Abstract:
A fluorescence imaging device detects fluorescence in parts of the visible and invisible spectrum, and projects the fluorescence image directly on the human body, as well as on a monitor, with improved sensitivity, video frame rate and depth of focus, and enhanced capabilities of detecting distribution and properties of multiple fluorophores. Direct projection of three-dimensional visible representations of florescence on three-dimensional body areas advantageously permits view of it during surgical procedures, including during cancer removal, reconstructive surgery and wound care, etc. A NIR laser and a human visible laser (HVL) are aligned coaxially and scanned over the operating field of view. When the NIR laser passes over the area where the florescent dye is present, it energizes the dye which emits at a shifted NIR frequency detected by a photo diode. The HVL is turned on when emission is detected, providing visual indication of those positions.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority on U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/733,535 filed on Dec. 5, 2012, and claims priority on U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/830,225, filed on Jun. 3, 2013, with the disclosures of each incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF INVENTION 
       [0002]    This invention is related to the field of fluorescent medical imaging. 
       BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 
       [0003]    Fluorescence is a phenomenon of light emission by a substance that has previously absorbed light of a different wavelength. In most cases, the emitted light has a longer wavelength, and therefore lower energy, than the absorbed light. However, when the absorbed electromagnetic radiation is intense, it is possible for one atom or molecule to absorb two photons; this two-photon absorption can lead to emission of radiation having a shorter wavelength than the absorbed radiation. Fluorescent light can be easily separated from reflected excitation light, thus providing excellent selectivity in applications where fluorescent light may carry some useful information about the substances and structures which emitted it. 
         [0004]    This property is particularly important in various medical imaging applications, where fluorescent light may be emitted by fluorescent dyes, also known as fluorophores, with affinity to certain biological materials such as blood, or dyes conjugated to biological markers with specific affinity to certain tissues, proteins or DNA segments, and can be a reliable proxy for imaging internal body structures, such as blood vessels, lymph nodes, etc., as well as finding signs of disease, such as necrosis or cancer. 
         [0005]    Usually, fluorescent biological markers are introduced externally, specifically with a purpose of binding to and imaging specific organs and tissues. In some cases, they are naturally-occurring, which is known as biological auto-fluorescence. 
         [0006]    Most fluorescent substances, whether biological or not, have specific absorption and emission spectra, with peaks at certain wavelength. Sometimes, more than one peak may be present in either absorption or emission spectrum, or both. In any case, any fluorescent imaging system must provide excitation light at one wavelength and detect the emission light at different wavelength. Since the optical efficiency of fluorescence is usually quite low, emission light is usually much weaker than excitation light. Hence, optical filters which accept emission light and block excitation light are also usually present in a fluorescent imaging system. 
         [0007]    Of particular interest are the fluorescent dyes which both absorb and emit light in the Near Infrared (NIR) part of the spectrum, approximately from 700 to 1000 nm wavelength. Within this band, human tissues are particularly transparent, so the fluorescent dyes may be seen at most depths and images may be of particular clarity. 
         [0008]    Fluorescent medical imaging systems are known in prior art, including those designed for detection of NIR fluorescent dyes. 
         [0009]    Usually, fluorescent images are combined with conventional, reflected-light images and presented to a medical practitioner on a common monitor, so the distribution of the fluorescent die can be visible in its surroundings. Since the NIR fluorescent image is outside of the human visible light range, it is usually mapped to a human visible color and displayed on a monitor superimposed on top of the captured color image of the biological object of interest. The system can display either still or moving images. A medical practitioner can use such a system to detect, for example, cancer cells during surgery, detect perfusion during reconstructive surgery, and detect the location of lymph nodes. During open surgery, wherein the surgeon is directly viewing the field of surgery, utilization of a monitor is disadvantageous in the surgeon must glance away from the surgical site to view the image of the fluorescence. Upon returning to view the surgical area, the surgeon must estimate the position of the florescence based upon his memory of the display on the monitor. Alternative, the surgeon can perform the required work while directly viewing the monitor as opposed to directly viewing the surgical area. This approach is disadvantaged in that it is cumbersome to operate without directly viewing the surgical site. Further, when viewing the monitor the surgeon losses all three dimensional information that is normally obtained when directly viewing the surgical area. 
         [0010]    While being valuable surgical and diagnostic tools, known fluorescent cameras suffer from a number of limitations, mostly stemming from very low signal levels produced by fluorescent dyes. Those limitations are insufficient sensitivity, low video frame rates or long integration time necessary for taking a still image, as well as a limited depth of focus, especially if a large objective lens is used to alleviate sensitivity problems. 
         [0011]    There are many known fluorescent dyes and or molecules that are used in the medical field, also referred to florescent probes or fluorescent markers. (see, www.piercenet.com/browse.cfm?fldID=4DD9D52E-5056-8A76-4E6E-E217FAD0D86B, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference). 
