Abstract:
A plurality of four bit modulation read only memory (ROM) codes are generated with a PLL feedback divider. The output of a single phase lock loop is modulated to spread the bandwidth of a synthesized clock signal. By spreading the bandwidth, the amplitude of the synthesized clock signal is decreased with respect to its fundamental and its harmonics. As a result of reducing the peak amplitudes, the radiated electromagnetic emission level is significantly lower. Input phase lock loop system data is received as to selected phase lock loop characteristics. A continuous FBD is selected, and a bandwidth and system stability calculation is performed. A state variable system is determined and a numerical model for programming by finite differences is developed. A best path is determined to produce output data and ROM code by a least squares error method.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE 
     This patent application is related to Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/053,259 filed Jul. 21, 1997 under the title Spread Spectrum At Phase Lock Loop (PLL) Feedback Path Method and System, which is hereby expressly referenced, incorporated herein in its entirety, and claimed hereby for purposes of making a priority claim. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present application relates to spread spectrum at phase lock loop (PLL) feedback path methods and systems and more particularly to spread spectrum digital clock circuits having reduced electromagnetic interference (EMI) emissions. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Many digital circuits require clock signals for synchronization. Such digital circuits include microprocessors, which are operating at higher and higher frequencies, making them increasingly susceptible to EMI. One known solution adds weight, complexity, and cost by reducing EMI with filters, shielded boxes, or ferrite elements. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,488,627 discloses a spread spectrum (SS) clock generator which reduces the spectral amplitude of EMI components over a substantial bandwidth. According to this patent, a phase locked loop (PLL) is used to multiply the frequency of a selected low frequency crystal. The PLL is used to force the frequency of a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) to change until a divided output signal and a divided reference signal match the phase detector input. However, the clock circuit has a noisy envelope. 
     Accordingly, it is desirable to develop a clock signal which operates at a reduced noise level and reduced EMI for applications including but not limited to computers, automotive devices and systems, fax/modems, copiers, scanners, printers, and set-top boxes, for example, without requiring costly shielding. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to the present invention, a plurality of four bit modulation read only memory (ROM) codes are generated with a phase lock loop (PLL) feedback divider. The output of a single phase lock loop is modulated to spread the bandwidth of a synthesized clock signal according to the present invention. By spreading the bandwidth of the synthesized clock signal, the peak amplitude of the synthesized clock signal is decreased with respect to its fundamental frequency and its harmonics. As a result of reducing the peak amplitude of the synthesized clock signal, the radiated electromagnetic emission level is significantly lower than in the case of a typical narrow band signal produced by conventional frequency generators. Thus, spread spectrum clock generation according to the present invention is effective for lowering a signal&#39;s amplitude by increasing its bandwidth. According to a method of the present invention, input phase lock loop system data is received as to selected phase lock loop characteristics. Next, a continuous feedback divider is used, and a bandwidth and system stability calculation is performed. Then, according to the present invention, a state variable system is determined and a numerical model for programming by finite differences is conducted. Next, an initial state setup is developed. Then, a next possible state calculation is performed. A best path is determined to produce output data and ROM code by a least squares error method. 
     A spread spectrum clock generator according to the present invention enables reduction of electromagnetic emission according to one embodiment by as much as 12 dB. An actual attenuation of emissions is a function of frequency according to the present invention. According to one embodiment of the present invention, emission attenuation is greatest at the higher frequencies of the attenuation range. With spread spectrum clock generation according to the present invention, board layout shielding can be reduced or eliminated for selected printed circuit boards. According to the present invention shielding requirements are reduced or eliminated, resulting in lower costs and lighter weight products. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a phase lock loop circuit according to the present invention, including four bit modulation circuitry in the feedback loop of the phase lock loop; 
