in psychology, coping is expending conscious effort to solve personal and interpersonal problems, and seeking to master, minimize or tolerate stress or conflict.weiten, w. & lloyd, m.a. (2008) psychology applied to modern life (9th ed.). wadsworth cengage learning. isbn 0-495-55339-5.snyder, c.r. (ed.) (1999) coping: the psychology of what works. new york: oxford university press. isbn 0-19-511934-7.zeidner, m. & endler, n.s. (editors) (1996) handbook of coping: theory, research, applications. new york: john wiley. isbn 0-471-59946-8.r. s. lazarus & s. folkman, stress, appraisal, and coping (1984) p.141. isbn 0-8261-4191-9 the effectiveness of the coping efforts depend on the type of stress and/or conflict, the particular individual, and the circumstances. psychological coping mechanisms are commonly termed coping strategies or coping skills. subconscious or non conscious strategies (e.g. defense mechanisms) are generally excluded. the term coping generally refers to adaptive or constructive coping strategies, i.e. the strategies reduce stress levels. however, some coping strategies can be considered maladaptive, i.e. stress levels increase. maladaptive coping can thus be described, in effect, as non-coping. furthermore, the term coping generally refers to reactive coping, i.e. the coping response follows the stressor. this contrasts with proactive coping, in which a coping response aims to head off a future stressor. coping responses are partly controlled by personality (habitual traits), but also partly by the social environment, particularly the nature of the stressful environment.  ==types of coping strategies== hundreds of coping strategies have been identified. classification of these strategies into a broader architecture has not yet been agreed upon. common distinctions are often made between various contrasting strategies, for example: problem-focused versus emotion-focused; engagement versus disengagement; cognitive versus behavioral. the psychology textbook by weiten identifies three broad types of coping strategies: * appraisal-focused: directed towards challenging one's own assumptions, adaptive cognitive * problem-focused: directed towards red
Human_behavior Interpersonal_conflict Life_skills Personal_life Stress