Abstract:
Methods and apparatus for a dual polarization super-element radiator assembly. In one embodiment, an assembly comprises a first waveguide, a series of slot couplers formed in the first waveguide, first and second conductive strips, a second waveguide adjacent to the first waveguide, a series of notches formed in a conductive material extending along or parallel to the longitudinal axis of the second waveguide, the notches having respective throats, a series of slots located proximate the notch throats, and a third conductive strip disposed over and aligned with the notches, wherein the slot couplers and the notches provide a dual polarization super-element radiator.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     As is known in the art, phased array radars have a number of advantages over other types of radar systems while having certain potential disadvantages, such as high cost and complexity. One persistent fundamental limitation to the design and operation of phased array antennas used in radars and communication systems is the scan loss, or the accumulated losses associated with scan to large spatial angles, typically sixty degrees or more from the aperture surface normal. Another intrinsic limitation arises from the production cost of modern phased array antenna systems, which is generally governed by the unit cost and quantity of radiators and the transmit (Tx) and or receive (Rx) modules used in the antenna array. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present invention provides methods and apparatus for a super-element array radiator for phased array radar systems. The inventive radiator provides a significant advance over known super-element radiators in transmit and receive module count reduction, array production cost reduction, and enhanced scan angle response. While exemplary embodiments of the invention are shown and described in conjunction with certain array dimensions, operational frequency, and structures, it is understood that the invention is applicable to phase array radars in general in which cost reduction and optimal scan response are desirable. 
     In one aspect of the invention, a super-element radiator assembly comprises a ridged waveguide having a longitudinal axis aligned with a longitudinal axis of the super-element radiator assembly, a series of slot couplers formed in the waveguide, and a dielectric assembly adjacent the ridged waveguide disposed between opposing conductive walls defining a long slot along a length of the super-element radiator assembly, the dielectric assembly comprising a first resonant conductive strip and a second resonant conductive strip, a first dielectric foam layer adjacent the waveguide, a first dielectric layer adjacent the first dielectric foam layer, a second dielectric foam layer adjacent the first dielectric layer, and a second dielectric layer adjacent the second dielectric foam layer, the first and second resonant strips being aligned along the longitudinal axis of the super-element radiator assembly and separated by the second dielectric foam layer. 
     The assembly can further include one or more of the following features: the first resonant conductive strip is disposed on the first dielectric layer, the second resonant conductive strip is disposed on the second dielectric layer, the first and second dielectric foam layers are thicker than the first and second dielectric layers, the slot couplers are offset from the longitudinal axis of the waveguide, the offset varies over a length of the super-element assembly, the conductive walls are extruded aluminum, the super-element forms a part of an aperture of a planar and/or conformal phased array radar, the structure of the super-element assembly provides a mode-filter, the long slot provides single and multiple forms of polarization control, including single linear, dual linear, single circular, and dual circular polarizations, the super-element assembly includes below resonance and above resonance components to balance the frequency and scan dependent response of the assembly, the super-element assembly includes unit cells combined by a series-fed network to form a super-element for a scanned and fixed beam type, the series-fed network is reactive, the super-element forms a part of a system having a terminal VSWR is no greater than 1.05, and a total electrical loss is 1.8 dB or less for scan angles up to 65 degrees from an aperture surface normal when operated within S-Band frequencies over a 10% bandwidth. In exemplary embodiments, the super-element can be scanned to angles greater than 70 degrees with near ideal performance, provided the super-element to super-element spacing is adjusted so that grating lobes do not appear in real space for these large scan angles. 
     In another aspect of the invention, a method comprises providing a super-element radiator assembly including a ridged waveguide having a longitudinal axis aligned with a longitudinal axis of the super-element radiator assembly, a series of slot couplers formed in the waveguide, and a dielectric assembly adjacent the ridged waveguide disposed between opposing conductive walls defining a long slot along a length of the super-element radiator assembly, the dielectric assembly comprising a first resonant conductive strip and a second resonant conductive strip, a first dielectric foam layer adjacent the waveguide, a first dielectric layer adjacent the first dielectric foam layer, a second dielectric foam layer adjacent the first dielectric layer, and a second dielectric layer adjacent the second dielectric foam layer, the first and second resonant strips being aligned along the longitudinal axis of the super-element radiator assembly and separated by the second dielectric foam layer. 
