Abstract:
A heat sink has a heat spreader structure containing magneto-hydrodynamic fluid. Also, the heat spreader includes a central metallic cylinder and a metal ring screen surrounding the central metallic cylinder. Electrical and magnetic fields induce the magneto-hydrodynamic fluid to undergo a swirling motion. The swirling motion acts as an MHD pump and provides efficient heat dissipation from a heat source contacting the heat spreader. A heat sink spreader has a central metallic cylinder surrounded by a metallic ring screen, and a magneto-hydrodynamic fluid. A method of cooling the heat sink spreader includes electrically charging the central metallic cylinder and oppositely electrically charging the metallic ring screen to create an electric potential between the central metallic cylinder and the metallic ring screen; creating a magnetic field inside the heat sink spreader; and swirling the magneto-hydrodynamic fluid to cool a heat source, wherein the swirling motion is induced by the electric potential and the magnetic fields.

Description:
BACKGROUND  
       [0001]     A computer system  10 , as shown in  FIG. 1 , includes several components that are collectively used by a user to perform various functions such as, for example, preparing and generating a document with a word processor application. With the computer system  10 , the user may input data to a computing portion  12  using peripheral devices such as a keyboard  14  or a mouse  16 . Data may also be provided to the computing portion  12  using data storage media (e.g., a floppy disk or a CD-ROM (not shown)). The computing portion  12 , using memory and other internal components, processes both internal data and data provided to the computing portion  12  by the user to generate data requested by the user. The generated data may be provided to the user via, for example, a display device  18  or a printer  20 . The computing portion  12  of a computer system typically includes various components such as, for example, a power supply, disk drives, and the electrical circuitry required to perform the necessary and requested operations of the computer system.  
         [0002]     As shown in  FIG. 2 , the computing portion  12  may contain a plurality of circuit boards  22 ,  24 ,  26 ,  28  (e.g., printed circuit boards (PCBs) or printed wiring boards (PWBs)) on which various circuit components are implemented. For example, a computing portion designed to have enhanced sound reproducing capabilities may have a circuit board dedicated to implementing circuitry that specifically operate to process data associated with the reproduction of sound.  
         [0003]     In  FIG. 2 , the components of exemplary circuit board  22  are shown. A crystal oscillator  30  provides a reference of time to various integrated circuits (ICs)  32 ,  34 ,  36 ,  38 ,  40 ,  42  (e.g., application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), microprocessors, logic gates) that are connected to the circuit board  22 . The integrated circuits  32 ,  34 ,  36 ,  38 ,  40 ,  42  communicate with one another, i.e., pass data, using wires or traces of conductive material (e.g., copper (shown, but not labeled)) embedded in the circuit board  22 .  
         [0004]     In operation, an integrated circuit, such as those shown in  FIG. 2 , dissipates heat as a result of work performed by the integrated circuit. Energy that is needed by the integrated circuit for work is not consumed with 100% efficiency, thereby resulting in excess energy that is released, among other things, as heat. As integrated circuits become more dense (i.e., more transistors per unit area) and faster (i.e., higher operating frequencies), they generate more heat. As excessive heat is damaging to an integrated circuit both in terms of performance and component integrity, an important design consideration involves ensuring that heat dissipated by an integrated circuit is sufficiently drawn away from the integrated circuit, where the efficiency of drawing away heat from the integrated circuit is expressed in terms of what is referred to as the “heat transfer rate.” 
         [0005]     “Heat sinks” are devices that are commonly used to cool integrated circuits.  FIG. 3  shows a heat sink  50  as used with an integrated circuit  52  housed in a package  54  atop a substrate  56 . The heat sink  50  is made of a high thermal conductivity metal (e.g., copper or aluminum). A “high thermal conductivity metal” is one that allows heat to pass through it because it contains many free electrons.  
         [0006]     A base of the heat sink  50  is secured over the integrated circuit  52  by, for example, a retention clip (not shown) or an adhesive or thermal interface material (shown, but not labeled). During operation of the integrated circuit  52 , the temperature of the integrated circuit  52  increases due to increased particle movement resulting from a build-up of excess energy. The increased integrated circuit temperature results in an increase in the temperature of the package  54 , and consequently, of the heat sink  50 . The increased temperature of the heat sink  50  results in an increase in the temperature of the air around the heat sink  50 , whereby the heated air rises and effectively draws heat away from the integrated circuit  52 . This process is referred to as “convection.” 
