Abstract:
A fluid coking unit for converting a heavy oil feed to lower boiling products by thermal has a centrally-apertured annular baffle at the top of the stripping zone below the coking zone to inhibit recirculation of solid particles from the stripping zone to the coking zone. By inhibiting recirculation of the particles from the stripping zone to the coking zone, the temperatures of the two zones are effectively decoupled, enabling the coking zone to be run at a lower temperature than the stripping zone to increase the yield of liquid products.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is based on and claims priority under 35 USC 120 from U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/775,009, filed 8 Mar. 2013. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to a fluid coking process and more particularly to a fluid coking process in which the coking zone can be run at a lower temperature than the stripping zone. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Much work has been done over the years to convert heavy hydrocarbonaceous materials to more valuable lighter boiling products by various thermal processes including visbreaking, delayed coking and fluid coking. 
         [0004]    In fluid coking, a heavy oil chargestock, such as a vacuum residuum, is fed to a coking zone containing a fluidized bed of hot solid particles, usually coke particles, sometimes referred to as seed coke. The heavy oil undergoes thermal cracking at the high temperatures in the coking zone resulting in conversion products which include a cracked vapor fraction and coke. The coke is deposited on the surface of the seed coke particles and a portion of the coked-seed particles is sent from the coking zone to a heating zone which is maintained at a temperature higher than that of the coking zone. Some of the coke is burned off in the heating zone and hot seed particles from the heating zone are returned to the coking zone as regenerated seed particles, serving as the primary heat source for the coking zone. In the variant of the fluid coking process developed by Exxon Research and Engineering known as Flexicoking™, a portion of hot coke from the heating zone is circulated back and forth to a gasification zone which is maintained at a temperature greater than that of the heating zone. In the gasifier, substantially all of the remaining coke on the coked seed particles is burned, or gasified, in the presence of oxygen (air) and steam to generate low heating value fuel gas which can be partly passed to the burner/heater to increase temperature in that zone and/or used as refinery fuel. Fluid coking processes, with or without an integrated gasification zone, are described, for instance in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,726,791; 4,203,759; 4,213,848; and 4,269,696. 
         [0005]    Modifications have been made over the years in an attempt to achieve higher liquid yields. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,378,288 discloses a method for increasing coker distillate yield in a coking process by adding small amounts of a free radical inhibitor. Nootwithstanding these improvements, however, there remains a need for process and equipment modifications which can increase liquid yields and in fluid coking, a reduction of the temperature in the coking zone is the most effective solution. While there are economic incentives to increase the feed capacity, reducing the temperature of the coking zone and increasing unit capacity will tend to increase the amounts of liquid hydrocarbon passing from the coking zone to the stripping zone with consequent increase in the fouling in the stripping zone. Various techniques for alleviating the fouling problem have been proposed: US 2011/114468, for example, describes the use of perforated sheds in the stripping zone while U.S. 2011/0206563 describes the use of downwardly slopping frusto-conical baffles in the coking zone to the same end. Nevertheless, the objective of increasing the yield of the desired liquid products remains with the desirability of reducing reactor temperature even in the face of the fouling problem which is created by reductions in reactor temperature. 
