Abstract:
A superconducting structure ( 1 ) has a plurality of coated conductor tapes ( 2;   2   a - 2   o ), each with a substrate ( 3 ) which is one-sided coated with a superconducting film ( 4 ), in particular an YBCO film, wherein the superconducting structure ( 1 ) provides a superconducting current path along an extension direction (z) of the superconducting structure ( 1 ), wherein the coated conductor tapes ( 2; 2   a - 2   o ) provide electrically parallel partial superconducting current paths in the extension direction (z) of the superconducting structure ( 1 ), is characterized in that the coated conductor tapes ( 2; 2   a - 2   o ) are superconductively connected among themselves along the extension direction (z) continuously or intermittently. A more stable superconducting structure with which high electric current strengths may be transported is thereby provided.

Description:
[0001]    This application claims Paris convention priority of EP 12 154 480.3 filed Feb. 8, 2012 the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The invention relates to a superconducting structure comprising a plurality of coated conductor tapes, each with a substrate which is one-sided coated with a superconducting film, in particular an YBCO film, 
         [0000]    wherein the superconducting structure provides a superconducting current path along an extension direction (z) of the superconducting structure,
 
wherein the coated conductor tapes provide electrically parallel partial superconducting current paths in the extension direction (z) of the superconducting structure.
 
         [0003]    Such a superconducting structure is known from DE 10 2009 028 413 A1. 
         [0004]    Superconductors are used to carry electric currents, typically with a high current strength, and may be included in different applications, such as current transfer lines or magnetic coils. 
         [0005]    Superconductors may, at a temperature below the so called critical temperature Tc, carry the electric current at practically no ohmic losses. In order to achieve said low temperature, the conductor is typically cooled, for example with liquefied gases such as liquid helium. Further, to have a superconducting state, it is also necessary to stay below a critical current density and below a critical magnetic field with the conductor. 
         [0006]    When using high temperature superconductor (HTS) materials, e.g. yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO) material, higher temperatures, current densities and magnetic fields become accessible. Since known HTS materials are brittle, HTS material is typically used as a film (or coating) on a normally-conducting or insulating substrate. Currently, most applications of HTS materials are based on coated conductor tapes, wherein the tapes provide some mechanical flexibility to the coated conductor. 
         [0007]    The superconducting film deposited on a substrate tape is relatively thin, and limits the absolute current strength that may be transported through the coated conductor. In order to increase the absolute current strength that may be transported, it is known to electrically connect a plurality of coated conductor tapes in parallel. 
         [0008]    DE 10 2009 028 413 A1 discloses a HTS current lead device for connecting a superconducting current consumer with a current supply point, with the device comprising several HTS tapes arranged on a support in parallel and spaced apart from each other. Note that this structure is rather large scaled, and the support makes the structure unflexible. 
         [0009]    U.S. Pat. No. 7,774,035 B2 discloses superconducting articles wherein two superconductor tapes are bonded together, with the superconducting films facing away from each other. 
         [0010]    In these superconducting structures, a coated conductor may easily be overloaded and lose its superconducting state (“quench”), what in turn often leads to a quench of the complete superconducting structure. Furthermore, the critical or quench current threshold is not sufficient. 
         [0011]    It is the object of the invention to provide more stable superconducting structure with which high electric current strengths may be transported. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0012]    This object is achieved, in accordance with the invention, by a superconducting structure as introduced in the beginning, characterized in that the coated conductor tapes are superconductively connected among themselves along the extension direction continuously or intermittently. 
         [0013]    In known superconducting structures, the total electric current is spread between the coated conductor tapes at their ends, and the current distribution is thus fixed over the length of the tapes. In contrast, in the inventive superconducting structure, the current distribution between the coated conductor tapes may change along the extension direction, since the coated conductor tapes or their superconducting films, respectively, are superconductively connected along their extension direction (z). By this means, a local defect in one of the coated conductor tapes may be bypassed locally; the coated conductor tape having the defect may still contribute to the current carrying capacity of the superconductive structure at a distance (in z) from its defect (where, in turn, possibly another coated conductor tape may have a local defect to be bypassed). Accordingly, the current carrying capacity of the superconducting structure is used more efficiently. 
         [0014]    The superconductive connection between two coated conductor tapes along the extension direction z may be continuous, what allows a redistribution of currents everywhere along the extension direction, or intermittent, what allows a redistribution at every connection area located along the extension direction. Coated conductor tapes connected intermittently along the extension direction are not only connected at the ends of the coated conductor tapes, but also several times between the ends, typically in a periodic way, and preferably over at least one third of the total length (in z) of the superconducting structure. Typically, in case of an intermittent connection, there are at least ten (and often several hundred) separate connection areas per pair of connected coated conductor tapes along the extension direction (z) of the superconducting structure. 
         [0015]    A coated conductor tape of the inventive superconductive structure, which provides a superconductive current path for a part of the current to be conducted (“partial superconductive current path”), is directly superconductively connected to at least one—and typically two or three—further coated conductor tapes, wherein the superconducting film sides of said coated conductor tape and said at least one further coated conductor tape face each other. 
