Abstract:
An exemplary nonvolatile memory array comprises a substrate and a plurality of memory cells formed on the substrate, each of the memory cells being addressable via at least first and second conductors during operations. An exemplary memory cell in the exemplary memory array includes a ferromagnetic annular data layer having an opening, the opening enabling the second conductor to electrically contact the first conductor, an intermediate layer on at least a portion of the annular data layer, and a soft reference layer on at least a portion of the intermediate layer.

Description:
BACKGROUND  
         [0001]    Generally, a memory chip comprises a plurality of memory cells that are deposited onto a silicon wafer and addressable via an array of column conducting leads (bit lines) and row conducting leads (word lines). That is, the intersection of a bit line and a word line typically constitutes the address of a memory cell. The memory cells are controlled by specialized circuits that perform functions such as identifying rows and columns of memory cells to read data from or write data to. Typically, each memory cell stores data in the form of a “1” or a “0,” representing a bit of data.  
           [0002]    An array of magnetic memory cells is often called magnetic random access memory or MRAM. MRAM is generally nonvolatile memory (i.e., a solid state chip that retains data when power is turned off). At least one type of magnetic memory cell includes a data layer and a reference layer that is separated from the data layer by an intermediate layer. The data layer may also be referred to as a bit layer, a storage layer, a sense layer, and/or other known terminology. In a magnetic memory cell, a bit of data (e.g., a “1” or “0”) may be stored by “writing” into the data layer via one or more conducting leads (e.g., a bit line and a word line). The write operation is typically accomplished via a write current that sets the orientation of the magnetic moment in the data layer to a predetermined direction.  
           [0003]    Once written, the stored bit of data may be read by providing a read current through one or more conducting leads (e.g., a read line) to the reference layer. In at least one type of magnetic memory cell, the read current sets the orientation of the magnetic moment of the reference layer in a predetermined direction. For each memory cell, the orientations of the magnetic moments of the data layer and the reference layer are either parallel (in the same direction) or anti-parallel (in different directions) to each other. The degree of parallelism affects the resistance of the cell, and this resistance can be determined by sensing (e.g., via a sense amplifier) an output current produced by the memory cell in response to the read current.  
           [0004]    More specifically, if the magnetic moments are parallel, the resistance determined based on the output current is of a first relative value (e.g., relatively low). If the magnetic moments are anti-parallel, the resistance determined is of a second relative value (e.g., relatively high). The relative values of the two states (i.e., parallel and anti-parallel) are typically different enough to be sensed distinctly. A “1” or a “0” may be assigned to the respective relative resistance values depending on design specification.  
           [0005]    In at least one type of magnetic memory cell, the data layer and the reference layer are implemented using differing magnetic hardnesses. For example, the data layer may be magnetically harder and the reference layer may be magnetically softer. A harder layer typically has a relatively fixed magnetic state and its magnetic moment is oriented in one direction. It takes a relatively greater current to reverse the direction of the magnetic moment in a hard layer. The magnetic moment orientation in the soft layer is more readily reversible. The intermediate layer may comprise insulating material (e.g., dielectric), non-magnetic conducting material, and/or other known materials, and is usually thick enough to prevent exchange coupling between the data and reference layers. The various conducting leads which are used to address the memory cells (e.g., bit lines, word lines, and read lines), and to provide currents to pass through the data and reference layers to read data from or write data to the memory cells are provided by one or more additional layers, called conducting layer(s).  
           [0006]    The layers described above and their respective characteristics are typical of magnetic memory cells based on tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) effects known in the art. Other combinations of layers and characteristics may be used to make magnetic memory cells based on TMR effects. For example, a pinned reference layer and an anti-ferromagnetic layer may be used in place of the soft reference layer described above. This configuration of TMR memory cells is well known in the art and need not be described in more detail herein. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,404,674, issued to Anthony et al., and co-pending U.S. application Ser. Nos.: (1) Ser. No. 09/825,093, entitled “Cladded Read Conductor For A Pinned-On-The-Fly Soft Reference Layer”, filed on Apr. 2, 2001; and (2) Ser. No. 09/963,171, entitled “Magneto-Resistive Device Having Soft Reference Layer”, filed on Sep. 25, 2001, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes.  
