   a tutor is an instructor who gives private lessons. shadow education is a pejorative name for private supplementary tutoring that is offered outside the mainstream education system. ==teaching assistance==  in british, australian, new zealand, south african, italian, and some canadian universities, a tutor is often, but not always, a postgraduate student or a lecturer assigned to conduct a seminar for undergraduate students, often known as a tutorial. the equivalent of this kind of tutor in the united states and the rest of canada is known as a teaching assistant, a graduate teaching assistant, or a graduate student instructor (gsi). in the university of cambridge and university of dublin a tutor is an officer of a college responsible for the pastoral care of a number of students in cognate disciplines; as against a director of studies in cambridge who is responsible for the academic progress of a group of students in their own discipline, with both tutors and directors of study answering to a senior tutor. in the university of oxford, the colleges fuse pastoral and academic care into the single office of fellow and tutor, also known as a cuf lecturer. in the united states, the term tutor is generally associated with one who gives professional instruction (sometimes within a school setting but often independently) in a given topic or field. ===british and irish secondary schools=== in english and irish secondary schools, form tutors are given the responsibilities of a form or class of students in a particular year group (up to 30 students). they usually work in year teams headed by a year leader, year head, or guidance teacher. form tutors take on these responsibilities in addition to teaching, planning, and monitoring their academic (subject) classes. form tutors will provide parents with most of the information about their child's progress and any problems they might be experiencing. ordinarily, the form tutor is the person who contacts a parent if there is a problem at school; however, the year leader or guidance teacher may contact the parents, since the form tutor has full-time responsibility as a specialist subject teacher. ===private tutoring in asia=== a recent study by the asian development bank and the comparative education research centre at the university of hong kong pointed out that private tutoring can dominate the lives of young people and their families, maintain and exacerbate social inequalities, divert needed household income into an 
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