Abstract:
A system including spreadsheet sheets, makes calculations and data transformations, which is available through a programming interface, and conforms to the grammar and syntax of a target software development language is presented. The system includes an Object Model with Data Structures representing entities involved in spreadsheets. The system includes a Parser and Code Generator that extracts data from a body of spreadsheet data, instantiates instances of Data Structures of the Object Model to represent the spreadsheet data, parses the data and formulas contained in the cells of the spreadsheets, iterates through the instantiated instances of the Data Structures, and generates source code that performs the calculations and data transformations embodied in the spreadsheet data. The system includes a Calculation Engine with software base classes that implement the common structural and data access features of spreadsheet data, and further implement the operations of common spreadsheet functions and operators.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE 
   This application claims the benefit of appln. 60/312,981 filed Aug. 16, 2001. 

   FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention pertains in general to software based calculation and data transformation engines, and more particularly, to conversion of the calculation and data transformation features of spreadsheet data into source code of a target software development language for independent run-time execution. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   Spreadsheet applications for computers, such as IBM&#39;s Lotus 123® and Microsoft® Excel, have become very popular analysis and communication tools. Spreadsheets are typically used to perform numerical analyses and ‘what if’ analyses, to simulate complex systems, and to communicate ideas. Many users are familiar with the spreadsheet metaphor. With little or no training, users can create complex, interrelated calculations and data transformations in spreadsheet applications. 
   The rapid growth and adoption of the Internet has spawned an explosion in web-based distribution of application functionality and server-based applications. Many such distributed and server-based applications have underlying logic that comprises complex calculations and data transformations. Development of such functionality in software language source code can be effort intensive, tedious, and error-prone. Furthermore, creating such functionality requires highly skilled software developers. 
   Being able to embed the calculations and data transformations of a spreadsheet directly into stand-alone applications, distributed applications, and server-based applications can be very powerful. Some spreadsheet applications have application programming interfaces (APIs) that allow them to provide calculation and data transformation as a service to other applications. But distributing and using spreadsheets in this way requires that users have the same or a compatible spreadsheet application as the one in which the spreadsheet was created. 
   Using spreadsheet applications as calculation engines in server-based applications also has limitations. Background art spreadsheet applications are meant for single users and cannot scale to support high-volume server-side processing. Also, the User Interface and display features of spreadsheet applications carry significant overhead. 
   There are background art spreadsheet components available that can read and write spreadsheet data created by popular spreadsheet applications and perform calculations at runtime. These components do facilitate the integration of spreadsheet functionality into other distributed applications or server-based applications. But these components operate internally in the same way spreadsheet applications do: they interpret Cell formulas at runtime. Runtime interpretation of Cell formulas is generally considered to be a desirable feature because it allows Cell formulas to be changed at runtime. But in many application scenarios, calculations and data transformations need to remain unchanged at runtime. So when a spreadsheet component is used as a calculation engine in such an application, then the runtime Cell formula interpretation feature adds memory and processing overhead without adding any value. Background art spreadsheet components are typically larger than 1 Megabyte in size. 
   When using background art spreadsheet components in server-based applications, the overhead associated with the User Interface and runtime cell formula interpretation features can negatively impact server performance, both from processing speed and memory usage standpoints. When using background art spreadsheet components in distributed applications, the overhead can also significantly degrade download performance. 
   Some spreadsheet applications and spreadsheet components use mechanisms to represent simple cell formulas as machine code during idle time processing. While this can reduce the negative performance impact related to run-time cell formula interpretation, it maintains the memory overhead and it can limit the spreadsheet application or spreadsheet component to running on only a single platform. 
   It would be desirable to provide a facility for automatically generating source code from spreadsheet data such that the generated source code embodies the calculations and data transformations embodied in the spreadsheet data. The generated source code may then be integrated into a wide variety of different types of applications or other utilization mechanisms. The calculations and data transformation may allow features to be accessed by users who do not have a spreadsheet application or spreadsheet component, or who have a spreadsheet application or spreadsheet component that is incompatible with the original spreadsheet application. The calculations and data transformation may protect features from being modified accidentally or deliberately. Thus, spreadsheet applications may be used as design tools for creating and testing complex, interrelated calculation functionality for use in a wide variety of applications. The calculations and data transformation allows features to be embedded into high-volume server architectures, such as mainframe computers or super computers, that are not fully supported by background art spreadsheet applications or components. Moreover, the calculations and data transformation may allow features to be embedded into disparate or distributed computing environments, such as web-browsers, embedded systems, gaming consoles, cell phones, and personal digital assistants (PDAs), that are not fully supported by background art spreadsheet applications or components. 
   One of the most labor-intensive aspects of software development is testing to verify that the software meets specifications. In many software development efforts, major parts of the system must be built before any of the parts can be tested. This makes it difficult to localize the origin of errors. But when using a spreadsheet to develop the core logic of a system it is easy to create multiple sets of test data and switch between the sets to test the spreadsheet. Therefore, it would be desirable to provide a core functionality that can be verified locally, before deployment and without writing any code. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   Developing complex logic in a spreadsheet is much more efficient than hand-coding in a software language. The visual nature of spreadsheets and usability features like drag-copy have been critical to their widespread adoption. When these productivity enhancers are applied to programming, the effects are no less dramatic. Developers can create calculations and data transformation routines in a spreadsheet in a fraction of the time that it takes to do the same in code. Sophisticated systems may incorporate with built-in functions. Beginning developers can be effective at coding logic that might otherwise require a very skilled resource. 
   Briefly summarized, the present invention relates to source code generator programming interfaces defined to facilitate the analysis of a body of spreadsheet data and the generation of software source code representative of the body of spreadsheet data. The generated software source code embodies structural aspects of the body of spreadsheet data. The calculations and data transformations are performed thorough a plurality of spreadsheet sheets. This makes the calculations and data transformations available through a programming interface. Further, the grammar and syntax is conformed to a target software development language. 
   A preferred embodiment of the Parser and Code Generator integrated directly into a spreadsheet application. The preferred embodiment optionally generates source code conforming to the syntax of multiple target software development languages, including Java® by Sun Microsystems, C, C++, and others. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  shows a diagram of representative computer system hardware in accordance with a preferred embodiment; 
       FIG. 2  shows a screen shot of a representative spreadsheet application in accordance with a preferred embodiment; 
       FIG. 3  shows a screen shot of a control interface displaying user-configurable properties integrated directly into a spreadsheet application, in this case Microsoft® Excel in accordance with the invention; 
       FIG. 4   a  is a sample generated source code representative of global aspects of a body of spreadsheet data; 
       FIG. 4   b  is a screen shot of generated source code representative of aspects of a single spreadsheet sheet; 
       FIG. 4   c  is a sample representative spreadsheet cell formula and representative generated code; 
       FIG. 5  is a sample representative spreadsheet-like application interfacing with the Calculation Engine for values from an underlying compiled module representative of a body of spreadsheet data to provide calculation and data transformation features of the represented spreadsheet; 
       FIG. 6  is a sample representative non-spreadsheet-like applet interfacing with the Calculation Engine in a web browser environment for values from an underlying compiled module representative of a body of spreadsheet data to provide calculation and data transformation features of the represented spreadsheet; 
       FIG. 7  is a Flow Chart depicting overview of Code Generation Operation; 
       FIG. 8  is a Flow Chart depicting GetColorSchemes sub-operation of Code Generation Operation; 
       FIG. 9  is a Flow Chart depicting ConnectSheets sub-operation of Code Generation Operation; 
       FIG. 10  is a Flow Chart depicting ConnectNames sub-operation of Code Generation Operation; 
       FIGS. 11   a – 11   e  are Flow Charts depicting ParseCellFormulas sub-operation of Code Generation Operation; 
       FIG. 12  is a Flow Chart depicting KDBook.GetCode sub-operation of Code Generation Operation; 
       FIG. 13  is a Flow Chart depicting KDSheet.GetCode sub-operation of Code Generation Operation; 
       FIG. 14  is a Flow Chart depicting GetFuncLibCode sub-operation of Code Generation Operation; 
       FIG. 15  is a Flow Chart depicting DeployCode sub-operation of Code Generation Operation; 
       FIG. 16  illustrates Use Case diagram depicting the basic high-level use cases for the Calculation Engine; 
       FIG. 17  is a UML Class diagram depicting basic classes used within the Calculation Engine. Some details, such as the public application programming interface (API) methods, are set forth with reference to the data structures used in the calculation engine; 
       FIG. 18 : In accordance with a preferred embodiment, a UML Sequence Diagram depicting basic operations and classes involved with loading an instance of the Calculation Engine; 
       FIG. 19  is a UML Sequence Diagram depicting basic operations and classes involved with getting a value within the Calculation Engine; and 
       FIG. 20  is a UML Sequence Diagram depicting basic operations and classes involved with setting a value within the Calculation Engine. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   With reference to the figures and particularly  FIG. 1 , a block diagram of the representative computer hardware is shown illustrating a computer system implementing a source code generator with methods employing a process and computer-readable medium containing instructions for controlling the computer system, which comprises a processor or CPU  100  receiving input from a keyed input device  102  or pointing device  104 . A display device  106  and printing device  108  are provided for output and volatile storage  110  and non-volatile storage  112  may include computer-readable media and random access memory and the like. As described further below, a spreadsheet application  116  is employed with a plurality of sheets from which a data structure including calculation files are used for corresponding spreadsheet data. A data acquisition interface is used for receiving the spreadsheet data, which is transferable to the calculation files. A parser and source code generator  118  is used for extracting information from the data structure. An information processor facilitated the use of CPU  100  for performing a data transformation of extracted information stored in said data structure through said programming interface to conform to the grammar and syntax of a target software development language. A calculation engine  120  is provided, which has the following benefits:
         (a) allowing spreadsheet applications to be relied upon to verify well-formedness of cell formulas;   (b) reducing distribution size by eliminating the overhead of a spreadsheet application or spreadsheet component;   (c) reducing distribution size by eliminating the overhead of User Interface features and run-time cell formula interpretation features;   (d) allowing the generated code to be executed on any platform which supports a target software development language;   (e) improving the performance of the calculations and data transformation features because they are embodied in compiled code rather than being interpreted at runtime;   (f) improving the performance of the calculations and data transformation features because optimizing compilers can optimize for a target platform;       

   Within the field of object orientation, the concepts of encapsulation, polymorphism, and inheritance are well known. A Class is an embodiment of characteristics and behaviors. An instance of a Class is an object that exhibits the characteristics and behaviors of the Class. There are many well-known and widely available references describing object-oriented principles in great detail. 
   Within the field of computer applications, spreadsheet concepts are well known. In a typical background art spreadsheet application, a body of spreadsheet data comprises a singleton Workbook comprising a plurality of Worksheets. Worksheets comprise a plurality of Cells that can contain literal data values or formulas that are dependent on other Cells. Individual Cells as well as Ranges of Cells can be Named and can be referred to and accessed by Name. There are many well-known and widely available references describing spreadsheet principles and specific spreadsheet applications and components in great detail. 
   The disclosed invention comprises several data structures that represent the various entities of a spreadsheet. In a preferred embodiment, the data structures are object-oriented software classes that embody characteristics and behaviors of said spreadsheet entities. The Data Structures may be representative of spreadsheet entities, which may be instantiated as Extensible Markup Language (“XML”) data representative of spreadsheet entities. Some of these Data Structures are considered at code-generation time and some are considered at runtime. For the purposes of specification, it is useful to define said data structures: 
   In a preferred embodiment, the data structures of the Parser and Code Generator comprise the following object oriented software classes: KDBook, KDSheet, KDCell, KDName, KDFunc, KDFuncArg, KDColorScheme, KDEncoder, KDParser, KDCodeSegment, and KDSharedFormula. 
   In background art spreadsheet applications and components, the global data aspects of a body of spreadsheet data are commonly referred to as a ‘workbook’ or a ‘book’. KDBook is a software Data Structure that represents the global data aspects of a body of spreadsheet data. In a preferred embodiment, KDBook is an object-oriented software class. A singleton instance of KDBook is instantiated. 
   
