Abstract:
The disclosure relates to a method for controlling an object configured to be handheld and including vibratory actuators. The method including mechanically coupling a first group of at least one vibratory actuator to a first part of the object, mechanically coupling a second group of at least one vibratory actuator to a second part of the object, the first and the second parts being configured to be able to vibrate independently of each other, and to come into contact with different areas of the hand of the user holding the object, and transmitting to each group of actuators, an electrical signal having a frequency adapted to the resonance frequency of the part to which it is mechanically coupled.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    1. Technical Field 
         [0002]    The present disclosure relates to a control interface using haptic feedback, i.e., comprising one or more vibratory actuators able to transmit a vibration to the user. The present disclosure relates to any type of object comprising a control interface provided to be handheld. 
         [0003]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0004]    There are touch panels using haptic feedback comprising one or more vibratory actuators which are excited by an electrical signal, for example when the terminal detects the input of a command by the user using the touch panel. A vibration may thus be transmitted to the user to indicate for example that his/her command has been acknowledged. 
         [0005]    The vibratory actuators used in touch panels using haptic feedback are discrete components of piezoelectric, electromagnetic or electrostatic type, which are mechanically coupled, directly or indirectly, to a plate forming the touch panel, where the user puts the finger or a stylus. The result is that some dimensions may be an issue in a small object such as a mobile phone, in particular when the touch panel is associated with a display. Indeed, the vibratory elements cannot be arranged in front of the display and there is often little room left around the display in the mobile terminal. The result is also that the manufacturing and integration costs are therefore not negligible. It is however desirable to integrate vibratory actuators into various objects comprising a part provided to be handheld. 
         [0006]    In addition, the high tactile sensitivity of the fingers of the hand may be used to transmit to the user more complex information than the simple acknowledgement of a command. 
         [0007]    It may therefore be desirable to provide a small vibratory actuator, which may easily be integrated into an object such as a device handle or an object provided to be handheld such as a mobile phone. It may also be desirable to provide a device which is able to generate various vibrations susceptible of being distinguished to transmit to a user various pieces of information in an intelligible way. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY 
       [0008]    Embodiments relate to a method for manufacturing an object configured to be handheld, the method comprising: forming vibratory actuators, mechanically coupling a first group of at least one vibratory actuator to a first part of the object, mechanically coupling a second group of at least one vibratory actuator to a second part of the object, the first and the second parts being susceptible of vibrating independently of each other, and being configured to come into contact with different areas of the hand of the user holding the object, and connecting the first and second groups of actuators to a control unit configured to transmit to each group of actuators, an electrical signal having a frequency adapted to the resonance frequency of the part to which it is mechanically coupled. 
         [0009]    According to an embodiment, forming the vibratory actuators comprises forming on a wafer at least one multilayer structure, each multilayer structure comprising an element susceptible of vibrating when it is subjected to an electrical signal, and electrodes for transmitting an electrical signal to the vibratory element. 
         [0010]    According to an embodiment, forming the vibratory actuators comprises forming a via going through the wafer to electrically link at least one of the electrodes of each vibratory element to a rear face of the wafer, each vibratory element being formed on a front face of the wafer, opposite to the rear face. 
         [0011]    According to an embodiment, each vibratory actuator is formed by depositing onto the wafer and etching a layer of a piezoelectric material such as PZT, the wafer being in a semiconductor or electrically insulating material. 
         [0012]    According to an embodiment, one of the two parts of the object is a touch panel plate or touch panel display screen, the method comprising mechanically coupling several vibratory elements to the plate. 
         [0013]    Embodiments also relate to a method for controlling an object configured to be handheld and comprising vibratory actuators, the method comprising: mechanically coupling a first group of at least one vibratory actuator to a first part of the object, mechanically coupling a second group of at least one vibratory actuator to a second part of the object, the first and second parts being configured to be able to vibrate independently of each other, and to come into contact with different areas of the hand of the user holding the object, and transmitting to each group of actuators, an electrical signal having a frequency adapted to the resonance frequency of the part to which it is mechanically coupled. 
         [0014]    According to an embodiment, the method comprises modulating the electrical signals transmitted to the first and second groups of actuators, by different modulation signals and having a modulation factor which may reach 100%. 
         [0015]    According to an embodiment, the method comprises providing a detection signal indicating the presence or not of the user&#39;s hand on or near the object, and transmitting to the actuators electrical signals only when the detection signal indicates the presence of the user&#39;s hand. 
