Abstract:
Burners ( 14 ) are used to make glass bodies ( 19 ) from OMCTS. The burners have six concentric regions. Putting certain gases through the regions results in thicker bodies than can be achieved with existing techniques and with improved efficiency.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is the U.S. national phase under 35 USC §371 of International Application No. PCT/US99/21658, filed Sep. 17, 1999, which was published in English under PCT Article 21(2) on Mar. 30, 2000 as International Publication No. WO 00/17115. This application claims the benefit under 35 USC §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/101,403 filed Sep. 22, 1998, the contents of which in its entirety is hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to burners for producing boules of fused silica glass, such as, high purity fused silica glass (HPFS glass) and ultra low expansion glass, from halide-free, silicon-containing (HF-SC) starting materials, such as, octamethyl-cyclotetrasiloxane (OMCTS). 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Fused silica glass is made commercially by the assignee of this invention using furnaces of the type shown in commonly-assigned PCT Patent Publication No. WO 97/10182, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. FIG. 7 hereof is a copy of FIG. 4 of WO 97/10182. In overview, furnaces of this type utilize flame hydrolysis to produce and deposit fine silica particles (silica soot) on a planar surface (e.g., a layer of bait sand) which is then consolidated into a solid glass boule. More particularly, furnaces of this type operate at a sufficiently high temperature so that the consolidation takes place essentially simultaneously with the depositing of the silica soot. 
     As shown in FIG. 7, furnace  100  includes crown  12  which carries a plurality of burners  14  which produce the silica soot which is collected to form boule  19 , which typically has a diameter on the order of five feet (1.5 meters). The present invention is concerned with the structure and operation of burners  14 . 
     In the past, burners  14  have been unable to deposit soot in a sufficient manner at distances greater than six inches from the burner face, which has meant that the maximum boule thickness has been six inches. To meet the demand for fused silica products, especially, HPFS glass, it would be desirable to produce boules having a thickness greater than six inches, e.g., boules having a thickness of 8-10 inches. The present invention is directed to providing burners capable of producing such boules. 
     Commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,599,371 (the &#39;371 patent) describes burners suitable for use in producing preforms for optical waveguide fibers from HF-SC starting materials. As explained in that patent, prior burners used to produce preforms from starting materials which contained halides (hereinafter the “halide burner”) had five concentric gas-emitting regions: 1) a central region (fume tube) which emitted a mixture of a halide-containing/silicon-containing starting material (e.g., SiCl 4 ) and an inert gas, 2) an innershield region which emitted oxygen, 3) a third region which emitted a mixture (premix) of a combustible gas and oxygen, 4) a fourth region which also emitted a mixture (premix) of a combustible gas and oxygen, and 5) an outershield region which emitted oxygen. 
     As explained in the &#39;371 patent, when an HF-SC starting material was substituted for the halide-containing/silicon-containing starting material previously used to produce preforms, it was found that the gases emitted from the various regions of the burner had to be changed. In particular, instead of the above gases, the five concentric gas-emitting regions of the burner of the &#39;371 patent emitted the following gases: 1) the fume tube emitted a mixture of the HF-SC starting material and oxygen plus, optionally, an inert gas, 2) the innershield emitted an inert gas, 3) the third region emitted oxygen, 4) the fourth region emitted oxygen, and 5) the outershield emitted a mixture (premix) of a combustible gas and oxygen. 
     In the course of the development of the burner of the present invention, an attempt was made to use a burner having the gas arrangement of the &#39;371 patent. It was surprisingly found that although such a burner works successful in producing optical waveguide preforms from HF-SC starting materials, it does not work particularly well in producing boules from such materials. In particular, it does not work successfully in producing thick boules from such starting materials. 
     Rather, in accordance with the invention, it was found that to successfully make a thick boule from an HF-SC starting material, the burner has to have the following concentric regions emitting the following gases: 1) a central region (fume tube) which emits a mixture of an HF-SC starting material and an inert gas, 2) an innershield region which emits oxygen, 3) a third region which emits a mixture (premix) of a combustible gas and oxygen, 4) a fourth region which emits a mixture (premix) of a combustible gas and oxygen, 5) a fifth region which emits a mixture (premix) of a combustible gas and oxygen, and 6) an outershield region which emits oxygen. 