     
       
             
             
           
             
             
           
         
             
                 
                 
             
             
                 
               Description 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               Field 
                 
             
             
               Name 
               The global name of the body of spreadsheet data. The value of 
             
             
                 
               the Name field is derived from the filename of the body of 
             
             
                 
               spreadsheet data. 
             
             
               Sheets 
               Collection of references to KDSheet instances that represent 
             
             
                 
               the sheets in the body spreadsheet data. 
             
             
               Names 
               Collection of references to KDName instances that represent 
             
             
                 
               the named cells or ranges of cells defined in the spreadsheet 
             
             
                 
               data. 
             
             
               Method 
             
             
               GetCode 
               A function that assembles the source code representative of 
             
             
                 
               the global aspects of the body of spreadsheet data. 
             
             
               WriteCode 
               A function that writes the representative source code to a 
             
             
                 
               file, the name of which may be specified by the user or 
             
             
                 
               derived from the filename of the body of spreadsheet data. 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   KDSheet is a software Data Structure that represents the aspects of a single spreadsheet sheet within a body of spreadsheet data. In background art spreadsheet applications and components, these are commonly referred to as ‘worksheet’ or ‘sheet’. In a preferred embodiment, KDSheet is an object-oriented software class. An instance of KDSheet is instantiated for each sheet in the body of spreadsheet data. 
   
     
       
             
             
           
             
             
           
         
             
                 
                 
             
             
                 
               Description 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               Field 
                 
             
             
               SheetName 
               The name of the spreadsheet sheet represented by the 
             
             
                 
               KDSheet instance. 
             
             
               Index 
               The one-based index of the spreadsheet sheet repre- 
             
             
                 
               sented by the KDSheet instance. 
             
             
               Book 
               A reference to the instance of KDBook that represents 
             
             
                 
               the global aspects of the body of spreadsheet data. 
             
             
               StartCell 
               A reference indicating the Top Left cell of the spread- 
             
             
                 
               sheet sheet for which code is generated. May be set by 
             
             
                 
               the user to limit the range of cells for which code is 
             
             
                 
               generated. 
             
             
               EndCell 
               A reference indicating the Bottom Right cell of the 
             
             
                 
               spreadsheet sheet for which code is generated. May be 
             
             
                 
               set by the user to limit the range of cells for which 
             
             
                 
               code is generated. 
             
             
               Cells 
               Collection of KDCell instances that represent the cells 
             
             
                 
               in said sheet. 
             
             
               SharedFormulas 
               Collection of references to KDSharedFormula 
             
             
                 
               instances that represent the cell formulas of 
             
             
                 
               a plurality of spreadsheet cells. 
             
             
               Method 
             
             
               GetCode 
               A function that assembles the source code repre- 
             
             
                 
               sentative of the data and calculation aspects of 
             
             
                 
               the sheet of spreadsheet data represented by the 
             
             
                 
               instance of KDSheet. 
             
             
               WriteCode 
               A function that writes the representative source 
             
             
                 
               code to a file, the name of which may be specified 
             
             
                 
               by the user or derived from the name of the spread- 
             
             
                 
               sheet sheet. 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   KDCell is a software Data Structure that represents the aspects of a single spreadsheet cell within a spreadsheet sheet. In a preferred embodiment, KDCell is an object-oriented software class. An instance of KDCell is instantiated for each cell on said spreadsheet sheet. The KDCell includes the following members. 
   
     
       
             
             
           
             
             
           
         
             
                 
                 
             
             
                 
               Description 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               Field 
                 
             
             
               Sheet 
               A reference to the instance of KDSheet that 
             
             
                 
               represents the aspects of the spreadsheet 
             
             
                 
               sheet which contains the spreadsheet cell 
             
             
                 
               represented by the current instance of 
             
             
                 
               KDCell. 
             
             
               Row 
               The row of the represented spreadsheet cell. 
             
             
               Col 
               The column of the represented spreadsheet 
             
             
                 
               cell. 
             
             
               RC 
               The text based identifier of the represented 
             
             
                 
               spreadsheet cell&#39;s row and column. 
             
             
               RawFormula 
               The text of the raw spreadsheet cell formula 
             
             
                 
               in the syntax of the spreadsheet application. 
             
             
               HasDependents 
               An indicator of whether other spreadsheet 
             
             
                 
               cells depend on (refer to) the spreadsheet 
             
             
                 
               cell represented by the current instance of 
             
             
                 
               KDCell. 
             
             
               HasDeclaration 
               An indicator indicating whether a source 
             
             
                 
               code declaration should be generated for 
             
             
                 
               the spreadsheet cell represented by the 
             
             
                 
               current instance of KDCell. 
             
             
               HasFormula 
               An indicator of whether the spreadsheet 
             
             
                 
               cell represented by the current instance 
             
             
                 
               of KDCell contains a cell formula. 
             
             
               Persistent 
               An indicator of whether the current 
             
             
                 
               instance of KDCell should be marked as 
             
             
                 
               persistable. 
             
             
               ForeColor 
               An indicator of the foreground color of 
             
             
                 
               the spreadsheet cell represented by the 
             
             
                 
               current instance of KDCell. 
             
             
               BackColor 
               An indicator of the background color of the 
             
             
                 
               spreadsheet cell represented by the current 
             
             
                 
               instance of KDCell. 
             
             
               FormulaSourceCode 
               The source code representative formula of 
             
             
                 
               the spreadsheet cell. Only populated where 
             
             
                 
               the represented spreadsheet cell contains a 
             
             
                 
               cell formula rather than a literal data 
             
             
                 
               value. 
             
             
               CodeSegments 
               An ordered collection of sub-strings of 
             
             
                 
               source code segments representative of the 
             
             
                 
               function calls and parameters in a cell 
             
             
                 
               formula. 
             
             
               SharedFormula 
               A reference to an instance of SharedFormula 
             
             
                 
               (defined below) representative of source 
             
             
                 
               code called by source code representative 
             
             
                 
               of cell formulas with similar formula 
             
             
                 
               structures. Only populated where the repre- 
             
             
                 
               sented spreadsheet cell contains a cell 
             
             
                 
               formula similar enough to other cell 
             
             
                 
               formulas that total source code size can be 
             
             
                 
               reduced by having the cells call the shared 
             
             
                 
               formula rather than implement the formula 
             
             
                 
               individually. 
             
             
               SharedFormulaSourceCode 
               The source code to call a shared formula 
             
             
                 
               representative of the cell formula. Only 
             
             
                 
               populated where the represented spreadsheet 
             
             
                 
               cell contains a cell formula rather than a 
             
             
                 
               literal data value. 
             
             
               Method 
             
             
               GetCode 
               A function that assembles the source code 
             
             
                 
               representative of the calculation aspects 
             
             
                 
               of the spreadsheet cell represented by the 
             
             
                 
               instance of KDCell. The method is only 
             
             
                 
               executed for cells that contain a formula 
             
             
                 
               rather than a value. 
             
             
               GetDeclaration 
               A function that assembles the source code 
             
             
                 
               representative of the data and identification 
             
             
                 
               aspects of the spreadsheet cell represented 
             
             
                 
               by the instance of KDCell. 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   KDName is a software Data Structure that represents the aspects of a named range of spreadsheet cells within a spreadsheet sheet. In a preferred embodiment, KDName is an object-oriented software class. An instance of KDName is instantiated for each named range of spreadsheet cells within said body of spreadsheet data. 
   
     
       
             
             
           
             
             
           
         
             
                 
                 
             
             
                 
               Description 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               Field 
                 
             
             
               Name 
               The text name of the named spreadsheet range represented by 
             
             
                 
               the KDName instance. 
             
             
               Cell 
               A reference the KDCell instance representing the single 
             
             
                 
               spreadsheet cell named by the spreadsheet name represented 
             
             
                 
               by the current instance of KDName. Only populated for 
             
             
                 
               spreadsheet names that name a single spreadsheet cell. 
             
             
               TLCell 
               A reference to the KDCell instance representing the Top Left 
             
             
                 
               spreadsheet cell of the range of spreadsheet cells named by 
             
             
                 
               the spreadsheet name represented by the current instance of 
             
             
                 
               KDName. For spreadsheet names that represent a single 
             
             
                 
               spreadsheet cell, the KDName.TLCell property is equal to 
             
             
                 
               the KDName.Cell property. 
             
             
               BRCell 
               A reference to the KDCell instance representing the Bottom 
             
             
                 
               Right spreadsheet cell of the range of spreadsheet cells named 
             
             
                 
               by the spreadsheet name represented by the current instance of 
             
             
                 
               KDName. For spreadsheet names that represent a single 
             
             
                 
               spreadsheet cell, the KDName.BRCell property is equal to 
             
             
                 
               the KDName.Cell property. 
             
             
               RangeRC 
               The text, in the syntax of the spreadsheet application, that 
             
             
                 
               specifies the range of spreadsheet cells named by the spread- 
             
             
                 
               sheet name. 
             
             
               RefersTo 
               An indicator of whether the represented spreadsheet name 
             
             
                 
               refers to a single spreadsheet cell or a range of spread- 
             
             
                 
               sheet cells. One of rtCell, rtVerticalVector, 
             
             
                 
               rtHorizontalVector, rtMatrix, rtCellList. 
             
             
               Method 
             
             
               &lt;&lt;none&gt;&gt; 
               In a preferred embodiment, KDName has no member 
             
             
                 
               methods. 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   KDFunc is a software Data Structure that represents the aspects of built-in or user-defined spreadsheet functions that can be used in spreadsheet cell formulas. In a preferred embodiment, KDFunc is an object-oriented software class. An instance of KDFunc is instantiated for each supported spreadsheet function. The use of KDFunc allows the present invention to be easily extended to support additional built-in spreadsheet functions and unanticipated user-defined functions by simply adding more instances of KDFunc and KDFuncArg (described below). KDFunc instances representative of built-in spreadsheet functions are included in the invention. KDFunc instances representative of user-defined functions can be dynamically included from an external data source. 
   