     The method can further include one or more of the following features: the first resonant conductive strip is disposed on the first dielectric layer, the second resonant conductive strip is disposed on the second dielectric layer, the first and second dielectric foam layers are thicker than the first and second dielectric layers, the slot couplers are offset from the longitudinal axis of the waveguide, the offset varies over a length of the super-element assembly, the conductive walls are extruded aluminum, the super-element forms a part of an aperture of a planar and/or conformal phased array radar, a structure of the super-element assembly provides a mode-filter, the long slot provides single and multiple forms of polarization control, including single linear, dual linear, single circular, and dual circular polarizations, the super-element assembly includes below resonance and above resonance components to balance the frequency and scan dependent response of the assembly, the super-element assembly includes unit cells combined by a series-fed network to form a super-element for a scanned and fixed beam type, the series-fed network is reactive, the super-element forms a part of a system having a terminal VSWR is no greater than 1.05, and a total electrical loss is 1.8 dB or less for scan angles up to 65 degrees from an aperture surface normal when operated within S-Band frequencies over a 10% bandwidth. In exemplary embodiments, the super-element can be scanned to angles greater than 70 degrees with near ideal performance, provided the super-element to super-element spacing is adjusted so that grating lobes do not appear in real space for these large scan angles. 
     In another aspect of the invention, a super-element radiator assembly comprises: a first waveguide having a longitudinal axis aligned with a longitudinal axis of the super-element radiator assembly, a series of slot couplers formed in the first waveguide, first and second conductive strips disposed in relation to the slot couplers, a second waveguide adjacent to the first waveguide and having a longitudinal axis parallel to the longitudinal axis of the first waveguide, a series of notches formed in a conductive material extending along or parallel to the longitudinal axis of the second waveguide, the notches having respective throats, a series of slots located proximate the notch throats, wherein at least some of the slots are filled with dielectric plugs to achieve resonance, and a third conductive strip disposed over and aligned with the notches, wherein the slot couplers and the notches provide a dual polarization super-element radiator. 
     The assembly can further comprise one or more of the following features: the slot coupler and notches support single linear, dual linear, single circular, and dual circular polarizations, the first and second waveguides have substantially the same cutoff frequency, the slots in the series of slots have a slot rotation range of about 22 to about 45 degrees, the slots in the series of slots have offset and angle values that vary from a feed end to a load end, the first conductive strip is disposed on the first dielectric layer, the second conductive strip is disposed on the second dielectric layer, the slot couplers are offset from the longitudinal axis of the waveguide, the offset varies over a length of the super-element assembly, the conductive walls are extruded aluminum, the super-element forms a part of an aperture of a planar and/or conformal phased array radar, the super-element assembly provides a mode-filter, and/or the super-element assembly includes below resonance and above resonance components to balance the frequency and scan dependent response of the assembly. 
     In another aspect of the invention, a method comprises: providing a super-element radiator assembly by: employing a first waveguide having a longitudinal axis aligned with a longitudinal axis of the super-element radiator assembly, employing a series of slot couplers formed in the first waveguide, employing first and second conductive strips disposed in relation to the slot couplers, employing a second waveguide adjacent to the first waveguide and having a longitudinal axis parallel to the longitudinal axis of the first waveguide, employing a series of notches formed in a conductive material extending along or parallel to the longitudinal axis of the second waveguide, the notches having respective throats, employing a series of slots located proximate the notch throats, wherein at least some of the slots are filled with dielectric plugs to achieve resonance, and employing a third conductive strip disposed over and aligned with the notches, wherein the slot couplers and the notches provide a dual polarization super-element radiator. 
     The method can further comprise one or more of the following features: the slot coupler and notches support single linear, dual linear, single circular, and dual circular polarizations, the slots in the series of slots have a slot rotation range of about 22 to about 45 degrees, the slots in the series of slots have offset and angle values that vary from a feed end to a load end, and/or the conductive walls are extruded aluminum. 
