Abstract:
A thermally energized fuel-cell pressurization system and humidity control system utilizing a compressor-expander, an ejector, and a steam generator is disclosed. The system can be more compact and energy efficient than comparable electrically-based pressurization systems when incorporated into the fuel cell reformation and water management systems as a whole.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    This application is a division of U.S. application 09/679,053 which was filed Oct. 3, 2000 under the same inventor and entitled: PRESSURE EXCHANGING COMPRESSOR-EXPANDER AND METHODS OF USE. 
     
    
     
       FIELD OF INVENTION  
         [0002]    This invention relates to electro-chemical fuel cell systems, and, more particularly, to the integrated pressurization and moisturization of the fuel cell.  
         BACKGROUND OF INVENTION  
         [0003]    During the course of the 20 th  Century, science and engineering have brought us to an era whereby every American enjoys the availability of abundant energy as well as advanced technology for heating and air-conditioning of homes, transportation, and industry. Nevertheless, these wonders of modern society have come at a severe price to our global environment and to our reserves of nonrenewable natural resources. Fossil fueled electrical power generation and automobiles have increased the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to the point where deleterious global warming effects on the environment are predicted. Furthermore, due to the release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC&#39;s) from conventional refrigeration and air conditioning systems, the ozone layer protecting the earth from deadly ultraviolet radiation is being depleted, with serious projected consequences for mankind. This crisis is considered so serious that 159 nations, including the United States, met in Kyoto, Japan in December of  1997  and signed a treaty designed to limit the buildup of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in our environment. Immediately following the signing of the treaty, there was an outpouring of concern that meeting the targets outlined in Kyoto would be impossible without either modifying radically the American way of life, or of finding new energy-efficient and non-polluting technologies.  
           [0004]    According to “Fuel Cells” by McDougall, John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1976, page 78, the first successful working fuel cell was produced by F. T. Bacon in 1957. This fuel cell had a working temperature of 200° C. and a pressure of 20-40 atm. For all fuel cells, the well known Nernst equation predicts that the output voltage of a fuel cell should increase with the partial pressures of fuel and oxygen. For many types of fuel cells, the power output and the efficiency of the fuel cell stack generally increases with pressure as well. For example, the “Fuel Cell Handbook” by Appleby, Van Nostrand-Reinhold, 1989, discusses the improvements in power output and efficiency obtained by pressurizing various types of fuel cells including the Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC), the Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC), and the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC). However, in all cases, this improvement in performance must be paid for by the energy input required to compress the reactants and the increased complexity of the system. In theory, an ideal compressor-expander can pressurize the fuel cell with a minimal energy requirement if the compressor and expander operate at 100% efficiency. In such a system, the fuel cell is pressurized on the air side by a compressor, and the oxygen depleted exhaust gases energize an expander which drives the compressor, requiring very little additional energy input. In practice, component efficiencies become very crucial, and substantial amounts of external energy must be supplied, thereby lowering the improvement in overall system efficiency gained through pressurization. With current technology, this can involve very expensive and bulky machinery. For this reason, in the current state-of-the-art, PAFC&#39;s, MCFC&#39;s, and SOFC&#39;s, are normally operated at atmospheric pressure.  
           [0005]    While the advantages and disadvantages of pressurization apply to all fuel cells, they have recently become of prime importance in the Department of Energy “Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles” (PNGV) program in fuel cells for automobiles where the goal is to obtain a vehicle which will achieve 80 miles/gallon of fuel. Current emphasis in the PNGV fuel cell vehicle program is to use the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) since this type offers reduced weight and size, faster start-up, operation at room temperature, and potentially lower cost. Such a fuel cell is normally pressurized to about 3 atmospheres on the air side, and with hydrogen rich gas produced by an on-board gasoline reformer. Kumar (U.S. Pat. No. 5,248,566) calls for PEMFC operating pressures of about 2-5 atmospheres on the hydrogen side. With PEMFC&#39;s in the automotive environment, pressurization is particularly important since the size of the stack must be minimized while the power output maximized. Also, since the PEMFC has a solid fluorocarbon electrolyte which must be humidified in order to function, a sufficiently high water vapor pressure without diluting the hydrogen and oxygen can only be obtained if the system is pressurized. Thus, a critical technology in the success of a fuel-cell-powered automobile is a high efficiency compressor-expander, capable of a wide dynamic range of operation, low in cost, low in volume and weight, and capable of humidity control. An objective of the present invention is to provide a system which can meet these requirements.  