         [0012]    Furthermore, in the following article, near-infrared fluorescence nanoparticle-base probes for use in imaging of cancer are described and is hereby incorporated by reference: He, X., Wang, K. and Cheng, Z. (2010), “In vivo near-infrared fluorescence imaging of cancer with nanoparticle-based probes,” WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol, 2: 349-366. doi: 10.1002/wnan.85. 
       OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
       [0013]    It is an object of this invention to visualize fluorescence which is invisible to the human eye, either because it is outside of visible wavelength range, or because it is too weak to be seen by a naked eye, by re-projection directly onto human tissue on a surgical or diagnostic site and thus free the medical practitioner from shifting his sight from patient to monitor and back 
         [0014]    It is another object of this invention to alleviate the deficiencies of existing fluorescent cameras and increase the sensitivity, the video frame rates and the depth of focus. 
         [0015]    It is yet another object of this invention to enable a fluorescent camera to detect the presence of multiple fluorophores with distinct spectra in human tissues and adequately convey the information about their presence and distribution to the medical practitioner. 
         [0016]    It is yet another object of this invention to detect temporal changes in fluorophore distribution and convey this information to the medical practitioner. 
         [0017]    It is yet another object of this invention to enable detection of fluorescence life time of a fluorophore, which might convey additional clinically-relevant information about fluorophore distribution and interaction with surrounding tissues. It may also help to distinguish between fluorophores with the same spectra but different life time. 
         [0018]    It is also an object of this invention to extract information about the depth of the fluorophore deposit in the human body, thus enabling 3-dimensional fluorescence imaging. 
         [0019]    And it is also an object of this invention to improve the performance of fluorescence imaging in endoscopic applications. 
         [0020]    Further objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following description and claims, and from the accompanying drawings. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0021]    In this application a fluorescence imaging device is described which is capable of detecting fluorescence in visible and invisible parts of the spectrum and projecting the fluorescence image directly on the human body, as well as on the monitor, with improved sensitivity, video frame rate and depth of focus and enhanced capabilities of detecting distribution and properties of multiple fluorophores. 
         [0022]    Projecting the visible representation of the florescence directly on the human body has the significant advantage of allowing the surgeon to view the florescence directly on the patient while performing the surgery. Since the parts of the body being operated on are three dimensional, the viewing by the surgeon of the projected visible image thereon is therefore inherently three dimensional, providing an advantage to the surgeon. 
         [0023]    An illustrative example where the present invention would be useful is open surgery for cancer removal. It is known that injecting a patient with fluorescent dyes conjugated with specific biological markers will cause the dyes to accumulate in cancer cells. With the present invention, during open surgery the surgeon can simply aim the device at the surgical area and all of the cancer cells will appear to be visually glowing due to the selective projection of the visible laser on the surgical area. In this manner the surgeon can make certain to only remove the cancerous materials, and can insure that all the cancerous cells are appropriately removed. 
         [0024]    A further illustrative field is the area of reconstructive surgery and wound care. In these cases insuring that there is appropriate blood flow into parts of the body is critical. In this instance, during the reconstructive surgery the fluorescent dyes can be injected into the patients&#39; blood stream and the device used to show the blood flow to the newly constructed area. By projecting directly onto the reconstructed area an image of the blood flow, the surgeon can insure in real time that the flow is appropriate to provide appropriate healing. 
         [0025]    In one embodiment, the system includes a NIR laser for energizing the florescent dye, for example Indocyanine green (ICG). Also included is a human visible laser (i.e., a laser emitting light at a wavelength that is visible to the human eye) for displaying the areas where the florescence is detected. Both the NIR and the visible laser are aligned co axially and scanned over the operating field of view. When the NIR laser passes over the area where the florescent dye is present, the dye emits at a shifted NIR frequency which is detected by a photo diode. Based upon the position of the NIR laser when the emission is detected, the position of the florescent dye is identified. The human visible laser is then turned on at positions corresponding to the position of the florescent dye, thereby providing a visual indication of the position of the florescent dye. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         [0026]    FIG.  1 —this block diagram describes a fluorescence imaging device capable of re-projecting fluorescence image directly on the human body. 
           [0027]    FIG.  2 —this block diagram describes a fluorescence imaging device capable of re-projecting fluorescence image directly on the human body and on a monitor. 
           [0028]    FIG.  3 —this block diagram describes a fluorescence imaging device capable of re-projecting fluorescence image directly on the human body, overlap the fluorescent image on the visible image from a CCD camera and display the combined image on a monitor. 
           [0029]    FIG.  4 —this block diagram describes a fluorescence imaging device capable of re-projecting fluorescence image directly on the human body using full RGB colors, overlap the fluorescent image on the visible image from a full-color laser scanning camera and display the combined image on a monitor. 
           [0030]    FIG.  5 —this block diagram describes a fluorescence imaging device capable of re-projecting fluorescence image directly on the human body using full RGB colors, overlap the fluorescent image on the visible image from a full-color laser scanning camera and display the combined image on a monitor. This device has an additional ablation laser, capable of controlled delivery of laser light to select regions of the human body designated based on the acquired fluorescence image. 
