Abstract:
The invention relates to a device for measuring pressure, temperature and flow velocity. It comprises a sensor ( 6 ) with a sensor support body ( 13 ) provided with a diaphragm ( 15 ) covering a cavity ( 14 ) formed in the support body ( 13 ). A pressure sensitive element ( 41 ) is mounted on the diaphragm, for recording pressure. Furthermore, a temperature sensitive resistor ( 42 ) mounted in the vicinity of and having known temperature dependences, for recording temperature. It also comprises an electrical circuit ( 43, 44, 45, 46 ) selectively outputting signals from either of the pressure sensitive element and the temperature sensitive resistor.

Description:
This application is a continuation of U.S. Application Ser. No. 09/117,416 (filed Apr. 6, 1999), which is the National Stage of International Application PCT/SE97/00150 (which was filed on Jan. 30, 1997, and was published in English on Aug. 7, 1997 as WO 97/27802). This application also claims priority to Swedish Application 9600334-8, filed Jan. 30, 1996. The entire contents of the U.S. application, the PCT application, and the Swedish application are incorporated herein by reference. 
     The present invention relates generally to pressure, temperature and flow measurements, in particular in the medical field, and especially to in situ measurements of the intracoronary pressure, distally of a stricture, using a guide wire having a pressure sensor mounted at its distal end. 
     In particular it concerns a combined flow, pressure and temperature sensor. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In order to determine or assess the ability of a specific coronary vessel to supply blood to the heart muscle, i.e. the myocardium, there is known a method by which the intracoronary pressure distally of a stricture in combination with the proximal pressure is measured. The method is a determination of the so called Fractional Flow Reserve (see “Fractional Flow Reserve”, Circulation, Vol. 92, No. 11, Dec. 1, 1995, by Nico H. j. Pijls et al.). Briefly FFR myo  is defined as the ratio between the pressure distally of a stricture and the pressure proximal of a stricture, i.e. FFR myo =P dist /P prox . The distal pressure is measured in the vessel using a micro-pressure transducer, and the proximal pressure is the arterial pressure. 
     A limitation in measuring only the blood pressure and the pressure gradient, alternatively the Fractional Flow Reserve, is that there is no control of the flow in the coronary vessel. As an example, a vessel having a significant stricture would not yield any pressure drop if the myocardium is defective and has no ability to receive blood. The diagnosis will incorrectly show that the coronary vessel is healthy, when instead the conclusion should have been that the myocardium and possibly the coronary vessel are ill. 
     A diagnosis method for diagnosing small vessel disease is performed as follows: 
     The Fractional Flow Reserve is determined. If the FFR is &lt;0.75 the coronary vessel should be treated. 
     If FFR is &gt;0.75 there are two possibilities: 
     a) either the patient is healthy with respect to the actual coronary vessel (the most plausible), or 
     b) there is a low blood flow distally of the distal pressure measurement due to either an additional stricture or a sickly myocardium. 
     In order to investigate whether alternative b) is at hand, it is desirable to obtain knowledge regarding the health status of the myocardium, by measuring Coronary Flow Reserve (CFR), or in the alternative the Coronary Velocity Reserve (CVR). The idea is to determine by how many times a patient is able to increase his/her blood flow during work. A healthy patient should be able to increase the blood flow by 2.5-5 times, depending on the patient&#39;s age. Work is simulated by the addition of a so called vaso dilating pharmaceutical/medicament, e.g. Adenosine, Papaverin or the like. This medicament dilates the capillaries which increases the blood flow. The same medicament is used for determining FFR. 
     CFV is defined as              CFV   =       Q   work     /     Q   rest                   =       Q     during                 vaso                 dilatation       /     Q   rest                                    
     (Q is the flow) 
     This being a ratio and assuming that the cross sectional area is constant during one velocity measurement, it will suffice to measure the velocity. 
     CFR is defined as 
     
       
         
           CFR=Q 
           work 
           /Q 
           rest 
           =[V 
           work 
           *K]/[V 
           rest 
           *K]=V 
           work 
           /V 
           rest 
         
       
     
     Since the desired parameter is a flow increase, it will be sufficient to obtain it as a relative quantity 
     
