thumb|marcel minnaert in 1967 marcel gilles jozef minnaert (12 february 1893 &ndash; 26 october 1970) was a dutch astronomer of belgian origin. he was born in bruges and died in utrecht. he obtained a phd in biology at ghent university in 1914. later he obtained also a phd in physics from utrecht university, under the supervision of leonard ornstein. he was a supporter of the flemish movement during world war i and endorsed the replacement of french by dutch during the german occupation of belgium. because of this, he was forced to flee belgium after the end of the war. in 1918, he found a position at utrecht university in the netherlands, initially to do photometric research. in utrecht, he became interested in astronomy, and he became a pioneer of solar research. he specialized in spectroscopy and the study of stellar atmospheres. minnaert was also interested in bubbles and musical nature of the sounds made by running water. in 1933 he published a solution for the acoustic resonance frequency of a single bubble in water, the so-called minnaert resonance. in 1937, he was appointed director of the stellar observatory sonnenborgh in utrecht and full professor in astronomy at the university. in 1940, he published his famous utrecht atlas of the solar spectrum. in 1941, he invented the minnaert function, which is used in optical measurements of celestial bodies. during the german occupation of the netherlands in world war ii, he was imprisoned by the germans because of his left-wing, anti-fascist sympathies. during his incarceration, he taught physics and astronomy to his fellow prisoners. after the war, he was one of the founders of the mathematisch centrum in amsterdam. one of his interests was the effects of the atmosphere on light and images. his classic book on this subject was released in english translation as: *the nature of light and color in the open air, dover, 1954, isbn 0-486-20196-1 and in a new translation with color photographs as: *light and color in the outdoors, springer, 1993, isbn 0-387-97935-2, isbn 3-540-97935-2, isbn 0-387-94413-3 (originally published in dutch in 1937 as de natuurkunde van 't vrije veld. licht en kleur in het landschap.) ==honors== awards *gold medal of the royal astronomical society (1947) *bruce medal (1951) named after him *asteroid 1670 minnaert *minnaert (crater) on the moon *minnaert building of the uithof campus of utrecht university *minnaert function ==external links== * [http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/mole016marc01_01/index.php biography
1893_births 1970_deaths Belgian_astronomers Dutch_astronomers Ghent_University_alumni People_from_Bruges Recipients_of_the_Gold_Medal_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society Science_teachers Utrecht_University_faculty