Abstract:
A remote detonator system is provided. The remote detonator system includes a receiver and a transmitter. The receiver includes a transducer configured to receive an ultrasonic acoustic signal. The transducer is electrically coupled to a first controller, the first controller having a processor responsive to executable computer instructions for detonating a charge in response to the transducer receiving the ultrasonic acoustic signal. A transmitter is provided having a transmitter configured to selectively emit the ultrasonic acoustic signal in response to an actuation by an operator.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The present Application is a nonprovisional application of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/774,613 filed on Mar. 8, 2013 entitled “Signal Encrypted Digital Detonator System,” the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The subject matter disclosed herein relates to a remote detonator system for explosive charges and in particular to a remote detonator system having wireless communications between a transmitter and a detonator. 
         [0003]    Explosive charges are used in a wide variety of applications, such as mining operators, building demolition and in military and police operations. The initiation of the explosive charge is performed by a detonator device that typically uses an electrical charge to ignite a small explosive such as a blasting cap for example. Traditionally, the blasting cap was physically connected to an ignition switch using a conductor such as copper cable. To initiate the detonator, the operator connects the conductor to the switch once the area where the explosive charge is clear of personnel and actuates the switch. The use of a physical conductor provides a number of advantages in reliability and safety. 
         [0004]    However, physical conductors also introduce a number of issues. In applications such as mining, many explosive charges may be set and configured to detonate in a desired sequence. The use of physical conductors to connect with each of the charges is labor intensive and dependent on the accuracy and attention of the operator to ensure the large number of conductors are properly installed and coupled to the switch. A misconnected conductor increases the risk of detonating the explosives in the wrong sequence. In other applications, such as military operations, the use of a physical wire is undesirable as it increases the weight of equipment the personnel have to carry and may expose the personnel to opposing forces while the conductor is being disbursed and is subject to damage prior to actuation of the detonator. Further, physical wires are susceptible to induced currents due to radio frequency electromagnetic fields created by radios and other wireless communications devices. This induced current may in certain circumstances cause a premature detonation of the explosive charge. 
         [0005]    Other types of physical connections have also been proposed, such as but not limited to shock tubes, optical cables, low energy detonating cord (LEDC) and the like. While each of these has its own advantages, since the connections are physical, care must still be taken by the operator during installation. Further, physical connections may also become a tripping hazard for friendly forces or provide a means for an opposing force to locate either the explosive charge or personnel. 
         [0006]    To avoid these issues, wireless detonator systems have been proposed. The use of a wireless system solves the labor issue of the having to install a conductor and also reduces the installation time for military personnel. However wireless detonator systems have provided their own challenges. First, since there is no physical conductor, the detonator needs to include an energy source to initiate the detonator. This presents a risk of inadvertent detonator actuation. Further, many of these systems use radio frequency (RF) communications. An RF based communications system uses an antenna to acquire the signal. This can be problematic in some applications, such as a battlefield where the RF spectrum is heavily used. Since RF signals are an electromagnetic wave, stray (and directed) RF signals may induce an electrical current in the antenna, which presents a risk of inadvertent detonator actuation. Further, RF communication is susceptible to electromagnetic jamming by both friendly and opposing forces, which could prevent initiation of an explosive charge. 
         [0007]    Other wireless systems, such as optical or laser systems have also been proposed. These resolve the issue of interference, induced voltage and jamming. However an optical based system requires a line of sight connection with no obstacles for communicating the signal from the switch to the detonator. This situation may not be possible in some applications, such as urban warfare where the operator may be several rooms away from the explosive charge. Further, a line of sight system may expose the operators to opposing forces or otherwise reveal their position. 
         [0008]    Accordingly, while existing detonator systems are suitable for their intended purposes the need for improvement remains particularly in providing a wireless communication system between a detonation transmitter and a detonator that does not utilize radio frequency communications. 
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0009]    According to one aspect of the invention, a remote detonator is provided. The remote detonator includes a first receiver and a transmitter. The first receiver includes a first transducer configured to receive an ultrasonic acoustic signal, the first transducer being electrically coupled to a first controller, the first controller having a processor responsive to executable computer instructions for detonating a first charge in response to the first transducer receiving the ultrasonic acoustic signal. The transmitter includes a second transducer configured to selectively emit the ultrasonic acoustic signal in response to an actuation by an operator. 
