Abstract:
Improved dispensing devices ( 100 ) and methods are provided that include a hollow barrel ( 102 ) containing the composition to be dispensed along with a piston ( 120, 220, 320, 420 ) received in one end ( 104 ) of the barrel ( 102 ) for dispensing the composition from the opposite end ( 106 ) of the barrel ( 102 ). At least one tortuous groove ( 200, 202, 204, 226, 326, 426, 436 ) extends across the side of the piston ( 120, 220, 320, 420 ) and communicates with the exterior of the barrel ( 102 ). The groove ( 200, 202, 204, 226, 326, 426, 426, 436 ) allows both air and the composition to travel along the side of the piston ( 120, 220, 320, 420 ) as the piston advances into the barrel ( 102 ). By permitting passage of both air and the composition, the groove ( 200, 202, 204, 226, 326, 426, 436 ) eliminates air pockets in the composition while alleviating pressure in the barrel ( 102 ) as the piston ( 120, 220, 320, 420 ) advances.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0002]    Devices and related methods are provided for dispensing compositions. More particularly, these devices and methods relate to devices using a hollow barrel and a piston received in one end of the barrel to dispense a composition from the opposite end of the barrel. Applications include, but are not limited to, dispensing dental materials such as composites, adhesives, etchants, glass ionomers, cements, and sealants. 
         [0003]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0004]    Positive displacement dispensers, including syringes and capsules, are used in diverse industrial and commercial applications. Such devices find uses in medicine, laboratory processes, cooking, adhesives, inks, and others. Particular applications of devices are found in, for example, dispensing and measuring quantities of medications, adhesives, lubricants, resins, or even food products such as cake frosting. 
         [0005]    One common type of positive displacement dispenser is a syringe. Syringes use a simple piston pump consisting of a plunger that fits tightly in a cylindrical tube or barrel. A composition is provided in a chamber within the barrel, and the plunger can be pulled and pushed along the barrel, allowing the syringe to take in and/or expel the composition through an orifice located at an open end of the barrel. Optionally, the open end is fitted with a hypodermic needle, nozzle, or tubing to help direct the flow of the composition into and out of the barrel. 
         [0006]    In many of applications, it is desirable for air pockets or air bubbles to be expelled from the chamber of the syringe to prevent air from becoming entrained in the dispensed composition. In some cases, this can be accomplished by merely inverting the syringe to consolidate air bubbles at the front end of the chamber and discharging them through the orifice prior to use. However, this is an inconvenient extra step and not always practical or possible when dealing with viscous pastes or liquids. 
         [0007]    Another approach to this problem is to use vented syringes. Vented syringes generally employ a plunger with an exit channel that is impervious to the composition but readily allows the passage of air. As the plunger is advanced into the barrel of the syringe, the channel redirects undesirable air pockets or bubbles out of the chamber to eliminate them from the dispensed composition. Examples of vented syringe concepts have been disclosed in issued U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,572,210 (McKinnon), 4,660,569 (Etherington), 5,865,803 (Major), 6,916,308 (Dixon), and 7,503,905 (Jessop et al.), U.S. Patent Publication No. 2002/0076671 (Markus et al.), published British Patent Application No. GB 1 475 430 (Fischbach), and International Application No. WO 2009/029974 (Kiehne). 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    Provided are improved dispensing devices and related methods for dispensing composition with a high degree of precision and a consistent flow rate. This outcome can be achieved by using a hollow barrel containing the composition to be dispensed along with a piston for urging the composition through an exit opening on the barrel. One or more tortuous grooves are located along the sides of the piston, allowing both air and the composition to travel along the sides of the piston as the piston advances into the barrel. By permitting passage of both air and the composition, the groove eliminates air pockets in and around the composition while simultaneously preventing an undue increase in internal pressure as the piston advances into the barrel. This in turn dramatically reduces residual discharge of the composition, also known as “run-on” or “drool”, thereby providing superior control in dispensing the composition. 
