a Roman numeral or sorry standard like lettering systems so you could work on like a standard encoding scheme like utf-8 byte stream you could also work on unicode symbols or code points and then there's kind of these middle grounds between word level and character level which would be something like by parent coding and this one actually turns out to be super important so I'm kind of just covering it as part of general NLP methods and it's used by quite a lot of methods in the space now so what this does it starts with the