Abstract:
A connector, an associated dynamic testing system and method for testing rock bolts or rock anchors in situ. The connector is attached to a rock bolt/anchor and supports a hanging load via a shaft. The connector has a body of two halves retaining upper first and lower second connectors having respective curved surfaces. Each of the two halves has a curved inner surface allowing limited relative rotational movement of the first and second connectors relative to the two halves when a load is applied. A load cell and accelerometer register the load applied to the rock bolt/anchor through the connector and any resulting movement of the rock bolt/anchor.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to dynamic testing of ground support bolts such as anchor/rock bolts. 
       BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Rock bolts are long anchor bolts used to stabilise excavations in rock, such as tunnels and rock faces. A rock bolt transfers load at the exterior surface of the rock into the interior mass of the rock. Anchor bolts are used to securely attach objects to rock or concrete surfaces. 
         [0003]    The 1890s first saw the use of rock bolts. The St Joseph Lead Mine in the USA in the 1920s is recorded as having used rock bolts. 
         [0004]    Australia and the USA have both been recorded as using rock bolts in civil applications in the late 1940s. In 1947 Australian engineers were reported as experimenting with four metre long expanding anchor rock bolts during work on the Snowy Mountain scheme. 
         [0005]    Rock bolts are typically installed in a pattern, the actual arrangement depending on the type of rock (rock quality—position and type of fractures already present, strength of the rock and its propensity to fracture etc.), the type of excavation (tunnel, cut face etc.) and the surrounding geology/geography (risk of seismic activity and any nearby underground or overground workings/structures). 
         [0006]    Both rock bolts and anchor bolts can be used to retain a metal (wire) mesh over a rock face to reduce risk of loose material or rock fall that might injure personnel, damage vehicles/equipment and/or block a tunnel. 
         [0007]    As with anchor bolts, there are many types of proprietary rock bolt designs. Typically a mechanical means, epoxy means or combination of both is used to set the bolt into the rock/concrete. 
         [0008]    Rock bolts work by ‘knitting’ the rock mass together sufficiently before it can move enough to loosen and fail. Rock bolts can become ‘seized’ throughout their length by small shears in the rock mass, so they are not fully dependent on their pull-out strength. 
         [0009]    In the case of a rock bolt, it is important to ensure that the rock bolt is capable of retaining the rock in situ when installed. In the case of an anchor bolt, it is important to ensure the item secured by the bolt is safely retained. 
         [0010]    Static testing is an alternative form of test. This can be carried out in a laboratory or in situ. A continuous load is applied to the rock bolt, usually hydraulically. However, static testing does not simulate the ‘shock’ loading to the bolt present in dynamic testing. 
         [0011]    Dynamic tests are conducted to ensure the respective bolt can operate as required. For rock bolts, a dynamic test is carried out in laboratory using a simulated bore-hole whereby the rock bolt is secured in a cement/resin mix inserted into a hollow (steel) tube. The tube is supported as a load acts on the head of the rock bot. This involves hydraulically applying a pull out force to the rock bolt. 
         [0012]    Whilst laboratory simulation is useful, it does not accurately recreate working conditions and cannot perform an in-situ dynamic test on a bolt for the actual rock. Laboratory dynamic testing involves setting the rock bolt in the tube and suspending the tube and rock bolt from a raised support. A weight is dropped a preset distance to apply a shock load to the head of the bolt. The amount of weight and distance dropped determines the amount of force applied to the rock bolt. 
         [0013]    Another form of laboratory testing involves dropping the rock bolt and tube combination together with a weight attached to the rock bolt. Fall of the rock bolt and tube is arrested once the required velocity is reached, but the weight is allowed to continue and thereby applies a load to the rock bolt. This method is said to better simulate the movement of the rock before the rock face fails (i.e. during a seismic event). Such testing is carried out by the Western Australian School of Mines (WASM) and is known as the WASM momentum transfer concept. 
         [0014]    With the aforementioned in mind, the resent invention has been developed in order to provide improved in situ dynamic testing for rock bolts (and optionally anchor bolts). 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0015]    The present invention provides in one aspect a connector to attach a loading device to an in situ ground support bolt, such as a rock bolt or anchor bolt in a rock or concrete substrate, the connector including a body, a first attachment means to attach the body to an in situ rock bolt or anchor bolt, and a loading device connection. 
         [0016]    The loading device connection may include a second attachment means to releasably attach the loading device to the body. 
         [0017]    The body may be unitary or may include multiple portions. For example, the body may be divided into portions that are releasably connectable together by one or more integral or detachable fastening means. 