         [0009]    This configuration is particularly advantageous when dispensing viscous compositions that are thixotropic or undergo shear-thinning. Both of these types of compositions can dramatically decrease in viscosity when subjected to shear stress. As a result, these compositions behave unpredictably in conventional vented syringes. Under high shear rates, they either leak out through the venting channels or clog the vents and prevent proper expulsion of air from the composition. The provided dispensing device overcomes this problem by conveying both air and the composition along sized grooves having a sufficiently long flow path such that leakage does not occur. Additionally, the provided dispensing device does not rely on moving parts in order to vent air from the interior of the barrel. This enables a solid-state piston construction having superior robustness and performance compared to piston configurations that use moving parts. 
         [0010]    In one aspect, the present invention is directed to a device for dispensing a composition comprising a hollow barrel including an inner surface, open front end and an open back end, a piston having shape complemental to the inner surface and received in the back end of the barrel to present a chamber located between the piston, the inner surface and the front end of the barrel, and a tortuous groove extending across the piston, wherein the groove communicates with both the chamber and the back end of the barrel when there is zero pressure differential between the chamber and the back end of the barrel and further wherein the groove is sized to allow the composition to travel along the groove as the composition is being dispensed. 
         [0011]    In another aspect, the invention is directed to a method of assembling a dispensing device comprising providing a hollow barrel having two open ends and at least partially filled with a composition, inserting a piston into one end of the barrel, wherein at least one tortuous groove extends across the piston to vent air pockets in and around the composition as the piston is inserted, and advancing the piston further into the barrel to urge some of the composition toward the opposite end of the barrel while simultaneously urging some of the composition into and along the groove, wherein the groove maintains open communication between the composition and the one end as the piston traverses the barrel. 
         [0012]    In still another aspect, the invention is directed to a method of dispensing a composition comprising providing a hollow barrel having two open ends and at least partially filled with the composition, providing a piston received in one end of the barrel, wherein at least one tortuous groove extends across the piston, and advancing the piston into the barrel to dispense the composition from the opposite end of the barrel while simultaneously urging the composition along the groove, wherein the groove maintains open communication between the composition and the one end as the piston traverses the barrel. 
         [0013]    These and other aspects of the invention are described in more detail in the paragraphs that follow and are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0014]      FIG. 1  is an exploded elevational view of a device according to one embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0015]      FIG. 2  is an exploded cross-sectional view of the device of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0016]      FIG. 3  is a perspective view of a piston used in the device of  FIGS. 1 and 2 ; 
           [0017]      FIG. 4  is an elevational side view of the piston in  FIG. 3 ; 
           [0018]      FIG. 5  is a top view of the piston in  FIGS. 3 and 4 ; 
           [0019]      FIG. 6   a  is a lengthwise cross-sectional view of the piston in  FIGS. 3-5 ; 
           [0020]      FIG. 6   b  is an inset showing in greater detail the grooves located on the piston of  FIG. 6   a.    
           [0021]      FIG. 7  is a perspective view of the device of  FIGS. 1 and 2  with the piston fully advanced into the barrel; 
           [0022]      FIG. 8  is a perspective view of a piston according to another embodiment of the invention; 
           [0023]      FIG. 9  is a perspective view of a piston according to still another embodiment of the invention; 
           [0024]      FIG. 10  is a perspective view of a piston according to yet another embodiment of the invention. 
           [0025]      FIG. 11  is an elevational side view of a device prototype manufactured according to  FIGS. 1 and 2 . 
