Abstract:
A method for the separation of liquid CO 2  from a 2 phase feed stream, the process comprising the steps of: cooling the feed stream to a cryogenic temperature; expanding the cooled stream so as to further lower the temperature of the feed through expansion; mechanically separating the expanded stream, using a mechanical separator, into a gas phase and a liquid CO 2  phase, and; venting the gas phase and outflowing the liquid CO 2 .

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present disclosure relates to the separation of CO 2  from a feed stream of, for instance, hydrocarbon gas. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Cryogenic separation is a process that separates CO2 under extremely low temperature. It enables direct production of liquid CO2 at a low pressure, so that the liquid CO2 can be stored or sequestered via liquid pumping instead of compression of gaseous CO2 to a very high pressure, thereby saving on compression energy. 
         [0003]    However, cryogenic distillation technology for high concentration of CO2 feed mixture and at offshore condition poses a challenge in terms of its economic and space limitation. 
         [0004]    It would therefore he advantageous to provide an alternative method of cryogenic separation that provides a space benefit over the prior system. 
       SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
       [0005]    In a first aspect the invention provides a method for the separation of liquid CO 2  from a 2 phase feed stream, the process comprising the steps of: cooling the feed stream to a cryogenic temperature; expanding the cooled stream so as to further lower the temperature of the feed through expansion; mechanically separating the expanded stream, using a mechanical separator, into a gas phase and a liquid CO 2  phase, and; venting the gas phase and outflowing the liquid CO 2 . 
         [0006]    In a second aspect the invention provides a mechanical separator for separating liquid CO2 from a 2 phase feed stream, comprising: a housing defining an enclosed chamber within the housing, said chamber arranged to receive the 2 phase feed stream; a baffle within the chamber, said baffle arranged to rotate relative to the housing and positioned such that the feed stream is received at a central portion of said baffle; said housing including a liquid phase outlet proximate to a periphery of the chamber and a gas phase outlet proximate to a central portion of the baffle; wherein rotation of the baffle is arranged to accelerate a liquid phase of the 2 phase feed stream to the periphery of the chamber for outflowing through the liquid phase outlet with the gas phase at said central portion for venting through the gas phase outlet. 
         [0007]    Accordingly, the use of a mechanical separation system for the cryogenic separation of CO2 from a hydrocarbon gas feed stream achieves the desired separation results, without the space requirement conventional distillation columns introduce. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         [0008]    It will be convenient to further describe the present invention with respect to the accompanying drawings that illustrate possible arrangements or the invention. Other arrangements of the invention are possible and consequently, the particularity of the accompanying drawings is not to be understood as superseding the generality of the preceding description of the invention. 
           [0009]      FIG. 1  is a flow diagram of one embodiment of a process according to the present invention. 
           [0010]      FIG. 2  is a flow diagram of a further embodiment according to the present invention. 
           [0011]      FIG. 3  is a flow diagram of a still further embodiment according to the present invention. 
           [0012]      FIG. 4  is a cross-section view of a mechanical separator according to one embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0013]      FIG. 5  is a detailed view of a portion of the mechanical separator of  FIG. 4   
           [0014]      FIG. 6  is a detailed view of a further portion of the mechanical separator of  FIG. 4   
           [0015]      FIG. 7  is an isometric view of a mass transfer device of the rotating baffle according to one embodiment of the present invention 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0016]    The following description represents actual trials, providing experimentally measured data, and is not intended to limit the invention to a particular range of values and outcomes. The invention is therefore explained with reference to the specific nature of the experimental results, but not to any particular arrangement that may limit its scope. 
         [0017]    It will therefore be apparent to the skilled person that different applications of the invention as described may yield different numerical results from those given below and still fall within the scope of the invention. 
         [0018]    Thus,  FIGS. 1 to 3  show three different and general embodiments of the present invention. These arrangements were tested and measure to provide specific results having very precise outcomes. Providing specific experimental results is intended to explain the general operation of the invention through use of particular information.  FIG. 1  shows one embodiment of the present invention being a cryogenic separation system  5  whereby a hydrocarbon feed stream  10  is fed into a heat exchanger or cooler  15  in order to cool the feed stream. The cool feed stream is then passed into an expander  20  which, on expansion, further cools the two phase stream. Consequently, the feed stream is at −21 C at a pressure of 39 bar as it enters the mechanical separator  25 . The two phase feed stream then undergoes a mechanical separation so as to separate a gas phase and liquid CO2  30  at a temperature of −53.8° at a pressure of 39.5 bar and then outflow a liquid CO2 stream at 5.86 C at 39.5 bar. 
