and sparse coding and all the other approaches that had been really popular for years I was looking for something how to avoid all of those disadvantages at the same time and then finally when I was arguing about 200 models with my friends in a bar something clicked into place and I started telling them you need to do this this and this and I swear it'll work and my friends didn't believe me that it would work I was supposed to be writing the deep learning text book at the time but I believed strongly enough that it would work that