     The foregoing burner history illustrates the difficulties in predicting whether a particular gas arrangement will work with a particular starting material (i.e., a halide-containing starting material versus a halide-free material) to produce a particular product (i.e., an optical waveguide preform versus a thick boule). Thus, an oxygen/premix/premix/oxygen arrangement surrounding a fume tube carrying a halide-containing raw material worked to produce preforms in the halide burner referred to above, but did not work when the raw material was halide free. Similarly, an inert gas/oxygen/oxygen/premix arrangement surrounding a fume tube carrying a halide-free raw material worked to produce preforms as disclosed in the &#39;371 patent, but was found in the course of the development of the burner of the present invention to not work in the production of thick boules. As described in detail below, to produce thick boules, an oxygen/premix/premix/premix/oxygen arrangement surrounding a fume tube carrying a halide-free raw material needs to be used. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In view of the foregoing, it is an object of the present invention to provide soot-producing burners that will produce thicker boules and thus increase the yield of fused silica glass and, in particular, high purity fused silica glass and ultra low expansion glass, produced in furnaces of the general type shown in FIG.  7 . It is a further object of the invention to provide a silica soot deposition technique that produces fused silica that exhibits very high optical qualities and has a large cross section and thickness. 
     To achieve these and other objects, the invention in accordance with certain of its aspects provides a method for forming a silica-containing boule ( 19 ) comprising: 
     (a) providing a furnace ( 100 ) which comprises: 
     (i) a cavity ( 26 ); 
     (ii) at least one burner ( 14 ) which produces a stream of soot particles; and 
     (iii) a substantially planar surface ( 24 ) within the cavity ( 26 ) for collecting the soot particles to form the boule; 
     (b) providing a halide-free, silicon-containing material to the at least one burner; and 
     (c) collecting the soot particles to form the boule; 
     wherein the width of the stream of soot particles is controlled to enhance the efficiency of step (c). 
     In particular, the width of the stream of soot particles is controlled in accordance with the discovery, illustrated in FIG. 6, that a reduction in the width leads to enhanced efficiency of step (c). That a reduction in width has this effect is counterintuitive since a priori one would think that widening the stream, rather than narrowing it, would result in the laydown of more soot particles. 
     In quantitative terms, the width of the stream at the working distance is preferably less than 25 millimeters, most preferably, less than 12 millimeters, where the working distance (i.e., the distance between the burner face and the surface of the boule) is at least 150 millimeters and preferably at least 200 millimeters or more. 
     In accordance with other aspects, the invention provides a method for forming a silica-containing boule ( 19 ) comprising the steps of: 
     (a) providing a substantially planar surface ( 24 ); 
     (b) providing a soot-producing burner ( 14 ) having a burner face ( 13 ) that comprises first (1), second (2), third (3), fourth (4), fifth (5), and sixth (6) gas-emitting regions, the second region surrounding the first region, the third region surrounding the second region, the fourth region surrounding the third region, the fifth region surrounding the fourth region, and the sixth region surrounding the fifth region; 
     (c) providing a mixture comprising an inert gas and a halide-free, silicon-containing material to the first region; 
     (d) providing oxygen to the second region; 
     (e) providing a mixture of a combustible gas and oxygen to the third region; 
     (f) providing a mixture of a combustible gas and oxygen to the fourth region; 
     (g) providing a mixture of a combustible gas and oxygen to the fifth region; 
     (h) providing oxygen to the sixth region; and 
     (i) collecting silica-containing soot on the substantially planar surface to form the boule. 
     In accordance with other aspects, the invention provides a soot-producing burner comprising a burner face which comprises first (1), second (2), third (3), fourth (4), fifth (5), and sixth (6) gas-emitting regions, the second region surrounding the first region, the third region surrounding the second region, the fourth region surrounding the third region, the fifth region surrounding the fourth region, and the sixth region surrounding the fifth region, wherein: 
     (a) the first region emits a mixture of a halide-free, silicon-containing material and an inert gas; 
     (b) the second region emits oxygen; 
     (c) the third region emits a mixture of a combustible gas and oxygen; 
     (d) the fourth region emits a mixture of a combustible gas and oxygen; 
     (e) the fifth region emits a mixture of a combustible gas and oxygen; and 
     (f) the sixth region emits oxygen. 
     In accordance with certain preferred embodiments of the invention, the radial spacing between the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth regions is substantially the same. 
     In accordance with other preferred embodiments, the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth regions have the following forms at the burner&#39;s face: the first region is in the form of an open disc or tube, the second region is an annular ring, and the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth regions are each a ring of orifices. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic plan view of the face of a prior art burner illustrating the gas-emitting regions of the burner. 
     FIGS. 2 and 3 are schematic plan views of the faces of burners used in compiling the experimental data reported herein. 
     FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the bottom portion of a burner constructed in accordance with the invention. When oriented as shown in FIG. 7, the bottom portion of the burner is the portion nearest the furnace cavity. 
     FIG. 5 is a plan view of the cavity-facing surface of the top portion of a burner constructed in accordance with the invention. When oriented as shown in FIG. 7, the top portion of the burner is the portion farthest from the furnace cavity. 
     FIG. 6 is a plot of efficiency versus particle stream width. 
     FIG. 7 is a schematic drawing illustrating the general type of furnace with which the burners of the invention can be used. 
     FIG. 8 is a schematic drawing illustrating the use of a baffle in connection with a burner having three premix regions. 
    