       
    
    
     DEFINITIONS 
       [0026]    As used herein: 
         [0027]    “Composition” refers to a deformable liquid or paste to be dispensed by a device or method of the present invention; 
         [0028]    “Thixotropic” refers to a composition that decreases in viscosity over time at a constant shear rate; 
         [0029]    “Shear-thinning” refers to a composition that decreases in viscosity with increasing shear rate; 
         [0030]    “Tortuous” means along a path that includes a plurality of twists, bends, or curves; 
         [0031]    “Helical” means along a generally spiral-shaped path; 
         [0032]    “Coincident” means travelling in a synchronized fashion; 
         [0033]    “Zigzag” means along a path that includes a series of short sharp turns or angles; 
         [0034]    “Serpentine” means along a path that curves in alternate directions; and 
         [0035]    “Circumference” means the distance along a closed path measured around the periphery of an object. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0036]      FIG. 1  shows an elevational exploded view of a dispensing device illustrating one exemplary embodiment of the invention and broadly designated by the numeral  100 .  FIG. 2  shows an exploded cross-sectional view of the same. As shown, dispensing device  100  includes an elongated hollow barrel  102  having an inner surface  103 , an open back end  104  and an open front end  106 . As shown, the barrel  102  has a circular cross-section, although it may alternatively have a cross-section that is generally square, rectangular, elliptical, or some other shape. Optionally and as shown, a tapered nozzle  108  extends outwardly from barrel  102 , providing a narrow exit hole  110  in communication with the open front end  106 . In the figures, the nozzle  108  extends at approximately a 45 degree angle from the longitudinal axis  109  of the barrel  102  to facilitate dispensing, but other relative orientations are also possible. 
         [0037]    The open back end  104  of the barrel  102  receives a piston  120 . The piston  120  has a generally cylindrical body  122 , along with a conical tip  124  connected to the body  122  and extending outwardly into the barrel  102 . Optionally and as shown in  FIGS. 1-2 , the conical tip  124  has the shape of a truncated cone. Preferably, the shape of the cylindrical body  122  is complemental to the inner surface  103  such that advancing the piston  120  into the barrel  102  provides an interference fit. The barrel  102  also includes a chamber  128 . When the dispensing device  100  is assembled, the chamber  128  is located between the piston  120 , the inner surface  103 , and the front end  106 . 
         [0038]    As shown in  FIG. 2 , a composition  130  resides in the chamber  128  and at least partially fills the barrel  102 . The composition  130  may be a paste, gel, viscous liquid, or any other deformable material capable of being displaced and extruded out of the dispensing device  100 . In exemplary embodiments, the composition  130  is a dental material such as a composite, adhesive, etchant, glass ionomer, cement, or sealant. 
         [0039]    The barrel  102  and piston  120  can be manufactured by machining, extrusion, injection molding, or other casting process from one or more suitable polymers. Examples of suitable polymers include, but are not limited to, polypropylene, polypropylene copolymer, polyethylene, polyethylene copolymer, cyclo-olefin-copolymer, acrylonitrile-based copolymer, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride and polyamide. Blends and laminates of these polymers are also possible. Advantageously, the barrel  102  could be made from a translucent material so that the amount of the composition  130  may be visibly determined through the walls of the dispensing device  100 . In the event that the barrel  102  is translucent, the piston  120  may be manufactured from a dark-colored polymer to allow the position of the piston  120  in the barrel  102  to be easily visualized. 
         [0040]    As another option, the barrel  102 , piston  120 , or both may be made from an opaque light-blocking material. Use of such materials can extend the shelf life of the composition  130 , especially when the composition  130  is a photosensitive composition such a light curable dental composite, primer or adhesive. In some embodiments, the barrel  102  and piston  120  are made light blocking by using polymers filled with carbon black or metallic particles such as disclosed in pending U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0196914 (Brennan et al.). 
         [0041]    Further structural details of the piston  120  are provided by reference to  FIGS. 3 ,  4 ,  5 ,  6   a , and  6   b , which show the piston  120  in perspective view, elevational view, top view, and cross-sectional views, respectively. 