           [0007]    Still other configurations of magnetic memory cells based on other well known physical effects (e.g., giant magnetoresistance (GMR), anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR), colossal magnetoresistance (CMR), and/or other physical effects) may be implemented with various embodiments described herein.  
           [0008]    Throughout this application, various exemplary embodiments will be described in reference to the TMR memory cells having a relatively hard data layer, and relative soft reference layer, as described above. Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the exemplary embodiments may also be implemented with other types of magnetic memory cells known in the art (e.g., other types of TMR memory cells, GMR memory cells, AMR memory cells, CMR memory cells, etc.) according to the requirements of a particular implementation.  
           [0009]    Generally speaking, desirable characteristics for any configuration of memory device include increased speed, reduced power consumption, and/or lower cost. A simpler fabrication process and/or a smaller chip size may achieve lower cost. However, as magnetic memory cells become smaller, typically, higher operating current is required for achieving “read” and/or “write” operations. Magnetic polarity increases in strength as memory cell surface area decreases. As a result, an increased (re)write current is generally needed to reverse the polarity of one or more layers of the memory cell. Higher operating current is undesirable because it goes hand-in-hand with higher power requirements, relatively complicated write circuitry, wider conducting leads, and increased cost.  
           [0010]    Thus, a market exists for improved memory cell configurations that use lowered operating current in high density MRAM devices.  
         SUMMARY  
         [0011]    Implementations of the various exemplary memory cell structures to be described herein may result in one or more advantages, including, without limitation, fewer and narrower conductors, lowered manufacturing costs, lowered operating currents, lowered power requirements, simplified sense and write circuitry, and increased memory cell density.  
           [0012]    An exemplary nonvolatile memory array comprises a substrate and a plurality of memory cells formed on the substrate, each of the memory cells being addressable via at least first and second conductors during operations. An exemplary memory cell in the exemplary memory array includes a ferromagnetic annular data layer having an opening, the opening enabling the second conductor to electrically contact the first conductor, an intermediate layer on at least a portion of the annular data layer, and a soft reference layer on at least a portion of the intermediate layer. In an exemplary implementation, the opening surrounds conducting material that forms a portion of the second conductor and is not electrically insulated from the annular data layer. In another exemplary implementation, one or more conductors in the memory array are partially or wholly clad by one or more soft ferromagnetic cladding layer(s). 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES  
       [0013]    [0013]FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary improved magnetic memory cell configuration.  
         [0014]    [0014]FIGS. 2 a - 2   g  illustrate an exemplary process for making the exemplary improved magnetic memory cell of FIG. 1.  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 3 illustrates another exemplary improved magnetic memory cell configuration.  
         [0016]    [0016]FIGS. 4 a - 4   i  illustrate an exemplary process for making the exemplary improved magnetic memory cell of FIG. 3.  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 5 illustrates yet another exemplary improved magnetic memory cell configuration.  
         [0018]    [0018]FIGS. 6 a - 6   j  illustrate an exemplary process for making the exemplary improved magnetic memory cell of FIG. 5.  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 7 illustrates a plan view of an exemplary memory array including exemplary memory cells of FIGS. 1, 3, and/or  5 .  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary circuit representation of an exemplary memory cell of FIGS. 1, 3, and/or  5 .  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0021]    I. Overview  
         [0022]    Exemplary improved magnetic memory cells and exemplary manufacturing processes for making those magnetic memory cells are described herein. Section II describes a first exemplary improved magnetic memory cell. Section III describes an exemplary process for making the first exemplary improved magnetic memory cell. Section IV describes a second exemplary improved magnetic memory cell. Section V describes an exemplary process for making the second exemplary improved magnetic memory cell. Section VI describes a third exemplary improved magnetic memory cell. Section VII describes an exemplary process for making the third exemplary improved magnetic memory cell. Section VIII describes an exemplary memory array, an exemplary circuit representation, and other exemplary aspects of an exemplary memory cell.  