    
     The foregoing drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute part of the specification, illustrate the preferred embodiments of the invention, and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. It is to be understood, of course, that both the drawings and the description are explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention. The drawings are not intended to indicate scale or relative proportions of the elements shown therein. 
     The reference numbers used in the drawings correspond to the following: 
       1  first gas-emitting region (fume tube) of burners C and D 
       2  second gas-emitting region (innershield) of burners C and D 
       3  third gas-emitting region of burners C and D 
       4  fourth gas-emitting region of burners C and D 
       5  fifth gas-emitting region of burners C and D 
       6  sixth gas-emitting region (outershield) of burners C and D 
       12  furnace crown 
       13  burner face 
       14  burner 
       15  bottom portion of burner 
       16  top portion of burner 
       17  baffle 
       19  boule 
       20  innershield channel in bottom portion of burner 
       21  premix channel in bottom portion of burner 
       22  outershield channel in bottom portion of burner 
       24  substantially planar surface for collecting soot particles 
       26  furnace cavity 
       27  O-ring 
       28  O-ring 
       29  O-ring 
       30  O-ring 
       31  fume tube channel in top portion of burner 
       32  innershield channel in top portion of burner 
       33  premix channel in top portion of burner 
       34  outershield channel in top portion of burner 
       41  fume tube drilled hole in bottom portion of burner 
       42  innershield annulus in bottom portion of burner 
       43  premix drilled hole in bottom portion of burner 
       44  premix drilled hole in bottom portion of burner 
       45  premix drilled hole in bottom portion of burner 
       46  outershield drilled hole in bottom portion of burner 
       50  CH 4  supply 
       51  O 2  supply 
       52  mixer 
       53  conduit from CH 4  supply to mixer 
       54  conduit from O 2  supply to mixer 
       55  conduit from mixer to baffle in burner 
       56  conduit from baffle to third gas-emitting region of the burner&#39;s face 
       57  conduit from baffle to fourth gas-emitting region of the burner&#39;s face 
       58  conduit from baffle to fifth gas-emitting region of the burner&#39;s face 
       100  furnace 
       101  first gas-emitting region (fume tube) of prior art burner of FIG.  1  and burners A, B, E, and F 
       102  second gas-emitting region (innershield) of prior art burner of FIG.  1  and burners A, B, E, and F 
       103  third gas-emitting region of prior art burner of FIG.  1  and burners A, B, E, and F 
       104  fourth gas-emitting region of prior art burner of FIG.  1  and burners A, B, E, and F 
       105  fifth gas-emitting region (outershield) of prior art burner of FIG.  1  and burners A, B, E, and F 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     As discussed above, the present invention is concerned with burners for use in producing boules of fused silica from halide-free, silicon-containing starting materials. Suitable halide-free, silicon-containing starting materials are those disclosed in Dobbins et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,043,002 and Blackwell et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,152,819, the relevant portions of which are incorporated herein by reference. A particularly preferred starting material is octamethyl-cyclotetrasiloxane (OMCTS). 
     FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate a suitable construction for the burner of the invention. As shown therein, the burner includes a bottom portion  15  (see FIG. 4) and a top portion  16  (see FIG.  5 ). The “bottom” and “top” nomenclature refers to the orientation of the burner during use in a furnace of the type shown in FIG.  7 . 
     As shown in FIG. 5, the top portion of the burner includes fume tube channel  31 , inner shield channel  32 , premix channel  33 , and outershield channel  34  which, during use of the burner, carry a halide-free, silicon-containing starting material, oxygen, a mixture of a combustible gas and oxygen, and oxygen, respectively. Premix channel  33  preferably includes baffle  17  which, as explained below, helps ensure uniform gas emission from region  3  of burner face  13 . Top portion  16  also includes O-rings  27 ,  28 ,  29 , and  30  which serve to seal the top and bottom portions together in the assembled burner. 
