    __notoc__ year 1191 (mcxci) was a common year starting on tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the julian calendar. == events == ===by place=== ====asia==== * july 12 &ndash; saladin's garrison surrenders, ending the two-year siege of acre. conrad of montferrat, who has negotiated the surrender, raises the banners of the kingdom of jerusalem and of the third crusade leaders richard i of england, philip ii of france, and leopold v of austria on the city's walls and towers. richard stays to push on to jerusalem, but philip returns to france to take possession of a part of flanders whose count had died at the siege of acre. back in france, philip also schemes with richard's brother, john of england, to dispossess richard of his french lands while he is still away, but the intervention of john's (and richard's) mother, eleanor of aquitaine, foils the plan.king john by warren. published by university of california press in 1961. p. 43 * september 7 &ndash; richard i of england defeats saladin at the battle of arsuf during the third crusade. * khmer king jayavarman vii sacks the capital of champa. ====europe==== * april 17 &ndash; tusculum is destroyed by the army of the commune of rome. jean-claude maire vigueur (2010) l'autre rome. une histoire des romains Ã  l'Ã©poque communale (xiie-xive siÃ¨cle). paris: tallandier. pp.316. * may 12 &ndash; richard i of england marries berengaria of navarre. * henry vi, holy roman emperor is crowned by pope celestine iii. * duke berthold v of zÃ¤hringen founds the city of bern (present-day switzerland). * after having failed in their endeavor the year before, the almohads reconquer the city of silves in portugal. in the same campaign, the almohads take also alcÃ¡cer so sal while palmela and almada are sacked. ===by topic=== ====technology==== * the first reference to the windmill in europe is made by a dean herbert of east anglia, whose mills are supposedly in competition with the abbey of bury st edmunds. this is probably an invention imported from interaction with the muslim world, since the first windmills were most likely
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