         [0023]    II. A First Exemplary Improved Memory Cell Configuration  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 1 illustrates an elevation view of an exemplary improved magnetic memory cell  100 . The memory cell  100  includes a first conductor  110 , an annular data layer  120  having an opening  125  on top of a portion of the first conductor  110 , an intermediate layer  130  (e.g., a tunnel barrier layer, a non-magnetic conducting layer, and/or other material) on top of a portion of the annular data layer  120 , a soft reference layer  140  on top of the intermediate layer  130 , a second conductor  150 , and a third conductor  160  on top of the soft reference layer  140 . In the exemplary configuration illustrated in FIG. 1, the second conductor  150  contacts the first conductor  110  via the opening (e.g., a hole, a via, etc.)  125  in the annular data layer  120 . The second conductor  150  and the third conductor  160  are electrically insulated from each other, and they may or may not be located in the same plane. As will be described in Section III below, the second and third conductors  150 ,  160  can optionally be formed in the same fabrication steps, thus, reducing manufacturing cost by eliminating fabrication steps needed for separately forming a conductor.  
         [0025]    The first, second, and third conductors  110 ,  150 ,  160 , may be made of copper (Cu), Aluminum (Al), Aluminum Copper (AlCu), Tantalum (Ta), Gold (Au), Silver (Ag), alloys of one or more of the above, and/or other conducting material(s) and alloy(s). The conductors may be formed by known Copper Damascene processes using deposition techniques known in the art (e.g., sputtering, evaporation, electroplating, etc.). In an exemplary implementation appropriate for some contemporary memory devices, the thickness of a conductor is approximately 0.1 to 1 μm.  
         [0026]    The annular data layer  120  may comprise one or more ferromagnetic materials. In an exemplary embodiment, ferromagnetic materials suitable for the data layer  120  include, without limitation, nickel iron (NiFe), nickel iron cobalt (NiFeCo), cobalt iron (CoFe), other magnetic alloys of NiFe and Co, doped amorphous ferromagnetic alloys, PERMALLOY™, and other materials. See, for example, hard ferromagnetic alloys as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,402,770, issued to Koon, which patent is hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.  
         [0027]    The term “annular” as used herein in all Sections means a closed loop. The closed loop may be a ring, a washer, a toroid, an ellipse, and/or still other forms of closed loops. For example, in plan view, the closed loop could include inner and outer perimeters, which are circular, oval, square, and rectangular, etc., including any combination thereof. The annular data layer  120  constitutes a closed magnetic circuit, which may be formed by processes known in the art and need not be described in more detail herein. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,541,868, issued to Prinz, which is hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.  
         [0028]    In some configurations, the second conductor  150  may be effectively clad within the annular data layer  120 , thus, significantly reducing fringe magnetic fields emanating from the second conductor  150  during operations. As a result of reduced fringe magnetic fields (thus, reduced magnetic interference) and other reasons memory cell density can be increased.  
         [0029]    In an exemplary embodiment, the intermediate layer  130  is a tunnel barrier layer (e.g., if the memory cell  100  is a TMR memory cell). In this embodiment, the intermediate layer  130  may be made of silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), silicon nitride (SiN x ), magnesium oxide (MgO), aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), aluminum nitride (AlN x ), tantalum oxide (TaO x ), and/or other insulating material(s). In an exemplary implementation appropriate for some contemporary memory devices, the thickness of a tunnel barrier layer is approximately 0.5 to 10 nanometers.  
         [0030]    In another exemplary embodiment, the intermediate layer  130  is a non-magnetic conducting layer (e.g., if the memory cell  100  is a GMR memory cell). In this embodiment, the intermediate layer  130  may be made of copper (Cu), gold (Au), silver (Ag), and/or transition metal material(s). In an exemplary implementation appropriate for some contemporary memory devices, the thickness of a non-magnetic conducting layer is approximately 0.5 to 5 nanometers.  
