Abstract:
A tool activating system includes a multiple control units coupled to activate devices in a tool string positioned in a well. A processor is capable of communicating with the control units to send commands to the control units as well as to retrieve information (such as unique identifiers and status) of the control units. Selective activation of the control units may be performed based on the retrieved information. Further, defective control units or devices may be bypassed or skipped over.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION  
       [0001]    This is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 09/179,507, filed Oct. 27, 1998. 
     
    
     
       BACKGROUND  
         [0002]    The invention relates to addressable downhole activation systems.  
           [0003]    To complete a well, one or more sets of perforations may be created downhole using perforating guns. Such perforations allow fluid from producing zones to flow into the wellbore for production to the surface. To create perforations in multiple reservoirs or in multiple sections of a reservoir, multi-gun strings are typically used. A multi-gun string may be lowered to a first position to fire a first gun or bank of guns, then moved to a second position to fire a second gun or bank of guns, and so forth.  
           [0004]    Selectable switches are used to control the firing sequence of the guns in the string. Simple devices include dual diode switches for two-gun systems and concussion actuated mechanical switches or contacts for multi-gun systems. A concussion actuated mechanical switch is activated by the force from a detonation. Guns are sequentially armed starting from the lowest gun using the force of the detonation to set a switch to complete the circuit to the gun above and to break connection to the gun below. The switches are used to step through the guns or charges from the bottom up to select which gun or charge to fire. However, if a switch in the string is defective, then the remaining guns above the defective gun become unusable. In the worst case situation, a defective switch at the bottom of the multi-string gun would render the entire string unusable.  
           [0005]    Other conventional perforating systems do not allow for the confirmation of the identity of which gun in the string has been selected. The identity of the selected gun is inferred from the number of cycles in the counting process. As a result, it is possible to fire the wrong gun unless precautions are followed, including a physical measurement, such as a voltage drop or amount of current to determine which gun has been selected before firing. This, however, adds complexity to the firing sequence. Furthermore, such precautionary measures are typically not reliable.  
         SUMMARY  
         [0006]    In general, according to one embodiment, the invention features a system to activate devices in a tool string. The system includes control that are adapted to communicate with a central controller. Switches are controllable by corresponding control units to enable activation of the devices.  
           [0007]    Other features will become apparent from the following description and from the claims. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0008]    [0008]FIG. 1 is a diagram of a tool string incorporating an embodiment of the invention.  
         [0009]    [0009]FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a control unit according to an embodiment used in the tool string of FIG. 1.  
         [0010]    [0010]FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of software executed in a system to control activation of devices according to one embodiment.  
         [0011]    [0011]FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a control system according to another embodiment of the invention.  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of software executed in a system to control activation of devices according to the other embodiment.  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a control unit in the control system according to the other embodiment. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0014]    Referring to FIG. 1, a perforating system  10  according to an embodiment of the invention for use in a well  12  is illustrated. The perforating system  10  in the illustrated embodiment includes a multi-gun string having a control system that may include multiple control units  14 A- 14 C that control activation of guns or charges in the string. Each control unit  14  may be coupled to switches  16  and  18  (illustrated as  16 A- 16 C and  18 A- 18 C). The cable switches  18 A- 18 C are controllable by the control units  14 A- 14 C, respectively, between on and off positions to enable or disable current flow through one or more electrical cables  20  (which may be located in a wireline or coiled tubing, for example) to successive control units. The switches  16 A- 16 C are each coupled to a detonating device  22  (illustrated as  22 A- 22 C) that may be found in a perforating gun for example. The detonating device may be a standard detonator, a capacitor discharge unit (CDU), or other initiator coupled to initiate a detonating cord to fire shaped charges or other explosive devices in the perforating gun. If activated to an on position, a switch  16  allows electrical current to flow to a coupled detonating device  22 .  