         [0016]    According to an embodiment, the method comprises selecting signals to transmit to the actuators as a function of detected events or state information of the object. 
         [0017]    Embodiments also relate to an object comprising vibratory actuators, obtained by the manufacturing method as previously disclosed, the object being configured to be handheld, a first group of at least one vibratory actuator mechanically coupled to a first part of the object, a second group of at least one vibratory actuator mechanically coupled to a second part of the object, the first and second parts being configured to be able to vibrate independently of each other, and to come into contact with different areas of the hand of the user holding the object, and a control unit configured to transmit to each group of actuators, an electrical signal having a frequency adapted to the resonance frequency of the part to which it is mechanically coupled. 
         [0018]    According to an embodiment, the control unit is configured to modulate the electrical signals transmitted to the first and second groups of actuators, by different modulation signals and having a modulation factor which may reach 100%. 
         [0019]    According to an embodiment, the object comprises a presence detector for detecting the user&#39;s hand, the control unit being configured to transmit to the vibratory actuators electrical signals only when the detector detects the presence of the user&#39;s hand. 
         [0020]    According to an embodiment, the control unit is configured to transmit to the vibratory actuators electrical signals selected as a function of detected events or state information of the object. 
         [0021]    Embodiments also relate to a terminal complying with the object as previously disclosed, the terminal comprising a touch panel of capacitive or resistive type, a plate on which a user may put the finger to excite the touch panel, one of the vibratory actuators being mechanically coupled to the plate. 
         [0022]    According to an embodiment, the terminal comprises a display screen associated with the touch panel, the plate being transparent and arranged on the display screen. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0023]    Embodiments will be described hereinafter, in relation with, but not limited to the appended figures wherein: 
           [0024]      FIGS. 1 and 2  schematically show in cross-section objects provided with vibratory actuators, according to embodiments; 
           [0025]      FIGS. 3A to 3G  are section views of a substrate, at different manufacturing steps of a vibratory actuator, according to one embodiment; 
           [0026]      FIG. 4  shows in cross-section an example of integration of the vibratory actuator on a touch panel of capacitive type; 
           [0027]      FIG. 5  shows in cross-section an example of integration of the vibratory actuator on a touch panel of resistive type; 
           [0028]      FIG. 6  schematically shows in cross-section an object provided with vibratory actuators, according to another embodiment; 
           [0029]      FIGS. 7 to 9  schematically show objects provided with vibratory actuators, according to other embodiments; 
           [0030]      FIGS. 10 and 11  show timing diagrams of signals driving vibratory actuators according to embodiments. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0031]      FIG. 1  shows an object O 1  comprising a housing or a part of housing in the shape of a handle with a circular or substantially circular right section. The object O 1  may thus be a handle of household appliance (a kettle, vacuum, hair dryer, shaver, etc.), a wheel of a vehicle or a game console, a broomstick, a control handle of a game console, a computer mouse, etc. 
         [0032]    According to one embodiment, vibratory actuators PA 1 , PA 2  are arranged in the object O 1  and mechanically coupled to two parts O 1   a , O 1   b  of the housing of the object O 1 , which are susceptible of vibrating independently of each other. The two parts O 1   a , O 1   b  may be configured so that when a user holds the object O 1 , one of the two parts O 1   a , O 1   b  is in contact with a part of the hand holding the object like the thumb, and the other of the two parts is in contact with another part of the hand comprising for example one or more of the others fingers of the hand holding the object. 
         [0033]      FIG. 2  shows an object O 2  comprising a housing having a substantially rectangular right section, provided to be handheld. The object O 2  may for example be a mobile phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a global positioning system (GPS), a reader of multimedia files, a control interface of computer, etc. 
         [0034]    According to one embodiment, vibratory actuators PA 1 , PA 2  are installed in the object O 2  and mechanically coupled to two parts O 2   a , O 2   b  of the housing of the object O 2 , which are susceptible of vibrating independently of each other. The two parts O 2   a , O 2   b  may be configured so that when a user holds the object O 2 , one of the two parts O 2   a , O 2   b  is in contact with a part of the hand holding the object like the thumb, and the other of the two parts is in contact with another part of the hand holding the object comprising for example one or more of the other fingers of the hand holding the object. It is to be noted that one of the parts O 2   a , O 2   b  of the housing may comprise a touch panel or a display screen, possibly a touch screen. 