         [0031]    The soft reference layer  140  may comprise one or more ferromagnetic materials. In an exemplary embodiment, ferromagnetic materials suitable for the reference layer  140  include nickel iron (NiFe), nickel iron cobalt (NiFeCo), cobalt iron (CoFe), other magnetic alloys of NiFe and Co, doped amorphous ferromagnetic alloys, PERMALLOY™, and other materials. See, for example, soft ferromagnetic alloys as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,402,043, issued to Koon, which hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes. In an exemplary implementation appropriate for some contemporary memory devices, the thickness of the soft reference layer  140  is approximately 1 to 100 nanometers.  
         [0032]    III. An Exemplary Manufacturing Process for the First Exemplary Improved Memory Cell  
         [0033]    [0033]FIGS. 2 a - 2   g  illustrate an exemplary process for manufacturing the exemplary improved memory cell as shown in FIG. 1 above. In FIG. 2 a , a first conducting layer  210  is formed (e.g., via sputtering, evaporation, electroplating, and/or other known methods). The conducting layer  210  is patterned and etched to form the first conductor  110  (not shown).  
         [0034]    In FIG. 2 b , a data layer  220 , an intermediate layer (e.g., a tunnel barrier layer)  230 , and a soft reference layer  240  are formed via known processing methods.  
         [0035]    In FIG. 2 c , a portion of the intermediate layer  230  and the soft reference layer  240  are etched away using known etching techniques (e.g., coating with photoresist, masking, etching, stripping, etc.). In an exemplary implementation, the remaining structure forms the intermediate layer  130  (e.g., tunnel barrier layer) and the reference layer  140  (see FIG. 1).  
         [0036]    In FIG. 2 d , a portion of the data layer  220  is etched away using known etching techniques. In one implementation, the data layer  220  is etched so that the data layer becomes annular (e.g., like a ring, ellipse, oval, circle, etc.) with an opening  125  approximately centered within the annular data layer  120 .  
         [0037]    In FIG. 2 e , a dielectric layer  250  is formed (e.g., via sputtering, evaporation, deposition, and/or other known techniques).  
         [0038]    In FIG. 2 f , a portion of the dielectric layer  250  is etched away by known etching techniques. In one implementation, if the dielectric material fills the opening  125  in the forming step of FIG. 2 e , then such dielectric material is removed to restore the opening  125 . In addition, an opening  255  is created during the etching process of FIG. 2 f  to expose a portion of the soft reference layer  140 .  
         [0039]    Finally, in FIG. 2 g , a second conducting layer  260  is formed to fill the openings  125  and  255 . In an exemplary implementation, the conducting layer  260  is patterned to form the second and third conductors  150  and  160 , which are clad within the annular data layer  120  and contacting the soft reference layer  140 , respectively.  
         [0040]    In an exemplary implementation, the second and third conductors  150 ,  160  are formed along an axis orthogonal to the first conductor  110  (which is formed by patterning and etching the conducting layer  210 ). Of course, one skilled in the art will recognize that other layouts of the conductors may be used in accordance with the requirements of a particular implementation.  
         [0041]    The manufacturing steps illustrated above are merely exemplary. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that other manufacturing steps may be used in accordance with the requirements of a particular implementation. For example, the various layers as illustrated in FIGS. 2 a - 2   g  may be formed in accordance with other manufacturing sequences (e.g., the soft reference layer  230  may be formed before the data layer  220 , etc.), one or more layers may be formed at the same time, one or more layers of different materials may be combined to form a single layer (e.g., a data layer), etc.  
         [0042]    Further, the TMR memory cell illustrated above is merely exemplary. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that other types of memory cells (e.g., GMR memory cells, etc.) may be constructed according to the requirements of a particular implementation. For example, the intermediate layer  230  may be a non-magnetic conducting layer for constructing a GMR memory cell.  
