldonyl alcohols such as benzoin, pivaloin, acyloin ethers, e.g., benzoin methyl and ethyl ethers; α-hydrocarbon-substituted aromatic acyloins, including α-methylbenzoin, α-allylbenzoin and α-phenylbenzoin. Photoreducible dyes and reducing agents disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,850,445, 2,875,047, 3,097,096, 3,074,974, 3,097,097, and 3,145,104, as well as dyes of the phenazine, oxazine, and quinone classes, Michler&#39;s ketone, benzophenone, 2,4,5-triphenylimidazolyl dimers with hydrogen donors including leuco dyes and mixtures thereof as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,427,161, 3,479,185 and 3,549,367 can be used as initiators. Also useful with photoinitiators and photoinhibitors are sensitizers disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,162,162. The photoinitiator or photoinitiator system is present in 0.05 to 10% by weight based on the total weight of the dry photopolymerizable layer. 
     D. Formulation 
     In formulating the coating compositions of the invention, the order of mixing is not important. In general, they can be formulated most easily by adding the oligomer, which may be either a viscous liquid or a soft solid, and the photoinitiator system, which is normally solvent, to the liquid monomer and then agitating the mixture well to effect complete solution of all the components. This is the procedure which was used to prepare each of the coating compositions which are described in the examples. A very important characteristic of the compositions is that they do not contain any volatile solvents which must be removed from the coating at any time during or after coating. 
     As indicated above, it is important that the viscosity of the coating composition be suitable for the coating method by which it will be applied. When the composition is applied to a substrate by spin coating, the viscosity of the solution should be at least 10 centipoises (cP) and preferably 10-250 cP. However, if the composition is applied by other means, its viscosity can be much higher. For example, if the composition is applied by curtain coating, the viscosity might be as high as 3000 cP. The viscosity of the coating composition can be adjusted by changing the relative amounts of monomer and oligomer. The amount of oligomer may be as low as only about 1% wt. of the composition when low viscosity coating methods are used, but they may also be as much as 80% wt. for high viscosity coating methods. The photoinitiator system does not exert any significant effect on solution viscosity. 
     Another important property of the liquid coating composition of the invention is its surface tension, which must be less than 36 dynes/cm in order to obtain proper wetting of the substrate with the coating. In many instances the solution of monomer, oligomer and initiator will have the proper surface tension. However, in those instances where the solution has too high surface tension, it can be lowered by the addition of a small amount of a soluble nonionic surfactant. Fluorinated glycol-type oligomers such as oligomers of fluorinated acrylate esters have been found to be most suitable for this purpose. Many others may, however, be used as well. Even when all of the foregoing monomer criteria are carefully observed, it is still necessary to formulate the composition to ensure that the cured composition has a hardness of at least 2B. The reason for this is that cured coatings softer than 2B have poor film integrity which affects substrate adhesion. 
     The composition of the invention can in exceptional instances contain dispersed finely divided solids, e.g., polymeric solids, so long as the index of refraction of the solids matches that of the cured matrix in which they are dispersed. Such particles must, however, be very small, on the order of 100 Å or less. The inclusion of such materials can advantageously be used to reduce shrinkage of the coatings still further. 
     E. Test Procedures 
     In the examples, the following described test procedures were used: 
     1. Viscosity 
     Procedure 1: 1.2 mL of the composition is introduced into a Wells-Brookfield Model RVT Ser. No. 27814 microviscometer fitted with constant-temperature water bath. All measurements are made at 25° C. After a 1 minute temperature equilibration period, three viscosity readings are recorded at 1 minute intervals. The procedure is repeated for two additional 1.2 mL aliquots for a total of nine readings. All readings are taken at 100 RPM. The material viscosity is reported as the average of the nine readings. 
     Procedure 2: 8.0 mL of the composition is introduced into a Brookfield Model LVTD Ser No. A01770 digital viscometer fitted with &#34;small adaptor,&#34; LV spindle, and Endocel Model RTE-9DD refrigerated circulating bath. All measurements are made at 25° C. After a 3 minute temperature equilibration period, a single viscosity reading is recorded at each of the following spindle speeds:  60, 30, 12, 12, 30, 60 RPM. The procedure is repeated for one additional 0.8 mL sample or a total of twelve readings. The material viscosity is reported as the average of the twelve readings. 
     2. Filtration Procedure 
     Batches of the composition are filtered through 0.1 μm nominal and 0.2 μm absolute polypropylene filters arranged in series. Filters are cartridge-type purchased from Membrama, Inc., Pleasanton, CA 94566. Pressure ≦5 psi is required for the filtration process. 
     3. UV Curing and Percent Transmission of Films 
     The composition is cast into 8&#34;×12&#34; double weight window pane glass using an 8 mil doctor blade (4&#34; wide). The material is cured on a conveyorized UV source (˜6 ft/minute; ˜6 j/cm 2 ) without a nitrogen blanket. Photospeed is indicated as the number of passes of the UV lamp a sample requires to completely cure. Films are carefully peeled from the glass surface, cut to ˜2&#34;×2&#34;, and placed in a Perkin-Elmer Model 330 spectrophotometer for percent transmission determination. Percent transmission (% T) is recorded at 632.8 nm, 780 nm, and 830 nm. Six measurements at each wavelength are recorded. The film is removed and reinserted into the sample compartment between each measurement. The instrument is zeroed prior to each insertion of the film sample. The % T is read off the digital display. The percent transmission at each wavelength is reported as the average of the six measurements. 
     4. Surface Tension 
     Approximately 50 mL of the composition is poured into a 4-ounce clear straight-shoulder glass jar for use in the surface tension measurement. Six measurements are made at room temperature according to the instruction manual for the Fisher Model 21 Surface Tensiomat. The surface tension (dynes/cm) is reported as the average of the six measurements. 
