Abstract:
A method of improving damascene wire uniformity without reducing performance. The method includes simultaneously forming a multiplicity of damascene wires and a multiplicity of metal dummy shapes in a dielectric layer of a wiring level of an integrated circuit chip, the metal dummy shapes being dispersed between damascene wires of the multiplicity of damascene wires; and removing or modifying those metal dummy shapes of the multiplicity of metal dummy shapes within exclusion regions around selected damascene wires of the multiplicity of damascene wires. Also a method of fabricating a photomask and a photomask for use in improving damascene wire uniformity without reducing performance.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to methods for forming damascene metal wires for integrated circuit chips and more specifically, it relates methods for increasing wire uniformity while avoiding parasitic proximity effects that reduce integrated circuit chip performance. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The chemical mechanical polishing processes used in the manufacture of damascene wires requires uniform pattern density to avoid degradation in damascene wire performance due to wire non-uniformity. However, the very techniques such as adding fill shapes to wiring layers, while improving pattern density can themselves adversely affect the damascene wire performance. Accordingly, there exists a need in the art to eliminate or mitigate the deficiencies and limitations described hereinabove. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A first aspect of the present invention is a method, comprising: simultaneously forming a multiplicity of damascene wires and a multiplicity metal of dummy shapes in a dielectric layer of a wiring level of an integrated circuit chip, the metal dummy shapes being dispersed between damascene wires of the multiplicity of damascene wires; and removing or modifying those metal dummy shapes of the multiplicity of metal dummy shapes within exclusion regions around selected damascene wires of the multiplicity of damascene wires. 
     A second aspect of the present invention is a method, including: (a) generating a design of a wiring level of an integrated circuit chip, the design including data describing wires of the wiring level and data describing exclusion regions around wires of the wiring level; after (a), (b) generating a wiring level shapes file including wire shapes from the data describing the wires of the wiring level; (c) generating a metal dummy shape removal/modification shapes file including metal dummy shape removal/modification shapes from the data describing the wires of the wiring level and the data describing the exclusion regions; after (b), (d) adding metal fill shapes to the wiring level shapes between one or more of the wire shapes; and after (b) and (d), (e) generating a first photomask data set from the wiring level shapes file and a second photomask data set from the metal dummy shape removal/modification shapes file. 
     A third aspect of the present invention is a reticle for use in a fabricating a wiring level of an integrated circuit chip, comprising: a first cell including mask shapes defining damascene wires and metal dummy shapes for a first photolithographic fabrication step of the wiring level; and a second cell including mask shapes defining a subset of the metal dummy shapes to be removed or modified for a second photolithographic fabrication step of the wiring level. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The features of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, will be best understood by reference to the following detailed description of an illustrative embodiment when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is top view of a region of wire level of an integrated circuit chip design according to embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is top view of the region of a wire level of an actual integrated circuit chip corresponding to the region of  FIG. 1  after initial processing steps according to embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  is a cross-section through line  3 - 3  of  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIG. 4  is top view of a region of a wire level of an actual integrated circuit chip corresponding to the region of  FIG. 1  after a metal dummy shape removal photolithography step according to embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 4A  illustrates an alternative photoresist pattern to that of  FIG. 4 ; 
         FIG. 5  is a cross-section through line  5 - 5  of  FIG. 4 ; 
         FIGS. 6 ,  7  and  8  are cross-sections through line  5 - 5  of  FIG. 4  illustrating additional process steps according to embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 9A. 9B  and  9 C are detailed views of the steps illustrated in  FIGS. 6 ,  7  and  8  according to a first alternative processing scheme of the present invention; 
         FIGS. 10A. 10B  and  10 C are detailed views of the steps illustrated in  FIGS. 6 ,  7  and  8  according to a second alternative processing scheme of the present invention; 
         FIG. 11  is a top view of the same region as illustrated in  FIG. 2  after processing according to the first alternative processing scheme; 
         FIG. 12  is a top view of the same region as illustrated in  FIG. 2  after processing according to the second alternative processing scheme; 
         FIG. 13  is a flowchart of the method of the embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 14  is a plan view of a multi-layer multi-chip reticle that may be used in practicing the embodiments of present invention; and 
         FIG. 15  is a schematic block diagram of a general-purpose computer that may be used in the design of photomasks according to embodiments of the present invention 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     A damascene process is one in which wire trenches or via openings are formed in a dielectric layer, an electrical conductor of sufficient thickness to fill the trenches is deposited in the trenches and on a top surface of the dielectric, and a chemical-mechanical-polish (CMP) process is performed to remove excess conductor and make the surface of the conductor co-planar with the surface of the dielectric layer to form damascene wires (or damascene vias). When only a trench and a wire (or a via opening and a via) is formed the process is called single-damascene. 
