Abstract:
Methods and systems for a system for visualizing relatively small structures within an object are provided. The system includes an image acquisition sub-system for acquiring a dataset for a volume of interest and processor for generating image data from the acquired data wherein the processor is programmed to execute a high resolution filter kernel algorithm that includes a weighting factor applied to a ramp filter that scales relatively high frequency regions of the image dataset by a factor greater than one. The high resolution filter kernel algorithm also includes a windowing function applied to the weighted ramp filter that facilitates reducing aliasing artifacts in reconstructed images generated from the image dataset.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     This invention relates generally to computed tomography (CT) imaging and more particularly, to a high-resolution kernel with low noise and low aliasing artifacts.  
         [0002]     In some known clinical applications, it is desirable to be able to visualize small structures inside a human body. For example, in an Inner Auditory Canal (IAC) examination, radiologists examine small bony structures to discover abnormalities. Traditionally, such examinations are performed using high-resolution kernels, for example, a bone kernel or edge kernel, during the tomographic reconstruction process. The kernel provides that high frequency contents in the projection are enhanced such as by applying a polynomial weighting function to the original filter kernel, so that the high-frequency regions are scaled by a factor greater than one as set forth below: 
 
 G ( f )= w ( f )· R ( f ),  (1)
 
 where 
 
         [0003]     f is a frequency variable,  
         [0004]     R is the original “Ramp” filter, and  
         [0005]     w is the weighting function.  
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0006]     In one embodiment, a system for visualizing relatively small structures within an object includes an image acquisition sub-system for acquiring a dataset for a volume of interest and processor for generating image data from the acquired data wherein the processor is programmed to execute a high resolution filter kernel algorithm that includes a weighting factor applied to a ramp filter that scales relatively high frequency regions of the image dataset by a factor greater than one. The high resolution filter kernel algorithm also includes a windowing function applied to the weighted ramp filter that facilitates reducing aliasing artifacts in reconstructed images generated from the image dataset.  
         [0007]     In another embodiment, an imaging system includes an image acquisition portion for acquiring data, a controller configured to control the image acquisition portion, and a processor configured to receive a dataset for an object that includes relatively small structures, the processor is further programmed to process the dataset using a high resolution filter kernel algorithm including a weighting factor applied to a ramp filter that scales relatively high frequency regions of the image dataset by a factor greater than one. The filter kernel algorithm also includes a windowing function applied to the weighted ramp filter that facilitates reducing aliasing artifacts in reconstructed images generated from the image dataset.  
         [0008]     In yet another embodiment, a method of visualizing relatively small structures within an object includes receiving a dataset for a volume of interest and applying a high resolution filter kernel algorithm to the dataset wherein the high resolution filter kernel algorithm includes a weighting factor and a windowing function. The weighting factor is applied to a ramp filter that scales relatively high frequency regions of the dataset by a factor greater than one and the windowing function is applied to the weighted ramp filter such that aliasing artifacts in reconstructed images generated from the image dataset are facilitated being reduced. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0009]      FIG. 1  illustrates an exemplary edge kernel function;  
         [0010]      FIG. 2  illustrates an exemplary reconstructed head image acquired with full scan (2π gantry rotation) using the edge kernel shown in  FIG. 1 ;  
         [0011]      FIG. 3  illustrates an exemplary reconstructed head image acquired with a half-scan acquisition (π+fan angle) using the edge kernel shown in  FIG. 1 ;  
         [0012]      FIG. 4  is a pictorial view of a multi slice volumetric CT imaging system;  
