Abstract:
A system for electronic toll collection from a vehicle including an electronic tag for capturing information including a number of passengers in the vehicle and an electronic tag identification, a wireless transmitter for transmitting the captured information; and a wireless receiver for receiving the captured information. The system further includes a toll computer for determining a toll fee for the vehicle based on the received number of passengers and a time of day. The wireless transmitter may be an IR or RF transmitter. 
     The toll computer determines the toll fee for the vehicle based on the received number of passengers, and one or more of the time of day, the day and the traffic information.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This patent application claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/106,098, filed Oct. 16, 2008 and entitled “System And Method For Electronic Toll Collection Based On Vehicle Load”, the entire content of which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    This invention relates to the general area of electronic toll collection, and more specifically to a system and method for electronic toll collection based on the number of passengers in the vehicle. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    A typical Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) system electronically charges motorists a tolling fee for using certain roads or High Occupancy Toll (HOT) lanes, without having them physically stop at a toll booth to pay. The motorist users of these systems generally open a pre-funded account to serve as a source of funds to pay for charges made with some type of an electronic tag associated with the pre-funded account. These pre-funded accounts are typically maintained by the ETC system operator. 
         [0004]    ETC systems typically detect some tag identification associated with the tag using some type of sensor as the motorist passes through an ETC equipped toll booth. Tag identification information may be contained for example in bar coded labels, which are placed on the vehicle and detected by sensors, e.g., laser scanners, at the toll gantry. Often the tags are intended to be attached to the motorist&#39;s front windshield or side window by some type of adhesive, and, for the most part, are contained in generic plastic casings. 
         [0005]    HOT lanes reduce vehicle hours traveled thereby reducing overall traffic volume and increasing average traffic speed for HOT lane users. They provide an additional source of revenue for state Department of Transportations or private toll authorities, who can use the revenue to support transportation improvements. HOT lanes also provide an opportunity to improve the efficiency of existing or newly built High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes (e.g., Car Pool lanes) by utilizing excess capacity and improving throughput. 
         [0006]    However, existing ETC systems and HOT lane solutions do not provide a complete end-to-end solution that is low cost. Furthermore, existing ETC systems do not take into account the load (number of passengers) of the vehicle. This limits the toll agency&#39;s ability to price discriminate on a more granular level for congestion pricing. Therefore, there is a need for an improved, low cost ETC system that improves traffic flow, increases the toll revenue, and simplifies the management of toll collection and distribution. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0007]    In some embodiments, the present invention is a method for electronic toll collection from a vehicle. The method includes: electronically receiving a number of passengers in the vehicle by an electronic tag; wirelessly receiving the number of passengers and an electronic tag identification, from the electronic tag, at a toll center; and determining a toll fee for the vehicle based on the received number of passengers and a time of day. Additionally, traffic information for an area around the toll center may be electronically received and the toll fee for the vehicle determined based on the received number of passengers, the time of day, and the traffic information. The traffic information may be the number of vehicles in a time period traveling in a high occupancy toll lane, in which the vehicle is traveling. 
         [0008]    In some embodiments, the present invention is a system for electronic toll collection from a vehicle. The system includes an electronic tag for capturing information including a number of passengers in the vehicle and an electronic tag identification, a wireless transmitter for transmitting the captured information; and a wireless receiver for receiving the captured information. The system further includes a toll computer for determining a toll fee for the vehicle based on the received number of passengers and a time of day. The wireless transmitter may be an IR or RF transmitter. 
         [0009]    The toll computer determines the toll fee for the vehicle based on the received number of passengers, and one or more of the time of day, the day and the traffic information. The traffic information may be collected from the electronic toll collection system. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0010]      FIG. 1  is an exemplary electronic tag, according to some embodiments of the present invention. 
           [0011]      FIGS. 2A and 2B  depict exemplary toll fees based on a vehicle load and time of the day, according to some embodiments of the present invention. 
           [0012]      FIG. 3  shows an exemplary verification and enforcement environment, according to some embodiments of the present invention. 
           [0013]      FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary process flow for utilizing the data captured by the RSE to process the toll transaction, according to some embodiments of the present invention. 