         [0016]    The opposing superconducting films typically touch each other or are separated only by a thin solder layer, in particular of a noble metal or noble metal alloy (preferably containing gold and/or silver), or by a combination of a thin solder layer, in particular of a noble metal or noble metal alloy (preferably containing gold and/or silver) and thin capping layers (typically of copper) of the coated conductor tapes, so that—if at all—only a negligible electric resistance is introduced, and superconductivity is maintained across the connection, i.e. a redistribution of currents between the opposing superconducting films does not result in a quench. Note that a solder layer may contain tin and/or may be free of noble metals, if desired. With a total thickness of the solder layer and possible capping layers of 100 μm or less at the connection, preferably 30 μm or less, a negligible ohmic resistance can normally be achieved. 
         [0017]    Note that connected coated conductor tapes facing each other with their superconducting film sides typically only partially overlap with respect to a direction (y, y′) in parallel to the substrate planes and perpendicular to the extension direction (z), in order to enlarge the structure in y, y′-direction. However, coated conductor tapes contributing to an enlargement of the superconducting structure in direction x, x′ basically perpendicular to the substrate planes may also have a complete overlap in y, y′-direction (such as Y-elements, see below). 
         [0018]    In accordance with the invention, it is not necessary that each coated conductor tape providing one of the parallel partial current paths is directly superconductively connected to every other such coated conductor tape; an indirect connection (i.e. via one or more other coated conductor tapes) is sufficient for the redistribution of the current among these coated conductor tapes. If desired, the coated conductor tapes may be linearly connected (in the xy cross-sectional plane), so that each coated conductor tape has only two direct connections at maximum; when using also coated conductor tapes connected to three or even more coated conductor tapes, a true  2 -dimension network in cross-section perpendicular to z may be realized. 
         [0019]    Note that the coated conductor tapes each have a length (in z direction) which is much larger, typically at least ten times larger, than their width (in y, y′-direction); the width in turn is much larger, typically at least ten times larger, than their height (in x, x′ direction). 
         [0020]    The coated conductor tapes are typically stacked (arranged one above the other) in a direction (x, x′) basically perpendicular the substrate planes (or tape surfaces, respectively) of the coated conductor tapes. Note that a superconducting structure includes typically at least four coated conductor tapes, and preferably more than ten coated conductor tapes providing superconducting partial current paths. The superconducting films preferably include HTS material, such as YBCO. 
         [0021]    Typical and preferred applications for the inventive superconducting structures are superconducting cables. Note that a superconducting structure does not need to run straight in an extension direction z, but may be bent or curved, in particular in cable applications. 
       Embodiment Forming a Labyrinth Structure 
       [0022]    In a preferred embodiment of the inventive superconducting structure, the coated conductor tapes form a labyrinth structure comprising at least three levels of coated conductor tapes, 
         [0000]    wherein the coated conductor tapes of each level are superconductively connected in a linear sequence in a direction (y, y′) basically parallel to the substrate planes and perpendicular to the extension direction (z),
 
wherein the linear sequences of coated conductor tapes of the at least three levels overlap at least for the most part in said direction (y, y′) basically parallel to the substrate planes and perpendicular to the extension direction (z),
 
and wherein the coated conductor tapes of each two levels neighboring in a direction (x, x′) basically perpendicular to the substrate planes of the coated conductor tapes are superconductingly connected to each other via at least one of their coated conductor tapes each, in particular via a lateral coated conductor tape of the level,
 
thus allowing a balancing of currents within the superconducting structure in said direction (x, x′) basically transverse to the respective substrate planes of the coated conductor tapes.
 
         [0023]    In addition to a balancing of currents in parallel to the substrate planes (across the width of the coated conductors), also a balancing of currents (or a free distribution of currents) in a direction (x, x′) basically perpendicular to the substrate planes is provided; typically, the coated conductors build a stack in the x, x′-direction for this purpose. With these degrees of freedom for the electric current, an overload of the superconductive structure is even less likely, and compact superconducting structures extendable to practically any current carrying capacity are feasible. The invention allows a balancing of currents in said direction (x, x′) transverse to the respective substrate planes typically within at least four, preferably at least ten coated conductor tapes (or their respective levels) arranged next to each other in said direction (x, x′). Typically, the superconductive connection between levels is done via lateral coated conductor tapes (which are at the side ends of a respective level with respect to the y, y′ direction), with one end connecting upwards and one end connecting downwards in x, x′ direction (thus allowing a “back and forth” redistribution of currents in y direction within the labyrinth structure). In order to achieve a true 2-dimensional network in the cross-section perpendicular to z, multiple connections between each two neighboring levels may be established. Note that the superconductive connections of the labyrinth structure are, as explained above, continuously or intermittently in the extension direction z. 
         [0024]    Surprisingly, the total critical current of a labyrinth structure exceeds the sum of the particular critical currents of the parallel coated conductor tapes taken along (comprised). This effect is not fully understood by the inventors, because the critical current gain is more than what should follow from the effect of bypassing of local defects (i.e. the effect of mutual shunting). Typically, the gain reaches 30% to 50%, what is at least two times higher than one may expect from current bypassing. 
         [0025]    Another effect that may be achieved in the labyrinth structure is a suppressing of coated conductor tape damage in the course of a quench event. “Wider” distributed current in the labyrinth structure creates smoothed overheated spots (“hot spots”) with a temperature which is typically below the damage threshold. 
       Embodiments Relating to Free Space in the Structure 
       [0026]    In a preferred embodiment of the inventive superconducting structure, free space in the superconducting structure not filled with coated conductor tapes is minimized, in particular wherein coated conductor tapes neighboring in a direction (x, x′) basically perpendicular to the substrate planes of the coated conductor tapes flatly abut each other. In this way, the superconducting structure is particularly compact and easy to handle. 