     
       
             
             
           
         
             
                 
             
             
               Field 
               Description 
             
             
                 
             
           
           
             
               SpreadsheetFuncName 
               The name of the supported function specified in 
             
             
                 
               the syntax of the spreadsheet application. 
             
             
               TargetCodeFuncName 
               The name of the supported function specified in 
             
             
                 
               the syntax of the target software development 
             
             
                 
               language. 
             
             
               TargetSourceCode 
               The source code implementation of the supported 
             
             
                 
               built-in or user-defined spreadsheet function 
             
             
                 
               specified in the syntax of the target software 
             
             
                 
               development language. 
             
             
               bUserDefined 
               A Boolean indicator indicating whether the 
             
             
                 
               Function is used is user-defined. For built-in 
             
             
                 
               spreadsheet functions, the value of this 
             
             
                 
               property is ‘False’. For user-defined 
             
             
                 
               functions, it is ‘True’. 
             
             
               bUsed 
               A Boolean indicator indicating whether the 
             
             
                 
               Function is used in the spreadsheet and there- 
             
             
                 
               fore requires that the implementation held in 
             
             
                 
               TargetSourceCode be included in the generated 
             
             
                 
               source code. The value of bUsed is initially 
             
             
                 
               ‘False’ but is changed to ‘True’ if the function 
             
             
                 
               is encountered in a spreadsheet cell formula 
             
             
                 
               during parsing. 
             
             
               Arguments 
               An ordered Collection of KDFuncArg instances 
             
             
                 
               that represent the arguments of the represented 
             
             
                 
               built-in or user-defined spreadsheet function. 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   KDFuncArg is a software Data Structure that represents the aspects of arguments of built-in or user-defined spreadsheet functions that can be used in spreadsheet cell formulas. In a preferred embodiment, KDFuncArg is an object-oriented software class. An instance of KDFuncArg is instantiated for each argument accepted by each supported spreadsheet function. The use of KDFuncArg allows the present invention to easily support the representation of built-in or user-defined spreadsheet functions that take any number of arguments. Some built-in or user-defined spreadsheet functions take no arguments, some take a fixed number of arguments, some have optional arguments, and some can take a variable-length list of arguments. 
   
     
       
             
             
           
         
             
                 
             
             
               Field 
               Description 
             
             
                 
             
           
           
             
               Func 
               A reference to the instance of KDFunc that represents the 
             
             
                 
               aspects of the built-in or user-defined spreadsheet 
             
             
                 
               function, an argument of which is represented by the 
             
             
                 
               current instance of KDFuncArg. 
             
             
               N 
               The sequence ordinal of the argument represented by the 
             
             
                 
               current instance of KDFuncArg. For the first argument, 
             
             
                 
               the value of this property is ‘1’; for the second 
             
             
                 
               argument, the value of this property is ‘2’, and so on. 
             
             
               ArgumentType 
               An indicator of the type of argument of the current 
             
             
                 
               argument of the supported spreadsheet function. One of: 
             
             
                 
               argCellRef, argExpression, argOptional, or argList. 
             
             
                 
               argCellRef indicates that the Nth argument must be a 
             
             
                 
               reference to a spreadsheet cell or a name of a single 
             
             
                 
               spreadsheet cell. 
             
             
                 
               argExpression indicates that the Nth argument can be any 
             
             
                 
               expression that has a value, including a static value, 
             
             
                 
               a reference to another cell, or a call to another built-in 
             
             
                 
               or user-defined spreadsheet function. 
             
             
                 
               argOptional indicates that there may or may not be an 
             
             
                 
               Nth argument in the built-in or user-defined spreadsheet 
             
             
                 
               function. If an instance of KDFuncArg is defined with 
             
             
                 
               ArgumentType = argOptional then every instance of 
             
             
                 
               KDFuncArg that follows said instance (if any) must have 
             
             
                 
               its ArgumentType property equal to argOptional. 
             
             
                 
               argList indicates that the built-in or user-defined 
             
             
                 
               spreadsheet function takes a variable-length list of 
             
             
                 
               arguments. If the function takes a variable length list 
             
             
                 
               of arguments, then one and only one instance of 
             
             
                 
               KDFuncArg should be instantiated for the built-in or 
             
             
                 
               user-defined spreadsheet function, and its 
             
             
                 
               ArgumentType field must be equal to argList. 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   KDCodeSegment is a software Data Structure that represents the aspects of a segment of code in a cell formula. In a preferred embodiment, KDCodeSegment is an object-oriented software class. An instance of KDCodeSegment is instantiated for each contiguous code segment or parameterizable reference in a cell formula. The use of KDCodeSegment allows the output of present invention to be optimized by identifying spreadsheet cells with cell formulas similar enough that total generated source code size can be reduced by having multiple cells call the shared formula rather than implement the formula individually. 
   
     
       
             
             
           
         
             
                 
             
             
               Field 
               Description 
             
             
                 
             
           
           
             
               Code 
               The source code characters in the KDCodeSegment. 
             
             
               Type 
               An indicator of the type of the KDCodeSegment. One of: segCode, 
             
             
                 
               segName, segRCRangeRef, or segRCCellRef. 
             
             
                 
               segCode indicates that the segment is source code. 
             
             
                 
               segName indicates that the segment represents a reference to a 
             
             
                 
               named cell or range. 
             
             
                 
               segRCRangeRef indicates that the segment represents a reference 
             
             
                 
               to a range of cells. 
             
             
                 
               segRCCellRef indicates that the segment represents a reference to a 
             
             
                 
               cell. 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   KDSharedFormula is a software Data Structure that represents the aspects of a cell formula formation that is common to multiple cells. In a preferred embodiment, KDSharedFormula is an object-oriented software class. An instance of KDSharedFormula is instantiated where at least two cells are similar enough that total generated source code size can be reduced by having multiple cells call a shared formula rather than implement the formula individually. 
   
     
       
             
             
           
         
             
                 
             
             
               Field 
               Description 
             
             
                 
             
           
           
             
               SharedFormulaName 
               The name of the source code function repre- 
             
             
                 
               sented by SharedFormula. 
             
             
               SharedFormulaDefinition 
               The source code definition of the function 
             
             
                 
               represented by SharedFormula. 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   KDColorScheme is a software Data Structure that represents the aspects of a particular combination of colors of spreadsheet cell features. In a preferred embodiment, KDColorScheme is an object-oriented software class. An instance of KDColorScheme is instantiated for each color scheme defined by the user in said body of spreadsheet data. The KDColorScheme allows the user to indicate which spreadsheet cells should be included in code generation, excluded from code generation, and marked as persistent, by specifying the foreground and background colors of the spreadsheet cell. 
   
     
       
             
             
           
         
             
                 
             
             
               Field 
               Description 
             
             
                 
             
           
           
             
               BackColor 
               Identifier of the background color of the spreadsheet cell. 
             
             
               ForeColor 
               Identifier of the foreground (font) color of the spreadsheet 
             
             
                 
               cell. 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   KDEncoder is a software Data Structure that represents the aspects of a parser and code generator that generates software source code representative of a body of spreadsheet data. In a preferred embodiment, KDEncoder is an object-oriented software class. A singleton instance of KDEncoder is instantiated to generate said software source code. 
   
     
       
             
             
           
             
             
           
         
             
                 
                 
             
             
                 
               Description 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               Field 
                 
             
             
               SpreadsheetBook 
               A reference to a spreadsheet application single- 
             
             
                 
               ton object that comprises the global aspects of 
             
             
                 
               the body of spreadsheet data. 
             
             
               Book 
               A reference to the singleton instance of 
             
             
                 
               KDBook instantiated to represent the global 
             
             
                 
               aspects of the body of spreadsheet data. 
             
             
               OutputLocation 
               The user-specified file system path to the folder 
             
             
                 
               or directory where generated source code files 
             
             
                 
               are to be deposited. 
             
             
               PackageName 
               A preferred embodiment of the present 
             
             
                 
               invention generates source code that conforms 
             
             
                 
               to the Java ® software language 
             
             
                 
               by Sun Microsystems. The 
             
             
                 
               PackageName field directs that said generated 
             
             
                 
               software source code contain the user- 
             
             
                 
               specified PackageName field value as a 
             
             
                 
               Package descriptor consistent with the 
             
             
                 
               Package construct of the Java ® 
             
             
                 
               software language by Sun Microsystems. 
             
             
               ConsiderDependencies 
               An indicator of whether said source code 
             
             
                 
               generation process should generate source code 
             
             
                 
               for all spreadsheet cells that have dependencies 
             
             
                 
               even if they are otherwise outside of the 
             
             
                 
               inclusion conditions. 
             
             
               SizeOptimize 
               An indicator of whether said source code 
             
             
                 
               generation process should try to reduce the 
             
             
                 
               size of generated code by replacing individual 
             
             
                 
               implementations of source code representative 
             
             
                 
               of similarly structured cell formulas with 
             
             
                 
               calls to shared functions representative 
             
             
                 
               of said similarly structured cell formulas. 
             
             
               IncludeColorSchemes 
               Collection of references to KDColorScheme 
             
             
                 
               instances that represent all the color schemes 
             
             
                 
               of spreadsheet cells for which representative 
             
             
                 
               source code should be generated, even if the 
             
             
                 
               spreadsheet cells are otherwise outside of the 
             
             
                 
               inclusion conditions. 
             
             
               ExcludeColorSchemes 
               Collection of references to KDColorScheme 
             
             
                 
               instances that represent all the color schemes 
             
             
                 
               of spreadsheet cells for which representative 
             
             
                 
               source code should not be generated, even if 
             
             
                 
               the spreadsheet cells are otherwise in most of 
             
             
                 
               the inclusion conditions. 
             
             
               PersistentColorSchemes 
               Collection of references to KDColorScheme 
             
             
                 
               instances that represent all the color schemes 
             
             
                 
               of spreadsheet cells for which representative 
             
             
                 
               source code will be generated and for which 
             
             
                 
               said representative source code will indicate 
             
             
                 
               that the cells should be marked as persistent. 
             
             
               Parser 
               A reference a KDParser instance that is used 
             
             
                 
               to generate source code representative of 
             
             
                 
               individual spreadsheet cell formulas. 
             
             
               Method 
             
             
               ConnectBook 
               A function that instantiates an instance of 
             
             
                 
               KDBook and connects it via a property 
             
             
                 
               reference to the spreadsheet application 
             
             
                 
               singleton object that comprises the global 
             
             
                 
               aspects of the body of spreadsheet data. 
             
             
               ConnectSheet 
               A function that is called for each spreadsheet 
             
             
                 
               sheet in the body of spreadsheet data to 
             
             
                 
               instantiate an instance of KDSheet and 
             
             
                 
               connect it via a property reference to the 
             
             
                 
               represented spreadsheet sheet. The properties 
             
             
                 
               of the KDSheet instances are also populated 
             
             
                 
               with relevant fields that describe the spread- 
             
             
                 
               sheet sheet, and with a reference to the single- 
             
             
                 
               ton instantiated KDBook instance. 
             
