the laramide orogeny was a period of mountain building in western north america, which started in the late cretaceous, 70 to 80 million years ago, and ended 35 to 55 million years ago. the exact duration and ages of beginning and end of the orogeny are in dispute. the laramide orogeny occurred in a series of pulses, with quiescent phases intervening. the major feature that was created by this orogeny was deep-seated, thick-skinned deformation, with evidence of this orogeny found from canada to northern mexico, with the easternmost extent of the mountain-building represented by the black hills of south dakota. the phenomenon is named for the laramie mountains of eastern wyoming. the laramide orogeny is sometimes confused with the sevier orogeny, which partially overlapped it in time and space. thumb|right|336px|the laramide orogeny was caused by subduction of a plate at a shallow angle. the orogeny is commonly attributed to events off the west coast of north america, where the kula and farallon plates were sliding under the north american plate. most hypotheses propose that the angle of subduction became shallow, and as a consequence, no magmatism occurred in the central west of the continent, and the underlying oceanic lithosphere actually caused drag on the root of the overlying continental lithosphere. one cause for shallow subduction may have been an increased rate of plate convergence. another proposed cause was subduction of thickened oceanic crust. magmatism associated with subduction occurred not near the plate edges (as in the volcanic arc of the andes, for example), but far to the east, called the coast range arc. geologists call such a lack of volcanic activity near a subduction zone a magmatic null. this particular null may have occurred because the subducted slab was in contact with relatively cool continental lithosphere, not hotter asthenosphere. one result of shallow angle of subduction and the drag that it caused was a broad belt of mountains, some of which were the progenitors of the rocky mountains. part of the proto-rocky mountains would be later modified by extension to become the basin and range province. ==ecological consequences== according to paleontologist thomas m. lehman, the laramide orogeny triggered "the most dramatic event that affected late cretaceous dinosaur communities in north america prior to their extinction." this turnover event saw the replacement of specialized and highly ornamented centrosaurine and lambeosaurines by more primitive upland dinosaurs in the south, while northern biomes became dominated by triceratops with a greatly reduced hadrosaur community. ==basins and mountains== the laramide orogeny pr
Black_Hills Cretaceous Eocene Geology_of_Alaska Geology_of_British_Columbia Geology_of_Montana Geology_of_South_Dakota Geology_of_Wyoming Geology_of_Yukon Geology_of_the_Rocky_Mountains Orogeny Paleocene