         [0027]    In an advantageous embodiment, free space in the superconducting structure not filled with coated conductor tapes is partially or completely filled with metal or a dielectric material. Such fillings may generally mechanically adjust, in particular stabilize, the structure. By means of a metal filling, the shunt protection may be improved. 
         [0028]    Further, another preferred embodiment provides that free space in the superconducting structure not filled with coated conductor tapes is partially or completely filled with a cooling agent, in particular wherein the cooling agent exhibits a mass flow in the extension direction. By means of the cooling agent, the coated conductor tapes may be efficiently cooled, and the free space is advantageously used. Typical cooling agents to be used are liquefied gases, in particular LN2 and LHe. In the direction of the extension direction z, a laminar flow of the cooling agent is easy to establish. 
       Embodiments Relating to the Basic Structure 
       [0029]    In a preferred embodiment, the coated conductor tapes are slightly curved in a cross-section perpendicular to the extension direction (z). In this way the structure can be adjusted to external needs, such as the desired installation path of a cable made from the structure. Note that by bending around the extension direction z over some distance in z, a structure of geometrically parallel coated conductor tapes may be bent over the short side in a desired direction which represented a non-accessible direction (such as the long side of the coated conductor tapes) before. 
         [0030]    Particularly preferred is an embodiment wherein the coated conductor tapes are periodically arranged in a direction (x, x′) basically perpendicular to the substrate planes. By means of a periodic arrangement, a simple structure which can be extended as needed is provided. Typically there are at least three, preferably at least ten repetition units in x, x′-direction. Note that the superconducting structure may (independent of a periodicity in x, x′-direction) also be periodic in y, y′-direction, such as with two or more, preferably five or more repetition units. 
         [0031]    A further advantageous embodiment provides that at least some of the coated conductor tapes each are bent such that a first part of the width of the coated conductor tape is offset with respect to a second part of the coated conductor tape in a direction (x, x′) basically perpendicular to the substrate plane. By means of said bending, the x, x′-dimension can be accessed in a particularly simple way for a superconducting structure. 
       Embodiment Relating to Stacks 
       [0032]    Further preferred is an embodiment wherein the coated conductor tapes are stacked in a direction (x, x′) basically perpendicular to the substrate planes, thus forming a stack. By means of a stack, in which coated conductors are arranged one above the other (and possibly, but not necessarily abutting all next neighbors in x,x′-direction within the stack), a particularly compact superconducting structure can be achieved, accessing the x, x′-dimension. The electric current can be distributed differently in x, x′-direction within the stack along the extension direction z. A stack typically comprises at least four, preferably at least ten coated conductor tapes stacked in x, x′-direction. Note that the stack is typically periodic in x, x′-direction. Further note that the stack may include several coated conductor tapes per x, x′-direction level (tape layer), typically wherein said several coated conductor tapes partially overlap in y, y′-direction. 
         [0033]    A further development of this embodiment provides 
         [0000]    that at least some coated conductor tapes within the stack each are superconductively connected at least to a first further coated conductor tape and a second further coated conductor tape,
 
wherein the first further coated conductor tape directly or indirectly establishes a superconducting connection of the coated conductor tape to coated conductor tapes above said coated conductor tape within the stack,
 
and wherein the second coated conductor tape directly or indirectly establishes a superconducting connection to coated conductor tapes below said coated conductor tape within the stack. By this means, a superconductive connection chain within the stack can be established.
 
       Embodiment Relating to a Ring Structure 
       [0034]    In a particularly preferred further development of the above embodiment, the coated conductor tapes are stacked in a closed ring shaped fashion, thus forming a ring-shaped stack, with the circumferential direction (x′) of the ring-shaped stack basically perpendicular to the substrate planes. In the ring-shaped stack, the coated conductor tapes are arranged one above another, with a slight tilt relative to each other; the next neighbors of coated conductor tapes in x′-direction typically do not abut flatly here, and/or at least a part are even spaced apart. In this structure, the electric current may also balance in circumferential direction. Preferably, the ring-shaped stack includes a core free from coated conductor tapes. Further preferably, the density of coated conductor tapes along the circumference of the ring-shaped stack is constant, and the ring-shaped stack is circular. Then circular magnetic fields of high quality are achievable, although tape type coated conductors are used for their generation. 
       Embodiments Relating to Spacers 
       [0035]    In a further development, the superconducting structure includes spacers filling spaces in at least one non-dense section of the superconducting structure in which less coated conductor tapes are stacked in the direction (x; x′) basically perpendicular to the substrate planes than in a dense section in which the coated conductor tapes neighboring in the direction (x, x′) basically perpendicular to the substrate planes abut each other. By means of spacers, thickness differences between dense and non-dense sections in stacks can be leveled. This increases the stability of the superconducting structure. In particular, it is possible to have all coated conductor tapes flatly abutting to next neighbor coated conductor tapes or spacers. Note that stacks not comprising any dense sections are typically not equipped with spacers. 
         [0036]    If desired, the spacers comprise coated conductor tape pieces, which are not superconductively connected to another coated conductor tape, and which are bent inwards the superconducting structure. If the structure provides no dedicated edge tapes, the coated conductor tapes at the edges (which are often not included in any current carrying function) may be bent in so they can still take over a spacer function. The double material in the bent region fills in the non-dense sections with the proper height. 