       
           CFR=[K*V   work   ]/[K*V   rest ] 
       
     
     wherein K is a constant. 
     Researchers have devised methods where the pressure and flow velocity in the coronary vessel are measured, the results being presented as so called “pressure-velocity loops”. Thereby it becomes possible to distinguish patients suffering from the so called “small vessel disease” from others. In patients with “small vessel disease” the pressure gradient, corresponding to a low FFR, and the velocity of flow will be low, whereas healthy patients will have a low pressure gradient, corresponding to a high FFR, and a high flow. 
     In some investigations the applicant&#39;s system for pressure measurements in vivo, Pressure Guide™ (Radi Medical Systems) and the flow sensor sold under the trade name Flowmap™ (Cardiometrics) have been tested. 
     It is a great drawback to have to introduce two sensors into the coronary vessel, compared to a situation where both sensors are mounted on a “guide wire”. Thus, it has been suggested to provide a guide wire with two sensors, but this presents several technical problems with the integration of two sensors in a thin guide wire. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The object of the invention is therefor to make available means and methods for carrying out such combined pressure and flow measurements with a single unit, thus facilitating investigations of the outlined type, and making diagnosing more reliable. 
     The object outlined above is achieved according to the invention with the sensor as described herein, whereby the problems of the prior art have been overcome. The key is to use the temperature sensitive element for obtaining a flow parameter. Thus, there is provided a single sensor having the ability to measure both the pressure and to determine the velocity of flow or the volume flow. A great advantage with such a solution is that only one electrical circuit needs to be provided in a guide wire. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the sensor is an electrical sensor of a piezoresistive type. However it is contemplated that other pressure sensitive devices may be used, e.g. capacitive devices, or mechanically resonating sensors. 
     In accordance with the invention there is also provided a method of determining pressure, temperature and flow in a coronary vessel. 
     Further scope of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description given hereinafter. 
     However, it should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description. the invention are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The present invention, will become more fully understood from the detailed description given herein below and the accompanying drawings which are given by way of illustration only, and thus not limitative of the present invention, and wherein 
     FIGS. 1A and 1B show a microphone for recording extremely small eddies in turbulent gas flows; 
     FIG. 2 shows a sensor/guide assembly to be used together with the invention; 
     FIG. 3 shows a top view of a pressure sensor chip and the electric circuitry schematically illustrated; 
     FIG. 4 shows schematically the circuit of a “double” Wheatstone bridge for use in the invention; 
     FIG. 5 is an illustration of a Wheatstone bridge used in a second embodiment of the invention; 
     FIGS. 6A and 6B show temperature profiles obtained in a thermodilution type measurement; 
     FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration showing how transit time is used to obtain the desired parameter. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     With reference to FIGS. 1 a  and  1   b  there is shown a prior art device disclosed in a publication entitled “A Small-Size 
     The microphone comprises a silicon substrate  100 , and a cavity  102  in said substrate. A diaphragm of polysilicon  104  covers the cavity  102 . On the diaphragm a polysilicon piezoresistor  106  is attached. Etch holes  108  and etch channels  110  are provided for manufacturing purposes. Vent channels  112  are also provided. On the substrate  100  there are metal conductors  114  and bond pads  116  for connecting cabling to external devices. 
     Now turning to FIG. 2 there is shown a sensor/guide device comprising a solid wire  1  which is machined by so called centering grinding, and inserted into a proximal tube portion  2 . The wire  1  forms the distal portion of the guide, and extends beyond the distal end of the proximal tube portion  2  where said tube is connected to or integrally formed with a spiral portion  3 . On the distal end of the wire  1  there is mounted a pressure sensor  6 . Between the wire  1  and the spiral portion  3 , electrical leads  4  from the electronic circuitry run parallel with said wire  1 . The sensor  6  is protected by a short section of a tube  7  having an aperture  8  through which surrounding media act on the pressure sensor. At the very distal end of the entire device there is a radio opaque coil  9 , e.g. made of Pt, and used for location purposes, and a safety wire  10  for securing the distal part of the spiral  9 . 
     To minimize the number of electrical leads, the wire or tube may be used as one of the electrical leads. 
     The proximal tubing  2  and the spiral  3  may be coupled such as to be utilized as an electrical shield, in which case it of course cannot be used as an electrical lead. 
     Now embodiments of the pressure sensor will be described with reference to FIGS. 3-4. 
     The sensor is based on the small size silicon microphone mentioned above, which is designed for detecting extremely small eddies in turbulent gas flows. It has been fully described for that application in said publication “Sensors and Actuators A”, 1994 (incorporated herein in its entirety by reference). However, it has been modified in accordance with the present invention in the way described below. In order to further miniaturize the external dimensions of the microphone to meet the requirements of the invention, the external dimensions for accommodating the lead pattern on the sensor should be no more than 0.18 mm×1.3 mm×0.18 mm, preferably no more than 0.14 mm×1.3 mm×0.1 mm. 