     5. Percent Photoinitiator 
     A 1 mm path length quartz spectrophotometer cell is filled with the composition and inserted into the sample compartment of a Perkin-Elmer Model 330 spectrophotometer zeroed at 340 nm (absorption mode). An empty 1 mm cell is placed in the reference compartment. The optical density of the material is read off the digital display. The optical density at 350 nm is directly proportional to the percent photoinitiator as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________OD      % PHOTOINITIATOR (Irgacure 651)______________________________________3.195   2.682.940   2.46______________________________________ 
    
     6. Index of Refraction 
     Index of refraction of solutions and films are measured according to the instructions provided for a Fisher Abbe Refractometer cooled at 20° C. using a temperature-controlled water bath. 
     7. Pencil Hardness 
     In this test, pencil leads of increasing hardness values are forced against a coated surface in a precisely defined manner until one lead mars the surface. Surface hardness is defined by the hardest pencil grade which just fails to mar the surface. 
     Pencil leads, softest to hardest, are as follows: 6B, 5B, 4B, 3B, 2B, B, HB, F, H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H, 7H, 8H, 9H. 
     Begin testing using a Gardco® pencil hardness gage and the hardest pencil. Grasp the holder firmly and bring the tube end down onto the test surface. Rotate until the selected pencil is  nearest the operator and then incline the assembly downward until the lead point and the tube end are simultaneously in contact with the surface. This defines the correct lead angle of 45° to the surface. Push the gage forward (away) about one-half inch. Observe the pencil track. Sufficient pressure must have been applied either to cut or mar the film or to crush the sharp corner of the lead. If neither marring nor crushing is observed, repeat the test with greater pressure applied until a definite observation is made. If crushing of the hardest lead should occur, the film is extremely hard and is beyond the measuring range of the test. If scratching or marring of the film occurs, proceed with the next softer pencil grade and repeat the testing process until a test lead is found which crushes and does not mar the film. This is the pencil hardness of the film. 
     In the following examples, the listed numbers and abbreviations refer to particular proprietary materials as indicated below: 
     A. Epoxy (acrylated epoxy) Oligomer 
     The following numbers refer to Celrad oligomers: 3200, 3201, 3500, 3600, 3700, 3701, 3702, 3703. 
     B. Acrylate (acrylated acrylate) Oligomer 
     The following number refers to Celrad oligomer: 6700. 
     C. Urethane (acrylated urethane) Oligomer 
     The following numbers refer to urethane oligomers: UV 783, UV 782, UV 788, UV 893. The following numbers refer to Celrad oligomers: 1700, 7100, 1701. 
     D. Photoinitiator 
     651 Irgacure 651 
     E. Surfactant 
     FC-430 Fluorad FC-430 
     V-516 Ganvex V-516 
     HFBMA 1H,1H-heptafluorobutyl methacrylate (PCR Research Chemicals, Inc.) 
     S-100 Lodyne S-100 
     OFPA 1H,1H,5H-octafluoropentyl acrylate (PCR Research Chemicals, Inc.) 
     PDFOA 1H,1H-pentadecafluorooctyl acrylate (PCR Research Chemicals, Inc.) 
     9008 Chemlink 9008 
     In the examples the following qualitative designations are used for the flexibility, adhesion and surface texture measurements. 
     Flexibility: 
     1 Flexible 
     2 Moderately flexible 
     3 Moderately brittle 
     4 Brittle 
     Adhesion: 
     1 Poor 
     2 Fair 
     3 Good 
     4 Excellent 
     Surface Texture: 
     0 None 
     1 Slight 
     2 Some 
     3 Pronounced/crazed 
     EXAMPLES 
     Several series of compositions were prepared and tested in the manner described hereinabove. In particular, these series were designed to show the importance of the many compositional variables and limiting criteria of the invention. These are shown by the following six categories of examples, within each of which category such variables as the amount of each component and the composition of the surfactants may be illustrated as well. 
     
         ______________________________________Example  Monomer Composition                    Oligomer Composition______________________________________ 1-26    Glycol acrylates                    Epoxy oligomers27-80    Glycol acrylates                    Urethane oligomers 99-118  Alkyl acrylates Urethane oligomers119-148  Alkyl acrylates Epoxy oligomers151-230  Cyclic alkyl acrylates                    Epoxy oligomers231-250  Cyclic alkyl acrylates                    Acrylate oligomers______________________________________ 
    
     The results of each of these series are given in the following table: 
     
