Abstract:
Impact-absorbing safety matting systems include a helipad. All systems have a surface layer with a bottom and outer edges, an array of air-filled cells affixed to the bottom of the surface layer, ribs extending from the bottom of the surface layer for defining the array of air-filled cells, sealer and aggregate spread over the surface layer and a base immediate to edges, and median ribs extending a shorter distance from the bottom of the surface layer than the defining ribs in order to give added support against a strong blow striking the surface layer and the array of air-filled cells affixed thereto. Each helipad is characterized by a void area left in place of at least one median rib in order to facilitate cutting through the surface layer, a second layer of sealer spread under the array of air-filled cells and above the base in order to hold the array of air-filled cells in a substantially vertical orientation, and a sloping outer edge surrounding all sides in order to prevent the escape of air therefrom. In lieu of the sloping outer edge, a beveled outer edge may be provided in order to facilitate attachment to and placement in a recess in the base so that an integrated installation is obtained.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/152,817, filed Feb. 5, 1988, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,846,457, which is a continuation-in-part (CIP) of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 06/767,718, filed Apr. 23, 1986, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 4,727,697 on Mar. 1, 1988, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 06/364,811, filed Apr. 2, 1982, now abandoned. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention: 
     The present invention relates generally to static structures, particularly traffic-carrying surfaces, such as helicopter landing pads. 
     2. Description of the Related Art: 
     Helipads used for both civilian and military applications have usually consisted of an asphalt or concrete substrate that is coated with urethanes of various colors to form a predetermined pattern. The urethane coatings are generally applied just 8 mils (8/1000 of an inch=0.203 millimeters) thick and, consequently, provide no significant benefit other than clearly marking a landing zone. 
     With a desire for a more permanent and consistent surface, nonloose fill surfaces in the nature of processed particles bonded together in some fashion were developed to be installed over hard surfaces, such as concrete and asphalt. Nonloose fill surfaces, which are generally referred to as synthetics, can be divided into two main categories: systems with seams and systems without seams. Examples of systems with seams or socalled nonseamless systems are shown in Donovan U.S. Pat. No. 4,557,457, Roby U.S. Pat. No. 3,846,945, Burke U.S. Pat. No. 3,251,076, Mitchell U.S. Pat. No. 2,999,431, and Stedman U.S. Pat. No. 957,387. 
     Both nonseamless and seamless surfacing systems have an attenuating element and a surface layer. This surface layer can be either installed in the field or integrated at the time of manufacture. However, the seamless systems have a texture coat of sealer and aggregate applied over the surface layer to form a monolithic arrangement. Seamless surfacing systems are becoming the more desirable of the synthetic systems because insects and rodents cannot enter and nest in them, nor can dirt and debris collect in the seams. An additional benefit of seamless surfacing systems is that water is not allowed to enter into the system. 
     Water, when introduced into the system, can cause structural deterioration and delamination of the surface system from its subbase. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A seamless protective surfacing system for aircraft, such as helicopters, uses an integrated helipad which will attenuate the forces associated with the shock load that the aircraft experiences on touchdown. The protective system will attenuate the rotor vibrations of the helicopter as it is idling and makes an excellent surface for handling and loading munitions, since it reduces the risk of accidental detonation or damage to the munitions in the case of material mishandling. Traffic-carrying surfaces for areas where munitions are handled have generally been metallic or concrete because heavy equipment, such as motorized carts and utility vehicles for moving materials, were required to pass over them. Although metal and concrete make good transportation surfaces and are easy to clean, they provide no attenuating protection for munitions or mechanical parts that may be dropped. 
     Thus it is an object of the present invention to provide a seamless surfacing system for use under munitions handling areas that will be substantially protected against damage arising from the accidental dropping or mishandling of munitions. 
     How this object and other advantages of the present invention are obtained will become more readily understood from the following brief description of the drawings and the subsequent detailed description of the preferred embodiments. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a helicopter on a helipad of the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a pad of the present invention installed on the ground. 
     FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a pad of the present invention recessed in the ground. 
     FIG. 4A is a top plan view of a plurality of contiguous pads of the present invention. 
     FIG. 4B a cross-sectional view taken along line 4B--4B in FIG. 4A. 
     FIG. 4C is a cross-sectional view taken along line 4C--4C in FIG. 1. 