         [0015]    In the illustrated embodiment, the switch  18 A controls current flow to the control unit  14 B, and the switch  18 B controls current flow to the control unit  14 C. For added safety, a dummy detonator  24  may optionally be coupled at the top of the string. The dummy detonator  24  is first energized and set up before the guns or charges below may be detonated. The dummy detonator  24  includes a cable switch  26  that controls current flow to the first control unit  14 A. The dummy detonator  24  also includes a control unit  31  as well as a dummy switch  28 , which is not coupled to a detonator.  
         [0016]    The one or more electrical cables  20  extend through a wireline, coiled tubing, or other carrier to surface equipment (generally indicated as  30 ), which may include a surface system  32 , which may be a general-purpose or special-purpose computer, any other microprocessor- or microcontroller-based system, or any control device. The surface system  32  is configurable by tool activation software to issue commands to the downhole tool (e.g., perforating system  10 ) to set up and to selectively activate one or more of the control units  14 .  
         [0017]    Bi-directional electrical communication (by digital signals or series of tones, for example) between the surface system  32  and control units  14  downhole may occur over one or more of the electrical cables  20 . The electrical communication according to one embodiment may be bi-directional so that information of the control units  14  may be monitored by the tool activation software in the surface system  32 . The information, which may include the control units&#39; identifiers, status, and auxiliary data or measurements, for example, is received by the system  32  to verify correct selection and status information. This may be particularly advantageous where an operator at the wellsite desires to confirm which of the devices downhole has been selected before actual activation (or detonation in the case of a perforating gun or explosive).  
         [0018]    In other embodiments, a system such as a computer or other control device may be lowered downhole with the tool string. This system may be an interface through which a user may issue commands (e.g., by speech recognition or keyboard entries).  
         [0019]    In one embodiment of the invention, each control unit  14  may be assigned an address by the tool activation software in the surface system  32  during system initialization. One advantage provided by the soft-addressing scheme is that the control units  14  do not need to be hard-coded with predetermined addresses. This reduces manufacturing complexity in that a generic control unit can be made. Another advantage of soft-addressing is that the control units may be assigned addresses on the fly to manipulate the order in which devices downhole are activated. In other embodiments, the control units  14  may be hard coded with pre-assigned addresses or precoded during assembly. Additional information may be coded into the control units, including the type of device, order number, run number, and other information.  
         [0020]    The tool activation system according to embodiments of the invention also allows defective devices in the string to be bypassed or “skipped over.” Thus, a defective device in a multi-device string (such as a gun string) would not render the remaining parts of the string inoperable.  
         [0021]    Referring to FIG. 2, a control unit  14  and switches  16  and  18  according to an embodiment are shown. A microcontroller  100  (which may by way of example be an 8051 microcontroller made by any one of several manufacturers) forms the processing core of the control unit  14 , which communicates with other equipment (located downhole or at the surface) through an input/output (I/O) circuit  102  and the electrical cable  20 . The components of the control unit  14  may be powered by a power supply  110 . Other types of control devices may be substituted for the microcontroller  100 , including microprocessors, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), programmable gate arrays (PGAs), discrete devices, and the like. Although the description of some embodiments refer to microcontrollers, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to such embodiments. In this application, the term control device may refer to a single integrated device or a plurality of devices. In addition, the control device may include firmware or software executable on the control device.  
         [0022]    In one embodiment, the microcontroller  100  may control the switches  16  and  18  through high side drivers (HSDs)  104  and  106 , respectively. HSDs are included in the embodiment of FIG. 2 since positive polarity voltages (typically in the hundreds of volts, for example) may be transmitted down the electrical cable  20 . The microcontroller  100  in the illustrated embodiment may be biased between a voltage provided by the power supply  110  and ground voltage. The outputs of the microcontroller  100  may be at TTL levels. To activate the switches  16  and  18 , the HSDs  104  and  106 , respectively, convert TTL-level signals to high voltage signals (e.g., one or two threshold voltages above the electrical cable voltage) to turn on field effect transistors (FETs)  112  and  114 . In further embodiments, HSDs may not be needed if negative polarity signals are transmitted down the electrical cable  20 . Other types of switches may be used, including, for example, switches implemented with bipolar transistors and mechanical-type switches.  
