Abstract:
Disclosed herein is a class of gas carburettor ( 9 ) for low calorific value gas for A/F ratio control to be used engines operating on producer gas with a load following capabilities. The gas carburettor has A/F ratio from 1.2:1 for producer gas to about 5:1 for biogas. The gas carburettor of the present invention has right A/F control at varying load conditions due to its optimized dimensions at the throat ( 7 ) and area ration control flapper ( 6 ) along with the zero pressure regulators. Additionally, using a by-pass facility starting the engine is established. By the use of a zero pressure regulator on the gas line, the gas pressure in the air and gas lines are maintained nearly the same downstream of the carburettor which helps in managing the appropriate air-to-fuel ratio based on the gas and air passage areas.

Description:
FIELD OF INVENTION 
       [0001]    This invention relates to a gas carburettor designed for biomass derived producer gas fuel, so as to provide the right air-to-fuel mixture at varying loads and ensure complete combustion with very low emissions in a reciprocating engine and also burners for any heat applications. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Gaseous fuels are turning out to be a major fuel source for power generation via internal combustion engines, which includes reciprocating engines and gas turbine machinery. This is mainly because of the requirement for cleaner combustion and thereby lesser pollutants. The gaseous fuels include natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, bio-gas, land fill gas and producer gas derived from biomass. The air-to-fuel ratio (A/F) and other properties of various gaseous fuels are summarized in the Table below: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Energy density &amp; air-to-fuel ratios (A/F) of various fuel gases 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 LCV, 
                 A/F 
                 A/F 
                 Energy, 
                 Energy, 
               
               
                 Fuel Gas 
                 MJ/kg 
                 (mole) 
                 (Mass) 
                 MJ/kg 
                 MJ/N 3   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Hydrogen 
                 121 
                 2.4 
                 34.4 
                 3.42 
                 3.19 
               
               
                 Natural gas 
                 50.2 
                 9.5 
                 17.2 
                 2.76 
                 3.40 
               
               
                 (~100% Methane) 
               
               
                 Bio gas, 
                 17.6 
                 5.7 
                 6.1 
                 2.47 
                 3.05 
               
               
                 (~60% Methane, 
               
               
                 40% CO 2 ) 
               
               
                 Propane 
                 46.5 
                 23.8 
                 15.6 
                 2.80 
                 5.50 
               
               
                 Butane 
                 45.5 
                 30.9 
                 15.4 
                 2.77 
                 7.18 
               
               
                 Producer Gas 
                 5.0 
                 1.1 
                 1.35 
                 2.13 
                 2.56 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 LCV: Lower Calorific Value 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0003]    It is evident from the Table 1 that the A/F required for natural gas is about 9.5:1 on volume basis. The same for bio-gas (60% methane and rest carbon dioxide) is about 6.1:1, similarly the A/F for landfill gas would fall in-between based on the methane content and other combustible constituents in the fuel gas. Whereas, the A/F required for producer gas containing about 18-20% H 2  &amp; CO each, 2% CH 4 , rest, inert is about 1.12:1. Since the A/F for producer gas is widely different compared to either natural gas or bio-gas, the commercially available gas carburettor meant for either natural gas/land fill gas/bio-gas is unsuitable for producer gas. The commercial gas carburettors for fossil fuel need fuel gas at high pressure (˜10 5  Pa (1 bar)), as the fuel is available under pressure. These carburettors are designed for the fossil fuel is whose energy density is higher than the biogas or producer gas, having implications on the sizes and designed consideration. These carburettors will have small passages for the same energy input compared with low energy content gas. 
         [0004]    Typically, for producer gas whose energy content is about 1/10 th  that of any fossil fuel, requires 10 times the flow into the same fossil fuel carburettor, which is impossible due to issues related to pressure drops, etc a fluid dynamic issue. The producer gas generated in a gasifier is typically available at a pressure slightly above the ambient pressure (˜3000-4000 Pa). 
         [0005]    Therefore if an engine fitted with natural gas carburettor were to be used for producer gas operation then it will lead to operation that at not optimal with respect to the performance and the delivered power by the engine would be very low. This therefore calls for a different carburettor to suit A/F requirement for producer gas fuel. 
         [0006]    There have been many designs of carburettors for various fuel gases meant to be used in gas engines. 
       DISCUSSION OF THE PRIOR ART 
       [0007]    The operation of gas engine using producer gas as fuel requires a carburettor in order to maintain the required air-fuel ratio over the range of operating conditions. The features needed to be envisaged in the gas carburettor are:
       Ability to maintain required air-fuel ratio of 1.2:1 for producer gas carburettor as against 6 to 10:1 for natural gas/biogas on volume basis, with load or throttle variations.   Fast response to engine requirements with minimal pressure loss.   Shut-off of the fuel in the case of engine tripping or shut down.   Provision for air-fuel ratio tuning during testing.       
 