         [0018]    The connector may include at least one first curved surface on a cavity within the body, and a corresponding second curved face associated with the first attachment means. The first and second curved faces permit relative movement of the first attachment means and the body. 
         [0019]    The connector may include a third curved surface, which may be within the first cavity or may be within a second cavity of the body. A fourth curved surface may contact the third curved surface to allow relative movement of the loading device and the body. 
         [0020]    The cooperating first and second curved surfaces may be complimentary part spherical surfaces, such that movement of one surface relative to the other is multi directional. Likewise, the cooperating third and fourth surfaces may be part spherical surfaces, such that movement of the third surface relative to the fourth surface is multi dimensional. The part spherical surfaces allow for the rock bolt not being vertical in situ. Often rock bolts are angled from vertical into the rock. Relative movement of the first attachment means to the body, and the body to the loading device, allows the connector to transfer impact forces from a vertically dropped weight into the non-vertical rock bolt. 
         [0021]    The first attachment means may include rock bolt connection means to attach the connector to the rock bolt. The rock bolt connection means may include an aperture to receive a shaft portion of the rock bolt. A nut on the external exposed end of the rock bolt may be used to retain the first attachment means to the rock bolt. Preferably the attachment via the nut of the rock bolt transfers the test load forces to the rock bolt. 
         [0022]    Preferably the body has two or more portions arranged to be releasably held together by one or more fasteners. Release of the one or more fasteners allows the body to separate such that at least one of said portions can be removed. 
         [0023]    The body may include two halves that are held together, in use, by the one or more fasteners. The one or more fasteners may include screw thread fasteners (such as bolts) directly into/through the body portions. Alternatively, or in addition, one or more retaining plates may be used. A said retaining plate may include a metal ring with holes therethrough to receive bolts. Bolts may be passed through aligned holes on each ring and nuts attached to the bolts to retain the two halves tightly together once the nuts and bolts are tightened. 
         [0024]    The portions of the body may include flanges or lips, each flange or lip acting as a stop for one of the plates. Thus, when the bolts and nuts are tightened, the rings apply forces to the flanges/lips to hold the two halves together. 
         [0025]    One or more forms of the present invention includes means to prevent damage to an electrical connector of a load cell provided within the connector. Such protection may include at least one metal projection adjacent the electrical connector. For example, a pin or bolt projecting above the load cell electrical connector and a tab of a washer projecting below the load cell electrical connector. 
         [0026]    A further aspect of the present invention provides a dynamic testing system for testing rock bolts and anchor bolts in situ, the system including a loading device and a connector to releasably attach the loading device to an in situ rock bolt or anchor bolt, the loading device including at least one releasable weight to apply an impact load through the connector to the rock bolt or anchor bolt when released, and a weight release device, the connector including at least two portions releasably connectable together. 
         [0027]    The system may include the abovementioned connector and features thereof. 
         [0028]    A method of testing a rock bolt or anchor bolt in situ, the method including connecting a connector to an exposed portion of the rock or anchor bolt, attaching a weight drop assembly to the connector, providing a weight release mechanism to remotely release the weights during testing, the connector including at least one curved surface allowing the weight drop assembly to hang at or near vertical if the rock bolt or anchor bolt in situ is not vertical. 
         [0029]    One or more forms of the present invention advantageously provides for in-situ dynamic testing of ground support members (such as rock bolts) with the ability to record load and displacement of the ground support member (e.g. rock bolt). There are no assumptions required with the rig or the testing, as the rock bolts are already installed in site rock and loaded under test as required. 
         [0030]    Some features and benefits of the system include: 
         [0031]    The test system (Dynamic Testing Rig) can be readily transported to any mine site. No requirement for testing to be restricted to an offsite test facility. 
         [0032]    The test system (rig) is fully self contained (preferably only requires access to mine supply air to run the lifting hoist, though bottled compressed air/nitrogen can be brought in). 
         [0033]    Requires only one person, such as an IT (Integrated tool-handler), to assemble and disassemble the test system. 
         [0034]    Static test on bolt prior to dynamic test (optional if required). 
         [0035]    Energy application levels are readily adjustable. For example, in increments of 8.2 kJ (with optional minor ‘fine tuning’ adjustments of 1.8 kJ). 
         [0036]    Can be used to test any dynamic bolt in-situ. Custom dynamic collars (connector halves) may be provided. 
         [0037]    Repeated loading on single bolts possible. 