     In a further aspect of the invention, a phased array radar system comprises: at least one super-element radiator assembly, comprising: a first waveguide having a longitudinal axis aligned with a longitudinal axis of the super-element radiator assembly, a series of slot couplers formed in the first waveguide, first and second conductive strips disposed in relation to the slot couplers, a second waveguide adjacent to the first waveguide and having a longitudinal axis parallel to the longitudinal axis of the first waveguide, a series of notches formed in a conductive material extending along or parallel to the longitudinal axis of the second waveguide, the notches having respective throats, a series of slots located proximate the notch throats, wherein at least some of the slots are filled with dielectric plugs to achieve resonance, and a third conductive strip disposed over and aligned with the notches, wherein the slot couplers and the notches provide a dual polarization super-element radiator. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The foregoing features of this invention, as well as the invention itself, may be more fully understood from the following description of the drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  shows an exemplary phased array radar system having super-elements with radiator elements in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a pictorial representation of a super-element forming a part of an antenna aperture; 
         FIG. 3  is a diagrammatic representation of a super-element; 
         FIG. 4  is a depiction in model form of a unit cell of a super-element; 
         FIG. 5A  is a cross-sectional view of a super-element and  FIG. 5B  is a top view of a portion of a super-element; 
         FIG. 6A-D  shows a pictorial representation of a super-element assembly with  FIG. 6B  showing the super-element with a form core assembly; 
         FIG. 7  is a graphical depiction of coupling offset value versus the element location along the super-element; 
         FIG. 8  shows a three-coordinate system useful for depicting phase array radiator operation; 
         FIG. 9  is a unit sphere representation of a radiating antenna far field radiation beam as it intersects the sphere in angle space; 
         FIG. 10  shows a sine space coordinate representation of an antenna scan volume; 
         FIGS. 11A-D  show super-element total power loss, termination power loss, aperture efficiency, and array peak sidelobe level; 
         FIG. 12  shows super-element unit cell voltage, current, incident power, radiated power, and reflection coefficient; 
         FIGS. 13A and 13B  show super-element far field patterns; and 
         FIG. 14  shows super-element far field patterns for six equally spaced frequencies. 
         FIG. 15  A is a schematic representation of a dual polarization super-element unit cell in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the invention; 
         FIG. 15B  is a side view of the super-element unit cell of  FIG. 15A ; 
         FIG. 15C  is a front view of the super-element unit cell of  FIG. 15A ; 
         FIG. 15D  is a schematic representation of an exemplary dual element super-element assembly; 
         FIG. 15E  is a schematic representation to show further detail of an Ey notch and plug; 
         FIG. 15F  is a schematic representation to show further detail of a plug for the Ey notch; 
         FIG. 16A  is a graphical representation of coupling slot offset values; 
         FIG. 16B  is a graphical representation of feed to load coupling slot angles; 
         FIG. 17  is a graphical representation super-element unit cell voltage, current, incident power, radiated power, and reflection coefficient; 
         FIG. 18A  shows a measured radiated pattern cut of the Ex co-polarization and the Ex cross-polarization in the v plane; 
         FIG. 18B  shows a measured radiated pattern cut of the Ex co-polarization and the Ex cross-polarization in the orthogonal u plane; 
         FIG. 18C  shows a measured radiated pattern cut of the By co-polarization and the Ey cross-polarization in the v plane; and 
         FIG. 18D  shows a measured radiated pattern cut of the Ey co-polarization and the Ey cross-polarization in the orthogonal u plane. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 1  shows an exemplary phased array radar system  100  having super-element radiators in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present invention. In one embodiment, the radar system is optimized for tracking satellite targets. The phased array radar  100  has separate transmit and receive arrays  102 ,  104  with a remote target illustrating direct path feedthrough  10  and feedthrough  20  from a near object in the form of a weather formation. The system  100  includes on the transmit side a driver  110  coupled to a digital beamformer  112  feeding a PAM (Power Amplifier Module)  114 , which energizes the transmit array  102 . The receive side includes a signal data processor control module  120  coupled to a digital receive system  122  via a universal I/O device  124 , such as InfiniBand. The receive beamformer  126  receives input from the low noise amplifiers  128 , which are coupled to the receive array  104 . The system  100  includes receive and/or transmit arrays having an exemplary super-element radiator in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the invention. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the transmit aperture  102  and separate receive aperture  104  are sized to enable the radar system to track targets from 100 km to 42,000 km in altitude. In one particular embodiment, the system includes a transmit aperture of about 200 m by 14 m and a receive aperture of about 215 m by 27 m, both of which can be elliptical. The challenges associated with a phased array of this size in cost, module count, and complexity, will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. 