     FIG. 2 is a flow chart of the spread spectrum clock generator method of the present invention; 
     FIG. 3A is a block diagram of selected portions of the phase lock loop circuit according to the present invention; 
     FIG. 3B is a block diagram of a decoder and read only memory according to the present invention, effective for producing signals for the phase lock loop circuit according to the present invention; 
     FIG. 4A is a graph of a frequency characteristic of a spread spectrum clock signal with modulation generated by the software at a selected modulation frequency, resulting in the clock frequency being modified regularly within predetermined bounds, according to the present invention; 
     FIG. 4B is a graph of an ideal frequency characteristic of a spread spectrum clock signal with modulation at a selected modulation frequency, resulting in the clock frequency being modified regularly within predetermined bounds, according to the present invention; 
     FIG. 4C is a graph of a frequency characteristic of a spread spectrum clock signal with modulation generated by the software at a selected modulation frequency, showing a decrease in jitter conditions despite modulation, according to the present invention; 
     FIG. 4D is a graph of a frequency characteristic of an unmodulated spread spectrum clock signal without the modulation software being activated at a selected modulation frequency, showing substantial jitter; 
     FIG. 5A is a graph of ideal typical clock signal frequence distribution compared to an ideal spread spectrum clock signal frequency distribution according to the present invention; 
     FIG. 5B is a graph of an actual typical clock signal frequence distribution compared to an actual spread spectrum clock signal frequency distribution according to the present invention; and 
     FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a spread spectrum clock generator according to the present invention 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a phase lock loop circuit according to the present invention, including four bit modulation circuitry in the feedback loop of the phase lock loop. In particular, FIG. 1 shows a phase lock loop circuit  10  including a summation element  11   a , a phase detector (PD)  11   b , a charge pump (CP)  11   c , a low pass filter (LPF)  11   d , a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO)  11   e , a post divider (POST)  11   f , a feedback divider  11   g , and a spread spectrum circuit  12  according to the present invention. A spread spectrum circuit  12  according to the present invention includes a counter  12   a , a four bit spread spectrum clock generator (SSCG) read only memory (ROM)  12   b  and an adder  12   c . A summation element  11   a  receives an input frequency signal FIN and a negative signal to produce an input signal which is provided to phase detector  11   b . The output of phase detector is connected to charge pump  11   c , and the output of charge pump  11   c  is provided to low pass filter  11   b . The output of low pass filter  11   b  is provided to voltage controlled oscillator  11   e  which in turn is provided to post divider  11   f  to produce a frequency output signal fout. The output of voltage controlled oscillator  11   e  is provided to feedback divider  11   g  and the output of feedback divider  11   g  is provided to summation element  11   a . Spread spectrum circuit  12  receives the output of feedback divider  11   g  as the input of counter  12   a . According to one embodiment of the present invention, counter  12   a  reads frequency pulse signals at the output of feedback divider  11   g  and is programmably resettable to cycle through predetermined count ranges within the maximum count range of counter  12   a . The output of counter  12   a  is provided to spread spectrum clock generator ROM  12   b , and the output of spread spectrum clock generator ROM  12   b  is provided to adder  12   c . The output of adder  12   c  is in turn provided to feedback divider  11   g.    
     FIG. 2 is a flow chart of the spread spectrum clock generator method of the present invention. In particular, according to a method of the present invention  20 , input phase lock loop system data is received  21  as to selected phase lock loop characteristics including for example the charge characteristic of charge pump  11   c  (CP), the gain of the voltage controlled oscillator  11   e  (GVCO), the resistance (R 1 ) and first and second capacitances (C 1  and C 2 ) of the low pass filter  11   d , and the characteristic function of the feedback divider (FBD). According to one embodiment of the present invention, the low pass filter resistor R 1  is connected in series to ground of a selected one of capacitors C 1  and C 2 , which is an order of magnitude larger than the other one of the capacitors. Next according to one embodiment of the present invention, a continuous feedback divider is selected  22 , and a bandwidth and system stability calculation is performed  23 . Then, according to the present invention, a state variable system is determined  24 , according to the state variable formula in Appendix B with reference to the input PLL system data defined above. A numerical model for programming by finite differences is conducted  25 , according to the finite difference formula in Appendix B. Next, an initial state setup including initial state value is developed  26  based upon a first empirical value in a Hershey-Kiss pattern as shown for example in FIG.  4 A. Then, a next possible state calculation is performed  27  to determine a value on the pattern which follows the initial value. A best path is determined  28  to produce  29  output data and ROM code by a least squares error method, according to the least square -error formula in Appendix B. 
