Abstract:
Data is buffered for concurrent writing to tape. For a magnetic tape drive having a magnetic head with multiple sets of transducers; a drive mechanism configured to pass a magnetic tape past the magnetic head; interfaces from two different hosts; and at least one buffer configured to buffer data; and a control; the buffering comprises receiving data from two different hosts at the interfaces; buffering the received data in separate buffer space of the buffer(s) associated with each host, and adjustably size the separate buffer space for each host in accordance with a data transfer rate of the host associated with the separate buffer space; and concurrently writing data from the separate buffer spaces with the magnetic head to separate partitions of the magnetic tape.

Description:
DOCUMENT INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE 
       [0001]    Commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/469,622, filed May 20, 2009, is incorporated for its showing of a concurrent writing to tape. 
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    This invention relates to tape drives, and more particularly to writing data to magnetic tape. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    The data rates of tape drives, such as magnetic tape drives, have increased substantially and may exceed the rate at which hosts can supply data to the tape drive. The incorporated &#39;622 application addresses this issue by concurrently writing the data from at least two hosts to the magnetic tape using multiple transducers. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    Methods, controllers for magnetic tape drives, magnetic tape drives, and computer program products are provided for buffering data for concurrent writing to magnetic tape. 
         [0005]    In one embodiment, a magnetic tape drive comprises a magnetic head having multiple sets of transducers; a drive mechanism configured to pass a magnetic tape past the magnetic head; interfaces with respect to two different hosts; at least one buffer configured to buffer data; and a control. In the magnetic tape drive, the following is performed: 
         [0006]    receiving data from two different hosts at the interfaces; 
         [0007]    buffering the received data in separate buffer space of the buffer(s) associated with each host, and adjustably size the separate buffer space for each host in accordance with a data transfer rate of the host associated with the separate buffer space; and 
         [0008]    concurrently writing data from the separate buffer spaces with the magnetic head to separate partitions of the magnetic tape. 
         [0009]    In a further embodiment, the buffer space adjustable sizes are based on expected relative data transfer rates of the respective hosts. 
         [0010]    In a still further embodiment, the expected relative data transfer rates are determined from preceding actual incoming data transfer rates of the hosts. 
         [0011]    In another embodiment, the expected relative data transfer rates are determined from a previous portion of the concurrent write operations. 
         [0012]    In a further embodiment, the control makes the determination periodically during the concurrent write operations; and conducts the adjustable sizing as the result of the determination. 
         [0013]    In another embodiment, the control additionally conducts command error recovery failure handling for the buffering and concurrently writing steps based on timeout values for commands of the hosts. 
         [0014]    For a fuller understanding of the present invention, reference should be made to the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0015]      FIG. 1  is a partially cut away view of an exemplary tape drive with a tape cartridge and magnetic tape which may implement the present invention; 
           [0016]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram of host systems and the tape drive of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0017]      FIG. 3  is a diagrammatic illustration of the buffer(s) and data flow of the tape drive of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0018]      FIG. 4  is a diagrammatic illustration of the buffer(s) of the tape drive of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0019]      FIG. 5  is a diagrammatic illustration of the buffer(s) of the tape drive of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0020]      FIG. 6  is a flow chart depicting an exemplary method of operating the system of  FIGS. 1 and 2 ; 
           [0021]      FIG. 7  is a diagrammatic illustration of various states of the system of  FIGS. 1 and 2 ; and 
           [0022]      FIG. 8  is a flow chart depicting an exemplary method of operating the system of  FIGS. 1 and 2 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0023]    This invention is described in preferred embodiments in the following description with reference to the Figures, in which like numbers represent the same or similar elements. While this invention is described in terms of the best mode for achieving this invention&#39;s objectives, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that variations may be accomplished in view of these teachings without deviating from the spirit or scope of the invention. 
         [0024]      FIG. 1  illustrates an example of a tape drive  10 , which may comprise a magnetic tape data storage drive which writes data  18  to and reads data from an elongate tape  11  which may comprise magnetic tape data storage media. As is understood by those of skill in the art, magnetic tape data storage drives, also called magnetic tape drives or tape drives, may take any of various forms. The illustrated magnetic tape drive  10  moves the magnetic tape  11  along a tape path in the longitudinal direction of the tape from a supply reel  12  in a magnetic tape data storage cartridge  13  to a take up reel  14 . An example of a magnetic tape drive is the IBM® LTO (Linear Tape Open) magnetic tape drive. 