           [0031]    FIG.  6 —this block diagram describes a fluorescence imaging device capable of re-projecting fluorescence image directly on the human body, overlap the fluorescent image on the visible image from a CCD camera and display the combined image on a monitor. This device uses an imaging, rather than a laser scanning, projector, such as a Digital Light Processor (DLP) projector. 
           [0032]    FIG.  7 —this drawing shows a simplified layout of the device of  FIG. 3 . 
           [0033]    FIG.  8 —this drawing shows the difference between the imaging and non-imaging light collection and the advantage of the latter for a fluorescence imaging device. 
           [0034]    FIG.  9 —this drawing shows a simplified layout of an endoscopic fluorescence imaging device. 
           [0035]    FIG.  10 —these graphs show the difference between temporal responses of short and long fluorescent life fluorophores while excited by a laser scanning beam. 
           [0036]    FIG.  11 —this drawing shows a simplified optical Field-of-View (FOV) of a fluorescence imaging device. 
           [0037]    FIG.  12 —these timing diagrams illustrate the process of simultaneously acquiring a fluorescent image and projecting with a fluorescence imaging device. 
           [0038]    FIG.  13 —this drawing shows a method of optically combining the FOV of laser scanner and a CCD camera of a fluorescence imaging device. 
           [0039]    FIG.  14 —this drawing shows an alternative method of optically combining the FOV of laser scanner and a CCD camera of a fluorescence imaging device. 
           [0040]    FIG.  15 —this drawing shows yet another method of optically combining the FOV of laser scanner and a CCD camera of a fluorescence imaging device. 
           [0041]    FIG.  16 —this drawing shows a method of optically combining the FOV of an imaging projector, such as a DLP projector, and a CCD camera of a fluorescence imaging device. 
           [0042]    FIG.  17 —this drawing shows a fluorescence imaging device with a head-mount sensor for correcting the re-projected image. 
           [0043]    FIG.  18 —this diagram illustrates the visual enhancement of re-projected image through synchronized blinking. 
           [0044]    FIG.  19 —these timing diagrams illustrate time-resolved fluorescence detection. 
           [0045]    FIG.  20 —these timing diagrams illustrate and alternative method of time-resolved fluorescence detection using a single-photon counter. 
           [0046]    FIG.  21 —this drawing illustrates the optical collection area trade-off between imaging and non-imaging detectors. 
           [0047]    FIG.  22 —this drawing shows multiple detectors with independent collection areas covering the same FOV. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0048]      FIG. 1  shows a block diagram of a fluorescence imaging device capable of re-projecting fluorescence image directly on the human body, for example, during a surgery. A florescent dye, such as HER2Sense or RediJect 2-DG 750, which is available from Perkin Elmer in Waltham, Mass. (see, www.perkinelmer.com/catalog/category/id/Targeted), is delivered to the surgical area, via sub-cutaneous or intra-venous injection and accumulates in the objects of interest, for example cancer cells  11  of the patient. 
         [0049]    A near IR laser  1  is provided at an IR frequency that is suitable for exciting the florescent dye in the cancer cells  11  of the surgical area. The near IR laser  1  passes through an alignment mechanism  3  which co axially aligns the near IR laser  1  with a visible laser  2 . As a specific illustrative example, the near IR laser  1  could be a semiconductor laser diode which emits at 780 nm wavelength and the visible laser  2  can be a red laser that emits at a 640 nm wavelength. The coaxially aligned lasers beams are then delivered to a scanning mechanism  5  which moves them in a raster pattern along a field of view  9  aimed upon the surgical area  7 . 
         [0050]    When the near IR laser passes over the cancer cells  11  the florescent dye contained therein is energized and emits light in a band roughly centered around an 820 nm wavelength. The emitted light travels along detection path  10  to a filter lens  6 . The filter lens  6  has optical characteristics that allow the 820 nm wavelength light traveling along detection path  10  to pass through the filter lens  6 , and is focused by the filter lens  6  onto photodetector  4 . The filter lens  6  also has optical characteristics that block the 780 nm near IR laser light from passing through to the photodetector  4 . The photodetector  4  converts the 820 nm light emitting from the cancer cells  11  into an analog signal which is then provided processing unit  12 . 
         [0051]    In one embodiment, called the real-time mode, the processing unit  12  drives in real time a laser drive  13 , which in turn turns on and off the visible laser  2  so that the visible laser  2  represents the amount of the 820 nm wavelength light falling upon the photodetector  4 . In this manner, the visible laser  2  is transmitted onto the surgical area  7  thereby illuminating with visible light the locations where the fluorescent dye is present. 