         [0006]    By increasing the temperature of the stripping zone the liquid yield may be increased by enabling the temperature of the coking zone to be reduced. U.S. Pat. No. 5,176,819 describes a process to run the stripping zone at a higher temperature than the coking zone by feeding a portion of the heated solids from the burner/heater (and gasifier if applicable) to the stripping zone. Significant liquid yield increases of 1% are reported while the increased temperature of the stripping zone also tends to reduce the amount of hydrocarbon carryunder out of the stripping zone. We have now found that the flow in the fluid bed coking unit, especially in the coking zone, is dominated by large scale recirculation patterns that are much faster (˜50×) than the external circulation rate between the coking zone and the burner/heater/gasifier. This suggests that the hot solids from burner/heater/gasifier fed to the stripping zone in the manner described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,876,819 could be recirculating in both the stripping zone and the coking zone: the hot coke fed to the top of the stripper becomes distributed in both the coking zone and the stripping zone and the mass fraction of the hot coke in the coking zone and in the stripping zone is similar. This indicates that the coking zone and the stripping zone are not effectively decoupled and that the coking zone is not being operated at the desired relatively lower temperature with a consequent loss in liquid yield and, conversely, that the stripping zone is not being operated at the higher temperature appropriate to reduce fouling. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0007]    We have now found that the stripping zone and the coking zone may be more effectively decoupled by means of an annular baffle at the top of the stripping zone. With the annular baffle, the recirculation between the coking zone and the stripping zone is reduced and hot coke solids fed to the stripping zone are confined in the stripping zone. The operating temperatures in the coking zone and the stripping zone can then be controlled separately by adjusting the coke circulation rates to the coking zone and the stripping zone. This allows the coking zone to be run at a lower temperature, which can increase either the liquid yields or the capacity of the coking process. In accordance with the present invention, therefore, the fluid coking unit for converting a heavy oil feed to lower boiling products by thermal cracking under coking conditions in a fluid bed, comprises: (i) a coking zone to contain a fluidized bed of hot solid particles into which the heavy oil feed is introduced to convert feed to lower boiling products in the form of vaporous cracking products with deposition of coke on the solid particles in the coking zone; (ii) a scrubbing zone into which the vaporous products from the coking zone are passed; (iii) a stripping zone, at the bottom of the coking zone, for stripping hydrocarbons which adhere to the solid particles passing into the stripping zone from the coking zone; (iv) a heater communicating with the stripping zone to receive solid particles from the stripping zone; (v) a return conduit for passing hot solid particles from the heater to the coking zone; (vi) a recycle conduit for recycling hot solid particles from the heater to the stripping zone; and (vii) a centrally-apertured annular baffle at the top of the stripping zone to inhibit recirculation of solid particles from the stripping zone to the coking zone. 
         [0008]    The unit may optionally include a gasifier which is connected by a transfer conduit to the heater to receive a portion of the fluidized solid particles from the heater; in the gasifier, the coke on the particles is converted by reaction with steam and oxygen (typically supplied as air) in an oxygen-limited atmosphere at a temperature higher than that of the heater, suitably from 870 to 1100° C., to a fuel gas at least a part of which can be fed to the heater to support the temperatures required in the heater, the rest being used as fuel gas elsewhere. A slipstream of hot solid particles from the gasifier may be recycled to the coking zone and/or the stripping zone depending on the temperature requirements in the respective zones. 
         [0009]    The process for running the unit essentially comprises the following operations: (i) introducing a heavy oil feed into a coking zone containing a fluidized bed of solid particles and subjecting the feed to thermal coking conditions in the coking zone in the presence of the solid particles to produce hydrocarbon vapors and coke which is deposited on the solid particles with hydrocarbons adhering to the particles; (ii) passing solid particles from the coking zone to the stripping zone through a central aperture in the baffle at the top of the stripping zone and stripping at hydrocarbons which adhere to the solid particles passing into the stripping zone while inhibiting recirculation of solid particles from the stripping zone to the coking zone; (iii) passing solid particles from the stripping zone to the heater where the coke on the particles is combusted in a fluidized at a temperature greater than that of the coking zone to generate heat; (iv) recycling a portion of heated solids from the heating zone to the coking zone; and (v) recovering the hydrocarbon vapors from the coking zone. 
         [0010]    With the use of the annular baffle at the top of the stripping zone to reduce the extent of recirculation from the stripping zone, the coking zone will operated at a lower temperature than the stripping zone. 
     