         [0042]    As shown in  FIGS. 3 and 4 , three tortuous grooves  200 , 202 , 204  extend across the cylindrical body  122  of the piston  120 . The grooves  200 , 202 , 204  are parallel and coincident with each other and form a helix around the cylindrical body  122  about the longitudinal axis of the piston  120 . Using a helical configuration is advantageous, since it is easy to manufacture and allows the grooves  200 , 202 , 204  to traverse significant distances even when the surface area of the body  122  is limited. In some embodiments, the helical grooves  200 , 202 , 204  have a pitch ranging from 4 to 40 turns per centimeter (approximately 10 to 100 turns per inch). 
         [0043]    While one type of helical groove is shown here, other helical configurations are also possible. For example, greater or fewer grooves may be used. As another example, the grooves  200 , 202 , 204  may coil in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction. As still another example, grooves having intermittent step bends may be used instead of the smooth continuous grooves shown. 
         [0044]    When the piston  120  is received in the barrel  102 , each of the grooves  200 , 202 , 204  extends along the inner surface  103  and communicates with both the chamber  128  and the back end  104  of the barrel  102 . Advantageously, the grooves  200 , 202 , 204  communicate with both the chamber  128  and the back end  104  of the barrel  102  even when there is zero pressure differential between the chamber  128  and the back end  104  of the barrel  102 . Preferably, the piston  120  maintains a generally rigid shape and does not deflect or deform in response to a pressure differential between the inside and outside of the barrel. Advantageously, the grooves  200 , 202 , 204  allow the pressure differential between the inside and outside the barrel  102  to be minimized. 
         [0045]    In more detail, the grooves  200 , 202 , 204  communicate with the chamber  128  at respective start points  201 , 203 , 205 . As shown in  FIG. 5 , the start points  201 , 203 , 205  are located along the edge between the cylindrical body  122  and the conical tip  124  of the piston  120 . Preferably and as shown in  FIG. 4 , the start points  201 , 203 , 205  are evenly spaced apart from each other along the inner surface  103  to provide multiple locations where the contents of the chamber  128  can be vented. The grooves  200 , 202 , 204  terminate at respective end points on the opposite end of the piston  120 , where they lead out of the back end  104  of the barrel  102  into the ambient environment. 
         [0046]      FIGS. 6   a  and  6   b  show the piston  120  in a lengthwise cross-sectional view. As shown in the inset, the grooves  200 , 202 , 204  have a generally trapezoidal cross-section. Semi-circular grooves, V-shaped grooves, rectangular grooves, or grooves of any other shape may also be used. 
         [0047]    The dispensing device  100  can be assembled by a manufacturer or an end user as follows. First, the composition  130  is either manually or automatically loaded into the back end  104  of the barrel  102  to form a plug as shown in  FIG. 2 . Then, the piston  120  is inserted into the back end  104  in the orientation shown in  FIG. 2  to form a tight seal between the grooved areas of the body  120  and the inner surface  103  of the barrel  102 . 
         [0048]    Upon urging the piston  120  deeper into the barrel  102 , the grooves  200 , 202 , 204  vent air pockets in and around the composition  130  out of the chamber  128 . In this step, the conical tip  124  is advantageous in that it penetrates into the plug of composition  130  and directs air pockets or air bubbles toward the start points  201 , 203 , 205  where they are evacuated through the grooves  200 , 202 , 204  and out of the device  100 . Preferably, the piston  120  maintains a rigid shape and does not deflect or deform once received in the barrel  102 . 
         [0049]    Implementing a piston  120  that maintains a rigid shape while sliding through the barrel  102  is especially advantageous because it provides a static venting mechanism. Static venting mechanisms are generally easier to manufacture and more robust than devices that rely on moving parts, such as moving flaps, folds, or membranes. As particularly indicated by groove exit points  126  in  FIG. 7 , the piston  120  does not, at any time, form a seal between the front end  106  and the back end  104  of the barrel  102 . This configuration allows the grooves to maintain open communication between the composition  130  and the back end  104  as the piston  120  traverses the barrel  102 . 