         [0013]      FIG. 5  is a block schematic diagram of the multi slice volumetric CT imaging system illustrated in  FIG. 4 ; and  
         [0014]      FIG. 6  is a graph  600  of an exemplary image reconstruction kernel that may be used with the system shown in  FIG. 4 . 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0015]     As used herein, an element or step recited in the singular and proceeded with the word “a” or “an” should be understood as not excluding plural said elements or steps, unless such exclusion is explicitly recited. Furthermore, references to “one embodiment” of the present invention are not intended to be interpreted as excluding the existence of additional embodiments that also incorporate the recited features.  
         [0016]     Also as used herein, the phrase “reconstructing an image” is not intended to exclude embodiments of the present invention in which data representing an image is generated but a viewable image is not. Therefore, as used herein the term, “image,” broadly refers to both viewable images and data representing a viewable image. However, many embodiments generate (or are configured to generate) at least one viewable image.  
         [0017]      FIG. 1  illustrates an exemplary edge kernel function. In this example, the cutoff frequency of the kernel is 1.8 times the Nyquist value of a single projection. The exemplary edge kernel function design produces high resolution images. However, it also may produce reconstructed images with aliasing artifacts.  
         [0018]      FIG. 2  illustrates an exemplary reconstructed head image acquired with full scan (2π gantry rotation) using the edge kernel shown in  FIG. 1 . Aliasing artifacts are clearly visible.  
         [0019]      FIG. 3  illustrates the exemplary reconstructed head image acquired with a half-scan acquisition (π+fan angle) using the edge kernel and aliasing artifacts become significantly magnified such that the image is un-useable from a clinical point of view.  
         [0020]      FIG. 4  is a pictorial view of a multi slice volumetric CT imaging system  10 .  FIG. 5  is a block schematic diagram of system  10  illustrated in  FIG. 4 . In the exemplary embodiment, a computed tomography (CT) imaging system  10  is shown as including a gantry  12  representative of a “third generation” CT imaging system. Gantry  12  has a radiation source  14  that projects a cone beam  16  of x-rays toward a detector array  18  on the opposite side of gantry  12 .  
         [0021]     Detector array  18  is formed by a plurality of detector rows (not shown) including a plurality of detector elements  20 , which together sense the projected x-ray beams that pass through an object, such as a medical patient  22 . Each detector element  20  produces an electrical signal that represents the intensity of an impinging radiation beam and hence the attenuation of the beam as it passes through patient  22 . An imaging system  10  having a multislice detector array  18  is capable of providing a plurality of images representative of patient  22 . Each image of the plurality of images corresponds to a separate “slice” of the volume. The “thickness” or aperture of the slice is dependent upon the thickness of the detector rows, system geometry, x-ray focal spot size, and the reconstruction algorithm.  
         [0022]     During a scan to acquire radiation projection data, gantry  12  and the components mounted thereon rotate about an axis of rotation  24 .  FIG. 5  shows only a single row of detector elements  20  (i.e., a detector row). However, multislice detector array  18  includes a plurality of parallel detector rows of detector elements  20  such that projection data corresponding to a plurality of quasi-parallel or parallel slices can be acquired simultaneously during a scan.  
         [0023]     Rotation of gantry  12  and the operation of radiation source  14  are governed by a control mechanism  26  of CT system  10 . Control mechanism  26  includes a radiation controller  28  that provides power and timing signals to radiation source  14  and a gantry motor controller  30  that controls the rotational speed and position of gantry  12 . A data acquisition system (DAS)  32  (sometimes referred to herein as a sub-system) in control mechanism  26  samples analog data from detector elements  20  and converts the data to digital signals for subsequent processing. An image reconstructor  34  receives sampled and digitized radiation data from DAS  32  and performs high-speed image reconstruction. The reconstructed image is applied as an input to a computer  36 , which stores the image in a mass storage device  38 .  