       Embodiments Relating to Y-elements 
       [0037]    Particularly advantageous is an embodiment wherein the superconducting structure comprises at least one Y-element, each with two coated conductor tapes facing each other with their respective superconducting film sides, wherein said two coated conductor tapes are superconductingly connected along the extension direction (z) continuously or intermittently in a connection region, and wherein said two coated conductor tapes are spaced apart in a direction (x, x′) basically perpendicular to the substrate planes in a transfer region on one side of the connection region. By means of Y-elements, the x, x′-direction can easily be accessed for the coated conductors. A Y-element provides a bifurcation-like structural element for this purpose. Typically, the superconducting structure comprises a plurality of Y-elements, which are directly or indirectly interconnected. At the transfer region, the two coated conductor tapes may be superconductively connected to a further coated conductor tape each. One or both of the further coated conductor tapes may be in turn part of Y-elements. 
         [0038]    In a preferred further development of this embodiment, the two coated conductor tapes of the Y-element extend differently far within the transfer region in a direction (y, y′) basically parallel to the substrate planes and perpendicular to the extension direction (z). By this means, thickness differences in stacks comprising dense sections can be kept small. 
       Embodiments Relating to Double Y-elements 
       [0039]    In another further development, the Y-element comprises an additional transfer region in which the two coated conductor tapes are spaced apart in a direction (x, x′) basically perpendicular to the substrate planes, wherein the transfer region and the additional transfer region are separated by the connection region. Such double Y-elements may in particular bridge between lateral Y-elements (and further double Y-elements and/or S-elements, see below). Double Y-elements allow a true  2 -dimensional connection network in cross-section perpendicular to the z direction. More specifically, with the double Y-elements, honeycomb-like structures may be built, providing a particularly safe and flexible connection network. 
       Embodiment Relating to Protrusions and Recesses 
       [0040]    A highly preferred further development provides that said two coated conductor tapes of the Y-element in the transfer region comprise protrusions and recesses with respect to a direction (y, y′) basically parallel to the substrate planes and perpendicular to the extension direction (z), alternating in the extension direction (z), and that the protrusion and recess patterns of said two coated conductor tapes are offset in the extension direction (z). This avoids thickness differences within the superconducting structure. Due to the offset, protrusions of one of the two coated conductor tapes coincide (in z) with recesses of the other of the two coated conductor tapes. 
       Embodiment Relating to S-elements 
       [0041]    In an advantageous embodiment, the superconducting structure comprises at least one S-element, with two coated conductor tapes facing each other with their respective superconducting film sides, wherein said two coated conductor tapes are superconductively connected in a connection region, and wherein the two coated conductor tapes extend beyond the connection region on opposing sides in a direction (y, y′) basically in parallel with the substrate planes but basically perpendicular to the extension direction (z). By means of S-elements, a superconducting structure may be extended in y, y′-direction by simple means. S-elements may in particular bridge between lateral Y-elements (and further S-elements and/or double-Y-elements). 
       Embodiment Relating to Solder and Capping Layers 
       [0042]    Finally, a preferred embodiment provides that each two coated conductor tapes superconductively connected face each other with their superconducting film sides, and the superconducting films are electrically connected
       by touching each other directly, or   across a solder layer, in particular of a noble metal or a noble metal alloy, or   across capping layers, in particular copper capping layers, of the coated conductor tapes and a solder layer, in particular of a noble metal or a noble metal alloy. While a direct touching of the superconducting films may result in a highest quality contact, intermediate solder and/or capping layers are often used since they are easier to handle during production, in particular as far as durability of the contact is concerned. In practice, some negligible (i.e. very low) ohmic resistance is almost inevitably introduced at any connection of each two opposing coated conductor tapes (in particular if one or more intermediate layers are used), but due to the large contact area (along the length of the parallel tapes), this ohmic resistance does not impair the use of the inventive superconducting structure as a whole. Accordingly, such quasi-superconductively connected coated conductor tapes are still considered to qualify as a superconducting connection in accordance with the invention.       
 
         [0046]    Further advantages can be extracted from the description and the enclosed drawing. The features mentioned above and below can be used in accordance with the invention either individually or collectively in any combination. The embodiments mentioned are not to be understood as exhaustive enumeration but rather have exemplary character for the description of the invention. 
