Abstract:
A list presentation method. The list presentation method can include the steps of: dynamically grouping selected items in a list based on sequentially positioned symbols in the items which are common to one another; labeling each group of selected items; audibly presenting each group label through a speech user interface; and, responsive to a selection of one of the presented group labels, presenting through the speech user interface items in a group corresponding to the selected group label.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
         [0001]    (Not Applicable)  
         STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT  
         [0002]    (Not Applicable)  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    1. Technical Field  
           [0004]    The present invention relates to the field of online voice response systems and more particular to speech user interfaces for use with online voice response systems.  
           [0005]    2. Description of the Related Art  
           [0006]    Speech systems are systems which can process speech both as input and output. Speech input can be processed into computer recognizable text through well-known speech recognition technology. Similarly, speech output can be generated through well-known speech synthesis technology. One type of speech system, the online voice processing system, has become widespread in recent years. Online voice processing systems are data processing systems which can process speech input and provide audio output, both through an audio user interface. Typical online voice processing systems are deployed in a telephony setting where users interact with the online voice processing system through the use of a telephone.  
           [0007]    Generally, online voice processing systems can provide speech prompts to a user as required by the data processing system by speech synthesizing text and transmitting the speech synthesized text over a public switched telephone network (PSTN) to the user. Notwithstanding, online voice processing systems are not limited to use over a PSTN and other online voice processing systems have been integrated with packet switched network voice transport technology, such as Voice over IP (VolP) technology. In any case, users can respond to online voice processing system speech prompts by “speaking” to the online voice processing system over the PSTN. Online voice processing systems can speech recognize user speech thereby producing speech recognized text which can be processed by the data processing system.  
           [0008]    Oftentimes, online voice processing systems prompt users with a list of menu choices. For example, in an online voice processing system for use with a library catalog data processing system, users can be prompted with lists of books which satisfy a searching criteria such as “Fiction” or “Sports”. Human memory limitations can limit the effectiveness of such an online voice processing system, however, where lists include many entries. For example, where the resulting list of books exceeds a dozen entries, in most cases users will not recall each item included in the list. Accordingly, what is needed is a method for compressing the presentation of lengthy lists in an online voice processing system to facilitate selection of list items by users.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0009]    The present invention solves the problem of presenting items in a list through a speech user interface by providing a compressed list presentation system, apparatus and method which overcomes the deficiencies of the prior art. In particular, the present invention can include a method for automatically compressing the presentation of lengthy lists in an interactive voice response system in order to facilitate the selection of list items by users. Specifically, a list presentation method in accordance with the inventive arrangements can include the steps of: grouping selected items in a list based on sequentially positioned symbols in the items which are common to one another; labeling each group of selected items; audibly presenting each group label through a speech user interface; and, responsive to a selection of one of the presented group labels, presenting through the speech user interface items in a group corresponding to the selected group label.  
           [0010]    In one aspect of the present invention, the grouping step can include the steps of: parsing a list of items into component symbols; identifying among the items in the list, sequentially positioned component symbols which are common as between at least two of the items; and, associating in a group the at least two items. Additionally, the labeling step can include the steps of: forming a label based on the sequentially positioned component symbols which are common as between the at least two of the items; and, assigning the formed label to the association.  
           [0011]    In another aspect of the present invention, the grouping step can include the steps of: sorting the list alphabetically based on initial symbols in the items in the list; further sorting the list alphabetically based on subsequent sequentially encountered symbols in the items in the list; and, forming groups based the initial and subsequent sequentially encountered symbols in the items in the list which are common as between at least two of the items. Additionally, the method can include the step of ignoring article symbols when performing the sorting steps. Finally, the labeling step can include the step of forming a label comprising the initial and subsequent sequentially encountered symbols in the items in the list which are common as between at least two of the items. Importantly, the method can be applied recursively to groups of items. In particular, if any group produced by the method contains too many items, the method can be re-applied to the group to reduce the size of the group.  
