Abstract:
Embodiments of the present invention dispense with the need for lithographic printing plates, instead facilitating direct transfer of ink from a permanent cylinder to a recording medium. Accordingly, instead of being permanently modified to exhibit oleophilic and oleophobic (or hydrophilic) regions, the cylinder is effectively “programmed” with the image prior to each transfer of ink.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/187,132, filed Aug. 6, 2008, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to offset printing, and in particular to printing without the use of traditional printing plates. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Conventional techniques for printing in black-and-white and in color include letterpress printing, rotogravure printing and offset printing. These processes produce high-quality copies, but the printing members used to transfer ink, in an “imagewise” fashion onto a recording medium, are relatively expensive. Letterpress and gravure printing members, for example, are cut or etched using cumbersome photographic masking and etching techniques. Traditional offset lithography utilizes mats or films on which the image is present as a pattern of ink-accepting and ink-rejecting areas. In wet lithography, fountain solution is applied to hydrophilic plate areas, which are thereby rendered oleophobic and reject ink; the remainder of the plate is oleophilic, i.e., capable of accepting ink. In dry lithography, non-image regions of the plate are inherently oleophobic. In either case, the inked plate, which bears the imagewise pattern of ink, is brought into contact with a relatively soft blanket cylinder. From there, the ink is applied to paper or another recording medium brought into contact with the surface of the blanket cylinder. 
         [0004]    Although lithographic printing plates are less expensive than letterpress and rotogravure printing members, they still represent a consumable material cost, and must be stored, handled, and disposed of after completion of a printing job. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0005]    Embodiments of the present invention dispense with the need for lithographic printing plates, instead facilitating direct transfer of ink from a permanent cylinder to a recording medium. Accordingly, instead of being permanently modified to exhibit oleophilic and oleophobic (or hydrophilic) regions, the cylinder—or, more accurately, the combination of ink and fountain solution on the cylinder—is effectively “programmed” with the image prior to each transfer of ink. In particular, a transferable image is realized by selective removal of the fountain solution and/or by selective alteration of the properties of the ink (i.e., removal of a solvent component thereof), and the programming “tool” that achieves such removal is a hot spot on the surface of the cylinder. Preferably, the cylinder surface retains no memory of the spot heating. As a result, the invention facilitates a “variable-data” approach in which each printed sheet can be different from its predecessor. In preferred embodiments, the cylinder absorbs a significant fraction (e.g., greater than 50%, or even greater than 75%) of energy transmitted thereto for the spot heating, and the absorbed energy is subsequently transferred by thermal or other mechanisms (e.g., via ejection of species such as thermal electrons or bound water or hydroxyls from the cylinder surface) to overlying ink (e.g., at one or more monolayers directly overlying the cylinder), thereby selectively adhering (i.e., “fixing”) portions of the ink to the cylinder. Without being bound by any particular theory or mechanism, it is thought that this indirect absorption of energy from the cylinder to the ink (rather than direct absorption by the ink from the spot-heating energy source) modifies the organic structure of portions of the ink proximate the cylinder surface, resulting in improved adhesion sufficient for subsequent image transfer. 
         [0006]    Thus, in such preferred embodiments, the cylinder is not only hydrophilic but also a good absorber (e.g., absorbing greater than 50%, or even greater than 75%) of applied energy, e.g., spot-heating energy such as laser light. In particular, titanium is a highly preferred printing surface, as it exhibits such properties without the need for specialized surface modification and continues to exhibit such properties over time without the need for protective storage or stabilization measures. In contrast, other widely utilized printing surfaces, such as aluminum, often require protective measures (e.g., “gumming”) between uses to avoid loss of their hydrophilic response. The lithographic performance of titanium is in general a bulk property rather than the result of surface modification or coating, and thus is generally not subject to loss due to abrasion, wear, minor damage (e.g., scratching) or adverse responses to ambient atmospheres (or contaminating species found in ambient atmospheres). Titanium is a strong laser absorber in contrast to most other useful lithographic surfaces (including widely used lithographic aluminum) and so enables embodiments of the present invention at commercial speeds. At such commercial speeds (e.g., spot-heating dwell times of less than 10 nanoseconds) and at high-resolution spot sizes (e.g., spot sizes of 20 μm or less), embodiments of the invention involve the indirect heating and modification of overlying ink rather than by direct evaporation or other direct interaction with fluid overlying the printing cylinder. Thus, in preferred embodiments the printing ink is a good transmitter of spot-heating energy, e.g., laser light, transmitting a portion (e.g., at least 50% or even at least 75%) of such energy through to the underlying cylinder surface. Less transmissive inks may result in deleterious interactions with the applied spot-heating energy, e.g., excessive heating of the ink resulting in non-transferability of the ink during printing or during subsequent erasing of the image from the printing surface (e.g., via cylinder cleaning). 