         [0047]    The invention is shown in the drawing. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
         [0048]      FIG. 1  a schematic, perspective and partially cross-sectional view of an embodiment of an inventive superconducting structure, with coated conductor tapes connected in a chain-like fashion in a direction (y) basically in parallel to the substrate planes and perpendicular to an extension direction (z) of the coated conductor tapes; 
           [0049]      FIG. 2  a schematic, perspective and partially cross-sectional view of an embodiment of an inventive superconducting structure of labyrinth type, based on Y-elements stacked in a direction (x) basically perpendicular to the substrate planes of the superconductive structure, with a non-dense stack; 
           [0050]      FIG. 3  a schematic cross-section of an embodiment of an inventive superconductive structure similar to  FIG. 2 , with the stack comprising a dense section and two non-dense sections; 
           [0051]      FIG. 4   a  a schematic cross-section of an embodiment of an inventive superconductive structure similar to  FIG. 3 , but with spacers filling spaces in the non-dense sections; 
           [0052]      FIG. 4   b  a schematic cross-section of an embodiment of an inventive superconductive structure similar to  FIG. 4   a , wherein the spacers are inwardly bent coated conductor tape pieces; 
           [0053]      FIG. 5   a  a schematic cross-section of an embodiment of an inventive superconductive structure similar to  FIG. 3 , with a dielectric filling free space of the structure; 
           [0054]      FIG. 5   b  a schematic cross-section of an embodiment of an inventive superconductive structure similar to  FIG. 3 , wherein a cooling agent, flowing within a tube and through the structure, cools the structure; 
           [0055]      FIG. 6  a schematic cross-section of an embodiment of an inventive superconductive structure similar to  FIG. 3 , wherein the coated conductor tapes of each Y-element extend differently far into a transfer region; 
           [0056]      FIG. 7   a - 7   b  an illustration of an embodiment of an inventive superconductive structure similar to  FIG. 3 , wherein the coated conductor tapes have protrusions and recesses in a transfer region, in a schematic cross-section ( FIG. 7   a ) and a schematic top view ( FIG. 7   b ); 
           [0057]      FIG. 8  a schematic cross-section of an embodiment of an inventive superconductive structure of labyrinth type, based on Y-elements and double Y-elements in a non-dense stack; 
           [0058]      FIG. 9  a schematic cross-section of an embodiment of an inventive superconductive structure, based on interconnected Y-elements and S-elements; 
           [0059]      FIG. 10  a schematic cross-sectional view of an embodiment of an inventive superconductive structure of labyrinth type, based on Y-elements stacked in a closed ring-type fashion; 
           [0060]      FIG. 11  a schematic cross-section of a Y-element for use with the invention. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
       [0061]      FIG. 1  illustrates an embodiment of an inventive superconducting structure  1 . The structure  1  (and the superconducting structures  1  introduced in the following figures) is supposed to carry an electric current I superconductively in an extension direction z. 
         [0062]    The structure  1  comprises here five coated conductor tapes  2 , each with a substrate  3  and a superconducting film  4  on (only) one of its sides, well visible in the cross-section in the front part of the figure. For example, the substrate  3  may be of a flexible steel type, and the superconducting film  4  may comprise YBCO material. Note that one or more buffer layers may be deposited between the substrate  3  and the superconducting film  4 , and further auxiliary layers known in the art may be provided, if needed. 
         [0063]    The coated conductor tapes  2  face each other with their superconducting films  4 . Apart from the outer (in  FIG. 1  most left and most right) coated conductor tapes  2 , each coated conductor tape  2  overlaps with a part of its width W over its full length L with two other coated conductor tapes  2 , with an offset (i.e. being shifted) in a direction y basically in parallel with the substrate planes and perpendicular to the extension direction z. In the overlap region OR (which extends in z direction over the complete length L), the overlapping coated conductor tapes  2  here are continuously superconductively connected. Accordingly, electric current I flowing superconductingly in z direction may be redistributed in y direction between all superconducting films  4  of the five coated conductor tapes  2 ; the coated conductor tape  2  (or their superconducting films  4 , respectively) represent parallel current paths. 
         [0064]      FIG. 2  shows an embodiment of an inventive superconducting structure  1  based on Y-elements  5   a - 5   d.  The shown structure  1  here comprises four interconnected Y-elements  5   a - 5   d,  but may be extended periodically as desired in x direction. 
         [0065]    A Y-element  5   a  comprises two coated conductor tapes (also referred to as coated conductors)  2   a,    2   b,  each with a substrate  3  and a superconducting film  4 , with the superconducting film sides facing each other. In a connection region CR, the superconducting films  4  of the coated conductor tapes  2   a,    2   b  are (here) continuously superconductively connected over their full length L along the extension direction z. In contrast, in a transfer region TR, the coated conductor tapes  2   a,    2   b  are spaced apart from each other, such that a mouth-like opening  6  results in cross-section (Note that in the figures, the dimensions in x direction, including the height H of the coated conductor tapes, is shown enlarged as compared to the dimensions in y direction, including width W, for easier comprehension). 
         [0066]    A coated conductor tape, see e.g. coated conductor tape  2   b,  in the transfer region TR (or in the mouth like opening  6 , respectively) may be superconductively connected (here continuously over the full length L of the coated conductors) to another coated conductor tape, see e.g. coated conductor tape  2   c  of a further Y-element  5   c.  Accordingly, electric current I may be transferred between the Y-elements  5   a,    5   c  in the transfer region TR. 
         [0067]    The latter Y-element  5   c  is in turn superconductively connected to Y-element  5   b , and the latter to Y-element  5   d,  so free distribution of the electric current I flowing in z direction (or a balancing of currents, respectively) within the parallel coated conductor tapes may occur along the chain of electrically interconnected Y-elements  5   a - 5   c - 5   b - 5   d,  and thus also in a direction x basically perpendicular to the substrate planes which are basically parallel to the yz plane here. 
         [0068]    Please note that in accordance with the invention, connecting regions CR and the transfer regions TR typically have about the same width in y direction. It is also possible to choose the widths of said regions differently, in particular with the transfer regions TR wider than the connection regions CR in y direction, in order to mechanically stabilize a center of the superconducting structure  1 . 