         [0043]    IV. A Second Exemplary Improved Memory Cell Configuration  
         [0044]    [0044]FIG. 3 illustrates an elevation view of another exemplary improved magnetic memory cell  300 . The memory cell  300  includes a first conductor  310 , an annular data layer  320  having an opening  325  on top of a portion of the first conductor  310 , an intermediate layer  330  (e.g., a tunnel barrier layer, a non-magnetic conducting layer, and/or other material) on top of a portion of the annular data layer  320 , a soft reference layer  340  on top of the intermediate layer  330 , a second conductor  350  contacting the first conductor  310  via the opening  325  in the annular data layer  320 , and a third conductor  360  partially or wholly clad within a soft ferromagnetic cladding layer  370 . For illustration purposes only, the conductor  360  in FIG. 3 is visible in the elevation view. A person skilled in the art will recognize that the third conductor  360  should extend from right to left across the page (similar to the third conductor  160  in FIG. 1) and should be hidden from view because it is clad by the soft ferromagnetic cladding layer  370 . The second and third conductors  350  and  360  are electrically insulated from each other, and they may or may not be located in the same plane.  
         [0045]    The first, second, and third conductors  310 ,  350 ,  360 , the annular data layer  320 , the intermediate layer  330 , and the soft reference layer  340  may be made in accordance with the materials and physical configurations (e.g., size, shape, etc.) described above in Sections II and III.  
         [0046]    The soft ferromagnetic cladding layer  370  may comprise one or more ferromagnetic materials. In an exemplary embodiment, ferromagnetic materials suitable for the soft ferromagnetic cladding layer  370  include nickel iron (NiFe), nickel iron cobalt (NiFeCo), cobalt iron (CoFe), other magnetically alloys of NiFe and Co, doped amorphous ferromagnetic alloys, PERMALLOY™, and other materials. See, for example, soft ferromagnetic alloys as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,402,043.  
         [0047]    In one exemplary implementation, the soft ferromagnetic cladding layer  370  may be the same material as the soft reference layer  340 . In this implementation, the soft reference layer  340  may form a portion of the soft ferromagnetic cladding layer  370  (e.g., a portion of the cladding around the third conductor  360 ). Alternatively, the soft ferromagnetic cladding layer  370  may be made of a different material than the soft reference layer  340 .  
         [0048]    The soft ferromagnetic cladding layer  370  partially or wholly cladding the third conductor  360  provides a closed flux path for read magnetic fields, thus, less operating current may be used for at least read operations. Cladding the third conductor  360  may also reduce demagnetization and angular displacement. In some configurations, fringe magnetic fields resulting from read operations may be significantly reduced because fringe magnetic fields emanating from the third conductor  360  are substantially contained within the soft ferromagnetic cladding layer  370 . As a result of reduced fringe magnetic fields (thus, reduced magnetic interference) and other reasons memory cell density can be increased.  
         [0049]    In an exemplary implementation, the soft ferromagnetic cladding layer  370  may partially or wholly clad the third conductor  360  in accordance with exemplary processes described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,404,674 and co-pending U.S. application entitled “Cladded Read Conductor For A Pinned-On-The-Fly Soft Reference Layer”, bearing application Ser. No. 09/825,093, filed on Apr. 2, 2001, which were incorporated by reference above for all purposes.  
         [0050]    V. An Exemplary Manufacturing Process for the Second Exemplary Improved Memory Cell  
         [0051]    [0051]FIGS. 4 a - 4   i  illustrate an exemplary process for manufacturing the exemplary improved memory cell as shown in FIG. 3. In FIG. 4 a , a first conducting layer  410  is formed (e.g., via sputtering, evaporation, electroplating, and/or other known methods). The conducting layer  410  is patterned and etched to form the first conductor  310  (not shown).  
         [0052]    In FIG. 4 b , a data layer  420 , an intermediate layer (e.g., a tunnel barrier layer)  430 , and a soft reference layer  440  are formed via known processing methods.  
         [0053]    In FIG. 4 c , a portion of the intermediate layer  430  and the soft reference layer  440  are etched away using known etching techniques (e.g., coating with photoresist, masking, etching, stripping, etc.). In an exemplary implementation, the remaining structure forms the intermediate layer  330  (e.g., tunnel barrier layer) and the soft reference layer  340  (see FIG. 3).  
         [0054]    In FIG. 4 d , a portion of the data layer  420  is etched away using known etching techniques. In one implementation, the data layer  420  is etched so that the data layer becomes annular (e.g., like a ring, ellipse, oval, circle, etc.) with an opening  325  approximately centered within the annular data layer  320 .  