           [0012]    A list presentation system in accordance with the inventive arrangements can include: grouping component for grouping selected items in a list based on sequentially positioned symbols in the items which are common to one another; a group labler for labeling each group of selected items; and, a presentation component for audibly presenting through a speech user interface each group label and items in a group corresponding to a selected group label. The grouping component can include: a parser for parsing a list of items into component symbols; a comparator for identifying among items in a parsed list, sequentially positioned component symbols which are common as between at least two of the items; and, an associator for associating in a group the at least two items. Alternatively, the grouping component can include: a sorter for sorting a list of items alphabetically both based on initial symbols in the items in the list and based on subsequent sequentially encountered symbols in the items in the list; and, an associator for associating in a group items in the sorted list having common initial and subsequent sequentially encountered symbols. Finally, the list presentation system can include a symbol exclusion component for preventing the sorter from considering symbols such as articles when sorting a list of items.  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0013]    There are presently shown in the drawings embodiments which are presently preferred, it being understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown.  
         [0014]    FIGS.  1 A- 1 F, taken together, are a pictorial drawing illustrating a compressed list presentation method and system in accordance with the inventive arrangements.  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 2 is a flow chart illustrating a list presentation method configured in accordance with one aspect of the present invention.  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 3 is a grouping method for use with the list presentation method of FIG. 2.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0017]    The present invention is a compressed list presentation system, method and apparatus for use with a speech user interface. The present invention can efficiently process a list of items to be presented to a user through a speech user interface. Unlike prior art speech user interface list presentation methods which non-dynamically present each item in a list to a user, the present invention intelligently and dynamically groups selected list items, formulates a group label for each group and presents the group labels to the user through the speech user interface. Subsequently, the list items in the group are presented to the user through the speech user interface only when the user selects a particular group by specifying a corresponding group label. In this way, users are presented with shorter, compressed lists through the speech user interface which enhances the usability of a speech system which incorporates the present invention.  
         [0018]    FIGS.  1 A- 1 F, taken together, collectively illustrate a list presentation system and method in accordance with the inventive arrangements. In FIG. 1A, a user  102  interacts with a speech system which includes a speech server  112  and a back-end data processing system  114  communicatively linked to one another through packet-switched network  110 . Notably, though shown in FIGS.  1 A- 1 F as the “Internet”, the invention is not limited in this regard and any network topology can suffice, for example a private local area network. Moreover, the invention can be performed in a stand-alone or in an embedded system. In any case, the back-end data processing system  114  can include one or more databases in which data can be stored for use by the data processing system  114 . User  102  can interact with the speech system using a conventional telephone handset  104  over a public switched telephone network (PSTN)  106 . Notably, telephony gateway  108  can bridge communications between the packet-switched network  110  and the PSTN  106 .  
         [0019]    In operation, user  102  can establish a connection with the speech server  112  over the PSTN  106 . Specifically, the telephony gateway  108  can configure a telephone call originating from the user  102  and maintain the call as necessary. Moreover, the telephony gateway  108  both can forward data received over the PSTN  106  to devices in the packet-switched network  110 , and can forward data received over the packet-switched network  110  to nodes in the PSTN  106 . As will be apparent to one skilled in the art, telephony gateways are conventional devices well-known in the art and typically are used for establishing and maintaining telephone calls between a PSTN-based node and a packet-switched network-based device. Moreover, alternative gateway configurations are possible for instance a gatekeeper can be provided to perform call maintenance where the gateway digitizes and packetizes audio streams.  
         [0020]    As shown in FIG. 1A, the speech system can prompt the user  102  for information. For example, the speech system can be library catalog system and the speech server  112  can prompt the user  102  to request a topic for which the data processing system  114  can search the database  116 . Specifically, the speech server  112  can generate a speech synthesized prompt and transmit the prompt over the network  110  to the telephony gateway  108 . The telephony gateway  108 , in turn, can transmit the prompt over the PSTN  106  to the user  102  via handset  104 .  