    
     
       DRAWINGS 
         [0011]    In the accompanying drawings: 
           [0012]      FIG. 1  is a simplified schematic of a fluid coking unit of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,176,819; 
           [0013]      FIG. 2A  is a simplified section of the reactor section of a fluid coking unit with recycle of hot coke from the heater to the stripping zone and an annular baffle to inhibit recirculation of coke from the stripping zone into the reactor; 
           [0014]      FIG. 2B  is an enlarged portion of  FIG. 2A  in the region of the baffle, showing the configuration including the optional, upturned lip at the circumference of the aperture; and 
           [0015]      FIG. 3  is a graphical representation showing the effect of stripping coke rate and reactor temperature reduction. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0016]    Any heavy hydrocarbonaceous oil which is typically fed to a coking process can be used in the present fluid cokers. Generally, the heavy oil will have a Conradson Carbon Residue (ASTM D189-06e2) of about 5 to 40 wt. % and be comprised of fractions, the majority of which boil above about 500° C. and more usually above 540° C. or even higher, e.g. 590° C. Suitable heavy oils include heavy petroleum crudes, reduced petroleum crudes, petroleum atmospheric distillation bottoms, petroleum vacuum distillation bottoms, pitch, asphalt, bitumen, liquid products derived from coal liquefaction processes, including coal liquefaction bottoms, and mixtures of these materials. 
         [0017]    A typical petroleum chargestock suitable for coking in a fluid coking unit will have, for example, a composition and properties within the following ranges: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Conradson Carbon 
                 5 to 40 wt. % 
               
               
                   
                 Sulfur 
                 1.5 to 8 wt. % 
               
               
                   
                 Hydrogen 
                 9 to 11 wt. % 
               
               
                   
                 Nitrogen 
                 0.2 to 2 wt. % 
               
               
                   
                 Carbon 
                 80 to 86 wt. % 
               
               
                   
                 Metals 
                 1 to 2000 wppm 
               
               
                   
                 Boiling Point 
                 340° C.+-650° C.+ 
               
               
                   