             
               ConnectNames 
               A function that is called for each spreadsheet 
             
             
                 
               name in the body of spreadsheet data to 
             
             
                 
               instantiate an instance of KDName and connect 
             
             
                 
               it via a property reference to the represented 
             
             
                 
               spreadsheet name. The properties of the 
             
             
                 
               KDName instances are also populated with 
             
             
                 
               relevant fields that describe the spreadsheet 
             
             
                 
               name, and with a reference to the singleton 
             
             
                 
               instantiated KDBook instance. 
             
             
               GetColorSchemes 
               A function that searches the body of spread- 
             
             
                 
               sheet data for user-defined color schemes that 
             
             
                 
               indicate which cells are to be included, 
             
             
                 
               excluded, and or marked as persistent in the 
             
             
                 
               generated source code. An instance of 
             
             
                 
               KDColorScheme is instantiated and stored 
             
             
                 
               in the corresponding KDEncoder field for 
             
             
                 
               each color scheme found. 
             
             
               ParseCellFormulas 
               A function that iterates through each spread- 
             
             
                 
               sheet sheet and each spreadsheet cell within 
             
             
                 
               said sheet to generate and store the source 
             
             
                 
               code representative of the cell formula for 
             
             
                 
               each of said spreadsheet cells. 
             
             
               WriteCode 
               A function that writes the generated source 
             
             
                 
               code representative of the body of spreadsheet 
             
             
                 
               data to files in the said OutputLocation. 
             
             
               DeployCode 
               A function that further processes said 
             
             
                 
               generated source code to prepare it for 
             
             
                 
               deployment in a target execution environment. 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   KDParser is a software Data Structure that represents aspects of a recursive descent expression parser that parses spreadsheet cell formulas and generates software source code representative of the calculations and data transformations of said spreadsheet cell formulas. In a preferred embodiment, KDParser is an object-oriented software class. A singleton instance of KDParser is instantiated to parse said cell formulas and generate said representative source code, All cell formula parsing functionality is embodied in this class. In a preferred embodiment, KDParser panes a cell formula and generates source code conforming to the grammar and syntax of a software development language, such as the Java® language by Sun Microsystems. Various derivations of KDParser support various target software development languages, such as Visual Basic®, VBScript®, Jscript® and Microsoft Visual Basic® for Applications by Microsoft, Basic, Assembler, C++, C#, Fortran, COBOL and other existing arid unanticipated target software development languages. 
   
     
       
             
             
           
             
             
           
         
             
                 
                 
             
             
                 
               Description 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               Field 
                 
             
             
               Funcs 
               A collection of KDFunc instances that 
             
             
                 
               represent the built-in and user-defined spread- 
             
             
                 
               sheet functions. 
             
             
               Method 
             
             
               Encode 
               Function that parses a complete spread- 
             
             
                 
               sheet cell formula and generates representative 
             
             
                 
               source code in a target software development 
             
             
                 
               language. Calls GetSubExprSourceCode for 
             
             
                 
               subexpressions within cell formula. 
             
             
               GetSubExprSourceCode 
               Recursive method that parses arbitrary- 
             
             
                 
               depth nested subexpressions in spreadsheet 
             
             
                 
               cell formulas. 
             
             
               GetTok 
               Method that isolates tokens within sub 
             
             
                 
               expressions of cell formulas. 
             
             
               ParseFunc 
               Method that parses and generates repre- 
             
             
                 
               sentative source code for built-in and user- 
             
             
                 
               defined spreadsheet functions. 
             
             
               ParseArgs 
               Method that parses and generates repre- 
             
             
                 
               sentative source code for arguments within 
             
             
                 
               built-in and user-defined spreadsheet 
             
             
                 
               functions. 
             
             
               ParseArgList 
               Method that parses and generates repre- 
             
             
                 
               sentative source code for arguments within 
             
             
                 
               built-in and user-defined spreadsheet 
             
             
                 
               functions where said spreadsheet function 
             
             
                 
               accepts a variable-length list of 
             
             
                 
               arguments. 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   In a preferred embodiment, the data structures of the Calculation Engine comprise the following object oriented software classes: IKDJEngine, KDJEngine, KDJObject, KDJWorkbook, ‘MyWorkbook’ book, KDJWorksheet, ‘MyWorksheet’ sheet, KDJCell, KDJRange, KDJValue, and KDJExpressionParser, KDJCalcException, KDJFunctionLibrary, and KDJUserDefinedFunctionLibrary. 
   KDJEngine is a software Data Structure and functions that together represent aspects of a Calculation Engine. KDJEngine implements a public application programming interface (API) that make features of the invention available to calling applications. The methods are directed at loading, getting, and setting values, among other operations. In a preferred embodiment, KDJEngine is an object-oriented software class. A singleton instance of KDJEngine is instantiated at runtime. Note that the list of methods exposed of KDJEngine is exemplary. 
   
     
       
             
             
           
             
             
           
         
             
                 
                 
             
             
                 
               Description 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               Field 
                 
             
             
               &lt;&lt;none&gt;&gt; 
               In a preferred embodiment, KDJEngine has no 
             
             
                 
               fields. 
             
             
               Method 
             
             
               getCalcEngine 
               A method which takes in an identifier of the 
             
             
                 
               generated source code and returns an instance of the 
             
             
                 
               Calculation Engine to work with 
             
             
               forceRecalc 
               A method which forces the Calculation Engine 
             
             
                 
               to mark the KDJWorkbook dirty so that all 
             
             
                 
               instantiations representing spreadsheet cells 
             
             
                 
               with formulas are recalculated. 
             
             
               getActiveSheet 
               A method which returns an identifier of the active 
             
             
                 
               instance of KDJWorksheet (defined below). 
             
             
               setActiveSheet 
               A method which activates an instance of 
             
             
                 
               KDJWorksheet. 
             
             
               getSheetName 
               A method which takes in a numeric identifier and 
             
             
                 
               returns the name of the represented worksheet. 
             
             
               getSheetNumber 
               A method which takes in the name of a represented 
             
             
                 
               worksheet and returns a numeric identifier of the 
             
             
                 
               represented active worksheet. 
             
             
               getCellText 
               A method that takes in a row and column to return 
             
             
                 
               the text interpretation of the represented cell&#39;s 
             
             
                 
               value on the represented active worksheet. 
             
             
               setCellText 
               A method that takes in a row identifier, column 
             
             
                 
               identifier, and text value and sets the represented 
             
             
                 
               cell&#39;s value on the represented active 
             
             
                 
               worksheet. 
             
             
               getCellNumber 
               A method that takes in row and column identifiers 
             
             
                 
               to return the numeric (double) interpretation of the 
             
             
                 
               corresponding represented cell&#39;s value on the 
             
             
                 
               represented active sheet. 
             
             
               setCellNumber 
               A method that takes in a row identifier, a column 
             
             
                 
               identifier, and a numeric (double) value and sets 
             
             
                 
               the represented cell&#39;s value on the represented 
             
             
                 
               active worksheet. 
             
             
               getCellLogical 
               A method that takes in row and column identifiers 
             
             
                 
               to return the Boolean (double) interpretation of 
             
             
                 
               the corresponding represented cell&#39;s value on the 
             
             
                 
               represented worksheet. 
             
             
               setCellLogical 
               A method that takes in a row identifier, a column 
             
             
                 
               identifier, and a Boolean value and sets the repre- 
             
             
                 
               sented cell&#39;s value on the represented active 
             
             
                 
               worksheet. 
             
             
               getRangeFromName 
               A method that takes in a name identifier and returns 
             
             
                 
               a KDJRange instance that represents the cell or cells 
             
             
                 
               associated with the name. 
             
             
               getInputCells 
               A method which returns a collection of KDJCell 
             
             
                 
               instances which are used for input operations only. 
             
             
                 
               These are indexed by A1 notation. 
             
             
               getOutputCells 
               A method which returns a collection of KDJCell 
             
             
                 
               instances which are used for output operations only. 
             
             
                 
               These are indexed by A1 notation. 
             
             
               getPersistentCells 
               A method which returns a collection of the KDJCell 
             
             
                 
               instances which are marked as persistent. These are 
             
             
                 
               indexed by A1 notation. 
             
             
               getSheetCount 
               A method which returns the number of represented 
             
             
                 
               worksheets in the represented workbook. 
             
             
               clearCell 
               A method that takes in row and column identifiers 
             
             
                 
               and clears the value of the represented cell. 
             
             
               clearRange 
               A method which takes in a range identifier and 
             
             
                 
               clears the values in the represented cells. 
             
             
               hasFormula 
               A method which takes in row and column identifiers 
             
             
                 
               and returns an indicator of whether the represented 
             
             
                 
               cell contains a cell formula. 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   In a preferred embodiment, KDJObject is an object-oriented software class that has no member data fields or methods, but acts as the root-most class in an inheritance hierarchy. KDJValue, KDJRange, and KDJCell all inherit from KDJObject. Instances of KDJObject are not instantiated directly. 
   
     
       
             
             
           
             
             
           
         
             
                 
                 
             
             
                 
               Description 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               Field 
                 
             
             
               &lt;&lt;none&gt;&gt; 
               In a preferred embodiment, KDJObject has no member fields. 
             
             
               Method 
             
             
               &lt;&lt;none&gt;&gt; 
               In a preferred embodiment, KDJObject has no member 
             
             
                 
               methods. 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   In background art spreadsheet applications and components, the global data aspects of a body of spreadsheet data are commonly referred to as a ‘workbook’ or a ‘book’. In the present invention, KDJWorkbook is a software Data Structure and functions defined in the target software development language that together represent the global, general data and behavior aspects of a body of spreadsheet data at runtime. In a preferred embodiment, KDJWorkbook is an object-oriented software class from which classes representative of specific spreadsheet workbooks are derived. KDJWorkbook inherits from KDJEngine. KDJWorkbook is not instantiated at runtime. 
   
     
       
             
             
           
             
             
           
         
             
                 
                 
             
             
                 
               Description 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               Field 
                 
             
             
               Sheets 
               A collection of references to the contained 
             
             
                 
               KDJWorksheet instances. 
             
             
               ActiveSheet 
               A reference to the active KDJWorksheet instance. 
             
             
               Names 
               A collection of data structures representing named 
             
             
                 
               spreadsheet cells and ranges of spreadsheet cells. 
             
             
               dirtyCount 
               A numeric counter that keeps track of the instance of 
             
             
                 
               KDJWorkbook&#39;s state. Each KDJCell object has a 
             
             
                 
               corresponding dirtyCount. If the count on the KDJCell 
             
             
                 
               is not equal to the dirtyCount on the KDJWorkbook, 
             
             
                 
               then the formula attached to the KDJCell must be 
             
             
                 
               recalculated. The dirtyCount is incremented every 
             
             
                 
               time a KDJCell value is set through KDJEngine. 
             
             
               Method 
             
             
               addNamedCell 
               A method which takes in a name and a KDJCell 
             
             
                 
               reference and makes an association on the 
             
             
                 
               KDJWorkbook that the name refers to the KDJCell 
             
             
                 
               instance. 
             