     During use, channels  31 ,  32 ,  33 , and  34  are provided with the gases used by the burner (e.g., OMCTS mixed with N 2 , O 2 , CH 4  mixed with O 2 , and O 2 , respectively) using a suitable gas delivery system, e.g., regulated gas sources, feed lines, gas mixers, metering pumps, flowmeters, heaters and vaporizers for OMCTS, etc. Suitable flow rates for these materials are as follows: OMCTS—6.0-6.5 grams/minute; N 2 —4.6-6.4 slpm; innershield O 2 —7-8 slpm; premix (1:1 O 2 :CH 4 )—22 slpm; and outershield oxygen—15.0-17.5 slpm. 
     As shown in FIG. 4, bottom portion  15  includes channels  41 ,  20 ,  21 , and  22  which are aligned with channels  31 ,  32 ,  33 , and  34 , respectively, in the assembled burner. Channel  41  passes through the body of bottom portion  15  and creates the burner&#39;s first gas-emitting region  1  at burner face  13 . Channel  20  communicates with annulus  42  which creates the burner&#39;s second gas-emitting region  2  at burner face  13 . Channel  21  communicates with drilled holes  43 ,  44 , and  45 , which create the burner&#39;s third, fourth, and fifth gas-emitting regions  3 ,  4 , and  6 , respectively, at burner face  13 . Channel  22  communicates with drilled holes  46  which create the burner&#39;s sixth gas-emitting region  6  at burner face  13 . Drilled holes  43  through  46  are the preferred means for creating gas-emitting regions  3  through  6 , although other means, e.g., a continuous annulus, can be used if desired. Conversely, annulus  42  can be in the form of drilled holes, if desired. 
     The advantages of the burner construction of the invention can be best understood with reference to FIGS. 1-3 and Tables  1 - 2 . FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of a prior art burner in which OMCTS flows out of fume tube  101  with nitrogen as a carrier gas, innershield  102  and outershield  105  have oxygen flowing out of them, and a mixture of oxygen and methane exits premix holes  103  and  104 . 
     In this burner, fume tube  101  is flush with or slightly recessed from burner face  13  and innershield  102  is in the form of an annulus. An annulus, rather than a ring of holes, is used for the innershield since burner build up due to polymerization of OMCTS occurred when a ring of holes was used. When SiCl 4 , instead of OMCTS, was the starting material, a protruding fume tube was used and burner buildup was not observed when the innershield was a ring of holes. 
     Although the burner of FIG. 1 works successfully in producing boules having a thickness of about 6 inches, it is unable to make glass at long burner to laydown distances. In order to make a thick boule, a burner needs to produce a flame able to make glass at long burner to laydown distances (e.g., greater than 12 inches). 
     The design modifications studied to achieve longer burner to laydown distances were: focus, decreased velocity of innershield oxygen, decreased velocity of premix, and fume tube size. Focus, i.e., the bringing of the various gas-emitting regions of the burner closer together, was achieved by holding the locations of channels  21  and  22  constant and changing the starting locations and angles of drilled holes  43  through  46 . This allowed the same top portion  16  to be used with each burner design. In practice, the change in gas vectors resulting from changes in the angles of holes  43  and  46  has only a secondary effect on the performance of the burner. 
     Six experimental burners were designed, built, and tested. Table I gives the design modification and the intent of each burner design. For each burner, the key process variables evaluated were particle size, number of particles, mass of particles, and width of the particle stream. The relationship between these key process variables and lay down efficiency and rate were quantified. The flame produced by the burners was evaluated utilizing light scattering measurements, mathematical modeling, single burner development furnace trials, and full scale production furnaces. Light scattering measurements, i.e., measurements of the amount of laser light scattered in various directions by the soot particles in the flame, were used to determine the width of the stream of soot particles produced by the burner. Alternatively, the width can be determined photographically or by visual observation. 