         [0035]    Admittedly, it may be provided to make a handheld housing or part of housing, comprising more than two parts susceptible of vibrating independently of one another. In this case, each part may be mechanically coupled to at least one vibratory actuator PA 1 , PA 2 . 
         [0036]    According to one embodiment, the actuators PA 1 , PA 2  are controlled by a control unit CTLU configured to generate for each actuator PA 1 , PA 2  a different excitation signal adapted to the resonance frequency of the part O 1   a , O 1   b , O 2   a , O 2   b  to which the actuator is coupled. Different texture effects may be produced by applying to each excitation signal different amplitude modulations for example at a modulation factor which may be chosen between 10 and 100%. The modulating signals may be square signals which duty factor and frequency are chosen as a function of the texture effect to be obtained. The frequency of the modulating signals may be chosen between 20 kHz and 100 kHz. The excitation signals may be configured to vibrate each of the actuators during periods of 0.5 to 10 s. 
         [0037]    According to the information to transmit to the user, the control unit may select a combination of two modulating signals to be applied to the signals transmitted to the actuators PA 1 , PA 2 . 
         [0038]    The control unit CTLU may be connected to a presence detector DP or proximity detector of the user&#39;s hand to emit the excitation signals of the actuators PA 1 , PA 2  only when the user holds the object O 1 , O 2  or gets his/her hand close to the object. The detector DP may be a capacitive or resistive presence detector like those used in touch panels. In the case of a control element of a game console or a computer, various different signals may be transmitted as vibrations to the user as a function of events occurring in a program executed by the console or computer. 
         [0039]    Thanks to the arrangements which have just been described, various applications may be considered. For example, in the case of a kettle, the control unit CTLU may be configured to control the actuators PA 1 , PA 2  to make different parts of the kettle handle vibrate, as a function of the temperature of the water in the kettle and/or the water level. In the case of a vehicle wheel, the control unit CTLU may be configured to control actuators PA 1 , PA 2  arranged in the wheel, so as to transmit different signals to the user, for example when detecting a danger or another fault in the vehicle, according to the danger or fault. 
         [0040]    According to one embodiment, the vibratory actuators PA 1 , PA 2  are formed on a wafer by using integrated circuit manufacturing techniques, and in particular techniques of micro photolithography, and micro etching of a substrate. The wafer forming the substrate may be in a semiconductor material, but not necessarily. Thus, the wafer may be in silicon, or any electrically insulating material which complies with integrated circuit manufacturing techniques, and with the temperatures used by the different processes to form a vibratory actuator described below. 
         [0041]    Thus,  FIGS. 3A to 3G  show in cross-section a wafer SB at different manufacturing steps of one or more vibratory actuators. In  FIG. 3A , one or more conductive paths each forming a lower electrode LE of vibratory element and a connection path of the electrode LE, are formed on the wafer SB. Each electrode LE may be made conventionally by depositing a metal layer, for example in gold or titanium by sputtering on the wafer SB. A layer of photoresist is then deposited onto the metal layer, then a mask pattern is transferred to the photosensitive layer, and the exposed parts of the metal layer are removed. 
         [0042]    In  FIG. 3B , a layer PL in a material susceptible of vibrating under the effect of an electrical signal, for example a piezoelectric material, is deposited onto the wafer SB. The piezoelectric material is for example a piezoelectric material such as a piezoelectric oxide like PZT (Lead Zirconate Titanate—Pb(Zr x Ti 1-x )O 3 ), lead titanate (PbTiO 3 ), or barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ). This material may be deposited onto the wafer SB using a SOL-GEL process by rotating the wafer, and applying to the layer thus deposited annealing progressively reaching 700° C. for PZT. A layer of photoresist PR is then deposited onto the wafer SB, and a mask pattern is transferred to the layer PR. The mask pattern allows parts of the layer PL to be removed. Removing the layer PL is for example performed by Inductively Coupled Plasma ICP. The layer PR is then removed. There is then only a block VA of piezoelectric material left, on each electrode LE ( FIG. 3C ). The material forming each block VA is able to generate a vibration which is perceptible by a user, when the material is subjected an electric excitation. 