           EXAMPLE NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16   Coating Composition Monomer 1 Composition TDMA TDMA TDMA TDMA TDMA TDMA TDMA TDMA TDMA PEGDMA TDMA TDMA TDMA THFA PEA THFA  % Wt. 76.9 76.9 76.9 76.9 76.9 76.9 82.7 80.0 84.1 68.0 56.4 83.8 84.4 68.1 86.0 56.8 Monomer 2 Composition -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- TDMA HEMA -- -- -- -- HDODMA  % Wt.          18.5 25.2     8.3 Oligomer 1 Composition 3201 3600 3700 3701 3702 3703 3700 3600 3701 3701 3701 3702 3703 3600 3600 3600  % Wt. 19.2 19.2 19.2 38.5 19.2 19.2 14.4 17.5 14.4 12.3 16.8 13.5 13.0 29.4 11.5 32.8 Oligomer 2 Composition -- -- -- -- -- --  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  % Wt. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Photoinitiator % Wt. 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 2.8 2.8 1.4 1.2 1.7 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.1 Surfactant Composition -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  % Wt. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Coating Properties                 Uncured Liquid Viscosity, cP 18.3-20.0  31.4 32.5 185 34.5 36.3 19.0 21.2 23.5 28.7 21.9 19.4 19.9 16.7 17.6 -- Surface Tension, dyne/cm 38.8 --   -- -- -- 38.9 Cured Solid Coating Hardness H-2H 3B 2H H H H 2H H H HB H H H &lt;3B &lt;3B 2B Flexibility 2 2 2 2 2 4 -- 2-3 1 1 2 2 2 0 0 1 Adhesion 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 1 Surface Texture 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 No. of Passes to Cure 3 2 4 2 4 4 3 2 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 Classification of Monofunctional Monomers (1) Mutually soluble cyclic              x x x acrylate ≧ C.sub.4 Blanched acrylate ≧  C.sub.4 Linear acrylate                         EXAMPLE NO. 17 18 19 20 2 1 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30   Coating Composition Monomer 1 Composition PEA PEA THFA glycidyl MOEA* TDA** TPGDA glycidyl glycidyl glycidyl EOEOEA EOEOEA EOEOEA EOEOEA acrylate    acrylate acrylate acrylate  % Wt. 71.7 74.5 59.2 76.9 78.0 85.0 85.0 68.1 56.5 76.9 77.0 77.1 77.0 76.8 Monomer 2 Composition HDODMA Photomer Photomer -- -- -- -- -- TEDA*** -- -- -- -- --    4072 4072  % Wt. 8.3 13.0 13.0      16.6 Oligomer 1 Composition 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 UV893 UV783 UV782 UV788  % Wt. 17.9 10.0 25.6 19.2 19.5 12.5 12.5 29.4 24.4 19.2 19.1 19.1 19.2 19.4 Oligomer 2 Composition -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  % Wt. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Photoinitiator % Wt. 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.8 Surfactant Composition -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  % Wt. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Coating Properties               Uncured Liquid Viscosity, cP -- -- -- -- 3.0 20.3 21.0 --  8.1 14.1 16.7 40.6 20.7 Surface Tension, dyne/cm -- -- -- -- --  -- --  -- 35.3 35.4 35.5 35.3 Cured Solid Coating Hardness 3B 3B 2B H &lt;3B 2H HB 2H 2H 3B &lt;4B &lt;4B &lt;4B &lt;4B Flexibility 1 1 1 1 0 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 Adhesion 2-3 2 1-2 3 1 2 1 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 Surface Texture 3 3 3 3 3 1 2-3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 No. of Passes to Cure 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 Classification of Monofunctional Monomers (1) Mutually soluble cyclic x x x x    x x x acrylate ≧ C.sub.4 Blanched acrylate ≧  C.sub.4 Linear acrylate                 EXAMPLE NO. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43   Coating Composition Monomer 1 Composition TEDA*** TDMA TDMA Rohm &amp; Haas Rohm &amp; Haas TDMA TDMA Rohm &amp; Haas Rohm &amp; Haas Rohm &amp; Haas Rohm &amp; Haas Rohm &amp; Haas EOEO EA      triacrylate diacrylate   diacrylate diacrylate diacrylate diacrylate diacrylate  % Wt. 96.2 86.6 86.6 96.2 96.2 76.9 76.9 66.1 84.3 58.1 71.0 70.9 52.5 Monomer 2 Composition -- -- -- -- -- -- -- HDODMA MMA NPGDMA CHA CHMA TMPTA  % Wt.        31.3 12.4 39.7 26.2 26.3 31.8 Oligomer 1 Composition -- UV893 UV783 -- -- UV893 UV783 -- -- -- -- -- UV783  % Wt.  9.6 9.6  -- 19.2 19.2      13.0 Oligomer 2 Composition -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  % Wt. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Photoinitiator % Wt. 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 2.6 3.3 2.3 2.8 2.8 2.7 Surfactant Composition -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  % Wt. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- C oating Properties              Uncured Liquid Viscosity, cP 22.4 21.9 20.7 488 80.7 48.9 52.7 19.9 24.6 22.2 22.0 22.6 21.2 Surface Tension, dyne/cm -- 38.5 38.5       36.1 Cured Solid Coating Hardness 3B H 2H HB 3B H H B-F 3B H 3B B &lt;4B Flexibility 1 3 2 1 1 3 3 2 1 2 1 1 0 Adhesion 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Surface Texture 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 3 2 3 No. of Passes to Cure 1 3 3 1 1 4 3 3-4 1 3 3 2 2 Classification of Monofunct ional Monomers (1) Mutually soluble cyclic acrylate ≧ C.sub.4 Blanched acrylate ≧  C.sub.4 Linear acrylate                         EXAMPLE NO. 44 45 46 47 4 8 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56    Coating Composition Monomer 1 Composition EOEOEA EOEOEA EOEOEA EOEOEA E OEOEA TDMA EOEOEA EOEOEA TDMA TDMA TDMA TDMA PEGDMA  % Wt. 63.1 60.4 50.9 63.5 60.5 67.0 55.1 62.8 76.9 76.9 87.3 84.1 47.1 Monomer 2 Composition PETA Rohm &amp; Haas TMPTA PETA Rohm &amp; Haas Rohm &amp; Haas BDODMA CHMA -- -- -- -- TDMA    diacrylate   diacrylate triacrylate  % Wt. 18.0 21.6 33.9 17.5 21.5 31.7 28.5 18.4 -- -- -- -- 40.7 Oligomer 1 Compositio n UV893 UV893 UV783 UV783 UV783 -- UV782 UV782 1700 7100 1700 7100 7100 % Wt. 15.7 15.0 12.6 15.7 15.0 -- 13.7 15.7 19.2 19.2 10.5 13.2 10.2 Oligomer 2 Composition -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  % Wt. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Photoinitiator % Wt. 3.2 3.1 2.6 3.2 3.1 1.3 2.7 3.1 3.8 3.8 2.1 2.6 2.6 Surfactant Composition -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  % Wt. -- -- -- -- -- --   -- -- -- -- -- Coating Properties              Uncured Liquid Viscosity, cP 21.1 21.0 23.8 24.3 21.7 20.4 23.4 23.4 48.6 41.5 20.8 22.2 22.6 Surface Tension, dyne/cm       -- --   37.1 38.8 39.1 Cured Solid Coating Hardness &lt;4B &lt;4B &lt;4B &lt;4B &lt;4B H &lt;4B &lt;4B H 4H HB F HB Flexibility 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 2 2 1 1 Adhesion 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Surface Texture 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 No. of Passes to Cure 2 2 2 2 2 4 5 5 4 1 4 3 3 Classification of Monofunctional Monomer (1) Mutually soluble cyclic acrylate ≧ C.sub.4 Branched acrylate ≧  C.sub.4 Linear acrylate                 EXAMPLE NO. 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71   Coating Composition Monomer 1 Composition TDMA Rohm &amp; Haas TEDA*** TDA** TDA** TDA** TDA** TDA** TDA** TDA** TDA** TDA** TDA** TDA** TDA**   diacrylate  % Wt. 96.2 54.0 96.2 79.3 87.8 86.9 86.9 86.9 85.2 43.4 86.9 86.9 86.9 86.9 86.9 Monomer 2 Composition -- TDMA -- -- -- -- -- -- -- TDMA -- -- -- -- --  % Wt. -- 43.9 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 39.6 -- -- -- Oligomer 1 Composition -- -- -- 7100 7100 7100 7100 7100 7100 7100 7100 7100 7100 7100 7100  % Wt. -- -- -- 18.2 10.7 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.4 14.4 &lt;10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 Oligomer 2 Composition -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  % Wt. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Photoinitiator % Wt. 3.8 2.2 3.8 2.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 Surfactant Composition -- -- -- -- -- -- FC-430 FC-430 Ganex V-516 -- FC-430 FC-430 FC-430 FC-430 FC-430  % Wt. -- -- -- -- -- -- 1.0 0.1 2.0 -- 1.0 0.55 0.11 0.06 0.01 Coating Properties Uncured Liquid Viscosity, cP 9.8 20.0 20.8 40.1 22.4 20.2 20.0 20 Incompatible -- 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 Surface Tension, dyne/cm -- 40.2 42.8 -- -- 41.3/40.6 21.6 26.9  -- 22.8 23.1 26.9 30.0 37.9 Cured Solid Coating Hardness H B H HB 2H 2H H-2H H-2H  -- -- -- -- -- -- Flexibility 2-3 1 2 1 -- 2 2 2  2 2 2 2 2 2 Adhesion 1 1 1 1 -- 1 1 1  1 1 1 1 1 1 Surface Texture 3 1 1 1 1 1 0 0  1 0 0 0 1 1 No. of Passes to Cure 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1  1 1 1 1 1 1 Classification of Monofunctional Monomer (1) Mutually soluble cyclic acrylate ≧ C.sub.4 Branched acrylate ≧  C.sub.4 Linear acrylate                                  EXAMPLE NO. 72 7 3 74 75 76 77 78 79 80  100 101 102 103 104   Coating Composition Monomer 1 Composition TDA** TDA** TDMA TDMA TDMA Photomer TDA** TDA** TDA** HDODMA HDODMA HDODMA HDODMA HDODMA 4072  % Wt. 86.9 86.9 85.1 87.7 79.3 50.0 82.8 78.0 50.0 77.0 77.1 76.8 76.5 72.0 Monomer 2 Composition -- -- -- -- -- PEA -- -- -- -- -- -- -- EOEOEA  % Wt. -- -- -- -- -- 47.6 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 6.6 Oligomer 1 Composition 7100 7100 UV893 1700 7100 -- 7100 7100 7100 UV893 UV783 UV782 UV788 UV783  % Wt. 10.6 10.6 11.2 9.4 18.2 -- 10.1 19.5 47.5 19.2 19.1 19.4 19.7 17.8 Oligomer 2 Composition -- -- -- --  -- Parlon S5 -- -- -- -- -- -- --  % Wt. -- -- -- --  -- 4.8 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Photoinitiator % Wt. 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.9 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.5 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.5 Surfactant Composition FC-430 FC-430 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  % Wt. 0.005 0.001 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Coating Properties               Uncured Liquid Viscosity, cP 20.0 20.0 20.0 avg. 21.4 avg. 20.2 avg. 26.5 42.4 28.8 93.3 28.6 29.9 Incom- Incom- 23.5             patible patible Surface Tension, dyne/cm 39.2 39.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 36.3 36.0   -- Cured Solid Coating Hardness -- -- 2B-F 2B-F 2H H HB -- -- 2H 2H   &lt;4B Flexibility 2 2 -- -- -- 2 3 -- -- 3 3   0 Adhesion 1 1 -- -- -- 1 1 -- -- 1 1   1 Surface Texture 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 -- -- 0 0   0 No. of Passes to Cure 1 1 4 3 -- 3 1 -- -- 4 4   4 Classification of Monofunctional Monomer (1) Mutually soluble cyclic acrylate ≧ C.sub.4 Branched acrylate ≧ C.sub.4 Linear acrylate   EXAMPLE NO. 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120   Coating Composition Monomer 1 Composition HDODMA HDODMA HDODMA HDODMA TMPTA HDODMA TMPTA ODA ODA nLA nLA iDA iDA 2EHA HDODMA HDODMA  % Wt. 70.9 56.3 77.3 76.9 51.5 60.0 54.1 64.0 68.0 68.0 68.0 68.0 68.0 68.0 76.8 76.9 Monomer 2 Composition EDEOEA Rohm &amp; Haas -- -- TDMA TDMA TDMA -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --    triacrylate  % Wt. 7.9 42.0 -- -- 46.4 22.1 43.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Oligomer 1 Composition UV893 -- 1700 7100 -- UV783 -- 7100 1700 7100 1701 7100 1701 1701 3201 3600  % Wt. 17.7 -- 18.9 19.2 -- 14.9 -- 29.4 29.4 29.4 29.4 29.4 29.4 29.4 19.3 19.2 Oligomer 2 Composition -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  % Wt. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Photoinitiator % Wt. 3.5 1.7 3.9 3.8 2.1 3.0 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.8 3.4 Surfactant Composition -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- % Wt. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Coating Properties            Uncured Liquid Viscosity, cP 22.5 21.4 31.9 24.1 23.4 20.4 avg. 21.9 Incom- 55.4 Incom- 25.6 Incom- 51.5 30.0 15.8 19.6  patible  patible  patible Surface Tension, dyne/cm 36.2 -- -- 36.1 38.3 36.5 --  --  --  -- -- -- 36.7 Cured Solid Coating Hardness H HB 2H 5H 6H B 3H  &lt;3B  &lt;3B  &lt;3B &lt;3B F 2H Flexibility 3 3 4 4 4 2-3 4  0  0  0 0 3 3 Adhesion 1 1 1 1 1 1 1  3  1  1 1 1 1 Surface Texture 0 3 1 0 0 0 1  3  1  3 1 0 0 No. of Passes to Cure 7 5 4 3 3 4 3  2  1-2  2 2 5 4 Classification of Monofunctional Monomers (1) Mutually soluble cyclic acrylate ≧ C.sub.4 Branched acrylate            x x x ≧ C.sub.4 Linear acrylate        x x x x   EXAMPLE NO. 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137   Coating Composition Monomer 1 Composition HDODMA HDODMA HDODMA HDODMA HDODMA HDODMA ODMA nLMA ODA nLMA 2EHA iDA TMPTA iBA iOA iOA  3,5,5        trimethyl                   hexyl                   acrylate  % Wt. 76.9 57.7 76.9 76.9 74.0 66.0 85.5 73.0 68.1 68.1 68.1 68.1 50.0 68.0 68.1  68.1 Monomer 2 Composition -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- PEA -- --  --  % Wt. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 47.4 -- -- 60.0 -- Oligomer 1 Composition 3700 3701 3702 3703 3600 3201 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 -- 3600 3600 3201 3600  % Wt. 19.2 38.5 19.2 19.2 22.2 31.6 12.0 24.5 29.4 29.4 29.4 29.4 -- 29.4 29.4 37.5 29.4 Oligomer 2 Composition -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  % Wt. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Photoinitiator % Wt. 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.7 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 Surfactant Composition -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  % Wt. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Coating Properties                   Uncured Liquid Viscosity, cP 20.3 126 23.0 22.9 21.7 22.8 Incom- Incom- Incom- Incom- 10.8 Incom- 22.1 5.0 -- -- --   patible patible patible patible (cloudy) patible Surface Tension, dyne/cm -- -- -- -- -- --       -- -- -- -- -- Cured Solid Coating Hardness 2H 6H 5H 3H H H     F  3H F 3B 3B 3B Flexibility 4 2 3 4 2 2  2-3  4 2 1 1 1 Adhesion 1 1 1 1 1 1     2-3  1 4 2-3 1 2 Surface Texture 1 1 3 1 1 2     3  3 3 3 3 3 No. of Passes to Cure 4 3 5 5 4 4   3  3 3 2 2 2 Classification of Monofunctional Monomer (1) Mutually soluble cyclic acrylate ≧ C.sub.4 Branched acrylate            x x x x x ≧  C.sub.4 Linear acrylate      x x x x x                    EXAMPLE NO. 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158   Coating Composition Monomer 1 Composition 3,5,5 nOA nOA 2-OA 2-OA iBMA n HA nHEPA 2EHA 2EBA iBMA CHMA CHMA CHMA CHMA CHMA CHMA CHMA CHMA trimethyl   hexyl   acrylate  % Wt. 60.0 77.0 70.0 60.0 47.5 47.5 60.0 60.0 60.0 55.0 47.5 76.9 76.9 76.9 57.7 76.9 76.9 66.7 66.0 Monomer 2 Composition -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  % Wt. -- -- --  -- -- -- -- --   -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Oligomer 1 Composition 3201 3600 3201 3600 3201 3600 3600 3600 3201 3600 3600 3201 3600 3700 3701 3702 3703 3700 3600  % Wt. 37.5 20.5 27.5 37.5 50.0 50.0 37.5 37.5 37.5 42.5 50.0 19.2 19.2 19.2 38.5 19.2 19.2 30.1 30.7 Oligomer 2 Composition -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  -- -- -- -- -- --  % Wt. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  -- -- -- -- -- -- Photoinitiator % Wt. 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.1 3.3 Surfactant Composition -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- FC-430 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  % Wt. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Coating Properties                    Uncured Liquid Viscosity, cP -- -- -- -- -- 30.2 -- -- 11.2 -- -- 6.6 8.8 8.4 73 10.2 -- 20.2 19.8 Surface Tension, dyne/cm -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 34.2 33.9 Cured Solid Coating Hardness 3B &lt;3B &lt;3B &lt;3B 3B 2H 2H &lt;3B 3B 3B 2H 2B HB 2H HB H Incom- 2H H                  patible Flexibility 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 2 4 4 4 4 4  4 4 Adhesion 1 0 0 3 1 2-3 1 1 0 3-4 3 -- 4 4 4 4  4 4 Surface Texture 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 0 1 3  1 0 No. of Passes to Cure 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 3 1 3 2 3 2 4  3 2 Classification of Monofunctional Monomers (1) Mutually soluble cyclic            x x x x x x x x acrylate ≧ C.sub.4 Branched acrylate x   x x x   x x x ≧  C.sub.4 Linear acrylate  x x    x x EXAMPLE NO. 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177    Coating Composition Monomer 1 Composition CHA CHA CHA CHA CHA CHA CHA C HA CHA CHA CHA PEA CHA CHA CHA CHA CHA CHA CHA  % Wt. 65.2 70.8 66.7 62.9 68.9 68.9 59.3 59.3 67.8 68.1 68.1 68.1 68.1 68.1 68.1 68.1 68.1 68.1 68.1 Monomer 2 Composition -- -- -- -- -- -- HEA TDA** -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  % Wt. -- -- -- -- --  9.1 9.1    -- --   -- -- Oligomer 1 Composition 3600 3702 3700 3201 3200 3500 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600  % Wt. 31.5 26.0 30.1 34.0 28.0 28.0 28.6 28.6 29.2 29.4 29.4 29.4 29.4 29.4 29.4 29.4 29.4 29.4 29.4 Oligomer 2 Composition -- -- -- -- -- -- --    -- -- -- -- -- -- --  -- --  % Wt. -- -- --   -- --     --      Photoinitiator % Wt. 