         [0024]     Computer  36  also receives commands and scanning parameters from an operator via console  40  that has a keyboard. An associated display  42  allows the operator to observe the reconstructed image and other data from computer  36 . The operator supplied commands and parameters are used by computer  36  to provide control signals and information to DAS  32 , radiation controller  28 , and gantry motor controller  30 . In addition, computer  36  operates a table motor controller  44  that controls a motorized table  46  to position patient  22  in gantry  12 . Particularly, table  46  moves portions of patient  22  through gantry opening  48 .  
         [0025]     In one embodiment, computer  36  includes a device  50 , for example, a floppy disk drive or CD-ROM drive, for reading instructions and/or data from a computer-readable medium  52 , such as a floppy disk or CD-ROM. In another embodiment, computer  36  executes instructions stored in firmware (not shown). Generally, a processor in at least one of DAS  32 , reconstructor  34 , and computer  36  shown in  FIG. 5  is programmed to execute the processes described below. Of course, the method is not limited to practice in CT system  10  and can be utilized in connection with many other types and variations of imaging systems. In one embodiment, Computer  36  is programmed to perform functions described herein, accordingly, as used herein, the term computer is not limited to just those integrated circuits referred to in the art as computers, but broadly refers to computers, processors, microcontrollers, microcomputers, programmable logic controllers, application specific integrated circuits, and other programmable circuits.  
         [0026]     Set forth below is a description of an exemplary multislice CT system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Although one embodiment of the system is described in detail below, it should be understood that many alternative embodiments of the inventions are possible. For example, although one particular detector and one particular pre-patient collimator are described, other detectors or collimators could be used in connection with the system, and the present invention is not limited to practice with any one particular type of detector. Specifically, the detector described below includes a plurality of modules and each module includes a plurality of detector cells. Rather than the specific detector described below, a detector which has non-segmented cells along the z-axis, and/or a detector which has multiple modules with multiple elements along the x-axis and/or z-axis joined together in either direction to acquire multislice scan data simultaneously, can be utilized. Generally, the system is operable in a multislice mode to collect one or more slices of data. Axial and helical scans can be performed with the system, and cross section images of a scanned object can be processed, reconstructed, displayed, and/or archived.  
         [0027]     Although various embodiments are described above relative to a CT system, other medical imaging modalities, such as nuclear medicine, single positron emission tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), static X-ray imaging, dynamic (Fluoroscopy) X-ray imaging, and multimodality combinations thereof may also benefit form the methods described herein and the use of the present invention is contemplated with respect to these modalities  
         [0028]      FIG. 6  is a graph  600  of an exemplary image reconstruction kernel that may be used with system  10  (shown in  FIG. 4 ). Graph  600  includes an x-axis  602  graduated in units of frequency and a y-axis  604  graduated in units of magnitude. An upper frequency limit  606  defines an upper limit of a frequency region  608  and a lower frequency limit  610  defines a lower limit of frequency region  608 . A trace  612  illustrates the exemplary kernel shown in  FIG. 1 . The aliasing artifacts illustrated in  FIGS. 2 and 3  are caused by high-frequency in the projection aliased back into the low-frequency component of the projection. The aliasing artifacts can be reduced by zeroing out such aliased frequencies. A trace  614  illustrates an exemplary kernel capable of zeroing out the aliased high frequencies that result in aliasing artifacts. Trace  614  illustrates a kernel capable of zeroing out frequencies outside Nyquist region  608 , while maintaining the kernel shape inside Nyquist region  608 .  
         [0029]     Mathematically, trace  614  is defined by: 
 