         [0010]    According to another aspect of the invention, a method of detonating an explosive charge is provided. The method includes coupling a first receiver to an transmitter. A predetermined code is transmitted from the transmitter to the first receiver. The first receiver is positioned with the charge remote from the transmitter. An ultrasonic acoustic signal is transmitted from the transmitter, the ultrasonic acoustic signal including at least the predetermined code. A plurality of acoustic signals are received with the first receiver. It is determined whether he received plurality of acoustic signals includes the ultrasonic acoustic signal. The explosive charge is detonated with the first receiver. 
         [0011]    According to yet another aspect of the invention, A remote detonator is provided. The remote detonator includes a receiver and a transmitter. The receiver includes a housing with a projection on one side and a first acoustic transducer on an opposite side, the projection including a detonator, the first acoustic transducer configured to receive an ultrasonic acoustic signal, the first acoustic transducer being electrically coupled to a first controller disposed in the housing, the first controller having a processor responsive to executable computer instructions for transferring an electrical charge in response to the first acoustic transducer receiving the ultrasonic acoustic signal. The transmitter is removably coupled to the receiver, the transmitter having a body with an opening sized to receive and electrically couple with the projection, wherein the transmitter configured to emit the ultrasonic acoustic signal in response to a actuation by an operator. 
         [0012]    These and other advantages and features will become more apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
         [0013]    The subject matter, which is regarded as the invention, is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the claims at the conclusion of the specification. The foregoing and other features, and advantages of the invention are apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: 
           [0014]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view of a receiver for detonating an explosive charge in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0015]      FIG. 2  is another perspective view of the receiver of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0016]      FIG. 3  is a schematic circuit diagram of the receiver of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0017]      FIG. 4  is a schematic circuit diagram of the control circuit for the receiver of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0018]      FIG. 5  is a block diagram of the circuit of  FIG. 4 ; 
           [0019]      FIG. 6  is a perspective view of an transmitter in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0020]      FIG. 7  is a side view of the transmitter of  FIG. 6 ; 
           [0021]      FIG. 8  is a schematic circuit diagram of the control circuit for the transmitter of  FIG. 6 ; 
           [0022]      FIG. 9  is a block diagram of the circuit of  FIG. 8 ; 
           [0023]      FIG. 10  is a perspective view of the remote detonator assembly in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; and 
           [0024]      FIG. 11  is a flow diagram on the operator of the remote detonator assembly in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. 
       
    
    
       [0025]    The detailed description explains embodiments of the invention, together with advantages and features, by way of example with reference to the drawings. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0026]    Embodiments of the present invention provide for a remote detonation system for detonating explosive charges without the use of a physical connection between the operator and the detonator device. Embodiments of the invention provide advantages in allowing the operator to initiate the detonation wirelessly with no or low risk of the signal being blocked (jamming) by opposing forces or stray signals inducing a voltage in the detonator. Still further embodiments of the invention provide advantages in providing reliable communications between the operator and the detonator device in the presence of contaminating signals, such as sound, light and a broad range of electromagnetic or other radio frequency emissions. 
         [0027]    Referring now to the FIGs. a wireless remote detonator system  20  is provided. The detonator system  20  includes a receiver  22  and a transmitter  24 . As will be discussed in more detail herein, the receiver  22  is adapted to couple with an explosive charge, such as a blasting cap for example, that detonates an explosive charge in response to receiving an acoustic signal that includes a predetermined detonation code. In the exemplary embodiment, the acoustic signal is transmitted in the ultrasonic or higher frequency range. 