         [0043]    In  FIG. 3C , an electrically insulating layer IS may be deposited onto some parts of the conductive paths connected to the electrodes LE, and the block VA. The layer IS may be deposited as previously, by depositing onto the wafer SB, an electrically insulating material, then a layer of photoresist, and by transferring to the photosensitive layer a mask pattern. The exposed parts of the insulating layer are then etched, and the photosensitive layer is then removed. 
         [0044]    In  FIG. 3D , an upper electrode UE of vibratory element and a connection path of the electrode UE are formed on each block VA and on some parts of the insulating layer IS. The electrode UE and the connection path of the electrode UE may be formed as previously, for example by depositing a metal layer by sputtering and etching the metal layer. The metal used to form the electrode UE is for example chromium or nickel. The set consisting of the block VA, the electrodes LE, UE and the insulating layer IS between the connection paths of the electrodes LE, UE forms a vibratory element PA. It is to be noted that forming an insulating layer IS between the conductive connection paths of the two electrodes LE, UE may not be necessary, in particular if the conductive connection paths of the electrodes spread out on the wafer from two different sides of the block VA. 
         [0045]    In  FIGS. 3E and 3F , vias going through the wafer SB may be formed to electrically link to the rear face of the wafer SB, one and/or the other conductive connection path of the electrodes LE, UE of each vibratory element PA. To that end, a metalized hole V is formed in the wafer SB, in each conductive path to be linked to the rear face of the wafer ( FIG. 3E ). The wafer SB is then thinned, for example by mechanically grinding its rear face, until the metal deposited into each hole V appears on the rear face ( FIG. 3F ). Each metalized hole opening onto the rear face of the wafer SB thus forms a through-via V. In  FIG. 3F , a routing conductive path BT linked to each through-via V, is formed on the rear face of the wafer SB. The wafer SB is then cut out to obtain vibratory actuators comprising one or more vibratory elements, for example arranged in rows. 
         [0046]    In  FIG. 3G , the vibratory element PA on the plate SB is mechanically coupled to a plate GL to be vibrated, for example using a layer of glue, and the path BT on the rear face of the plate SB is welded by a connection ball BP on a board PCB, for example a printed circuit board or a substrate BGA. 
         [0047]    The actuators obtained by the manufacturing method which has just been described, have small dimensions, which allows them to be easily integrated into handheld objects. 
         [0048]    The plate GL may be a part of housing. According to one embodiment, the plate GL is opaque and constitutes the upper surface of a touch panel. 
         [0049]    According to another embodiment, the plate GL is transparent and is arranged above a display screen with a touch panel. Thus, in  FIGS. 4 and 5 , the two electrodes LE, UE of the vibratory element PA formed on the plate SB, are linked to conductive paths BT 1 , BT 2  through vias V 1 , V 2  going through the plate SB. The paths BT 1 , BT 2  are connected to conductive paths formed on the board PCB through connection balls BP 1 , BP 2  also performing fixing the plate SB on the board PCB. In addition, the vibratory element PA is mechanically coupled to the plate GL. 
         [0050]    In  FIG. 4 , the plate GL is associated with a plate of electrodes of touch panel CTS of capacitive type, arranged under the plate GL at a distance therefrom. The plate SB may be housed between the plate GL and the touch panel CTS. In  FIG. 5 , the plate GL is associated with a touch panel RTS of resistive type, arranged on the plate GL. 
         [0051]    According to one embodiment, the plate GL and the touch panel CTS (or RTS) may be opaque and form a control touch panel. 
         [0052]    According to another embodiment, the plate GL and the touch panel CTS (or RTS) are transparent and associated with a display DSP, for example a liquid crystal display, arranged under the touch panel CTS ( FIG. 4 ) or the plate GL ( FIG. 5 ). The plate SB may then be arranged between an edge of the touch panel CTS and an edge of the plate GL, so as not to hide a part of the display DSP. The board PCB may also be arranged so as not to hide a part of the display DSP as shown in  FIGS. 4 and 5 , for example facing the wafer SB. 
         [0053]    In the embodiments of  FIGS. 4 and 5 , the touch panel may admittedly be used by the control unit CTLU to detect the presence of the user&#39;s hand. 
         [0054]      FIG. 6  shows an object O 3  comprising a housing having a substantially rectangular right section, provided to be handheld. The object O 3  may for example be a mobile phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a global positioning system (GPS), a reader of multimedia files, a control interface of computer, etc. 