             
               addNamedRange 
               A method which takes in a name and KDJRange 
             
             
                 
               reference and makes an association on the book 
             
             
                 
               that the name refers to the KDJRange. 
             
             
               addSheet 
               A method that takes in a KDJWorksheet reference, 
             
             
                 
               a position, and a name and adds a KDJWorksheet 
             
             
                 
               reference to the KDJWorkbook. 
             
             
               setRecalc 
               A method which increments the dirtyCount to indicate 
             
             
                 
               that KDJCell instances representing spreadsheet 
             
             
                 
               cells with formulas need to be recalculated. 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   ‘MyWorkbook’book is a software Data Structure and functions defined in the target software development language that together represent global data and behavior aspects of a specific body of spreadsheet data at runtime in the present invention. In a preferred embodiment, ‘MyWorkbook’book is an object-oriented software class that is derived from KDJWorkbook. The source code of this class is generated by the Parser and Code Generator to represent the global data and behavior aspects of a specific body of spreadsheet data. In a preferred embodiment, ‘MyWorkbook’ is derived from the name of a spreadsheet workbook, so if the spreadsheet workbook&#39;s name is ‘Financials’ then the name of the generated class is ‘Financialsbook’. A singleton instance of ‘MyWorkbook’book is instantiated at runtime. 
   
     
       
             
             
           
             
             
           
         
             
                 
                 
             
             
                 
               Description 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               Field 
                 
             
             
               ‘myWorksheet1’sheet 
               An instantiation of the generated source code 
             
             
               . . . 
               containing the values and formulas in 
             
             
               ‘myWorksheetN’sheet 
               myWorksheet1. 
             
             
               Method 
             
             
               &lt;&lt;Constructor&gt;&gt; 
               Sets the default active KDJWorksheet instance  
             
             
                 
               and adds all of the named KDJCell instances and 
             
             
                 
               KDJRange instances KDJWorkbook.Names. 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   KDJWorksheet is a software Data Structure that represents the aspects of a single spreadsheet sheet within a body of spreadsheet data. In background art spreadsheet applications and components, these are commonly referred to as ‘worksheet’ or ‘sheet’. In the present invention, KDJWorksheet is a software Data Structure and functions defined in the target software development language that together represent the general data and behavior aspects of a of a single spreadsheet sheet at runtime. In a preferred embodiment, KDJWorksheet is an object-oriented software class from which classes representative of specific spreadsheet sheets are derived. KDJWorksheet is not instantiated at runtime. 
   
     
       
             
             
           
             
             
           
         
             
                 
                 
             
             
                 
               Description 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               Field 
                 
             
             
               sheetName 
               The name of the spreadsheet sheet represented by the 
             
             
                 
               KDSheet instance. 
             
             
               sheetIndex 
               The one-based index of the spreadsheet sheet repre- 
             
             
                 
               sented by the KDSheet instance. 
             
             
               columns 
               A collection of data structures representing the 
             
             
                 
               columns of the spreadsheet. Each representative 
             
             
                 
               column comprises a collection of data structures 
             
             
                 
               that represent the rows in the column data. 
             
             
               Method 
             
             
               addCellReference 
               A method which takes in a reference to an instance 
             
             
                 
               of KDJCell and row and column identifiers to add 
             
             
                 
               the reference to the KDJWorksheet.columns 
             
             
                 
               collection. 
             
             
               getCell 
               A method which takes in row and column identifiers 
             
             
                 
               and returns a reference to the KDJCell instance 
             
             
                 
               at that location. 
             
             
               getRange 
               A method which takes in top left row, top left 
             
             
                 
               column, bottom right row, bottom right column 
             
             
                 
               identifiers and returns a reference to the 
             
             
                 
               KDJRange instance at that location. 
             
             
               getValue 
               A method which takes in a native-type value such 
             
             
                 
               as a double, Boolean, or String and returns a 
             
             
                 
               KDJValue instance initialized to the input value. 
             
             
               getCellValue 
               A method which takes in row and column identifiers 
             
             
                 
               to return the KDJValue instance representing the 
             
             
                 
               value of the referenced KDJCell instance. 
             
             
               rowColToA1 
               A method that takes in row and column identifiers and 
             
             
                 
               returns a String representing the row and column in 
             
             
                 
               A1 notation. For example, the call rowColToA1(1,1) 
             
             
                 
               would return the string “A1”. 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   ‘MyWorkbook’book is a software Data Structure and functions defined in the target software development language that together represent data and behavior aspects of a specific spreadsheet sheet at runtime in the present invention. In a preferred embodiment, ‘MyWorksheet’sheet is an object-oriented software class that is derived from KDJWorksheet. The source code of this class is generated by the Parser and Code Generator to represent the data and behavior aspects of a specific spreadsheet sheet. In a preferred embodiment, ‘MyWorksheet’ is derived from the name of a spreadsheet sheet, so if the spreadsheet sheet is named ‘Revenue’ then the name of the generated class would be ‘Revenuesheet.’ An instance of ‘MyWorksheet’sheet is instantiated at runtime for each spreadsheet sheet in the spreadsheet workbook. 
   
     
       
             
             
           
             
             
           
         
             
                 
                 
             
             
                 
               Description 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               Field 
                 
             
             
               ‘MyWorksheet’book 
               A reference to the instance of KDJBook that repre- 
             
             
                 
               sents the global aspects of the body of spreadsheet 
             
             
                 
               data. 
             
             
               A1 
               A reference to the KDJCell instance at row, column 
             
             
               . . . 
               location 1,1 with the specified initial value. For 
             
             
               IVN 
               example, if the represented spreadsheet sheet 
             
             
                 
               contains a cell B3 that contains a literal value 
             
             
                 
               rather than a cell formula, then the representative 
             
             
                 
               ‘MyWorksheet’sheet class will have a member 
             
             
                 
               ‘B3’ of type KDJCell. 
             
             
               Method 
             
             
               &lt;&lt;Constructor&gt;&gt; 
               Creates the parent-child relationship between the 
             
             
                 
               KDJWorkbook and KDJWorksheet. 
             
             
               B1e 
               A method which representing the formula contained 
             
             
               . . . 
               in the cell and returns a resultant Value instance. For 
             
             
               IUNe 
               example, if the represented spreadsheet sheet 
             
             
                 
               contains a cell B4 that contains a cell formula 
             
             
                 
               rather than a literal value, then the repre- 
             
             
                 
               sentative ‘MyWorksheet’sheet class will have a 
             
             
                 
               member method ‘B4e’ that returns an instance of 
             
             
                 
               KDJValue. 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   KDJCell is a software Data Structure and functions defined in the target software development language that together represent data and behavior aspects of a spreadsheet cell at runtime in the present invention. In a preferred embodiment, KDJCell is an object-oriented software class. Source code declaring a static instance of this class is generated by the present invention to represent the data aspects of each spreadsheet cell that contains a literal value rather than a cell formula. Instances of KDJCell are instantiated at runtime by the present invention to represent data and behavior aspects of each spreadsheet cell that contains a cell formula rather than a literal value. 
   
     
       
             
             
           
             
             
           
         
             
                 
                 
             
             
                 
               Description 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               Field 
                 
             
             
               Sheet 
               A reference to the instance of ‘MyWorksheet’sheet that 
             
             
                 
               represents the aspects of the spreadsheet sheet which con- 
             
             
                 
               tains the spreadsheet cell represented by the current instance 
             
             
                 
               of KDJCell. 
             
             
               Row 
               Read-only property containing the row of the represented 
             
             
                 
               spreadsheet cell. 
             
             
               Col 
               Read-only property containing the column of the repre- 
             
             
                 
               sented spreadsheet cell. 
             
             
               value 
               A reference to a KDJValue object that stores the text, 
             
             
                 
               numeric, Boolean, or error values for a cell. 
             
             
               persistent 
               An indicator of whether the current instance of KDCell 
             
             
                 
               should be marked as persistable. 
             
             
               hasFormula 
               An indicator of whether or not the cell has a formula 
             
             
                 
               associated with it. 
             
             
               dirtyCount 
               A numeric counter that keeps track of the cell&#39;s state. 
             
             
                 
               If the count on the cell is not equal to the dirtyCount on 
             
             
                 
               the workbook, then the formula attached to the cell must be 
             
             
                 
               recalculated. 
             
             
               Method 
             
             
               getValue 
               A method which returns the KDJValue of the KDJCell 
             
             
                 
               instance. If the KDJCell&#39;s dirtyCount is not equal to the 
             
             
                 
               dirtyCount on the KDJWorkbook, then the formula is 
             
             
                 
               recalculated on request, otherwise, a cached result is 
             
             
                 
               returned. 
             
             
               setValue 
               Sets the value reference of the KDJCell instance. 
             
             
               clear 
               A method which clears the KDJCell&#39;s value. 
             
             
               getText 
               A method which returns the text representation of 
             
             
                 
               the KDJCell&#39;s KDJValue. 
             
             
               setText 
               A method that takes in a string and sets the KDJCell&#39;s 
             
             
                 
               KDJValue to the input string. 
             
             
               getNumber 
               A method which returns the numeric (double) repre- 
             
             
                 
               sentation of the KDJCell&#39;s KDJValue. 
             
             
               setNumber 
               A method that takes in a number (double) and sets the 
             
             
                 
               KDJCell&#39;s KDJValue to the input number. 
             
             
               getLogical 
               A method which returns the Boolean representation of the 
             
             
                 
               KDJCell&#39;s KDJValue. 
             
             
               setLogical 
               A method that takes in a Boolean and sets the KDJCell&#39;s 
             
             
                 
               KDJValue to the input Boolean value. 
             
             
               getError 
               A method which returns the Error representation of the 
             
             
                 
               KDJCell&#39;s KDJValue. 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   KDJRange is a software Data Structure and functions defined in the target software development language that together represent data and behavior aspects of a range of spreadsheet cells within a spreadsheet sheet. In a preferred embodiment, KDJRange is an object-oriented software class. Instances of KDJRange are instantiated at runtime. 
   
     
       
             
             
           
             
             
           
         
             
                 
                 
             
             
                 
               Description 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               Field 
                 
             
             
               topLeftRow 
               An identifier of the location of the KDJRange 
             
             
                 
               instance&#39;s top left row. 
             
             
               topLeftColumn 
               An identifier of the location of the KDJRange 
             
             
                 
               instance&#39;s top left column. 
             
             
               bottomRightRow 
               An identifier of the location of the KDJRange 
             
             
                 
               instance&#39;s bottom right row. 
             
             
               bottomRightColumn 
               An identifier of the location of the KDJRange 
             
             
                 
               instance&#39;s bottom right column. 
             
             
               type 
               An indicator of whether the represented spread- 
             
             
                 
               sheet name refers to a single spreadsheet cell or 
             
             
                 
               a range of spreadsheet cells. One of cellType, 
             
             
                 
               verticalVectorType, horizontalVectorType, 
             
             
                 
               matrixType. 
             