         [0038]    Allows free displacement until drop rig impacts with floor (not typically experienced). 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0039]    Embodiments of the present invention will hereinafter be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0040]      FIGS. 1 to 3  show an example of a connector and test system utilising the connector according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0041]      FIG. 4  shows a cross section in perspective of an alternative embodiment of the connector. 
           [0042]      FIGS. 5 and 6  show perspective ( FIG. 5 ) and side sectional view ( FIG. 6 ) of a test system according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0043]      FIG. 7  shows a nut threaded onto an exposed end of a rebar ground support bolt to apply an adapter or the first attachment means to the bolt to then receive the connector according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0044]      FIG. 8  shows an adapter threaded onto an external thread on a nut of a ground support bolt (such as a rock bolt) to retain a connector on the bolt according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0045]      FIGS. 9 and 10  show side on external views of the connector forming part of a dynamic testing rig/assembly according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0046]      FIG. 11  shows in perspective view the connector of  FIGS. 9 and 10 . 
           [0047]      FIG. 12  shows a cutaway view of the connector of  FIGS. 9-11  and showing the internal arrangement of components. 
           [0048]      FIG. 13  shows a sectional view through the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 9 to 12 . 
           [0049]      FIGS. 14   a  and  14   b  show respective side partial cutaway ( FIG. 14   a ) and perspective partial cutaway ( FIG. 14   b ) of an upper portion of the dynamic testing system including the connector and as attached to a non-vertical ground support bolt in-situ in a mine roof. 
           [0050]      FIGS. 15 and 16  show perspective and side sectional views of the dynamic testing assembly/rig with suspended weights according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0051]      FIG. 17  shows a chart of energy displacement performance from in-situ tests conducted at two mine sites. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
       [0052]      FIGS. 1 to 3  show an embodiment of a dynamic test system for rock bolts. It will be appreciated that the same system can be used to test anchor bolts in rock and concrete by selecting the amount of weight and drop height for the type of anchor bolt (or rock bolt) for a given application. 
         [0053]    As shown in  FIG. 1 , a rock bolt  10  is set vertically in an overhead mass of rock  12  (such as a roof of a tunnel). A connector  14  connects the head end of the rock bolt to a shaft  16 . A weight  18  is mounted for movement along the shaft when released by a quick release mechanism  20 . The weight comprises a container  22  to hold multiple individual weights  24 . The amount of individual weights in the container controls the total weight of the container and weights for a required test. 
         [0054]    It will be appreciated that alternative weights can be used. For example, flat plate weights slotted onto the shaft rather than loose weights in a container. A stop member  26  prevents the container/weights coming off the end  30  of the shaft. A threaded nut may be provided to act as or retain the stop member. 
         [0055]    The connector  14  is vertically divided into two halves  14   a,    14   b.  (see  FIGS. 2 and 3  for detail). Which clasp around the head end of the rock bolt and the upper end of the shaft. 
         [0056]    As shown in  FIG. 2 , a first attachment means  32  retains the nut  36  and washer  38  at the head end of the rock bolt. The first attachment means has a curved surface  40  that contacts a corresponding curved surface  42  formed on the inside faces of the two halves of the connector. The mutually curved contact surfaces  40 ,  42  allow the connector several angular degrees of movement about the rock bolt head. This positional ability accommodates the test system acting on a non-vertical rock bolt. A tapered opening  44  with tapered surface on the connector allows for the movement of the connector relative to the shaft/head of the rock bolt and acts as a stop limit. 
         [0057]    The lower end of the connector  48  accommodates a second attachment means  50  that has an aperture therethrough to receive the upper end of the shaft (not shown in  FIG. 2 ). A nut retains the upper end of the shaft in a similar way to the head of the rock bolt against the first attachment means. The second attachment means can attach by screw thread onto the upper end of the shaft. 
         [0058]    The second attachment means includes a curved surface  54  and the two halves of the connector form a mutually curved interior surface  56  that contacts the curved surface of the second attachment means to allow angular degrees of freedom of movement of the second attachment means, and therefore the shaft and weights, relative to the connector (and therefore relative to the rock bolt). This arrangement allows the test rig to act on the in situ rock bolt even if the rock bolt is not vertical. 
         [0059]    The connector  14  shown in  FIGS. 1 to 3  has multiple holes  60  through paired flanges  62   a,    62   b  and  64   a,    64   b.  Bolts through the holes in the flanges are used to hold the two halves together in situ. 