         [0007]    In general, printing methods in accordance with the invention involve pre-wetting a lithographic surface and then creating a printable image by selective removal of the wetting fluid. The ability to erase the image without impractical or extreme measures represents an important advantage of this approach, and facilitates commercially practicable variable-data printing. 
         [0008]    In accordance with embodiments of the invention, the wetting fluid is ink that is initially applied to the entire printing surface and is adsorbed thereon. The ink-bearing printing area is exposed to laser output in an imagewise fashion, thereby fixing the adsorbed ink on the printing surface in the exposed regions. Preferably, a significant portion (e.g., more than 50%) of the energy of the laser output is transmitted without substantial absorption through the ink, and that portion (at least in part) is thus absorbed by the printing surface. A polar liquid is applied to the printing area to remove ink from portions of the printing area that have not received laser exposure, and the remaining ink is transferred to a recording medium. 
         [0009]    Following ink application, the printing area may be erased by hand wiping or, more typically, automated application of a polar or ink-removing liquid; the application, exposure and transferring steps may then be repeated using the same or different printing data. Furthermore, the application and exposure steps may be repeated more than once in a given printing cycle—i.e., before ink is actually applied to the recording medium—in order to intensify the ink image for printing. For example, where ink is applied first, it augments with each repeated application where exposed to laser output. 
         [0010]    The polar liquid may be an aqueous dampening or fountain solution. In preferred embodiments, the lithographic surface is metal, e.g., titanium. In some embodiments, the ink is a conventional oil-based ink, while in other embodiments, it is a single-fluid ink comprising a oil-based ink and a polar solvent such that the ink and the polar liquid are applied simultaneously; laser output temporarily fixes the ink but not the solvent. The ink preferably does not contain sensitizers to enhance absorption of laser energy. Methods in accordance with the invention may also include the step of removing vapor and debris during the exposing step. 
         [0011]    These and other objects, along with advantages and features of the invention, will become more apparent through reference to the following description, the accompanying drawings, and the claims. Furthermore, it is to be understood that the features of the various embodiments described herein are not mutually exclusive and can exist in various combinations and permutations. As used herein, the term “substantially” means±10%, and, in some embodiments, ±5%; in some contexts, “substantially” means with sufficient completeness that the visual quality or fidelity of a finished product, such as a printed sheet, is not impaired. The term “consists essentially of” means excluding other materials that contribute to function, unless otherwise defined herein. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0012]    In the drawings, like reference characters generally refer to the same parts throughout the different views. Also, the drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead generally being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. In the following description, various embodiments of the present invention are described with reference to the following drawings, in which: 
           [0013]      FIG. 1  schematically illustrates a representative imaging and printing configuration suitable for implementing embodiments of the present invention; 
           [0014]      FIG. 2A  schematically illustrates, in plan, a polygon-based scanner system useful in the practice of the present invention; 
           [0015]      FIG. 2B  schematically illustrates, in perspective, a holographic scanner system useful in the practice of the present invention; 
           [0016]      FIGS. 3A-3C  illustrate different cylinder configurations in accordance with the invention; and 
           [0017]      FIG. 4  schematically illustrates a printing station suitable for use in connection with the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     1. Basic Configuration and Operational Principles 
       [0018]    With reference to  FIG. 1 , in general overview, a printing press  100  in accordance with the invention may comprise a print cylinder  105  having a lithographic surface  105   s . Cylinder  105  rotates in contact with a compliant blanket cylinder  107 , and this cylinder, in turn rotates in contact with an impression cylinder  108 . Recording media (e.g., paper) in sheet form passes through the nip n between cylinders  107 ,  108  before being discharged to the exit end of the press  100 . Typically, cylinders  105 ,  107 ,  108  are geared together and driven in unison by a single drive motor. 