         [0050]    Once all or nearly all of the remaining air bubbles have been removed, the piston  120  is advanced further into the barrel  102 . This urges some of the composition  130  toward the open front end  106  and into the nozzle  108  while simultaneously urging some of the composition  130  into and along one or more of the grooves  200 , 202 , 204 . By providing an alternative path for the composition  130  to escape, the grooves  200 , 202 , 204  alleviate pressure in the chamber  128  without the need to dispense composition  130  from the nozzle  108 . The dispensing device  100  is now ready for use. If the device  100  is to be stored in this state, the nozzle  108  can optionally be sealed or capped to prevent contamination. 
         [0051]    When it is desired to dispense the composition  130 , the piston  120  is simply advanced into the barrel  102  with the mechanical assistance of a hand held dispensing device such as disclosed in issued U.S. Pat. No. 6,095,814 (Petrich et al.) or U.S. Patent publication No. 2007/0172789 (Muller et al.). As the piston  120  advances, the composition  130  is extruded through the nozzle  108  and out of the exit hole  110 . The advancement of the piston  120  also urges the composition  130  along one or more of the grooves  200 , 202 , 204 . Advantageously, the grooves  200 , 202 , 204  are sized to allow the composition  130  to travel along the grooves  200 , 202 , 204  at the same time it is being dispensed from the nozzle  108 . 
         [0052]    Preferably the grooves  200 , 202 , 204  are sized such that the composition only travels along a portion of the full length of the grooves  200 , 202 , 204  when the piston  120  is fully advanced into the barrel  102  as shown in  FIG. 7 . In some embodiments, the grooves  200 , 202 , 204  have a length-to-width aspect ratio of at least 50:1. That is, the overall length of each groove  200 , 202 , 204  is at least 50 times greater than the width of the groove  200 , 202 , 204  (the width being defined tangent to the surface of the cylindrical body  122  and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the groove  200 , 202 , 204 ). In other embodiments, the grooves  200 , 202 , 204  have a length-to-width aspect ratio of at least 75:1. In other embodiments, the grooves  200 , 202 , 204  have a length-to-width aspect ratio of at least 100:1. 
         [0053]    It is preferable that the grooves  200 , 202 , 204  provide a sufficiently long flow path with respect to the dimensions of barrel  102  to prevent undesirable leakage of the composition  130  out of the dispensing device  100 . In some embodiments, each of the tortuous grooves  200 , 202 , 204  has a length at least 5 times, at least 10 times, or at least 20 times the diameter of the inner surface  103  of the barrel  102  (also equivalent to the outer diameter of the cylindrical body  122 ). 
         [0054]    It is also preferable that the grooves  200 , 202 , 204  have sufficient width and/or depth to allow the composition  130  to easily flow into and along the grooves  200 , 202 , 204  without the application of excessive force on the piston  120 . These dimensions depend in part on the nature of the composition  130 . A composition  130  with a very low viscosity, for example, should be paired with grooves  200 , 202 , 204  with a relatively small cross-section. On the other hand, a composition  130  with a high viscosity should be paired with grooves  200 , 202 , 204  having a relatively large cross-section. In exemplary embodiments, each of the grooves  200 , 202 , 204  has a cross-sectional area ranging from 0.006 square millimeters to 0.06 square millimeters, defined in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the groove  200 , 202 , 204 . 
         [0055]    The use of tortuous grooves  200 , 202 , 204  provides several significant enhancements in the operation of the dispensing device  100 . First, this method leads to a consistent flow rate and superior control in dispensing precise quantities of the composition  130 . Second, the grooves  200 , 202 , 204  prevent undesirable “run on” or “drool” of the composition  130  out of the nozzle  108  when advancement of the piston  120  into the barrel  102  is stopped. Third, the tortuous nature of the grooves  200 , 202 , 204  allows residual air bubbles to be continually evacuated from the chamber  128  while avoiding leakage of the composition  130  from the back end  104  of the barrel  102 . The device  100  performs unexpectedly well in particular with thixotropic or shear-thinning compositions, which decrease in viscosity under shear and tend to leak out of conventional vented dispensing devices. 