         [0060]    The alternative embodiment of a connector  100  of the present invention shown in  FIG. 4  operates in a similar manner to the connector shown in  FIGS. 1 to 3 . The connector  100  includes two vertically separated portions  100   a,    100   b.  Each portion includes at least one handle  102  to assist with lifting and holding each portion when mounting to the rock bolt. 
         [0061]    It will be appreciated that the head nut of the rock bolt may or may not be loosened or removed so that the first attachment means can be mounted to the head of the rock bolt after installation of the rock bolt. Alternatively, during installation of the rock bolt, the first attachment means or an adapter or spacer for connection of the connector can be attached to the rock bolt so that the head nut of the rock bolt is not removed to connect the connector. 
         [0062]    The end of the rock bolt exposed out of the rock passes through the aperture  114  in the first attachment means. The two halves  100   a,    100   b  of the connector  100  are then placed about the first attachment means with the second attachment means  116  suspending the shaft  118  via a shaft adapter  120  and nut  122 . 
         [0063]    Alternatively, an adapter or the first attachment means can be retain on an exposed end of a ground support bolt (such as a rock bolt) by a nut threaded onto the shaft of the bolt. As shown in  FIG. 7 , a nut  220  can be threaded onto a shaft  222  of the bolt. 
         [0064]    The shaft of the bolt can be rebar (reinforcing bar) with a discontinuous external thread formed on its external surface). The nut can be or include a spacer or adapter to retain the connector body, or can retain an adapter or spacer in place. 
         [0065]    As shown in  FIG. 8 , the nut on the ground support bolt (rock bolt) can be externally threaded to threadingly receive a spacer or adapter  224  thereon. Thus, the connector can be supported directly on the nut of the ground support bolt. 
         [0066]    Alternatively, the nut of the ground support bolt can be removed and replaced by a spacer/adapter to retain the connector or a spacer/adapter can be added to be retained by the nut. 
         [0067]    Lower  124  and upper  126  rings bolt the two portions  100   a,    100   b  together. The bolts  128  can pass through both rings or separate bolts  129  can be used for each ring. 
         [0068]    The connector can be provided with load and/or acceleration sensing devices. For example, an accelerometer  130  can be provided to detect downward movement/acceleration of the connector (and therefore of the connected rock bolt). 
         [0069]    The accelerometer  130  is electrically connected (hard wired or wireless) to communicate with a data receiving means, such as a computer, processor or memory device for later processing of data. 
         [0070]    A load cell  132  can be provided to detect load forces resulting from the impact of the weight(s) and therefore detecting the load applied to the rock bolt. The load cell is applied to a washer or spacer or is formed as a ring between the nut  122  retaining the shaft and the second attachment means  116 . Thus, acceleration data and load data can be gathered and analysed to determined load forces applied to the rock bolt and detect any movement of the rock bolt resulting from the test. 
         [0071]    As with the first attachment means, the second attachment means  116  includes a curved surface  136  arranged to contact a complimentary curved surface  138  on the inside of the cavity formed by the two body portions of the connector. 
         [0072]    The first attachment means  104  has a curved surface  106  that contacts a complimentary curved surface  108  on the inside of the cavity  110  of the connector. The curvature of each surface is preferably part spherical to allow angular degree of freedom for the connector body  112  (comprising the two connected portions) about the head of the rock bolt. 
         [0073]    The test system  200  includes a connector  100  (as shown in  FIG. 4 ) from which is suspended a shaft  202  and assembly of weights  204 .  FIG. 6  is a cross sectional view, and shows the connector  100  connected to a rock bolt  10 . 
         [0074]    The weights  206  are plates stacked one on top of another to achieve the desired downward force and to apply a required shock force to the rock bolt through the assembly when the weights are dropped and then arrested by the weight stop  208  attached to the lower end of the shaft. 
         [0075]    The weights are supported on a lower plate  210  and safely retained in place by an upper retainer plate  212  by through bolts  214  and retainer nuts  216 . The wavy horizontal lines A,B in  FIGS. 5 and 6  indicate that the shaft can be of any desired length. 
         [0076]    In use, the connector is connected to an adapter or to the first attachment means attached to the rock bolt head. The shaft and weights are suspended from the connector. The desired amount of weight is set for release by a release mechanism to allow the weights to drop down the shaft. The shock of the arrested weights is measured as a sudden pull force on the rock bolt, and any movement of the rock bolt and the amount of force applied can be measured respectively by the accelerometer and load cell in the connector. Such dynamic testing on rock bolts or anchor bolts in situ enables the performance of the rock bolt or anchor bolt to be assessed under site specific conditions. 
         [0077]    Benefits of the dynamic test system are that it can apply 25 kJ of energy to the bolt, can detect slip/deformation of the bolt arising from energy application, allows remote release of the weight a a safe distance from the test area, is readily assembled for use and disassembled on site, and can be installed and operated by one or two personnel. 
