Abstract:
By using dynamic text and an interface utilizing a familiar metaphor, reading speed and comprehension can be increased. In particular, the interface, which is based on a familiar metaphor, such as driving, allows a user to concentrate on the real task at hand, reading, as opposed to manipulation of the interface. Thus, using a combination of a familiar metaphor and rapid serial presentation, dynamic text can be efficiently negotiated.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of Invention 
     This invention provides a tool to aid with reading. In particular, this invention is directed towards systems and methods toward improving reading skills through the use of dynamic text. 
     2. Description of Related Art 
     A plethora of techniques and software are available to aid an individual in improving their reading skills and/or comprehension. In particular, AceReader® by StepWare, Inc.™ utilizes either rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) or tachistoscopic scroll presentation to reduce subvocalization and re-reading. Typographic Space is a software tool that facilitates investigation of the use of interactive three-dimensional stereo graphics as a medium for typographic communication. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     While current reading speed and comprehension systems work well in an abstract sense, this technology can be daunting and awkward to use and a user is required to familiarize themselves with each particular system&#39;s interface before the true task at hand can be accomplished. 
     Accordingly, the systems and methods of this invention combine a familiar metaphor with a dynamic text presentation scheme. In particular, the systems and methods of this invention leverage people&#39;s knowledge of the familiar activity of, for example, driving an automobile, to allow them comfortable and intuitive access to a possibly less familiar realm of interactive text. Thus, the hurdles associated with familiarizing and learning a new interface with which to navigate dynamic text are overcome, and a user can concentrate on the text itself. 
     In combination with a familiar metaphor, the systems and methods of this invention combine dynamic text with rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP). Dynamic text allows for visual manipulation of document content over time. This adds a new expressive dimension which can be used to assimilate content contained in the document. For example, Dynamic Document Presentation, by Boguraev et al, 1998, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, discusses how dynamic text enhances the semantic structure of documents. Supplementing the dynamic text aspects of the systems and methods of this invention, rapid serial visual presentation allows users to increase their reading speed and comprehension. For a more detailed discussion of rapid serial visual presentation see “Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP): a method for studying language processing” D. Kieras, 1984, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In particular, people read printed words on a page in saccadic jumps. Saccadic jumps are a series of somewhat erratic eye motions around a page. Rapid serial visual presentation is a type of dynamic topography where words or short phrases appear in sequence and, for example, on one spot on a computer screen. As the words continually flash in one spot, the reader is not required to move their eye, thus, avoiding the time used in moving and refocusing the eyes. Using this presentation technique, people have been known to increase their reading speed up to 2000 words per minute. This is comparison with the printed page, which an average fast reader reads at only about 400-600 words per minute. Thus, speed is not the only affordance of this method, rapid serial visual presentation and other forms of dynamic text allow the perusal of large amounts of text in a very limited screen space, which is a common design constraint in computational systems. 
     The systems and methods of this invention recognize three factors that aid in improving a reader&#39;s speed and comprehension. First, a user must be able to navigate the dynamic text. In particular, a user must be able to choose what stream of dynamic text to read, how to access different parts of it, how to replay it, and how to control its speed. A familiar interface, such as the driving metaphor, provides users with a familiar set of controls to navigate through a changing landscape (textscape). Specifically, a user, for example, sits in front of a graphical window on a computer monitor. This graphical window displays the dynamic text. A speedometer, which can appear in the graphical window, measures words per minute. A steering wheel updates the reader&#39;s perspective on the Graphic window, moving between streams, or topics, of text. The gear shift shifts selects the subject matter and the gas pedal, which could be controlled by a users foot, controls the rate at which words are displayed. Furthermore, the metaphor can include control buttons, such as a repeat button to return to the beginning of, for example, a predetermined portion of text, a sentence or a paragraph, a reset button which, for example, could allow the user to jump back to the beginning of the text stream and a cruise control device that could, for example, maintain the text stream display speed. 
