Abstract:
A shield design for a magnetic write head is described that eliminates the far-field WATE problem while still maintaining side shielding ability. This is achieved by moving all but the central sections of the three shields (LS, SS, and WS) and, optionally, the top yoke a short distance further away from the recording medium than the ABS.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to the general field of magnetic data recording with particular reference to dealing with the wide area track erasure problem. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In today&#39;s high density magnetic recording art, the number of tracks per inch (TPI) has been increasing rapidly. To avoid erasure of adjacent tracks during data writing and to shield the main writing pole fringing fields, a side shield (SS) was added. Recently, a wrap-around shield (WAS) writer comprising a trailing shield together with side shields, as shown in  FIG. 1  [1˜3] has been extensively studied, and is utilized in products to enable the areal recording density of hard disk drives to continue to grow. 
     There is, however, a problem associated with the side shield and WAS designs: wide area track erasure (WATE). When the writer is writing the data track, some percentage of heads can erase data several tracks away, usually after several cycles of write operation. WATE can occur from 1 to 10 μm away from the main writing pole location. 
       FIG. 2  shows some characteristics of WATE: the degraded bit error rate (BER) as a function of offset position to the main pole of 10 heads (each line is one head) was measured. The y-axis is the amount of BER degradation after the recording head has written on the central track for a certain amount of cycles. The x-axis is the offset from the center of the write pole. The write pole&#39;s (track) magnetic width is around 0.1 μm. It is obvious that some heads show strong erasure features at 1.2-1.5 μm away from the main pole. This far-track erasure phenomenon is detrimental to the disk drive reliability since the data not intended to be erased at those positions (1.2-1.5 μm away from the central track) can be accidentally erased. Testing for far-track WATE prior to drive-build is economically prohibitive so pre-screening is not an option. Solutions must therefore be found that eliminate these WATE peaks. Some of the root causes of WATE have been discovered [1-3], but many remain unknown at present.
     1) Daniel Z. Bai, et. al. “High Density Perpendicular Recording with Wrap-Around Shielded Writer”, TMRC 2009, Paper B4   2) M. Mallary et. al, “One terabit per square inch perpendicular recording conceptual design”, IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 38, pp. 1719-1724, July 2002.   3) S. Li, et. al. “Side track erasure processes in perpendicular recording”, IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 42, pp. 3874-3879, December 2006.   

     A routine search of the prior art was performed with the following references of interest being found: 
     In U.S. Pat. No. 7,538,976, Hsiao et al. teach a tapered trailing shield to prevent wide angle track erasure while in U.S. 2007/0230045, Hsiao et al. disclose recessed shield portions to prevent WATE. Guan et al. (Headway) show shields having recessed edges to avoid concentration of flux at the edges in U.S. Pat. No. 7,599,152. Okada et al. describe recessed shields to prevent leaking of the magnetic field in U.S. 2003/0026039. In U.S. 2009/0262464, Gill et al. disclose a wrap-around shield made of low-permeability material to reduce WATE while in U.S. 2007/0268623 Feng teaches a multi-layer pole structure to reduce WATE. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It has been an object of at least one embodiment of the present invention to provide a method for eliminating far-field WATE while still maintaining side shielding ability. 
     Another object of at least one embodiment of the present invention has been to describe a magnetic write head that embodies said method. 
     Still another object of at least one embodiment of the present invention has been to describe a process for the manufacture of said write head. 
     These objects have been achieved by moving all but the central section of the three shields (leading shield LS, side shield SS, and write shield WS) and, optionally, the top yoke, a short distance (typically between 0.02 and 0.05 microns) inwards i.e. further away from the recording medium than the ABS. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1 . Schematic drawing of air-bearing-surface (ABS) view of a wrap-around writer design (original  FIG. 1 ). 
         FIG. 2 . Measured cross-track delta BER after central track erasure, the WATE is apparent in the 0.5-0.9 μm region for this case. Each graph point symbol represents a single head. 
         FIG. 3   a . ABS view of general Proximity Shield Design (PSD)#1. 
         FIG. 3   b . Cross-section view of PSD#1 outside of the PSD region (off main port center). 
         FIG. 4   a . ABS view of PSD#. 
         FIG. 4   b . Cross-section view of PSD#2 outside of the PSD region (off main port center). 
         FIG. 5   a . ABS view of PSD#3 with non recessed region forming a straight bar across the top yoke. 
         FIG. 5   b . Cross-section view of PSD#3 at the center line of the main pole. 
         FIG. 5   c . Cross-section view of PSD#3 off the PSD region. 
         FIG. 6   a . ABS view of PSD#4 with non recessed region conforming to the side and write gaps of the main pole. 
         FIG. 6   b . Cross-section view of PSD#4 at the center line of the main pole. 
         FIG. 7 . Schematic view of the main pole looking down on the main pole top surface of the PSD with the recessed region forming a straight line bar for the full LS/SS/WS or top yoke width (along the horizontal direction). 
         FIG. 8 . Schematic view illustrating tapered shield design that increases volume of non-magnetic material between it and the ABS. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The invention discloses a novel design (the proximity shield design or PSD) and processes to implement it. The purpose of the PSD is to completely eliminate far-field wide area track erasure or WATE. As discussed below in relation to  FIG. 3 , the key feature of the invention that leads to the elimination of far-field WATE is a slight recession, or displacement, of the magnetic shields away from the ABS (and recording medium) except in the immediate vicinity of the main pole. 