         [0025]    The tape drive moves the magnetic tape media  11  in the longitudinal direction across a read/write and servo tape head  65 . The tape head may be supported and laterally moved by an actuator  17  of a track following servo system. The magnetic tape media is supported by roller tape guides  50 ,  51 ,  52 ,  53 , while the magnetic tape media is moved longitudinally. 
         [0026]    A typical magnetic tape data storage drive operates in both the forward and reverse directions to read and write data. Thus, the magnetic tape head  65  may comprise one set of read and write elements for operating in the forward direction and another set for operating in the reverse direction, or alternatively, may have two sets of the read elements on either side of the write elements to allow the same write elements to write in both directions while the two sets of read elements allow a read-after-write in both directions. 
         [0027]    Referring to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , a control  20  of the tape drive  10  operates the drive to move the tape media  11  across the read/write and servo tape head  65 , and to control the operation of the servo system to move the actuator  17  to maintain alignment of the tape head  65  to compensate for lateral movement of the tape media, for example using a track following servo system and servo tracks that may exist on the tape media which are read by the servo portion of the read/write and servo tape head  65 . The control  20  additionally provides the data handling for both normal writing and reading of data from the tape media, and for concurrent writing to the tape media. 
         [0028]    As pointed out by the incorporated &#39;477 publication, multi-host concurrent writing allows two or more hosts to simultaneously write data to tape, thereby leveraging the full potential of the tape drive. Multi-host concurrent writing allows two or more hosts to perform writes on a single tape drive at the same time. In the example of two hosts  70  and  71 , each host supplies its commands and data via ports or interfaces  80  and  81 , and in accordance with the present invention, the control  20  provides the data to buffer  85 . 
         [0029]    Referring additionally to  FIG. 3 , the read/write head  65  traces “wraps” of data along the tape media  11 . The tape drive control  20  comprises data flow logic  87  to simultaneously provide the data of each host to a dedicated separate set of channels  88 ,  89  which supply write data to separate collections of write elements of the head  65 . The write elements of the head  65  write logical stripes of data within a wrap. In the example of two hosts, two stripes thereby comprise a wrap. 
         [0030]    The &#39;477 publication is incorporated for examples of concurrent writing to tape. 
         [0031]    In the example of two host systems  70 ,  71 , the tape  11  is essentially split into two halves, one half for each host system. For example, in a drive with 16 data channels  88 ,  89 , 8 channels can be dedicated for data of each host system. 
         [0032]    The present invention solves the issue of hosts that may or may not supply data at the same data rates to be used for concurrent writing. 
         [0033]    Referring additionally to  FIG. 4 , buffer  85  may comprise a single buffer or a grouping of a number of buffers or buffer segments. Data is received from two different hosts  70 ,  71  at the interfaces  80 ,  81 , and the received data is buffered  85  in separate buffer space or partition  90 ,  91  of the buffer(s)  85  associated with each host. The size of the separate buffer space  90 ,  91  for each host is adjusted in accordance with a data transfer rate of the host associated with the separate buffer space. The data is concurrently written from the separate buffer spaces  90 ,  91  with the magnetic head  65  to separate partitions of the magnetic tape  11 . 
         [0034]    In one example, the buffer  85  is filled with data until it meets a target level or target level of each of the spaces or partitions. When both hosts meet their target levels, data is flushed out and written to the tape  11  so that the hosts don&#39;t have to stop sending data to the drive. The intention is to keep the throughput very high. 
         [0035]    One host can transfer data to the drive at a faster pace than the other and this effect is constantly changing between the hosts. Thus, on the next transfer the control  20  adjusts the size of the buffer  90 ,  91  for each host based on the data transfer rates, giving less space to the slower host and more space to the faster host. For example, in  FIG. 4 , the transfer is one in which the control  20  has no previous knowledge of the data rates of host A  70  or of host B  71 , so that the buffer  85  is evenly split as a default. 
         [0036]    In  FIG. 5 , based on previous transfers, host A  70  was much faster than host B  71 , so the buffer  85  has been adjusted by control  20  to give host A more space, shown as partition  95 , and host B less space, shown as partition  96 , and the target levels adjusted accordingly. When data transfer begins and both hosts have reached their new target levels, data will be written to tape. 