     Secondly, punctuation plays an important role in assimilating dynamic text. In particular, content appropriate rhythms can greatly increase speed and comprehension in both rapid serial visual presentation and dynamic text presentation. Rhythm in this case can mean not only the relative lengths of time that words or phrases stay on the screen, but repeating patterns of color or size or font, or even background color or texture. 
     Thirdly, the design and display of an appropriate typographical scheme also aids in comprehension and speed of the dynamic text. For example, font size, color, background color and color related to punctuation are all capable of affecting reading speed and comprehension. 
     Accordingly, systems and methods of this invention combine a familiar metaphor with other techniques of assembling and displaying text in order to allow a user to more quickly navigate, read and assimilate streams of information. Specifically, a familiar metaphor, such as driving a car, is designed into a graphical user interface or dedicated piece of equipment such as a “video reading game.” The controls associated with the metaphor, for example, an accelerator, a gear shift and a steering wheel, allow a user to navigate through portions of dynamic text. Other possible metaphors include, for example, piloting a jet, using the throttle for speed and the yoke to navigate, flying like a bird, using detected arm motion, flapping for speed and banking left or right for direction, as described in “Up, Up and Away”: Intuitive Flight Through Virtual Worlds” by Bers, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, squeezing a toy, the harder the squeeze the faster the text display speed, and navigation via accelerometer data, or the like. 
     This invention provides systems and methods that enhance a user&#39;s reading comprehension skills. 
     This invention separately provides systems and methods that improve a user&#39;s reading speed. 
     This invention separately provides systems and methods that combine a familiar metaphor with dynamic text. 
     This invention separately provides systems and methods that allow users to navigate streams, or “lanes,” of text using a driving metaphor. 
     This invention additionally provides systems and methods that allow a user to navigate dynamic text through a user interface having a familiar metaphor. 
     This invention additionally provides systems and methods that allow a user to navigate dynamic text through a “video game” type interface. 
     The systems and methods of this invention could also be used to allow handicapped or elderly people to read large amounts of text without having to move their heads, eyes or hands. For example, the controllers can be adapted for the handicapped so that they are used by the hands rather than the feet. Thus, the controllers can be adjusted to fit the needs of the particular person. For example, if a user&#39;s hands are disabled by arthritis, the user is relieved of the necessity of turning book pages. If a user&#39;s eyes do not distinguish fine detail well, the font sizes and/or colors can be adjusted. Furthermore, speech can be swiftly translated to text and displayed for those who are hard of hearing. This could be particularity useful in a telecommunications environment where the telephone is a notoriously difficult device for the hearing impaired to manipulate. 
     Systems and methods of this invention use a familiar interface, such as a driving metaphor, to manipulate text on a display. The text can be controlled in terms of content, presentation speed and subject matter. Furthermore, content can be repeated or restarted. 
     The systems and methods of this invention off-load activities from a reader&#39;s over-taxed cognitive system to under-utilized areas, such as the peripheral ranges of the reader&#39;s senses. The systems and methods of this invention enable a user to control a text stream while very little attention need be dedicated to manipulating a particular user interface. The systems and methods of this invention engage a wider range of human perception and enable a larger degree of low-intentional interaction than is found in current reading enhancement systems. The systems and methods of this invention recognize that a direct physical action with a familiar interface can be more efficient and reliable than interactions with abstract, unfamiliar user interfaces. 
     For example, pressing an accelerator to increase word speed is more easily accomplished than finding and adjusting word speed in, for example, a graphical control window. 