     In this way the proximity magnetic shield will still continue to prevent fringe fields generated during write operations from reaching the recording medium while the increased distance of the recessed magnetic shields from the magnetic media will reduce any disturb fields originating in the recessed region to a low enough level to avoid accidental erasure. 
     The width of the proximity shield (PS) is in the range of 0.05-0.5 μm per side. For a track width of 0.05-0.1 μm, the proximity shield thus covers only 1 to 10 tracks per side, so all WATE peaks beyond the outer edge of the proximity shield will be eliminated. Additionally, the disk drive already has a build-in function which re-writes ˜10 adjacent tracks after some number of write cycles and/or on detection of signal degradation on adjacent tracks. 
     However, this adjacent track re-writing scheme alone cannot take care of the far-field WATE problem since it can occur anywhere from nearby to more than 100 tracks away. Also, the location of far-track WATE peaks can vary greatly from one head to another. In  FIG. 3 , LS refers to ‘leading (magnetic) shield’, SS to ‘side shield’, and WS to ‘write shield’. The write gap and side gap are of non-magnetic material. The top yoke is the magnetic layer that wraps around the write coil to complete the write flux loop. 
     Only the sections near the main pole are shown here. The full recessed region extends all the way to the outer edges of the LS, SS, and WS. The amount of recess depends on the detailed design requirements and process limitations to achieve the selected PSD. The typical minimum value is 5 nm. The greater the recessed amount, the less the chance of WATE caused by undesired magnetic activity in the LS, SS, and WS. 
     The first embodiment of the invention (PSD#1 shown in  FIGS. 3   a  and  3   b ) has a straight proximity shield with non-recessed top.  FIG. 3   b  is a cross-section made in a plane normal to the ABS and showing recessed depth  34  as well as proximity shield  31 , seed layer  35 , write gap  32 , main pole  10  side shield  11   a , and leading shield  13   a.    
     PSD#2, shown in  FIGS. 4   a  and  4   b  has its top yoke recessed as well as LS, SS, and WS. 
     PSD#3, shown in ABS view in  FIG. 5   a , has a non-recessed central section  5   b  and recessed outer sections  5   c  in a similar manner to LS, SS, and WS. 
     PSD#4, shown in ABS view in  FIG. 6   a , has the proximity shields in the LS and SS regions conforming to the shape of the side and write gaps. An important feature of this design is that the magnetization of the proximity shield in the LS and SS regions is aligned to the edges of the side gap, as indicated by the arrows. This layout of the magnetization has the advantage of being an effective shield to reduce side fringing while continuing to prevent flux from the proximity shield from passing through the ABS, thereby reducing the likelihood of accidental erasure. 
     A cross-sectional view of PSD#4 is shown in  FIG. 6   b  (cut made through the center of the main pole).  FIG. 7  is a schematic view taken looking down on the main pole top surface of the PSD with the recessed region forming a straight bar for the full LS/SS/WS or top yoke width (along the horizontal direction). 
     Manufacture of the PSDs: 
     The two processes that we have employed to manufacture the preferred embodiments listed above are:
     1) filling the portion between the recessed magnetic shields and the ABS with non-magnetic material;   2) providing a suitably shaped mask to protect the main pole and proximity shield of the writer as well as the entire reader structure and then ion milling a cavity to a depth of at least 5 nm to form the desired recession of the leading, side, and write shields (LS/SS/WS) as well as the top yoke.   

     For the First Process: 
     Non-magnetic material  71  is deposited to replace the LS/SS/WS material that was removed near the ABS by ion milling, as illustrated in the top view of the main pole surface seen in  FIG. 7 . This non-magnetic material can be a dielectric or a semiconductor such as (but not limited to) Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , MgO, Si, or Ge et. al by a suitable deposition process such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or it could be a non-magnetic metal or alloy such as (but not limited to) Ta, V, Zr, Cr, Rh, or any of the non-magnetic alloys of Ni and/or Fe and/or Co with (but not limited to) V, Cr, Ta, or Rh deposited by (but not limited to) CVD, sputtering or electrodeposition. 
     Note that since the non-magnetic material will be part of the ABS, its adhesion to the recessed magnetic shields may not be strong enough. This poses a reliability concern of cracking or of a small piece breaking loose and then falling into the disk drive environment and causing mechanical contact between the head and the recording media. 
     This problem has been solved by using the tapered PSD design illustrated in  FIG. 8 . This design increases the volume of non-magnetic material located some distance away from the main pole area, thereby increasing both the overall adhesion and the mechanical strength of the non-magnetic layer, whereby the non-magnetic layer is better able to resist deleterious effects of thermal cycling including forming unintended mechanical contacts inside the disk drive. 
     For the Second Process: 
     Another method to realize the PSD design includes ABS trimming. At row bar level, after the head has been lapped, additional photo patterning and ion milling are applied as follows: 
     Photoresist is applied and patterned to protect the reader and the non recessed area while leaving the recessed area unprotected. 
     Etching is then performed at the slider level. After final lapping, the wafer is sliced into multiple rows, there being a number of heads per row. Each slider row is then aligned and internally bonded with its ABS facing up. After a photoresist mask has been applied to protect the proximity shield and reader, ion-milling or wet-etching process is used to remove at least 5 nm in the unprotected region so as to form the recessed region in the LS/SS/WS/Top yoke. After stripping the photoresist and cleaning, processing of the slider continues in the normal way.