     A via first dual-damascene process is one in which via openings are formed through the entire thickness of a dielectric layer followed by formation of trenches part of the way through the dielectric layer in any given cross-sectional view. A trench first dual-damascene process is one in which trenches are formed part way through the thickness of a dielectric layer followed by formation of vias inside the trenches the rest of the way through the dielectric layer in any given cross-sectional view. All via openings are intersected by integral wire trenches above and by a wire trench below, but not all trenches need to intersect a via opening. An electrical conductor of sufficient thickness to fill the trenches and via opening is deposited on a top surface of the dielectric and a CMP process is performed to make the top surface of the conductor in the trench co-planar with the top surface of the dielectric layer to form dual-damascene wires and dual-damascene wires having integral dual-damascene vias. 
     Fill shapes exist in shapes files of wiring levels of a circuit design and become photomask shapes on photomasks generated from the circuit design. Fill shapes result in dummy shapes on actual integrated circuit chips. Dummy shapes may exist as dielectric islands (i.e., dielectric dummy shapes) embedded in single-damascene or dual-damascene wires or as single-damascene or dual-damascene metal islands (i.e., metal dummy shapes) between single-damascene or dual-damascene wires and vias in a wiring level of an integrated circuit chip. Metal dummy shapes are defined as shapes not electrically connected to any wire or via contained in the same wiring level as the metal dummy shapes or to any other metal wire or via in other wiring levels. 
     The embodiments of the present invention will be described and illustrated in a single wiring level using single-damascene technology. It should be understood that the invention may be practiced on multiple wiring levels of an integrated circuit chip and may be practiced using dual-damascene technology or a combination of single-damascene and dual-damascene technology. Hereinafter, the term damascene (without the qualifiers “single” or “dual” should be understood to mean single-damascene or dual-damascene. 
       FIG. 1  is top view of a region of wire level of an integrated circuit chip design according to embodiments of the present invention. In  FIG. 1 , a portion of an interconnect level design  100  of an integrated circuit chip includes wire shapes  105 ,  110 ,  115 ,  120  and  125 . Wire shapes  115  and  120  correspond, after fabrication, to damascene wires whose performance may be adversely affected by the presence of metal dummy shapes within an exclusion region  130  (i.e., the region within heavy lines). 
       FIG. 2  is top view of the region of a wire level of an actual integrated circuit chip corresponding to the region of  FIG. 1  after initial processing steps according to embodiments of the present invention. In  FIG. 2 , region  100 A corresponds to region  100  of  FIG. 1 . Damascene wires  105 A,  110 A,  115 A,  120 A and  125 A correspond respectfully to wire shapes  105 ,  110 ,  115 ,  120  and  125  of  FIG. 1 . Wires  105 A,  110 A,  115 A,  120 A and  125 A are formed in a dielectric layer  135 . Also formed in dielectric layer  135  are metal dummy shapes  140 . Wires  105 A,  110 A and  125 A include dielectric dummy shapes  145 . Dummy shapes  140  and  145  have the effect of providing uniform local (e.g., within region  100 A) and global (e.g., the integrated circuit chip or a core) metal pattern density for the CMP process. Without uniform metal pattern density, because of hardness differences between metal and dielectric materials, some wires may dish (the surface becomes concave), so the wire is thinner than designed slowing down signal transmission. Columns  150 A,  150 B,  150 C, and  150 D of dummy shapes  140  are of particular interest because they are within exclusion region  130  (small dash line). In one example, wires  105 A,  110 A,  115 A,  120 A and  125 A and dummy shapes  140  includes an optional electrically conductive liner and a core conductor. In one example, the liner may comprise layers of titanium and/or titanium nitride or layers of tantalum and/or tantalum nitride. Titanium, titanium nitride, tantalum and tantalum nitride may be deposited by sputtering. In one example, the core conductor may comprise copper or tungsten. Copper may be deposited electrochemically (i.e., by plating). Tungsten may be deposited by chemical vapor deposition or sputtering. 