         [0023]    The microcontroller  100  is adapted to receive commands from the tool activation program in the surface system  32  so that it may selectively activate FETs  112  and  114  as indicated in the commands. When turned on, the transistor  114  couples two sections  120  and  122  of the electrical cable  20 . Likewise, the transistor  112  couples the signal or signals in the upper section  120  of the cable  20  to the detonating device  22 . In addition, each microcontroller  100  may be configured according to commands issued by the tool activation program  
         [0024]    Referring to FIG. 3, a flow diagram is shown of the tool activation program executable in the surface system  32 . Before any unit in the string is activated, a sequence of set up and verification tasks are performed. The tool activation program first sends a wake event (at  202 ) down the electrical cable  20  to a control unit  14  downhole. In one embodiment, the top control unit is the first to receive this wake event. This process is iteratively performed until all control units  14  in the multi-tool string have been initialized and set up.  
         [0025]    The wake event is first transmitted to a control unit I, where I is initially set to the value 1 to represent the top control unit. The program next interrogates (at  204 ) the control unit I to determine its address and status (including whether it has been assigned an address or not), positions of switches  16  and  18 , and the status of the microcontroller  100 . If the control unit I has not yet been assigned an address, the program assigns (at  206 ) a predetermined address to the control unit I. For example, the bottom unit may be assigned the lowest address while the top unit is assigned the highest address. Thus, if activation is performed by sequentially incrementing the address, the bottom unit is activated first followed by units coupled above.  
         [0026]    Next, the program requests verification of the assigned address (at  208 ). Next, the program confirms the assigned address (at  210 ). If an incorrect address is transmitted back by the control unit I, then the process at  202 - 210  is repeated until a correct address assignment is performed. If after several tries the address assignment remains unsuccessful, the control unit I may be marked defective. If the address is confirmed, then a command is sent by the tool activation program down the electrical cable  20  to close the cable switch  18  associated with the control unit I. This couples the electrical cable  20  to the next control unit I+1 (if any). The program may next interrogate (at  214 ) control units 1−I (all units that have been so far configured) to determine their status. This may serve as a double-check to ensure proper initialization and set up of the control units.  
         [0027]    The program then determines if the end of the multi-tool string has been reached (at  216 ). If not, the value of I is incremented (at  218 ), and the next control unit I is set up ( 202 - 216 ).  
         [0028]    If the end of the multi-tool string has been reached (as determined at  216 ), then all tools in the string have been configured and activation power may be applied (at  220 ) to the next functional control unit in the activation sequence, which the first time through may be the bottom control unit in one example. The activation power is transmitted down the cable  20  and through the switch  16  to initiate the detonating device  22  to fire the attached perforating gun.  
         [0029]    The process is repeated to activate the other tools in the string. For example, if a control unit N has been activated to fire perforating gun N, then the control unit N−1 is classified as the last unit in the string. Power is removed from the electrical cable  20  and the tasks performed in FIG. 3 are then applied to the remaining control units (control units  1  to N−1, with control unit N−1 being considered the last control unit in the string). After sequencing through the tasks to set up the control units  1  to N−1, activation power may next be applied to control unit N−1. This process may be repeated for all tools in the string until the very top tool has been activated. In addition, if at any time interrogation by the program indicates that a control unit or tool is defective, that particular control unit and tool may be bypassed to activate the remaining control units. As a result, a defective tool does not render the entire multi-tool string inoperable.  