         [0069]    The superconducting structure  1  of  FIG. 2  is of a labyrinth type, comprising coated conductor tapes in three levels, namely Lv 1  (with tapes  2   b,    2   c ), further Lv 2  (with tapes  2   p,    2   d ), and further Lv 3  (with tapes  2   q,    2   r ). Within each level Lv 1 -Lv 3 , the coated conductor tapes  2   b,    2   c,    2   p,    2   d,    2   q,    2   r  are connected in linear sequence in y direction; the three levels Lv 1 -Lv 3  (or their coated conductors, respectively) overlap in y direction. Here at the lateral ends of the levels Lv 1 -Lv 3 , there are connections to the levels neighboring in x direction. For example, Lv 2  is connected on the right end via its coated conductor tape  2   p  to coated conductor tape  2   c  of Lv 1 , and on the left end via its coated conductor tape  2   d  to coated conductor tape  2   q  of Lv 3 . The connections between the levels Lv 1 -Lv 3  allow a current redistribution in x direction between the levels, accordingly. 
         [0070]    The coated conductor tapes, see for example coated conductor tape  2   b,  are somewhat bent, so that a first part P 1  of the coated conductor tape  2   b,  here at the connection region CR, is offset (shifted) in x direction with respect to a second part P 2  of the coated conductor tape  2   b,  here in the transfer region TR. By this means, the x direction becomes accessible for the superconducting structure  1 , i.e. a superconducting connection may be established between coated conductors arranged one above the other in x direction (“stacked in x direction”). For example, coated conductor tapes  2   d  and  2   b  are connected via Y-element  5   c  by means of its two bent coated conductor tapes. This opens the possibility to redistribute the electric current I in the x direction superconductively. However, in practice, since the height H and the offset OS of the coated conductor tapes in x direction is small (on the order of a fraction of a millimeter) as compared to the width W of a coated conductor tape (on the order of ten millimeters and more), said two parts P 1 , P 2  are in good approximation still in one plane. 
         [0071]    In the example shown, coated conductor tapes  2   b,    2   d  neighboring in x direction are spaced apart by a spacing SP. In other words, free space  7   a  within the structure  1  (not filled with coated conductors) is not minimized here. This gives the superconducting structure  1 , although stacked, a good flexibility, in particular when bending the structure  1  upwards or downwards in x direction with e.g. its front end (“over the short side”). If needed, a support frame may be used to establish and define said spacing SP (not shown). When, as shown in  FIG. 2 , a minimum (non-zero) spacing SP is provided between at least some of the Y-elements  5   a - 5   d  (or, more generally, at least some of the coated conductor tapes) of a superconducting structure  1  neighboring in a stack in x direction, the stack can be called non-dense. 
         [0072]      FIG. 3  shows, now in cross-section only (for simplification, what also applies to the subsequent figures), a superconducting structure  1  similar to the one of  FIG. 2 , but with a dense section DS in the center of the structure  1 . In the dense section DS, the neighboring Y-elements  5  (or the neighboring coated conductor tapes  2 ) are all flatly abutting each other, so no minimum spacing is kept. By this measure, free space  7   a  in the structure  1  is minimized here. This gives a very compact design. 
         [0073]    However, on the outside, there are two non-dense sections ND showing empty spaces  7  remaining. The non-dense sections ND exhibit only half the number coated conductor tapes as compared to the dense section DS, what may lead to an unintentionally strong (and possibly damaging) bending, in particular when a large number of coated conductor tapes  2  is stacked in x direction. 
         [0074]    In reality, the design of the superconducting structure  1  is significantly more compact than shown in the schematic  FIG. 3  (and the further figures) because of a low aspect ratio, i.e. ratio of the thickness (height) of a coated conductor to its width; the aspect ratio yields typically from 1:20 to 1:200. Due to this, the volume content of a dense section DS may significantly dominate the volume content of non-dense sections ND as well as of sections located in between a dense section DS and a non-dense section ND. 
         [0075]    In order to avoid such a strong bending, in accordance with the invention, spacers  8  may be inserted into the spaces  7 , compare  FIG. 4   a . The spacers  8 , which are typically stripes (extending in z direction), may be of an arbitrary solid material; it may be useful to use a metal, in particular a well conducting metal such a copper, in order to provide a shunt resistance. In the example shown, the spacers  8  partially fill the free space  7   a  of the structure  1 . 
         [0076]    During production of an inventive superconducting structure, it may be desirable to have as few as possible different processing steps, and in particular it may be desirable to avoid an additional material deposition process. In this case, coated conductor tape material may be used for filling purposes. 
         [0077]    As shown in  FIG. 4   b , coated conductor tape pieces  16 ,  17  bent inwardly towards the superconducting structure  1  may be used as spacers. The bent coated conductor tape pieces  16 ,  17  have exactly the correct height in x-direction to fill the empty spaces  7  in the non-dense sections ND. Note that each space  7  may be filled simply with one coated conductor tape piece  16 , or with the ends of two coated conductor tape pieces  17  (then each coated conductor tape piece  17  may contribute to the filling of two spaces  7 ). The coated conductor tape pieces  16 ,  17  with a spacer function are preferably not superconductively connected to the coated conductor tapes  2  carrying the superconducting electric current within the superconductive structure  1 . 
         [0078]      FIG. 5   a  illustrates an embodiment of an inventive superconducting structure  1  comparable to the one shown in  FIG. 3 , but with a dielectric material (e.g. of epoxy type, marked lightly dotted)  18  filling the free space of the structure  1 . The dielectric (electrically insulating) material  18  is preferably applied in a liquid form, so a complete (or almost complete) filling of the free space may be achieved, and hardened later on, so a mechanical stabilization can be achieved, comparable to or even better than the one achieved with spacers. 