             
               Method 
             
             
               equals 
               A method which takes in two references to 
             
             
                 
               KDJRange instances and compares them for 
             
             
                 
               equality. 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   KDJValue is a software Data Structure and functions defined in the target software development language that together represent data and behavior aspects of a KDJCell&#39;s value evaluation, whether the cell contains a literal value or a cell formula. KDJValue is also used to represent the results of built-in spreadsheet functions and user-defined functions. In a preferred embodiment, KDJValue is an object-oriented software class. Instances of KDJValue are instantiated at runtime. 
   
     
       
             
             
           
             
             
           
         
             
                 
                 
             
             
                 
               Description 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               Field 
                 
             
             
               number 
               A number (double) which stores the numeric representation 
             
             
                 
               of the KDJValue. 
             
             
               text 
               A string which stores the text representation of the 
             
             
                 
               KDJValue. 
             
             
               bool 
               A Boolean which stores the Boolean representation of 
             
             
                 
               the KDJValue. 
             
             
               error 
               A KDJException which stores an Errors associated with the 
             
             
                 
               KDJValue if there is one. 
             
             
               lastSet 
               An indicator that represents what type of value that was 
             
             
                 
               last set. One of noneType, numberType, textType, 
             
             
                 
               booleanType, or errorType. 
             
             
               logicalValue 
               An indicator which stores whether the KDJValue represents 
             
             
                 
               a Boolean value or not. 
             
             
               reference 
               An indicator which stores whether the KDJValue is a 
             
             
                 
               reference to a KDJCell&#39;s KDJValue or not. 
             
             
               Method 
             
             
               compareTo 
               A method that takes in a KDJValue and performs a 
             
             
                 
               comparison of the current instance of the KDJValue with 
             
             
                 
               another. It attempts to perform a numeric comparison and 
             
             
                 
               returns −1 if the parameter is less than the value, 0 
             
             
                 
               is if it is equal to, or 1 if it is greater than. If it 
             
             
                 
               cannot perform a numeric or Boolean comparison, it 
             
             
                 
               performs a lexicographical comparison of the strings 
             
             
                 
               based on Unicode character values. 
             
             
               clone 
               A method which makes a duplicate KDJValue object in a 
             
             
                 
               new memory space. 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   KDJCalcException is a software Data Structure and functions that represent aspects of an Exception. In a preferred embodiment, KDJCalcException is an object-oriented software class. Instances of KDJCalcException are instantiated at runtime when an error occurs as the result of any unexpected conditions. 
   
     
       
             
             
           
             
             
           
         
             
                 
                 
             
             
                 
               Description 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               Field 
                 
             
             
               type 
               An indicator that tells which type of error has occurred. The 
             
             
                 
               error types are NULL_ERR, DIV0_ERR, VALUE_ERR, 
             
             
                 
               REF_ERR, NAME_ERR, and NA_ERR. 
             
             
               Method 
             
             
                 
               In a preferred embodiment, KDJCalcException has no member 
             
             
                 
               methods. 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   KDJExpressionParser is a software Data Structure and functions that represent the aspects of an expression parser for use by run-time implementations of built-in spreadsheet functions and user-defined functions that can take quoted regular expressions as arguments. In a preferred embodiment, KDJExpressionParser is an object-oriented software class. Instance of KDJExpressionParser are instantiated at runtime during evaluation of functions such as ‘SUMIF’ and ‘COUNTIF’, for example. 
   
     
       
             
             
           
             
             
           
         
             
                 
                 
             
             
                 
               Description 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               Field 
                 
             
             
               compVal 
               A KDJValue instance which stores the value that is 
             
             
                 
               going to be compared. 
             
             
               comparison 
               The type of comparison being done, EQUAL, 
             
             
                 
               NOT_EQUAL, LESS_THAN, LESS_OR_EQUAL, 
             
             
                 
               GREATER_THAN, or GREATER_OR_EQUAL. 
             
             
               Method 
             
             
               &lt;&lt;Constructor&gt;&gt; 
               A constructor that takes in a KDJValue object 
             
             
                 
               containing a string which has a comparison operator 
             
             
                 
               and a value for example “&gt;=4”. 
             
             
                 
               GREATER_OR_EQUAL becomes the comparison 
             
             
                 
               and compVal is 4. 
             
             
               compareTo 
               Compares the KDJValue instance to the compVal 
             
             
                 
               based on the comparison criteria and returns true if 
             
             
                 
               the criteria are met. 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   KDJFunctionLibrary is a set of functions defined in the target software development language that represent behavior aspects necessary for execution of built-in spreadsheet functions. In a preferred embodiment, KDJFunctionLibrary is an object-oriented software class. All member functions of KDJFunctionLibrary are static and require no instantiation. In a preferred embodiment, KDJFunctionLibrary can be generated and only include implementations of the built-in spreadsheet functions actually used in the specific workbook for which code is generated. This serves to optimize the generated code for size. The entire library of built-in spreadsheet functions can be used if the Calculation Engine is to be shared by modules representing several workbooks, where the used functions may not be known at code-generation-time. 
   Note: The following list of built-in spreadsheet functions and descriptions contemplated byte invention is in spreadsheet syntax format as defined within the Help System of Microsoft® Excel 2000, a background art spreadsheet application. 
   
     
       
             
             
           
             
             
           
         
             
                 
                 
             
             
                 
               Description 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               Field 
                 
             
             
               &lt;&lt;none&gt;&gt; 
               In a preferred embodiment, KDJFunctions has no fields. 
             
             
               Method 
             
             
               Operators: 
             
             
               + 
               Addition operator, returns the result of adding a number to a number. 
             
             
               − 
               Subtraction operator, returns the result of a number subtracted from another 
             
             
                 
               number. 
             
             
               * 
               Multiplication operator, returns the result of multiplying a number by a number. 
             
             
               / 
               Division operator, returns the result of a number divided by a number. 
             
             
               {circumflex over ( )} 
               Raise-to-the-power operator, returns the result of a number raised to a power 
             
             
               % 
               Percent operator, returns the percent of a number (the number multiplied by 
             
             
                 
               0.01). 
             
             
               = 
               Equivalence comparator compares two values and returns TRUE if they are 
             
             
                 
               exactly the same, FALSE otherwise 
             
             
               &gt; 
               Greater-than comparator, compares two values and returns TRUE if value 1 is 
             
             
                 
               greater than value 2, FALSE otherwise 
             
             
               &lt; 
               Less-than comparator, compares two values and returns TRUE if value 1 is less 
             
             
                 
               than value 2, FALSE otherwise 
             
             
               &gt;= 
               Greater-than-or-equal-to comparator, compares two values and returns TRUE if 
             
             
                 
               value 1 is greater than or equal to value 2, FALSE otherwise 
             
             
               &lt;= 
               Less-than-or-equal-to comparator, compares two values and returns TRUE if 
             
             
                 
               value 1 is less than or equal to value 2, FALSE otherwise 
             
             
               &lt;&gt; 
               Not-equal comparator, compares two values and returns FALSE if the values are 
             
             
                 
               equal, TRUE otherwise 
             
             
               &amp; 
               String join operator, joins two text strings into one text string and returns this 
             
             
                 
               string 
             
             
               Functions: 
             
             
               ABS 
               Returns the absolute value of a number 
             
             
               ACOS 
               Returns the arccosine of a number 
             
             
               ACOSH 
               Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of a number 
             
             
               ADDRESS 
               Creates a cell address as text, given the specified row and colunm numbers 
             
             
               AND 
               Returns TRUE if all arguments are true; otherwise, returns FALSE if one 
             
             
                 
               argument is false. 
             
             
               AREAS 
               Returns the number of areas in a reference 
             
             
               ASIN 
               Returns the arcsine of a number 
             
             
               ASINH 
               Returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of a number 
             
             
               ATAN 
               Returns the arctangent of a number 
             
             
               ATAN2 
               Returns the arctangent from x- and y- coordinates 
             
             
               ATANH 
               Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of a number 
             
             
               AVEDEV 
               Returns the average of the absolute deviations of the list of arguments 
             
             
               AVERAGE 
               The average of the values in a list. 
             
             
               AVERAGEA 
               Mean with text treated as 0 except TRUE = 1 
             
             
               BETADIST 
               Returns the cumulative beta probability density function according to the 
             
             
                 
               specified parameters 
             
             
               BETAINV 
               Returns the inverse of the cumulative beta probability density function 
             
             
               BINOMDIST 
               Returns the individual term binomial distribution probability 
             
             
               CALL 
               Calls a procedure in a dynamic link library or code resource. 
             
             
               CEILING 
               Rounds a number to the nearest integer or to the nearest multiple of significance 
             
             
               CELL 
               Returns information about the formatting, location, or contents of the upper-left 
             
             
                 
               cell in a reference 
             
             
               CHAR 
               Returns the character specified by a number 
             
             
               CHIDIST 
               Returns the one-tailed probability of the chi-squared distribution 
             
             
               CHIINV 
               Returns the inverse of the one-tailed probability of the chi-squared distribution 
             
             
               CHITEST 
               Returns the value from the chi-squared (γ2) distribution for the statistic and the 
             
             
                 
               appropriate degrees of freedom 
             
             
               CHOOSE 
               Return the value specified by index number from the list of value arguments 
             
             
               CLEAN 
               Removes all nonprintable characters from text 
             
             
               CODE 
               Returns a numeric code, which corresponds to the character set used by your 
             
             
                 
               computer, for the first character in a text string 
             
             
               COLUMN 
               Returns the column number of the given reference 
             
             
               COLUMNS 
               Returns the number of columns in an array or reference 
             
             
               COMBIN 
               Returns the number of combinations for a given number of objects 
             
             
               CONCATENATE 
               Joins several text strings into one text string and returns this string 
             
             
               CONFIDENCE 
               Returns the confidence interval for a population mean 
             
             
               CORREL 
               Returns the correlation coefficient of the array1 and array2 cell ranges 
             
             
               COS 
               Returns the cosine of a number 
             
             
               COSH 
               Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a number 
             
             
               COUNT 
               The number of items in a list. This is the default function for nonnumeric data. 
             
             
               COUNTA 
               Counts the number of cells that are not empty and the values within the list of 
             
             
                 
               arguments 
             
             
               COUNTBLANK 
               Counts empty cells in a specified range of cells 
             
             
               COUNTIF 
               Counts the number of nonblank cells within a range that meet the given criteria 
             
             
               COVAR 
               Returns covariance, the average of the products of deviations for each data point 
             
             
                 
               pair in two data sets 
             
             
               CRITBINOM 
               Returns the smallest value for which the cumulative binomial distribution is 
             
             
                 
               greater than or equal to a criterion value 
             
             
               DATE 
               Returns the serial number that represents a particular date 
             
             
               DATEVALUE 
               Returns the serial number of the date represented by the text argument 
             
             
               DAVERAGE 
               Returns the average of selected database entries 
             
             
               DAY 
               Returns the day of a date, represented by a serial number 
             
             
               DAYS360 
               Returns the number of days between two dates based on a 360-day year (twelve 
             
             
                 
               30-day months) 
             
             
               DB 
               Returns the depreciation of an asset for a specified period using the fixed- 
             
             
                 
               declining balance method. 
             