     Before describing exemplary embodiments of the inventive super-element radiator, some information is provided. As is known in the art, a super-element radiator comprises a number of individual radiator elements coupled to a common transmission line. This can be realized in a number of topologies, including configurations of waveguides with slot radiators, configurations of radiators fed by stripline feeds, and configurations of oversized (&gt;λ/2) waveguide radiators. Generally, the scan volume associated with super-element radiators is limited to a relatively narrow scan range located near the aperture surface normal or boresight. Exemplary embodiments of the invention provide a significant advance in the art by achieving very low scan loss at scan angles exceeding sixty degrees, reducing the production cost of the radiator by as much as an order of magnitude, and significantly reducing the number of transmit and/or receive modules used. The combination of the above factors can effectively reduce the array production cost by a factor of ten or more, representing a significant potential expansion for contemporary phased radar and communication systems. 
       FIG. 2  shows an array implementation using exemplary embodiments of the super-element radiator. An array  200  includes a number of super-element radiators  202  having a number of radiator elements. The array uses a frequency-scanned super-element approach that provides significant benefits. Unlike known configurations, exemplary embodiments of the invention use a matched resonance design and a zero cutoff frequency or traveling wave aperture spatial interface to a series ridged waveguide feed network. While quite complex from an electromagnetic standpoint, the elegant configuration of the super-element components enable cost-effective manufacture. For example, assembly procedures require minimal labor content, the effective use of extrusion metallurgy, and multi-layered dielectric subassemblies in an integrated design. 
       FIG. 3  shows an exemplary super-element radiator  300  and  FIG. 4  shows a unit cell  400  in the super-element. The super-element  300  includes an input port  302  and a termination port  304 . Simulated radiation boundaries  305  are disposed in the xz plane above a ridged waveguide  306  that extends along an axis of the super-element. Simulated master/slave walls  308  are located on the sides in yz plane above the waveguide  306 . Note that a split  310  in the waveguide is shown for modeling purposes to help the meshing process. 
       FIG. 4  shows some further detail for a unit cell  400  of the radiator. The unit cell includes a single ridge waveguide  402 , which is well known in the art. With a feed port at one end of the super-element and a termination at the other end, the super-element acts as a transmission line distributing electromagnetic power to each of the unit cells. The upper conductive wall of the waveguide is interrupted with a slot coupler  404  (see  FIG. 6A ). A dielectric assembly  406  is disposed over the waveguide  402 . In an exemplary embodiment, the dielectric assembly includes a channel  408  and a layer stack shown in detail in  FIG. 5 , which shows exemplary dimensions for the unit cell  400 . The dielectric assembly includes first (shown in  FIG. 5 ) and second conductive strips or patches  410 ,  412  located at first and second heights above the coupling slot  404 . The resonant conductive strips  410 ,  412  are suspended with low loss foam dielectric materials in a single sub-assembly. In an exemplary embodiment, the strips  410 ,  412  are continuous over the full length of the super-element. Conductive walls  414  enclose the dielectric and strip subassembly, also running the full length of the super-element. The conductive walls  414  form a long slot radiator, with an opening extending the full length of the super-element. As shown in  FIG. 5 , the coupler  404  is approximately 1.52 inches long, 0.15 inches wide, with semi-circular ends, and is cut out of the full height of the upper waveguide wall. 