     An unexpected advantage of miniaturizing is that the thermal mass, and thereby the thermal time constant, is low, i.e. the entire chip including its resistors heats up and cools down very quickly. In fact it is thereby possible to monitor dynamic changes in the domain 1 Hz and faster. For the purpose of studying flow in blood vessels, the variation of flow velocity or volume flow during a heart cycle is easily detected, and therefor anomalies in the blood flow may be detected. 
     The sensor (see FIG. 3) comprises a sensor support body in the form of a silicon chip  13  in which there is a cavity  14  made e.g. by etching. Across the cavity there is formed a polysilicon diaphragm  15  having a thickness of e.g. 0.4-1.5 μm or possibly up to 5 μm, and a side length of 100 μm. Within the cavity a vacuum of less than 1000 Pa, preferably less than 30 Pa prevails. In contact with said diaphragm there is mounted a piezoresistive element  41 . A pressure acting on the diaphragm  15  will cause a deflection thereof and of the piezoresistive element  41 , which yields a signal that may be detected. 
     In order to attach the cabling  4  to the chip, bond pads  19  are required. These bond pads must have a certain dimension (e.g. 100×75 μm), and must be spaced apart a certain distance, respect distance approximately 125 μm. Since the dimensional adaptation entails narrowing the chip, the consequence is that in order to be able to meet the mentioned requirements, the bond pads have to be located in a row, one after the other, as shown in FIG.  3 . 
     It is also preferred for temperature compensation purposes to have a reference resistor  42  mounted on the sensor. This reference resistor  42  may be located on different points on the sensor chip. 
     In one embodiment it is placed on the diaphragm  15 . This is preferred since identical environments to both the active, piezoresistive element  41  and the reference resistor  42  will be provided. Thereby the active element, i.e. the piezoresistive element  41 , is mounted such that it will be affected by a longitudinal tension  41  when it is subjected to a pressure. The reference resistor  42  is preferably mounted perpendicularly with respect to the active element  41  and along the border of the diaphragm  15 , i.e. at the periphery of the cavity  14  present underneath the diaphragm  15 . 
     However, it is possible to locate the reference resistor on the silicon substrate  13  adjacent the diaphragm. This is an advantage since the reference resistance thereby will be pressure independent. 
     Another possibility is to locate the reference resistor on a “dummy” diaphragm adjacent the real diaphragm  15 , in order to provide the same mechanical and thermal environment for the active element  41  and the reference resistor  42 . 
     With reference to FIG. 4, an embodiment of the electrical circuit and its operation and function will now be described. 
     As schematically is shown in FIG. 4, one embodiment of the sensor circuit comprises six resistors  41  . . .  46 , two of which  41 ,  42  are mounted on the diaphragm, as previously mentioned (resistor  41  corresponds to resistor  41  in FIG. 3, and resistor  42  corresponds to resistor  42  in FIG.  3 ). Resistor  41  is a piezoresistive element, and resistor  42  is only temperature sensitive. The remaining resistors  43 ,  44 ,  45 ,  46  are located externally of the entire sensor/guide assembly, and do not form part of the sensor element. 
     In this embodiment the resistors are coupled as a “double” Wheatstone bridge, i.e. with resistors  42 ,  43 ,  44 ,  46  forming one bridge (for temperature compensation and flow calculation), resistors  41 ,  42 ,  45 ,  46  forming the second bridge for pressure measurement. Thus, resistors  42  and  46  are shared by the bridges. Thereby it is possible to measure the temperature (across B-C) and pressure (across A-C) independently of each other. From the measured temperature values the flow velocity or volume flow may be calculated. 
     In another embodiment there are four resistors ( 51 ,  52 ,  53 ,  54 ) connected as shown in FIG. 5, i.e. as a simple “single” Wheatstone bridge. If at least one of the four resistors, say  51 , has a temperature coefficient ≠0, then temperature changes may be measured as follows: 
     If the voltage V applied is maintained constant, the current I through the circuit may be measured and is a measure of the temperature, since the total impedance (resistance) of the circuit will change with temperature. 
     Alternatively the current I may be maintained constant, and in this case the voltage over the bridge will be temperature dependent. 
     By means of the shown circuit, the CFR can be determined by registering the temperature drop due to a passing liquid having a lower temperature than the body temperature, as will be discussed in detail below. 
     For the flow determination the principle of so called hot-wire and hot-film anemometers may be employed (reference is made to “Measurement Systems”, 3rd edition, pp 506-, by Doebelin, 1983), in which case a flow velocity may be obtained. 
     Alternatively the principle of thermo-dilution may be employed, in which case the volume flow may be obtained. 
     Both principles will be discussed below beginning with hot-wire anemometers. 
     Hot-wire anemometers commonly are made in two basic forms: the constant current type and the constant temperature type. Both utilize the same physical principle but in different ways. In the constant current type, a fine resistance wire carrying a fixed current is exposed to the fluid flowing at a certain velocity. The wire attains an equilibrium temperature when the i 2 R heat is essentially constant; thus the wire temperature must adjust itself to change the convective loss until equilibrium is reached. Since the convection film coefficient is a function of flow velocity, the equilibrium wire temperature is a measure of velocity. The wire temperature can be measured in terms of its electrical resistance. In the constant temperature form, the current through the wire is adjusted to keep the wire temperature (as measured by its resistance) constant. The current required to do this then becomes a measure of flow velocity. 
     For equilibrium conditions we can write an energy balance for a hot wire as 
     