     FIG. 4D is a bottom plan view of a pad of the present invention. 
     FIG. 5A is a partial cross-sectional view of a first embodiment of a top sealer and aggregate used in the present invention. 
     FIG. 5B is a partial cross-sectional view of a second embodiment of a top sealer and aggregate used in the present invention. 
     FIG. 5C is a partial cross-sectional view of a third embodiment of a top sealer and synthetic turf. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     In FIG. 1, a helicopter H with skids S rests on a helipad 10 of the present invention which has been installed on top of a building B. 
     In FIG. 2, a first embodiment of an impact-absorbing safety mat 20 is placed on the ground G which may be an asphalt or concrete base. The mat 20 has a surface layer 21 with a bottom 21B and an outer edge 21E. A honeycombed array of air-filled cells 22 depend from the bottom 21B of the surface layer 21. Ribs 23 extend from the bottom 21B of the surface layer 21 and define the honeycombed array of air-filled cells 22. A sloping outer edge 24 surrounds all sides of the mat 20 and prevents the escape of air from the air-filled cells 22. A sealer 25 and an aggregate 26 are spread over a top 21T of the surface layer 21, the sloping outer edge 24, and the ground G immediately adjacent to the mat 20, so that the sealer 25 prevents the escape of air from the mat 20. A second layer of the sealer 25 is also spread under the array of air-filled cells 22 so that both air and moisture are prevented from entering into and escaping from the air-filled cells 22. This second bottom layer of the sealer 25 also helps to hold the array of air-filled cells 22 in a substantially vertical orientation with respect to the ground G. Median ribs 27 extend a shorter distance from the bottom 21B of the surface layer 21 than the defining ribs 23 and give added support to the surface layer 21 against a strong blow striking the array of air-filled cells 22. 
     In FIG. 3, a second embodiment of an impact-absorbing safety mat 30 is recessed in the ground G which again may be a concrete or asphalt base. The structure of the second embodiment is identical to the structure of the first embodiment described in FIG. 2 except that the second embodiment omits the sloping outer edge 24. Also, the surface layer 21 has a modified outer edge 21E which is a bevel or chamfer. A bevel is defined by Webster&#39;s New Collegiate Dictionary (1981) at page 105 as &#34;the angle that one surface or line makes with another when they are not at right angles&#34;. In this second embodiment, the preferred gradation of an angle β (beta) formed between the vertical y-axis extending along a face of the recess in the ground G and the beveled outer edge 21E is 83.75°. This angle β is made by extending the outer edge 21E back two inches along the x-axis and dropping the outer edge 21E down one-eight inch along the y-axis so that the angle β has a 16:1 ratio or a complementary angle α (alpha) of 6.25°. An opening O left between the beveled outer edge 21E and the face F of the recess in the ground G is covered over with a fiberglass mesh tape T which is, in turn, penetrated by a urethane paste U comprised of urethane and fine mesh rubber granules that enter holes in the tape T, thus encapsulating the tape T, so that the tape T and the urethane paste U secure the mat 30 to the ground G. The encapsulated tape T, like the top 21T of the surface layer 21 and the ground G immediately adjacent to the beveled outer edge 21E, is then covered over by the sealer 25 and the aggregate 26 so that the top 21T of the surface layer 21 is flush with the top of the ground G. Thus, the mat 30 becomes seamless with the ground G to form an integrated installation therewith. 
     In FIG. 4A, a plurality of mats 30 are shown to be laid in a predetermined pattern. In this top view of FIG. 4A, the mats 30 are adjacent to each other. However, one layer of mats 30 may be placed on top of another layer in order to double the impact-absorbing ability of the integrated installation. The mats 30 are shown before the sealer 25 and the aggregate 26 are spread thereover. FIG. 4A also shows the outer edges 21E in solid lines, along which each mat 30 is joined, in a manner to be described with regard to FIG. 5C, to an adjacent identical mat 30. For the sake of simplicity, the bevel or chamfer on all four outer edges 21E is not shown, but is illustrated only along the face F of the recess seen in FIG. 3. In FIG. 4A, each mat 30 is preferably four feet long and two feet wide, as can be seen by viewing the solid lines which are drawn in a pattern showing the length of each mat 30 to be twice the width. Each dashed line shown in FIG. 4A represents a void area 27A where a median rib 27 is omitted during the manufacture of each mat 30. These void areas 27A are also made during the manufacture of each mat 20 shown in FIG. 2. 