     These and other features and advantages of this invention are described in or are apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The preferred embodiments of this invention will be described in detail, with reference to the following Figures, wherein: 
     FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary user interface according to this invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram showing a first embodiment of a dynamic text navigation system according to this invention; and 
     FIG. 3 is a flow chart outlining one embodiment of a method for navigating dynamic text according to this invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Navigation of dynamic text through the dynamic text navigation systems and methods according to this invention reduce the amount of attention required to manipulate the text, and allow more attention to be dedicated to the real task at hand, reading. Through the use of a familiar metaphor, and corresponding interface, a user selects, for example, with a gear shift, the subject matter to read. Upon selecting the subject matter and display characteristics, a user navigates between one or more streams, or “lanes,” of text through the use of, for example, a steering wheel. Upon selecting a particular text stream for viewing, the user depresses, for example, an accelerator pedal, which begins “feeding” the selected text stream to the user. As the text stream is displayed to the user, a word count meter, such as a speedometer, counts the number of words displayed on a screen. Then, at anytime during the operation of the dynamic text navigation systems and methods according to this invention, a user can switch text streams, subject matter, display characteristics, or repeat a portion of a text stream through the use of the steering wheel, gear shift, and repeat button, respectively. 
     FIG. 1 illustrates the components of the user interface  100  for the dynamic text navigation system. In particular, the user interface  100  comprises a display  110 , one or more text stream display portions  120  and  130 , a word count display box  140 , a reading speed gauge  150 , a text stream selection device  160 , a subject selection device  170 , a text speed control device  180 , connected via link  185 , a text repeat device  190  and a text reset device  200 . Additionally, the display  110  can alternatively comprise a subject display portion and/or additional display portions for displaying information pertaining to, for example, the length of the text stream, the source of the text stream and/or the percentage read of the one or more documents (not shown). 
     In this illustrative embodiment, the metaphor is that of an automobile. In particular, the text stream selection device  160  is represented as a steering wheel, the subject selection device  170  as a gear shift, the text speed controller  180  as an acceleration pedal and the one or more text stream display portions  120  and  130  appearing as “content” or “lanes” displayed in the “windshield.” 
     The one or more text stream display portions  120  and  130  display the dynamic text selected by the subject selector device  170  and the text stream selection device  160 . The source of this dynamic text can be any source of text including, for example, a book, a magazine, an e-mail, web page content, an article, a news feed, an information feed, a speech to text system, or the like. Furthermore, the “windshield” of the dynamic text navigation system can also include a portion (not shown) that displays the subject, or a summary thereof, of the document displayed in the dynamic text navigation system  100 . 
     FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary user interface that can be used with the dynamic text navigation system  100  of this invention. This exemplary interface can be displayed on, for example, a computer as a graphical user interface, wherein each of the components are selected, for example, with a click of a mouse. Alternatively, the user interface  100  seen in FIG. 1 can represent a dedicated dynamic text navigation system wherein, for example, the steering wheel  160 , the gear shift  170 , the accelerator  180 , and the repeat and the reset buttons  190  and  200 , respectively, are physical controls, such as those on a video game. Alternatively, the dynamic text navigation system  100  seen in FIG. 1 can be any combination of graphical user interfaces and hardware components that allow for navigation through dynamic text as discussed above. 
     FIG. 2 illustrates the components of the dynamic text navigation system  500 . Specifically, the dynamic text navigation system  500  comprises a controller  520 , a memory  530 , an I/O controller  540 , a text retrieval device  550 , a display device  560 , a text stream retrieval device  570 , a text content retrieval device  580 , a text stream repeat device  590 , a text database  600 , a word count device  610 , a text stream determination device  620 , a text display speed controller  630  and a text stream reset device  640 . In addition, input devices, including a text stream selection device  650 , a text content selection device  660 , a text stream repeat selection device  670 , a text stream reset selection device  680 , a text display speed selection device  690  and an external text stream feed  510  are connected to the dynamic text navigation system. The various components of the dynamic text navigation system are interconnected by links  505  and  605 . 