       
           I   2   R   w   =hA ( Tw−T   f ) 
       
     
     where 
     I=wire current 
     T w =wire temperature 
     T f =temperature of flowing fluid 
     h=film coefficient of heat transfer 
     A=heat transfer area 
     R w =wire resistance 
     h is mainly a function of flow velocity for a given fluid density. 
     It can be written generally on the form 
     
       
         
           h=C 
           0 
           +C 
           1 
           V 
         
       
     
     where V is the flow velocity, and C 0  and C 1 , are constants. For a more detailed account of the theory for hot-wire anemometers reference is made to the cited publication. 
     In pressure measurement mode the resistors in the circuit (FIG. 4) are supplied with 1-10 V (AC or DC), and the potential difference between A and B is registered as a signal representing the pressure. Unless the resistors  41  and  42  are identical in terms of their temperature dependence, this potential difference will be temperature dependent, i.e. one has to know a quantity representative of the temperature at which the measurement takes place in order to obtain a correct pressure value, and therefore the bridge has to be calibrated. This is achieved by recording the potential difference between A and B (see FIG. 4) as a function of the potential difference between A and C at different temperatures, e.g. in a controlled temperature oven or in a water bath. Thus, an “off set” vs temperature dependence curve is obtained, that is used to compensate the pressure signal (A-B) for a given temperature. Namely, at a given temperature it is known from the calibration curve how much should be subtracted from or added to the actual registered signal in order to obtain a correct pressure. It would be advantageous if resistors  41  and  42  have identical or at least a very similar temperature dependence. This is in fact also the case, since they are made in practice at the same time during manufacture of the chip itself. Thus, material composition and properties are in practice identical. Nevertheless the above outlined compensation is necessary in most cases. 
     The actual compensation process is built into the software of the electronic system, and implementation thereof requires only ordinary skill. 
     The inventors have now realized that it is possible to make use of the temperature dependent resistor in a pressure bridge as described above, for flow measurements, using the principle of the hot-wire anemometer. 
     Thus, the temperature sensitive resistor  42  (FIG. 4) having a known temperature behavior as a function of the current supplied to it, is fed with a current that in a static situation (i.e. no flowing fluid surrounding it) would yield a certain temperature, as reflected in its resistance. If there is a difference in the measured resistance compared to what would have been expected in the static situation (i.e. no flow), it can be concluded that a cooling of the resistor is taking place, and thus that there is a flow of fluid. The measurement is made over B-C in the figure. On the basis of this information, the theory indicated above for anemometers may be applied, and a flow velocity calculated. 
     The CFR value may be obtained in the following way using the anemometer principle: 
     1. place a sensor distally of a suspected stricture 
     2. register the flow parameter (“flow velocity”) in a rest condition, V rest *K (K is a constant) 
     3. inject a medicament (e.g. Adenosin, Papaverin) for vaso dilatation 
     4. register the flow parameter (“velocity”) in a work condition, V max *K (K is a constant) 
     5. calculate CFR=V max /V rest   
     During the same procedure the FFR (Fractional Flow Reserve) may also be obtained by measuring the distal and proximal pressures and calculating FFR=P dist /P prox . 
     Now the embodiment utilizing the principle of thermo-dilution will be described. 
     The principle of thermo-dilution involves injecting a known amount of cooled liquid, e.g. physiological saline in a blood vessel. After injection the temperature is continuously recorded with a temperature sensor attached to the tip of a guide wire that is inserted in the vessel. A temperature change due to the cold liquid passing the measurement site, i.e. the location of the sensor, will be a function of the flow (see FIG.  5 ). 