     FIG. 3A is a block diagram of selected portions of the phase lock loop circuit  30  according to the present invention. In particular, FIG. 3A includes a phase lock loop circuit  30  which has a crystal  31 , a crystal oscillator circuit  32 , a crystal divider circuit  33 , a multiplexor  34 , a seven bit input divider circuit  35 , an AND logical element  36 , a phase lock loop  37 , a seven bit FB divider  38 , an eight bit counter  39 , a spread spectrum clock generator ROM  41 , a decoder  42 , a multiplexor  43 , a four bit adder circuit  44 , a multiplexor  45 , a first post circuit  46 , a second post circuit  47 , a test circuit  48  and a third post circuit  49 . Crystal  31  is connected to a crystal oscillator circuit  32 . The output of crystal oscillator circuit  32  is connected to crystal divider circuit  33  and multiplexor  34 . The output of crystal divider circuit  33  is connected to the input of multiplexor  34 . Multiplexor  34  is provided with a voltage VCC. The output of multiplexor  34  is provided to seven bit in divider circuit  35  which produces a reference clock signal refclk. AND circuit  36  receives as inputs a TEST signal and a second signal PD-N, and its output is connected to phase lock loop  37  and as a control input to multiplexor  45 . Multiplexor  45  receives oscillator signal OSC and the output of phase lock loop  37  as inputs. The output of multiplexor  45  is connected to first POST circuit  46 , second POST circuit  47 , TEST circuit  48  and to seven bit FB divider circuit  38 . One output of seven bit FB divider circuit  38  is output signal pdclk which is provided to phase lock loop  37 . A second output of seven bit at the divider circuit  38  is provided to eight bit counter circuit  39 . The output of eight bit counter circuit  39  is provided as an input to spread spectrum clock generator ROM  41 . The output of spread spectrum clock generator ROM  41  is connected to multiplexor  43 , and the output of multiplexor  43  is in turn connected to four bit adder  44 . Four bit adder  44  receives additionally an input base number and its output is connected to seven bit feedback divider  38 . Eight bit counter  39  is resettable with a reset signal from reset circuit  40 , which is subject to a reset signal RESET and a second signal SSON. Multiplexor  43  is settable by decoder  42  in response to predetermined signals FS, CO, and SSON. TEST circuit  48  is controlled by signals TEST, SSON, rfclk, and pdclk. The output of TEST circuit  48  is connected to third POST circuit  49 , first, second, and third POST circuits respectively  46 ,  47 , and  49 , are subject to input signal OE. Respective first, second, and third POST circuits  46 ,  47 , and  49  respectively produce first, second, and third output signals OUT 3 , and OUT 2 , and OUT 1 . In summary, a phase lock loop is used according to the present invention to multiply the frequency of a low-cost, low frequency crystal up to a desired clock frequency. An on-chip crystal driver causes the crystal to oscillate at its fundamental frequency. The resulting reference signal is divided by N and fed to the phase detector. The phase lock loop will force the frequency of the VCO output signal to change until the divided output signal and the divided reference signal match at the phase detector input. According to the present invention, in the spread spectrum clock generator, a modulating waveform is superimposed with respect to the VCO, causing the VCO output to be slowly swept across a predetermined frequency band. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the output of the VCO is fed back to a feedback divider  11   g ; according to another embodiment of the present invention, the input of the VCO is fed back to the feedback divider. The output of the feedback divider is provided to a summation node at the input side of phase detector  11   b . Feedback divider  11   g  is further subject to a secondary feedback loop (indexing circuit)  30 ′ which adjusts a value in the feedback divider  11   g  to cause the slow sweeping action between the bounds of a predetermined frequency band. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the modulating frequency is on the order of 1000 times slower than the fundamental clock frequency. Accordingly, the spread spectrum process according to the present invention has an insignificant impact upon system performance, except with respect to reduced noise, EMI, and jitter. 