         [0019]    Ink for inking plate  105  is delivered by an ink train  110 , the outermost roll of which is in rolling engagement with plate  105  when press  100  is printing. A dampening system  115  applies a polar liquid, e.g., an aqueous medium such as dampening or fountain solution, to the lithographic surface  105   s  of print cylinder  105 . The output(s) of a laser scanning system  118  selectively strike surface  105   s  in an imagewise fashion, either removing (e.g., ablating or vaporizing), on a point-by-point basis, dampening solution from the surface or fixing previously applied ink so as to resist removal. In ink-first embodiments, laser system  118  “dries” the ink to a quasi-stable state (via, e.g., transfer of laser energy to the lithographic surface  105   s  through the ink and subsequent transfer of such energy from the lithographic surface  105   s  to the ink); once set, the exposed ink regions will be more resistant to removal by dampening. In dampening-first embodiments, the unremoved polar liquid corresponds to the background regions and resists ink. In all cases, the laser output is sufficiently powerful to exert the desired effect but without damaging surface  105   s ; by “damage” is meant a change to native lithographic affinity that would interfere with the function of the printing surface. 
         [0020]    An erasing unit  120  may be included to ensure complete removal of ink prior to a succeeding print cycle. Thus, in dampening-first embodiments, erasing unit  120  may remove residual ink if a post-transfer application of dampening fluid by dampening system  115  is inadequate for this purpose; and in ink-first embodiments, erasing unit  120  may apply an ink-removal fluid to effectively remove the fixed ink from surface  105   s . Suitable ink-removal fluids include conventional compositions for cleaning lithographic printing plates. Commonly, the blend is predominantly high-boiling (low vapor pressure) hydrocarbon solvents, but includes a low level of more active (polar) solvents and can include hydrocarbon-soluble surfactants to improve suspension of particulates (pigment particles, etc.). One preferred cleaning composition is an alkaline solvent-inwater emulsion, typically containing ±30% petroleum distillates, emulsifying surfactants and a few percent of an alkaline additive. NaOH, KOH, Na silicates and K silicates are examples of commonly used additives, individually or in combination, to provide alkalinity. GREAT PLATES, supplied by Tower Products (Palmer, Pa.), is a commercial example. 
         [0021]    It may also be desirable to include a debris-management system  125 , which may surround the writing head on which laser(s)  118  are mounted. 
         [0022]    System  125  minimizes vapor plumes that may result from the imaging process and contaminant build-up on optical components. Debris plumes are a well-known phenomenon that can cause lens surface deposits (which, in turn, results in beam blocking and localized overheating) and beam occlusion in laser-ablation systems for various kinds of imaging, e.g., lithographic plates, flexographic rolls and gravure (anilox) cylinders, and debris-management systems for addressing the problem are conventional. The system  125  has supply and exhaust manifolds. An air source, coupled to the supply manifold, provides purge air to displace the debris plume. For particularly sensitive systems, the purge air may need to be humidity and temperature controlled. An exhaust system, coupled to the exhaust manifold, removes air entraining the debris plume. Typically, the exhaust flow rate is slightly higher than that of the purge air so that air pressure in the region under management is slightly negative relative to that of the surrounding area, resulting in flow toward the exhaust. (A positive air pressure relative to the surrounding area will push air entraining the debris plume away from the exhaust system and into the surrounding area.) The system  125  may also include a “scrubber” to clean the exhausted air, depending on what is identified to be in the exhaust. This capability is particularly desirable if the exhausted air is vented into the working environment (e.g., press room) rather than to the exterior of the building. 