         [0052]    In another embodiment, called an image capture mode, the processing unit  12  stores a time sequence output of the photodetector  4  into a memory location. In this manner, an entire image frame representing the 820 nm fluorescence in the field of view  9  is stored in the memory location. Image processing can be performed on the memory location to enhance and augment the captured image. The processing unit  12  then outputs a time sequence output to the laser drive  13  such that the visible laser outputs the entire frame stored in the memory location. In this matter, the frame captured in the memory location is transmitted onto the surgical area thereby illuminating the visible light at the locations where the fluorescent dye is present. In this image capture mode, the output frame from the visible laser  2  is delayed in time from the image frame stored by the processing unit  12 . The device of  FIG. 1  can be contained in handheld devices or can be mounted on a stand. In the handheld device, provided the frame rate is adequately fast, for example, 60-100 frames per second, this delay will not result in noticeable jitter. 
         [0053]    A further embodiment of the device of  FIG. 1  is shown in  FIG. 2 . The elements  1 - 13  function in the image capture mode as described in reference to  FIG. 1 . Further, the processing unit  12  communicates the frame image stored in the memory representative of the 820 nm fluorescence in the field of view  9  through communications  14  circuitry to either a monitor  15  or storage  16  device, or to both the monitor  15  and the storage  16  device. The monitor  15  displays the frame image of the fluorescence in the field of view  9 . Further, the storage  16  device, such as, for example, a hard drive, solid state memory device or computer, can store the frame image and later recall the image for viewing on the monitor  15  or for archiving the frame images. 
         [0054]    The user of the  FIG. 2  embodiment will have the ability to view a visual image of the 820 mn fluorescence in the field of view  9  generated by the visible laser  2  and scanned by the scanning mechanism  5  directly on the surgical area  7 . Surgical area  7  often has a three-dimensional geometry, and the visible image is displayed on all portions of the three-dimensional geometry of the surgical area facing the direction of the scanning mechanism. Further, the user can view the visual image of the 820 nm fluorescence in the field of view  9  directly on the monitor  15 . The display on the monitor can be digitally amplified or reduced to fit the user&#39;s needs. 
         [0055]    Another embodiment of the present invention is shown on  FIG. 3 . All the elements are the same as  FIG. 2 ; however, a CCD Camera  20  has been electrically connected to the processing unit  12 . While the invention of  FIG. 2  is operating, the CCD camera  20  takes a color image of the surgical field  7 . Accordingly, the CCD camera captures an image of the surgical field  7  while the visible laser  2  is projecting a visible representation of where the florescent material is. In this manner, the CCD camera  20  captures and communicates to the processing unit  12  an image representation of both the color image of the surgical field  7  together with the projected representation of the fluorescence. Such combined image can then be displayed on the monitor. In order to display just the visible image, without the fluorescence the near IR laser can be temporarily turned off thereby stopping the fluorescing and thereby the CCD camera images just the visible image. 
         [0056]    The projected visible image captured by camera can also be analyzed by the processing unit in order to provide the most accurate alignment of the projected image on curved surfaces of the body with the captured fluorescent image. 
         [0057]    A further embodiment of the present invention is shown in  FIG. 4  wherein a color representation of the surgical area  7  is captured together with the fluorescent representation of the surgical area  7 . 
         [0058]    Within a surgical field a surgical area is treated with a florescent dye, the florescent dye accumulates in, for example, the cancer cells  11  of the patient. The florescent dye can be injected into the blood stream of the patient or can be locally injected near the suspect cancer cells  11 . 
         [0059]    A near IR laser  1  is provided at an IR frequency that is suitable for exciting the florescent dye in the cancer cells  11  of the surgical area. The near IR laser  1  passes through an alignment mechanism  3  which co axially aligns the near IR laser  1  with a green laser  2 A, a blue laser  2 B and a red laser  2 C. As an specific illustrative example, the near IR laser  1  could be a semiconductor laser diode which emits at 780 nm wavelength, the visible red laser  2 C can be a 640 nm semiconductor red laser; the visible blue laser  2 B can be a 440 nm semiconductor blue laser, and the visible green laser  2 A can be a can be a laser emitting in the a 510 to 540 nm range. The coaxially aligned lasers are then provided to a scanning mechanism  5  which move the coaxially aligned laser beams in a raster pattern along a field of view  9  aimed upon the surgical area  7 . 