             
               DCOUNT 
               Counts the cells that contain numbers in a database 
             
             
               DCOUNTA 
               Counts nonblank cells in a database 
             
             
               DDB 
               Returns the depreciation of an asset for a specified period using the double- 
             
             
                 
               declining balance method or some other method you specify. 
             
             
               DEGREES 
               Converts radians into degrees. 
             
             
               DEVSQ 
               Returns the sum of squares of deviations of the arguments from their sample 
             
             
                 
               mean 
             
             
               DGET 
               Extracts from a database a single record that matches the specified criteria 
             
             
               DMAX 
               Returns the maximum value from selected database entries 
             
             
               DMIN 
               Returns the minimum value from selected database entries 
             
             
               DOLLAR 
               Converts a number to text using currency format, with the decimals rounded to 
             
             
                 
               the specified place 
             
             
               DPRODUCT 
               Multiplies the values in a particular field of records that match the criteria in a 
             
             
                 
               database 
             
             
               DSTDEV 
               Estimates the standard deviation based on a sample of selected database entries 
             
             
               DSTDEVP 
               Calculates the standard deviation based on the entire population of selected 
             
             
                 
               database entries 
             
             
               DSUM 
               Adds the numbers in the field column of records in the database that match the 
             
             
                 
               criteria 
             
             
               DVAR 
               Estimates variance based on a sample from selected database entries 
             
             
               DVARP 
               Calculates variance based on the entire population of selected database entries 
             
             
               ERRORTYPE 
               Returns a number corresponding to one of the error values in KDJCalcException 
             
             
                 
               or returns the #N/A error if no error exists for the argument value 
             
             
               EVEN 
               Rounds a number up to the nearest even integer 
             
             
               EXACT 
               Compares two text strings and returns TRUE if they are exactly the same, 
             
             
                 
               FALSE otherwise 
             
             
               EXP 
               Returns e raised to the power of a given number 
             
             
               EXPONDIST 
               Returns the exponential distribution of a function 
             
             
               FACT 
               Returns the factorial of a number 
             
             
               FACTDOUBLE 
               Returns the double factorial of a number 
             
             
               FALSE 
               Returns the logical value FALSE 
             
             
               FDIST 
               Returns the F probability distribution 
             
             
               FINV 
               Returns the inverse of the F probability distribution 
             
             
               FISHER 
               Returns the Fisher transformation at x 
             
             
               FISHERINV 
               Returns the inverse of the Fisher transformation 
             
             
               FIND 
               FIND finds one text string (the first argument) within another text string (the 
             
             
                 
               second argument), and returns the number of the starting position of the first 
             
             
                 
               argument, from the first character of the second argument 
             
             
               FIXED 
               Rounds a number to the specified number of decimals, formats the number in 
             
             
                 
               decimal format either using or not using a period and commas, and returns the 
             
             
                 
               result as text 
             
             
               FLOOR 
               Rounds a number down, towards zero, to the nearest multiple of significance 
             
             
               FORECAST 
               Calculates, or predicts, a future value by using existing values 
             
             
               FREQUENCY 
               Calculates how often values occur within a range of values, and then returns a 
             
             
                 
               vertical array of numbers 
             
             
               FTEST 
               Returns the result of an F-test on the two array arguments 
             
             
               FV 
               Returns the future value of an investment based on periodic, constant payments 
             
             
                 
               and a constant interest rate 
             
             
               GAMMADIST 
               Returns the gamma distribution 
             
             
               GAMMAINV 
               Returns the inverse of the gamma cumulative distribution 
             
             
               GAMMALN 
               Returns the natural logarithm of the gamma function, Γ(x), on argument x 
             
             
               GCD 
               Returns the greatest common divisor 
             
             
               GEOMEAN 
               Returns the geometric mean of an array or range of positive data 
             
             
               GETPIVOTDATA 
               Returns data stored in a PivotTable 
             
             
               GROWTH 
               Calculates predicted exponential growth by using existing data 
             
             
               HARMEAN 
               Returns the harmonic mean of a data set 
             
             
               HLOOKUP 
               Searches for the first argument value in the top row of the specified table or 
             
             
                 
               array of values, and then returns a value in the same column from a row you 
             
             
                 
               specify in the table or array 
             
             
               HOUR 
               Returns the hour, in integer format ranging from 0 to 23, of a time value 
             
             
               HYPGEOMDIST 
               Returns the probability of a given number of sample successes, given the sample 
             
             
                 
               size, population successes, and population size 
             
             
               IF 
               Returns 1st value if True, otherwise returns logical value FALSE 
             
             
               IF 
               Returns 1st value if True, otherwise returns 2nd Value 
             
             
               INDEX 
               Returns the value of a specified cell or array of cells within array 
             
             
               INDEX 
               Returns the value of a specified cell or array of cells within array 
             
             
               INDEX 
               Returns a reference to a specified cell or cells within reference 
             
             
               INDIRECT 
               Returns the reference specified by the argument text string 
             
             
               INFO 
               Returns information about the formatting, location, or contents of the upper-left 
             
             
                 
               cell in a reference 
             
             
               TNT 
               Rounds a number down to the nearest integer 
             
             
               INTERCEPT 
               Calculates the point at which a line will intersect the y-axis by using existing x- 
             
             
                 
               values and y-values 
             
             
               IPMT 
               Returns the interest payment for a given period for an investment based on 
             
             
                 
               periodic, constant payments and a constant interest rate 
             
             
               IRR 
               Returns the internal rate of return for a series of cash flows represented by the 
             
             
                 
               numbers in the values of the argument 
             
             
               ISBLANK 
               Returns the logical value TRUE if the argument is a reference to an empty cell; 
             
             
                 
               otherwise it returns FALSE 
             
             
               ISERR 
               Returns the logical value TRUE if the argument is a reference to any error value 
             
             
                 
               except #N/A; otherwise it returns FALSE 
             
             
               ISERROR 
               Returns the logical value TRUE if the argument is a reference to any error value; 
             
             
                 
               otherwise it returns FALSE 
             
             
               ISLOGICAL 
               Returns the logical value TRUE if the argument is a reference to a logical value; 
             
             
                 
               otherwise it returns FALSE 
             
             
               ISNA 
               Returns the logical value TRUE if the argument is a reference to the #N/A error 
             
             
                 
               value; otherwise it returns FALSE 
             
             
               ISNONTEXT 
               Returns the logical value TRUE if the argument is a reference to any item that is 
             
             
                 
               not text; otherwise it returns FALSE 
             
             
               ISNUMBER 
               Returns the logical value TRUE if the argument is a reference to a number; 
             
             
                 
               otherwise it returns FALSE 
             
             
               ISPMT 
               Calculates the interest paid during a specific period of an investment 
             
             
               ISREF 
               Returns the logical value TRUE if the argument is a reference to a reference; 
             
             
                 
               otherwise it returns FALSE 
             
             
               ISTEXT 
               Returns the logical value TRUE if the argument is a reference to text; otherwise 
             
             
                 
               it returns FALSE 
             
             
               KURT 
               Returns kurtosis of a data set. 
             
             
               LARGE 
               Returns the k-th largest value in a data set, where the data set is specified by the 
             
             
                 
               first argument and the value of k by the second argument 
             
             
               LCM 
               Returns the least common multiple 
             
             
               LEFT 
               Returns the first character or characters in the argument text string, based on the 
             
             
                 
               number of characters you specify 
             
             
               LEN 
               Returns the number of characters in the argument text string 
             
             
               LINEST 
               Calculates the statistics for a line by using the “least squares” method to 
             
             
                 
               calculate a straight line that best fits your data, and returns an array that 
             
             
                 
               describes the line 
             
             
               LN 
               Returns the natural logarithm of a number. 
             
             
               LOG 
               Returns the logarithm of a number to the base 10 
             
             
               LOG 
               Returns the logarithm of a number to a specified base 
             
             
               LOG10 
               Returns the base-10 logarithm of a number 
             
             
               LOGEST 
               Calculates an exponential curve that fits your data and returns an array of values 
             
             
                 
               that describes the curve 
             
             
               LOGINV 
               Returns the inverse of the lognormal cumulative distribution function of x, 
             
             
                 
               where ln(x) is normally distributed with parameters mean and standard_dev 
             
             
               LOGNORMDIST 
               Returns the cumulative lognormal distribution of x, where ln(x) is normally 
             
             
                 
               distributed with parameters mean and standard_dev 
             
             
               LOOKUP 
               Returns value from one-row, one-col range or an array. 
             
             
               LOOKUP 
               Looks in a one-row or one-column range (known as a vector) for a value and 
             
             
                 
               returns a value from the same position in a second one-row or one-column range 
             
             
               LOWER 
               Converts all uppercase letters in the argument text string to lowercase 
             
             
               MATCH 
               Returns the relative position of an item in an array that matches a specified value 
             
             
                 
               in a specified order 
             
             
               MAX 
               Returns the largest value in a set of values. Ignores logical values and text. 
             
             
               MAXA 
               Returns the largest value in a set of values. Does not ignore logical values and 
             
             
                 
               text. 
             
             
               MDETERM 
               Returns the matrix determinant of an array 
             
             
               MEDIAN 
               Returns the median of the given numbers 
             
             
               MID 
               Returns a specific number of characters from the argument text string, starting at 
             
             
                 
               the specified position, based on the specified number of characters 
             
             
               MIN 
               Returns the smallest value in a set of values. Ignores logical values and text. 
             
             
               MINA 
               Returns the smallest value in a set of values. Does not ignore logical values and 
             
             
                 
               text. 
             