         SUMMARY OF INVENTION  
         [0006]    In the development of new technologies which will enable us to continue to enjoy our prosperity yet preserve the environment, there has been a profound need for high efficiency compressor-expanders for pressurizing fuel cells. This is an area of technology whereby improvements can have a major global impact on the amount of the energy we consume and the pollution we create, particularly with regard to greenhouse gases and ozone layer depleting chemicals. fluid at the discharge of the nozzle is substantially reduced.  
           [0007]    This disclosure further provides a pressurization system for fuel cell power plants which is particularly useful for automotive applications using PEM fuel cells. The disclosure recited herein has a compressor-expander which is powered by exhaust gases from the fuel cell and discharges said exhaust gas to the atmosphere. Said compressor-expander receives clean secondary air from the ambient and compresses it for discharge into the secondary inlet of an ejector. The primary of said ejector is steam provided from a boiler. The steam provides the excess energy needed to make up for inherent losses, and it also provides needed moisture for the fuel cell. The disclosed system can be more compact than comparable compressor-expander-motor combinations utilizing conventional machinery. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0008]    [0008]FIG. 1 discloses a preferred embodiment of a fuel-cell pressurization system of the present invention.  
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0009]    The combination of an ejector  1  and a compressor-expander  70  of this invention is ideally suited for use in pressurizing and moisturizing environmentally friendly fuel-cell power generation systems (e.g., Kumar, U.S. Pat. No. 5,248,566). A basic embodiment of the use of this invention in such a system is illustrated in FIG. 1. The pressurization system is shown on the oxygen-side of the fuel cell  98 , however, pressurization on the hydrogen-side is also anticipated by the current invention, particularly when partial oxidation reformers which require pressurized air to convert fuel to hydrogen are used. In the embodiment shown, the fuel-cell  98  is provided oxygen from the ambient air through secondary inlet conduit  3  of pressure-exchange compressor-expander  70 . Pressurized oxygen-depleted but moisture rich exhaust from the oxygen-side of said fuel cell  98  is extracted through conduit  86  and is introduced into said pressure-exchange compressor-expander  70  through primary inlet conduit  2 . The de-energized first-fluid is brought through outlet conduit  72  which discharges to the open atmosphere. Second-fluid consists essentially of a major proportion of clean air, and a smaller proportion of recirculated, moisture-rich, primary fluid. Said second-fluid is discharged through outlet conduit  74  and is brought through conduit  88  to the secondary fluid inlet conduit  3  of pressure-exchange ejector  1 . Ejector  1  is energized with steam which is brought to primary inlet conduit  2  from boiler  94  through conduit  95 . Said boiler  94  can be energized by electric heating elements, combustion, or waste heat from the reforming process or elsewhere. Liquid water is brought through conduit  89  from a water-management system to holding tank  90  from which pump  92  receives water through conduit  91  and discharges liquid water to boiler  94  through conduit  93 . In ejector  1 , the mixture of the energized air and the de-energized steam are together discharged through outlet conduit  4  and brought to the oxygen-side of fuel cell  98  through conduit  87 . Hydrogen-rich fuel, generally from a reformer, is introduced to the fuel cell  98  through conduit  96 , and hydrogen-depleted products are discharged through conduit  97 .  
         [0010]    In this embodiment of the invention, two-stage operation can enable the attainment of a high pressure in the fuel cell  98 . Five atmospheres would be quite reasonable. Furthermore, no heavy electric motors or conventional machinery are needed, thus saving appreciable weight, volume and cost. The compatibility with the steam energizing and the high moisture content required by proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells is particularly advantageous, although the system can be used with phosphoric acid fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells, and others as well since all fuel cells can benefit from pressurization. By the use of appropriate mixing control, combining of primary and secondary flows as previously discussed, the system offers further accurate means of moisture control. Cold start-up for proton exchange membrane fuel cell vehicles can be accomplished by the use of electric heating elements in the boiler. The time required to build up pressure is governed by the design of the electrical boiler heating elements and the mass of water contained within boiler  94 . However, with proper design, pressurization in less than one minute should be possible. It should also be noted that this embodiment of the invention can be used on the hydrogen side of the fuel cell as well where the presence of the energizing steam may be used in the reforming process.