Abstract:
An apparatus for detecting the displacement information of an object has a light source, a diffraction grating for diffracting a light beam from the light source so that the light beam diffracted by the diffraction grating is incident on the object, and a photodetector for detecting the light from the object caused upon the incidence of the light beam thereon by the diffraction grating. Information regarding the relative displacement to the object along a predetermined direction is detected on the basis of a light detection signal from the photodetector. The diffraction grating is formed so that the light beam applied to the object may be condensed on the object in a direction in which the relative displacement to the object cannot be detected by the signal from the photodetector.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to a displacement information measuring apparatus and can be well applied to a velocimeter utilizing the Doppler effect of applying a laser beam, for example, to a moving object or fluid or the like (hereinafter referred to as the “moving object”) and detecting the shift of the frequency of scattered light subjected to Doppler shift in conformity with the movement velocity of the moving object to thereby measure the amount of displacement as the information regarding the displacement of the moving object or the movement velocity or the like of the moving object in non-contact. 
     2. Related Background Art 
     A laser Doppler velocimeter has heretofore been used as an apparatus for measuring the movement velocity of a moving object in non-contact and highly accurately. The laser Doppler velocimeter is an apparatus for applying a laser beam to a moving object, and measuring the movement velocity of the moving object by utilizing the effect (Doppler effect) of the frequency of scattered light from the moving object shifting in proportion to the movement velocity of the moving object. moving object. 
     FIG. 1A of the accompanying drawings is an illustration showing an example of the laser Doppler velocimeter according to the prior art. 
     In FIG. 1A, a laser beam emitted from a laser  1  becomes a parallel light beam  3  by a collimator lens  2 , and is divided into two light beams, i.e., transmitted light  5   a  and reflected light  5   b , by a beam splitter  4 , and these two light beams are reflected by reflecting mirrors  6   a  and  6   b , whereafter they are applied to a moving object  7  moving at a velocity B at a angle of incident θ from different directions. The scattered light from the moving object  7  is detected by a photodetector  9  through a converting lens  8 . At this time, the frequencies of the scattered lights by the two light beams are subjected to the Doppler shifts of +Δf and −Δf in proportion to the movement velocity V. Here, if the wavelength of the laser beam is λ, the change Δf in the frequency can be expressed by the following expression (1): 
     
       
         Δf=V·sin(θ)/λ  (1) 
       
     
     The scattered lights subjected to the doppler shifts of +Δf and −Δf interfere with each other and bring about a change of bright and dark on the light receiving surface of the photodetector  9 , and the frequency F thereof is given by the following expression (2): 
      F=2·Δf=2·V·sin(θ)/λ  (2) 
     If the frequency F of the photodetector  9  (hereinafter referred to as the “doppler frequency) is measured from expression (2), the movement velocity V of the moving object  7  will be obtained. 
     A method of improving the S/N ratio of a signal in such a velocimeter is proposed, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 60-243583. In this publication, there is shown a method of condensing a laser beam applied to a moving object in a non-sensitive direction in velocity detection. Particularly, a cylindrical lens is disclosed as means for condensing a laser beam in a non-sensitive direction in velocity detection. 
     When in the prior-art velocimeter, a laser beam is to be condensed in the non-sensitive direction in velocity detection by the use of a cylindrical lens, the optical axes of two light beams and the generating-line optical axis of the cylindrical lens must be put together and the assembly must be done strictly. Also, as a matter of course, the number of parts increases correspondingly to the use of the cylindrical lens, and the entire apparatus becomes complicated. 
     FIG. 1B of the accompanying drawings shows an example of a laser Doppler velocimeter using an optical system which achieves the downsizing of the entire apparatus. 
     Referring to FIG. 1B, a laser beam emitted from a laser  1  becomes a parallel light beam  3  by a collimator lens  2 , and enters a diffraction grating G having a grating pitch d. ±first-order diffracted lights R 1  and R 2  are created by the diffraction grating G, and emerge at a diffraction angle  6  which satisfies the relation that d·sin(θ)=λ. when the two light beams are applied to an object to be measured moving at a velocity V at an angle θ of incidence, the scattered light therefrom is detected by a photodetector  9  through a condensing lens  8 , and like expression (2), the beat frequency F becomes 
     
       
         F=2·V·sin(θ)/λ. 
       
     
     Here, the angle of incidence θ is equal to the angle of diffraction θ and therefore, there is established the relation that 
     
       
         d·sin(θ)=λ,  (3) 
       
     
     where d is the pitch of the diffraction grating. 
     From expressions (2) and (3), there is derived the following expression free of the dependency on the wavelength λ: 
     
       
         F=2·V/d  (4) 
       