         [0055]    In FIG. 4 e , a dielectric layer  450  is formed (e.g., via sputtering, evaporation, deposition, and/or other known techniques).  
         [0056]    In FIG. 4 f , a portion of the dielectric layer  450  is etched away by known etching techniques. In one implementation, an opening  455  is created during the etching process of FIG. 4 f  to expose a portion of the soft reference layer  340 .  
         [0057]    In FIG. 4 g , a soft ferromagnetic layer  460  (not shown) is formed and etched so that a portion of a cladding layer  370  remains to coat a portion of the opening  455 . In one implementation, if dielectric material was formed in the opening  325  in the step illustrated in FIG. 4 f , such dielectric material is removed to restore the opening  325  during the etching step of FIG. 4 g.    
         [0058]    In FIG. 4 h , a second conducting layer  470  is formed fill the openings  325  and  455 . In an exemplary implementation, the conducting layer  470  is patterned to form the second and third conductors  350  and  360 , which are clad within the annular data layer  320  and within a portion of the soft ferromagnetic cladding layer  370 , respectively.  
         [0059]    In FIG. 4 i , another soft ferromagnetic layer  480  is formed and etched so that the third conductor  360  is completely clad within soft ferromagnetic cladding layer  370 . The third conductor  360  is visible in FIG. 4 for illustration purposes only.  
         [0060]    In this exemplary implementation, the third conductor  360  is partially or wholly clad within the soft ferromagnetic cladding layer  370  and extends along an axis orthogonal relative to the first conductor  310 . However, one skilled in the art will recognize that other layouts may also be used in accordance with the requirements of a particular implementation.  
         [0061]    The manufacturing steps illustrated above are merely exemplary. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that other manufacturing steps may be used in accordance with the requirements of a particular implementation. For example, the various layers as illustrated in FIGS. 4 a - 4   i  may be formed in accordance with other manufacturing sequences, one or more layers may be formed at the same time, one or more layers of different materials may be combined to form a single layer (e.g., a data layer), etc.  
         [0062]    Further, the TMR memory cell illustrated above is merely exemplary. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that other types of memory cells (e.g., GMR memory cells, etc.) may be constructed according to the requirements of a particular implementation. For example, the intermediate layer  430  may be a non-magnetic conducting layer for constructing a GMR memory cell.  
         [0063]    VI. A Third Exemplary Improved Memory Cell Configuration  
         [0064]    [0064]FIG. 5 illustrates an elevation view of yet another exemplary improved magnetic memory cell  500 . The memory cell  500  includes a first conductor  510 , an annular data layer  520  having an opening  525  on top of a portion of the first conductor  510 , an intermediate layer  530  (e.g., a tunnel barrier layer, a non-magnetic conducting layer, and/or other material) on top of a portion of the annular data layer  520 , a soft reference layer  540  on top of the intermediate layer  530 , a second conductor  550  contacting the first conductor  510  via the opening  525  in the annular data layer  520 , and a third conductor  560  partially or wholly clad within a soft ferromagnetic cladding layer  570 . In this implementation, a portion of the second conductor  550  is also clad within a soft ferromagnetic cladding layer  580 .  
         [0065]    For illustration purposes only, the second and third conductors  550  and  560  in FIG. 5 are visible in the elevation view. In this exemplary implementation, the second conductor  550  and the third conductor  560  both extend along an axis (similar to the second conductor  150  and third conductor  160  in FIG. 1) that is orthogonal relative to the first conductor  510  and are hidden from view partially or wholly by the soft ferromagnetic cladding layers  580  and  570 , respectively. The second conductor  550  and the third conductor  560  are electrically insulated from each other, and they may or may not be located in the same plane.  
         [0066]    The first, second, and third conductors  510 ,  550 ,  560 , the annular data layer  520 , the intermediate layer  530 , and the soft reference layer  540  may be made in accordance with the materials and configurations described above in Sections II and III.  