             
               MINUTE 
               Returns the minutes, in integer format ranging from 0 to 59, of a time value 
             
             
               MINVERSE 
               Returns the matrix inverse of an array 
             
             
               MIRR 
               Returns the modified internal rate of return for a series of periodic cash flows 
             
             
               MMULT 
               Returns the matrix product of two arrays 
             
             
               MOD 
               Returns the remainder from division 
             
             
               MODE 
               Returns the most frequently occurring value in an array or range of data 
             
             
               MONTH 
               Returns the month, in integer format ranging from 0 to 12, of a date represented 
             
             
                 
               by a serial number 
             
             
               MROUND 
               Returns a number rounded to the desired multiple 
             
             
               MULTINOMIAL 
               Returns the multinomial of a set of numbers 
             
             
               N 
               Returns a value converted to a number 
             
             
               NA 
               Returns the error value #N/A 
             
             
               NEGBINOMDIST 
               Returns the probability that there will be number_f failures before the number_s- 
             
             
                 
               th success, when the constant probability of a success is probability_s 
             
             
               NORMDIST 
               Returns the normal cumulative distribution of the argument value for the 
             
             
                 
               specified mean and standard deviation 
             
             
               NORMINV 
               Returns the inverse of the normal cumulative distribution for the specified mean 
             
             
                 
               and standard deviation 
             
             
               NORMSDIST 
               Returns the standard normal cumulative distribution function for a value 
             
             
               NORMSINV 
               Returns the inverse of the standard normal cumulative distribution 
             
             
               NOT 
               Reverses the value of its argument 
             
             
               NOW 
               Returns the serial number of the current date and time 
             
             
               NPER 
               Returns the number of periods for an investment based on periodic, constant 
             
             
                 
               payments and a constant interest rate 
             
             
               NPV 
               Calculates the net present value of an investment by using a discount rate and a 
             
             
                 
               series of future payments (negative values) and income (positive values) 
             
             
               ODD 
               Rounds a number up to the nearest odd integer 
             
             
               OFFSET 
               Returns a reference to a range that is a specified number of rows and columns 
             
             
                 
               from a cell or range of cells 
             
             
               OFFSET 
               Returns a reference to a range that is a specified number of rows and columns 
             
             
                 
               from a cell or range of cells and has a specified height 
             
             
               OFFSET 
               Returns a reference to a range that is a specified number of rows and columns 
             
             
                 
               from a cell or range of cells and has a specified height and width 
             
             
               OR 
               Returns TRUE if any argument is TRUE; returns FALSE if all arguments are 
             
             
                 
               FALSE 
             
             
               PEARSON 
               Returns the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient given two data sets 
             
             
               PERCENTILE 
               Given a data range and a value k, returns the k-th percentile of values in the 
             
             
                 
               range 
             
             
               PERCENTRANK 
               Returns the rank of a value in a data set as a percentage of the data set 
             
             
               PERMUT 
               Returns the number of permutations for a given number of objects that can be 
             
             
                 
               selected from number objects 
             
             
               PI 
               Returns the value of Pi 
             
             
               PMT 
               Calculates the payment for a loan based on constant payments and a constant 
             
             
                 
               interest rate 
             
             
               POISSON 
               Returns the Poisson distribution 
             
             
               POWER 
               Returns the result of a number raised to a power 
             
             
               PPMT 
               Returns the payment on the principal for a given period for an investment based 
             
             
                 
               on periodic, constant payments and a constant interest rate 
             
             
               PROB 
               Returns the probability that values in a range are between two limits 
             
             
               PRODUCT 
               Multiplies its arguments 
             
             
               PROPER 
               Capitalizes the first letter in the given text string and any other letters in the text 
             
             
                 
               that follow any character other than a letter. Converts all other letters to 
             
             
                 
               lowercase letters 
             
             
               PV 
               Returns the present value of an investment 
             
             
               QUARTILE 
               Returns the specified quartile of a data set 
             
             
               QUOTIENT 
               Returns the integer portion of a division 
             
             
               RADIANS 
               Converts degrees to radians 
             
             
               RAND 
               Returns a random number between 0 and 1 
             
             
               RANDBETWEEN 
               Returns a random number between the numbers you specify 
             
             
               RANK 
               Returns the rank of a number in a list of numbers 
             
             
               RATE 
               Returns the interest rate per period of an annuity 
             
             
               REPLACE 
               Replaces part of a text string, based on the number of characters you specify, 
             
             
                 
               with a different text string 
             
             
               REPT 
               Returns the given text repeated the specified number of times 
             
             
               RIGHT 
               Returns the last character or characters in a text string, based on the number of 
             
             
                 
               characters you specify 
             
             
               ROMAN 
               Converts an Arabic numeral to roman, as text 
             
             
               ROUND 
               Rounds a number to a specified number of digits 
             
             
               ROUNDDOWN 
               Rounds a number down, toward zero 
             
             
               ROUNDUP 
               Rounds a number up, away from zero 
             
             
               ROW 
               Returns the row number of a reference 
             
             
               ROWS 
               Returns the number of rows in a reference or array 
             
             
               RSQ 
               Returns the square of the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient 
             
             
                 
               through data points in the specified ranges of data points 
             
             
               SEARCH 
               Returns the number of the character at which a specific character or text string is 
             
             
                 
               first found, beginning with the specified number 
             
             
               SECOND 
               Returns the seconds of a time value 
             
             
               SERIESSUM 
               Returns the sum of a power series based on the formula 
             
             
               SIGN 
               Returns the sign of a number 
             
             
               SIN 
               Returns the sine of the given angle 
             
             
               SINH 
               Returns the hyperbolic sine of a number 
             
             
               SKEW 
               Returns the skewness of a distribution 
             
             
               SLN 
               Returns the straight-line depreciation of an asset for one period 
             
             
               SLOPE 
               Returns the slope of the linear regression line through data points in the specified 
             
             
                 
               ranges of data points 
             
             
               SMALL 
               Given a data set and a value k, returns the k-th smallest value in the data set 
             
             
               SQRT 
               Returns a positive square root 
             
             
               SQRTPI 
               Returns the square root of (number * Pi) 
             
             
               STANDARDIZE 
               Returns a normalized value from a distribution characterized by mean and 
             
             
                 
               standard deviation 
             
             
               STDEV 
               Estimates standard deviation based on a sample 
             
             
               STDEVA 
               Estimates standard deviation based on a sample, and includes all text and logical 
             
             
                 
               values in its calculation 
             
             
               STDEVP 
               Calculates standard deviation based on the entire population given as arguments 
             
             
               STDEVPA 
               Calculates standard deviation based on the entire population given as arguments, 
             
             
                 
               including text and logical values 
             
             
               STEYX 
               Given a range of dependent data points(y&#39;s) and a range of independent data 
             
             
                 
               points(x&#39;s), returns the standard error of the predicted y-value for each x in the 
             
             
                 
               regression 
             
             
               SUBSTITUTE 
               Substitutes new text for old text in a given text string 
             
             
               SUBTOTAL 
               Returns a subtotal in a list or database 
             
             
               SUM 
               The sum of the values in a list. This is the default function for numeric data. 
             
             
               SUMIF 
               Adds the cells specified by a given criteria 
             
             
               SUMIF 
               Adds the cells coinciding with the cells specified by a given criteria 
             
             
               SUMPRODUCT 
               Returns the sum of the products of corresponding array components 
             
             
               SUMSQ 
               Returns the sum of the squares of the arguments 
             
             
               SUMX2MY2 
               Returns the sum of the difference of squares of corresponding values in two 
             
             
                 
               arrays 
             
             
               SUMX2PY2 
               Returns the sum of the sum of squares of corresponding values in two arrays 
             
             
               SUMXMY2 
               Returns the sum of squares of differences of corresponding values in two arrays 
             
             
               SYD 
               Returns the sum-of-years&#39; digits depreciation of an asset for a specified period 
             
             
               T 
               Returns the text referred to by the given value 
             
             
               TAN 
               Returns the tangent of a number 
             
             
               TANH 
               Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a number 
             
             
               TDIST 
               Returns the Percentage Points (probability) for the Student t-distribution where a 
             
             
                 
               numeric value (x) is a calculated value of t for which the Percentage Points are to 
             
             
                 
               be computed 
             
             
               TEXT 
               Converts a given value to text in a specific number format 
             
             
               TIME 
               Returns the decimal number for a particular time represented by an hour, minute, 
             
             
                 
               and second value 
             
             
               TIMEVALUE 
               Returns the decimal number of the time represented by a text string 
             
             
               TINV 
               Returns the t-value of the Student&#39;s t-distribution as a function of the probability 
             
             
                 
               and the degrees of freedom 
             
             
               TODAY 
               Returns the serial number of the current date 
             
             
               TRANSPOSE 
               Returns a vertical range of cells as a horizontal range, or vice versa 
             
             
               TREND 
               Fits a straight line (using the method of least squares) to the given arrays of y- 
             
             
                 
               values and x-values. Returns the y-values along that line for the array of new x 
             
             
                 
               values that you specify 
             
             
               TRIM 
               Truncates a number to an integer by removing the fractional part of the number 
             
             
               TRIMMEAN 
               Returns the mean of the interior of a data set 
             
             
               TRUE 
               Returns the logical value TRUE 
             
             
               TRUNC 
               Truncates a number to an integer 
             
             
               TTEST 
               Returns the probability associated with a Student&#39;s t-Test 
             
             
               TYPE 
               Returns the type of a value 
             
             
               UPPER 
               Converts the given text to uppercase 
             
             
               VALUE 
               Converts a text string that represents a number into a number. 
             
             
               VAR 
               Estimates variance based on a sample 
             
             
               VARA 
               Estimates variance based on a sample, and includes all text and logical values in 
             
             
                 
               its calculation 
             
             
               VARP 
               Calculates variance based on the entire population given as arguments 
             
             
               VARPA 
               Calculates variance based on the entire population given as arguments, including 
             
             
                 
               text and logical values 
             
             
               VDB 
               Returns the depreciation of an asset for any period you specify, including partial 
             
             
                 
               periods, using the double-declining balance method or some other method you 
             
             
                 
               specify 
             
             
               VLOOKUP 
               Searches for a value in the leftmost column of a table, and then returns a value in 
             
             
                 
               the same row from a column you specify in the table 
             
             
               VLOOKUP 
               Searches for a value in the leftmost column of a table, and then returns a value in 
             
             
                 
               the same row from a column you specify in the table. If range_lookup is 
             
             
                 
               FALSE, an exact match will be found. If range_lookup is TRUE, an 
             
             
                 
               approximate match will be found. 
             
             
               WEEKDAY 
               Returns the day of the week corresponding to a given date 
             
             
               WEIBULL 
               Returns the Weibull distribution 
             
             
               YEAR 
               Returns the year corresponding to a given date 
             
             
               ZTEST 
               Returns the two-tailed P-value of a z-test 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   Some background art spreadsheet applications and spreadsheet components allow users to define functions that are not built-in. KDJUserDefinedFunctionLibrary is a set of functions defined in the target software development language that represent behavior aspects necessary for execution of user-defined spreadsheet functions. In a preferred embodiment, KDJUserDefinedFunctionLibrary is an object-oriented software class. KDJUserDefinedFunctionLibrary allows unanticipated functions to be made available for use in KDJCell formulas. All member functions of KDJUserDefinedFunctionLibrary must be defined as static and require no instantiation. In a preferred embodiment, KDJUserDefinedFunctionLibrary can be generated and only include implementations of the user-defined spreadsheet functions actually used in the specific workbook for which code is generated. This serves to optimize the generated code for size. The entire library of user-defined spreadsheet functions can be used if the Calculation Engine is to be shared by modules representing several workbooks, where the used functions may not be known at code-generation-time. 
   
     
       
             
             
           
             
             
           
         
             
                 
                 
             
             
                 
               Description 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               Field 
                 
             
             
               &lt;&lt;none&gt;&gt; 
               In a preferred embodiment, 
             
             
                 
               KDJUserDefinedFunctionLibrary has no fields. 
             
             
               Method 
             
             
               DollarToWords 
               A function for converting a currency amount to a word 
             
             
                 
               representation for use in printing checks. For example, 
             
             
                 
               (123.45) would return ‘One Hundred Twenty Three 
             
             
                 
               Dollars and Forty Five Cents’. 
             
             
               . . . 
               A multitude of unanticipated user-defined functions can 
             
             
                 
               be defined and made available for use by KDJCell 
             
             
                 
               formulas.