         [0007]     The removal of heat dissipated from an integrated circuit by a heat sink is dependent on numerous factors. For example, the thermal resistance of the package that houses the integrated circuit affects how much heat transfers from the integrated circuit to the heat sink. Also, the effectiveness of the adhesives between the integrated circuit and its package and the package and the heat sink affects how much heat transfers between these components. Moreover, the conductivity of the materials used in the package and the heat sink has a direct bearing on the amount of heat that is transferred away from the integrated circuit. The surface area of the heat sink is also important as more surface area results in more air being heated, thereby resulting in more heat being drawn away from the integrated circuit by the rising heated air. Metallic heat sinks with heat spreaders in particular geometrical shapes to maximize the rate of heat dissipation are commonly used. Efficient cooling approaches are critical to the performance and reliability of an IC device with significant power consumption.  
       SUMMARY  
       [0008]     According to one aspect of one or more embodiments of the present invention, an IC package comprises: integrated circuits with one or more heat sources, a heat sink body with circular fins contacting the heat sources; a circular heat spreader at the bottom of the heat sink containing magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) fluid. In one or more embodiments of the present invention, the heat spreader further comprises a central copper cylinder, copper ring screens surrounding the central copper cylinder, and electrically non-conductive elements attached to the top and the bottom of the central copper cylinder, and magnets attached to the top and the bottom non-conductive elements.  
         [0009]     According to another aspect of one or more embodiments of the present invention, a method of cooling a plurality of integrated circuits comprises: generating a plurality of magnetic fields using a top magnet and a bottom magnet which sandwich a circular heat spreader; applying voltage between a copper cylinder and copper ring screens surrounding the copper cylinder to generate radially outward E-field; and creating an inside to outside swirling motion of electrically and thermally conductive fluid inside the circular heat spreader as a result of applying magnetic and electrical fields  
         [0010]     Other aspects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description and the appended claims. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS  
       [0011]      FIG. 1  shows a computer system.  
         [0012]      FIG. 2  shows a portion of a computer system.  
         [0013]      FIG. 3  shows a heat sink as used with an integrated circuit.  
         [0014]      FIG. 4A  shows a portion of a heat sink in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0015]      FIG. 4B  shows a portion of a cooling apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0016]      FIG. 5  shows a cooling apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0017]      FIG. 6A  shows a portion of a cooling apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0018]      FIG. 6B  shows a portion of a cooling apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0019]      FIG. 6C  shows a portion of a cooling apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0020]      FIG. 6D  shows a portion of a cooling apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0021]      FIG. 7  shows a portion of a cooling apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0022]      FIG. 8  shows a portion of a cooling apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0023]      FIG. 9  shows a portion of a cooling apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0024]      FIG. 10  shows a heat sink that may be used in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0025]      FIG. 11  shows a flow process in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0026]      FIG. 12  shows a cylindrical heat sink with circular heat sink fins in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0027]      FIG. 13  shows another view of the cylindrical heat sink with circular heat sink fins in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0028]      FIG. 14  shows a cross-sectional view of the cylindrical heat sink in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0029]      FIG. 15  shows a portion of a heat spreader near the bottom of the cylindrical heat sink with arrows indicating magnetic and electrical field directions in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0030]      FIG. 16  shows a top view of a portion of the heat spreader from the cylindrical heat sink with arrows indicating electrical current and electrically conductive fluid flowing direction in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0031]      FIG. 17  shows a portion of the heat spreader from the cylindrical heat sink with heat sources contacting the heat spreader in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0032]     As described above with reference to  FIG. 3 , a typical heat sink is arranged to cool a singly integrated circuit. However, on a circuit board (e.g., circuit board  22  shown in  FIG. 2 ), there are typically multiple integrated circuits. While an individual heat sink could be used for every integrated circuit that is desired to be cooled, in one or more embodiments of the present invention, a cooling apparatus uses a multiple magnet array to control fluid flow for cooling multiple integrated circuits. The multiple magnet array controls fluid flow dependent on magnetic fields generated in the multiple magnet array. Such cooling is referred to herein as “magneto-hydrodynamic” cooling.  
