Abstract:
A system for three-dimensional scanning, comprising a three-dimensional scanning apparatus being manually maneuverable and comprising a profilometer including a light beam projector, an objective and a light detector. The profilometer is configured for obtaining a two-dimensional profile of an object by active triangulation. The apparatus further including a positioning device being trackable in a volume space for providing six degrees-of-freedom of the apparatus, whereby a three-dimensional profile is calculatable by relating the two-dimensional profile with time-corresponding positions and orientations of the apparatus. The system also has a three-dimensional profile calculator remote from the apparatus, for tracking the apparatus in the volume space and relating positions and orientations of the apparatus with a time-corresponding two-dimensional profile of the object for calculating a three-dimensional profile of the object and for referring the object to a static position and orientation.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention generally relates to 3-dimensional scanning, and, more particularly, to a portable 3-dimensional scanning apparatus for hand-held operations. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     In the field of information sensing, machine vision technologies provide valuable information about the environment and about specific objects of interest through close inspection. Known 3-D data acquisition systems have been provided using 3-D sensors based on the active triangulation principle. In such systems, a specific known and fixed pattern of illumination (i.e. structure illumination) is projected from a laser and optical arrangement on an object to be measured, and the intersection of that emitted pattern is observed from a known and fixed oblique angle by a digital camera, such as a charged coupled device (CCD) array, whereby the position of the illuminated points on the object translate to positions on the camera array and the position of the illuminated points on the object can be computed trigonometrically. 
     For instance, one of these systems is referred to as a laser profilometer, wherein as indicated, a laser beam is used for illumination. Such profilometers analyze deformations of a laser line on an object such as to evaluate, for instance, the depth (Z-axis) as well as the horizontal position (X-axis) of the object. Generally, the translation of either one of the profilometer and the object to be scanned with the help of a translation mechanism allows to obtain the missing vertical position (Y-axis). Consequently, a 3-D profile of the object is scanned. 
     The above described system is widely used in industrial environments whereat the objects to be scanned are conveyed, whereby no translation mechanism is required with the profilometer. However, this system is not as convenient when, for instance, the object to be scanned is idle and/or hard to displace. In such cases, it is necessary to move the profilometer. In the event where the piece is large and/or defines a complex shape, it may be complicated to move the profilometer with the help of a simple translation mechanism. Thus, the use of a robot is often required, thereby entailing an increase in costs and often a decrease in precision. 
     A versatile 3-D data acquisition system would allow to digitize without contact the 3-D shape of an object while computing the absolute position and orientation of its scanned points, thus giving an operator, in different instances, the freedom to manipulate the system as if he was painting the surface of this object. The gathered 3-D data could, for instance, be used offline for the update of a work site model or for close and specific inspection of the shape integrity of objects compared to their CAD models. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is therefore an aim of the present invention to provide a profilometer trackable in a volume space for 3-D data acquisition. 
     It is a further aim of the present invention to provide a 3-D data acquisition system having a compact and portable scanner portion. 
     It is still a further aim of the present invention to provide an improved method for 3-D scanning of objects. 
     Therefore, in accordance with the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for three-dimensional scanning, said apparatus being manually maneuverable and comprising a profilometer including a light beam projector, an objective and a light detector, said profilometer configured for obtaining a two-dimensional profile of an object by active triangulation; and a positioning device being trackable in a volume space for providing six degrees-of-freedom of said apparatus; whereby a three-dimensional profile is calculatable by relating the two-dimensional profile with time-corresponding positions and orientations of said apparatus. 
     Also in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a system for three-dimensional scanning, comprising said above described apparatus, and further comprising a three-dimensional profile calculator remote from said apparatus for tracking said apparatus in said volume space and relating positions and orientations of said apparatus with a time-corresponding two-dimensional profile of the object for calculating a three-dimensional profile thereof and for referring the object to a static position and orientation. 
