 the universal copyright convention (ucc), adopted in geneva, switzerland, in 1952, is one of the two principal international conventions protecting copyright; the other is the berne convention. the ucc was developed by united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization (unesco) as an alternative to the berne convention for those states which disagreed with aspects of the berne convention, but still wished to participate in some form of multilateral copyright protection. these states included developing countries as well as the united states and most of latin america. the former thought that the strong copyright protections granted by the berne convention overly benefited western, developed, copyright-exporting nations, whereas the latter two were already members of the buenos aires convention, a pan-american copyright convention that was weaker than the berne convention. the berne convention states also became party to the ucc, so that their copyrights would exist in non-berne convention states. in 1973, the soviet union joined the ucc. the united states only provided copyright protection for a fixed, renewable term, and required that in order for a work to be copyrighted it must contain a copyright notice and be registered at the copyright office. the berne convention, on the other hand, provided for copyright protection for a single term based on the life of the author, and did not require registration or the inclusion of a copyright notice for copyright to exist. thus the united states would have to make several major modifications to its copyright law in order to become a party to it. at the time the united states was unwilling to do so. the ucc thus permits those states which had a system of protection similar to the united states for fixed terms at the time of signature to retain them. eventually the united states became willing to participate in the berne convention, and change its national copyright law as required. in 1989 it became a party to the berne convention as a result of the berne convention implementation act of 1988. under the second protocol of the universal copyright convention (paris text), protection under u.s. copyright law is expressly required for works published by the united nations, by un specialized agencies and by the organization of american states (oas).house report no. 94-1476 in connection with title 17, united states code, section 104 the same requirement applies to other contracting states as well. berne convention states were concerned that the existence of the ucc would encourage parties to the berne convention to leave that convention and adopt the ucc instead. so 
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