         [0019]    The use of a mechanical separator such as that shown in  FIG. 1  avoids the use of conventional distillation columns which require significantly more space and the consequential infrastructure costs which is inherently associated with such equipment. While an important consideration on land, for offshore applications, the use of a mechanical separator provides a significant advantage economically and potentially the difference between a viable application for cryogenic separation or not. 
         [0020]      FIG. 2  shows a further embodiment whereby the feed stream  38  passes through a similar heat exchanger  40  and expander stage  45  before passing through a conventional separator  50 . Because the feed stream will eventually undergo mechanical separation the separator  50  does not need to provide a full separation but merely increase the overall efficiency of the system when used in association with the mechanical separator  65 . To this end, the separator  50  vents the gas stream  55  and passes the liquid phase  60  to the mechanical separator  65 . 
         [0021]    In the embodiment of  FIG. 2  a further re-cooling phase  70  is provided to again aid in the efficiency of the cryogenic separation. Here the liquid phase is alternatively outflowed  85  or may pass through the heat exchanger  70  to introduce a re-cool feed stream to the mechanical separator  65 . Throughout the process, the gas phase is vented  75  as part of the two phase separation. 
         [0022]    As shown in  FIG. 3 , the feed gas  90  is cooled down to a temperature of −20 C from 32.51 C via a heat exchanger  95 . The cooled gas is further cool down to −32 C via expansion  100  of the gas from 73 bar to 40 bar. After the expansion  100 , phase change occurs changing the stream to have gas and liquid at ratio of 0.3. Further downstream the gas is enters a separator  105  to separate the liquid and gas in the stream. The top outlet  110  of the separator vessel shall contain  38  of CO2 and 52 mol % of CH4. While the bottom outlet of the separator vessel contain 84 mol % of CO2 and 13 mol % of CH4. 
         [0023]    The top outlet  110  of the separator  105  is mixed with the top product  130  of the 2 nd  mechanical separator  125  forming a composition of 39.38 mol % of CO2 and 53.63 mol % of CH4. This will then enter the 1 st  mechanical separator  120  as a feed stream at temperature −32 C and pressure of 39 bar. 
         [0024]    The bottom outlet  115  of the separator  105  is mixed with the bottom product  135  of the 1st mechanical separator  120  forming a composition 84.7 mol % of CO2 and 12.58 mol % of CH4. This is then directed into the 2nd mechanical separator  125  as a feed stream at temperature −32 C and pressure of 39 bar. 
         [0025]    The stream  130  from the 2 nd  mechanical separator  125  enters as gas feed to the 1 st  mechanical separator  120 . The gas feed is fed into the 1st mechanical separator  120  via a gas inlet located at the side wall. The gas will undergo heat and mass transfer by contacting with the counter and cross flow of liquid flowing from the centre of the mechanical separator. 
         [0026]    The intense and rigorous gas contact with the liquid within the 1 st  mechanical separator  120  will separate CO2 components from the gas into the liquid. Accordingly, the top outlet of  140  from the 1 st  mechanical separator  120  is rich in CH4 and the bottom outlet  133  rich in CO2. 
         [0027]    The top outlet stream  140  which is 100% in gas form will be subjected to a condenser to be cool down to a temperature −53 C. This will change the single gas phase into liquid and gas phase. The liquid may return to the mechanical separators  120 ,  125  as a reflux stream. The gas vented from the 1 st  mechanical separator may have a composition of 20.55 mol % of CO2 and 70.4 mol % of CH4. The bottom outlet of the 1 st  mechanical separator  120  will have 85.4 mol % of CO2 and 12.4 mol % of CH4. 
         [0028]    Within the 2 nd  mechanical separator  125 , the stream  115  enters the 2 nd  mechanical separator as liquid feed. The liquid feed inlet of 2 nd  mechanical separator is at the top and centre. The liquid feed will undergo mass and heat transfer by counter and cross flow contacting with the incoming flow of gas. Here, most of the CH4 trapped within the liquid feed will be stripped out and forming a vapour high in CH4. The stripped gas will move to the gas outlet  130  located at the centre of the 2 nd  mechanical separator  125 . The gas outlet stream of 2 nd  mechanical separator contains 55 mol % of CH4 and 40 mol % of CO2. 
         [0029]    The liquid outlet at the bottom of 2 nd  mechanical separator  125  may be subjected to heat in a re-boiler to increase the temperature to 4.2 C, and so forming a stream with both liquid and gas phase. 