         [0012]    One of the fundamental restrictions with producer gas operation for SI engine under all load change conditions is that the engine has to supply with nearly the set air-fuel ratio (can be stoichiometric) under all load and speed conditions. Further the transient response of the carburettor must be fast enough to account for the continuous load variations especially in case of engine supplying power to the utility where load variation is a very common feature. 
         [0013]    Literature in the field of producer gas is scant. However, producer gas carburettors can be classified into following three categories:
       Mechanically controlled,   Pneumatically controlled,   Electronically controlled.       
 
         [0017]    Douglas G Janisch in his patented work (U.S. Pat. No. 5,070,851 Dec. 10, 1991) has designed a carburettor as which is adapted from gasoline operation. The device permits start up with gasoline and a smooth transition from gasoline fuel start up to full operation on producer gas. The carburettor has a pair of concentric, stepped venturi inlets wherein the producer gas is introduced into an expanding venturi simultaneously and concentrically with the introduction of air through a reducing venturi, accelerating and commingling the fuel and air to provide a suitable mixture for introduction into the throat of a typical carburettor. One unique feature of the device is the ability to adjust and restrict the air flow introduced into this system while maintaining the flow of the producer gas at maximum levels at all times. The carburettor has been found to be particularly useful in the application using a down draft gasifier. The natural draw produced by the suction of the engine manifold is enough for the mixing of the fuel air, eliminating any need for pressurization of the producer gas as it is fed into the engine. These devices are appropriate for small power applications and the area of cross section of the venture meter becomes an important zone for maintenance using producer gas. Further the start up fuel is gasoline and later to be switched to producer gas. 
       Methods Used for Air Fuel Ratio Control 
       [0018]    There are several attempts to control the air fuel ratio using sensors and control systems for maintaining the stoichiometric conditions. The principle adapted is to use engine exhaust to adjust the airflow rate. Toyoaki et al of Mitsubishi Motors Corporation have presented a mathematical equation to arrive at the air-fuel ratio knowing the exhaust gas composition. The equation involved carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, total hydrocarbon, oxygen and oxides of nitrogen. The usefulness of this equation has been amply proved for precise evaluation of air-fuel ratio control systems. Dermot et al have attempted to compare various air-fuel ratio calculation methods for the consistency in results. Attempts have been made to present exhaust gas analysis data from a four stroke spark ignition engine burning two different fuels—gasoline and liquefied petroleum gas. However it is significant to note that much work on the control system using air-fuel ratio sensors and automatic control systems has been done with a focus on maximizing the efficiency of three-way catalytic converter, which has a very narrow window of peak performance. Literally no work mentions use of control system for maintaining of stoichiometry for producer gas based SI engine to prevent stoichiometry related de-rating. 
         [0019]    Tung-Ching et al have presented work on adaptive air-fuel ratio controllers for spark ignition engine throttle transients. An adaptive air-fuel ratio controller for a spark ignition engine throttle transient was developed. The scheme was based on event-based, single parameter fuel dynamics model. A least square error algorithm with an active forgetting factor was used for parameter identification. Testing of the control system with Ford Ztech engine under a set of throttle-transient operations have indicated quick learning on the part of the adaptor. On somewhat similar lines, Piero Azoni et al have developed an air-fuel ratio controller using the throttle angle information along with some other signals. The main objective has been to evaluate the possibility of achieving finer air-fuel ratio control especially during transient conditions that involve sudden variations in the physical conditions inside the intake manifold due to fast throttle opening or closing. 
         [0020]    The primary aim here has been to achieve better performance for the air-fuel ratio regulation system, there by improving the engine efficiency and exhaust emissions during transient phases: Yoshishige Ohyama has presented work on air/fuel control using upstream model in the intake system. A generalized model of the air/fuel ratio control using estimated air mass in the cylinder were presented to obtain a highly accurate control during transient conditions in high supercharged direct injection systems with a complex air induction system. Berggren et al have developed an air fuel ratio controller using the throttle angle information along with some other signals. The main objective has been to evaluate the possibility of achieving finer air-fuel ratio control especially during transient conditions that involve sudden variations in the physical conditions inside the intake manifold due to fast throttle opening and closing. 
       SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION 
       [0021]    It is the primary object of the present invention to provide a producer gas carburettor, for use in a gas engine to maintain A/F at varying load condition. 
         [0022]    The gas carburettor is expected to deliver nearly constant air-to-fuel mixture irrespective of the load, implying gas flow rate and corresponding air flow rate as demanded by the reciprocating engine. The principle on which the carburettor is designed based on area ratio control with balancing the pressure on the gas and air line. The newly invented producer gas carburettor comprises of (a) a separate entry for air and air passage (b) a separate entry for producer gas and gas passage (c) an adjustable centrally mounted flapper plate separating air and gas passages (d) a mechanism for flapper plate adjustment (e) a throat of minimum cross section and (f) a mixing zone. 
         [0023]    The throat is the key element of the current carburettor design, wherein the mixture of air and gas achieve very high velocities, in the range of 30-80 m/s, depending on the load demand on the engine. This high velocity ensures minimal variation in the A/F ratio despite of pressure variations downstream of the gas carburettor. The desired A/F of 1.1:1.0 to 1.3:1.0 (mass basis) for engine operation depending upon the gas quality is achieved by
       (i) maintaining the area ratio for air and gas passage at the throat section   (ii) ensuring nearly equal air and gas pressure upstream of the throat section. Equal air and gas pressure is achieved by using a zero pressure regulator fitted upstream of the fuel or gas line of the carburettor.       
 
