 the fraticelli ("little brethren") or spiritual franciscans were extreme proponents of the rule of saint francis of assisi, especially with regard to poverty, and regarded the wealth of the church as scandalous, and that of individual churchmen as invalidating their status. they were thus forced into open revolt against the whole authority of the church and were declared heretical in 1296 by boniface viii. the name fraticelli is used for various heretical sects, which appeared in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, principally in italy, that separated from the franciscan order on account of the disputes concerning poverty. the apostolics (also known as pseudo-apostles or apostolic brethren) are excluded from the category, because admission to the order of st. francis was expressly denied to their founder, gerard segarelli. they had no connection to the franciscans, in fact desiring to exterminate them. it is therefore necessary to differentiate the various groups of fraticelli, although the one term may be applied to all. umberto eco's novel the name of the rose is set against the persecution of fraticelli. ==word origin== considered philologically, fraticelli is a diminutive derived from the italian frate (plural frati), itself derived from latin frater 'brother', in italian often shortened to fra when referring to members of religious orders. frati was a designation of the members of the mendicant orders founded during the thirteenth century, principally the franciscans. the latin fraterculus does not occur in the old records which concern the fraticelli. etymologically the name friars minor (fratres minores) is equivalent to the diminutive fraticellus. the ideal of the founder of the friars minor, saint francis of assisi, was that his disciples, by evangelical poverty, complete self-denial, and humility, should lead the world back to christ. the italian people designated as fraticelli all the members of religious orders (particularly mendicants), and especially hermits, whether these observed monastic precepts or regulated their own lives. ==history and branches== the origin of the fraticelli and the cause of their growth within and without the franciscan order must be sought in the history of the spirituals. it must suffice here to note that in consequence of st. francis's severe requirements concerning the practice of poverty, his followers divided into two branches, the zelanti, or spirituals, and the relaxati, known later as the conventuals. the popes of the thirteenth century intervened to bring about harm
Franciscan_orders History_of_Roman_Catholicism