         [0033]     Specific embodiments of the invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying figures. Like elements in the various figures are denoted by like reference numerals for consistency. Further, in the following detailed description of embodiments of the present invention, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the invention. In other instances, well-known features have not been described in detail to avoid obscuring the description of embodiments of the present invention.  
         [0034]      FIGS. 4A and 4B  show portions of a cooling apparatus in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention. In  FIG. 4A , a multiple magnet array  60  is operatively connected to several groups (or “levels”) of magneto-hydrodynamic pipes  62 . The multiple magnet array  60  is arranged to control the flow of fluid in the magneto-hydrodynamic pipes  62  between a heat spreader (or “heat exchanger”) (e.g., a copper body having a plurality of fins to dissipate heat) (not shown) and one or more heat sources (e.g., integrated circuits).  
         [0035]     Further, as shown in  FIGS. 4A and 4B , groups of the magneto-hydrodynamic pipes  62  may be operatively connected to an individual heat sink  64  that is attached to a heat source desired to be cooled. The individual heat sink  64  may be arranged to at least temporarily pool fluid delivered for cooling an attached heat source. Accordingly, those skilled in the art will note that the individual heat sink  64  may have a cavity for pooling fluid. In such a manner, differing volumes of fluid may be delivered to the individual heat sink  64  for cooling of the attached heat source.  
         [0036]      FIG. 5  shows an example of a cooling apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Particularly,  FIG. 5  shows a cooling apparatus as it is implemented on a circuit board  70 . The multiple magnet array  60  is operatively connected to the magneto-hydrodynamic pipes  62 . The multiple magnet array  60  is also operatively connected to or attached to a heat sink cooling fins  72 . The heat sink cooling fins  72  is arranged to dissipate heat as air is passed through the heat sink cooling fins  72  (an example of a direction of air flow through the heat sink cooling fins  72  is indicated by the corresponding arrows shown in  FIG. 5 ).  
         [0037]     Fluid carried by the magneto-hydrodynamic pipes  62  may be directed to one or more integrated circuits (shown, but not labeled) disposed on the circuit board  70 . Further, certain groups of the magneto-hydrodynamic pipes  62  are arranged to carry heated fluid away from one or more integrated circuits (shown, but not labeled) disposed on the circuit board  70 .  
         [0038]      FIG. 6A  shows a portion of a cooling apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Particularly,  FIG. 6A  shows an example of the multiple magnet array  60 . The multiple magnet array  60 , as described above, is arranged to generate a plurality of magnetic fields. Accordingly, the multiple magnet array  60  may be housed in a ferromagnetic metal piece  80  arranged to at least partially shield the plurality of magnetic fields. Those skilled in the art will note that such shielding may eliminate or at least reduce magnetic interference with other components (e.g., integrated circuits).  
         [0039]      FIGS. 6B, 6C , and  6 D shows interior portions of the multiple magnet array  60 . Within the ferromagnetic metal piece  80 , each of the magneto-hydrodynamic pipes  62  has an electrically non-conductive segment  82 . For example, in one or more embodiments of the present invention, a segment of a magneto-hydrodynamic pipe  62  within the confines of the ferromagnetic metal piece  80  may be formed of plastic.  
         [0040]     Now, as most clearly shown in  FIG. 6D , a first electrical conductor (shown, but not labeled) is disposed along a portion of each of the electrically non-conductive segments  82 . A second electrical conductor (shown, but not labeled) is disposed along another portion of each of the electrically non-conductive segments  82 . Connected to each first electrical conductor (shown, but not labeled) and each second electrical conductor (shown, but not labeled) are wires  84 . The wires  84  may be used to carry current to or apply voltage to a connected first or second electrical conductor. In one or more embodiments of the present invention, the first electrical conductors (shown, but not labeled) and the second electrical conductors (shown, but not labeled) may be formed of, for example, copper.  
         [0041]     For purposes of clarity,  FIG. 7  shows an example of an individual magneto-hydrodynamic pipe  62  and electrically non-conductive segment  82  that is housed in a multiple magnet array. In  FIG. 7 , a first electrical conductor  86  is attached to a portion of the electrically non-conductive segment  82 . A second electrical conductor (not shown) is attached to another portion of the electrically non-conductive segment  82 .  