         [0060]    When the near IR laser passes over the cancer cells  11  in the surgical area  7 , the florescent dye contained therein is energized and emits light in a band roughly centered around an 820 nm wavelength. The emitted 820 nm wavelength light travels along detection path  10  to a lens  6 A. The lens  6 A has optical characteristics to focus the 820 nm wavelength light traveling along detection path  10  onto photodetector IR  4 D. A 820 nm pass filter  17 D is provided which allows the 820 nm wavelength to pass while rejecting visible light reflected off the surgical area  7  from the red laser  2 C, the green laser  2 A and the blue laser  2 B laser as well as rejecting the Near IR light from reflecting off the surgical area from the near IR laser  1 . The 820 nm pass filter  17 D is positioned between the lens  6 A and the Photodetector IR  4 D. In this manner the photodetector IR  4 D receives only the 820 nm fluorescent emission from the surgical area  7  and converts the 820 nm light emitting within the surgical area  7  into an analog signal which is then provided processing unit  12 . The processing unit  12  converts the analog signal from photodetector IR  4   d  into a digital signal which is stored on a frame by frame basis in 820 nm frame memory  18   d    
         [0061]    When the green laser  2 A, blue laser  2 B and Red laser  2 C passes over the surgical area  7  within the field of view  9 , the visible color characteristics of the surgical area  7  are reflected to varying degrees depending upon the visible color of the surgical area  7 . The reflected light travels along detection path  10  to a lens  6 A. The lens  6 A has optical characteristics to focus the reflected green laser  2 A, blue laser  2 B and red laser  2 C light traveling along detection path  10  onto each of photodetectors  4 A- 4 C, respectively. A green pass filter  17 A, a blue pass filter  17 B and a red pass filter  17 C, which allows only their respective colors of visible light to pass through, are positioned between the lens  6 A and the respective photodetectors  4 A- 4 C. In this manner each of the respective photodetectors  4 A- 4 C receives only one of the three reflected colors, and each photodetector  4 A- 4 C converts the respective light into analog signals which are then provided to processing unit  12 . The processing unit  12  converts the analog signal from the respective photodetectors  4   a - 4   c  into a digital signal which is stored on a frame by frame basis in green frame memory  18   a , blue frame memory  18   b  and red frame memory  18   c , respectively. 
         [0062]    In this manner, an entire frame representing the 820 nm fluorescence in the field of view  9  together with a color image of the surgical area  7  within the field of view  9  is stored within frame memory  18   a - 18   d  of the processing unit  12 . To directly illuminate the areas within the surgical area  7  that emitted the 820 nm light, the 820 nm frame memory  18   d  is mapped to a selected color for projection onto the surgical area  7 . For example, if a red color is selected as the display color, the processing unit  12  outputs a time sequence of the frame within the 820 nm frame memory to the red laser drive  13   c  such that the red laser  2   c  is driven to output onto the surgical area the image stored within the 820 nm frame memory. Accordingly, the surgeon will sec directly on the surgical area  7  the red laser projection at the locations where the 820 nm fluorescence occurred. While in the present embodiment, the red laser  2 C was utilized for projecting the visible image onto the surgical area  7 , in alternative embodiments, any desired combination of the red laser  13   c , the blue laser  13   b  and the green laser  13 A could be used to project a desired visible color. 
         [0063]    In the present embodiment, the image contained in the 820 nm frame buffer can mapped to a visible color and superimposed onto one or more of the green, blue or red frame memories  18   a - 18   c  and the resulting modified frame memories  18   a - 18   c  are then displayed on monitor  15  and output to storage  16 . For example, in an embodiment wherein bright green is selected as the color for displaying on the monitor  15  the image of the fluorescence stored in 820 nm frame memory  18   d , then green frame memory  18   a  is modified based upon the contents of 820 nm frame memory  18   d , such that bright green is stored in green frame memory  18   a  at the locations where the 820 nm frame memory  18   d  stored indication of florescence detection. 
         [0064]    Accordingly, with the present invention the surgeon has two ways of viewing fluorescence within the surgical area  7 . In the first, the visible lasers (one or more of the green, blue and red lasers  18   a - 18   c  are projected directly on the surgical site and directly locations which are fluorescing. Further, the image of the fluorescing is mapped to a color and display on the monitor  15  together with a color image of the surgical area  7 . 
         [0065]    In this embodiment, the color lasers  2 A- 2 C are used to illuminate the surgical area  7  to capture a color image, and one or more of the color lasers is used to project the representation of the areas of fluorescence. This can be accomplished by time multiplexing the lasers  2 A- 2 C. For example, every other frame can be allocated for the capture of the color image and the alternate frames can be allocated to displaying via the one or more color lasers  2   a - 2   c  the representation of the fluorescence. The net effect will be a white background with the image of the florescence superimposed thereon. 
         [0066]    There exists a large number of fluorophores which can be utilized with the present invention. Each fluorophores is activated by particular frequency of light, and emits a particular frequency of light. It is understood that the Near IR laser  1  can be of any frequency sufficient to activate the emissions of the fluorophore, and the 820 nm pass filter  17   d  and the photodetector IR  4   d , can be modified to allow the frequency of light emitted by the fluorophore to be passed and detected. In this manner the present invention is applicable for the wide array of fluorophores. In a still further embodiment, it is possible to utilize two or more fluorophores, having different optical characteristics, at the same time with the surgical area  7 , The device of  FIG. 4  can be modified so that there are additional lasers incorporated for activating the fluorophores, and additional pass filters and photodetectors for detecting the different frequencies of light, emitted by the fluorophores. Controls can be incorporated to select which lasers should be activated based upon the fluorophores utilized in a procedure. Further, an auto select mode can be implemented where each laser for exciting the fluorophores is momentarily turned on, and only if a reflection is received from the corresponding fluorophores is that channel used in the steady state operation of the device. 
