 level of service (los) is a qualitative measure used to relate the quality of traffic service. los is used to analyze highways by categorizing traffic flow and assigning quality levels of traffic based on performance measure like speed, density,etc. ==level-of-service in north america== the following section pertains to only north american highway los standards as in the highway capacity manual (hcm) and aashto geometric design of highways and streets ("green book"), using letters a through f, with a being the best and f being the worst. a: free flow. traffic flows at or above the posted speed limit and motorists have complete mobility between lanes. the average spacing between vehicles is about 550&nbsp;ft(167 m) or 27 car lengths. motorists have a high level of physical and psychological comfort. the effects of incidents or point breakdowns are easily absorbed. los a generally occurs late at night in urban areas and frequently in rural areas. b: reasonably free flow. los a speeds are maintained, maneuverability within the traffic stream is slightly restricted. the lowest average vehicle spacing is about 330&nbsp;ft(100 m) or 16 car lengths. motorists still have a high level of physical and psychological comfort. c: stable flow, at or near free flow. ability to maneuver through lanes is noticeably restricted and lane changes require more driver awareness. minimum vehicle spacing is about 220&nbsp;ft(67 m) or 11 car lengths. most experienced drivers are comfortable, roads remain safely below but efficiently close to capacity, and posted speed is maintained. minor incidents may still have no effect but localized service will have noticeable effects and traffic delays will form behind the incident. this is the target los for some urban and most rural highways. d: approaching unstable flow. speeds slightly decrease as traffic volume slightly increase. freedom to maneuver within the traffic stream is much more limited and driver comfort levels decrease. vehicles are spaced about 160&nbsp;ft(50m) or 8 car lengths. minor incidents are expected to create delays. examples are a busy shopping corridor in the middle of a weekday, or a functional urban highway during commuting hours. it is a common goal for urban streets during peak hours, as attaining los c would require prohibitive cost and societal impact in bypass roads and lane additions. e: unstable flow, operating at capacity. flow becomes irregular and speed varies rapidly because there are virtually no usable gaps to maneuver in the traffic stream and speeds rarely reach the posted limit. vehicle spacing is about 6 car lengths, but speeds are still at or above 50&nbsp;mi/h(80&nbsp;km/h). any disruption to traffic flow, such as merging ramp traffic or lane changes, will create a shock wave affecting traffic upstre
Transport_engineering