         [0030]    Referring to FIG. 4, a tool activation system according to another embodiment of the invention is illustrated. The system includes a series of addressable control units  300 A- 300 C each coupled to corresponding tools  302 A- 302 C (which in the illustrated embodiment are detonating devices forming parts of perforating guns). Commands are transmitted by the surface system  32  to select one of the control units  300 A- 300 C. The command signals may be in the form of digital signals, a series of tones, or other types of communication, for example. The addressable control units  300 A- 300 C prevent power from reaching the detonating devices  302 A- 302 C prior to receipt of a specific command to arm the detonating devices. When addressed, each control unit responds with a specific identification and its status. The identification may include a manufacturer&#39;s serial number, an address, or some detailed information about the tool. Each control unit in the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 4 may include a microcontroller  304  (or another device or devices such as microprocessors, ASICs, PGAs, discrete devices, and the like) and switches  306 ,  308 ,  310  and  312 . The electrical cable  20  essentially feeds into a series of three switches  312 ,  310  and  308 , all controllable by the microcontroller  304 . The switch  306  is a cable or cable switch that couples the electrical cable  20  above to the next control unit  300 . The arming sequence of the control unit is as follows: first the microcontroller  304  activates a PREARM signal to enable the switch  312 ; next, the microcontroller  304  asserts a signal ARM 1  to activate the switch  310 ; and finally, the microcontroller  304  activates a second arming signal ARM 2  to activate the third switch  308 . Only when all three signals are activated is shooting power provided to the detonating device  302  through the switches  306 - 310 . Further, as added precaution, the three signals need to be activated above certain threshold levels.  
         [0031]    Once the detonating device  302  is initiated and the attached perforating gun fired, the cable switch  306  may be closed by the microcontroller  304  in response to a surface command to allow selection of the next control unit  300 . The cable switch  306  also can be used to bypass a defective control unit (such as a control unit that does not respond to a command).  
         [0032]    Referring to FIG. 5, the tool activation control sequence according to this other embodiment of the invention is illustrated. First, a low amount of power is provided by the surface system  32  to the tool string (at  402 ) to activate the control units in the tool string. The amount of current supplied is sufficiently low to ensure that the coupled detonating devices  302  do not detonate in the event of an electrical connection failure. When the initial current is received by the first control unit ( 300 A), the microcontroller  304  starts an initialization sequence that maintains the PREARM and ARM signals deasserted. In addition, the microcontroller  304  sends data up the electrical cable to the surface system  32  that includes the microcontroller&#39;s address and a status of disarmed. Other information may also be included in the data transmitted to the surface.  
         [0033]    The tool activation program in the surface system next determines if a response has been received (at  404 ) from a tool down below. If so, the received data may be stored and displayed to a user (at  406 ). Next, the program sends a command to couple to the next control unit in the sequence by closing the cable switch  306 . In response, the microcontroller  304  activates the control signal to the cable switch  306  to close it. In one embodiment, the microcontroller  304  may be coupled to a timing device. If the microcontroller  304  does not respond to the bypass switch close command, the timing device would expire to activate the closing of the switch  306 .  
         [0034]    Next, the program waits for a time-out condition (at  410 ), which indicates the end of string has been reached. Control units are adapted to respond within a certain time period—if no response is received within the time period, then the surface system assumes that either no more devices or a defective device is coupled downstream. The process at  404 - 410  is repeated until the end of string is reached.  
         [0035]    The surface system program next creates (at  410 ) a list of all detected devices downhole. As an added precaution, the user may compare this list with an expected list to determine if the string has been properly configured. The list of detected devices can also identify device timings as well as devices that are defective. Thus, the user may be made aware of such defective devices downhole, which are bypassed in the activation sequence.  
         [0036]    To activate a particular tool downhole, the user would issue a command to the surface system. When the tool activation program receives this user command (at  412 ), it transmits an activate command or series of commands (which includes an address of the selected control unit) down to the tool string (at  414 ). At this point, because of the initialization process, all the cable switches  306  in all the control units are closed. Thus, each of the microcontrollers  304  is able to receive and decode the activate command. However, only the microcontroller  304  with a matching address will respond to the activate command. When the surface system program receives a confirmation from the selected device downhole (at  416 ), it checks the information transmitted with the confirmation to verify that the proper device has been selected. If so, the surface system program enables the supplying of activation power to the selected device (at  418 ). The tool activation program then waits for the next activation command.  
         [0037]    The addresses of the control units may be preset during manufacture. Alternatively, jumpers or switches may be set in these control units to set their addresses. Another method includes the use of nonvolatile memory in the control units that may be programmed with the control unit&#39;s address any time after manufacture and before use.  