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.1 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 Surfactant Composition -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- FC-430 Ganex V-516 HFBMA S-100 OFPA PDFOA  % Wt.              1 2 0.5 1 0.5 0.5 C oating Properties                    Uncured Liquid Viscosity, cP 19.5-21.9 14.1 17.4 15.1 10.3 15.3 21.8 21.2 18.2 20.0 -- 16.1 20.0 -- -- -- Incom- -- --                  patible Surface Tension, dyne/cm -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 36.9 36.9  -- -- --   -- -- Cured Solid Coating Hardness F-2H B 2H 2B 3B 2B 2H H H HB HB 2B F F HB B -- 2B-B B-HB Flexibility 2 1 3 1 1 1 -- -- -- 4 4 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Adhesion 3 -- 4 3 3 3 -- -- -- 4 4 4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Surface Texture 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 0 1 3 -- 3 3 No. of Passes to Cure 1 3 2 2 2 2 1-2 1 1 1-2 1-2 1 1 1 1 1 -- 1 1 Classification of Monofunctional Monomers (1) Mutually soluble cyclic x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x acrylate ≧ C.sub.4 Branched acrylate ≧  C.sub.4 Linear acrylate        EXAMPLE NO. 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195   Coating Composition Monomer 1 Composition CHA CHA CHA CHA CHA CHA CHA CHA CHA CHA iBA DCPOEA Phenyl Cyclol DCPA DCPA DCPOEA DCPA Acrylate Acrylate  % Wt. 68.1 68.1 68.1 68.1 68.1 68.1 68.1 68.1 68.1 68.1 81.0 97.5 68.1 68.1 90.0 90.0 90.0 67.5 Monomer 2 Composition -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  -- -- DCPOEA  % Wt.    -- 24.4 Oligomer 1 Composition 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 -- 3600 3600 3600 3201 3201 3600  % Wt. 29.4 29.4 29.4 29.4 29.4 29.4 29.4 29.4 29.4 29.4 16.5  29.4 29.4 7.5 7.5 -- 5.6 Oligomer 2 Composition -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  % Wt.             -- --   -- -- Photoinitiator % Wt. 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 Surfactant Composition 9008 FC-430 FC-430 FC-430 FC-430 FC-430 FC-430 FC-430 FC-430 FC-430 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  % Wt. 4 1.0 0.5 0.001 0.005 0.012 0.053 0.11 0.53 1.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Coating Properties   Uncured Liquid Viscosity, cP -- 20.0 20.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 23.8 20.5 20.9 30.5 29.4 25.9 27.2 26.3 Surface Tension, dyne/cm -- 25.0 31.6 35.0 34.8 33.7 32.2 29.4 27.2 25.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Cured Solid Coating Hardness H HB-F HB-F HB HB HB HB HB HB HB HB &lt;3B HB 2H 2H 2H &lt;3B 2H Flexibility -- -- -- 4 4 3 3 3 3 2-3 4 1 1 4 4 4 1 3 Adhesion -- 4 4 4 4 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 3 4 3 3-4 2-3 4 23 3-4 Surface Texture 3 1 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 3 3 1 1 11 No. of Passes to Cure 1 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 2 1 2 1 2 2 23 Classification of Monofunctional Monomers (1) Mutually soluble cyclic x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x xx acrylate ≧ C.sub.4 Branched acrylate ≧  C.sub.4 Linear acrylate        EXAMPLE NO. 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209   Coating Composition Monomer 1 Composition DCPA DCPOEA DCPA DCPA DCPA iBA DCPA DCPOEA DCPOEA DCPOEA DCPOEA DCPOEA Cyclo iBA Acrylate  % Wt. 45.0 60.0 77.9 77.9 43.8 67.2 48.7 48.7 49.7 47.7 43.2 48.8 56.1 25.4 Monomer 2 Composition DCPOEA DCPA TDA** TDA** TDA** TEDA*** TEDA*** TEDA*** DCPA DCPA TDA** HDODA TEDA*** DCPOEA  % Wt. 45.0 30.0 13.0 6.5 43.8 16.6 48.7 48.7 24.8 23.8 43.2 24.4 18.7 50.8 Oligomer 1 Composition 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 -- -- TEDA*** TDA** 3600 3600 3600 3600  % Wt. 7.5 7.5 6.5 6.5 9.7 13.7 -- -- 16.6 15.9 10.8 24.4 22.4 21.2 Oligomer 2 Composition -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3600 3600 -- -- -- --  % Wt. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 6.2 6.0 -- -- -- -- Photoinitiator % Wt. 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.6 2.9 2.4 2.8 2.5 Surfactant Composition -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  % Wt. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Coating Properties               Uncured Liquid Viscosity, cP -- -- 15.0 -- -- 15.3 -- -- 20.9 23.6 -- -- -- -- Surface Tension, dyne/cm -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Cured Solid Coating Hardness H HB-F 2H 2H 2H F-H 2H HB 2H 2H 2H H 2H 2H Flexibility 4 3-4 4 4 3 4 2 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 Adhesion 1-2 1 1-2 4 1-2 3-4 1-2 3 3 2 2 3 1-2 4 Surface Texture 1 1 3 3 3 1 3 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 No. of Passes to Cure 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 1 2 Classification of Monofunction al Monomers (1) Mutually soluble cyclic x x x x x x x x x x x x x x acrylate ≧ C.sub.4 Branched acrylate ≧  C.sub.4 Linear acrylate   EXAMPLE NO. 