         [0028]    The receiver  22  includes a housing  26  having a projection  28  extending from one side ( FIGS. 1-2 ). In the exemplary embodiment, the detonator  45  (i.e. a blasting cap) is positioned within the projection  28 . In another embodiment, the projection  28  is configured to transfer electrical energy between an energy storage device  30  ( FIG. 3 ) within the housing  26  and an external detonator (not shown). Opposite the projection  28  is a transducer  32  configured to receive and convert ultrasonic acoustic sounds into an electrical signal. In the exemplary embodiment, the transducer  32  is a Model SPM0404UD5 manufactured by Knowles Acoustics. A safety pin  34  extends through a side wall  36  of the housing  26 . The safety pin  34  may incorporate a pull ring to facilitate removal. The safety pin  34  provides a physical break in a circuit that prevents inadvertent discharge of the stored electrical charge in energy storage device  30 . In one embodiment, the receiver  22  further includes a set of contacts  31  arranged adjacent the projection  28 . The contacts  31  engage corresponding contacts on the transmitter  24  to allow synchronization, data transfer and electrical transfer from the transmitter  24  to the receiver  22 . In another embodiment, the synchronization and data transfer occurs through an inductive coupling system (not shown). 
         [0029]    The receiver  22  further includes a circuit  38  arranged within the housing  26 . The circuit  38  includes the energy storage device  30  coupled to a control circuit  40  and a pair of switches  42 ,  44 . In the one embodiment, the energy storage device  30  is a capacitor and is capable of holding the charge for at least four (4) hours. The control circuit  40  moves between an open and closed position. The switches  42 ,  44  separate the energy source  30  from the detonator  45  to prevent the flow of electrical current when the switches  42 ,  44  are open and the detonator  45  is shunted. The switches  42 ,  44  are actuated by the safety pin  34  such that the switches  42 ,  44  are open when the safety pin  34  is installed and closed when the safety pin  34  is removed. It should be appreciated that the safety pin  34  may be reinserted after removal to open the switches  42 ,  44  and prevent detonation of the explosive charge. 
         [0030]    The receiver  22  includes control circuit  40  shown in  FIGS. 4-5  for detonating the detonator  45 . The control circuit  40  is illustrated schematically in  FIG. 4  and as a block diagram in  FIG. 5 . The control circuit  40  includes a transducer  46  that is configured to convert ultrasonic acoustic sounds into an electrical signal. The receiver  22  further includes digital signal processing for filtering and analyzing the incoming signal. In the exemplary embodiment, the electrical signal is transferred to a low noise amplifier  48 . The low noise amplifier amplifies the incoming signal and transfers it to a band pass filter  50  that filters the signal around the frequency of interest. In one embodiment, the frequency of interest is about 25 kHz. Since the attenuation of the signal may be unpredictable, the signal is modified using a variable gain amplifier  52  that maintains the signal between two desired voltage levels. Amplifying if the signal is attenuated and attenuating if the signal is over range. In one embodiment, the output signal from the variable gain amplifier  52  is maintained between 2 volts and 4 volts. The signal is then analyzed by a tone detector  54 . If the desired frequency (i.e. 25 kHz) is present, a logic “0” is output, while any other signal outputs a logic “1”. This output signal is then inverted with the low pass filter  56  to yield the data transmitted via the acoustic signal. The data is evaluated by a processor  58 . 
         [0031]    It should be appreciated that while embodiments herein describe the desired frequency as being about 25 kHz, the claimed invention should not be so limited. In other embodiments, the desired frequency may be other frequencies or the frequency may be determined during the synchronization process. In still other embodiments, the desired frequency may be operator defined. 
         [0032]    As will be discussed in more detail below, the ultrasonic acoustic signal is encoded with a predetermined code, which when present in the acoustic signal enables the microprocessor  58  to close the control switch  60 . If the safety pin  34  has been removed and the processor  58  closes the control switch  60 , electrical current will flow from the energy storage device  30  into the projection  28  to initiate the detonator  45 . 
         [0033]    In one embodiment, the receiver  22  is configured to allow bidirectional communication with the transmitter. In one embodiment, the energy storage device  30  is sized to provide power for the bidirectional communication. It is estimated that the energy storage device  30  would need to store an additional 4.2 joules of energy in addition to the energy for initiating detonation in order to transmit 100 feet. 