           [0014]      FIG. 5  shows an exemplary transaction clearing platform, according to some embodiments of the present invention. 
           [0015]      FIGS. 6A and 6B  illustrate exemplary enforcement schemes, according to some embodiments of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0016]    The present invention is a system and method for ETC that takes into account the vehicle load and offers toll system operators unique flexibility in their tolling fee structures that help maintain free flow conditions and ideal traffic profiles. 
         [0017]      FIG. 1  is an exemplary electronic tag, according to some embodiments of the present invention. In some embodiments, the electronic tag allows a motorist to declare the number of passengers in the vehicle through a simple button press, which may be electromechanical or in more sophisticated embodiments, may include a graphical user interface such as a touch screen. Some embodiments may also include an interface between the electronic tag and sensors in the vehicle that can automatically detect the presence and number of passengers. The passenger load data is stored in the tag&#39;s configurable memory that can be read out over a wireless network by both road side and enforcement equipment. The declared vehicle passenger load allows the tolling system to charge a variable fee based on vehicle load in addition to some other measures such as, time of the day, day of the week/year (for example, a Monday or Labor Day), location of the tolling point, traffic conditions, etc. 
         [0018]    Upon passing a gantry, the declared vehicle load is read by the toll system, a tolling transaction is generated and a fee based on vehicle load and/or time of day is charged by the system. A pre-funded account or a credit account may then be charged for the fee amount. The tag identification information and the declared vehicle load information may be transmitted wirelessly (e.g., RF, IR), where the emitted signal is read by a reader/antenna located at the road side or the toll booth. 
         [0019]      FIGS. 2A and 2B  depict exemplary toll fees based on a vehicle load and time of the day, according to some embodiments of the present invention. The toll fee may also vary depending on other variables, including the traffic speed in some or all traffic lanes, the time of the day, the day of the week/year, the vehicle class, and the tolling point location. For example, as shown in  FIG. 2A , during off-peak hours, the fee may be $2.50 no passenger (driver only), $1.50 for one passenger (total of two people), and free if the vehicle carries three or more people. However, the fee structure can change (increase) during peak operating hours. For example, a car with no passenger will not be allowed to use the HOT lane during the peak hours, and is charged $3.00 if it carries one passenger, $2.50 for two passengers and $1.00 for more than three passengers, as shown in  FIG. 2B . 
         [0020]    Furthermore, the toll may vary based on traffic congestion on a HOT lane. For example, the toll may vary depending on how many vehicles may pass a certain point in the HOT lane per a number of minutes or any other unit of time. In some embodiments the vehicles may be counted by counting the number of tags passing a certain point, or by video cameras that detect the vehicles passing at a certain point, or by other electronic sensors. Moreover, the toll may vary based on the type or class of the vehicle. For example, a bus or commercial truck may have to pay more (or less) than a sedan, a taxi may have to pay differently than a privately owned car, or a government vehicle may be exempt from paying. 
         [0021]    The load discriminated value pricing structures give greater flexibility in implementing tolling schemes that help maintain free flow conditions or improved congestions in HOT lanes. 
         [0022]      FIG. 3  shows an exemplary verification and enforcement environment, according to some embodiments of the present invention, in which vehicle  43  in an HOT lane is passing through a tolling facility, while other vehicles  46  transit non-toll lanes. In some embodiments, the present invention includes road side equipment (RSE)  44  and a transceiver  42  for reading the declared data from the tag  47  corresponding to the vehicle and transferring it via backhaul  48  to a back office. In some embodiments, the tag utilizes communication protocols based on IEEE 802.11p and IEEE 1609 WAVE standards in dedicated zones specially configured for HOT application. Some embodiments may use RF identification technology, CEN DSRC technology or 915 MHz ETC technology. In some embodiments, the data elements captured by the RSE include: tag and account identification, passenger load self-declaration, and history of previous transactions. 
         [0023]    As shown in  FIG. 3 , in addition to the wireless data, cameras  41 ,  45  may capture vehicle license plate data for verification and enforcement. The captured data elements are transferred to the toll operators&#39; centralized back office for transaction verification, processing and if needed, enforcement. In some embodiments, one or both cameras  41 ,  45  may also capture the number of passengers in the car, in addition or in alternative to the electronic tag. 