         [0078]      FIGS. 9 and 10  show respective side views of the connector of a dynamic testing system according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention. Reference numbering is the same as for the embodiment shown and described with reference to  FIG. 4 . 
         [0079]    However, the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 9 and 10  further includes a bolt  133  projecting through a gap  137  provided between the two halves  100   a,    100   b  of the connector when assembled. The bolt, is mounted into the retaining nut  122  immediately above the load cell  132 , and, in conjunction with an additional washer  135  (with its tab  135   a ) below the load cell, helps to protect the load cell  132  and its electrical connector  132   a  from impact damage. It was realised during trials of the dynamic testing system that the load cell and/or its electrical connector could become damaged in situations where the connector was initially not vertical when connected to the rock bolt and the load dropped, causing the connector to articulate via the complimentary curved surfaces  106 ,  108  and  136 ,  138  whereby the electrical connector of the load cell could suffer impact. The bolt and washer protect the load cell, and particularly the load cell electrical connector, during such relative movements of the two halves  100   a,    100   b  and the first and second attachment means  104 , 116 . 
         [0080]    The shaft adaptor  120  also includes a releasable locking fastener  141  (e.g. a locking bolt or screw) to help retain the shaft  118  to the adaptor. 
         [0081]      FIG. 11  shows a perspective view of the connector shown in  FIGS. 9 and 10 . 
         [0082]      FIG. 12  shows a cutaway view of the connector  100  according to the embodiment discussed above in relation to  FIGS. 9 to 11 . The cutaway view shows the nearest connector half  100   a  removed and the second connector half  100   b  remaining in position. 
         [0083]    The bolt  133  is shown projecting though the opening  137  formed by the cut-outs  143   a,    143   b  in the respective connector halves  100   a,    100   b.  The washer  135  is shown with washer tab  135   a  projecting into the opening  137 . Thus, the load cell  132  and particularly its electrical connector  132   a  are protected from impact damage from above by the bolt  133  and from below by the washer and its tab  132   a.    
         [0084]    The mating face  145  of the connector half  102   b  shown includes locating projections  147  which match with corresponding recesses in the respective mating face of the other half  100   a  for correct positioning when connecting the two halves together. 
         [0085]      FIG. 13  shows a sectional view through the connector  100 . This view clearly shows the internal arrangement of components within the connector of the dynamic testing system. The first connector  104  releasably attaches to the rock bolt/anchor via a nut  149  and shaft  151  of the pre-installed rock bolt/anchor. 
         [0086]      FIGS. 14   a  and  14   b  show how the connector  100  allows the supported shaft  118 ,  202  and weights assembly to be supported vertically from a non-vertical ground support bolt  153 . The cooperating curved surfaces  108 ,  138  on the inside of the connector halves  100   a,    100   b  allow the upper first connector portion  104  and lower second connector portion  116  to rotate relative to one another and relative to the two halves  100   a,    100   b.  Thus, testing of non-vertically installed ground support bolts can carried out in-situ. This helps to ensure that load forces applied through impact of the weights when dropped are transferred through the shaft  118 , through the connector to the ground support bolt as effectively as possible, and such articulation provided by the connector allows more ground support bolts to be tested in situ even if they are non-vertical and thus not ideally positioned. This helps to increase the overall number of ground support bolts tested and thereby improves mine safety. 
         [0087]      FIGS. 15 and 16  show respective perspective and side sectional views of the dynamic testing system  200  of an embodiment of the present invention. The connector  100  previously described above connects overhead to a rock bolt (not shown) in situ in a mine roof, as in  FIG. 6 . 
         [0088]    The system as shown in  FIGS. 15 and 16  is similar to that system shown and described in relation to  FIGS. 5 and 6 . However, the weights  206  are provided in set stacks, each stack comprising a number of weights, and each stack including fork lift lift/lower points  226   a,    226   b  allowing groups of weights to be added or removed from the load  204  by a fork lift truck rather than manually moving one weight plate at a time by one or two people. 
         [0089]    Operation of the testing system with the connector has been conducted in-situ at two mine sites. 
         [0090]    A pictorial summary of test data achieved from the two mine site tests is shown  FIG. 17 , which shows the data from Table 1 below. 
         [0091]    Rock characteristics from the first mine site test (mine site 1) were UCS (Uniaxial Compressive Strength) of 200-310 MPa and a Q factor (Barton et al 1993) of 25-50. 
         [0092]    For the second mine site test (mine site 2), the rock characteristics were a UCS of around 156 MPa and a Q factor of 2.5. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Bolt 
                   