         [0079]      FIG. 5   b  shows an embodiment of an inventive superconducting structure  1  comparable to the structure shown in  FIG. 3  again; here the structure  1  is put into a tubing  20 , in which a cooling agent  19  (marked with a wavy pattern) flows in z direction (perpendicular to the plane of the cross-sectional drawing). The cooling agent  19 , e.g. liquid helium (LHe), has an intimate contact to all parts of the structure  1 , and therefore can provide a very efficient cooling function. 
         [0080]    Accordingly, a temperature below the critical temperature Tc of the superconducting material of the coating conductor tapes  2  may be kept easily. 
         [0081]    In order to alleviate thickness differences between different sections in the cross-section of an inventive superconducting structure  1 , it is also possible to let the coated conductor tapes  2  of a Y-element  5  reach differently far into the transfer region TR, compare  FIG. 6 . Here, the top coated conductor tape  2   e  of each Y-element  5  extends less far into the transfer region TR as compared to the bottom coated conductor tapes  2   f,  and the short top coated conductor tapes  2   e  of opposing Y-elements  5  do not overlap. Then the number of coated conductor tapes stacked in every part of the transfer region TR is only one and a half times the number of coated conductor tapes in the connection regions CR within the superconducting structure  1  (as compared to two times, in the embodiment of  FIG. 3 ). 
         [0082]      FIG. 7   a  (in cross-section) and  FIG. 7   b  (in top view) illustrate a further embodiment of an inventive superconducting structure  1 , also based on Y-elements  5   e,    5   f  and of labyrinth type. The coated conductor tapes  2   g - 2   k  have protrusions  9  and recesses  10 , reaching into and being retracted from the transfer region TR, and alternating in z-direction, here in a wave-like manner. The protrusions  9  and recesses  10  lead to a uniform number of coated conductor tapes stacked in x-direction all over the superconducting structure  1 , namely both within the connecting regions CR and the transfer region TR. 
         [0083]    In  FIG. 7   b  (and in the overlaps in  FIG. 7   a ), with the full lines, the contours of the top coated conductor tape  2   g  of Y-element  5   e  and the bottom coated conductor tape  2   k  of Y-element  5   f  are shown. With the dashed lines, the contours of the bottom coated conductor tape  2   h  of Y-element  5   e  and the top coated conductor tape  2   i  of Y-element  5   f  are shown (note that the Y-elements  5   e  on the left of the superconducting structure  1  are all identical, and the Y-elements  5   f  on the right of the superconductive structure  1  are all identical, too). For better understanding, the Y-elements  5   e,    5   f  are shown pulled apart in y direction in  FIG. 7   b.    
         [0084]    In Y-element  5   e,  at a z position where its top coated conductor tape  2   g  has a protrusion  9 , the bottom coated conductor tape  2   h  has a recess  10 . At the same z position, in the opposing Y-element  5   f,  the top coated conductor tape  2   i  has a recess  10 , and the bottom coated conductor tape  2   k  has a protrusion  9 . Accordingly, the left top coated conductor tape  2   g  and the right bottom coated conductor tape  2   k  can be superconductively connected at the protrusion overlap (hatched areas in  FIG. 7   b ), whereas the left bottom coated conductor tape  2   h  and the right top coated conductor tape  2   i  do not overlap here. 
         [0085]    Further, in Y-element  5   e,  at a z position where its bottom coated conductor tape  2   h  has a protrusion  9 , the top coated conductor tape  2   g  has a recess  10 . At the same z position, in the opposing Y-element  5   f,  the bottom coated conductor tape  2   k  has a recess  10 , and the top coated conductor tape  2   i  has a protrusion  9 . Accordingly, the left bottom coated conductor tape  2   h  and the right top coated conductor tape  2   i  can be superconductively connected at the protrusion overlap (dotted areas in  FIG. 7   b ), whereas the left top coated conductor  2   g  and the right bottom coated conductor  2   k  do not overlap here. 
         [0086]    By means of the protrusions  9 , superconductive connections to another coated conductor tape may be established in the transfer region TR; the protrusion overlap establishes separated connection areas. The connections between two coated conductor tapes by means of the protrusions  9  are therefore intermittent along the extension direction z of the superconductive structure  1 . In the example shown, any two coated conductor tapes connected via protrusion overlap have, in z direction, an overlap at about half of the total length L of the superconducting structure  1 . 
         [0087]      FIG. 8  shows an embodiment of an extended superconducting structure  1  in accordance with the invention. The structure  1  comprises on its outer (edge) sides Y-elements  5 , which are interconnected via double Y-elements  11 . 
         [0088]    A double Y-element  11  comprises two coated conductor tapes  21 ,  2   m,  facing each other with their superconducting film sides (see substrates  3  and superconducting films  4 ) which are superconductively connected at a central connection region CR, and spaced apart at mouth-like openings  6  in a transfer region TR and an additional transfer region ATR provided at the two sides of the connection region CR in y direction. At the transfer regions TR, ATR, coated conductor tapes, in particular of Y-elements  5  and double Y-elements  11 , may be superconductively connected. 