         [0024]      FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary process flow for utilizing the data captured by the RSE to process the toll transaction, according to some embodiments of the present invention. As shown in block  51 , transactions captured at each RSE are collected (e.g., by the back office), and validated to ensure completeness and correctness through verification of transaction parameters, in block  52 . Rating (assignment of toll pricing), for transactions can be done either by RSE or by the back office, as shown in block  53 . For tag-based accounts, the rating may be done by the RSE and the toll may be automatically deducted from the account associated with the tag account. Back office rating can be done in addition to RSE rating for centrally held accounts, allowing complex rating scenarios with multiple tariff configurations; for example corporate and fleet accounts, credit card based accounts, and accounts using electronic funds transfer from a bank account. Customer related data provided by customer relationship management (CRM)  55  may be utilized to for invoicing  54  customers  58 . Direct debit and credit card transactions may be sent to clearing houses  57  and unpaid accounts handed over to collection agencies  56 . 
         [0025]    In some embodiments, transactions for identifiable vehicles are charged directly but external transactions associated with users of another toll operator&#39;s electronic tags or unidentifiable vehicles can be managed through an interoperability-enabling transaction clearing platform. 
         [0026]      FIG. 5  shows an exemplary transaction clearing platform, according to some embodiments of the present invention. In some embodiments, the transaction-clearing platform enables migration to improved wireless communication protocols and/or systems, for example, a 5.9 GHz DSRC system, while providing backward compatibility with existing and legacy toll systems. As shown by arrows  61 , transaction information is captured and transmitted to the toll agency. If a record of the transaction data or information about the tag owner exists in the database, the transaction is processed  62 . If a record of the transaction data does not exist in the database, the received transaction data is forwarded to a transaction-clearing platform (shown by the arrow  63 ). The clearing platform then validates the transaction against its larger database and upon a match of tag identification with account credentials, the toll transaction is processed with a partner toll agency (for example, an out-of-state toll agency) which remits payment (shown by the arrows  64 ) to the originating toll agency. If there is no match within toll databases, vehicle information is forwarded to the appropriate Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) (or other related agencies), which returns vehicle owner information (shown by the arrows  65 ). The clearing platform then transmits cleared payments and vehicle owner information back to the originating toll agency (shown by the arrows  66 ). 
         [0027]      FIGS. 6A and 6B  illustrate exemplary enforcement schemes, according to some embodiments of the present invention. In some embodiments, the HOT occupancy and payment rules are protected by a video enforcement scheme, a mobile enforcement scheme, or a combination of both schemes, as shown in  FIGS. 6A and 6B . As shown in  FIG. 6A , video enforcement may be enabled by self-triggering or manually triggered, digital, high resolution cameras, which capture license plate and/or vehicle occupancy information from vehicles in order to automatically detect of toll violators. The information captured by the RSE enforcement scheme is sent to the back office for processing. The back office can then send alerts/notifications to mobile enforcement vehicles as well as forward evidential information to enforcement agencies for fines processing. 
         [0028]    As shown in  FIG. 6B , one or more mobile enforcement vehicles equipped with the appropriate wireless equipment (for example, 5.9 GHz DSRC equipment) can read tag data, such as vehicle load and transaction history, and compare it to an enforcement officer&#39;s observations to ensure compliance to HOT fee structures. In addition, the back office can identify non-compliant vehicles through reconstructing a vehicle trip based on transactions with the electronic tags and through video enforcement systems, and then forward vehicle information to mobile enforcement units for interception. 
         [0029]    In some embodiments, the information captured with the camera is compared with the wirelessly received information. If there are any inconsistencies, the captured information is transmitted to an enforcement vehicle. 
         [0030]    It will be recognized by those skilled in the art that various modifications may be made to the illustrated and other embodiments of the invention described above, without departing from the broad inventive scope thereof. It will be understood therefore that the invention is not limited to the particular embodiments or arrangements disclosed, but is rather intended to cover any changes, adaptations or modifications which are within the scope of the appended claims.