     
     From this, the movement velocity V is found. 
     By the construction as described above, a construction most compact up to now and free of the wavelength dependency of the laser beam, that is, a construction which eliminates the temperature dependency of a sensor, is made possible. 
     However, downsizing and low price can be achieved even by the construction as shown in FIG. 1B, but in the case of characteristic which produces not only desired ±first-order diffracted lights but also much of unnecessary O-order diffracted light, for example, by the level difference working error or the like of a diffraction grating, there results an interference signal including not the interference between ±first-order diffracted lights, but O-order diffracted light, and there has been a case where it is impossible to maintain the S/N of the Doppler signal shown in expression (4) good and the detection accuracy is aggravated. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide a displacement information measuring apparatus in which optical parts such as a cylindrical lens, etc. need not be increased and a signal of good S/N can be obtained by a simple construction to thereby obtain highly accurate displacement information. 
     Other object of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of some embodiments of the invention. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1A is an illustration of a laser Doppler velocimeter according to the prior art. 
     FIG. 1B is an illustration of a laser Doppler velocimeter according to the prior art. 
     FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the essential portions of Embodiment 1 of the present invention. 
     FIGS. 3A and 3B are illustrations of a portion of FIG.  2 . 
     FIG. 4 is an illustration of a portion of FIG.  2 . 
     FIG. 5 is a view illustrating the expanse of each order diffracted light from a diffraction grating. 
     FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the essential portions of Embodiment 2 of the present invention. 
     FIG. 7 is a perspective view of the essential portions of Embodiment 3 of the present invention. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the essential portions of Embodiment 1 of the present invention, FIG. 3A shows rays of light as seen along the X-axis of FIG. 2, and FIG. 3B shows rays of light as seen along the Y-axis of FIG.  2 . 
     This embodiment achieves an improvement in the S/N ratio of a Doppler signal without increasing optical parts, and is characterized in that a diffraction grating is used as deflecting means for making a light enter a moving object at a predetermined angle of incidence θ at a predetermined position and that the shape of the diffraction grating is formed so that the laser beam applied to the moving object may be condensed in a non-sensitive direction in velocity detection. 
     As a specific shape, gratings of the same hyperbolic shape are formed at the same pitch to thereby optically improve the S/N ratio of a detection signal. 
     Also, as deflecting means for deflecting a parallel light beam, diffraction gratings in which gratings of the same hyperbola are formed at the same pitch in a measurement detecting direction (X direction) are arranged in opposed relationship with each other, whereby it is not necessary to add optical parts and downsizing is realized and yet the S/N ratio of the detection signal is optically improved. 
     In FIGS. 2,  3 A and  3 B, a laser beam emitted from a laser  1  becomes a parallel light beam  3  by a collimator lens  2  and enters a blazed type diffraction grating (grating portion) G comprising a diffraction grating G 1  having diffraction gratings of a hyperbolic shape arranged at a pitch d and a diffraction grating G 2  disposed line-symmetrically with the diffraction grating G 1  with respect to the Y-axis perpendicularly thereto, and ±first-order diffracted light R 1  and diffracted light R 2  are created by the diffraction gratings G 1  and G 2 , respectively. These diffracted lights are kept as parallel light beams in a velocity detecting direction, but emerge so as to be converged at a measuring position in a non-sensitive direction (Y-axis) in velocity detection. 
     The diffraction grating G 1  and G 2  together constitute an element of deflecting means by which a laser beam is incident on a moving object  7  from a predetermined direction. 
     FIG. 4 is an illustration showing the diffraction grating shape of the diffraction grating G 1  of a hyperbolic shape will now be described. When the distance from the diffraction grating G 1  to the object surface  7  to be measured is defined as WD, the hyperbolic shape is represented by the following expression:                (     x   +       WD   /   tan                   θ       )     2         (       WD   /   tan                   θ     )     2       -       y   2       WD   2       -   1     =   0                          
     When a parallel light beam enters the diffraction grating G 1 , diffracted light emerges at an angle of diffraction θ which satisfies d·sin (θ)=λ in the direction of the X-axis. Meanwhile, in the direction of the Y-axis, the light beam is converged at a position with the distance WD which is a distance from the diffraction grating G 1  to the object surface to be measured. It should be noted that d is the pitch of the diffraction grating. 
     When the parallel light beam from the laser  1  enter both (diffraction grating G) of the diffraction grating G 1  and the diffraction grating G 2  disposed in opposed relationship therewith, it becomes possible to condense the laser beam in the non-sensitive direction (Y direction) in velocity detection on the surface  7  to be measured, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3A. 
     When the two light beams R 1  and R 2  are applied at an angle of incidence θ to the object  7  to be measured moving at a velocity V, the scattered light therefrom is detected by a photodetector  9  through a condensing lens  8 , and regarding the beat frequency F thereof, similarly to expression (4), the relation that 
     
