individual loss is a loss that takes as input your prediction and your actual that's telling you how wrong that single example is and then the final the total loss is just the average of all of those individual student losses so if we look at the problem of binary classification which is the case that we're actually caring about in this example so we're asking a question will I pass the class yes or no binary classification we can use what is called as the softmax cross-entropy loss and for those of you who aren't familiar with cross-entropy