     Further in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a method for three-dimensional scanning, comprising the steps of (i) scanning a two-dimensional profile of an object with a profilometer projecting a light beam on the object and using active triangulation; (ii) tracking said profilometer in a volume space for obtaining positions and orientations thereof; and (iii) calculating a three-dimensional profile of the object by relating time-corresponding two-dimensional profile and positions and orientations. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Having thus generally described the nature of the invention, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, showing by way of illustration a preferred embodiment thereof, and in which: 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an apparatus for 3-dimensional data acquisition in accordance with the present invention. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring now to FIG. 1, a 3-D data acquisition (3-D DA system) is generally shown at  10 . The 3-D DA system  10  comprises a portable and compact 3-D scanning apparatus illustrated at  12 , which comprises a profilometer  14  and a positioning device  16 . The profilometer  14  transmits a  2 -D profile of an object it scans to a 3-D profile calculator unit  18 , which will be described hereinafter. The positioning device  16 , integrally joined to the profilometer  14  to form the 3-D scanning apparatus  10 , is trackable in a volume space by the 3-D profile calculator unit  18  such that its  6  degrees-of-freedom (DOF) are known. The profilometer and positioning device relation data is stored by the 3-D profile calculator unit  18  and is generally shown at  20 , such that the scanned 2-D profile of the object is positioned and oriented in space by knowing the relation of the profilometer  14  and the positioning device  16 , whereby a 3-D profile thereof is calculatable. The 3-D profile may be transmitted from the 3-D profile calculator unit  18  to a 3-D polygonal model generator  26  which will transform the 3-D profiles into a 3-D polygonal model, or from the 3-D profile calculator unit  18  to a CAD system  24  as raw cloud data. The 3-D polygonal model is then transmitted from the a 3-D polygonal model generator  26  to the CAD system  24 . A user interface  22  is provided for commanding and controlling the 3-D profile calculator unit  18 , the 3-D scanning apparatus  12  and the 3-D polygonal model generator  26 . 
     The present application of a 3-D scanning apparatus  12  as an unattached hand-held scanner requires that the field of view be produced by the movement of a light pattern along the surface of an object to be digitized, as typically known of laser profilometers. The instantaneous field of view would be the length of the line of the structured light seen on a detector portion of the profilometer  14  and the field of view in the direction of the scan is defined by the path length of the scan. 
     For close range applications, the measurement performance and task requires a medium to high range resolution. The range resolution is usually evaluated in terms of the working range. As an example, a typical value for the range resolution is about {fraction (1/1000)} of the working range taking into account the sub-pixel accuracy on the detector portion. This parameter is a function of the characteristics of the range measurement technique. 
     Other important parameters are mentioned below as examples and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. One such important parameter is the scanning speed. The time required for the recording of the image of the line is a function of the scanning speed and the maximum tolerable displacement of the line on the surface. If we assume that the scanning apparatus will be moved manually with a maximum speed of 100 mm/s, the integration time should be around 1 ms for a displacement of about 0.1 mm corresponding approximately to the line width of the focused laser beam on the surface of the object. 
     Another important parameter is the sampling rate, which is defined by the detector portion refresh rate. Actual standards CCD detectors can operate at 30 frames/sec. At this frame rate, the sampling interval in the scanning direction is 3.3 mm assuming a maximum scanning speed of 100 mm/s. The sampling interval perpendicular to the scanning direction would be the angular field of view divided by the number of pixels in a row. Typical parameters of a scanning device may include a stand-off of 100 mm and a working range of 100 mm. 
     Active profilometers offer the advantage of having their own illumination, being independent of the background radiation. For example, the use of a laser source as structured light may be specified in terms of wavelength (detector spectral response), power of energy (detector sensitivity) and power of consumption. Among the laser light sources available on the market, diode lasers are compact, reliable and are available in a broad range of power and wavelength. For close range operation and compact system requirement, this light source offers an obvious advantage, whereby a laser profilometer (illustrated at  14 ) using the above described active triangulation technique is proposed as optical range sensor. The profilometer  14  produces a light beam (i.e. laser) resulting in a line on the object to be scanned. The profilometer  14  also comprises an objective and a detector portion (e.g. CCD detector, CMOS), which measures the location of the image of the illuminated line on the object surface. 
     The 3-D scanning apparatus  12  requires a compact design of the profilometer  14  in order to be able to hold it with one hand. Accordingly, the laser profilometer preferably comprises a progressive scan miniature camera, an objective lens and a structured light laser projector. The casing of the above described profilometer  14  is comparable in size to that of a commercial camescope. It is pointed out that the detector must be tilted according to the Scheimpflug condition (“Optical Range Imaging Sensors, Machine Vision and Applications”, by P. J. Besl, published in 1988, pp. 127-152). 