         [0067]      FIG. 5  is the same as  FIG. 4  with the addition of an ablation laser  21 . In an embodiment wherein the florescent dye is introduced to bind to cancer cells  11 , in addition to causing the visible light to illuminate cancer cells  11 , an ablation laser  21  can be controlled so that it turns on only when the lasers are aimed by the scanning mechanism at the cancer cells. 
         [0068]    In an alternative embodiment, the scanning mechanism can particularly be a pointing mirror (as opposed to a resonance mirror). In this manner, the ablation laser  21  can be aimed at the desired cancer location for a prolonged period of time to enable sufficient heating to destroy the cells. 
         [0069]    Early success with laser ablation on various types of cancer patients has been achieved at the Mayo Clinic (see e.g., http://www.mayoclinic.org/news2010-jax/6006.html). The device of  FIG. 5  can be used to more particularly control the aiming of the laser so that it falls only on the desired locations. 
         [0070]      FIG. 6  is an embodiment wherein a projector (which can be of any type, for example, laser projector, DLP projector, LCD projector, is configured solely for projecting visible light of one or more colors. An IR light source, at a frequency sufficient to cause a fluorophore to emit a different frequency of light, is aimed at the surgical site. The IR light source can either flood the surgical site or can be a scanned light source. A camera is configured to detect a wide frequency range of light, including the visible spectrum and the frequency emitted by the fluorophore. The captured image is stored in a processing unit wherein it is then displayed on a monitor and also could be stored in storage for record keeping. Further the portion of the captured image corresponding to the frequency emitted by the fluorophore, in this case 820 nm, is provided to the projector which in turn projects the image onto the surgical area. Accordingly, a surgeon can see the florescence by either viewing the monitor or directly looking at the surgical area. 
         [0071]    Embodiments presented on  FIG. 1  . . .  6  are further illustrated with a simplified layout of  FIG. 7 . Light collection system  103  insures that the light emitted by fluorophore particles reaches the light detectors  108 . Filters  4  are chosen to correspond to the emission bandwidth of fluorophores  105 . Detectors  108  convert light into electrical signals which are processed in electronic block  109 , which forms a 2D image corresponding to the distribution of fluorophores in tissue. Said image is presented on the monitor  110 . 
         [0072]    Some of the detectors  108  and filters  104  may be configured to receive the reflected light from excitation lasers  101  or projection lasers  111  (of which more below), in addition to fluorescence light. That enables the device to act like a camera in IR and/or visible bands. Electronic block  109  may also perform various image-enhancing processing steps, such as integration over multiple frames, contrast enhancing, etc. 
         [0073]    In addition to color mapping, the electronic block  109  is also responsible for brightness mapping of certain levels of light emitted by fluorophores to corresponding levels of power of the projection lasers. Such mapping could be linear, single binary threshold, etc. Additionally, the electronic block  109  may produce other video effects to emphasize certain features of the image, such as blinking or periodic color changes. 
         [0074]    It is also possible to modulate the brightness of the illumination lasers in accordance with the distribution of light collected from the fluorophore. Applying more illumination where fluorescence is weak and less illumination where it is strong would increase the effective dynamic range of acquired image. 
         [0075]    Since the light emitted by fluorophores is usually scant, the corresponding electrical signals are week and susceptible to noise. To optimize image quality, the electronic block may be performing on-the-fly noise estimates and adjust the brightness mapping accordingly. Additionally, the electronic block may tune the bandwidth of the signal processing tract depending on the minimal feature size in the observed fluorescent image. 
         [0076]    In clinical practice, it is often important to overlap the image representing fluorescent signature of the tissue with a regular image of the same area. To achieve that, an imaging camera  112  can be employed, looking at the same field of view as the scanner. The camera will pick up both the reflected colors of the tissue and the image re-projected by the projection lasers. Preferably, colors distinct from tissue colors should be chosen for re-projection. It is also beneficial to synchronize the frame rate of the camera with that of the scanner. 
         [0077]    Detectors  108  are typically photo-diodes (PD), with appropriate electronic gain down the signal tract. However, in order to improve signal-to-nose (SNR) ratio and facilitate detection of very weak signals, a photo-multiplier tube (PMT) may be used. 
         [0078]    Also, to improve fluorescent light collection, a non-imaging light collection system can be used, since non-imaging light collectors can be substantially larger than imaging ones. The difference between them is illustrated on  FIG. 8 . The imaging collection system  115  has the ability to collect light from a point A or B on the target into a point A′ or B′ on the detector. A non-imaging system  116  can only collect light from a point on the target into a relatively large area (AA′ or BB′) on the detector, making it unsuitable for use with pixelated sensors. In a scanning device, however, only temporal resolution of the detector matters. Refractive, diffractive or reflective non-imaging collectors may be used. 
         [0079]    The use of very large collectors in conjunction with PMT or other high-sensitivity detectors enables imagine of internal tissues, where the scanned raster of the excitation and projection light is delivered through the endoscope  113  ( FIG. 9 ), while the fluorescent light is collected externally, coming through skin  117 . A miniature endoscopic camera  114  may still be used to produce a combined image with fluorescent features superimposed over regular optical image. A miniature endoscopic camera in and of itself is typically incapable of picking up weak fluorescent light. 