                 API Gravity 
                 −10 to 35° 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0018]      FIG. 1  shows an integrated coking/gasification unit where most of the coke is gasified with a mixture of steam and air in a gasification zone, as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,176,819. A heavy oil feed stream is passed via line  10  to the reaction or coking zone  12  of coker reactor  1 , which contains a fluidized bed of hot seed particles having an upper level indicated at  14 . Although the seed material will normally be coke particles, they may also be other refractory materials selected from the group consisting of silica, alumina, zirconia, magnesia, alumina or mullite. They may also be synthetically prepared, or naturally occurring materials, such as pumice, clay, kieselguhr, diatomaceous earth, bauxite. The seed particles preferably have an average particle size of about 40 to 1000 microns, preferably from about 40 to 400 microns. 
         [0019]    The lower portion of the coking reactor constituting stripping zone  13  has the purpose of removing occluded hydrocarbons from the coke. A fluidizing gas e.g. steam, is admitted at the base of coker reactor  1 , through line  16 , into stripping zone  13  of the reactor to produce a superficial fluidizing gas velocity in the seed particles. The velocity is typically in the range from 0.15 to 1.5 m/sec. A major portion of the feed, undergoes thermal cracking reactions in the reactor in the presence of the hot seed particles to form cracked hydrocarbon vapors and a fresh coke layer containing occluded hydrocarbons on the fluidized seed particles. Vaporous conversion (cracking) products pass through reactor cyclone  20  to remove entrained solids which are returned to the coking zone through cyclone dipleg  22 . The vapors leave the cyclone through line  24 , and pass into a scrubbing zone  25  mounted on the top of the coking reactor. A stream of heavy materials condensed in the scrubbing zone may be recycled to the coking reactor via line  26 . The coker conversion products are removed from the scrubber  25  via line  28  for fractionation and product recovery in the conventional manner. 
         [0020]    The coke is partially stripped of occluded hydrocarbons in the stripping zone  13  by use of the steam and carried via line  18  to the heating zone  2 , also referred to here as the burner or heater where it is introduced into the fluidized bed of hot seed/coke particles in the heater up to an upper level indicated at  30 . In the heater, combustion of the coked particles takes place to generate heat required for the endothermic cracking reactions taking place in the reactor. The portion of the hot coke that is not burned in order to provide the heat requirements of the coking zone is recycled from heater  2  to coking zone  12  through recirculation conduit  42  to supply the heat required to support the endothermic cracking reactions. The heater is maintained at a temperature above the temperature maintained in the coking zone, for example, at a temperature from 40 to 200° C., preferably from 65 to 175° C., and more preferably 65 to 125° C. in excess of the operating temperature of the coking zone. The heated solids are sent to the coking zone in an amount sufficient to maintain the coking temperature in the range of 450 to 650° C. The pressure in the coking zone is typically maintained in the range of 0 to 10 barg, preferably in the range of 0.3 to 3 barg. 
         [0021]    A portion of the hot seed/coke from the heating zone is passed via line  19  to the top of the stripping zone  13 . This allows the temperature of the stripping zone to be controlled independently of the temperature of the coking zone so as to raise the temperature of the stripping zone above the temperature of the coking zone to achieve higher liquid yields. In the past, higher temperatures than needed for maximum liquid yields had been maintained in the coking zone to prevent defluidization of the seed particles in that zone as well as in the stripping zone which is more susceptible to defluidization. Besides improving fluidization in the stripping zone, the increase in the stripping zone temperature also improves stripping of the occluded hydrocarbons to increase liquid yield and reduces fouling although the increase in the temperature of the stripping zone has, in the past, resulted in increases in the temperature of the reaction or coking zone which tend to reduce liquid yield as a result of overcracking. The interposition of the annular baffle above the stripping zone, however, reduces the recirculation of hot coke from the heater into the reaction zone via the stripping zone, thus decoupling the stripping zone from the reaction zone. If desired, a portion of hot seed/coke particles can also be passed from the gasifier to the top of the stripping zone in addition to, or instead of, the particles from the heater. 
         [0022]    The gaseous effluent of the heater, including entrained solids, passes through a cyclone system comprising a primary cyclone  36  and a secondary cyclone  38  in which the separation of the larger entrained solids occur. The separated larger solids are returned to the heater bed via the respective cyclone diplegs  37  and  39 . The heated gaseous effluent which contains entrained solids is removed from the heater via line  40 . 
         [0023]    The portion of the stripped coke that is not burned in order to satisfy the heat requirements of the coking zone is recycled from the heater to the coking zone through recirculation conduit  42  to supply heat to support the endothermic cracking reactions. Normally, the recycled coke passes out of a return line from the heater to enter the reactor near the top of the coking zone, as shown in US 2011/0206563, with an inverted cap over the top of the return line to direct the recycled coke particles downwards into the coking zone. The cap on the top of the coke return line conveniently comprises an annular ring supported over the open top of the return line with a flat circular cap plate axially centered over the line and the annular ring, supported by a spider structure supporting the annular ring. A preferred variation allows a smaller flow of hot coke from the heater to be admitted from a second return line higher up in reactor  1  at a point in the dilute phase where it is entrained into the cyclone inlet(s) as scouring coke to minimize coking of the reactor cyclones and the associated increase in the pressure drop. Reference is made to US 2011/0206563 for a description of these options. 