     FIG. 3B is a block diagram of a decoder  50  and read only memory (ROM)  51  according to the present invention, effective for producing signals for the phase lock loop circuit according to the present invention. In particular, the output of decoder  50  is connected to the input of ROM  51 . Decoder  50  receives first, second, third, and fourth input signals respectively FS, DF, CO, and SSON. ROM  51  produces respective output signals SEVEN BIT IN DIVIDER, EIGHT BIT COUNTER, XTAL DIVIDER, POST, PLL, and BASE NO. 
     FIG. 4A is a graph of a frequency characteristic of a spread spectrum clock signal with modulation generated by the software at a selected modulation frequency, resulting in the clock frequency being modified regularly within predetermined bounds, according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 4B is a graph of an ideal frequency characteristic of a spread spectrum clock signal with modulation at a selected modulation frequency, resulting in the clock frequency being modified regularly within predetermined bounds, according to the present invention. The shape of the modulating waveform is effective to reduction of EMI according to the present invention. The period of the modulation is shown as a percentage of the period length along the x-axis. The amount that the frequency is varied is shown along the y-axis also shown as a percentage of the total frequency spread. 
     FIG. 4C is a graph of a frequency characteristic of a spread spectrum clock signal with modulation generated by the software at a selected modulation frequency, showing a decrease in jitter conditions despite modulation, according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 4D is a graph of a frequency characteristic of an unmodulated spread spectrum clock signal without the modulation software being activated at a selected modulation frequency, showing substantial jitter. 
     FIG. 5A is a graph of ideal typical clock signal frequency distribution compared to an ideal spread spectrum clock signal frequency distribution according to the present invention. The ideal typical clock signal frequency distribution has a relatively narrow frequency span having a high peak amplitude which is characteristic of a spike. Such a spike can make systems fail quasi-peak EMI testing. The FCC and other regulatory agencies test for peak emissions. The ideal spread spectrum clock signal frequency distribution according to the present invention has a substantially expanded frequency span accompanied by a reduced peak amplitude. The expanded frequency span provides a much lower peak energy (on the order of at least 8 dB) because the energy is spread over a much wider bandwidth. EMI reduction according to the present invention depends upon the shape, modulation percentage and the frequency of the modulating waveform. The shape and the frequency of the modulating waveform are fixed according to one embodiment of the present invention. The modulation percentage according to the present invention is variable. Various spreading percentages for different input frequency ranges can be selected according to the present invention. For example, an input reference frequency between 18 and 26 MHz produces an output frequency at twice the reference frequency with a spread of plus or minus 2.5%. EMI reduction increases as a function of the spreading percentage, according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 5B is a graph of an actual typical clock signal frequence distribution compared to an actual spread spectrum clock signal frequency distribution according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a spread spectrum clock generator system  50  according to circuit configuration of the present invention. In particular, spread spectrum clock generator system  50  includes a clock generator circuit  51  according to the present invention, which has pins  1 - 8 . The spread spectrum clock generator system  50  further includes a crystal frequency source  52  connected between crystal input and crystal output pins  1  and  2 , first and second capacitors respectively  53  and  54  connected for enabling crystal frequency source  52  to oscillate, output load resistor  55  connected to pin  5 , and DC coupling capacitors  56  and  57  connected to pin  6  to provide a system supply voltage VDD at for example 3.3 or 5 volts. Capacitors  53  and  54  are connected to opposite sides of crystal frequency source  52 . Pin  3  is connected to ground. DC coupling capacitors  56  and  57  are used to reduce phase jitter and electromagnetic interference (EMI). According to the present invention, capacitor  56  is connected in the immediate proximity of pin  6 , to prevent trace inductance from negating its decoupling capability. According to one embodiment of the present invention, capacitor  57  is fabricated with tantalum, and a ferrite bead is used to effect the VDD connection with pin  6 . 
     Appendix A provides an additional detailed description of the present invention. 
     Appendix B provides formulas used in a method according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
     Appendix C is Fortran software code for determining memory values in a read only memory to establish a spread spectrum waveform according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
     