         [0042]     Now referring to  FIG. 8 , the wires  84  connected to each of the first electrical conductor  86  and the second electrical conductor  88  are used to create a voltage potential difference between the first electrical conductor  86  and the second electrical conductor  88 . Those skilled in the art will note that such a voltage potential difference may be created by causing one of the first electrical conductor  86  and the second electrical conductor  88  to have a voltage higher than that of the other of the first electrical conductor  86  and the second electrical conductor  88 . As shown in  FIG. 8 , the second electrical conductor  88  is caused to have a higher voltage than the first electrical conductor  86 , thereby inducing electrical current flow from the second electrical conductor  88  to the first electrical conductor  86  (direction of induced electrical current flow indicated by the right-to-left arrows shown in  FIG. 8 ).  
         [0043]     Further, based on an arrangement of magnets within a multiple magnet array, a magnetic field is also induced across the electrically non-conductive segment  82  shown in  FIG. 8 . For example, in  FIG. 8 , a magnetic field is induced across the electrically non-conductive segment  82  in a direction indicated by the up-pointing arrows shown in  FIG. 8 . Accordingly, a direction of electrically conductive fluid flowing through the electrically non-conductive segment  82 , and consequently, through the corresponding magneto-hydrodynamic pipe  62 , is dependent on a direction of the induced electrical current and a direction of the magnetic field. As shown in  FIG. 8 , the direction of the induced electrical current and the direction of the magnetic field causes fluid to flow into a plane of the sheet showing  FIG. 8 .  
         [0044]     Further, the rate of fluid flow in a magneto-hydrodynamic pipe  62  may be controlled by adjusting a value of the electrical current induced across the fluid in the corresponding electrically non-conductive segment  82  of the magneto-hydrodynamic pipe  62 . Further still, the rate of fluid flow in a magneto-hydrodynamic pipe  62  may be controlled by adjusting a strength or orientation of the magnetic field induced across the fluid in the corresponding electrically non-conductive segment  82  of the magneto-hydrodynamic pipe  62 .  
         [0045]     As described above, a multiple magnet array  60  may be used to direct fluid to and away from multiple integrated circuits. For each integrated circuit that may be cooled using the multiple magnet array  60 , a set of magneto-hydrodynamic pipes  62  for carrying fluid toward the integrated circuit and a set of magneto-hydrodynamic pipes  62  for carrying fluid away from the integrated circuit are provided. An example of such sets of magneto-hydrodynamic pipes  62  is shown in  FIG. 9 .  
         [0046]     The magneto-hydrodynamic pipes  62  operatively connected to the multiple magnet array  60  are each associated with a heat sink of an integrated circuit that may be cooled using the multiple magnet array  60 .  FIG. 10  shows an example of a heat sink  90  that may be used in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The heat sink  90  has a plurality of “fins”  92  allowing for and facilitating the dissipation of heat away from the heat sink  90 . A plurality of magneto-hydrodynamic pipes  62  extend through the heat sink  90 . Those skilled in the art will note that in one or more embodiments of the present invention, the magneto-hydrodynamic pipes  62  extending through the heat sink  90  may be integral with a body of the heat sink  90 .  
         [0047]     One end of each of the magneto-hydrodynamic pipes  62  is associated with a temperature sensor  96  embedded in a thermal interface material  98  disposed on a lid  100  positioned over an integrated circuit  102  and substrate  104 . One another end of each of the magneto-hydrodynamic pipes  62  is operatively connected to a multiple magnet array  60  as described above.  
         [0048]     Each temperature sensor  96  is configured to measure/sense a temperature at a particular location (or “hot spot) of the integrated circuit  102 . Further, those skilled in the art will note that the sizing and arrangement of one or more of the temperature sensors  96 , the thermal interface material  98 , and the lid  100  may be adjusted so as to improve the accuracy of temperature measurements taken by one or more of the temperature sensors  96 .  
         [0049]     In one or more embodiments of the present invention, one or more of fins  92 , magneto-hydrodynamic pipes  62 , and lid  100  may be formed of a thermally conductive material. For example, one or more of fins  92 , magneto-hydrodynamic pipes  62 , and lid  100  may be formed of copper.  
         [0050]     Further, in one or more embodiments of the present invention, a heat sink may have a different fin configuration than that shown in  FIG. 10 . Moreover, those skilled in the art will note that the heat sink  90  shown in  FIG. 10  is not necessarily to scale and is not limited to a particular length, width, and/or height.  
