  postmodern architecture began as an international style the first examples of which are generally cited as being from the 1950s, but did not become a movement until the late 1970shttp://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~twp/architecture/postmoderncom/ and continues to influence present-day architecture. postmodernity in architecture is said to be heralded by the return of "wit, ornament and reference" to architecture in response to the formalism of the international style of modernism. as with many cultural movements, some of postmodernism's most pronounced and visible ideas can be seen in architecture. the functional and formalized shapes and spaces of the modernist style are replaced by diverse aesthetics: styles collide, form is adopted for its own sake, and new ways of viewing familiar styles and space abound. perhaps most obviously, architects rediscovered the expressive and symbolic value of architectural elements and forms that had evolved through centuries of building which had been abandoned by the modern style. influential early large-scale examples of postmodern architecture are michael graves' portland building in portland, oregon and philip johnson's sony building (originally at&t building) in new york city, which borrows elements and references from the past and reintroduces color and symbolism to architecture. postmodern architecture has also been described as neo-eclectic, where reference and ornament have returned to the facade, replacing the aggressively unornamented modern styles. this eclecticism is often combined with the use of non-orthogonal angles and unusual surfaces, most famously in the state gallery of stuttgart by james stirling and the piazza d'italia by charles moore. the scottish parliament building in edinburgh has also been cited as being of postmodern vogue. modernist architects may regard postmodern buildings as vulgar, associated with a populist ethic, and sharing the design elements of shopping malls, cluttered with "gew-gaws". postmodern architects may regard many modern buildings as soulless and bland, overly simplistic and abstract. this contrast was exemplified in the juxtaposition of the "whites" against the "grays
20th-century_architectural_styles Architectural_styles House_styles Postmodern_architecture