     FIGS. 2 and 3 are schematic drawings of the burners which were tested and Table 2 gives their dimensions in inches. The abbreviation “Dia BC” used in Table 2 stands for the diameter of the “bolt circle” defined by the holes making up the various gas-emitting regions. FIG. 2 shows the overall design of burners A, B, E, and F, which only include two premix regions, and FIG. 3 shows the overall design of burners C and D, which include three premix regions. The overall design of the prior art burner is shown in FIG.  1 . 
     Burners A and B represent an initial design modification in which a focused burner was created by bringing the burner holes closer together, similar to burners used to produce optical waveguide preforms. Burners A and B are identical except that burner B has a larger innershield. 
     Burners C and D have an additional ring of premix holes which decrease the velocity of premix. The difference between burners C and D is that burner C is more focused than burner D. 
     The design modification for burners E and F was the diameter of the fume tube. The fume tube size was increased from 0.085 inches to 0.106 inches. Burner E has the same configuration as the prior art burner with the exception of a larger fume tube. Burner F has the same design as burner B except for the larger fume tube. 
     The majority of the burners were designed to make a longer, more laminar and more focused jet stream than the prior art burner. For example, when used with the same gas flows, burner A produced a flame that was longer and more laminar like than the prior art burner. However, as set forth in Table 1, this alone did not result in a consistently significant increase in yield. 
     Rather, it was determined that: (1) the width of the particle stream was inversely proportional to the lay down rate and efficiency; and (2) the burner design that gave the highest deposition rate was a more focused burner with a decrease in velocity of premix. 
     The burner that had these characteristics was burner D. The advantage of this burner is that it decreases the width and the unsteadiness of the soot stream allowing for a higher deposition rate by increased efficiency. In a production furnace, this burner produced a more laminar like flame and the deposition rate increased by 60%. The flame produced by burner D was 15 inches long so that the burner was able to produce a 2072 pound boule. For comparison, the average boule weight for the prior art burner was 1200 pounds. 
     In terms of structural features, the elements that are required and which burner D has are: (1) the burner holes are brought closer together, i.e., the burner is focused; and (2) an extra ring of premix is provided. The closer holes decrease the recirculation zone that causes eddies and a more turbulent flame. The extra ring of premix decreases the velocity of the premix and increases the surface area resulting in a more stable and longer flame. Looked at another way, decreasing the velocity of the premix can be thought of as producing a container for the silica particles so that they will stay in the burner flame longer and thus allow one to make boules at a greater distance from the face of the burner, i.e., thicker boules. 
     In addition to its enhanced efficiency, burner D also has the following desirable performance characteristics: 
     (1) Since burner D has a more laminar flame, there is less oxygen (from outside air) entrained in the flame by mixing and therefore the flame is more reducing as is generally desirable. 
     (2) Burner soot rarely accumulates on the burner face. This is a significant advantage since soot accumulation means that burners must be shut down during a furnace run which lowers the deposition rate. 
     There are two reasons why soot builds up on a burner&#39;s face: (a) thermopheresis, and (b) the velocity of the soot particles. The third ring of premix which decreases the velocity and the smaller surface area results in a flame profile that prevents the burner soot from depositing on the burner face. 