       FIGS. 6A-D  show pictorial representations of super-element radiators in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the invention.  FIGS. 6A, 6C, and 6D  show the super-element assembly without the dielectric assembly.  FIG. 6B  shows the super-element assembly with dielectric/foam core assemblies.  FIG. 6D  shows an exemplary coax to waveguide transmission. It is understood that any suitable transition to waveguide can be used. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 5A and 6A , for example, the slots  404  are offset from a longitudinal axis of the super-element assembly, i.e., the y axis of  FIG. 3 . Slot offset values, such as shown in  FIG. 5A  and  FIG. 6A , vary from the feed to the load end, following a logarithmic curve with staggered or opposing slot positions relative to the waveguide center line for each unit cell, as shown in  FIG. 7 . The offsets are shown for a 129-element radiator. 
     Functionally, the long slot has a resonant frequency of approximately zero Hertz, giving it broadband characteristics. The slot coupler  404  has a resonance occurring below the operating band, producing a dispersive effect. In an exemplary embodiment, the operating frequency of the radar is from about 3 GHz to about 4 GHz. It is understood that other operating frequencies can be used. Since the strip conductors  410 ,  412  are sized to produce a resonance considerably above the operating frequency band, the end result is a balanced resonance system. This means that the radiating element can operate over a large operating band (16% or greater) with relatively stable electrical performance over the operating frequency range and scan volume. Typically, it is these two domains, frequency and scan, that produce performance degradation in volumetric scan phased array radiators. 
     The long slot interface to space is essentially non-resonant because its resonance frequency is far away from the operating band. Because of its dimensions and boundary conditions, the long slot operates as a broadband impedance element and transition to free space. It essentially acts as a traveling wave component with radiation properties that are also largely scan invariant. The scan invariance arises from the traveling wave nature of the long slot interface, which is supported by the limited set of propagating modes allowed by the boundary conditions. The radiator integrates this long slot feature with the impedance strips  410 ,  412 , slot coupler  404 , and the single ridged waveguide  402  into a simple assembly that is readily produced by metal extrusion techniques. Using the inventive embodiments, most of the metal conductors needed to set up the necessary boundary conditions are produced in a simple and low cost process. 
     The inventive super-element radiator uses integrated design features to achieve very low scan losses including a zero-cutoff frequency long slot interface to free space, a balanced resonance system with multiple elements having resonant frequencies that are both above and below the operating frequency band; and a series-fed network with or without frequency scan characteristics. 
     These features form a set of boundary conditions that act as the transition for the super-element input port to the scan volume used in free-space. The radiator geometry produces a zero cut-off frequency, unlike many antenna types used for similar applications that often produce resonance within the operating band. In exemplary embodiments of the invention, the resonant frequency of the component directly connected with the free-space boundary condition has a resonance frequency at zero Hertz. The balanced resonance system uses components, such as the long slot or traveling wave radiator interface, the coupling aperture, and suspended strip conductors to balance the impedance resonances produced by the system. The strip conductors are also suspended with relatively thin but high dielectric materials. These act to control the unit cell mode impedance in conjunction with the strip conductors and the long slot boundary conditions. In addition, the series-fed network is one implementation that cascades many of the radiators into a single super-element with a common transmission line. Many related feed networks can be effectively used with the inventive design approach, producing similar benefits, including equal line length networks, corporate networks, as well as the illustrated series-fed network. In exemplary embodiments, the series-fed network is reactive. 
     The use of a balanced resonance system provides a wide operating band. In one implementation, the operating band is at least sixteen percent. The bandwidth of comparable conventional slot fed phased array radiators is considerably less, often five percent or less. 