         [0024]    Another portion of coke is removed from heater  2  and passed by line  44  to the gasification zone  46  in gasifier  3  in which is maintained a bed of fluidized coke particles having a level indicated at  48  where the hot coke is converted to a fuel gas by partial combustion in the presence of steam in an oxygen-deficient atmosphere. Any remaining portion of excess coke may be removed from heater  2  by line  50  as fluid coke by-product. The temperature in the fluidized bed in heater  2  is partly maintained by passing fuel gas from gasifier  3  into the heater by way of line  32 . Supplementary heat may be supplied to the heater by hot coke recirculating from the gasifier  3  through return conduit  34 . 
         [0025]    The gasification zone is suitably maintained at a temperature ranging from about 870° to 1100° C. and at a pressure ranging from about 0 to 10 barg, preferably at a pressure ranging from about 1.5 to about 3 barg. Steam by line  52 , and a molecular oxygen-containing gas, such as air, commercial oxygen, or air enriched with oxygen by line  54 , pass via line  56  into gasifier  3 . The reaction of the coke particles in the gasification zone with the steam and the oxygen-containing gas produces a hydrogen and carbon monoxide-containing fuel gas of low heating value, typically from 3 to 7 MJ/kg. The product gas from the gasifier, which may further contain some entrained solids, is removed overhead from gasifier  3  by line  32  and introduced into heater  2  to provide a portion of the required heat as previously described or sent to the refinery fuel gas system for use elsewhere. 
         [0026]      FIG. 2A , which uses the same references are  FIG. 1  where applicable, shows the form of the annular baffle  51  at the top of stripping zone  13 . Briefly, it comprises the frustum of a downwardly pointed cone with a central aperture  52  to allow the seed/coke particles to pass from the coking zone  12  into stripping zone  13 . The frusto-conical baffle is fixed at its upper, outer circumference to the inner wall of the reactor and may have an upturned lip around the circumference of the aperture as shown in  FIG. 2B  to direct the downward flowing solids more to the center of the bed and it so provide a longer residence time for the downward flowing solids before reaching the stripper. This will have the effect of reducing the fouling in the stripper and, in the case of the Flexicoker, reducing the fouling in the heater overhead with fewer hydrocarbons carried over into the heater. 
         [0027]    The configuration of the baffle, together with the downward flux of particles from the coking zone through the aperture, inhibits or precludes recirculation of the particles from the stripping zone back into the coking zone so that the particles in the stripping zone are effectively confined in that zone. In this way, temperatures of the stripping zone and the coking zone are more effectively decoupled making it feasible to maintain a relatively lower temperature in the coking zone to improve the yield of liquid cracking products and/or increase the capacity of the unit. Typically, the annular baffle will have open area from 30 to 70% of its total area (as seen on a horizontal (plan) projection), normally between 40 to 60%, with about 50% being generally useful. The angle is typically from 30 to 60°, most usually about 45° from the vertical. 
         [0028]      FIG. 2A  has multiple feed injection nozzles  10   a ,  10   b ,  10   c ,  10   d ,  10   e ,  10   f  located at vertically spaced levels in the reactor with the nozzles arranged in rings around the circumference of the coking zone to inject the feed inwardly into the coking zone The hot coke return line from heater  2  (not shown in  FIG. 2A ) is made through line  42  which introduces the hot coke near the top of coking zone  12  allowing the hot coke to descend in the body of the coking zone, contacting the heavy oil feed injected through the successive rings of injection nozzles  10   a  . . .  10   f , as it falls through the ascending cracked vapors and injected oil streams in the coking zone before passing through central aperture  52  in downwardly directed frusto-conical baffle  51  into stripping zone  13 . As described above for  FIG. 1 , the cracked vapors leave the coking zone by way of cyclones  20  to pass into the scrubbing zone above the reactor. Hot scouring coke may also be introduced from heater  2  at a higher level into the coking zone through line  60  in the region of the cyclone vapor inlet in order to minimize the pressure drop associated increase with coking in the reactor cyclones. 
         [0029]    Introduction of the recycled hot coke from line  19  through the side of the stripper as shown is feasible. and is preferred for mechanical simplicity although it relies on the staging baffle to facilitate the distribution of the hot coke into the coke entering the stripper from the coking zone to increase increasing its temperature. Alternative mechanical configurations are, however, conceivable, as site and unit locations permit, for example, with the recycled hot coke entering the stripping zone from the heater by way of a vertical conduit extending upwards along the central axis of the stripper. Tangential injection of the recycled hot coke, although promoting vigorous mixing with the coke from the reaction zone is not generally favored in view of its effect on downward flow in the stripper. 
