 selfishness is being concerned, sometimes excessively or exclusively, for oneself or one's own advantage, pleasure, or welfare, regardless of others."selfish", merriam-webster dictionary, accessed on 23 august 2014selfishness - meaning, reference.com, accessed on 23 april 2012 selfishness is the opposite of altruism or selflessness; and has also been contrasted (as by c. s. lewis) with self-centredness.c. s. lewis, surprised by joy (1988) p. 116-7 ==divergent views== the implications of selfishness have inspired divergent views within religious, philosophical, psychological, economic and evolutionary contexts. ===classical=== aristotle joined a perceived majority of his countrymen in condemning those who sought only to profit themselves; but he approved the man of reason who sought to gain for himself the greatest share of that which deserved social praise.aristotle, ethics (1976) p. 301-3 seneca proposed a cultivation of the self within a wider community - a care for the self which he opposed to mere selfishness in a theme that would later be taken up by foucault.g. gutting ed., the cambridge companion to foucault (2003) p. 138-30 ===medieval/renaissance=== selfishness was viewed in the western christian tradition as a central vice â as standing at the roots of the seven deadly sins in the form of pride.dante, purgatorio (1971) p. 65 francis bacon carried forward this tradition when he characterised âwisdom for a man's self...[a]s the wisdom of ratsâ.francis bacon, the essays (1985) p. 131 ===modernity=== with the emergence of a commercial society, bernard mandeville proposed the paradox that social and economic advance depended on private vices â on what he called the sordidness of selfishness.mandeville, the fable of the bees (1970) p. 410 and p. 81-3 adam smith with the concept of the invisible hand saw the economic system as usefully channelling selfish self-interest to wider ends;m. skousen, the big three in economics (2007) p. 29 while john locke based society upon the solitary individual, arguably opening the door for later thinkers like ayn rand to argue for selfishness as a social virtue and the root of social progress.p. l. nevins, the politics of selfishness (2010) p. xii-iii roman catholic philosopher jacques maritain opposed the latter view by way of the aristotelian argument that framing the fundamental question of politics as a choice between altruism and selfishness is a basic and harmful mistake of modern states. rather, cooperation ought to be the norm: human beings are by nature social animals, and so individual persons can only find their full good in and th
Morality Narcissism Philosophy_of_life Self