 K ( f )=π( f )· G ( f ),
 
 where 
 
 π(f) is a window function. The kernel illustrated by trace  614  preserves frequencies inside Nyquist region  608  and removes the high-frequency contents and facilitates suppressing the aliasing artifacts. 
 
         [0030]     Compared to the “Edge” kernel illustrated in  FIG. 1 , images reconstructed using the kernel illustrated in  FIG. 6  preserve the sharpness of the bony structure of the head. Additional examination shows that the inner ear bony structures are well preserved when viewing with a wider display window.  
         [0031]     Because of the zeroed out of frequencies in the windowed kernel, the amount of computation can be significantly reduced. For example, for the exemplary kernel shown in  FIG. 6 , the forward FFT and multiplication with filter kernel can be obtained using approximately half of the computing power as it would using the “Edge” kernel illustrated in  FIG. 1 .  
         [0032]      FIG. 7  is a graph  700  of an exemplary image reconstruction kernel that may be used with system  10  (shown in  FIG. 4 ). Graph  700  includes an x-axis  702  graduated in units of frequency and a y-axis  704  graduated in units of magnitude. A trace  712  illustrates the exemplary kernel shown in  FIG. 1 . In the exemplary embodiment, a notch window  714  can be used such that only frequencies within a first predetermined window  716  of frequencies and a second predetermined window  718  of frequencies are removed, as illustrated in  FIG. 7 . The notch filter is designed based on the characteristics of the system to remove the most pronounced aliasing while maintaining other high frequency content.  
         [0033]     In yet another embodiment, the window functions (both π(f) and G(f) in the equation) are determined dynamically based on the anatomy that is scanned. For example, when scanning an inner ear region, the upper limit of the window function is substantially near the Nyquist frequency of the system, since significant aliasing artifact is likely to result. When scanning the mid-brain region, the upper limit is substantially higher since it is known a priori that the probability of aliasing artifact is low. Additionally, the shape of the reconstruction kernel, G(f), is different dependent on a reconstruction of the inner ear region or mid-brain region.  
         [0034]      FIG. 8  is a graph  800  of an exemplary image reconstruction kernel that may be used with system  10  (shown in  FIG. 4 ). Graph  800  includes an x-axis  802  graduated in units of frequency and a y-axis  804  graduated in units of magnitude. A trace  812  illustrates the exemplary kernel shown in  FIG. 1 . In the exemplary embodiment, a “depth”  814  of the window function (or notch filter) is changed. As described above with reference to  FIG. 7 , frequencies outside the frequency limit are set to zero. In the exemplary embodiment, frequencies outside the frequency limit are set to a relatively small value dependent on the desired outcome, as illustrated in  FIG. 8 . This is mainly determined automatically or by the user based on the balance of aliasing artifact and the “sharpness” of the resulting image.  
         [0035]     In yet another embodiment, the window functions (both π(f) and G(f) in equation) change with the reconstruction parameters. For example, the upper limit of the window function (or the notch filter location and width) changes with the reconstruction FOV, taking into account the reconstructed pixel size.  
         [0036]     In yet another embodiment, the window functions (π(f) and G(f)) changes with the acquisition parameters. For example, the window functions can change with the helical pitch. It is known that at a low helical pitch (&lt;1), more than 2π of projection data is available for the reconstruction of an image. Therefore, the reconstruction kernel π(f) and the window function G(f) should include as much high frequency signal as possible to produce sharp images. When helical pitch increases (&gt;1), the amount of high frequencies should be limited. For example, when helical pitch is between slightly larger than one, both window functions should reduce slightly in the high-frequency portion. However, when the helical pitch is significantly higher than 1, the upper limit of the frequency should be limited to near the Nyquist frequency to ensure aliasing free images.  
         [0037]     In yet another embodiment, both functions should change with the “noise” level of the projection. When the noise level is high, the high frequency portion should be scaled back since the true high frequency signals are likely buried inside the noise and could not be observed in the reconstructed images. When the noise level is low, more high frequencies contents should be allowed in the window function.  
         [0038]     Although the preceding embodiments are discussed with respect to medical imaging, it is understood that the image acquisition and processing methodology described herein is not limited to medical applications, but may be utilized in non-medical applications.  
         [0039]     The description applying the above embodiments is merely illustrative. As described above, embodiments in the form of computer-implemented processes and apparatuses for practicing those processes may be included. Also included may be embodiments in the form of computer program code containing instructions embodied in tangible data storage device  38 , such as floppy diskettes, CD-ROMs, hard drives, or any other computer-readable storage medium, wherein, when the computer program code is loaded into and executed by a computer, the computer becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. Also included may be embodiments in the form of computer program code, for example, whether stored in a storage medium, loaded into and/or executed by a computer, or as a propagated data signal transmitted, whether a modulated carrier wave or not, over some transmission medium, such as over electrical wiring or cabling, through fiber optics, or via electromagnetic radiation, wherein, when the computer program code is loaded into and executed by a computer, the computer becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. When implemented on a general-purpose microprocessor, the computer program code segments configure the microprocessor to create specific logic circuits.  
         [0040]     It will be appreciated that the use of first and second or other similar nomenclature for denoting similar items is not intended to specify or imply any particular order unless otherwise stated.  
         [0041]     The above-described embodiments of an imaging system provide a cost-effective and reliable means for facilitating removing aliasing artifacts from reconstructed images and reducing the computing power needed for image reconstruction. More specifically, windowing a kernel to limit frequency above and below a predetermined Nyquist value facilitates reducing aliasing artifacts in images and zeroing the frequencies facilitates reducing the computations needed to reconstruct the images. As a result, the described methods facilitate image reconstruction in a cost-effective and reliable manner.  
         [0042]     Exemplary embodiments of imaging system methods and apparatus are described above in detail. The imaging system components illustrated are not limited to the specific embodiments described herein, but rather, components of each imaging system may be utilized independently and separately from other components described herein. For example, the imaging system components described above may also be used in combination with different imaging systems. A technical effect of the various embodiments of the systems and methods described herein include facilitating reducing aliasing artifacts in images.  
         [0043]     While the invention has been described in terms of various specific embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced with modification within the spirit and scope of the claims.