       FIG. 3  is a cross-section through line  3 - 3  of  FIG. 2 . In  FIG. 3 , dielectric layer  135  is formed on a semiconductor substrate  155 . Substrate  155  may include devices such as transistors and other wiring levels similar to the wiring level containing dielectric layer  135 , wires  105 A,  110 A,  115 A,  120 A and  125 A and dummy shapes  140 . 
       FIG. 4  is top view of a region of a wire level of an actual integrated circuit chip corresponding to the region of  FIG. 1  after a metal dummy shape removal photolithography step according to embodiments of the present invention. In  FIG. 4 , the photolithography step, but not the actual dummy shape removal has been performed. 
     A photolithographic process is one in which a photoresist layer is applied to a surface, the photoresist layer exposed to actinic radiation through a patterned photomask and the exposed photoresist layer developed to form a patterned photoresist layer. When the photoresist layer comprises positive photoresist, the developer dissolves the regions of the photoresist exposed to the actinic radiation and does not dissolve the regions where the patterned photomask blocked (or greatly attenuates) the intensity of the radiation from impinging on the photoresist layer. When the photoresist layer comprises negative photoresist, the developer does not dissolve the regions of the photoresist exposed to the actinic radiation and does dissolve the regions where the patterned photomask blocked (or greatly attenuates) the intensity of the radiation from impinging on the photoresist layer. After further processing (e.g., an etch or an ion implantation), the patterned photoresist is removed. The photoresist layer may optionally be baked at one or more of the following steps: prior to exposure to actinic radiation, between exposure to actinic radiation and development, after development 
     Returning to  FIG. 4 , photoresist islands  160  (heavy lines) are formed on wires  105 A,  110 A,  115 A,  120 A, and  125 A and all dummy shapes  140  but not on dummy shapes in columns  150 A,  150 B,  150 C and  150 D which are within exclusion region  130 . 
       FIG. 4A  illustrates an alternative photoresist pattern to that of  FIG. 4 . In  FIG. 4A , a patterned photoresist layer  160 A includes openings  162  over dummy shapes  140 A that are to be removed or modified, but not over dummy shapes  140 B that are to be left in place. 
       FIG. 5  is a cross-section through line  5 - 5  of  FIG. 4 . In  FIG. 5 , photoresist islands  160  protect wires  105 A,  110 A,  115 A,  120 A, and  125 A and all dummy shapes  140  except which are within region  130 . 
       FIGS. 6 ,  7  and  8  are cross-sections through line  5 - 5  of  FIG. 4  illustrating additional process steps according to embodiments of the present invention. In  FIG. 6  an etch step is performed to remove all or a portion of dummy shapes  140  (see  FIG. 5 ) in columns  150 A,  150 B (see  FIG. 4 ),  150 C and  150 D (see  FIG. 4 ) to form dummy trenches  165 X (where X is either A or B, see infra) in dielectric layer  135  and then photoresist islands  160  (see  FIG. 5 ) are removed. The etch step may be either a wet etch or a dry etch (e.g., a reactive ion etch (RIE) or a plasma etch) or combinations of wet and dry etches. When dummy shapes  140  (see  FIG. 5 ) are copper (or have a copper core conductor), a wet etch may be performed using a dilute mixture of HCl and hydrogen peroxide or a RIE using HCl and/or HBr plasma process feed gases may be used. Optionally hydrogen gas may be added to the RIE plasma process feed gas. In one example, dissociation of HCl and/or HBR are the sole source of the reactive copper etching species generated by the plasma. In one example, dissociation of HCl and/or HBR provides at least about 40% of the reactive copper etching species generated by the RIE plasma. In one example, dissociation of HCl and/or HBR provides at least about 50% of the reactive copper etching species generated by the RIE plasma. In one example, dissociation of HCl and/or HBR provides at least about 80% of the reactive copper etching species generated by the RIE plasma. 
     In  FIG. 7 , a dielectric layer  170  is deposited completely filling in trenches  165 X. 
     In  FIG. 8 , a CMP is performed creating plugs  175 X (where X is either A or B, see infra) and exposing top surfaces of wires  105 A,  110 A,  115 A,  120 A and  125 A, dummy shapes  140  (and  145  see  FIG. 2 ) and a top surface of dielectric layer  135 . In one example, dielectric layer is a same material as dielectric layer  135 . In one example, dielectric layers  135  and  170  comprise silicon dioxide. In one example, dielectric layer  135  and  170  are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen silsesquioxane polymer (HSQ), methyl silsesquioxane polymer (MSQ), polyphenylene oligomer, methyl doped silica or SiO x (CH 3 ) y  or SiC x O y H y  or SiOCH), organosilicate glass (SiCOH), and porous SiCOH, silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ), silicon carbide (SiC), silicon oxy nitride (SiON), silicon oxy carbide (SiOC), organosilicate glass (SiCOH), plasma-enhanced silicon nitride (PSiN x ) or NBLok (SiC(N,H)). 