         [0023]    The surface  105   s  is hydrophilic and ink-receptive. By “hydrophilic” is meant the ability to retain, in the presence of an applied force, an adsorbed layer of fluid to which ink will not adhere. In general, a hydrophilic surface in accordance with preferred embodiments of the present invention will preferentially retain the adsorbed layer of fluid relative to ink when both the fluid and ink are on the surface in the presence of an applied force, will be resistant contamination from the ambient environment, and will retain its properties over time without the need for protective coatings. In a preferred embodiment, the hydrophilic surface is a strong absorber of laser radiation and imagewise exposure of the surface results in a temporary preferential retention of ink where exposed. Titanium metal is a preferred hydrophilic surface  105   s —either the surface of the cylinder  105  itself, or a metal surface layer or sheet (typically having a thickness of 0.02 inch or less) applied to the cylinder  105 . In various embodiments, the hydrophilic surface  105   s  may include or consist essentially of titanium or an alloy of titanium with one or more other species (e.g., metals), where the alloy contains greater than 50%, or even greater than 90% titanium. Six-mil titanium sheets, wrapped around a conventional print or offset cylinder and cleaned to remove milling lubricants, have been employed to advantage and are particularly suited to small-format presses; thicker sheets may be preferred in removable sleeve embodiments as described below, or for larger-format presses. While not required as may be the case for hydrophilic surfaces based on aluminum and chrome, physical surface modification (e.g., imparting a controlled surface roughness and/or chemical modification of the surface) can be used to enhance the performance of titanium sheets. Such modifications can be imparted using techniques well known in the art for conventional metal finishing. 
         [0024]    Printing techniques in accordance with the invention are desirably compatible with routinely available lithographic printing inks and fountain solutions (fluids to which ink will not adhere), and these are preferred when the hydrophilic surface is a strong absorber of laser radiation. 
         [0025]    Embodiments of the invention can accommodate separate or integrated dampening approaches, the latter referring to dampening fluid and ink applied simultaneously from a single assembly. Conventional oil-based or single-fluid inks may be employed. Single-fluid inks include water or a polar solvent as a separate phase incorporated into the ink that separates upon application to produce a dampening fluid. The specifics of separation are not a factor as the effect is essentially equivalent to an integrated dampening approach. 
         [0026]    In one printing mode, a polar liquid such as fountain or dampening solution is initially applied by dampening system  115  to the entire printing surface  105   s . The output of laser system  118  is selectively applied to the surface  105   s  in an imagewise fashion as described below. The laser output substantially removes the adsorbed liquid without damaging the printing surface  105   s . Ink is then applied thereover by inking system  110 . The ink adheres to the surface  105   s  only where the polar liquid has been removed by the laser system  118 , and is thereupon transferred to a recording medium passing through the nip n. 
         [0027]    It is found that the color of the ink does not significantly influence the imaging process. Cyan, magenta, yellow and black inks, for example, dry under laser exposure, suggesting that significant laser absorption is provided by the metal sheet or cylinder. This can reduce or eliminate the need for inks that include laser absorbers (sensitizers). 
         [0028]    In a preferred printing mode, ink rather than a polar liquid is initially applied to the plate  105 , and is adsorbed onto the printing surface  105   s . The ink-bearing printing area is exposed to the output of laser system  118  in an imagewise fashion, thereby fixing the adsorbed ink on the printing surface  105   s  in the exposed regions. As detailed above, the absorbed ink preferably transmits at least a large fraction of the laser energy to the underlying printing surface  105   s , which thus absorbs a large fraction of the laser energy. Subsequent transfer of this absorbed energy to the overlying ink temporarily fixes the ink for printing. The polar liquid is applied to the printing area by dampening system  115  to remove ink over regions of the printing surface  105   s  that have not received laser exposure, and the remaining ink is transferred to a recording medium passing through the nip n. 
         [0029]    Following ink application, the printing area may be erased by hand wiping or application of a polar or ink-removing liquid; the application, exposure and transferring steps may then be repeated using the same or different printing data. Furthermore, the application and exposure steps may be repeated more than once in a given printing cycle in order to intensify the ink image for printing. In particular, depending on various factors (most notably the nature of the applied ink), the process may not produce a printable image when laser exposure (imaging) is limited to a single revolution of the plate cylinder  105 . This can occur with lithographic printing inks that flow too slowly to build enough mass from a single application. It may, for example, require two or more passes to build enough ink to establish an equilibrium flow from the inking system  110  to the recording medium. 