     Low scan loss reduces the antenna system production cost. Since system operation is often governed by the maximum scan condition, the reduced scan loss is critically linked to a reduction in the antenna aperture size. For example, many radar systems are sized with a scan loss often represented by 10 log 10 (cos 1.5 θ), where θ is the angle measured between the aperture surface normal and the main beam position at the maximum scan angle, as shown in  FIG. 8 . The three coordinate systems used to depict phased array radiators in operation include the x, y, z coordinate grid which locates the radiating elements within the aperture plane (x-y). The r, θ, φ system locates the far field or radiation coordinates, and the related E r , E θ , E φ  vector coordinates, identify the components of the radiated electric field. One component of the scan loss is caused by the projection of a planar antenna aperture towards the object located at the maximum scan angle. Termed the aperture projection effect, this is responsible for a loss of 10 log 10 (cos θ), and this can be seen by means of a visual representation of the far field radiation beam in both angle and sine space, as shown in  FIG. 9 . The unit sphere representation of the radiating antenna&#39;s far field radiation beam, both as it intersects the sphere in angle space, and in its projection onto the xy plane, representing the same beam in sine space. For a planar antenna scanned to 60 degrees, the aperture projection loss is 3.0 dB, and is intrinsic. The total scan dependent losses for such an antenna are 10 log 10 (cos 1.5  θ), or 4.5 dB. Of this, 1.5 dB represents the antenna scan dependent loss. Exemplary embodiments of the invention reduce these losses to approximately 10 log 10 (cos 1.05 θ), representing a scan dependent loss of 0.15 dB, resulting in a 1.3 dB or greater reduction. The illustrative embodiments also have low Ohmic losses, which make a small contribution to the total loss. 
     The inventive super-element radiator embodiments provide low loss capability for scan angles exceeding sixty degrees, representing additional scan dependent loss benefits. At 67.8 degrees scan, the radiator has an estimated total loss of 0.5 dB, in one implementation. This represents scan dependent losses and the generally scan independent Ohmic losses. Typical losses for similar conventional radar antennas are represented by 10 log 10 (cos 1.5 θ), or 2.1 dB. To these, additional Ohmic losses of 0.75 dB are added, giving a total loss of approximately 2.85 dB. The difference between the typical known radar antenna losses and the inventive radiator is as much as 2.35 dB for one-way transmission. 
     Inventive embodiments of the radiator also provide low cross-polarization. The radiator produces a single linear electric field polarization, even if dual linear, single circular, and dual circular polarizations are also possible. The long slot interface to space sets up boundary conditions that allow only Electric fields that are Transverse to the direction of propagation (TE) to exist. The radiator therefore effectively acts as a mode filter, preventing the propagation of propagating modes that produce cross-polarization. With the boundary condition restraint on these cross-polarized fields, the total cross-polarized field content is constrained to very low levels. As a result, the cross-polarized radiation content is generally 30 to 40 dB less than the co-polarized fields. These results are consistent, and generally held over much of the antenna scan volume. At large scan angles, cross-polarization of an ideal planar radiator is known to increase as the scan moves towards the diagonal planes, while in the principal planes the cross-polarization is very small. The subject invention is no exception to this intrinsic feature, and evidences a worst case cross-polarization magnitude of −16 dB at its maximum scan angles. Since the cross-polarized field content is low, the losses due to polarization mismatch are very low, in the order of 0.11 dB. 
     As noted above, a super-element includes a number of radiating elements connected together via a single transmission line to each transmit, receive or T/R module. Although this generally produces a limited antenna scan volume, objectives for space surveillance and horizon search radars can be met because of the invention&#39;s wide scan angle capability. An immediate advantage is a direct reduction in the module count. And, since module costs are a major fraction of the total antenna system costs, significant cost reductions become available. In one implementation, the super-element reduces the active module count by  130  in receive mode and  65  in transmit mode, for an average system hardware cost reduction of approximately 100:1. 
     Since super-elements have a limited scan volume due to the greater than λ/2 element spacing between phase control points, its effectiveness should be maximized. The inventive phased array radiator extends the scan volume to cover a wide angle surveillance fence while maintaining its high performance and low cost features. 
     The phased array antenna scan volume represents the angular reach of the antenna system within its performance requirements. Using the sine space method indicated above, this can be illustrated in a compact manner, as shown in  FIG. 10 . The far field radiation can be scanned to locations along the v-axis by operating at the frequencies shown, so at 3.1 GHz, the beam is scanned to approximately 19 degrees from the surface normal. Independently, the beam may be scanned along the u-axis by adjusting its aperture phase state at the super-element ports. The total scan volume extends beyond a ring located 60 degrees from the aperture surface normal or what is often termed the antenna boresight. 
     The resulting total scan volume represents a significant surveillance or coverage volume and is displaced from boresight (center) to avoid resonance effects at boresight scan. The combinations of operating frequency and phase scan are used to position the antenna beam as needed within the total scan volume. 