         [0056]      FIGS. 8 and 9  show alternative embodiments with respect to the piston  120 . For example,  FIG. 8  shows a piston  220  similar in some respects to the piston  120 , except eight tortuous grooves  226  extend across the piston  220  in a generally zigzag configuration. As another example,  FIG. 9  shows a piston  320  according to another embodiment of the invention where four tortuous grooves  326  extend across the piston  320  in a generally serpentine configuration. Other configurations are also possible in view of the considerations identified above, including the length-to-width aspect ratio, length-to-diameter ratio, and cross-sectional area of the groove(s). 
         [0057]      FIG. 10  shows still another alternative piston embodiment. Piston  420  has an overall shape that is similar to that of the piston  120 . However, unlike the piston  120 , two separate and distinct grooved regions  426 , 436  extend across the cylindrical body of the piston  420 , where each region  426 , 436  includes a plurality of grooves similar to the grooves  200 , 202 , 204  presented in  FIGS. 3-6 . As shown in  FIG. 10 , the grooved regions  426 , 436  are spaced apart from each other in directions parallel to the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical body. Additionally, the cylindrical body of the piston  420  between the grooved regions  426 , 436  has a reduced diameter as shown in  FIG. 10 . Thus, when the piston  420  is received in a barrel (such as, for example, barrel  102 ), an annular cavity  440  is formed between the cylindrical body of the piston  420  and the inner surface of the barrel and extends between the grooved regions  426 , 436 . 
         [0058]    The annular cavity  440  advantageously reduces the contact area with the surrounding structure and facilitates sliding between the piston  420  and the barrel. Reduction of the contact area is particularly useful when these components are interference fit with each other, since excessive friction between the grooved regions  426 , 436  of the piston  420  and the barrel can be problematic. While a single grooved region having the same area might also afford this benefit, separating the grooves into two grooved regions  426 , 436  located on opposite ends of the piston  420  facilitates alignment of the piston  420  during insertion into the barrel. The grooved regions  426 , 436  further prevent jamming or binding of the piston  420  as it slides through the barrel. Optionally, three or more grooved regions could be used. 
         [0059]    Aspects of this invention are further illustrated by the following examples: 
       EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     Pistons Made by Injection Molding 
       [0060]    A polypropylene piston (provided by Scientific Plastics Corporation in North St. Paul, Minn.) was made by injecting a molten black polypropylene resin at approximately 232 degrees Celsius (450 degrees Fahrenheit) into a specially machined tool steel mold. The piston had an overall length of 0.762 centimeters (0.300 inches) and an outside diameter of 0.409 centimeters (0.161 inches). The piston consisted of two contiguous sections. One was cylindrical and extended across approximately half of the piston length. The other section tapered, in a conical fashion, to a flattened end. Two grooved sections were located on the cylindrical portion of the piston. Each grooved section consisted of a multi-start set of 3 grooves and formed a circumferential band around the body of the piston, with a width of about 0.140 centimeters (0.055 inches). The grooved sections were separated by a coaxial annular cavity with a width of about 0.116 centimeters (0.046 inches). The V-shaped grooves had a pitch of 12 turns per centimeter (30 turns per inch) and a cross-sectional area of 0.019 square millimeters (0.00003 square inches). 
         [0061]    A hollow cylindrical syringe barrel was injection molded from an unpigmented polypropylene resin using a method similar to that described above. The barrel had an open back end and an open front end, the front end tapering to a nozzle, or dispensing tip. The inside diameter of the barrel was 0.401 centimeters (0.158 inches) and the length of the barrel was 1.59 centimeters (0.625 inches). The inside diameter of the barrel was slightly less than the outside diameter of the piston, thereby creating an interference fit. The piston and barrel are shown assembled in  FIG. 11 . 