         [0051]     Further, although the heat sink  90  in  FIG. 10  is shown as having a certain number of magneto-hydrodynamic pipes  62 , in one or more other embodiments of the present invention, a different number of magneto-hydrodynamic pipes may be used.  
         [0052]     As described above, a magneto-hydrodynamic pipe in a heat sink used with or as part of a cooling apparatus in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention has an end that is associated with a temperature sensor on a lid disposed over an integrated circuit. By using the temperature readings taken by the temperature sensor, a multiple magnet array of the cooling apparatus may be adjusted so as to effectuate a desired response with respect to cooling of a hot sport of a particular integrated circuit.  
         [0053]      FIG. 11  shows an example of a flow process in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In  FIG. 11 , a temperature sensor is used to take a temperature reading at a location of an integrated circuit ST 110 . The temperature reading may be transmitted to, for example, a control module that calculates certain adjustments based on the temperature reading ST 112 . The adjustments may be made in reliance on assuming that ambient air flow conditions, cooling apparatus, and/or heat sink parameters remain constant. In such a manner, the parameters associated with a multiple magnet array of the heat sink may be adjusted without being dependent on varying ambient, heat sink, or cooling apparatus conditions.  
         [0054]     In ST 114 , adjustments to the multiple magnet array of the heat sink are made based on the calculations in ST 112 . These adjustments may involve, for example, adjusting an electrical current induced across fluid in one or more segments in the multiple magnet array. In such a manner, the rate of fluid flow may be adjusted so as to more quickly or more slowly dissipate heat away from one or more hot spots.  
         [0055]     Those skilled in the art will note that the control module may be any device or medium usable to make adjustment calculations. For example, the control module may be part of another integrated circuit or may be a software module executable by the integrated circuit being cooled. Further, in one or more embodiments of the present invention, a separate integrated circuit dedicated for controlling the parameters of the multiple magnet arrays may be implemented.  
         [0056]      FIG. 12  shows a cylindrical heat sink  120  with circular heat sink fins  121  and a heat spreader  122 . Conventional cylindrical heat sinks are cooled either by convection via circular heat sink fins alone or forced air cooling with a fan at the top of the heat sink. In one or more embodiments of the present invention, the heat spreader  122  contains electrically conductive liquid such as MHD fluid.  
         [0057]      FIG. 13  depicts another view of a cylindrical heat sink with circular heat sink fins  131 , a heat spreader  132 , and a heat source contact  133 . In one or more embodiments of the present invention, the heat source contact allows a plurality of heat sources to come to a direct contact with fluid inside the heat spreader  132 . Protruding portions of heat sources, such as heat pipes with condensing ends, contact the fluid inside the heat spreader  132  for efficient cooling of heat sources.  
         [0058]      FIG. 14  displays a cross-sectional view of the cylindrical heat sink described in  FIG. 12  and  FIG. 13 . A heat spreader structure  140  has a central cylinder  145  encircled by a ring screen  147 . Both the central cylinder  145  and the ring screen  147  are electrically conductive. In one or more embodiments of the present invention, the central cylinder  145  and the ring screen  147  are made of copper. The central cylinder  145  and the ring screen  147  are sandwiched by electrically non-conductive elements  142 A and  142 B.  
         [0059]     In one or more embodiments of the present invention, the central cylinder  145  is positively charged and the ring screen  147  is negatively charged. A first magnet  146 A is attached to the top electrically non-conductive element  142 A and a second magnet  146 B is attached to the bottom electrically non-conductive element  142 B. A magnetic field is created by the first and the second magnets  146 A and  146 B through the electrically charged central cylinder  145  and the ring screen  147 . The heat spreader structure  140  further contains electrically conductive, magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) fluid  148  which experiences swirling and outward forces due to the presence of magnetic and electric potential. In one or more embodiments of the present invention, the protruding portions of the heat source  144  are inserted to the heat spread structure  140 , providing direct contact with the MHD fluid  148 . The electro-magnetically induced swirling motion of MHD fluid  148  provides rapid cooling to heat source  144 .  