                 energy 
                 slip 
               
               
                   
                 Mine site 
                 No. 
                 drop 
                 (kJ) 
                 (mm) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Mine 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 17.23 
                 40 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1 
                 2 
                 17.23 
                 60 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2 
                 1 
                 33.13 
                 207 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3 
                 1 
                 33.13 
                 393 
               
               
                   
                   
                 4 
                 1 
                 33.13 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                 6 
                 1 
                 33.13 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 Mine 2 
                 1 
                 1 
                 17.1 
                 150 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1 
                 2 
                 17.1 
                 69 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2 
                 1 
                 19.4 
                 407 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2 
                 2 
                 19.4 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                 4 
                 1 
                 19.4 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                 5 
                 1 
                 12.6 
                 119 
               
               
                   
                   
                 5 
                 2 
                 12.6 
                 43.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 6 
                 1 
                 12.6 
                 216.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 6 
                 2 
                 12.6 
                 240 
               
               
                   
                   
                 8 
                 1 
                 12.6 
                 120 
               
               
                   
                   
                 8 
                 2 
                 19.4 
                 85 
               
               
                   
                   
                 9 
                 1 
                 26.3 
                 350 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0093]    For the testing, although the rock bolts were numbered consecutively 1, 2, 3, 4 . . . etc., some rock bolts were not tested. Hence, rock bolt number 5 not tested at the first mine site and rock bolts 3 and 7 not being tested at the second mine site. The results Table 1 above shows the amount of slippage (movement) of the rock bolt under dynamic test in-situ for a given applied load (energy applied). As can be seen from the table, some rock bolts were tested more than once. 
         [0094]    In use, a required amount of weight is suspended from the in-situ rock bolt/anchor through the connector  100  and shaft  118 ,  202  set-up. The weights are raised up the shaft and retained in that raised position via a quick release mechanism. When the quick release mechanism is operated, the weights fall down the shaft and are very rapidly stopped on impact with the base retaining plate  208  and pad  209 . Kinetic energy is thus transferred through the shaft and connector to the rock bolt/anchor. That energy transfer is recorded by the load cell and any movement of the rock bolt/anchor is measured by the accelerometer. 
         [0095]    The connector allows articulation of the shaft and weights relative to the non-vertical rock bolt/anchor so that a vertically applied force is transferred to the non-vertical rock bolt/anchor in-situ in a mine roof.