Abstract:
A computer system featuring a wireless method for securing the system against unauthorized use and controlling cursor movement including a computer with a built in mouse area. The mouse area has a window of transparent medium and an LED and camera with photosensor array housed within the camera. The camera records images of surfaces of an object pressed against the outer surface of the transparent medium. In another embodiment the, object is a SMART card with circuitry communicating wirelessly with circuitry inside the computer.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   This invention relates to cursor pointing devices for a computer and particularly to a cursor controller for a personal digital assistant. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   A computer mouse is a handheld device that a user slides over a suitable surface causing the cursor on a computer screen to move in a direction determined by the motion of the device. 
   Most all such devices have five components: a ball, two rollers, two encoding disks, a pair of infrared LEDs and infrared sensors, and a microprocessor. 
   The ball inside the mouse touches most any selected surface and rolls as the device is moved on the surface. The two rollers inside the mouse touch the ball. Each roller rolls in response to a component of motion of the mouse that is orthogonal to the component of motion that drives the other roller. One roller is coupled to one encoding disk and the other roller is coupled to the other encoding disk. Each disk has a circumferential row of apertures. A pair of infrared sensors on one side of each disk detects light from one of a pair of infrared LED on the opposite side of the respective disk and thereby detects rotational displacement of the disk (roller) corresponding to translation of the mouse over the surface in contact with the ball. The processor chip detects the pulses from the sensors and sends the data (by a connecting cord) to the computer. 
   For each disk, the direction of rotation of the disk is determined by comparing the phases of the optical signals from the respective disk. 
   The first “optical” disk included a source of a focused beam reflected off a pad onto a sensor. A grid pattern of dark lines was disposed onto the highly reflective surface of the pad. Motion of the pad was detected by interruption of the focused beam by the grid lines. 
   A limitation of this mouse was the requirement to maintain a specified angle of reflection. 
   More recently, a so-called “optical” mouse has been disclosed as in U.S. Pat. No. 4,631,400 to Tanner et al and U.S. Pat. No. 6,513,717 to Hannigan. 
   This optical mouse has a small red light emitting diode (LED) that is reflected off (almost any) surface onto a complimentary metal semiconductor (CMOS sensor, the CMOS sensor sends each signal to a digital signal processor (DSP) for analysis. The DSP operating at 18 mega Instructions per Second is able to detect changes in patterns in the images. The DSP determines how far the mouse has moved by the changing sequences of images, and sends corresponding signals to the computer for control of the cursor. The image signals are received hundreds of times per sec. 
   The optical mouse, as presently disclosed and marketed has advantages compared to the Opto-mechanical mouse principally in terms of increase tracking resolution and elimination of a requirement for a special tracking surface. 
   The “form” of these cursor controllers (mice) of the current art are not compatible with the trend of a large segment of the computer market toward the introduction of more “personalized” devices adapted for use where “portability” is an important requirement. 
   By “form” is meant the physical characteristics of a device such as size, design, shape, weight and power requirements. The “form” therefore, determines the convenience with which the user can operate the device under restricted circumstances. The devices include laptop computers, notebooks, PDAs (personal digital assistants). In the context of this specification, PDA is defined to mean any small handheld device that provides computing, and/or information storage and retrieval capabilities. Since the object in the design of these devices is to provide a device that can be slipped into a pocketbook or shirt pocket, the necessity of using the state of the art optical or opto-mechanical mouse defeats the purpose of the device. The attachment of such devices by cable to the state of the art “mouse” is incompatible with the intended scope of use of the handheld device. 
   Another problem that is closely associated with the proliferation of PDAs is the protection from theft of the information stored in these devices and the identification of the user. Theft by bank fraud involving false deposits, check forgery has become an enormous problem. The typical response of law enforcement agencies is that a fingerprint is the only certain way to prevent these crimes. 
   Another problem is that custodians of computers have control over which programs stored in a computer are available for use to only a segment of the public. 
   For example, a librarian may want to “lease time” that a user uses a particular program on the Internet, computer. 
   Some photocopying outlets offer desktop publishing facilities. 
   There are other situations wherein a “public computer” is available for use by the public wherein the computer has stored programs that perform a variety of functions such as web searching, email services, CAD, word processing. 
   Another problem is that custodians of computers wish to have control over which programs stored in a computer are available for use to only a segment of the public. For example, certain programs may be deemed inappropriate for minors. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   It is an object of this invention to provide a system for controlling a cursor on a screen that overcomes a number of disadvantages of the “mouse” of the prior art. 
   In particular, it is an object to eliminate the requirement for a cable connecting the mouse to the computer for carrying power to the mouse and carrying the displacement signal from the mouse to the computer. 
   Another object is to eliminate the problem of physical separation of the mouse from the computer with the possibility that the mouse can be misplaced, lost or stolen. This problem is exacerbated by the practice of carrying the PDA or laptop computers on the person of the user. 
   Yet another object is to prevent damage to the mouse that may result in the case of the state of the art mouse where the mouse is separated from the computer. Such damage can result from dropping the mouse or accidentally ripping the power cord from the mouse. 
   Another object is to eliminate the expense inherent in requiring an extra housing for the mouse. 
   Still another object is enhancing the security of the information stored in the PDA and particularly the identification of the user. 
   This invention is directed toward a cursor pointing system incorporated completely into the PDA arranged to control the position of a cursor on the screen of the computer. To operate, the user simply places the surface of an object (e.g., a card) against a “mouse area” which is a part of the surface of the computer. In one version, correspondence of a feature (such as a design or alphanumeric indicia with an image stored in the PDA) operates as a key to enable the user to operate the computer. Movement of the object in contact with the “mouse” area enables the user to move the cursor on the screen of the computer to desired locations. 
   The “mouse region” just below the “mouse area” contains a red light emitting diode (LED) and an array of photosensitive elements. The photosensitive elements are preferably CMOS photosensors although other photosensors may be used such as charge coupled diodes (CCDs). 
   In one embodiment, the sensor array and LED are mounted in a “mouse region” of the computer on one side of a refracting transparent medium. The “outside” surface of the transparent medium is a flat reference surface against which the user presses his finger or medium (such as a card) to form a slideable interface. The “inside” surface of the transparent medium is contoured to focus a light beam from the LED. The light beam is reflected from the slideable interface back to the sensor. 
   The sensors of the sensor array develop a charge pattern that represents the image of the reference surface. 
   A photo signal is thereby developed in the sensor array that represents the image of the interface. The image is compared to an authorized image in order that the user may proceed with the operation of the computer. 
   In another embodiment, the surface of a small card is pressed into contact with the mouse surface. The card has a unique design on its surface that may be so faint as to be imperceptible to the user but which can be “read” by the sensor array. 
   An image of the interface is thus recorded as signals from the sensor which are transmitted to a data signal processor and the operating system in the computer. The operating system analyzes the signals by comparing successive images which it interprets as movement of the object surface. A cursor on the computer screen moves in a direction for a distance responsive to the movement of the image interface. 
   In another embodiment of the invention, the card has an embedded transceiver construction including an antenna, rectifier, processor and memory. The computer also has a transceiver construction including an antenna, processor, memory and a power supply. 
   The computer antenna radiates a power signal and a “wakeup” signal to the card antenna. The card rectifier rectifies the power signal to drive the card circuitry. The card processor sends a program or program address from the card memory through the card antenna to the computer transceiver circuit. The computer transceiver circuit downloads the program or retrieves the program from its memory corresponding to the signal from the card transceiver for use by the computer operator (cardholder). 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a block diagram of the system. 
       FIG. 2  shows the arrangement of the mouse region. 
       FIG. 3  is a flow chart showing operation in the security mode. 
       FIG. 4  is a flow chart showing steps in the cursor control mode. 
       FIG. 5  shows a SMART card used as an object to provide access to selected programs. 
   

   DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
   Turning now to a discussion of the drawings,  FIG. 1  is a block diagram showing a computer (PDA)  10  with processor  11 , memory  12 , a keyboard  13 , and monitor screen  14  with a cursor  16 . 
   Software programs including an operating system and application program are installed in the memory. 
     FIG. 2  shows in cutaway cross section the details of the mouse region  18  to better advantage. There are shown a transparent medium  24  having one side facing a CMOS camera  26  with array  22  and LED  20 . The other side of the transparent medium  24  contacts the surface of an object  29  forming an interface  25 . 
   In one version of the invention, the object  29  is a card that has printed thereon a “password” image (e.g., alpha numeric). The password image is transmitted by the camera  26  to the central processor  11  for storage in memory  12 . The system will operate only when the image is identical to an “authorized” image stored in system memory  12 . 
   The CMOS camera  26  includes a lens  19  and two dimensional CMOS array  22 . The CMOS camera used in this implementation is a Xirlink IBM PC camera distributed by the IBM Corporation, which includes a lens and an Agilent CMOS image sensor. 
   The sensor signal is transmitted to a digital signal processor  11 . The digital signal processor is activated when the object surface contacts the outer surface of the transparent medium to form interface  25 . The processor operates in two modes, i.e., the “recognition” mode and the run mode. 
     FIG. 3  illustrates the steps of the recognition mode. 
   In step  1 , an apparatus is provided being a computer having the built-in mouse region described in this specification. 
   In step  2 , the user presses the object surface against the (flat) outer surface of the transparent medium forming the interface  25 . 
   In step  3 , an image of the interface  25  is registered by the camera  26  and transmitted to the system memory  12 . 
   In step  4 , a software program stored in system memory  12  compares the newly recorded image data to the “password” data stored in system memory. 
   In step  5 , if the image data is identical to the password data, then the system is conditioned to accept additional image data according to the second mode. 
   In the cursor tracking mode, the cursor control system moves the cursor on the monitor screen during a succession of cycles. Each succession of cycles is a period during which the cursor is moved in incremental distances from an initial location to a final location. 
   The computer has a first memory, a second memory; and a memory for storing an application program arranged to control the cursor on the monitor screen; 
   The camera  26 , enclosed in the computer, has a field of view and comprises an array of photosensors  22 . The array  22  has integer 3n columns and integer 3n rows of photosensors; 
   The LED  20 , enclosed in the computer, is arranged to illuminate the interface and form an image of the interface  25  on the array  22  of photosensors; 
   Each photosensor has a location defined by a row coordinate x, and a column coordinate y. 
   The first and second memories  12  each have an array of addresses. Each address, i,j corresponds to location x y, in the photosensor array. 
   i and j are integers between 1 and 3n in the first memory for storing image signals of a current cycle. 
   i and j are integers between 1 and n in the second memory for storing image signals of a central cluster of image signals which represent a central region of the interface image determined during a most recent previous cycle. 
   The application program is programmed to store current image signals, ΣP′ ij , at respective 9n 2 addresses  i,j in the first memory during a current cycle replacing data stored during the previous cycle. 
   The application program is programmed to form a plurality of correlation values, N rs , wherein
 