     In FIG. 4B, the purpose of the void area 27A is shown to allow an installer to sever a selected mat 20 or 30 in half through the surface layer with a cutting knife K so that each 2&#39; by 4&#39; mat may become either a 2&#39; by 2&#39; mat or a 1&#39; by 4&#39; mat, depending upon whether the cut is made through the middle thereof widthwise or lengthwise, respectively. The provision of void areas 27A in the mats 20 and 30 may also be made in the helipad 10 shown in FIG. 1. For example, returning briefly to FIG. 4A, along the right hand side thereof, it may be seen from the solid lines that a plurality of mats 30A have been cut as 2&#39; by 2&#39; mats by cutting 2&#39; by 4&#39; mats 30 widthwise. Thus, surface configurations having odd footage measurements may be covered. 
     In FIG. 4C, the skid S of the helicopter H is shown contacting the aggregate 26 and sealer 25 on top of the surface layer 21 of the mat 10. Because the sealer 25 that covers the surface layer 21 on top of the mat 10 also seals off the bottom of each air-filled cell 22, the air compresses within each cell 22, thus allowing for excellent shock attenuation on impact of the skid S. Also, it can be seen that the sealer 25 and the median ribs 27 hold the air-filled cells 22 in a honeycombed array in a substantively vertical position with respect to the ground G, further enhancing shock attenuating characteristics. 
     In FIG. 4D, the underside of the surface layer 21 is shown with the bottoms of four selected adjacent air-filled cells 22. The cylindrical ribs 23 defining the array of air-filled cells 22 extend from the bottom of the surface layer 21 and have slight tapers. Each cell 22 has one median rib 27 at the so-called 3, 6, 9 and 12 o&#39;clock positions around its defining rib 23 so that each cell 22 is connected in a honeycomb to each other cell 22 positioned to its east, south, west, and north. 
     In FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C, three embodiments of the sealer 25 and aggregate 26 are shown. Each embodiment in FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C is shown on the top 21T of the surface layer 21 with a plurality of air-filled cells 22 depending from the bottom 21B thereof. 
     In FIG. 5A, the helipad 10 is shown with a sealer 25A composed of a thin layer of a bottom urethane primer 25P and a top layer of a urethane 25U. The bottom primer 25P is used prior to the application of each top urethane 25U in order to strengthen the bond, thus preventing delamination of the top urethane 25U. The aggregate 26A is preferably a plurality of rubber granules broadcast into the top urethane 25U while still wet to the point of so-called &#34;refusal&#34;. When the top urethane 25U has dried, the excess rubber granules of the aggregate 26A are removed and a urethane sealer 25S is applied over the textured surface, i.e. the top urethane 25U and the rubber granules comprising the aggregate 26A. Thus, the top urethane 25U is preferably a two-component urethane layer while the urethane sealer 25S is preferably a one-component urethane layer and the bottom primer 25P is also preferably a one-component urethane layer. Furthermore, an additional so-called &#34;leveler&#34; coat consisting of another top urethane 25U and another plurality of rubber granules 26A comprising another aggregate may be applied over the bottom primer 25P prior to application of the above-mentioned top urethane 25U in order to even out the irregularities that might protrude from the ground G and to further dissipate the kinetic energy of an impacting body. 
     In FIG. 5B, the so-called &#34;leveler&#34; coat is applied to the mat 20 in several steps. First, a bottom primer 25P is applied over the top 21T of the surface layer 21. Then, a urethane 25U is applied over the bottom primer 25P. Rubber granules comprising an aggregate 26B are next broadcast into the &#34;wet&#34; urethane 25U to the point of refusal. When the urethane 25U has dried, the excess rubber granules comprising the aggregate 26B are removed. The above steps are repeated with a second urethane 25U&#39; applied over the rubber granules comprising the aggregate 26B followed by a second plurality of rubber granules comprising another aggregate 26B&#39; broadcast to the point of refusal into the urethane 25U&#39;. When the second urethane 25U&#39; has dried, the excess rubber granules comprising the aggregate 26B&#39; are removed and a urethane sealer 25S is applied over the rubber granules making up the second aggregate 26B&#39;. Thus, in this second embodiment of the sealer 25 and the aggregate 26, the sealer 25 includes a two-component urethane (25U, 25U&#39;) and a urethane sealer 25S while the aggregate 26 includes two layers of rubber granules (26B, 26B&#39;). The &#34;leveler&#34; coat (25U and 26B) may be omitted if the ground G is not irregular enough to warrant its use, of if additional dissipation of the kinetic energy of an impacting body is not deemed necessary. 
