250px|right|thumb|earth simulator 250px|right|thumb|an older version of earth simulator the , developed by the japanese government's initiative "earth simulator project", was a highly parallel vector supercomputer system for running global climate models to evaluate the effects of global warming and problems in solid earth geophysics. the system was developed for japan aerospace exploration agency, japan atomic energy research institute, and japan marine science and technology center (jamstec) in 1997. construction started in october 1999, and the site officially opened on march 11, 2002. the project cost 60 billion yen. built by nec, es was based on their sx-6 architecture. it consisted of 640 nodes with eight vector processors and 16 gigabytes of computer memory at each node, for a total of 5120 processors and 10 terabytes of memory. two nodes were installed per 1 metre x 1.4 metre x 2 metre cabinet. each cabinet consumed 20&nbsp;kw of power. the system had 700 terabytes of disk storage (450 for the system and 250 for the users) and 1.6 petabytes of mass storage in tape drives. it was able to run holistic simulations of global climate in both the atmosphere and the oceans down to a resolution of 10&nbsp;km. its performance on the linpack benchmark was 35.86 tflops, which was almost five times faster than its predecessor, asci white. es was the fastest supercomputer in the world from 2002 to 2004. its capacity was surpassed by ibm's blue gene/l prototype on september 29, 2004. es was replaced by the earth simulator 2 (es2) in march 2009. es2 is an nec sx-9/e system, and has a quarter as many nodes each of 12.8 times the performance (3.2x clock speed, four times the processing resource per node), for a peak performance of 131 tflops. with a delivered linpack performance of 122.4 tflops, es2 was the most efficient supercomputer in the world at that point. in november 2010, nec announced that es2 topped the global fft, one of the measures of the hpc challenge awards, with the performance number of 11.876 tflops. the earth simulator center has several special features that
2002_in_science Effects_of_global_warming NEC_supercomputers Numerical_climate_and_weather_models One-of-a-kind_computers