       Example 2 
     Extrusion of a Flowable Composite Dental Material 
       [0062]    The barrel from Example 1 was partially filled with FILTEK brand Supreme Plus Flowable Restorative (available from 3M Company, St. Paul, Minn.). The composite had an approximate viscosity of 2000 Pascal-seconds, although it exhibited shear thinning during use. The piston from Example 1 was inserted into the barrel and pressed into the composite with the mechanical assistance of a handheld dispensing gun (part no. 5706SD, available from 3M Company in St. Paul, Minn.). As the trigger of the dispensing gun was depressed, air pockets in the barrel were expelled through the grooves. Once the air was fully expelled, composite material began to flow from the dispensing tip. The composite paste traveled about 1.5 turns, or 1.9 centimeters (0.75 inches) into the grooves at full advancement of the piston into the barrel. No leakage from the rear of the grooves was observed. 
       Example 3 
     Extrusion of a Composite Restorative Dental Material 
       [0063]    The barrel from Example 1 was partially filled with FILTEK brand Supreme Plus Universal Restorative (available from 3M Company, St. Paul, Minn.), a composite having a paste-like viscosity. The piston from Example 1 was inserted into the barrel and pressed into the composite to extrude the composite from the dispensing tip. Air was expelled through the grooves, and, once the air was expelled, the composite material began to extrude from the dispensing tip. No leakage from the rear of the grooves was observed at full advancement of the piston into the barrel. 
       Example 4 
     Extrusion of a Sealant Dental Material 
       [0064]    A barrel from Example 1 was partially filled with CLINPRO brand Sealant (available from 3M Company, St. Paul, Minn.). This sealant was considerably less viscous than the materials tested in Examples 2 and 3, with a viscosity in the range of 1.2 to 3.4 Pascal-seconds. The piston from Example 1 was inserted into the barrel and pressed into the sealant to extrude the composite from the dispensing tip. Air was expelled through the grooves, and, once the air was expelled, the sealant material began to extrude from the dispensing tip. The sealant traveled about 1.5 turns, or 1.9 centimeters (0.75 inches) into the grooves at full advancement of the piston into the barrel. 
       Example 5 
     Extrusion of a Flowable Composite Dental Material 
       [0065]    This example was similar to Example 2 above but used a piston having grooves with larger cross-sectional area. While the piston in this example had a similar overall shape and size to that of Example 2, the grooves had a cross-sectional area of 0.053 square millimeters (0.000082 square inches) and a pitch of 7.9 turns per centimeter (20 turns per inch). Also, unlike the piston in Example 2, this piston was manufactured from a 3D digital model using a PERFACTORY brand SXGA+ rapid prototyping system available from EnvisionTEC GmbH (Gladbeck, GERMANY). The resin used for this part was a PERFACTORY brand R11 liquid photopolymer, also available from EnvisionTEC GmbH. Subsequent to the 3D printing process, the piston underwent a post-UV curing step as well as the removal of some support structures to provide the finished product. 
         [0066]    As before, the barrel from Example 1 was partially filled with FILTEK brand Supreme Plus Flowable Restorative. The piston was then inserted into the barrel and pressed into the composite to extrude the composite from the dispensing tip. Air was expelled through the grooves by advancing the piston. Once the air was expelled, the composite material began to extrude from the dispensing tip. The composite material traveled about 3.2 turns, or 4.1 centimeters (1.6 inches) into the grooves. There was no leakage from the rear of the grooves at full advancement of the piston into the barrel. In this case, however, the composite material had traveled nearly the full distance through the grooves. 
         [0067]    All of the patents and patent applications mentioned above are hereby expressly incorporated by reference. The embodiments described above are illustrative of the present invention and other constructions are also possible. For example, the piston and barrel embodiments shown herein may be generally extended to any and all capsule or syringe devices within the capabilities of one of ordinary skill in the art. Accordingly, the present invention should not be deemed limited to the embodiments described in detail above and shown in the accompanying drawings, but instead only by a fair scope of the claims that follow along with their equivalents.