         [0026]    Downstream of the throat section air and gas would mix prior to the gas and air mixture entering the engine. 
         [0027]    Therefore with the gas and air flow section area ratio (using a flapper plate) at central position, gas and air pressure being equal or nearly equal one can expect A/F of about in there range of 1.1:1.0 to 1.3:1.0 depending upon the flapper plate setting. Also, there is a mechanism provided for adjustment of the flapper plate position for rich and lean mixture for engine; adjustment of flapper towards gas side would result in reduction of gas and thereby higher A/F, whereas adjustment of flapper towards air side would be vice versa. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0028]    The invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: 
           [0029]      FIG. 1  illustrates the Producer gas carburettor; 
           [0030]      FIG. 2  illustrates Cross sectional view of the carburettor; 
           [0031]      FIG. 3  illustrates Side view of the carburettor; 
           [0032]      FIG. 4  illustrates the Sectional view of the of producer gas carburettor with zero pressure regulator in the air-gas line circuit; 
           [0033]      FIG. 5  illustrates a graph showing the variation of outlet pressure with inlet pressure for a zero pressure regulator; and 
           [0034]      FIG. 6  illustrates a Schematic of the gas carburettor with all the measurement system 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0035]      FIGS. 1 and 2  illustrates both the outer and sectional view of a producer gas carburettor.  FIGS. 3 and 4  are a side elevation and sectional view of the carburettor of  FIG. 2 . The carburettor  9  comprises of separate air entry  1  and air passage  2 . Similarly a separate gas entry  3  and gas passage  4 . The air passage  2  and gas passage  4  continue as separate passage till a part of the common section  5  beyond which the air and gas passages are still separated by a centrally located adjustable flapper plate  6 . The flapper plate  6  begins at one end of the common section  5  and end at the throat section  7 , which provides least cross sectional area for air and gas. The flapper plate  6  is designed to have least machining tolerance with the side plates  8  (see  FIG. 3 ) of the common section  5 . This design prevents air and gas interacting or mixing prior to the throat section. This arrangement provides control for A/F tuning by means of adjusting the central flapper plate  6  towards air or gas side. Beyond the throat section  7  is the mixing tube  10  wherein air and gas freely mix and forms a combustible air+gas mixture. 
         [0036]    The carburettor is as shown in  FIG. 4 . The carburettor  9  is simple in design based on area ratio control. It has a separate port  1  and  3  for air and fuel respectively, where the individual ports could be modified or tuned to achieve required air-fuel ratio using the flap  6 . The carburettor  9  is designed to operate in conjunction with the zero pressure regulators  12 . The combination of zero pressure regulator  12  and gas carburettor  9  is located between gasifier (not shown)  11  and the engine intake system  13  as shown in  FIG. 4 . The zero pressure regulator  12  ensure a gas pressure  4  (downstream of regulator) identical to that of air pressure and this is achieved by connecting the air pressure line  2  (downstream of air filter) to the upper chamber of the regulator  12 . This arrangement ensures the regulator to maintain the gas pressure close to that of air pressure (a few mm below atmospheric pressure) and thereby set the air-fuel ratio irrespective of the total mixture flow rate. 
         [0037]      FIG. 5  shows a graph (plot) of variation of outlet pressure of the zero pressure regulator with respect to inlet pressure. It is evident that beyond a pressure of 200 mm of water (2000 Pa), the outlet pressure is nearly constant for further increase in inlet pressure. 