       FIGS. 9A. 9B  and  9 C are detailed views of the steps illustrated in  FIGS. 6 ,  7  and  8  according to a first alternative processing scheme of the present invention. In  FIG. 9A , dummy shape  140  includes an optional electrically conductive liner  180  and a core conductor  185 . Materials for liner  180  and core conductor  185  are the same as for wires  105 A,  110 A,  115 A,  120 A and  120 C (see  FIG. 2 ) described supra. In  FIG. 9B , both liner  180  and core conductor  185  are removed to form trench  165 A. In  FIG. 9C , trench  165 A (see  FIG. 9B ) is filled with dielectric  170  to form plug  175 A. If, in  FIG. 9A , if dummy shape  140  includes no liner  180 , only core conductor  185 , then the structure illustrated in  FIG. 9C  still results. 
       FIGS. 10A. 10B  and  10 C are detailed views of the steps illustrated in  FIGS. 6 ,  7  and  8  according to a second alternative processing scheme of the present invention. In  FIG. 10A , dummy shape  140  includes electrically conductive liner  180  and core conductor  185 . In  FIG. 10B , only core conductor  185  is removed to form a liner  180  lined trench  165 B. In  FIG. 10C , trench  165 B (see  FIG. 10B ) is filled with dielectric  170  to form plug  175 B where dielectric  170  is separated from dielectric layer  135  by liner  180 . 
       FIG. 11  is a top view of the same region as illustrated in  FIG. 2  after processing according to the first alternative processing scheme.  FIG. 11  is similar to  FIG. 2  except dummy shapes  140  (see  FIG. 2 ) of columns  150 A,  150 B,  150 C, and  150 D are replaced with plugs  175 A, which consist of dielectric material. Thus there are no metal dummy shapes or portions of metal dummy within exclusion region  130 . Because plugs  175 A consist of dielectric material, plugs  175 A will not interact with signals on wires  115 A and  115 B as dummy shapes  140  would have. 
       FIG. 12  is a top view of the same region as illustrated in  FIG. 2  after processing according to the second alternative processing scheme.  FIG. 12  is similar to  FIG. 2  except dummy shapes  140  (see  FIG. 2 ) of columns  150 A,  150 B,  150 C, and  150 D are replaced with plugs  175 B, which consist of dielectric material and the liner of metal shapes. Thus all metal dummy shapes within exclusion region  130  consist of cores of dielectric material surrounded by an electrically conductive liner. Because liners are relatively thin, plugs  175 B will interact with signals on wires  115 A and  115 B to a lesser extent than dummy shapes  140  would have. 
       FIG. 13  is a flowchart of the method of the embodiments of the present invention. Generally the design of an integrated circuit chip is in the form of a hardware description language (HDL) data file or a netlist (a data file that describes how individual design components are connected together) and essentially describes the wires of the wiring levels. Generally, in conventional design practice for integrated circuit chips, netlists are generated from HDL files and shapes files are generated from netlists. 
     In step  200 , wiring levels of an integrated circuit chip are designed. The HDL data file or the netlist file include exclusion region data describing exclusion regions where metal dummy shapes are to be removed or modified in physical wiring levels of the integrated circuit chip and wire data describing the actual wires in the integrated circuit chip. 
     In step  205 , wire shapes files and metal dummy shape removal/modification shapes files are generated. When the HDL/netlist files are used to generate wire shapes the wire data is used and the exclusion region data are ignored. When the HDL/netlist files are used to generate metal dummy shape removal/modification shapes both the exclusion region data and wire data are used. The metal dummy shape removal/modification shape files are tagged to corresponding wire shapes file. 
     In step  210 , fill shapes are added to the wiring level shape files. The fill shapes may include metal fill shapes placed between wire shapes and dielectric fill shapes placed within wire shapes. In an exemplary methodology, a fill shape tool places metal fill shapes into the wire level shapes file. The fill shape tool is forbidden to place metal fill shapes that overlap the boundaries of the exclusion regions. Thus the fill shapes are placed completely within and completely without the exclusion region as other fill shape tool rules determine and metal fill shapes so placed do not overlap the boundaries of the exclusion region. 