       
         F=2·V/d  (5) 
       
     
     is established, and there is derived an expression free of the wavelength dependency of the laser beam. 
     In FIG. 4, there is shown an example in which the angle of incidence of the laser beam onto the diffraction grating G is perpendicular, by when the angle of incidence of the laser beam changes, the optimum hyperbolic shape changes. When an angle of incidence is given to the laser beam, the hyperbolic shape can be optimally designed so as to condense the laser beam in the non-sensitive direction in velocity detection on the surface to be measured. 
     FIG. 5 is a view illustrating the velocity of diffracted light of each order on the object surface  7  to be measured when a parallel light beam is applied to the diffraction grating G. As can be seen from this figure, +1st-order diffracted light  31  necessary for the detection of the velocity is converged with respect to the non-sensitive direction (Y-axis) in velocity detection, and O-order diffracted light  30  remains being parallel light beam with respect to the direction of the Y-axis, and −1st-order diffracted light  32  becomes divergent with respect to the non-sensitive direction (Y-axis) in velocity detection. 
     Generally the diffraction grating is designed such that O-order light is not created, but even when O-order light is created, the density of the light is small correspondingly to the percentage of the width of the light beam to the Y-axis and thus, the percentage of an unnecessary interference component which is a noise component becomes finally negligible. 
     In the present embodiment, by the construction as described above, there is obtained a signal of which the S/N ratio is improved without the number of parts being increased. Also, a cylindrical lens is not used and therefore, it is not necessary to align the optical axes of the two light beams with the generating-line of the cylindrical lens during assembly, and throw-in assembly is made possible. 
     Also, the degree of influence of the unnecessary interference light attributable to inaccuracy of manufacturing is greatly curtailed, whereby any irregularity of performance can also be greatly curtailed. 
     FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the essential portions of Embodiment 2 of the present invention. In FIG. 6, a laser beam from a laser  1  is made into a parallel light beam by a collimator lens  2  and enters a first linear diffraction grating G 10  of a grating pitch d. The incident light is split into two beams by the linear diffraction grating G 10 . Second diffraction gratings G 21  and G 22  in which hyperbolic shapes are arranged at a grating pitch d/2 have their hyperbolic shapes disposed in opposed relationship with each other and so that the light may be converged on an object surface  7  to be measured in a non-sensitive direction (Y direction) in velocity detection. 
     The first diffraction grating G 10  and the second diffraction gratings G 21 , G 22  together constitute an element of deflecting means. 
     When in the present embodiment, the distance from the second diffraction gratings G 21 , G 22  to the object surface  7  to be measured is defined as WD, the hyperbolic shape of the second diffraction gratings G 21 , G 22  is represented by the following expression:                {     x   +         WD        (     1   -     sin                 θ       )       2     /     (     2                 sin                 θ                 cos                 θ     )         }     2         {         WD        (     1   -     sin                 θ       )       2     /     (     2      sin                 θcos                 θ     )       }     2       -       y   2       WD   2       -   1     =   0                          
     The +1st-order and −1st-order diffracted lights from the diffraction gratings G 21  and G 22  are scattered by the object  7  to be measured, and the scattered light is detected by a photodetector  9  through a condensing lens  8 . As in Embodiment 1, displacement information V is obtained from expression (4). 
     While in this embodiment, an example in which the diffraction grating G 10  is used as a beam splitter is mentioned, the effect of the present invention can also be obtained by an optical system comprising a combination of a half mirror and a prism. 
     FIG. 7 is a perspective view of the essential portions of Embodiment 3 of the present invention. This embodiment shows a linear encoder. The construction in which a light beam from a laser  1  is made into a parallel light beam by a collimator lens  2  and is made to enter an object  7  to be measured by a first diffraction grating G 10  and second diffraction gratings G 21 , G 22  is the same as Embodiment 2 of FIG.  6 . 
     In the present embodiment, a scale  70  comprising a reflecting type diffraction grating of a grating pitch d is used as the object surface to be measured. In this case, a photodetector  9  receives scattered light concentrating in a particular direction created by the diffracted lights from the diffraction gratings G 21  and G 22  entering the reflecting type diffraction grating  70 , i.e., the interface light of the diffracted lights. The present construction is an optical system for increasing the mounting tolerance, and without a cylindrical lens being disposed, the light beam can be made into a condensed light beam by the scale surface  70 , and this construction is excellent in downsizing and assembling property. 
     This diffraction grating  70  may be of a transmitting type. In this case, the photodetector is disposed under the scale  70  of FIG.  7 . 
     Also, the first diffraction grating G 10  may be replaced by a prism type beam splitter. If for example, this beam splitter is made into a polarizing beam splitter having its polarization axis inclined by 45° with respect to the linearly polarized direction of the incident laser beam, and a λ/4 plate and another polarizing beam splitter are disposed in the optical path of the emergent light beam from the scale  70  and each of the light beams split by the another polarizing beam splitter is designed to be received by a photodetector, signals having a phase shift of 90° with each other (so-called two-phase signals) will be obtained from the two photodetectors. 
     In the present embodiment, there is shown a case shape are formed at the same pitch, as the shape of the diffraction grating for condensing the laser beam in the non-sensitive direction (Y direction) in velocity detection, but the central portion of the Y-axis of the hyperbolic shape substantially coincides with a circular shape and therefor, when the effective beam diameter is sufficiently small, the hyperbolic shape approximately includes an arcuate shape. 
     As described above, a diffraction grating is used as deflection means for making light enter a moving object, and the shape of the diffraction grating is formed so that the light beam applied to the moving object may be condensed in a non-sensitive direction in velocity detection, whereby without increasing optical parts such as a cylindrical lens, etc., there can be achieved a displacement information measuring apparatus which can obtain a signal of good S/N and can obtain highly accurate displacement information by a simple construction.