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222   Coating Compositon Monomer 1 Composition PA iBA PEA DCPA DCPOEA DCPA DCPA DCPA DCPOEA DCPOEA DCPOEA DCPA DCPA  % Wt. 53.9 -- 42.1 45.0 60.0 77.9 43.8 48.7 48.7 49.8 60.0 68.5 57.8 Monomer 2 Composition TEDA*** TEDA*** TEDA*** DCPOEA DCPA TDA**, TDA** TEDA*** TEDA*** DCPA, DCPA DCPOEA DCPOEA,        HEA****    TEDA***   TEDA***  % Wt. 17.6 -- 37.2 45.0 30.0 6.5, 6.5 43.8 48.7 48.7 24.9, 16.6 30.0 24.4 20.6 Oligomer 1 Composition 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 -- -- 3600 3600 3600 3000  % Wt. 25.9 -- 18.2 7.5 7.5 6.5 9.7 -- -- 6.2 7.5 4.6 13.9 Oligomer 2 Composition -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --   % Wt. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Photoinitiator % Wt. 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 Surfactant Composition -- -- -- FC-430 FC-430 FC-430 FC-430 FC-430 FC-430 FC-430 FC-430 FC-430 FC-430  % Wt. -- -- -- 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Coating Properties Uncured Liquid Viscosity, cP -- -- -- --   -- -- -- 22.7 24.2 15.6 14.9 Surface Tension, dyne/cm -- -- -- --   -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Cured Solid Coating Hardness -- F 2B-B H-2H 2H 2H -- -- HB F-H H 2H H Flexibili ty 1 2 1 4 2 4 -- -- 1 2 3 4 4 Adhesion 3 2-3 3 4 3 4 -- -- 1-2 4 4 4 4 Surface Texture 3 3 1 1 1 1 -- -- 2 0 0 0 0 No. of Passes to Cure 2 2 2 2 2 2 -- -- 2 2 2 2 2 Classification of Monofunctional Monomers (1) Mutually soluble cyclic x x x x x x x x x x x x x acrylate ≧ C.sub.4 Branched acrylate ≧  C.sub.4 Linear acrylate                 EXAMPLE NO. 223 224 225 226 227 2 28 229 230 231 232 233 240 241 242   Coating Compositon Monomer 1 Composition DCPOEA Cyclol DCPOEA i-Bornyl C yclol DCPA DCPA DCPOEA CHMA CHMA CHA TDMA TDMA CHMA    Acrylate Acrylate Acrylate  % Wt. 48.8 56.1 51.5 64.9 48.2 66.5 56.0 54.2 76.9 70.8 70.8 76.9 85.6 48.1 Monomer 2 Composition HDODA TEDA*** i-Bornyl TEDA*** DCPOEA DCPOEA DCPOEA, HDODA -- -- -- -- -- --     Acrylate TEDA***  % Wt. 24.4 19.0 38.1 19.0 30.0 23.7 20.0, 14.8 27.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- Oligomer 1 Composition 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 6700 6700 6700 6700 6700 UV893  % Wt. 24.4 22.4 7.9 13.6 19.3 7.4 6.8 16.0 19.2 26.0 26.0 19.2 12.0 48.1 Oligomer 2 Composition -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  % Wt. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Photoinitiator % Wt. 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.8 3.1 3.1 3.8 2.4 3.8 Surfactant Composition FC-430 FC-430 FC-430 FC-430 FC-430 FC-430 FC-430 FC-430 -- -- -- -- -- --  % Wt. 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- Coating Properties               Uncured Liquid Viscosity, cP 35.3 20.0 20.8 18.2 21.3 22.9 22.9 33.7 13.4 20.8 22.2 39.9 22.4 453 Surface Tension, dyne/cm --     -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- C ured Solid Coating Hardness 2H 2H F H H -- -- -- B B &lt;3B H H H Flexibilit y 2 2 2 3 3 -- -- -- -- 4 0 1 2-3 2 Adhesion 2-3 1-2 4 4 1-2 -- -- -- 4 4 -- 1 1 1 Surface Texture 0 0 0 0 0 -- -- -- 0 1 3 1 2 0 No. of Passes to Cure 2 2 2 3 2 -- -- -- 5 3 2 4 3 3 Classification of Monofunctional Monomers (1) Mutually soluble cyclic x x x x x x x x x x x   x acrylate ≧ C.sub.4 Branched acrylate ≧  C.sub.4 Linear acrylate        EXAMPLE NO. 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250   Coating Compositon Monomer 1 Composition CHMA CHMA CHMA CHMA CHMA CHA CHA HDODA  % Wt. 48.1 76.9 76.9 76.9 76.9 70.8 66.7 76.9 Monomer 2 Composition -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  % Wt. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Oligomer 1 Composition UV783 UV893 UV783 1700 7100 1700 UV893 6700  % Wt. 48.1 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.2 26.0 30.1 19.2 Oligomer 2 Composition -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  % Wt. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Photoinitiator % Wt. 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.1 3.1 3.8 Surfactant Composition -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  % Wt. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Coating Properties         Uncured Liquid Viscosity, cP -- 10.9 -- 14.7 -- 40.3 32.2 25.6 Surface Tension, dyne/cm -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Cured Solid Coating Hardness Incom- B Incom- HB Incom- &lt;3B &lt;3B 3H  patible  patible  patible Flexibility  3  4  2 1 4 Adhesion  4  4  -- 2-3 1 Surface Texture  3  3  0 1 1 No. of Passes to Cure  2  6  2 1 5 Classification of Monofunctional Monomers (1) Mutually soluble cyclic x x x x x x x acrylate ≧ C.sub.4 Branched acrylate ≧ C.sub.4 *2-methoxyethyl acrylate **triethyleneglycol diacrylate ***tetraethyleneglycol diacrylate ****hydroxyethyl acrylate (1) x denotes compounds having the indicated chemical structure. 
    
     Examples 1-26 show in general that diacrylates uniformly give poor adhesion of the film to the substrate. This is shown especially by Examples 1-13, 22 and 23. Examples 14, 16 and 19 in which the monomer was tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate (THFA), show adhesion values that ranged from poor to excellent. Obviously, THFA is a suitable monomer which may require some formulation changes to make it suitable in all instances. Examples 15, 17 and 18 show the suitability of aromatic acrylates, while Examples 20 and 24-26 show the quite excellent adhesion values obtainable with the nonaromatic cyclic ether acrylates. On the other hand, Example 21, in which 2-methoxyethyl acrylate was the monomer component, illustrates the unsuitability of monomers in which the hydrocarbon chain is too short. 