     Typical known volume scan radiating apertures have a significant reflection coefficient at their terminal ports because of frequency and scan dependent impedance mismatch. In general, antenna radiators that are scanned to up to sixty degrees from the aperture surface normal evidence a VSWR (voltage standing wave ratio) of 2:1, which means that the reflection coefficient is −9.5 dB. In systems with degraded performance, the VSWR and reflection coefficient can increase considerably. This effect degrades antenna performance in several ways including introducing losses, such as impedance mismatch loss, which is typically 0.51 dB for a 2:1 VSWR, and considerably more for degraded systems. A significant reflection coefficient also can degrade the system equivalent noise temperature, thus decreasing the system signal to noise ratio. 
     The inventive radiator is significantly different than typical phased array antennas because of the very low terminal VSWR, i.e., no greater than 1.05:1 under all scan and operating frequency conditions, e.g., S-band. This means that the reflection coefficient is approximately −32 dB or less and the impedance mismatch loss is less than an almost trivial 0.003 dB. This also means that the system noise effects induced by radiator impedance mismatch are limited to its Ohmic losses, since impedance mismatch losses are essentially non-existent. 
     There are few, if any good examples of known low manufacturing cost and high performance phased array radiators, because such systems have been mutually exclusive. Low cost radiators often do not cover a substantial scan volume or scan at all. Whereas, volumetric scan volume antennas often use multiple design features that make it difficult to achieve a low production cost. Dominant among these is the use of a single radiating element or unit cell at each transmit, receive, or T/R module interface, the use of many dielectric layers in a single or multiple assemblies, and the reliance on significant labor content for the radiator assembly. 
     In one implementation, a super-element radiator uses  130  elements or unit cells in a common assembly. The assembly uses metal extrusion and a simple two-layer dielectric assembly in order to minimize the parts count. And, final assembly is a short operation to attach the waveguide transitions and dielectric subassembly. 
     Electrical performance for an exemplary super-element radiator can be summarized graphically. The total loss estimate, aperture efficiency, and array sidelobe levels as a function of operating frequency and scan angle in an infinite array environment are shown in  FIGS. 11A-D . The fields, current, and power internal to the super-element are displayed as a function of the element position, starting at the feed port and ending at the termination, as shown in  FIG. 12 . In one embodiment, a total electrical loss is 1.8 dB or less for scan angles up to 65 degrees from an aperture surface normal when operated within S-Band frequencies over a 10% bandwidth. 
     The inventive super-element far field radiation patterns have several unique features of note, as shown in  FIG. 13 . The far field pattern in the plane parallel to the long super-element axis is quite directive because of the element length. The main beam has a 3 dB beamwidth of less than 1 degree, and is positioned away from boresight (0 degrees), consistent with the scan volume. The antenna sidelobes generally follow a (sin x)/x function because of the high antenna aperture efficiency, with the exception of sidelobes having an approximately −30 dB magnitude at a location opposite that of the main beam. This cluster of sidelobes is caused by internal reflections within the super-element, and can be considered images of the main lobe or an image sidelobe group. Because the internal reflection coefficients are low, these also are at low levels relative to the main beam.  FIG. 14  shows super-element and array far field patterns for six equally spaced frequencies over the operating band and at 0 degrees phase scan in an infinite array environment. 
     In another aspect of the invention, exemplary embodiments for a dual polarized super-element phased array radiator are provided. In general, embodiments of the inventive super-element include first and second slot aperture couplers to provide dual polarization. 
       FIGS. 15A-C  show single unit cell of a dual polarized super-element radiator in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the invention. A first linearly polarized aperture coupler includes a resonant slot EXS cut into a broad wall of the Ex or single ridged waveguide EXF. A second linearly polarized coupler includes an Ey coupler with a slot-fed notch EYN, with the slot EYS cut into a narrow wall of the Ey or reduced height waveguide, where the Ey slot can include a dielectric plug. 