         [0060]     This design provides a highly efficient heat spreader using magneto-hydrodynamic fluid transport mechanism. Outward and swirling motion of the MHD fluid  148  rapidly transports heat far away from the inserted portions of the heat source  144 . Heat transfer rate is enhanced further by circular heat sink fins  141 , which match the swirling, circular motion of the MHD fluid  148 . Moreover, multiple heat sources can be inserted to the cylindrical heat spreader structure  140 , resulting in a compact and thermally efficient design.  
         [0061]     The heat spread structure  140  is shielded from magnetic forces by top and bottom shielding covers  143 A and  143 B. In one or more embodiments, the shielding covers are made of ferromagnetic materials such as iron, nickel, or cobalt. The circular heat sink fins are attached to the top shield  143 A. A fan can be installed on top of the heat sink fins, hence further enhancing heat transfer rate.  
         [0062]      FIG. 15  shows a portion of the cross section of the MHD heat spreader structure. In this particular embodiment of the present invention, upward magnetic fields are generated by top and bottom magnets  156 A and  156 B. A central metal cylinder  155  is positively charged and a metal ring screen  154  is negatively charged, creating E-field pointing radially outward. The metal ring screen is electrically insulated by non-conductive elements  157 A and  157 B. In one or more embodiments of the present invention the metal ring screen  154  and the central metal cylinder  155  are copper.  
         [0063]      FIG. 16  portrays a top view of a portion of the MHD heat spreader structure. A positively charged central metal cylinder  162  and a negatively charged metal ring screen  161  create electrical field  164  pointing radially outward. The presence of magnetic field pointing into the page induces electrically conductive MHD fluid  163  to exhibit outwardly swirling motion as depicted in the figure. The radially outward and swirling motion of the MHD fluid  163  greatly enhances thermal transfer rate. The heat sink spreader structure acts as a cylindrical MHD pump to drive forced convectional flow of the MHD fluid  163 . The outwardly swirling motion of the MHD fluid  163  induced by magnetic and electric potential provides provide high flow rate of the MHD fluid  163  and hence a high rate of cooling.  
         [0064]      FIG. 17  shows another view of a portion of a cylindrical heat spreader  170  containing MHD fluid. A plurality of heat sources  173  is inserted to the cylindrical heat spreader  170 . In one or more embodiments of the present invention, a central copper cylinder is positively charged and a copper ring screen is negatively charged, creating an electric field pointing radially outward.  FIG. 17  also portrays a non-conductive element  175  underneath the copper ring screen and a bottom magnet  176  underneath the non-conductive element  175 . A ferroelectric shielding cover  171  provides magnetic shielding to the cylindrical heat spreader  170 .  
         [0065]     Advantages of the present invention may include one or more of the following. In one or more embodiments of the present invention, a cooling apparatus may be used to cool one or more integrated circuits disposed on a circuit board.  
         [0066]     In one or more embodiments of the present invention, a flow of thermally conductive fluid used to cool one or more hot spots of an integrated circuit may be controlled so as to effectuate a desired level of cooling.  
         [0067]     In one or more embodiments of the present invention, a multiple magnet array for driving the flow of fluid used to cool one or more hot spots of an integrated circuit resides separate from the integrated circuit.  
         [0068]     In one or more embodiments of the present invention, a multiple magnet array may be used to have multiple channels cool across an area of an integrated circuit, where the multiple magnet array may also be used to more directly cool a hot spot of an integrated circuit.  
         [0069]     In one or more embodiments of the present invention, a magnetic field used to drive the flow of fluid used to cool one or more hot spots of an integrated circuit may be shielded so as to prevent magnetic field interference.  
         [0070]     In one or more embodiments of the present invention, a cylindrical heat spreader containing MHD fluid with swirling induced by electric and magnetic fields may be used to cool one or more heat sources.  
         [0071]     In one or more embodiments of the present invention, a cylindrical heat spreader containing MHD fluid with swirling induced by electric and magnetic fields may function as an MHD pump to force convective flow of fluid from hot region to colder regions for highly efficient cooling.  
         [0072]     In one or more embodiments of the present invention, a cylindrical heat spreader containing MHD fluid with swirling induced by electric and magnetic fields may have circular heat sink fins which resemble circular motion of the swirling, greatly increasing the rate of heat transfer.  
         [0073]     While specific embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, further modifications and improvements will occur to those skilled in the art. It is understood that the invention is not limited to the particular forms shown and it is intended for the appended claims to cover all modifications which do not depart from the spirit and scope of this invention.