         [0038]    The general arrangement of the fuel gas circuitry elements is shown in  FIG. 6 . The gas circuit comprises of a zero pressure regulator  12  with a bypass arrangement  16  for start-up of the engine, producer gas carburettor as described earlier, safety device in the form of rupture disk. During the start up the bypass line  16  is open so that gas bypass the zero pressure regulator ( 12 ) and gas entering the engine. This ensures that the gas can be drawn during the initial cranking of the engine start up gas is available for engine to operate, during which sufficient suction is created to draw the gas through the regulator. After reaching idle speed, the by pass valve ( 16 ) is closed and the gas is then drawn through the zero pressure regulator. The entire operation has two version, mechanically operating the valve (open and close) or an electrically operated solonoid valve. The working of the gas circuitry system is as described below: 
         [0039]    The producer gas is made available from IISc design biomass gasifier  11  at a pressure in excess of 2000 Pa at all times for satisfactory engine operation. The function of the zero pressure regulator  12  is to ensure that the gas pressure downstream of the pressure regulator is maintained same as the air pressure existing in the air passage  2  of the carburettor  9 . 
         [0040]    For the performance variation, various parameters, like pressures at different locations and gas and air flowrates. The air and gas flowrate are measured using calibrated venturimeters  14  and  15  respectively. 
         [0041]    Maintenance of exit pressure nearly constant irrespective of the inlet pressure variation is important to ensure the area ratio control is effective. 
         [0042]    Further in fine tuning the carburetion system, the carburettor shown in  FIG. 1  is introduced with fine mechanical tuning system, which can control the position of the flapper either manually or through a motor. The signal for the motorised control is from oxygen control in the engine exhaust. Extremely fine movement of the flapper is needed on to the carburettor towards achieving maximum output, better emission controls and also during sudden load throw off conditions. In the normal operating condition, the flapper is in fixed position. 
         [0043]    The advantage of the motorised system is the online adjustment of A/F ratio atter measuring exhaust oxygen measurement of the flue gas. Based on the requirement the mixture can be controlled for rich or lean operating condition or the set A/F ratio. 
         [0044]    Further any variation in the gas composition during the operation due to gasifier operation requires, tuning of the flapper, which can be achieved by the fine tuning the flapper, manually or motorised. 
         [0045]    Table 2 highlights the critical dimension of different ratings of Indian Institute of Science Producer Gas Carburettor system. The different models identified in the table are for different engine ratings. These dimensions are derived on the basis of maintaining about 30-80 m/s velocity at the throat, and other dimensions to ensure pressure recovery after mixing and the flapper to control the area of cross section of gas and air. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE: 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Design parameters for various producer gas carburettors (IISc-PGC-n) where n is the kW power 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Power Level of 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Model 
                 engine with 
                 Diameter at 
                 Diameter at 
                 Diameter at 
                 Throat 
                 Throat 
                 Throat 
               