         [0030]    The image is temporary and may be removed as discussed above. Convenient erasability may result from inclusion, in typical lithographic inks, of a high-boiling-point solvent component (commonly referred to as an “ink oil”) that contributes to “quick set”—i.e., a rapid gelling that results from the solvent component migrating into the print sheet combined with restructuring of the ink as it leaves the high-shear application and transfer environment. Laser exposure may result in evaporation of this solvent component from the ink being picked during repeated revolutions past the laser source  118 . However, what can be dried can also be rewet if drying does not result in an irreversible change, e.g., coalesced dispersions or loss of a volatile solubilizing component. Accordingly, repeated application of fresh ink to the ink initially set in place (“dried”) on plate  105  will rewet the previously applied ink as the solvent component of the fresh ink partitions itself between the fresh ink and the underlying “dry ink” image feature. The result is a softening image feature that erodes over time (becoming easier to remove); an image feature that is dry rather than cured to a durable state will be easier to remove (erase) at any point in the process. 
       2. System Components 
       [0031]    2.1 Laser System 
         [0032]    The laser(s)  118  used to remove dampening fluid or stabilize ink desirably deliver high power (e.g., at least 10 W) and may be, for example, solid-state devices such Nd:YAG, Nd:YLF or Nd:YVO 4  lasers, or fiber lasers, having an emission peak (λ max ) suited to the application; devices that emit in the near-infrared region can be used to advantage. In the arrangement conceptually illustrated in  FIG. 1 , a controller  130  operates the driver(s) (not shown) of laser(s)  118  to produce an imaging burst when appropriate points on lithographic surface  105   s  reach opposition to the laser output. In general, the driver preferably includes a pulse circuit capable of generating at least 100,000 laser-driving pulses/second, with each pulse being relatively short, i.e., on the order of nanoseconds. Preferred embodiments of the controller  130  and laser  118  enable short exposure dwell times (e.g., less than 10 nanoseconds) at a high printing resolution (e.g., spot sizes of approximately 20 μm or less). 
         [0033]    Suitable optical components to focus the laser output onto the surface  105   s  as an image spot are well-known in the art. Controller  130  governs operation of the laser(s)  118 , and receives data from two sources. The angular position of cylinder  105  with respect to the laser output is constantly monitored by a detector  133 , which provides signals indicative of that position to controller  130 . In addition, an image data source (e.g., a computer)  135  also provides data signals to controller  130 . The image data provides relative reference points on cylinder  105  where image spots are to be written. Controller  130 , therefore, correlates the instantaneous relative positions of laser(s)  118  and lithographic surface  105   s  (as reported by detector  133 ) with the image data to actuate the appropriate laser driver(s) at the appropriate times during scan of cylinder  105 . The driver and control circuitry required to implement this scheme is well-known in the art. 
         [0034]    Axial scanning is preferred—that is, the laser beam sweeps across the cylinder surface  105   s  from end to end, applying one or more lines of image spots with each sweep. Any suitable axial scanning system may be used to advantage. One approach, shown in  FIG. 2A , utilizes a rotating, multi-facet polygon  210  to scan a laser beam  212  axially across the cylinder surface  105   s . The polygon  210  directs the beam through a suitable lens assembly  215  (e.g., an F-θ lens), which focuses it onto the cylinder surface, and as the polygon  210  rotates, it draws the beam  212  axially across that surface. As the beam is scanned, it is pulsed (using the controller system described above) so as to deliver energy at appropriate surface locations. The laser source may, for example, be a 20 W fiber laser emitting at a wavelength from 900 nm to 1600 nm, e.g., 1064 or 1550 nm. 
         [0035]    Another approach, shown in  FIG. 2B , utilizes holography. In particular, a monochromatic beam  212  is directed at a spinning holographic deflector  230 , which intercepts the beam  212  and, as the deflector rotates, causes the beam  212  to scan across the cylinder surface  105   s . Holographic scanner spinners are well known, and may be transparent or opaque depending on whether the arrangement is of the transmission or reflection type. Once again, the beam passes through a suitable lens arrangement  235 . 
         [0036]    2.2 Cylinder  105   
         [0037]    As noted above, metal surface  105   s  may be the surface of the cylinder  105  itself, or a metal surface layer or sheet (typically having a thickness of 0.006 inch or less) applied thereto. For example, as shown in  FIG. 3A , a titanium sheet  300  may be wrapped around cylinder  105  and its edges crimped securely over the edges in a gap  310  in cylinder  105 . Alternatively, as shown in  FIG. 3B , the metal may take the form of a sleeve  315 , which slides over cylinder  105 . The sleeve  315  may be secured to cylinder  105  by clamps or other suitable engagements. 