         [0030]    The gas phase will re-enter the mechanical separator at a re-boil ratio of 0.52. Meanwhile the liquid will form the bottom product of 2 nd  mechanical separator  125  and will contain up to 97 mol % of CO2. 
         [0031]      FIGS. 4 to 7  show various embodiments of a mechanical separator according to the present invention. 
         [0032]    The mechanical separator as shown in  FIG. 4  is one embodiment of the mechanical separation envisaged by the present invention. In this embodiment both liquid  155  and gas  150  inlets provide the feed stream into the mechanical separator. The mechanical separator includes a housing  170  defining an internal cavity  175  being the separation chamber. A baffle arranged to rotate  185  includes a baffle plate  180  having a plurality of members  190  projecting therefrom. The housing includes a plurality of elements  195  projecting from an internal surface so as to, in this embodiment, intermeshed with the members of the rotating baffle. 
         [0033]    This embodiment further includes a mass transfer device  200  for aiding in the formation of bubbles in the liquid phase so as to facilitate heat and mass transfer. By rotating the baffle, as liquid is introduced through the liquid distributor  135 , the liquid distributor  135  uniformly distributes the liquid as droplets again to aid in heat and mass transfer by increasing surface area. The liquid phase is further disrupted by the interaction between the stationary elements  195  and moving members  190 . The centrifugal force applied by the rotating baffle forces the liquid through the interlaced elements and members to a periphery of the chamber  175  whereby the liquid phase is eventually passed through a liquid outlet  165 . 
         [0034]    The gas within the feed stream, however, is subject to a vortex arrangement and so biased into the central portion  207  of the rotating baffle whereupon it is vented through the gas outlet  160 . 
         [0035]      FIG. 5  shows a detailed view of the liquid phase path as it passes through the interlaced stationary elements  195  and moving members  190  of the rotating baffle. The mass transfer device  200  further impedes the liquid phase flow  230  tending to collect liquid  235  and forming bubbles  240  as a result of the consequential turbulence. In this way the mass transfer devices aid in the heat and mass transfer to further boil the liquid as it passes from the central portion to the periphery of the chamber. 
         [0036]    As shown in  FIGS. 5 and 7 , under centrifugal condition due to rotation of rotating baffle, a vortex of liquid will form. Most of this liquid  240  will be pushed to the peripheral wall  187  and gases are being forced to be pushed into the centre of the mechanical separator due to its density difference, and so leaving a space of gas zone in the centre top of the mechanical separator. Thus, introduction of liquid droplets within this zone enhances mass and heat transfer significantly. Under this centrifugal effect the gas will be driven towards the centre of the mechanical separator and channels out through the gas outlet tube. The application of this liquid distributor enhances the performance overall in terms of separation efficiency and having a shorter residence time. 
         [0037]    In one embodiment, the mass transfer device may be in the form of a bubble cap  200 . The gas forms bubbles  240  by penetrating through the bubble cap  200 . The bubbles formed from the bubble cap enhance mass and heat transfer due to its increase in surface area. 
         [0038]    Bubble cap  200  includes a small metal disk  282 . The small metal disk  282  is round in shape, supported with risers  285  and is not movable. Bubble caps are placed horizontally on the openings of the surface of rotating baffles inside the mechanical separator. Only half surface of the rotating baffles are installed with bubble cap in order for the bubble cap to be submerged in the liquid layer. The gas will undergo heat and mass transfer by contacting with the counter and cross flow of liquid from the centre of the mechanical separator. The gas flow will split and forms bubbles when penetrating through  290  the bubble cap. 
         [0039]      FIG. 6  shows a liquid distributor  245  according to one embodiment of the present invention. The purpose of this liquid distributor  245  is to generate fine droplets of liquids  265  and distribute it into the gas vapour zone at the central portion of the baffle plate of the mechanical separator. This liquid distributor includes of a liquid inlet  255 , hemispherical liquid chamber  250 , cone shaped nozzles  260  and a gas outlet tube  220 ,  270 . 
         [0040]    During operation of mechanical separator, the liquid feed inlet  255  is fed into the mechanical separator through the liquid distributor  245 . The liquid inlet  255  flows the high pressure liquid feed into the hemispherical chamber  250 . The liquid feed then will enter the centre of the mechanical separator through the cone shaped nozzles  260  embedded within the semi sphere liquid chamber. Due to high pressure of liquid and cone shaped nozzles, the liquid feed is choked and expanded immediately when it reaches the central portion of the mechanical separator forming a spray effect of fine droplets of liquid. These fine droplets of liquid enhance the mass and heat transfer of the rotating gas in the centre of the mechanical separator.