     In operation, a user, via the text content selection device  660 , selects the content and typographical graphical data of the text to be displayed on the display device  560 . The content can be retrieved from either, or a combination of, the text database  600  or the external text stream feed  510 , via the text retrieval device  550 . In particular, the text database  600  can store one or more documents that can be displayed by the dynamic text navigation system according to this invention. Alternatively, content can be retrieved from, for example, the Internet or an e-mail, via the external text stream feed  510 . The external text stream feed  510  can be, for example, a connection to an intranet, the Internet, or other distributed network. For example, the external text stream feed  510  could be a server push that “feeds” text to the dynamic text navigation system according to this invention. Alternatively, text retrieval can be initiated by the text retrieval device  550  and “pulled” from one or more collocated or non-collocated text databases (not shown) located on a distributed network. 
     Next, and in cooperation with the display device  560 , the controller  520  and memory  530 , one or more indicators of text streams, and text display properties, that are available are presented on the display device  560 . These indicators represent the text streams that correspond to the content selected by the user with the text content selection device  660 . Then, via the text stream selection device  650 , the user selects one of the text streams for display on the display device  560 . For example, and in the exemplary user interface embodiment, the selected text stream can be highlighted or otherwise visually altered to indicate its selection. 
     If the content selected by the user via the text content selection device  660  contains more than one text stream, the text stream determination device  620  displays one or more representations of the available text streams on the display device  560 . Then, as previously discussed, the user selects the desired text stream via the text stream selection device  650 , in cooperation with I/O controller  540 , the controller  520 , the memory  530  and display device  560 . 
     After a user has selected a text stream for reviewing, the user engages the text display speed selection device  690 . The text display speed selection device  690 , in cooperation with the text display speed controller  630 , and the text stream retrieval device  570 , retrieves the text to be displayed on the display device  560  from either, or a combination of, the text database  600  and the external text stream feed  510 . Then, analogous to the accelerator pedal on an automobile, the text display speed selection device  690  increases or decreases the speed at which the text is displayed on display device  560 . The selected text stream can be displayed in a rapid serial visual presentation type format, a tachistoscopic scroll, or the like. 
     As text is displayed on display device  560 , the word count device  610 , in cooperation with controller  520  and memory  530  counts each word displayed on the display device  560 . The word count determined by the word count device  610  can be displayed in either, or a combination of, analog format via, for example, the reading speed gauge  150  or, alternatively, in digital format via, for example, the text count display  140 . 
     The text stream repeat selection device  670 , in cooperation with the text stream repeat device  590  allows a user to have a portion of the text stream repeated on the display device  560 . This repeat function can be set to either a predetermined word count, for example, the last ten words, or can be selected by a user based on a particular user&#39;s desires. Therefore, if the user selected the text stream repeat selection device  670  twice, the dynamic text navigation system  500  could, for example, repeat the last twenty words of the text stream. 
     The text stream reset selection device  680  allows for a restarting of the text stream in cooperation with the text stream reset device  640 . In particular, the text stream reset selection device  660  returns the selected text stream to the beginning of that text stream. 
     It is to be appreciated that the text stream selection device  650 , the text content selection device  660 , the text stream repeat selection device  670 , the text stream reset selection device  680  and the text display speed selection device  690  can be either widgets within a graphical user interface or physical component, such as potentiometers and a mouse, or a combination thereof. 
     Furthermore, and with reference to the Happ Controls Control Interface Board CIB-1000, the systems and methods of this invention have been implemented to run on a personal computer. Specifically, the Happ Controls Control Interface Board Technical Manual, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, describes an interface that is located between any control, such as the text stream selection device or the text content selection device, and a personal computer. The Happ Controls Interface Board allows for 16 digital I/O signals, 6 digital input signals and 4 filtered analog input signals. Thus, in an exemplary working embodiment of the dynamic text navigation system, a Java 2 program that uses XML specifies and selects the text in the dynamic text navigation system as well as assembles the layout and typographical qualities of the text stream. The Java program parses the serial data from the A/D converter, received from on or more of the user controls, and uses the data to affect the text on a screen. Size, color, font and background color of the text is determined by the XML file and is authored along with the content of each line of text, selected by a user, or a combination thereof. Additionally, images or animations may be incorporated as illustrations within the text from time to time, which can also be controlled by the XML file. 