         [0038]    In still another alternative, illustrated in  FIG. 3C , the cylinder  105  is itself fabricated from the metal whose surface  105   s  is presented on the exterior. 
         [0039]    2.3 Inking System  110   
         [0040]    The inking system  110  has four basic functions: to move ink from an ink fountain to the lithographic surface  105   s ; to break down a thick charge of ink into a thin uniform film; to work the ink into printing condition; and to remove image repeats on the form from previous printing cycles. 
         [0041]    A representative inking system for a sheet-fed press in accordance with the invention has a series of rollers (typically on the order of ten) and includes an ink fountain (i.e., a pan that contains the ink supply); a ductor or ductor roller (i.e., a transfer roller that alternately contacts the ink fountain roller and the first roller of the ink train); form rollers (i.e., the last rollers of the ink train, usually having different diameters) that apply the ink to lithographic surface  105   s ; and, in some embodiments, an oscillator or vibrator (i.e., one or more gear- or chain-driven rollers that not only rotate but oscillate from side to side). In addition, inking system  110  may include intermediate rollers, i.e., friction- or gravity-driven rollers between the ductor and form roller(s) that transfer and condition the ink. These are often referred to as “distributors” if they contact two other rollers or “riders” if they contact a single roller (such as an oscillator). This “roller train” typically includes both hard and soft rollers. 
         [0042]    A relatively long roller train is necessary in connection with sheet-fed offset inks useful in accordance with the invention. These inks are both thixotropic and pseudoplastic, the latter property causing the initially large apparent viscosity to be greatly reduced under the shear provided by the rollers. The apparent viscosity decreases with time under a constant shear rate and also decreases with increasing shear rate. Suitable products include the sheet-fed inks available from Flint Ink (Flint Group) under the ARROWSTAR and K+E names; the REFLECTA and ALPHA VEG products marketed by Hostmann-Steinberg (Huber Group); and the LIBERTY and SPRINT inks marketed by Kohl &amp; Madden (Sun Chemical Group). 
         [0043]    The hard rollers are usually steel covered with copper, ebonite or nylon. The soft rollers (ductor, intermediate and form) are typically synthetic rubber or other polymer; they may be PVC (polyvinl chloride), Buna-N (copolymer of butadiene and acrylonitrile) or polyurethane. 
         [0044]    More specifically, the ink is formed by the fountain roller (a metal roller that turns intermittently or continuously); a fountain blade, which may be a spring steel plate, steel segments or plastic approaching the fountain roller at an angle; and two fountain cheeks, which are vertical metal pieces that contact the fountain roller edges. As the fountain roller turns, the majority of the ink is held back by the blade, which is very close to the fountain roller. The distance between the blade and fountain roller is determined by the fountain keys, which can be adjusted to control the amount of ink delivered to different areas of the plate. 
         [0045]    The ductor roller—the first roller in the train—feeds a metered amount of ink from the fountain to the inking system by alternately contacting the fountain roller and the first oscillator. A properly timed ductor roller contacts the oscillator when the form rollers are in the plate gap. This negates the effect of ductor shock, i.e., the vibration sent through the system when the ductor first contacts the oscillator. The oscillators accept ink from the ductor, passing it onto the remaining rollers in the train where the ink is worked down to a smooth film. An inking system may have several oscillators (also called drums or vibrators) which are usually made of steel tubing covered with copper, ebonite, nylon or some other oil receptive material. They move laterally (side to side) at least once every revolution of the plate cylinder. This smoothes out the ink film and reduces banding. 
         [0046]    The distributors are resilient rollers that carry the ink from one oscillator to another, and are driven by surface friction contact with oscillators. Riders are hard rollers that make contact with only a single roller and do not transfer ink; they help condition the ink by increasing the ink path and collect debris such as paper fiber and dried ink. The form rollers are resilient rollers that contact the plate. These usually have different diameters to reduce mechanical ghosting (i.e., ghost images appearing in the printed image due to uneven ink take-off from the form rollers). They lift off from the plate when the press is idling. 
         [0047]    Another suitable approach to inking is the ANICOLOR system, a “short” zoneless inking unit, marketed by Heidelberg. 