         [0030]    Stripping zone  13  has steam spargers  14  arranged below stripper sheds  53  which are preferably in the form of apertured sheds as shown in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2011/0114468 to which reference is made for details of these sheds. The aperture sheds improve stripping of the occluded hydrocarbons and reduce shed fouling (formation of “shark fins”) in the stripping zone. Disposition of the sheds in the cross hatch arrangement with sheds in successive tiers rotated angularly from one another in the horizontal plane, usually at 90°, as described in U.S. 2011/0114468. The hot coke from heater  2  which enters the stripping zone through conduit  19  has its outlet  55  located at the top of stripping zone  13  above the stripper sheds on the central vertical axis off the stripping zone which itself coincides with the central vertical axis of the reactor. Although the flow of coke from the heater into the stripper through conduit  19  is typically sufficient to maintain the desired hot coke recycle flow rate into the stripping zone, cap  56  may be provided over the outlet to maintain the desired flow rate and distribution around the stripper. Although discharge of the recycled hot coke from heater  2  into stripping zone  13  is preferably made on the central axis of the stripper, different off-center locations may be selected if flow patterns at the bottom of the coking zone and in the stripper favor. While hot coke may also be recirculated from the gasifier (if present as in a Flexicoking unit), this will generally not be favored as the gasifier coke is at a lower temperature than heater coke as a result of the fuel gas conversion reactions taking place in the gasifier. 
         [0031]    The characteristic annular baffle is located immediately at the top of the stripping zone above the stripper sheds and the outlet for the recycle hot coke from the heater. Annular staging baffles with solids flow downcomers (flux tubes) as described in US 2011/0206563 to promote downward flow of solids and upward flow of gases may also be provided in the coking zone at multiple levels above the present characteristic annular baffle but in one embodiment, the annular baffle immediately at the top of the stripping zone is the only downwardly angled frusto-conical baffle in the reactor. In contrast to the configuration of the baffles shown in US 2011/0206563, however, the present annular baffle used to confine the recycled hot coke to the stripping zone has only a central aperture, i.e. is imperforate apart from the central aperture, so as to direct the coke flow into the stripping zone and inhibit recirculation of recycled hot coke from the stripping zone to the coking zone: flux tubes at the periphery of the baffle are absent. A space is allowed below the baffle and above the stripper sheds in order to create a mixing zone in which the coke from the coking zone becomes well mixed with the recycled hot coke so as the promote, as far as practically feasible, a uniform coke composition (albeit on a gross scale) in the stripping zone. Normally the baffle will located from 0.5 to 1.5 bed diameters (stripping zone bed diameter) and in most cases about one bed diameter above the uppermost stripper shed and below the lowermost feed ring in the reactor. 
         [0032]    Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies have shown that the annular baffle is capable of making a significant difference to the hot coke distribution. In a typical CFD study, the mass fraction of hot coke fed to the top of the striper and recirculated from the stripper to the coking zone was reduced from values in the range of approximately 4 to 20 percent practically to zero indicating that almost all the hot solids fed to the top of the stripping zone would be confined in the stripping zone and the transition zone below the annular baffle. A higher mass fraction of hot coke in the transition zone between the annular baffle and the stripping zone was observed suggesting that a higher temperature zone exists in the transition zone below the annular baffle, which could be helpful to mitigate fouling in the stripping zone. With the annular baffle and the hot coke fed to the top of the stripper, the operating temperatures at the coking zone and the stripping zone can then be controlled separately by adjusting the coke circulation rates to the coking zone and the stripping zone so that the coking zone and the stripping zone are effectively decoupled. This allows the coking zone to be run at a lower temperature, which can increase either the liquid yield or the capacity of the coking process. In general terms, significantly less than 20 percent by weight of the mass flow of hot coke entering the stripper below the baffle will re-enter the coking zone and typically less than 10 or even less, e.g. 2 or 1 percent by weight. 
         [0033]      FIG. 3  illustrates the results of a predictive model showing the effect of stripping hot coke rate on hydrocarbon carryunder from the stripper (hydrocarbon transferred from the stripper to the heater) at varying reactor temperatures. The model is based on the use of plain (non-perforated) sheds. The larger the amount of the hydrocarbon carryunder from the stripper, the higher the potential of the fouling problem in the downstream equipment as well as the loss of potential liquid yield by combustion in the heater. The temperature shown in different lines is the reactor operating temperature (° F.). The base line is 985° F. reactor operating temperature without hot coke circulation to the stripping zone. By adding the stripping hot coke to the stripper under the annular baffle to increase the stripper severity, the reactor operating temperature can be reduced while maintaining the same hydrocarbon carryunder from the stripper as the base case. As shown in  FIG. 3 , for a stripper with parallel plain sheds, the reactor temperature could be reduced by approximately 12° F./7° C. by adding 10.5 TPM (tons per minute) stripping hot coke to the stripper while keeping the same hydrocarbon carryunder as the base case. For a stripper with cross-hatched sheds with lips and apertures as shown in US 2011/0114468, the reactor temperature could be reduced by 17° F./9° C. by adding 10.5 TPM stripping hot coke to the stripper while keeping the same hydrocarbon carryunder as the base case. Temperature differentials of 5 to 15° C. between the coking zone and the stripping zone are therefore realistic given the normal coke recycle rate to the stripper and favorable flow patterns at the top of the stripper induced the downward flow of coke from the coking zone and the entry of the recycle coke.