     The links  185 ,  505  and  605  can be any wired or wireless link or any other known or later developed element(s) that is capable of supplying electronic data to and from the connected elements. 
     FIG. 3 illustrates the operation of the dynamic text navigation system according to this invention. Specifically, control begins in step S 100 . Control then continues to step S 110 , where a determination is made whether to select text content and typographical graphical data. If text content is selected, control continues to step S 120 . Otherwise, control jumps to step S 140 . 
     In step S 120 , the selected text content is retrieved. Then, in step S 130 , the selected content is displayed. Control then continues to step S 140 . 
     In step S 140 , a determination is made whether to select a particular text stream. If a text stream is been selected, control continues to step S 150 . Otherwise, control jumps to step S 170 . 
     In step S 150 , the selected text stream is enabled. Then, in step S 160 , the initial text portion is displayed. Control then continues to step S 170 . 
     In step S 170 , a determination is made whether the text display speed is to be adjusted. If the text display speed is to be adjusted, control continues to step S 180  where the selected text stream text display speed is increased/decreased as appropriate. Control then continues to step S 190 . 
     In step S 190 , a determination is made whether to repeat a text portion. If a text portion is repeated, control continues to step S 200  where the previously displayed text portion is retrieved and displayed. Control then continues to step S 210 . 
     In step S 210 , a determination is made whether to reset the text stream. If the text stream is reset, control continues to step S 220  where the initial text portion is retrieved and displayed. Control then continues to step S 230 . 
     In step S 230 , the next text portion is displayed. Next, in step S 240 , a determination is made whether the end of the text stream has been encountered. If the end of the text stream has been encountered, control continues to step S 250  where the control sequence ends Otherwise, control jumps back to step S 110 . 
     As shown in FIGS. 1-2, the dynamic text navigation system is preferably implemented either on a single program general purpose computer or separate program general purpose computers, with associated text content and speed selection devices. However, the dynamic text navigation system can also be implemented on a special purpose computer, a programmed microprocessor or microcontroller and peripheral integrated circuit element, an ASIC or other integrated circuit, a digital signal processor, a hard-wired electronic or logic circuit such as a discrete element circuit, a programmable logic device such as a PLD, PLA, FPGA or PAL, or the like. In general, any device, capable of implementing a finite state machine that is in turn capable of implementing the flow chart shown in FIG. 3 can be used to implement the dynamic text navigation system according to this invention. 
     Furthermore, the disclosed method may be readily implemented in software using object or object-oriented software development environments that provide portable source code that can be used on a variety of computer or work station hardware platforms. Alternatively, the disclosed dynamic text navigation system may be implemented partially or fully in hardware using standard logic circuits or a VLSI design. Whether software or hardware is used to implement the systems in accordance with this invention is dependent on the speed and/or efficiency requirements of the system, the particular function, and the particular software or hardware systems or microprocessor or microcomputer systems being utilized. The dynamic text navigation systems and methods described above, however, can be readily implemented in hardware or software using any known or later developed systems or structures, devices and/or software by those skilled in the applicable art without undue experimentation from the functional description provided herein together with a general knowledge of the computer arts. 
     Moreover, the disclosed methods may be readily implemented as software executed on a programmed general purpose computer, a special purpose computer, a microprocessor, or the like. In this case, the methods and systems of this invention can be implemented as a routine embedded on a personal computer such as Java® or CGI script, as a resource residing on a server or graphics work station, as a routine embedded in a dedicated dynamic text navigation system, web browser, web TV interface, video game, PDA interface, or the like. The dynamic text navigation system can also be implemented by physically incorporating the systems and methods into a software and/or hardware system, such as the hardware and software systems of a personal computer or dedicated dynamic text navigation system. 
     It is, therefore, apparent that there has been provided in accordance with the present invention, systems and methods for navigating dynamic text. While this invention has been described in conjunction with preferred embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, Applicants intend to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that follow in the spirit and scope of this invention.