         [0048]    2.4 Dampening System  115   
         [0049]    The dampening system  115  applies a polar liquid to the plate  105  before it is inked. This keeps the non-image area moistened so that it will not accept ink. Gum in the fountain solution adsorbs on the non-image area of surface  105   s  to keep it water-wet. The gum does not adsorb on the image area which is not water-wet; this area is generally oil-wet. A concentrate used to mix a fountain solution is called fountain concentrate, fountain etch or simply etch. These usually contain Gum Arabic or synthetic gums for desensitizing. Most dampening solutions are acidic (pH 4-5) because the gum performs best under acid conditions. A commercial dampening solution may also include corrosion inhibitors to prevent reactions with the plate; a pH buffer; wetting agents such as isopropanol or its substitutes; a fungicide to prevent mildew and the growth of fungus and bacteria in the dampening system; and/or an antifoaming agent facilitate even distribution of dampening solution. Some concentrates may require added alcohol in addition to water. It should be noted, however, that polar liquids other then dampening fluids (e.g., plain water) may also be employed. 
         [0050]    Suitable dampening solutions include UNIVERSAL PINK, marketed by Day International (Flint Group); the RYCOLINE, GREEN DIAMOND and LIBERTY products from Sun Chemical Group; and DIRECT FLUID, marketed by Hostmann-Steinberg (Huber Group). 
         [0051]    The effectiveness of the dampening solution depends on the local water supply. Hard water requires stronger acid than soft. To assure the most consistent performance, it is preferable to use distilled or deionized water. The plate-wetting characteristics depend in part on the surface tension of dampening solution, and this is reduced by both the gum (surfactant) and the alcohol (co-surfactant). The alcohol also increases the viscosity of the dampening solution, allowing a thicker layer of dampening solution to be applied to the nonimage area of the plate. Alcohol evaporates faster than water, limiting the amount of dampening solution that reaches the paper, and also reduces the tendency of ink to emulsify into the dampening solution. 
         [0052]    Dampening systems are classified according to whether the water flow is intermittent or continuous, and whether cloth form rollers are employed to transfer fountain solution to the plate. Of the possible combinations, three are in common use. So-called “conventional” dampening systems utilize dampening rollers that are separate from the inking system in conjunction with cloth-covered form rollers and ductor rollers in both ink and water fountains. In a combined ink and dampening system, fountain solution is carried to the plate on ink-covered rollers. Ductor rollers are included in the ink and dampening fountains. Since there is no distinction between ink and dampening form rollers, no cloth can be used on the form rollers. These configurations are called integrated dampening systems or indirect dampening systems. So-called “continuous-flow” dampening systems do not employ ductor rollers to deliver dampening solution. There are two types—inker-feed and plate-feed—and both use metering rollers instead of ductors. The inker-feed systems operate in a manner similar to integrated dampening systems in that only one set of form rollers is employed. Plate-feed systems have separate ink and water trains like conventional dampening systems and may employ cloth-wrapped form rollers. 
       3. Exemplary Press Implementations 
       [0053]      FIG. 4  shows the components of a representative print station  400  suitable for implementing the present invention, and which may be used in connection with any suitable press configuration. The print station  400  includes a plate cylinder  105 , a blanket cylinder  107  and an impression cylinder  108 , as well as an inking system  410  and a dampening system  415  as described above. In particular, inking system  410  and dampening system  415  include conventional trains of form, distribution, ductor and fountain rollers as schematically indicated. 
         [0054]    The print station  400  applies a subtractive ink in accordance with the color gamut (e.g., the CMYK gamut) selected by the press operator. The press includes at least as many print stations as there are colors in the gamut, and may include further stations to apply, for example, a finishing treatment. In a linear press, the print stations  400  are arranged in an in-line configuration; see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,936,211. The printing path transports a cut sheet of recording material from a source through the successive print stations, following which printed sheets are collected in a stack. Alternatively, the system may be web-based rather than sheet-fed. The control systems associated with each of the printing stations store (or retrieve from a central storage facility) “color separations” of the image to be printed, each separation corresponding to one color of the gamut. 
         [0055]    In a central-impression press, the recording medium is pinned to the surface of a master drum  108 , which, as it rotates, brings the medium into contact with print stations arranged circumferentially therearound; see, e.g., the &#39;211 patent mentioned above. 
         [0056]    The terms and expressions employed herein are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention, in the use of such terms and expressions, of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the invention claimed.