     The lack of soot build up on the burner face also improves the safety of the soot laydown process by decreasing the potential for “snapback.” If soot covers the premix holes or plugs the fume tube, a small explosion, known as a “snapback,” can occur. Burner D with its reduced soot build up minimizes these possibilities. 
     The lack of soot build up also makes burner D easier to use since operators spend less time cleaning the burners and in port scraping, i.e., scraping of the burner holes in the furnace crown. Port scraping is decreased because less soot deposits in the ports since the burner is more efficient. 
     For comparison, burner A, which is similar to burner D in that it has burner holes that have been brought in closer together to produce a more laminar flame, failed to improve yield in a production furnace. Unlike burner D, burner A does not have an extra ring of premix. This result shows that the extra ring of premix is essential in increasing the yield of high purity fused silica glass. Burners E and F also did not increase yield. These burners have a larger fume tube which produced a turbulent flame. 
     Burner D shares the following common traits with the prior art burner: they both utilize the same top portion of the burner, all connections to the furnace, all gases, and all flow rates are the same, and the burners are made of the same material (aluminum) and are the same size. In addition, the soot particle size and range of particle sizes are the same for the two burners. 
     The differences between burner D and the prior art burner are: (1) the burner holes of burner D are brought in closer together so that the radial distances between all gas-emitting regions of the burner are substantially the same; and (2) there is an extra ring of premix gases. These differences result in a longer, more laminar like flame, which reduces the width of the particle stream. In addition, burner D produces less soot particles than the prior art burner per unit time. 
     FIG. 6 is a plot of deposition efficiency vs. width of the particle stream at a distance of 12 inches from the burner face. As can be seen in this figure, the smaller the width of the particle stream, the higher the OMCTS efficiency and thus the deposition rate. 
     As can also be seen in FIG. 6, burner C&#39;s deposition efficiency is even greater than burner D&#39;s efficiency. However, the gas-emitting regions of burner C are so close together that manufacture of this burner in quantity can be difficult and for this reason, burner D is preferred. It should be noted that although FIG. 6 shows an improved efficiency for burners A and B, this improvement declines for some OMCTS flow rates used in practice. Burners C and D, on the other hand, exhibit enhanced efficiency over the entire range of OMCTS flow rates typically used in practice. 
     The relationship between efficiency and particle stream width shown in FIG. 6 is believed to be due to a boundary layer phenomenon in which a more laminar focused stream allows for more of the soot particles to be captured within the boule. That is, when the flame spreads out over a flat surface, because the narrower flame entrains less furnace gases, the boundary layer is thinner and contains more particles which results in increased deposition rates. Furthermore, flames which have a particle stream of decreased width are less turbulent. 
     Out of all the parameters examined (particle size, range of particle size, number of particles, mass of particle stream, and width of the particle stream), the width of the particle stream had the most influence on the deposition rate and OMCTS efficiency. In terms of controlling the particle stream width, it was found that for burners A-D, this parameter can be controlled (varied) by adjusting the outershield flow rate. By decreasing the outershield flow rate, the flame becomes longer and less turbulent which allows for more soot to be captured. For example, when the outershield gas flow was lowered by 13% for burner D, the efficiency increased from 60% to 68%. This condition yielded a particle stream size and OMCTS efficiency essentially the same as that shown for burner C in FIG.  6 . 
     As discussed above, channel  33  of the burner&#39;s top portion  16  includes baffle  17  (see FIG.  5 ), which serves to generate uniform premix flames. The baffle is preferably placed in the top portion of the burner to spread the gas/oxygen flow in channel  33  before that flow enters the bottom portion. However, if desired, the baffle can be placed in the bottom portion of the burner. 