         [0034]    The transmitter device  24  shown in  FIGS. 6 and 7  transmits an ultrasonic acoustic signal upon actuation by the operator. The transmitter  24  includes a body  62  having a generally rectangular shape. The body includes an opening  64  on one end that is sized to receive the projection  28  of receiver  22 . The body further includes a plurality of actuators  66 ,  68 ,  70 . The actuator  66  is a “fire” selector that allows the operator to transmit the ultrasonic acoustic signal to the receiver  22 . The actuator  68  is a synchronization selector which allows the operator to initiate the charging of the energy storage device  30  and programing the processor  58  with a predetermined code. In one embodiment, the transmitter  24  includes actuator  70  which allows the operator to transmit a second ultrasonic acoustic signal that disarms the receiver  22 . This provides advantages in embodiments where the receiver includes a timer that delays the closing of switch  60  for a predetermined amount of time, such as 17 milliseconds to 10 seconds for example. This allows the operator to authorize the detonation and then rescind the command. The transmitter  24  further has an energy source (e.g. a battery) configured to charge the energy source  30  with a sufficient charge to detonate the explosive charge. In the exemplary embodiment, the energy transferred from the transmitter  24  to the receiver  22  is sufficient for a period of four hours. 
         [0035]    In other embodiments, the body  62  may include straps or other mounting hardware that allows the transmitter  24  to be mounted on an operator (e.g. on an arm or belt) or to a firearm (e.g. on a stock or barrel). 
         [0036]    One embodiment of the control circuit  72  of the transmitter  24  is shown in  FIGS. 8 and 9 .  FIG. 8  shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the control circuit  72  while  FIG. 9  shows the control circuit  72  in a block diagram. Data is transmitted by the transmitter  24  via an On-Off Keying ( 00 K) approach. In one embodiment, a processor  74  receives data  76  (e.g. 4-bit data) and transmits a signal to the direct digital synthesizer  78 . In other embodiments, the data  76  may contain more than 4-bits of data. An analog signal incorporating the 4-bit predetermined code is generated by a direct digital synthesizer  78  and then amplified in two stages. The first stage is a Programmable Gain &amp; Static Gain Amplifier  80 . In a second stage, a High Voltage Amplifier  82  increases the signal up to 120 V p-p . After amplification the signal transmitted via ultrasonic transducer  84 . It should be appreciated that other embodiments simplify this circuit through the use of a digital signal processor (DSP). It was found that the data could be transmitted and decoded reliably at distances up to 120 feet at a baud rate of 5-7 bits/second. In the exemplary embodiment, the transmitter has an effective range between 100-1000 feet. In one embodiment, the transmitter effective range is at least 50 feet with the receiver  22  in a second interior room constructed of wood frame and drywall with a single layer brick exterior surface. In still another embodiment, the transmitter has an effective range of 200 feet from the receiver in a third interior room constructed of wood frame and drywall with a single layer brick exterior surface. 
         [0037]    Referring now to  FIGS. 10 and 11 , the operation of the remote detonator system  20  will be described. The operator first selects a receiver  22  in block  90  and inserts the receiver  22  into the transmitter  24  in block  92 . The receiver  22  and transmitter  24  are synchronized in block  94 . The synchronization step may include several functions, but at a minimum, the transmitter  24  charges the energy storage device  30  with a sufficient charge to detonate the desired charge and also transfers the predetermined code (e.g. 4-bit code) to the processor  58 . In other embodiments, the synchronization process may further include transferring a delay or a desired frequency to the receiver  22 . When the operator arrives at the desired location, the receiver  96  is removed in block  96  and the detonator is coupled to the explosive charge in block  98 . Communication is verified in block  100 . In one embodiment communication is verified by an affirmative signal transmitted by the receiver  22 , such as via transducer  32  for example, back to the transmitter  24 . The transmitter  24  could then provide an indication to the operator that the signal has been received. In one embodiment, the indication is via a light such as an LED. In another embodiment, the transmitter  24  may include a mechanical interlock arrangement that moves in response to receiving the signal. In still other embodiments, the verification signal from the receiver  22  in response to receiving a first signal from the transmitter  24 . Where the receiver  22  does not have a capability of transmitting a signal, the verification process may include transmitting a first signal from the transmitter  24  and a visual indicator, such as an LED for example, being actuated. 