 N   rs =Σ n   i=1 Σ n   j=1  ( P   ij   −P′   i+r,j+s ) 2 
 
for addresses, r,s wherein r,s are integers and are selected in an order according to a selection process;
 
   The plurality of correlation numbers is formed until integers r′,s′ are determined where
 
N r′s′ =0
 
r′,s′ represent a new location of the central cluster during the current cycle;
 
   After the new location r′s′ has been determined, the application program is programmed to transfer each image signal,
 
P i+r′,j+s′ 
 
from respective addresses i+r′,j+s′ in the first memory to addresses i,j in the second memory.
 
   The process for selecting r,s to compute N r,s  is:
         (i) beginning with r=0, and, for each r,   (ii) incrementing by 1 each value of s between −r and r; then   (iii) decrementing by 1 each value of r between r and −r for s=r; then   (iv) decrementing by 1 each value of s between r and −r; then   (v) incrementing by 1 each value of r between −r and r.       

   The application program is programmed to then move the cursor on the screen from one screen location M,N, corresponding to memory address i, j to another screen location M′N″ corresponding to memory address i+r,j+s. 
     FIG. 4  is a flow chart of the steps during a cycle of the second mode. 
   In step  1 , an initial image of a central region of an interface is recorded and intensity values P ij  are stored in a second memory having n 2  addresses. 
   In step  2 , a “current” image of the object surface is recorded and intensity values P′ ij  are stored in a first memory having 9n 2  addresses. 
   In step  3 , a series of correlation values is computed where each correlation value, is given by:
 
 N   rs =Σ i=1   n Σ j=1   n ( P   i,j   −P′   i+r,j+s ) 2 
 
Until a set of coordinates r′,s′ are determined where N r′s′ =0.
 
   The coordinates r′,s′ is the change of location of the addresses of image signal that takes place between the current cycle and the next previous cycle. 
   In step  4 , a cursor is moved from an initial location by a displacement determined by r,s. 
   In step  5 , Replace data in first memory by the new “previous” centered at r′,s′. 
   In step  6 , repeat steps  2  to  5  until the last cycle. 
   There has been described a computer system that enables a user to control the position of a cursor on a monitor screen by moving a object in contact with the surface of a transparent medium. 
   Modifications and variations may be contemplated after reading the specification which are within the scope of the invention. 
   For example,  FIG. 5  shows an embodiment in which the object forming the interface with the transparent medium) is a “smart” card  35 . A “Smart” card is known in the art to be circuit on a card including an antenna  36  and transmitter  38  powered by a small battery in the card or by power transmitted wirelessly from the computer  10  to the card  35 . 
   Information on the Smart card is read by an antenna  40  in a transceiver  41  in the computer  10  communicating with the antenna  36  in the Smart card. 
   The CARD CIRCUIT  35  has a built in antenna  36 , a rectifier  37 , memory  39  and processor  45 . The card circuit communicates with a computer circuit (in the computer  10 ) including a computer antenna  40 , connected to transmitter  41 , central processor  42 , computer memory  43 , computer power  44 , so as to direct the computer to selected applications depending on addresses and messages in the card memory  40 . 
   One application includes selection of data or a file intended solely for the holder of the card. 
   The use of a card with a unique design enables the user to loan the card to coworkers when it is required that more than one individual operate the computer system. 
   The photosensors may be any one of CMOS devices or CCDs (charge coupled diodes). 
   The cursor control system described above satisfies the objectives of cursor control and security. The combination of photosensing circuit in the computer and electromagnetic signal transmitting circuit on a card “read by a photsensing circuit has been described as presenting numerous heretofore unanticipated applications of the computer system. 
   Variations and modifications may be suggested by reading the specification and studying the drawings, which are within the scope of the invention. 
   For example, in one embodiment, the optical mouse is incorporated into the keyboard for additional operational convenience. 
   It is understood that the scope of this invention is directed toward an optical mouse arranged as an integral part of a computer. Movement of a card held proximal to the LED of the mouse is measured by matching successive images recorded by the camera. A squares method of this invention is applied to calculate the movement of the image. 
   I therefore wish to define the scope of the invention by the appended claims.