         [0055]    According to one embodiment, vibratory actuators PA 1 , PA 2 , PA 3 , PA 4  are installed in the object O 3  and mechanically coupled respectively to four parts O 3   a , O 3   b , O 3   c , O 3   d  of the housing of the object O 3 , which are susceptible of vibrating independently of each other. According to one embodiment, a control unit CTLU controls the actuators PA 1 -PA 4  and is configured to generate for each actuator PA 1 -PA 4  a different excitation signal adapted to the resonance frequency of the part O 3   a -O 3   d  to which the actuator is coupled. The parts O 3   a -O 3   d  may be configured so that when a user holds the object O 3 , the parts O 3   a -O 3   d  are in contact with different parts of the hands holding or in contact with the object, like the palm of one hand and the fingers of the other hand. The parts O 3   a , O 3   b  of the housing may comprise a touch panel or a display screen, possibly a touch screen. The parts O 3   c , O 3   d  may also comprise a touch panel. Each touch panel is connected to the control unit CTLU so that the latter may sense the parts O 3   a -O 3   d  of the housing that are in contact with the skin of the user. 
         [0056]    The handheld housing of object O 3  may comprise more than four parts susceptible of vibrating independently of one another. Each part may be mechanically coupled to at least one vibratory actuator. Thus  FIG. 7  shows an outer plate of an object O 4  which may form an upper face of the object O 3  comprising a touch display screen or a lower face of this object comprising a touch panel. The outer plate of object O 4  is divided into ten parts O 4   a -O 4   j  which are susceptible of vibrating independently of each other. Each of the parts O 4   a -O 4   j  is mechanically coupled with a respective vibratory actuator PA 11 -PA 20  which is controlled in an independent manner by a control unit such as the unit CTLU. In the example of  FIG. 7 , the parts O 4   a -O 4   j  are arranged in two columns of five parts. 
         [0057]    Other configurations of independent housing parts may be provided.  FIG. 8  represents a plate O 5  of a touch panel forming a rotary control button. The plate is divided into sectors O 5   a - 05 ×, each sector being mechanically coupled with a vibratory actuator PA, the actuators PA being arranged along a circle. 
         [0058]      FIG. 9  represents a steering wheel O 6  comprising a ring portion divided into parts O 6   a -O 6   n  susceptible of vibrating independently of one another. Each of the parts O 4   a -O 4   j  is mechanically coupled with a respective vibratory actuator PA which is controlled in an independent manner by a control unit such as the unit CTLU. 
         [0059]      FIGS. 10 and 11  are timing diagrams of signals driving vibratory adjacent actuators PA 1 -PA 5  according to embodiments. These signals comprise successive pulses  11 - 15  representing times when the actuators are activated. In  FIG. 10 , pulses  11 - 15  are respectively provided to the adjacent actuators PA 1 -PA 5  in one direction D 1  from actuator PA 1  to actuator PA 5 , so that the user may sense a vibration propagating in this direction D 1 . 
         [0060]    In  FIG. 11 , pulse  11  is provided to actuator PA 3 , pulse  12  is provided to the actuators PA 2 , PA 4  which are adjacent to actuator PA 3 , and pulse  13  is provided to the actuators PA 1 , PA 5  which are adjacent to actuators PA 2  and PA 4 . In this manner the user may sense a vibration propagating simultaneously in two opposite directions D 1 , D 2  from a point A corresponding to the location of actuator PA 3 . 
         [0061]    The vibration propagating modes of  FIGS. 10 and 11  may be applied to an array of n×m (n and m being greater than 2) vibratory actuators, so that the user may sense a vibration propagating in several distinct directions, simultaneously or not, and from or to a single or several points of the array surface. 
         [0062]    It will be clear to those skilled in the art that the present disclosure is susceptible of various embodiments and applications. In particular, the disclosure is not limited to the use of vibratory elements of piezoelectric type. Any other type of vibratory element such as the electromagnetic or electrostatic type may be used within the frame of the present disclosure. Other vibratory elements may indeed fit in the target applications. Thus, each vibratory element may be made by forming on the wafer SB, a coil either perpendicular or parallel to the wafer, the inside of the coil being filled with a material with high magnetic permittivity, such as NiCr, CoFe or a permalloy. 
         [0063]    The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of the above-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should be construed to include all possible embodiments along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims are not limited by the disclosure.