         [0067]    The soft ferromagnetic cladding layers  570  and  580  may be made in accordance with the materials and configurations described above in Sections IV and V regarding soft ferromagnetic cladding layer  370 .  
         [0068]    In one exemplary implementation, the soft ferromagnetic cladding layers  570  and  580  may be the same material as the soft reference layer  540 . In this implementation, the soft reference layer  540  may form a portion of the soft ferromagnetic cladding layer  570  (e.g., a portion of the cladding around the third conductor  560 ). Alternatively, the soft ferromagnetic cladding layers  570  and  580  may be made of different material than the soft reference layer  540 .  
         [0069]    The soft ferromagnetic cladding layers  580  and  570  enclosing at least a portion of the second conductor  550  and the third conductor  560 , respectively, provide a closed flux path for read and write magnetic fields, thus, less operating current may be used during operations. Cladding at least a portion of the conductors  550  and  560  may also reduce demagnetization and angular displacement. In some configurations, fringe magnetic fields resulting from read and/or write operations are significantly reduced because fringe magnetic fields emanating from the conductors  550  and  560  may be substantially contained within the soft ferromagnetic cladding layers  580  and  570 , respectively. As a result of reduced fringe magnetic fields (thus, reduced magnetic interference) and other reasons memory cell density can be increased.  
         [0070]    The soft ferromagnetic cladding layers  570  and  580  may be formed to partially or wholly enclose a portion of the second conductor  550  and the third conductor  560 , respectively, in accordance with exemplary processes described in co-pending U.S. patent application incorporated by reference in Section IV above.  
         [0071]    The embodiment shown in FIG. 5 is merely illustrative. One skilled in the art will recognize that still other combinations of layers may be formed in accordance with the requirements of a particular implementation. For example, in yet another exemplary configuration, the third conductor  560  may be unclad while at least a portion of the second conductor  550  is clad by the soft ferromagnetic cladding layer  580 .  
         [0072]    VII. An Exemplary Manufacturing Process for the Third Exemplary Improved Memory Cell  
         [0073]    [0073]FIGS. 6 a - 6   j  illustrate an exemplary process for manufacturing the exemplary improved memory cell as shown in FIG. 5. In FIG. 6 a , a first conducting layer  610  is formed (e.g., via sputtering, evaporation, electroplating, and/or other known methods). The conducting layer  610  is patterned and etched to form the first conductor  510  (not shown).  
         [0074]    In FIG. 6 b , a data layer  620 , an intermediate layer (e.g., a tunnel barrier layer)  630 , and a soft reference layer  640  are formed via known processing methods.  
         [0075]    In FIG. 6 c , a portion of the intermediate layer  630  and the soft reference layer  640  are etched away using known etching techniques (e.g., coating with photoresist, masking, etching, stripping, etc.). In an exemplary implementation, the remaining structure forms the intermediate layer  530  (e.g., tunnel barrier layer) and the soft reference layer  540  (see FIG. 5).  
         [0076]    In FIG. 6 d , a portion of the data layer  620  is etched away using known etching techniques. In one implementation, the data layer  620  is etched so that the data layer becomes annular (e.g., like a ring, ellipse, circle, washer, etc.) with an opening  525  approximately centered within the annular data layer  520 .  
         [0077]    In FIG. 6 e , a dielectric layer  650  is formed (e.g., via sputtering, evaporation, deposition, and/or other known techniques).  
         [0078]    In FIG. 6 f , a portion of the dielectric layer  650  is etched away by known etching techniques. In one implementation, if dielectric material fills the opening  525 , such dielectric material is removed to restore the opening  525 . In addition, an opening  655  is created during the etching process of FIG. 6 f  to expose a portion of the soft reference layer  540 .  
         [0079]    In FIG. 6 g , a non-magnetic conducting layer  660  is formed and etched so that opening  525  within the annular data layer  520  surrounds the non-magnetic conducting material. In an exemplary implementation, the non-magnetic conducting material in the opening  525  will become a part of the second conductor  550 .  
         [0080]    In FIG. 6 h , a soft ferromagnetic layer  670  (not shown) is formed and etched so that cladding layers  570  and  580  remain to coat portions of the openings  525  and  655 , respectively.  