         [0037]    In  FIG. 3 , the data flow  87  controls the concurrent write operation, and, should one partition  90 ,  91  of the buffer  85  become empty, the data flow will continue to write data from the other buffer partition to the other partition of the tape  11 , streaming until new data is supplied to the empty partition of the buffer. At the time the emptied buffer partition is again being filled, the control  20  will determine if it can start writing without an ERP (error recovery procedure), or whether it has to recover to a point on tape (conduct an ERP). 
         [0038]    Referring to  FIG. 4 , to facilitate the buffer size adjustments, the buffer or buffers  85  may be arranged in segments. For example, 6 segments  101 ,  102 ,  103 ,  104 ,  105  and  106  may be provided. Thus, for example, after initially starting at equally sized partitions where segments  101 ,  102  and  103  are allocated to host A, and segments  104 ,  105  and  106  are allocated to host B, host B may provide data at a somewhat faster pace than host A, with the result that, at the next data transfer, segment  103  is allocated instead to host B. Therefore, the partition assigned to host A is segments  101  and  102 , and the partition assigned to host B is segments  103 ,  104 ,  105  and  106 . 
         [0039]    The buffer space sizes adjustments are based on expected relative data transfer rates of the respective hosts  70 ,  71 . In one embodiment, the expected relative data transfer rates are determined from preceding actual incoming data transfer rates of the hosts, for example during a previous concurrent write operation of the same hosts. In another embodiment, the expected relative data transfer rates are determined from a previous portion of the concurrent write operations. As an example, the control makes the determination periodically during the concurrent write operations; and conducts the adjustable sizing as the result of the determination at a point where the concurrent write operation is temporarily stopped or paused, for example when one host stops sending data and then resumes. 
         [0040]      FIG. 6  illustrates an example of the adjustment of process for a concurrent write  110 . Referring to  FIGS. 2 ,  3 ,  4  and  6 , in step  112 , the control  20  determines whether the host systems are a known pairing of hosts. If so, the control, in step  115 , sets the buffer sizes for the hosts  70  and  71  based on the previous transfer rates for that pair of hosts. If the host pairing is new, in step  117 , the control sets the buffer sizes for the hosts  70  and  71  to a default setting, for example at equal size for each host. 
         [0041]    In step  120 , data is transferred by the host systems to the interfaces  80 ,  81  and to the buffer(s)  85 . When the target levels for the host systems are reached, the control, via data flow  87 , provides the data to the dedicated channels  88 ,  89  for concurrent writing to the tape  11 . During step  120 , the control  20  determines the data transfer rates from both hosts  70  and  71 . As an example, the control averages the data transfer rates over a defined period, or over the current data transfer operation. In step  122 , the control  20  determines the relative data transfer rates of the hosts. 
         [0042]    In one embodiment, the control, in step  125 , determines a suitable tape speed from the host transfer rates of step  120 . In one example, the tape speed is determined from the fastest host data transfer rate so as to insure that the host does not overfill the buffer  85  and have to stop the data transfer. Alternatively, the speed is determined from the slowest host data transfer rate to insure that the tape does not have to be stopped. 
         [0043]    In step  130 , the control  20  determines the appropriate size settings for the host systems  70  and  71  based on the relative data transfer rates of step  122 . For example, the relative data transfer rate of step  122  may indicate that host A  70  was much faster than host B  71 . As the result, control  20  may determine that the buffer  85  size is to be adjusted to give host A more space, shown as partition  95  of  FIG. 5 , and host B less space, shown as partition  96 , and the target levels adjusted accordingly. 
         [0044]    Referring to  FIGS. 4 and 6 , if the buffer or buffers  85  are arranged in segments, for example, 6 segments  101 ,  102 ,  103 ,  104 ,  105  and  106 , the adjustment allocates various ones of the segments to each of the host systems. Thus, for example, after initially starting at equally sized partitions where segments  101 ,  102  and  103  are allocated to host A, and segments  104 ,  105  and  106  are allocated to host B, host B may provide data at a somewhat faster pace than host A, with the result that, at the next data transfer, segment  103  is allocated instead to host B. Therefore, the partition assigned to host A is segments  101  and  102 , and the partition assigned to host B is segments  103 ,  104 ,  105  and  106 . 