               
                 IISc - 
                 Carburetor 
                 gas entry 
                 air entry 
                 engine entry 
                 length 
                 width 
                 area 
               
               
                 PGC- n 
                 kWe 
                 (D1 mm 
                 (D2) mm 
                 (D3) mm 
                 (L1) mm 
                 (L2)mm 
                 (A) mm 2   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 25 
                 25 
                 58 
                 58 
                 58 
                 38 
                 20 
                 760 
               
               
                 80 
                 80 
                 90 
                 90 
                 90 
                 53 
                 40 
                 2120 
               
               
                 120 
                 120 
                 90 
                 90 
                 90 
                 63 
                 45 
                 2835 
               
               
                 170 
                 170 
                 150 
                 150 
                 150 
                 83 
                 50 
                 4150 
               
               
                 240 
                 240 
                 150 
                 150 
                 150 
                 88 
                 60 
                 5280 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       EXAMPLES 
       [0046]    To illustrate the invention, different sets of experiments were carried out using the producer gas carburettor with the engine. 
       Example 1 
       [0047]    The parameters to be noted down during the performance evaluation are given below:
       Gas and mixture composition   Gas and air mass flow rate   Exhaust composition   Pressure of air and gas at inlets and mixture pressure at the outlet of the carburettor.       
 
       Gas/Mixer Composition Measurement 
       [0052]    The producer gas composition was measured continuously using an online gas analyzer at each load. The Maihak online gas analyzer can measure the composition of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ), oxygen (O 2 ) and hydrogen (H 2 ). Gas and air flow rates were measured using calibrated venturimeters. The measurements were made on the IISc-PGC-25 model for a naturally aspirated engine. The carburettor is designed to deliver 25 kW when connected to the rated engine capacity. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Measurements on gas air and mixture composition 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Gas flow 
                 Air flow 
                 Ratio 
                 Oxygen in the 
               
               
                   
                 rate g/s 
                 rate g/s 
                 A/F 
                 mixture % 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 12.7 
                 19.1 
                 1.5 
                 13 
               
               
                   
                 11.9 
                 18.0 
                 1.5 
                 14 
               
               
                   
                 21.7 
                 28.3 
                 1.3 
                 11 
               
               
                   
                 21.5 
                 27.0 
                 1.3 
                 11 
               
               
                   
                 21.0 
                 26.7 
                 1.3 
                 11 
               
               
                   
                 25.7 
                 34.0 
                 1.3 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                 26.6 
                 36.7 
                 1.4 
                 11 
               
               
                   
                 27.5 
                 37.1 
                 1.4 
                 11 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0053]    Table provides the details of the measurements carried out on the carburettor. Gas and air flow rates are measured for varying conditions. The mixture at the carburettor exit was analysed for oxygen percentage. The stoichiometric requirement of A/F for the producer gas is in the range of 1.1-1.35 depending upon the gas composition, amount to about 10% oxygen in the mixture. The measured composition in the mixture is in the range of 11 to 14%, which is well within the operating range for the producer gas combustion limas. This is consistent with the measured A/F based on the air and gas flow rates. 
       Example 2 
       [0054]    The IISc-PGC-120, rated for about 120 kW power generation using a turbo charger with a suitable gasification and engine system was tested. Gas pressure was held in excess of 2000 Pa during the engine operation at the entry into the zero pressure regulator as indicated in  FIG. 1 . Table provides the details of air and gas flow rate at various operating conditions, nearly no load to full load conditions. Based on the gas and air flow measurements, the A/F values are also presented in the table. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Performance of the IISc-PGC-120 along with the engine 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Load 
                 Gas Flow 
                 Air flow 
                   
                 O 2  in the 
               
               
                 (kW) 
                 (Kg/s) 
                 (Kg/s) 
                 A/F 
                 mixture % 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0 
                 0.029 
                 0.04 
                 1.42 
                 13.88 
               
               
                 20 
                 0.041 
                 0.04 
                 1.01 
                 13.23 
               
               
                 30 
                 0.041 
                 0.05 
                 1.30 
                 13.09 
               
               
                 45 
                 0.046 
                 0.06 
                 1.38 
                 13.17 
               
               
                 50 
                 0.046 
                 0.06 
                 1.38 
                 13.18 
               
               
                 60 
                 0.050 
                 0.07 
                 1.34 
                 11.94 
               