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 IMPLICIT DOUBLEPRECISION (A-H, O-Z) 
               
               
                   
                 DIMENSION AM (3.3), X (16.3), X1(3), U(3) XJ(0.16), NDIV 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 FBD (0.16), ATM(16) TIME(16), ERR(16), XMAX(16) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 OPEN (9.FILE = ‘C:\F7723\BIN\DATA1.TXT’) 
               
               
                   
                 OPEN (10.FILE = ‘C:\F7723\BIN\DATA2.TXT’) 
               
               
                   
                 OPEN (12.FILE = ‘C:\F7723\BIN\DATA3.TXT’) 
               
               
                   
                 FMAX = 1.D−1/(1D0/48..2D6+250.D−12) 
               
               
                   
                 FMOD = FMAX/150.D0 
               
               
                   
                 7MOD = 1.D0/FMOD 
               
               
                   
                 DEV = 1.875 D−2′ 
               
               
                   
                 FSAMPLE = 133.82 D8 
               
               
                   
                 FCENTER = FMAX/(1.D0+DEV) 
               
               
                   
                 FMIN = FCENTER*(1.D0−DEV) 
               
               
                   
                 TSAMP = 1.D0/FSAMPLE 
               
               
                   
                 VOO = 133.32 D6 
               
               
                   
                 WEIGH = 5.5 D−1 
               
               
                   
                 GVCO = 5.5 D7 
               
               
                   
                 UGPD = 3.9394 D−6 
               
               
                   
                 DGPD = 3.9073 D−6 
               
               
                   
                 C1 = 36.75 D−12  
               
               
                   
                 A2 = 40.177 D3 
               
               
                   
                 C2 = 382.092 D−12  
               
               
                   
                 X(1.1) = 0.O0 
               
               
                   
                 X(1.2) = 1.78 D0 
               
               
                   
                 X(1.3) = 1.78 D0 
               
               
                   
                 DO 10I1 = 1.16 
               
               
                   
                 NDIV(I1) = INT(FSAMPLE/FMAX)−8+I1 
               
               
                   
                 FBD(I1) = NDIV(I1)*1.D0 
               
               
                   
                 AMT((I1) = GVCO/FBD(I1) 
               
               
                   
                 TIME(I1) = 0.D0 
               
               
                   
                 IF(I1.GE.2) THEN 
               
               
                   
                 DO 20 J1 = 1.3 
               
               
                   
                 X(I1.J2) = X(1.J2) 
               
               
                   
                 CONTINUE 
               
               
                   
                 ENDIF 
               
               
                   
                 CONTINUE 
               
               
                   
                 AM(1.1) = 0.D0 
               
               
                   
                 AM(1.3) = 0.D0 
               
               
                   
                 AM(2.2) = −1.D0/(C1*R2) 
               
               
                   
                 AM(2.3) = 1.D0/(C1*R2) 
               
               
                   
                 AM(3.1) = 0.D0 
               
               
                   
                 AM(3.2) = 1.D0/(C2*R2) 
               
               
                   
                 AM(3.3) = −1.D0/(C2*R2) 
               
               
                   
                 U(1) = 14. = 18D6/3.D0 
               
               
                   
                 U(2) = 0.D0 
               
               
                   
                 U(3) = 0.D0 
               
               
                   
                 FBDM = 28.D0 
               
               
                   
                 FSAMPLE = X(1,2)*GVCO 
               
               
                   
                 TSAMP = 1.D0/FSAMPLE 
               
               
                   
                 ICYCLE = 10*TMOD*U(1) 
               
               
                   
                 WRITE(12.35) 
               
               
                   
                 FORMAT (2x. ‘NO’. 9x ‘TIME’. 7x.’ ROMJ CODE’. 7x. ‘MODU 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 PRO’ 2x. ‘ERROR’. 8x. ‘JITTER’) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 DO 45 I = 1.8 
               
               
                   
                 ERR(I) = 0.D0 
               
               
                   
                 CONTINUE 
               
               
                   
                 DO 25 I = 1.ICYCLE 
               
               
                   
                 DO 30 I3 = 1.16 
               
               
                   
                 NDIV1 = NDIV(I3) 
               
               
                   
                 AM(1.2) = AMT(I3) 
               
               
                   
                 TIME1 = TIME(I3) 
               
               
                   
                 XJS = 0.D0 
               
               
                   
                 DO 40 J4 = 1.3 
               
               
                   
                 X1(J4) = X (I3.J4) 
               