         [0045]    As another example, if host B provided data at a much faster pace than host A in step  130  over the measurement period of steps  120  and  122 , the partition assigned to host A would be segment  101 , and the partition assigned to host B would be segments  102 ,  103 ,  104 ,  105  and  106 . 
         [0046]    As still another example, if host A provided data at a somewhat faster pace than host B over the measurement period of steps  120  and  122 , the partition assigned to host A in step  130  would be segments  101 ,  102 ,  103  and  104 , and the partition assigned to host B would be segments  105  and  106 . 
         [0047]    As another example, if host A provided data at a much faster pace than host B over the measurement period of steps  120  and  122 , the partition assigned to host A would be segments  101 ,  102 ,  103 ,  104  and  105 , and the partition assigned to host B would be segment  106 . 
         [0048]    When a suitable stop is made to the current data transfer or to the concurrent write, and then restarted, the control, in step  135 , implements the adjustments of steps  125  and  130 . The adjustment to tape speed may alternatively be made while the tape is moving. 
         [0049]    An example of the assignment of host systems to interface ports  80  and  81 , to buffer  85  and to concurrent write channels  88  and  89  is illustrated in  FIG. 7 . 
         [0050]    Referring to  FIGS. 1 ,  3 ,  4  and  7 , to affect the concurrent data transfer, the host negotiation must indicate to the drive that the hosts wish to use the concurrent writing method. As part of this negotiation, the drive will identify to the host system which host channel  88  or  89  is being assigned to each of the requesting hosts. When both channels have been assigned during negotiation with the respective host systems, the drive will indicate an initiation of transfer. 
         [0051]    Thus, at step  150 , host system A  70  negotiates concurrent usage with the target drive  10  and is assigned port 0  80 . The control  20  of drive  10 , in step  152 , acknowledges the command, indicates to the host that it is assigned concurrent channel  88 , and enters a wait state. 
         [0052]    At step  160  (which may occur before, after, or simultaneously with step  150 ), host system B  71  negotiates concurrent usage with the target drive  10  and is assigned port 1  81 . The control  20  of drive  10 , in step  162 , acknowledges the command, indicates to the host that it is assigned concurrent channel  89 , and enters a wait state. 
         [0053]    After both host systems have been acknowledged, at step  170 , the target drive  10  initiates the concurrent operation and the host systems  70 ,  71  begin the data transfers using the respective interface ports  80 ,  81 . 
         [0054]    Referring to  FIG. 6 , in one embodiment, once the data transfers have begun for concurrent write, a primary method for determining the data transfer rates of step  120  is to measure the data rates from both connections during the first quarter of the tape length. During the first quarter of the tape operation, the control will operate the tape drive at the minimum data rate in step  125  unless it is determined that the data rate can be increased, based on the buffer flow management of the control indicating that Full conditions are occurring that hold off data transfer from both of the host systems. For example, four data rate adjustments can be made during the data rate assessment period in order to find the most efficient concurrent data rate. The concurrent data rate is indicated by the slowest host connection. Further, the concurrent writes may be conducted with standard write error correction, and should the error correction indicate failure, an error correction procedure will be initiated. 
         [0055]    Referring to  FIG. 8 , an error correction procedure (ERP) may occur during the concurrent write operation. Further, the system may be checked for the presence of error correction procedures (ERPs) at a stoppage of data transferring from one of the hosts and a restart. For example, if one buffer partition is empty, the control will continue to write data on the other partition, streaming until data is transferred to the other buffer partition. At the time the other buffer is transferring data, the control will determine if it can start writing without an ERP or if it has to recover to a point on tape that is accessible with an ERP. If it has to recover to a previous position, then the first buffer is held off until both transfers can continue simultaneously. Further, ERPs can happen with respect to either partition of the concurrent write. All commands sent to the drive from the host systems have timeout values. The ERPs are designed to work within the timeout value of a given command. In one embodiment, the control additionally conducts command error recovery failure handling for the buffering and concurrently writing steps based on timeout values for commands of the hosts. For example, concurrent data writes will handle command hold offs based on the timeout value of the command having the shortest timeout period, and will fail the operation if the timeout value cannot be met. 