     An Ey patch EYP, which can be provided on a Taconic board TB, for example, is disposed over the notch EYN. Ex patches EXP are provided for the Ex slot EXS. An Ex feed section EXFS is provided for the next unit cell. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the notch function for the Ey notch is defined by Y=0.05exp(kz), where k=2.723548, and a slot rotation for the Ey slot has a slot rotation range of about 22-45 degrees. In an exemplary embodiment, the slots are filled with a dielectric plug with permittivity of ∈ r =10, for example. 
       FIGS. 15D-F  show further detail for the Ey notch EYN and dielectric plug PL inserted into the notch including exemplary dimensions. This configuration makes the slot resonate and couple into the unit cell. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the Ex and Ey waveguides are designed with the same cutoff frequency and dispersion to ensure that the beam position of the Ex and Ey vectors is the same, within the relatively small limits of the larger array composed of such dual-polarized SEAs. The Ex and Ey systems can use suspended parasitic elements as Wide Angle Impedance Matching (WAIM) devices. 
     The Ex system uses first and second conductive strips, each suspended on lightweight, low loss foam substrates, as described above on conjunction with  FIGS. 4 and 5A , for example. The Ey system uses a similar resonant conductive strip EYP suspended above the notch EYN by a dielectric sheet TB. In alternative embodiment, the conductive strip EYP can be attached to the notch during manufacturing. Slot offset and angle values for each unit cell vary from the feed to the load end, following both a logarithmic curve with staggered or opposing slot positions relative to the waveguide center line for each unit cell, as shown in  FIGS. 16A-B . 
     As described above in  FIG. 5A , the resonant conductive strips are located at two heights above the coupling slot and are suspended with low loss foam dielectric materials in a single sub-assembly. In one embodiment, the strips are continuous over the full length of the super-element. Conductive walls enclose the dielectric and strip subassembly, also running the full length of the super-element. While the Ex system excites parallel plate modes, the Ey system excites fields within the wall. The conductive walls form a long slot radiator, with an opening extending the full length of the super-element. 
     Functionally, the long slot has a resonant frequency of approximately zero Hertz, giving it broadband characteristics. The slot couplers, both the offset slot for Ex and the angled slot for Ey have a resonance occurring below the operating band, producing a dispersive effect. Since the strip conductors are sized to produce a resonance considerably above the operating frequency band, the end result is a balanced resonance system. This means that the radiating element can operate over a large operating band (16% or greater) with relatively stable electrical performance over the operating frequency range and scan volume. Typically, it is these two domains, frequency and scan, that produce performance changes and so degradation in volumetric scan phased array radiators. 
       FIG. 17  shows typical electrical performance where fields, current, and power internal to the super-element are displayed as a function of the element position, starting at the feed port and ending at the termination. Information is shown for the super-element unit cell voltage (V), current (I), incident power (P), radiated power, and reflection coefficient for the specified operating frequency and scan angle in an infinite array environment for two orthogonal polarizations. 
     The super-element far field radiation patterns, shown for both polarizations in  FIGS. 18A-D , have a number of interesting features.  FIG. 18A  shows a measured radiated pattern cut of the Ex co-polarization and the Ex cross-polarization in the v plane,  FIG. 18B  shows a measured radiated pattern cut of the Ex co-polarization and the Ex cross-polarization in the orthogonal u plane,  FIG. 18C  shows a measured radiated pattern cut of the Ey co-polarization and the Ey cross-polarization in the v plane, and  FIG. 18D  shows a measured radiated pattern cut of the Ey co-polarization and the Ey cross-polarization in the orthogonal u plane. The far field pattern in the plane parallel to the long super-element axis (v plane) is directive because of the super-element length. The main beam has a 3 dB beamwidth of less than 1 degree, and is positioned away from boresight (0 degrees), consistent with the scan volume. In the orthogonal u direction the pattern cut is broad, as desired, and consistent with an expected cos(θ) behavior. Note that the Ey pattern in u is lower by several dB than the Ex pattern for u&gt;0.8. This is as expected, as the Ey field is parallel to the array face at large u scan angles, and will be degraded by the array conducting conducting ground plane. 
     Having described exemplary embodiments of the invention, it will now become apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that other embodiments incorporating their concepts may also be used. The embodiments contained herein should not be limited to disclosed embodiments but rather should be limited only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims. All publications and references cited herein are expressly incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.