         [0081]    In FIG. 6 i , a second conducting layer  680  is formed and etched to fill the rest of the openings  625  and  655 . In an exemplary implementation, the conducting layer  680  is patterned to form the second and third conductors  550  and  560 , which are enclosed on three sides by soft ferromagnetic cladding layers  570  and  580 , respectively.  
         [0082]    In FIG. 6 j , another soft ferromagnetic layer  690  (not shown) is formed and etched so that the second and third conductors  550  and  560  are partially or wholly clad within the soft ferromagnetic cladding layers  580  and  570 , respectively.  
         [0083]    In this exemplary implementation, the second and third conductors  550  and  560  are partially or wholly clad within the soft ferromagnetic cladding layers  580  and  570 , respectively, and extend along an axis orthogonal relative to the first conductor  510 . One skilled in the art will recognize that other layouts may also be used in accordance with the requirements of a particular implementation.  
         [0084]    The manufacturing steps illustrated above are merely exemplary. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that other manufacturing steps may be used in accordance with the requirements of a particular implementation. For example, the various layers as illustrated in FIGS. 6 a - 6   j  may be formed in accordance with other manufacturing sequences, one or more layers may be formed at the same time, one or more layers of different materials may be combined to form a single layer (e.g., a data layer), etc.  
         [0085]    Further, the TMR memory cell illustrated above is merely exemplary. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that other types of memory cells (e.g., GMR memory cells, etc.) may be constructed according to the requirements of a particular implementation. For example, the intermediate layer  630  may be a non-magnetic conducting layer for constructing a GMR memory cell.  
         [0086]    VIII. An Exemplary Memory Array, Circuit Representation of a Memory Cell, and Other Exemplary Aspects  
         [0087]    [0087]FIG. 7 illustrates a plan view of exemplary multiple improved memory cells in a memory array  700 . In particular, memory cells as illustrated in FIG. 7 are representative of the exemplary embodiments described above in Sections II, IV, and VI (see FIGS. 1, 3, and  5 ) from a different viewpoint. Each exemplary memory cell  710  includes an annular data layer  720 , a first conductor  730  along an axis contacting the annular data layer  720 , a second conductor  740  and a third conductor  750  along another axis orthogonal to the axis of the first conductor  730 , and other components that are hidden from view (e.g., soft reference layer, intermediate layer, etc.). In an exemplary implementation, the second conductor  740  contacts the first conductor  730  via an opening  760  in the annular data layer  720 .  
         [0088]    In one exemplary implementation, the second and third conductors  740  and  750  may be formed in the same plane or different planes. For example, if the second and third conductors  740  and  750  are in the same plane, their physical locations should be offset by a space  745  wide enough to prevent electric coupling (as shown in FIG. 7). If the second and third conductors  740  and  750  are located in different planes, they may be located along the same or different line along an axis or any other configurations where electric coupling between them will not result.  
         [0089]    Although not illustrated in FIG. 7, it is to be understood that in accordance with exemplary implementations as described in Sections IV to VII above, one or more of the second and third conductors  740  and  750  may be partially or wholly clad by soft ferromagnetic materials.  
         [0090]    [0090]FIG. 8 illustrates a circuit representation of the memory cell of FIGS. 1, 3, and/or  5 . Typically, when a write current (I) is applied across the second conductor, most of the current (I) flows down through the annular data layer to the first conductor (I 1 ). For a TMR memory cell, a very small leakage current (I 2 ) goes through the magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) (i.e., the tunnel barrier layer and the soft reference layer). This is because the resistance across the annular data layer is generally substantially less than the resistance across the MTJ. For example, in accordance with materials used in contemporary memory devices, the resistance across the annular data layer is approximately 1 to 100 Ω, whereas the resistance across the MTJ is approximately 1 KΩ to 1 MΩ.  
         [0091]    IX. Conclusion  
         [0092]    The foregoing examples illustrate certain exemplary embodiments from which other embodiments, variations, and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The inventions should therefore not be limited to the particular embodiments discussed above, but rather are defined by the claims.