  thumb|text sample from an early 15th-century bible manuscript scribal abbreviations or sigla (singular: siglum or sigil) are the abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes writing in latin, and later in greek and old norse. modern manuscript editing (substantive and mechanical) employs sigla as symbols indicating the location of a source manuscript and to identify the copyist(s) of a work. ==history== abbreviated writing, using sigla, arose partly from the limitations of the workable nature of the materials â stone, metal, parchment, etc â employed in record-making, and partly from their availability. thus, lapidaries, engravers, and copyists made the most of the available writing space. scribal abbreviations were infrequent when writing materials were plentiful, but by the 3rd and 4th centuries ad, writing materials were scarce and costly. during the roman republic, several abbreviations, known as sigla (plural of siglum = symbol/abbreviation), were in common use in inscriptions, and they increased in number during the roman empire. additionally, in this period shorthand entered general usage. the earliest western shorthand system known to us is that employed by the greek historian xenophon in the memoir of socrates, and called notae socratae. in the late republic, the tironian notes were developed possibly by marcus tullius tiro, cicero's amanuensis, in 63&nbsp;bc in order to record information with fewer symbols; tironian notes include a shorthand/syllabic alphabet notation different from the latin minuscule hand and square and rustic capital letters. this notation was akin to modern stenographic writing systems. it employed symbols for whole words or word roots and grammatical modifier marks, and could be used to write either whole passages in shorthand or only certain words. in medieval times the symbols to represent words were widely used; and the initial symbols, as few as 140 according to some sources, were increased to 14,000 by the carolingians, who used them in conjunction with other abbreviations. however the alphabet notation had a "murky existence" (c. burnett) as it was often associated with witchcraft and magic, and it was eventually forgotten. interest in it was rekindled by the archbishop of canterbury thomas beckett in the 12th century and later in the 15th, when it was rediscovered by johannes trithemius, abbot of the benedictine abbey of sponheim, in a psalm written entirely in tironian shorthand and a ciceronian lexicon, which were discovered in a benedictine monastery (notae benenses).{{citation |last1=king |first1=david |year=2000 |title=[[the ciphe
Abbreviations Data_compression Latin_alphabet Middle_Ages Palaeography Scribes Textual_scholarship