         [0021]    The user can respond to the prompt by requesting that the speech server query the data processing system for all items relating to “Usability” as shown in FIG. 1B. The speech request can be transmitted over the PSTN  106  to the telephony gateway  108  which can digitize and packetize the speech audio request. The telephony gateway  108  can forward the packetized speech audio request over the packet-switched network  110  to speech server  112  which can perform speech recognition operations on the received speech audio data. Once converted to computer recognizable text, the user&#39;s request can be forwarded to the back-end data processing system  114  which can process the user&#39;s request by querying the database  116 .  
         [0022]    As shown in FIG. 1C, the database  116  can respond by providing a result set in the form of a full list  120  which includes all items which match the query terms provided by the user  102 . In the exemplary case, the full list  120  can include all topics relating to “Usability”. An exemplary full list  120  is shown in Appendix A. The full list  120  can be extensive and can include numerous entries which, in the absence of the present invention, would be difficult to present through a speech user interface. Thus, in accordance with the inventive arrangements, the full list  120  can be processed by a list presentation system  118  referred to hereinafter as a compressed list processor (CLP).  
         [0023]    The CLP  118  can group selected items in the full list  120  based on symbols found to be common among the selected items. Symbols can include graphic elements, words, numbers and other characters or combination of characters. In one aspect of the invention, the CLP  118  can identify words which are common between items in the full list  120 . Based on these common words, a sub-set of groups can be generated for which group labels  122  can be created. In particular, the group labels can include the common words which are identified for each group. An exemplary set of group labels is shown in Appendix B.  
         [0024]    Notwithstanding, the invention is not limited in this regard and other methods of generating a group label can suffice, for instance, meta-data associated with the items in the group can be used to determine an appropriate group label. In any case, once the group labels  122  have been created, the group labels can be speech synthesized by the speech server  112  and provided over the network  110  to the telephony gateway  108 . From the telephony gateway  108 , the group labels can be presented to the user  102  over the PSTN  106  via the handset  104 .  
         [0025]    As shown in FIG. 1D, from the presented group labels  122 , the user  102  can select a particular group label by speaking the group label itself, though the invention is not limited in regard to the particular method of selecting a group label. Turning to FIG. 1E, once selected, the CLP  118  can generate a list of items  124  in the selected group. As in the case of the group labels  122 , can be speech synthesized in the speech server  112  and provided to the telephony gateway  108  over the network  110 . Hence, in the example shown, if the user had selected from among the group labels, “Human Factors”, a list of items in the Human Factors group (shown in Appendix C) can be provided to the user  102  via the PSTN  106  and telephone handset  104 . Finally, as shown in FIG. 1F, the user  102  can select an item from among the list of items  124 , for example “Human Factors in Product Design”.  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 2 is a flow chart illustrating a list presentation method  200  which can be performed by the CLP  118  of FIG. 1. Beginning in step  202 , a query can be performed which can return a full list of query result items in step  204 . In step  206 , the items can be grouped and in step  208 , group labels can be created for each group. In step  210 , the group labels can be presented to a user through a speech user interface. In step  212 , the user can select a particular group label. In response, in step  214 , items included in a group associated with the selected group label can be presented to the user through the speech user interface.  
         [0027]    Importantly, the grouping aspect of the list presentation method  200  can facilitate the presentation of list items to a user through a speech user interface in a manner not previously possible in conventional speech systems. FIG. 3 is a flow chart which illustrates one possible method of grouping items in a list. In reference to FIGS.  1 A- 1 F, a grouping method  300  can be performed in the CLP  118  and can begin in step  302  when a full list  120  is received. Specifically, in step  302 , the full list  120  can be sorted, for instance alphabetically by first symbol. As before, symbol can refer not only to word, but also character, group of characters or graphical indicia. In step  304 , the first two items in the full list  120  can be loaded. Subsequently, in step  306 , the first two symbols can be loaded.  