         [0080]    Additional advantage of scanning fluorescence detector is its ability to resolve signals in time domain, thus distinguishing between fast- and slow-decaying fluorophores, even if their emission spectra are identical.  FIG. 10  shows an excitation laser beam  118  scanning across fluorophore particle  105  and the temporal graphs of excitation light  119  and responses of fast ( 120 ) and slow ( 121 ) fluorophores. To increase time resolution, the excitation laser itself may be modulated and the temporal response detected synchronously, possibly, with integration across several frames. 
         [0081]    It was also disclosed that coupling such a scanning detection device with an imaging camera may be particularly advantageous, as the fluorescent image from the scanner may be superimposed upon the color image from the camera to provide geometrically-accurate, clinically-relevant information not otherwise visible to the surgeon. 
         [0082]    To realize full benefits of such alignment, it is important to establish the correspondence between data captured by the scanning device  201  and imaging camera  203 , ( FIG. 11 ). This is facilitated by projecting a frame  2  around the field of view (FOV) of the scanning device  1 , or some other registration elements which are fixed in the FOV, such as corners. For best results, the frame rate of the camera should be synchronized with that of the scanner, via camera&#39;s trigger input or other arrangement. Assuming that the entire scanning FOV is contained within the camera FOV  4 , the position of such registration elements can be detected by the camera and their coordinates within the camera FOV can be established. Then the coordinates of all other pixels of the scanning device can be found within the camera FOV by interpolation. 
         [0083]    If the target surface is not planar, the registration elements may not be able to convey all the information needed for alignment every pixel of both scanner&#39;s and camera&#39;s images. In this case the entire projected image may be analyzed and used for alignment. 
         [0084]    However, inclusion of the projected registration elements, as well as detected fluorescent structures  5 , may degrade the quality of the camera image. To avoid that, a camera can capture frames with variable timing and the image processing software may process frames in two streams, as depicted on  FIG. 12 . In this case “bright” frames  226  are captured while projection frames  223  are active and used for alignment only, while “dark” frames  225  are captured while projection frames  223  are not active and used for fusion with bio-fluorescence data. The exposure of “bright” and “dark” frames may be different. Additionally, partial “bright” frames may be captured during a single camera exposure and subsequently stitched in software. This would have an advantage of capturing more “dark” frames and hence providing fused frames with clinically-relevant information at higher rate, while “bright” frames captured at lower rate may still provide sufficient alignment precision. 
         [0085]    Additionally, still referring to  FIG. 12 , non-active projection periods  224 , during which all lasers of the scanning device are off, can be used to capture so-called “black” frames from the scanning device, i.e. frames which contains no fluorescence data, just noise. The data in those frames may be filtered or otherwise processed, stored, and then subtracted from frames with valid data. While thermal noise and some other forms of noise are non-repeatable and hence cannot be canceled out this way, the ambient light noise and the electronic interference from internal and external sources may be repeatable and hence may be reduced or eliminated by black frame subtraction. 
         [0086]    The electronic alignment by registration elements as described above may need considerable processing resources. In some cases it may be advantageous to align the scanning device and a camera opto-mechanically, in such a way that their optical axes are co-located along the same line  6  when reaching the target surface  8  ( FIG. 13 ). To achieve this, a coaxial coupling element  207  is employed. Such coupling element may be a dichroic mirror (if the wavelengths used by the scanning device and the camera are sufficiently different), or a polarizing mirror or polarizing cube (if the light used by the scanning device is linearly polarized and the camera can tolerate the loss of half the light), or even a half-mirror (if both the scanning device and the camera can tolerate the loss of some light). Other configurations of the coupling element are possible too. 
         [0087]    If a coaxial coupling element is not feasible, a small coupling mirror  227  placed right outside of the camera FOV may be employed to bring the FOVs of the scanning device and the camera to nearly-coaxial direction ( FIG. 14 ). In this case, some electronic alignment may still be necessary, however, the computational intensity and the precision of such alignment are greatly improved. 
         [0088]    If mirror  227  is significantly smaller than the camera&#39;s aperture, it may be employed within the camera FOV, as per  FIG. 15 . In this case, it blocks some of the aperture, but the amount of light entering the camera around it may still be sufficient. 
         [0089]    It may also be advantageous to employ an additional objective  211 , which would create a virtual image of the origin point of the scanner somewhere near the mirror  227 , thus reducing the required size of the mirror  227 . Similar optical arrangement with an additional objective may be used for the camera as well. 
         [0090]    No matter which arrangement is used for the coupling, it is advantageous to co-locate the origin points of the scanning device and the camera, so the relative size of their FOVs stays constant or nearly constant, irrespective of the distance to the target. 
         [0091]    While a laser scanning device is capable of re-projecting the collected bio-luminescent information onto the target, it may be advantageous to use a different, non-scanning projector for this purpose. The advantages of non-scanning projectors may include higher light output and lower cost. It is conceivable to use a powerful DLP or LCoS-based non-scanning projector as a replacement of a surgical light, so the projected image will not have to compete with ambient light. 