     Hand-held operations assume that the 3-D scanning apparatus  12  can be moved freely in space within a given working volume, preferably without any mechanical fixture. The object is scanned by simply moving the 3-D scanning apparatus  12  around continuously in any convenient orientation and location in a scanning session. 
     Full hand-held scanning requires that the positioning device  16  provides the 6 DOF of the 3-D scanning apparatus  12 , whereby the instantaneous orientation (roll, pitch, yaw) and location (X, Y, Z) of the profilometer  14  can be measured in order to get its actual position and orientation in space. This way, the 2-D profile scanned by the profilometer  14  can be referenced in a static coordinate system which corresponds to the positioning device  16 . 
     In the context of specific inspection or work site modeling, if the coordinate system of the positioning device  16  is known relative co an origin of a CAD model, then absolute measurements can be made and transposed in this CAD model. The accuracy of the positioning device  16  is important in the development of a hand-held 3-D scanning apparatus. On the other hand, the positioning system&#39;s accuracy has a major impact on other aspects such as its weight, its size and its price. In order to keep the hand-held 3-D scanning apparatus compact, portable and of relatively low cost, options for reducing the positioning system accuracy may be considered. One of these options is to use a less accurate positioning system that still allows the user to get an adequate looking display feedback during the scanning stage and use software techniques to improve the positioning accuracy in a post-processing stage. 
     The sampling rate is a less but still important issue. Once again, it should be higher or at least equal to the profilometer sampling race. The latency of the positioning device  16  should be as small as possible but, moreover, it shall be constant all along the scanning session. Since the positioning system and profilometer latencies are not necessarily the same, positioning and range data can be acquired at different times by the 3-D profile calculator unit  18 . It is imperative to ensure that the registration of positioning and range data occurs for time corresponding events. 
     Some positioning systems need a line-of-sight which has to be maintained between emitters and receivers. In the present invention, this limitation has other constraints on the 3-D scanning apparatus working volume as some positions are usually prohibited. The use of no line-of-sight positioning systems, although not restricted by the present invention, would be a very interesting feature in the hand-held design of the 3-D scanning apparatus  18 . 
     Other positioning systems suffer from various interferences. For instance, magnetic-based systems are usually affected by the presence of metallic objects inside or near the working volume. In the case of positioning systems based on inertial technology, the sensor output drifts over time. 
     Finally, if the positioning device  16  is to be attached to the profilometer  14 , the compactness and portability features of the resulting 3-D scanning apparatus  12  require that the weight and the size thereof are as small as possible. The positioning device  16  shall not restrict the operation of the 3-D scanning apparatus  12  because of its weight or its size. 
     The positioning device  16  may be based on ultrasounds, Ultrasonic positioning devices determine distance by measuring the elapsed time of flight of an acoustic wave. 
     The ultrasonic positioning device, used in the first implementation of the present invention, allows full 6-DOF measurement in a volume space of approximately 1 m3 with an accuracy of about 2% of the emitter-receiver distance. Although it has accuracy, line-of-sight and space volume restrictions, its very low cost makes it an attractive candidate for the development of the present invention even though the latter should not be limited by the use of this specific ultrasonic positioning device. 
     The portable 3-D scanning apparatus  12  of the present invention may be used with a dedicated acquisition and visualization software, which is capable of displaying and manipulating the points as a 3-D image and to save it into a predetermined file format. Such a system could convert raw 3-D profile data into polygonal models and is embodied in FIG. 1 as a 3-D polygonal model calculator  26 . 
     The profilometer  16  of the present invention may be calibrated using a special calibration test bench. Translation stages and special acquisition and analysis software are used to perform the calibration. A second calibration process consists in verifying the absolute offsets between the positioning device receiver coordinate system and the laser profilometer coordinate system. These offset values are used in the acquisition and visualization software for coordinate system transformation involved in producing the 3-D data points 
     Accordingly, the present invention is based on the combination of a laser profilometer and a positioning device (ultrasonic or other) as it permits a more rapid and intuitive digitization of the shape of a given object. The applications of the present scanning apparatus  12  are varied. They also include, for instance, the creation of virtual catalogs on the Internet for the retail market, and also the creation and updating of virtual environments in the area of games or simulators, CAD model update, artefacts scanning and animation.