     There are various methods of evaluating the temperature signal for diagnostic purposes. Either one may attempt to calculate the volume flow, or one may use a relative measure, where the flow in a “rest condition” is compared with a “work condition”, induced by medicaments. 
     The latter is the simpler way, and may be carried out by measuring the width at half height of the temperature change profile in the two situations indicated, and forming a ratio between these quantities (see FIG.  6 ). 
     Another way of obtaining a ratio would be to measure the transit time from injection and until the cold liquid passes the sensor, in rest condition and in work condition respectively. The relevant points of measurement are shown in FIG.  7 . 
     The former method, i.e. the utilization of the volume flow parameter as such, requires integration of the temperature profile over time (see FIG. 6) in accordance with the equations given below                Q   rest     =       V   /       ∫     t   0       t   1              (       T     r   ,     m   /              T     r   ,   1         )                        t           ∝     V   /       ∫     t   0       t   1            (       T     r   ,   0       -       T       r   ,   m     )                          t                         (   1   )                 Q   work     =       V   /       ∫     t   0       t   1              (       T     w   ,     m   /              T     w   ,   1         )                        t           ∝     V   /       ∫     t   0       t   1            (       T     w   ,   0       -       T       w   ,   m     )                          t                         (   1   )                                
     wherein 
     V is the volume of injected liquid 
     T r,m  is the measured temperature at rest condition 
     Tr r,1  is the temperature of injected liquid at rest condition 
     T 0  is the temperature of the blood, i.e. 37° C. 
     T w,m  is the measured temperature at work condition 
     T w,1  is the temperature of injected liquid at work condition 
     Q is the volume flow 
     These quantities may then be used directly for assessment of the condition of the coronary vessels and the myocardium of the patient, or they may be ratioed as previously to obtain a CFR, i.e. CFR=Q work /Q rest . 
     A method of diagnosing small vessel disease, using the device of the invention comprises performing measurements at a site in a vessel distally of a suspected stricture. Thus, a pressure sensitive element and a resistor on a sensor element is provided at a measurement site, by inserting through a catheter. The pressure sensitive element and said resistor are part of an electric circuit yielding a pressure indicative output and a temperature indicative output, and have known temperature dependencies. The resistor is used as a reference for the pressure sensitive element. At the site the sensor element will be subjected to flowing fluid, i.e. blood, and the temperature of said fluid is monitored by continuously recording said temperature indicative output from said electric circuit. Then said resistor is subjected to a changed thermal environment. The change in said temperature indicative output resulting from said changed thermal environment is registered. This change in temperature indicative output is used to calculate a flow parameter (Q rest ). A vaso dilating drug is injected in said vessel to simulate a work condition, and the distal pressure (P work,dist ) and temperature of said fluid is monitored by continuously recording said pressure indicative output and said temperature indicative output from said electric circuit. Again the resistor is exposed to a changed thermal environment, and the change in said temperature indicative output resulting from said changed thermal environment is registered. A flow parameter (Q work ) is calculated from said change in said temperature indicative output. The proximal pressure (P prox,work ) is determined, and CFR=Q work /Q rest  and FFR=P dist,work /P prox,work  are calculated. Finally the calculated CFR and FFR are compared with corresponding quantities representative of a healthy patient. 
     The invention being thus described, it will be clear that the same may be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention, and all such modifications as would be clear to one skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims. 
     In particular it may find utility in other areas of the medical field, wherever it is desired to measure pressure, temperature and flow with one single device. It could also be used in non-medical fields.