               
                   
                 CONTINUE 
               
               
                   
                 IF(x1(2)*GVCO/NDIV1.LE U(11) THEN 
               
               
                   
                 AM(2.1) = UGID/C1 
               
             
          
           
               
                 ELSE 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 AM(2.1) = DG1D/C1 
               
             
          
           
               
                 ENDIF 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 CALL XMODEL (X1. XJS. TIME1.FBDM.GVCO.NDIV1.TSAMP 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 AM. U. FCENTER. DEV. TMOD. WEIGH) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 XJ(I3) = XJS 
               
               
                   
                 TIME(I3) = TIME1 
               
               
                   
                 PO 50 J5 = 1.3 
               
               
                   
                 X(I3.J5) = X1(J5) 
               
               
                   
                 CONTINUE 
               
               
                   
                 CONTINUE 
               
               
                   
                 IMIN = 0 
               
               
                   
                 XJ(IMIN) = 1.D0 
               
               
                   
                 FBD(IMIN) = 1.D0 
               
               
                   
                 DO 60 I6 = 1.16 
               
               
                   
                 IF (XJ (2 MIN)/FBD(IMIN).GE.XJ(I6)/FBD(I6)) IMIN = I6 
               
               
                   
                 CONTINUE 
               
               
                   
                 D0 70 I7 = 1.16 
               
               
                   
                 TIME(I1) = TIME (IMIN) 
               
               
                   
                 DO 80 J8 = 1.3 
               
               
                   
                 X(I).J81 = X(IMIN).J8 
               
               
                   
                 CONTINUE 
               
               
                   
                 CONTINUE 
               
               
                   
                 WRITE (10.100) I.TIME (IMIN.NDIV(IMIN).X(IMIN.2)*GVCO 
               
               
                   
                 IF (I.GE.750. AND. I.LE.901 WRITE (9.*) NDIV(IMIN) 
               
               
                   
                 FORMAT (1X, I8.2X, E13.6, 2X, I8, 2X, E13.6) 
               
               
                   
                 XJITTER = (11.D0/(X(IMIN.2)*GVCO) −1.D0/FSAMPLE)/FBD(I) 
               
               
                   
                 XI = (XMODT*FCENTER*DEV+FCENTER)*FBDM/GVCO 
               
               
                   
                 CALL XMODF (XMODT, TIME(IMIN), WEIGH, TMOD, FBDM) 
               
               
                   
                 WRITE (12,110) I, TIME(IMIN), X(IMIN, 2), X2, X(IMIN.2) −X1, 
               
               
                   
                 XJITTER 
               
               
                   
                 FORMAT (I4, 2X, 5(1X, E13.6)) 
               
               
                   
                 FSAMPLE = X(IMIN.2)*GVCO 
               
               
                   
                 TSAMP*1.D0/FSAMPLE 
               
               
                   
                 XMAX(I) = FSAMPLE 
               
               
                   
                 DO 160 I8 = 1.8 
               
               
                   
                 IF (I.GF. 150*I3. AND. I.L’E. 150*(I3+1)) 
               
               
                   
                 ERR(I3) = ERR(IE)+ABS(IMIN.2) = XI) 
               
               
                   
                 CONTINUE 
               
               
                   
                 CONTINUE 
               
               
                   
                 DO 120 I12 = 1.8 
               
               
                   
                 WRITE (12, *)‘  ’ 
               
               
                   
                 WRITE (12, 130) I12, ERR(I12) 
               
               
                   
                 DO 140 I14 = I12*150. (I12+1)*150 −1 
               
               
                   
                 IF(XMAX(I16), GE, 133, 1D6) WRITE (12, 150) 
               
               
                   
                 CONTINUE 
               
               
                   
                 FORMAT (7X, ‘NUMBER OF CYCLE =’, I4, 2X, ‘FREQUENCY 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 HIGHER THAN 133.31 MHZ = ‘, E13.6) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 CONTINUE 
               
               
                   
                 SUBROUTINE XMODEL (X, XJS, DELT, FBDM, GVCO, 
               
               
                   
                 NDIV, 75 
               
               
                   