     In step  215 , wire level photomask data sets and dummy shape removal/modification photomask data sets are generated using, respectively, the wire shapes files and the dummy shape removal/modification shapes files. These photomask data sets are used to generate actual photomasks for each wiring level. For each wiring level, the photomasks may include a first mask having wire shapes and metal and/or dielectric fill shapes and second mask having metal dummy shape removal/modification shapes or a single mask having a first cell having wire shapes and metal and/or dielectric fill shapes and second cell having metal dummy shape removal/modification shapes. 
     In step  220 , a wiring level of the integrated circuit chip is fabricated including all wires and metal dummy shapes using a photomask or photomask cell having wire shapes and metal dummy shapes. 
     In step  225 , if a metal dummy shape removal/modification mask or cell exists for the wiring level, some of the metal dummy shapes are removed or modified using the metal dummy shape removal/modification mask or the metal dummy shape removal/modification cell. 
     In step  230 , if other wiring levels remain to be fabricated, steps  220  and  225  are repeated; otherwise in step  235 , the integrated circuit chip is completed. 
       FIG. 14  is a plan view of a multi-layer multi-chip reticle that may be used in practicing the embodiments of present invention. In  FIG. 14 , a reticle  250  includes four cells  255 ,  260 ,  265  and  270 . Cells  255  and  260  are used to define wires and dummy shapes of two integrated circuit chips at the same time in a first photolithographic process. Cells  265  and  270  are used to define where dummy shapes will be removed or modified of two integrated circuit chips at the same time in a second and separate photolithographic process. This saves the resources required to fabricate two separate photomasks. 
     Generally, the method described herein with respect to designing photomasks for removal or modification of dummy shapes is practiced with a general-purpose computer and the methods described supra in steps  200  through  215  of the flow diagrams of FIG.  13  may be coded as a set of instructions on removable or hard media for use by the general-purpose computer. 
       FIG. 15  is a schematic block diagram of a general-purpose computer that may be used in the design of photomasks according to embodiments of the present invention. In  FIG. 15 , computer system  300  has at least one microprocessor or central processing unit (CPU)  305 . CPU  305  is interconnected via a system bus  310  to a random access memory (RAM)  315 , a read-only memory (ROM)  320 , an input/output (I/O) adapter  325  for a connecting a removable data and/or program storage device  330  and a mass data and/or program storage device  335 , a user interface adapter  340  for connecting a keyboard  345  and a mouse  350 , a port adapter  355  for connecting a data port  360  and a display adapter  365  for connecting a display device  370 . 
     ROM  320  contains the basic operating system for computer system  300 . The operating system may alternatively reside in RAM  315  or elsewhere as is known in the art. Examples of removable data and/or program storage device  630  include magnetic media such as floppy drives and tape drives and optical media such as CD ROM drives. Examples of mass data and/or program storage device  335  include electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, and semiconductor devices. Examples of a computer-readable medium include a semiconductor or solid-state memory, magnetic tape, a removable computer diskette, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a rigid magnetic disk and an optical disk. Current examples of optical disks include compact disk-read only memory (CD-ROM), compact disk-read/write (CD-R/W) and DVD. In addition to keyboard  345  and mouse  350 , other user input devices such as trackballs, writing tablets, pressure pads, microphones, light pens and position-sensing screen displays may be connected to user interface  340 . Examples of display devices include cathode-ray tubes (CRT) and liquid crystal displays (LCD). 
     A computer program with an appropriate application interface may be created by one of skill in the art and stored on the system or a data and/or program storage device to simplify the practicing of this invention. In operation, information for or the computer program created to run the present invention is loaded on the appropriate removable data and/or program storage device  330 , fed through data port  360  or typed in using keyboard  345 . 
     Thus the embodiments of the present invention provide methods for using fill shapes to improve damascene wire performance without parasitic degradation or with reduced parasitic degradation of the performance of damascene wires by those same fill shapes. Further embodiments of the present invention provide photomasks and methods of designing photomasks that allow removal or modification of dummy shapes. 
     The description of the embodiments of the present invention is given above for the understanding of the present invention. It will be understood that the invention is not limited to the particular embodiments described herein, but is capable of various modifications, rearrangements and substitutions as will now become apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention. Therefore, it is intended that the following claims cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.