         [0056]    Steps  180  and  181  lead to the 2 host write within the concurrent command handling, and steps  185  and  186  refer respectively to the data command from host A and from host B. The sequences, beginning respectively at step  185  and at step  186 , may be conducted with respect to the associated host, or both sequences may be conducted at the same time. Discussing the sequence for host A, channel 1, beginning at step  185 , step  188  represents a determination if the host is aware of an ERP with respect to its channel. If so, step  189  determines the time of the wait for completion of the ERP for channel 1. Steps  190  and  191  are the same, shown as separate steps for the purpose of illustration. Step  190  is entered if step  188  indicated that there was no ERP for channel 1, and step  191  is entered if step  188  indicated that there was an ERP for channel 1. Step  190 ,  191  determines if there is an ERP for channel 2. If so, step  193  determines the time of the wait for completion of the ERP for channel 2. Step  194  combines the times of the waits for completion of the ERPs if both are active, or supplies the time of the wait for the active one of the ERPs. Step  195  compares the wait time from step  194  to the threshold for the command of host A. If the timeout is exceeded, the concurrent write operation is failed in step  197 . If the timeout of step  195  is not exceeded, or if there are no ERPs for either channel if indicated at step  190 , step  198  indicates that an acknowledgement can be provided for the command of host A. 
         [0057]    Similarly, discussing the sequence for host B, channel 2, beginning at step  186 , step  200  represents a determination if the host is aware of an ERP with respect to its channel. Steps  201  and  202  are the same, shown as separate steps for the purpose of illustration. Step  201  is entered if step  200  indicated that there was no ERP for channel 2, and step  202  is entered if step  200  indicated that there was an ERP for channel 2. Step  201 ,  202  determines if there is an ERP for channel 1. Steps  203  and  204  are the same step. If step  201 ,  202  indicated that there was an ERP for channel 1, step  203 ,  204  determines the time of the wait for completion of the ERP for channel 1. If step  200  had indicated that there was an ERP for the present channel 2, step  205  determines the time of the wait for completion of the ERP for channel 2. Step  207  combines the times of the waits for completion of the ERPs if both are active, or supplies the time of the wait for the active one of the ERPs. Step  209  compares the wait time from step  207  to the threshold for the command of host B. If the timeout is exceeded, the concurrent write operation is failed in step  197 . If the timeout of step  209  is not exceeded, or if there are no ERPs for either channel if indicated at step  201 , step  210  indicates that an acknowledgement can be provided for the command of host B. 
         [0058]    Thus, if there is an ERP at either or both of the channels, the shortest of the timeouts  198  or  209  determines failure of the concurrent write operation in step  197 . 
         [0059]    Referring to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , a person of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the embodiments of the present invention, disclosed herein, including the computer-implemented control  20  for operating the tape drive  10  of  FIG. 1 , and the functionality provided therein, may be embodied as a system, method or computer program product. Accordingly, embodiments of the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or a combination thereof, such as an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module” or “system.” Furthermore, embodiments of the present invention may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more non-transient computer readable medium(s) having computer readable program code embodied thereon. 
         [0060]    Any combination of one or more non-transient computer readable medium(s) may be utilized. The computer readable medium may be a computer readable storage medium. A computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer readable storage medium would include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. In the context of this document, a computer readable storage medium may be any tangible medium that can contain or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. 
         [0061]    Program code embodied on a computer readable medium may be transmitted using any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless, wireline, optical fiber cable, RF, etc., or any suitable combination of the foregoing. 
         [0062]    Computer program code for carrying out operations for embodiments of the present invention may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Java, Smalltalk, C++ or the like and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The program code may execute entirely on the user&#39;s computer, partly on the user&#39;s computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user&#39;s computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user&#39;s computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). 
         [0063]    Embodiments of the present invention are described above with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
         [0064]    These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable medium that can direct a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer readable medium produce an article of manufacture including instructions which implement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
         [0065]    The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other devices to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide processes for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
         [0066]    Those of skill in the art will understand that changes may be made with respect to the methods discussed above, including changes to the ordering of the steps. Further, those of skill in the art will understand that differing specific component arrangements may be employed than those illustrated herein. 
         [0067]    While the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated in detail, it should be apparent that modifications and adaptations to those embodiments may occur to one skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the present invention as set forth in the following claims.