                 AMP 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 AM, U, FCENTER, DEV, TMOD, WEIGH) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 IMPLICIT DOUBLEPRECISION (A-H, O-Z) 
               
               
                   
                 DIMENSION AM(3.3), X(3), XN(3), TEMP1(3), TEMP2(3), U(3) 
               
               
                   
                 DO 90 I9 = 1.NDIV 
               
               
                   
                 DELT = DELT+TSAMP 
               
               
                   
                 CALL GMAXVEC (XN, AM, X) 
               
               
                   
                 CALL VECXCOM (TEMP1, XN, TSAMP) 
               
               
                   
                 CALL VECADD (TEMP2, TEMP1, X) 
               
               
                   
                 CALL VECXCON TEMP1, U, TSAMP) 
               
               
                   
                 CALL VECADD (XN, TEMP1, TEMP2) 
               
               
                   
                 CALL VECEQU (X, XN) 
               
               
                   
                 CALL XMODE (SMODT, DELT, WEIGH, TMOD) 
               
               
                   
                 XJ = (XN(2)−(XMODT*FCENTER*DEV+FCENTER)*FBDM/GVC 
               
               
                   
                 XJS = XJS+XJ 
               
               
                   
                 CONTINUE 
               
               
                   
                 RETURN 
               
               
                   
                 END 
               
               
                   
                 SUBROUTINE XMODF (XMODT, T, WEIGH, PERIOD) 
               
               
                   
                 IMPLICIT DOUBLEPRECISION (A-H, O-Z) 
               
               
                   
                 TS = 4,D0* (T/PERIOD = DINT (T/PERIOD)) 
               
               
                   
                 JI (75/4.D0, LT, P.5) THEN 
               
               
                   
                 XMODT = WEIGH*(TS=1.D0)+(1.D0−WEIGH)*(TS−1.D0)**7.80 
               
               
                   
                 ELSE 
               
               
                   
                 XMODT = WEIGH*(3.D0−TS)+1.D0−WEIGH)*(3.D0−TS)**3.DO 
               
               
                   
                 ENDIF 
               
               
                   
                 RETURN 
               
               
                   
                 END 
               
               
                   
                 SUBROUTINE GMAXVEC (A, B, C) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 [ ] 3x3 [ ] 3x1 [ ] 3x1 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 IMPLICIT DOUBLEPRECISION (A-H, O-Z) 
               
               
                   
                 DIMENSION A(3), b(3,3), C(8) 
               
               
                   
                 DO 200 I20 = 1,3 
               
               
                   
                 SUM = 0.D0 
               
               
                   
                 CONTINUE 
               
               
                   
                 A(I20) = SUM 
               
               
                   
                 RETURN 
               
               
                   
                 END 
               
               
                   
                 SUBROUTINE VE’CXCON (A,B,C) 
               
               
                   
                 IMPLICIT DOUBLEPRECISION (A-H, O-Z) 
               
               
                   
                 DIMENSION (*), R(3) 
               
               
                   
                 DO 220 I22 = 1,3 
               
               
                   
                 A(I22) = B(I22)*C 
               
               
                   
                 CONTINUE 
               
               
                   
                 RETURN 
               
               
                   
                 END 
               
               
                   
                 SUBROUTINE VECADD (A,B,C) 
               
               
                   
                 IMPLICIT DOUBLEPRECISION (A-H, O-Z) 
               
               
                   
                 DIMENSION A(3), B(3), C(3) 
               
               
                   
                 DO 230 I23 = 1, 3 
               
               
                   
                 A(I23) = B(I23+C(I23) 
               
               
                   
                 CONTINUE 
               
               
                   
                 RETURN 
               
               
                   
                 END 
               
               
                   
                 SUBROUTINE VECEQU (A,B) 
               
               
                   
                 IMPLICIT DOUBLEPRECISION (A-H, O-Z) 
               
               
                   
                 DIMENSION A(3), B(3) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 [A]3x1 = [B]3x1 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 DO 240 I24 =1.3 
               
               
                   
                 A(I24 = B(I24) 
               
               
                   
                 CONTINUE 
               
               
                   
                 RETURN 
               
               
                   
                 END