     During testing of the D burner, a non-uniform gas-oxygen flame in the inner ring of premix holes (i.e., gas-emitting region  3  in FIG. 4) was observed. This non-uniformity was only slightly noticeable at lower gas flows (&lt;10 LPM methane, 10 LPM oxygen) but as flows increased, it became more apparent. At the deposition flows (18 LPM methane, 20 LPM oxygen), one side of the flame extended ˜{fraction (1/16)}″ from the burner face while the other side was ˜¼″, which was considered unacceptable for use on a production furnace. 
     The non-uniform flame is believed to be the result of the addition of the third ring of holes for gas/oxygen flow, which increases the total hole area over 60%. This results in a change in the flow characteristics between channel  33  of top portion  16  and the gas outlet at the burner face resulting in a non-uniform gas flow through the outlet holes. Neither the second nor the third ring of holes used for gas/oxygen flow, located towards the outershield, exhibited the flame variability. 
     In accordance with the invention, a baffle is used to reduce this variability in the burner flame. The overall arrangement of the baffle in the furnace system is shown in FIG.  8 . As illustrated therein, a CH 4  supply  50  and an O 2  supply  51  are connected to a mixer  52  by conduits  53  and  54 , respectively. Conduit  55  connects mixer  52  to the burner. In particular, the CH 4 /O 2  mixture produced by mixer  52  is provided to baffle  17 , which in the preferred embodiments of the invention is located in channel  33  of the top portion  16  of the burner (see FIG.  5 ). From baffle  17  the CH 4 /O 2  mixture is carried to regions  3 ,  4 , and  5  of burner face  13  by conduits  56 ,  57 , and  58 , respectively. As shown in FIG. 4, in the preferred embodiments of the invention, conduits  56 ,  57 , and  58  comprise channel  21  and drilled holes  42 ,  43 , and  44 , respectively. 
     Various types of baffles can be used in the practice of the invention. For example, aluminum rings containing 36 holes with equal spacing and having a diameter of either 0.040″ or 0.060″ diameter can be used. An insert cut from a SCOTCH BRIGHT pad can also be used. Tests with both the aluminum rings and the SCOTCH BRIGHT pad showed that these baffles eliminated the flame non-uniformity. The aluminum rings, however, had severe gas/oxygen ratio limitations that resulted in a loud, high pitched sound and prevented use of the burners at the desired premix flow rates. The SCOTCH BRIGHT pad design did not have this limitation, but was made from a material different from that of the burners, i.e., it was not made of aluminum. 
     A preferred baffle construction comprises a corrugated aluminum baffle of the type shown in FIG.  5 . This baffle can be prepared by cutting narrow strips (e.g., {fraction (3/16)}″ wide) from a rolled aluminum sheet (e.g., 0.012″ thick), crimping the strips, curling them into rings, and then slip fitting them into channel  33 . Preferably, after the strips are trimmed to length, the ends of the strips are crimped, leaving the middle section uncrimped. The strips can be installed by hand or using a tool. The tool can, for example, comprise a center tip for alignment with channel  31 , an inner moveable ring around which the strips are wrapped, and an outer fixed ring which holds the strips in place prior to insertion. By moving the inner ring, the baffle is moved into top portion  16 , while the outer ring holds the baffle in alignment with channel  33 . 
     When properly installed, the crimped strips form a baffle with numerous openings ˜0.100″ across and {fraction (3/16)}″ long. The baffle produces a uniform laminar flow with little, if any, back pressure, and corrects the flame non-uniformity problem. In addition, it is inexpensive and easy to install. Among its various advantages, the use of a baffle minimizes the chances for a snapback as a result of non-uniformity in the premix cones (flames). 
     Although preferred and other embodiments of the invention have been described herein, further embodiments may be perceived by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the following claims. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Test Burner Designs And The Intent Of Same 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Description 
                   