         [0092]    As with cameras, for best results, the frame rate of a projector should be synchronized with that of the seamier. 
         [0093]    All of the above-mentioned alignment methods can be used for an imaging projector as well. This is illustrated by an example on  FIG. 16 , where two coupling mirrors  27   a  and  27   b  are placed within the FOV of a projector  10  (most imaging projectors have fairly large apertures). Additional objectives  211   a  and  211   b  insure the smallest possible size of coupling mirrors, and hence, low loss of projector&#39;s light. A parabolic hot mirror  209  is also shown, collecting the fluorescent light into a detector  212 . This arrangement assumes that the fluorescent light has longer wavelength than visible light (emitted by the projector and captured by the camera). Generally, a detector  212  may be collocated with the scanner  201 , or be positioned in a different place, as the position of the detector has little impact on device&#39;s sensitivity. 
         [0094]    The projected light may hit the target surface in such a way that an abnormally large ( FIG. 17 ) or abnormally small amount of light will be reflected toward the User&#39;s eyes, due to specular reflection. This problem may be alleviated by a sensor wearable by the User near his/her eyes, which would provide feedback for the projector controller, and thus adjust the amount of light going to each particular pixel of the image according to surface reflectance at that point in the direction of the User. 
         [0095]    The visibility of the projected pattern  214  ( FIG. 18 ), indicating detected fluorescence, may be enhanced, if it is divided into two or more sub-areas, which blink in a synchronized fashion. Left part of  FIG. 18  shows a magnified projected pattern  214 , which is on the right, where  215  and  216  represent two such sub-areas, designated by different hatching: for example, when areas  215  are lit up, areas  216  remain dark, and vice versa. Areas might be one pixel each, or larger. 
         [0096]    A unique property of a scanning bio-fluorescence detection device is its ability to provide time-resolved data. To take advantage of it, the excitation laser should emit pulses  217 , their duration being considerably shorter than the duration of a scanning pixel ( FIG. 19 ). The detection system should also be fast enough to be able to take multiple read-outs  219  within a scanning pixel. Then, a temporal response  218  can be measured. This temporal data can be used to assess the fluorophore temporal response, as in Fluorescence-Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM), or to assess the time of light propagation from the fluorescence source, and hence, the depth of such source, enabling tomographic imaging. 
         [0097]    For time-resolved measurements, it is especially advantageous to use a single-photon counting detector. Then, instead of continuous response curve  218  as on  FIG. 19 , a number of pulses  220  would be detected, as depicted on  FIG. 20 . Statistical analysis of their time of arrival can provide the most accurate information about fluorescence-lifetime and/or the depth of fluorescent sources in the body. 
         [0098]    It may also be possible to use multiple excitation lasers emitting short pulses within the same pixels and using the same detector to read multiple fluorophores. In this case, preferably, the fluorophores should have fairly short life time. 
         [0099]    Additionally, the reflected light from one or more excitation lasers can be detected and co-processed with fluorescent light, thus enhancing the collected image. 
         [0100]    It is hence advantageous to use fast, highly sensitive detectors, such as Avalanche Photo-Diode (APD), Silicon Photo-Multiplier (SiPM), Photo-Multiplier Tube (PMT) Hybrid Photo-Multiplier (HPM) or other, characterized by short response time, high gain and low noise. It is also advantageous to use detectors with large active area, as those may collect more photons. Additionally, the size of optical collection area  222  may grow proportionally to the active area of the detector  221 , so that 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
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                  
                 2 
                 * 
                 
                   
                     h 
                     * 
                     s 
                   
                   A 
                 
               
             
             , 
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where d is the size of the optical collection area, S is the size of the active area of the detector, A is the size of the target, and h is the distance from the device to the target, as per  FIG. 21 . 
         [0101]    Additionally, it may also be advantageous to employ multiple detectors  221   a  . . .  221   c , each with its own optical collection area  222   a  . . .  222   c , looking at the same target area ( FIG. 22 ). 
         [0102]    After both fluorescent image and color image are captured and aligned, various image fusion methods can be employed. 
         [0103]    It may be particularly advantageous to capture the image formed by reflected excitation light in addition to the fluorescent image. The reflected image is usually providing more detailed, higher resolution information about the location of the fluorescent inclusions, while also being perfectly aligned with fluorescent image. The image data from the camera can then be used to colorize the reflected image, which otherwise is black-and-white. 
         [0104]    It may also be advantageous to co-process the fluorescent and reflected image, for example, normalizing the fluorescent data by reflected data. 
         [0105]    Also, additional information may be extracted from the analysis of temporal changes of the fluorescent images such as the direction and velocity of the blood flow, the pulse or other physiological factors. The contrast and quality of the fluorescent image can also be improved by storing the image taken before the fluorophore has been injected and comparing it with the image after the fluorophore injection.