         [0089]    By means of double Y-elements  11 , superconducting structures  1  with honey-comb like patterns in cross-section may be built (compare the approximately hexagonally shaped spaces  7   a ). Such a pattern provides multiple alternative currents paths (in the xy plane) for a superconducting current between any two coated conductor tapes in the superconducting structure  1 . This increases the defect tolerance of the superconductive structure  1 . Moreover, the honey comb like pattern is particularly flexible. High mechanical flexibility of the inventive superconductive structure  1  is particularly appreciated for superconducting cables. 
         [0090]    The inventive structure  1  of  FIG. 8  is also of labyrinth type, (here) with five levels Lv 1 -Lv 5 , each with (here) four coated conductor tapes connected in linear sequence. Each two levels neighboring in x direction, e.g. levels Lv 1  and Lv 2 , are connected to each other multiple times here, namely both via a lateral Y-element  5  (on the right in  FIG. 8  for Lv 1  and Lv 2 ) and via a double Y-element  11 . Thus a true 2-dimensional network of interconnected coated conductor tapes in cross-section (perpendicular to z) is achieved. 
         [0091]      FIG. 9  illustrates an embodiment of a superconducting structure  1  using a mixture of Y-elements  5  and S-elements  12  in an arbitrary design. 
         [0092]    An S-element  12  comprises two coated conductor tapes  2   n,    2   o,  facing each other with their superconducting film sides (see substrates  3  and superconducting films  4 ) and superconductively connected (here) continuously in a connection region CR where the two coated conductor tapes  2   n,    2   o  overlap. Both coated conductor tapes  2   n,    2   o  extend (in y direction) beyond the connecting region CR on opposing sides (right and left in the figure); these parts may be used for connecting to a further coated conductor tape (e.g. as part of a Y-element  5 ). 
         [0093]    An S-element  12  may be used to superconductively connect two Y-elements  5 , for example, as shown in  FIG. 8 . 
         [0094]    Note that a superconducting structure  1  may also include singe coated conductor tapes  2  not belonging to Y-elements, double Y-elements or S-elements. 
         [0095]      FIG. 10  illustrates another embodiment of an inventive superconductive structure  1 . 
         [0096]    This superconducting structure  1  is based on Y-elements  5   g,    5   h  here, which build a ring-shaped stack  13 , providing a closed superconducting current path around a core  15 . Said core  15  may be separated from the superconducting structure  1  by means of a tube  14 . 
         [0097]    The Y-elements  5   g,    5   h  are superconductively connected via superconducting films  4  (see thick black lines) on substrates  3  of coated conductor tapes  2  facing each other with their superconducting film sides, similar to the embodiment shown in  FIG. 2 . In the example shown, the radially inner Y-elements  5   h  are slightly differently bent as compared to the radially outer Y-elements  5   g,  here with the Y-elements  5   h  opening out with the coated conductor tape ends reaching radially outward, and the Y-elements  5   g  with parallel coated conductor tape ends reaching radially inward. Neighboring Y-elements  5   h,    5   g  are slightly rotated with respect to each other. Preferably, the Y-elements  5   g,    5   h  are evenly distributed around the circumference of the superconducting structure  1 , and together have a basically circular shape. The Y-elements  5   g,    5   h  or their coated conductor tapes, respectively, are stacked in circumferential direction x′, which is perpendicular to the respective local substrate planes; the substrate planes are basically in parallel to the local y′z plane, with direction y′ being the local radial direction here (which is in parallel with the local substrate planes, and perpendicular to the extension direction z). 
         [0098]    The superconducting structure  1  provides a deeply distributed magnetic field along the radius. This field causes a more uniform interaction with entire structure  1  (compared e.g. to a typical conventional cable configuration), and as a result should homogenize a quench across entire radial depth. 
         [0099]    Preferably, spaces within the ring-shaped (non-dense) stack  13  are not filled with spacers, so a maximum flexibility of the structure  1  is provided. 
         [0100]    This superconducting structure  1  is particularly suited for use in a superconducting cable. The field-free core  15  can be used for a signal transmission save from external disturbances. 
         [0101]    It should be noted that a ring-shaped stack  13 , in accordance with the invention, need not be based on Y-elements only, but may include other elements, such as double Y-elements or S-elements, or coated conductor tapes not belonging to particular elements, too. 
         [0102]      FIG. 11  details an example of a Y-element  5  for use within an inventive superconducting structure. The Y-element  5  comprises two coated conductor tapes  2   a,    2   b,  superconductively connected at a connection region CR. Here, the coated conductor tapes  2   a,    2   b  are surrounded by a capping layer  17  of copper each, and at the connection region CR, the coated conductor tapes  2   a ,  2   b  are connected via a solder layer  16 , for example containing silver and/or tin. Electric current running through the superconducting films  4  of the tapes  2   a,    2   b  may redistribute between the films  4  across the capping layers  17  and the solder layer  16 . Although these intermediate layers  16 ,  17  are normally conducting, no noticeable ohmic resistance results at the connection region CR, since the connection region CR is rather large due to its extension along the tapes (perpendicular to the plane of the drawing); this is true for both a continuous and an intermittent connection. Note that in accordance with the invention, the total thickness D int  of any intermediate layers  16 ,  17  is in general 100 μm or less, preferably 30 μm or less, in order to keep the ohmic resistance sufficiently low, e.g. at the level below 30 nOhms*cm 2 , preferably below 3 nOhms*cm 2 . Note that typically, the total contact area of two coated conductor tapes is at least 100 cm 2 , preferably at least 1000 cm 2 .