     In the second series of examples (27-80), the overall unsuitability of multifunctional acrylates is shown by Examples 31-42, 49 and 52-80, all of which exhibit poor adhesion. On the other hand, Examples 27-30 and 43-48 show that monofunctional glycol acrylates are not suitable because they do not contain a hydrocarbon moiety in the ester group which has four or more carbon atoms. 
     In the third series of examples (Examples 100-118), Examples 100-111 (also see Example 133) illustrate the unsuitability of di- and tri-functional acrylates because they do not give adequate substrate adhesion. Furthermore, Examples 112-118 illustrate the generally poor performance of either monofunctional acrylates if the linear carbon chains exceed 10 carbons in length. In this regard, it should be noted that Examples 113 and 118 are considered to be experimental anomalies in that ODA does not ordinarily give such favorable properties (see Example 112) and 2EHA ordinarily gives quite satisfactory results (see Examples 131 and 146). 
     The compositional criteria of the invention are also illustrated by the third group of examples, Examples 119-148 (alkyl acrylates/epoxy oligomers). In particular, Examples 119-126 again confirm the poor adhesion properties when difunctional acrylates are used in the invention. In Examples 127-130, in which acrylates having long (C 10 ) carbon chains were used, all of the formulations were incompatible, i.e., no homogeneous solution could be obtained. Example 132 in which a branched C 10  alkyl acrylate was inoperable, is an anomaly in view of its suitability in other instances (e.g., Examples 116 and 117). Example 134 illustrates the suitability of nonaromatic cyclic acrylates in the invention, while Example 135 illustrates the effectiveness of branched acyclic hydrocarbon acrylates, here C 8 . The softness of the film in Example 136 appears to be anomalous in view of Example 135. In Examples 137-140, the films in general had good adhesion but all were too soft in the reported formulations. Each of these monomers would, however, be expected to be satisfactory if they were reformulated to somewhat higher viscosities. Examples 141-150 all used C 4  +alkyl acrylates, yet only the isobutyl methacrylate (Examples 143 and 148) gave unequivocally satisfactory results for both adhesion and softness in the epoxy oligomer system. Examples 141 and 142 using isooctyl acrylate as the monomer component and Example 147 using ethyl butyl acrylate as the monomer can be used in the invention if formulated to an appropriately higher viscosity to give better hardness. Likewise, the alkyl acrylates of Examples 144-146 will be suitable for use in other oligomer systems. 
     In Examples 151-230, cyclic alkyl acrylates were used in conjunction with epoxy oligomers. Here, the cyclic acrylates seemed in general to obtain good adhesion throughout, for which reason they are preferred monomers. However, it should be noted that these examples contain both monofunctional and difunctional acrylates. The beneficial effect of the monofunctional monomers may have been masked by the presence of too much multifunctional acrylate therewith. This seems to be the case in Examples 200, 203, 208 and 218. Yet Examples 199 and 226 show that substantial minor amounts of multifunctional acrylates can be used effectively if they do not constitute more than about 20 wt. % of the total coating and the other formulation criteria are met. In other words, a minor amount of multifunctional acrylate monomer can be tolerated in some instances if care is used in the formulation. 
     In Examples 231-250, cyclic alkyl acrylates were used in conjunction with urethane oligomers. Examples 231-233 illustrate the suitability of the cyclic alkyl acrylates for use in the invention in that all had good hardness and adhesion values. On the other hand, Examples 240, 241 and 250 show once again the unsuitability of difunctional acrylates as a primary component of the composition of the invention. All three exhibited poor substrate adhesion. Examples 242, 243, 245 and 247 were all anomalous. However, it is clear from Examples 244 and 246 that each of the anomalous formulations could be reformulated to be suitable for use in the invention. Examples 248 and 249 are of interest in that the compositions had good adhesion despite the fact the cured formulations were quite soft. Clearly, in these particular compositions, hardness is not as critical as in some of the other formulations. 
     Exammple 251 
     A further test was carried out in which an acrylate composition in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 4,492,718 was prepared having the following composition: 
     2-Ethylhexyl acrylate 59.2% wt. 
     Celrad 1700 acrylate methane oligomer 38.4 
     Darocure 1173 1.6 
     FC-430 Surfactant 0.8 
     The coating made therefrom had the following properties: 
     Uncured Liquid 
     Viscosity, cP (25° C.) 57.3 
     Surface Tension, dynes/cm 29.8 
     Cured Solid Coating 
     Hardness &lt;3B 
     Flexibility 0 
     Adhesion 1 
     Surface Texture 3 
     No. of Passes to Cure 3-4 
     This composition does not meet the criteria of the present invention in that it did not have sufficient hardness. Thus it did not have good adhesion properties. 
     
         ______________________________________Glossary of TradenamesTradename    Product       Source______________________________________Celrad   Acrylated epoxy,                  Celanese Corp.    urethane and  New York, NY    acrylate    oligomersChemlink Trifunctional Sartomer Co.    acrylate ester                  West Chester, PA    oligomerDarocure Benzophenone  EM Chemicals    analog        Hawthorne, NYEndocal  Refrigerated  Neslab Instruments Co.    circulating bath                  Portsmouth, NHFluorad  Fluorinated   3M Corporation    acrylate      St. Paul, MN    ester oligomerGanex    Alkylated poly                  GAF Corporation    (vinyl pyrroli-                  New York, NY    done)Irgacure α,α-Dimethoxy-                  Ciba-Geigy Corp.    α-phenyl-                  Ardsley, NY    acetophenoneGardco   Pencil Hardness                  Paul N. Gardner Co. Inc.    Gage          Lauderdale-By-The-Sea.                  FLLodyne   Amphoteric    Ciba-Geigy Corp.    fluorochemical                  Ardsley, NY    surfactantParlon S5    Chlorinated   Hercules Inc.    rubber        Wilmington. DEUV       Acrylated     Thiokol Corp.(Uvithane)    urethane      Danvers, MA    oligomers______________________________________