         [0038]    Referring to FIG. 6, some of the circuits of a control unit according to the alternative embodiment are illustrated in more detail. The illustrated embodiment is merely one example of how the control unit may be implemented—other implementations are possible. The electrical cable  20  is coupled from above through a diode  502  to a node N 1  in the control unit  300 . An over-voltage protection circuit  504  couples the internal node N 1  to ground to protect circuitry from an over-voltage condition. The microcontroller  304  includes a receive input (RCV) to receive data over the cable  20  and a transmit output (XMIT) to transmit data to the cable  20 . The RCV input is coupled to an output of an inverter  506 , whose input is coupled to a resistor and capacitor network including resistors  508 ,  510  and a capacitor  512  all coupled between node N 1  and the ground node. A signal coming down the cable  20  is received by the input of the inverter  506  and provided to the RCV input of the microcontroller  304 . The XMIT output drives the cathode of a diode  514 . A zener diode  516  is coupled between the anode of the diode  514  and node N 1 . On the other side, a resistor  518  is coupled between the anode of the diode  514  and ground.  
         [0039]    A clock generator  520  provides the clock input to the microcontroller  304 . The other outputs of the microcontroller  304  include signals PREARM, ARM 1 , and ARM 2 . Logically, as shown in FIG. 4, the signals PREARM, ARM 1 , and ARM 2  control switches  312 ,  310  and  308 , respectively, in each control unit. These switches  312 ,  310  and  308  may be implemented using serially coupled transistors  522  and  524 , which couple the node N 1  to the detonating device  302  through a diode  526 . The gate of the transistor  522  is coupled through a resistor  528  and a diode  530  to the signal PREARM of the microcontroller  304 . The gate of the transistor  522  is also driven by the output of an inverter  532  through a resistor  534 . The input of the inverter  532  is coupled to the signal ARM 2  controlled by the microcontroller  304 . The gate of the transistor  524  is driven by the output ARM 1  from the microcontroller  304 . Thus, the sequence for activating the detonating device  302  is as follows: the signal PREARM is driven high, the signal ARM 1  is driven high, and the signal ARM 2  is driven low. This turns both transistors  522  and  524  on to couple power from the electrical cable  20  through node N 1  to the detonating device  302 .  
         [0040]    The cable switch  306  in one embodiment may be implemented with a transistor  536 , which couples the internal node N 1  of the control unit to the cable down below. The gate of the transistor  536  is coupled to a node BYPG that is the output of an RC network formed by a resistor  538  and a capacitor  539 . The other side of the resistor  538  is coupled to a bypass output (BYP) of the microcontroller  304 . In the illustrated embodiment, the timing device to bypass a defective microcontroller is formed by the resistor  538  and the capacitor  539 . Thus, if the microcontroller  304  is not functioning for some reason, a pull-up resistor (not shown but coupled to the output pin BYP either internally or externally to the microcontroller) pulls the node BYPG to a “high” voltage after an amount of time determined by the RC constant defined by the resistor  538  and the capacitor  539 . The node BYPG is coupled to the gate of a FET  536 , which is part of the cable switch  306 . When the node BYPG is pulled high after the time delay, the FET  536  is turned on, which allows communication to downstream devices on the electrical cable. This allows a defective microcontroller to be bypassed.  
         [0041]    In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 6, negative polarity signals are transmitted down the electrical cable  20 . The microcontroller is biased between the voltage at node N 1  and a high voltage provided by a power supply (not shown). To turn off the transistors  522 ,  524 , and  536 , the gates of those transistors are driven to the voltage of N 1 . To activate the transistors, their gates are driven to the power supply high voltage.  
         [0042]    Other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. For example, although the drawings illustrate a perforating system that may include multiple guns or explosives, other multi-device tool strings may incorporate the selective activation system described. For example, such tool strings may include coring tools.  
         [0043]    While the invention has been disclosed with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art, having the benefit of this disclosure, will appreciate numerous modifications and variations therefrom. It is intended that the appended claims cover all such modifications and variations as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.