     In FIG. 5C, the mat 30 is preferred for use. In this third embodiment of the sealer 25 and the aggregate 26, the sealer 25 is a one-part &#34;mastic&#34; 25C which is defined by Webster&#39;s Dictionary, supra, at page 702, as &#34;any of various pasty materials used as protective coatings or cements.&#34; The &#34;aggregate&#34; is a conventional synthetic turf 26C bonded to the mat 30 by the mastic 25C. Although the turf 26C is not an &#34;aggregate&#34; in the traditional sense, the turf is considered an &#34;aggregate&#34; for purposes of definition in this particular third embodiment. 
     Also, in FIG. 5C, the manner in which each mat 30 is joined to an adjacent identical mat 30, as mentioned in the discussion of FIG. 4A, is shown. First, each mat 30 is spaced by an opening 0 from the adjacent identical mat 30. This opening 0 allows for thermal expansion and contraction of each mat 30 laid down in a predetermined pattern shown in FIG. 4A. As seen at the right hand side of FIG. 5C, the opening 0 between outer edges 21E of adjacent mats 30 is seamed with the same fiberglass mesh tape T and urethane paste U used at the face F of the recess shown in FIG. 3. This tape T with the urethane paste U is built up until it fills the bevel or chamfer forming the angles β between the adjacent outer edges 21E. Thereafter, the mastic 25C is applied over the tape T and the urethane paste U so that the turf 26C is bonded thereto. Thus, the entire field is seamless. The mastic 25C and the urethane paste U that cover the adjacent mats 30 eliminate seams and level out any flaws, in the nature of bumps and the like, that are manifested through the mats 30 from the ground G, thus beautifully enhancing the appearance of the entire field and also reducing maintenance costs. 
     Summarizing FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C, the sealer 25 and the aggregate 26 cover the mats 10, 20, or 30. A key function of the combined sealer 25 and aggregate 26 is to prevent any significant or rapid loss of attenuating properties due to weathering and/or exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun. 
     Referring to the helipad 10 shown in FIGS. 1, 4C, and 5A, its functions may be described as follows: 
     to reduce substantially the shock load experienced by the helicopter H upon touchdown; 
     to attenuate rotor vibrations while the helicopter H is idling down or warming up; 
     to reduce substantially the level of noise present both inside and outside the helicopter H; 
     to provide a seamless landing and takeoff surface capable of withstanding the caustic properties of aviation fuels and related aircraft fluids; 
     to provide a surface capable of sufficiently attenuating the impact of tools, aircraft parts, and munitions in order to eliminate or at least reduce the possibility of damage, misfiring, and sparking; 
     to reduce substantially the costs of maintenance necessitated by damage caused by shocks to the helicopter H; and 
     to increase substantially the reliability and safety of the helicopter H. 
     Referring to the third embodiment of mat 30 shown in FIG. 5C, it functions as follows: 
     to provide a permanently installed and seamless attenuating mat 30 used under artificial turf surfaces; 
     to provide an attenuating mat 30 with excellent shock absorption properties over a broad temperature range and with a long life cycle; 
     to provide an attenuating mat 30 that, together with the integrated artificial turf 26C, constitutes a surface that is nearly identical in &#34;feel&#34; to natural grass, but has significantly better shock absorption characteristics; and 
     to provide an attenuating mat 30 that, together with the integrated artificial turf 26C, constitutes a surface that will substantially reduce injuries when compared with a surface system comprising an artificial turf 26C laid over a conventional foam base. 
     The foregoing preferred embodiments are considered illustrative only. Numerous other modifications will readily occur to those persons skilled in this particular technology after reading this specification. Consequently, the disclosed invention is not limited by the exact construction and operation shown and described above but rather is defined by the claims appended hereto.