         [0038]    With the explosive charge in place, the safety pin  34  is removed in block  102  and the receiver is ready to detonate the explosive charge. The personnel move a safe distance away and transmit the ultrasonic acoustic signal in block  104 . As discussed above the receive receives the ultrasonic acoustic signal and determines if the signal is at the desired frequency and includes a code that is the same as the predetermined code transmitted to the receiver  22  in block  94 . If the received code matches the predetermined code, the switch  60  closes and the electrical current flows to the projection  28  and the explosive charge is detonated. 
         [0039]    The use of an acoustic signal provides a number of advantages. Since an acoustic signal is used, the issue of induced currents from stray signals is eliminated. Further, the ultrasonic acoustic signal may be transmitted between rooms. It was found that transmission was completed through a closed solid fire rated wooden door. Ultrasonic signals provide improved penetration of obstacles that would otherwise impede an RF signal, such as but not limited to wet materials and metallic barriers (i.e. shipping containers). The ultrasonic acoustic signal provides still further advantages in allowing for reliable transmission of the signal in a noisy environment, such as a battlefield. Testing was performed during live fire of an AR-15 rifle with a 20″ barrel firing a M855 equivalent ammunition. During this testing, the transmitter transducer was positioned 50 feet and 100 feet from the rifle being fired and the receiver transducer was placed 5-10 feet behind the rifle muzzle. Under these conditions, the data received 4 out of  4  times at 50 feet. With the transmitter transducer placed at the muzzle of the rifle being fired, data was received 3 out of 4 times at 100 feet and 2 out of 4 times at 50 feet. It is contemplated that the receiver  22  may be configured to activate during localized low pressure periods to avoid having the pressure wave from the rifle over drive the transducer. Further, it is contemplated that by using digital signal processing techniques to increase communications speed, the data transmission may occur during the window of decreased pressure. To further increase reliability, a higher speed transmission system may be used to transmit the ultrasonic acoustic signal multiple times. 
         [0040]    In other embodiments, the transmitter  24  may be configured to synchronize with multiple receivers  22  allowing an operator to detonate multiple charges with the transmission of a single ultrasonic acoustic signal. In other embodiments, the receiver  22  may be configured to synchronize with multiple transmitters  24  to provide redundancy in case a primary transmitter becomes damaged or the operator disabled. In still further embodiments, the receiver  22  includes a timer that delays detonation of the explosive charge for a period of time, such as 17 milliseconds to 10 seconds for example. In one embodiment, the delay period is fixed while in another embodiment the delay period is set by the operator. 
         [0041]    It should be appreciated that while the systems and method of communicating using an ultrasonic acoustic signal has been described with respect to a detonation system, the claimed invention should not be so limited. In other embodiments, the ultrasonic acoustic communications arrangement may be used in other applications, including but not limited to coded identification transmissions to friendly forces in real time, secure coded communication between submarines and surface ships, garage door openers, automobile keyless entry systems, and residential/commercial alarm systems. In still other applications, the acoustic communications arrangement may be used for close quarters, non-line-of-sight stealth communication between military personnel or law enforcement officers. The acoustic communications arrangement may also be used for communication between distributed sensor arrays such as those used in area denial weapons or area intrusion alarms. Still further applications may include communications for robots, unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) or unmanned underwater vehicles (UUV&#39;s) particularly for robots that operate in “swarms” of actively or passively coordinated activity in a local area. This could work well in battlefield environments or for disaster response robots in areas cluttered with debris or water that degrades traditional radio frequency communication. 
         [0042]    While the invention has been described in detail in connection with only a limited number of embodiments, it should be readily understood that the invention is not limited to such disclosed embodiments. Rather, the invention can be modified to incorporate any number of variations, alterations, substitutions or equivalent arrangements not heretofore described, but which are commensurate with the spirit and scope of the invention. Additionally, while various embodiments of the invention have been described, it is to be understood that aspects of the invention may include only some of the described embodiments. Accordingly, the invention is not to be seen as limited by the foregoing description, but is only limited by the scope of the appended claims.