               
                 70 
                 0.055 
                 0.07 
                 1.24 
                 11.09 
               
               
                 80 
                 0.058 
                 0.07 
                 1.23 
                 11.18 
               
               
                 90 
                 0.058 
                 0.08 
                 1.30 
                 12.69 
               
               
                 100 
                 0.062 
                 0.08 
                 1.29 
                 12.65 
               
               
                 110 
                 0.065 
                 0.08 
                 1.27 
                 13.88 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0055]    Over the wide range of operating conditions, the A/F has been maintained in required range of 1:1 to 1:4. The oxygen in the gas air mixture is found to be in the range of 11 to 14% which is well within the ignition limits of producer gas. 
       Example 3 
       [0056]    The IISc-PGC-240, rated for about 240 kW power generation using suitable gasification and engine system was tested. The engine was with a turbo charger. Gas pressure was held in excess of 2000 Pa during the engine operation at the entry into the zero pressure regulator as indicated in  FIG. 1 . Table provides the details of air and gas flow rate at various operating conditions, nearly no load to full load conditions. Based on the gas and air flow measurements, the A/F values are also presented in the table. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Performance of the IISc-PGC-240 along with the engine 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Load 
                 Gas Flow 
                 Air Flow 
                   
                 O 2  in the 
               
               
                 (kW) 
                 (Kg/s) 
                 (Kg/s) 
                 A/F 
                 mixture % 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 40 
                 0.08 
                 0.12 
                 1.50 
                 13.89 
               
               
                 70 
                 0.11 
                 0.12 
                 1.10 
                 12.7 
               
               
                 85 
                 0.11 
                 0.12 
                 1.11 
                 12.85 
               
               
                 100 
                 0.11 
                 0.14 
                 1.27 
                 12.82 
               
               
                 110 
                 0.13 
                 0.15 
                 1.10 
                 13.0 
               
               
                 125 
                 0.13 
                 0.15 
                 1.13 
                 13.65 
               
               
                 140 
                 0.16 
                 0.16 
                 1.01 
                 13.01 
               
               
                 150 
                 0.16 
                 0.17 
                 1.11 
                 13.19 
               
               
                 170 
                 0.17 
                 0.19 
                 1.10 
                 13.40 
               
               
                 180 
                 0.17 
                 0.19 
                 1.11 
                 13.59 
               
               
                 190 
                 0.17 
                 0.20 
                 1.17 
                 13.62 
               
               
                 200 
                 0.19 
                 0.21 
                 1.17 
                 13.65 
               
               
                 210 
                 0.19 
                 0.21 
                 1.17 
                 14.49 
               
               
                 220 
                 0.22 
                 0.24 
                 1.15 
                 14.1 
               
               
                 230 
                 0.22 
                 0.24 
                 1.16 
                 14.19 
               
               
                 240 
                 0.23 
                 0.24 
                 1.15 
                 13.13 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0057]    Over the wide range of operating conditions, the A/F has been maintained in required range of 1:1 to 1:4. The oxygen in the gas air mixture is found to be in the range of 11 to 14% which is well within the ignition limits of producer gas. The oxygen percentage in the engine exhaust has been found to be in the range of 1.2 to 3%. 
       REFERENCE 
       [0000]    
       
         1. Toyoaki Fukui Yasuki Tamura, Shogo Omori and Shinichiroh Saitoh, “Accuracy of A/F Calculation from Exhaust Gas Composition of SI Engines”, Mitsubishi Motors Corp., SAE Paper 891971. 
         2. Tung-Ching Tseng and Wai K. Cheng, “An Adaptive Air/Fuel Ratio Controller for SI Engine Throttle Transients” Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999-01-0552 
         3. Piero Azzoni, Giorgio Minelli and Davide Moro “Air-Fuel Ratio Control for a high performance engine using Throttle angle information” SAE paper 1999-01 1169 
         4. Yoshishige Ohyama, “Air/fuel ratio control using upstream models in the intake system.” SAE paper 0857 vol1 1999. 
         5. Berggren P and Perkovic A, “ Cylinder Individual Lambda Feedback Control in an SI Engine ”, Technical Presentation at Lnkoping, Reg: LiTH-ISY-EX-1649, 1996