                 Did it 
               
               
                 Burner 
                 of Burner 
                 Intent of Design 
                 increase yield? 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 A 
                 (a) 
                 Focused - 
                 (a) 
                 Produce a longer 
                 In some cases 
               
               
                   
                   
                 burner holes 
                   
                 and laminar type 
                 yield increased 
               
               
                   
                   
                 brought closer 
                   
                 flame 
                 significantly 
               
               
                   
                   
                 together 
                   
                   
                 while in others 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 it did not. 
               
               
                 B 
                 (a) 
                 Focused 
                 (a) 
                 Longer and 
                 In some cases 
               
               
                   
                 (b) 
                 Larger 
                   
                 laminar like 
                 yield increased 
               
               
                   
                   
                 diameter 
                   
                 flame 
                 significantly 
               
               
                   
                   
                 inner shield 
                 (b) 
                 Decrease velocity 
                 while in others 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 of innershield 
                 it did not. 
               
               
                 C 
                 (a) 
                 Very focused 
                 (a) 
                 Longer and 
                 Yes; yield 
               
               
                   
                 (b) 
                 Additional 
                   
                 laminar like 
                 increased signifi- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ring of premix 
                   
                 flame 
                 cantly in all 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (b) 
                 Decrease velocity 
                 cases. 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 of premix 
               
               
                 D 
                 (a) 
                 Additional 
                 (a) 
                 Longer and 
                 Yes; yield 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ring of premix 
                   
                 laminar like 
                 increased signifi- 
               
               
                   
                 (b) 
                 Focused 
                   
                 flame 
                 cantly in all 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (b) 
                 Decrease velocity 
                 cases. 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 of premix 
               
               
                 E 
                 (a) 
                 Large fume 
                 (a) 
                 Decrease velocity 
                 No; yield 
               
               
                   
                   
                 tube 
                   
                 of OMCTS 
                 decreased. 
               
               
                 F 
                 (a) 
                 Focused 
                 (a) 
                 Longer and 
                 No; yield 
               
               
                   
                 (b) 
                 Large fume 
                   
                 laminar like 
                 decreased 
               
               
                   
                   
                 tube 
                   
                 flame 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (b) 
                 Decrease velocity 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 of OMCTS 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Dimensions Of Test Burners 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Prior Art Burner 
                 Burner A 
                 Burner B 
                 Burner C 
                 Burner D 
                 Burner E 
                 Burner F 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Fume Tube 
                 ID 
                 0.085 
                 0.085 
                 0.085 
                 0.085 
                 0.085 
                 0.106 
                 0.106 
               
               
                   
                 OD 
                 0.109 
                 0.109 
                 0.109 
                 0.109 
                 0.109 
                 0.134 
                 0.134 
               
               
                   
                 Angle 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Innershield 
                 Dia 
                 0.177 
                 0.177 
                 0.220 
                 0.177 
                 0.177 
                 0.220 
                 0.220 
               
               
                   
                 Angle 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Premix 1 
                 Dia BC 
                 0.594 
                 0.340 
                 0.340 
                 0.310 
                 0.340 
                 0.594 
                 0.340 
               
               
                   
                 # 
                 24 
                 18 
                 18 
                 18 
                 18 
                 24 
                 18 
               
               
                   
                 Dia Holes 
                 0.040 
                 0.040 
                 0.040 
                 0.040 
                 0.040 
                 0.040 
                 0.040 
               
               
                   
                 Angle 
                 0 
                 14.25 
                 14.25 
                 15.28 
                 13.65 
                 0 
                 14.25 
               
               
                 Premix 2 
                 Dia BC 
                 0.750 
                 0.530 
                 0.530 
                 0.470 
                 0.530 
                 0.750 
                 0.530 
               
               
                   
                 # 
                 24 
                 24 
                 24 
                 24 
                 24 
                 24 
                 24 
               
               
                   
                 Dia Holes 
                 0.040 
                 0.040 
                 0.040 
                 0.040 
                 0.040 
                 0.040 
                 0.040 
               
               
                   
                 Angle 
                 0 
                 14.25 
                 14.25 
                 13.33 
                 9.77 
                 0 
                 14.25 
               
               
                 Premix 3 
                 Dia BC 
                   
                   
                   
                 0.630 
                 0.720 
               
               
                   
                 # 
                   
                   
                   
                 32 
                 36 
               
               
                   
                 Dia Holes 
                   
                   
                   
                 0.040 
                 0.040 
               
               
                   
                 Angle 
                   
                   
                   
                 13.33 
                 6.65 
               
               
                 Outershield 
                 Dia BC 
                 1.094 
                 0.720 
                 0.720 
                 0.790 
                 0.910 
                 1.094 
                 0.720 
               
               
                   
                 # 
                 24 
                 36 
                 36 
                 36 
                 36 
                 24 
                 36 
               
               
                   
                 Dia Holes 
                 0.040 
                 0.040 
                 0.040 
                 0.040 
                 0.040 
                 0.040 
                 0.040 
               
               
                   
                 Angle 
                 0 
                 21.63 
                 21.63 
                 15.28 
                 9.77 
                 0 
                 21.63