         [0028]    In step  308 , grammatical articles can be detected among the two symbols and, if detected, in step  310 , the articles can be skipped. In this way, symbols which have little contextual meaning such as “the”, “a” and the like can be excluded from the grouping process. In step  312 , the symbols can be compared to one another. In step  314 , if a match is detected, in step  316  the items can be grouped together. If not match is detected, in step  318 , a new group can be created. In any case, in step  320  if more items remain in the full list  120 , the next item in the list can be loaded to be compared to the previous item in the list. Subsequently, the process can repeat until no items remain in which the case grouping method can terminate in step  324 .  
         [0029]    Notably, the method is neither limited to initially loading the first two words nor the first two items in the list. Also, the invention is not limited to sorting alphabetically. Rather, sorting alphabetically can facilitate the grouping process, but failure to sort will not prevent an effective grouping. In fact other grouping methods, such as dynamically identifying common symbols in each list item by parsing individual items and storing the parsed symbols for subsequent comparison can suffice. Still, sorting alphabetically by first word and sequentially comparing words in two items can facilitate the identification of common words from a processing efficiency standpoint.  
         [0030]    The present invention can be realized in hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. Moreover, the present invention can be realized in a centralized fashion in one computer system, or in a distributed fashion where different elements are spread across several interconnected computer systems. Any kind of computer system—or other apparatus adapted for carrying out the methods described herein—is suited. A typical combination of hardware and software could be a general purpose computer system with a computer program that, when being loaded and executed, controls the computer system such that it carries out the methods described herein. The present invention can also be embedded in a computer program product, which comprises all the features enabling the implementation of the methods described herein, and which when loaded in a computer system is able to carry out these methods. Computer program means or computer program in the present context means any expression, in any language, code or notation, of a set of instructions intended to cause a system having an information processing capability to perform a particular function either directly or after either or both of the following a) conversion to another language, code or notation; b) reproduction in a different material form.  
         [0031]    Significantly, this invention can be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof, and accordingly, reference should be had to the following claims, rather than to the foregoing specification, as indicating the scope of the invention.  
       APPENDIX A  
       [0032]    Ergonomics for Beginners  
         [0033]    Ergonomics in Computerized Offices  
         [0034]    Ergonomics: Advanced Methods  
         [0035]    The Ergonomics of Working Postures  
         [0036]    The Ergonomics of Workspaces and Machines  
         [0037]    Fitting the Task to the Human  
         [0038]    A Handbook of Work and Organizational Psychology  
         [0039]    Handbook of Control Design and Ergonomics  
         [0040]    Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomic  
         [0041]    Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction  
         [0042]    Handbook of Manual Materials Handling  
         [0043]    Human Factors and Speech Technology  
         [0044]    Human Factors in Air Traffic Control  
         [0045]    Human Factors in Consumer Products  
         [0046]    Human Factors in Nuclear Safety  
         [0047]    Human Factors in Product Design  
         [0048]    The Human Factors of Alarm Design  
         [0049]    Risk  
         [0050]    Risk Analysis for Process Plant, Pipelines and Transport  
         [0051]    Risk Analysis in Project Management  
         [0052]    Risk and Misfortune  
         [0053]    Risk Management  
         [0054]    Usability Evaluation by Questionnaire  
         [0055]    Usability Evaluation in Industry  
         [0056]    Work and Aging  
         [0057]    Work and Health  
         [0058]    Work and Technology  
         [0059]    Work Designs in Practice  
         [0060]    Work Fitness  
         [0061]    Work Rules  
         [0062]    Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders  
       APPENDIX B  
       [0063]    Ergonomics  
         [0064]    Fitting the Task to the Human  
         [0065]    Handbook  
         [0066]    Human Factors  
         [0067]    Risk  
         [0068]    Usability Evaluatoin  
         [0069]    Work  
       APPENDIX C  
       [0070]    Human Factors and Speech Technology  
         [0071]    Human Factors in Air Traffic Control  
         [0072]    Human Factors in Consumer Products  
         [0073]    Human Factors in Nuclear Safety  
         [0074]    Human Factors in Product Design  
         [0075]    The Human Factors of Alarm Design