in mathematics and string theory, a conifold is a generalization of a manifold. unlike manifolds, conifolds can contain conical singularities, i.e. points whose neighbourhoods look like cones over a certain base. in physics, in particular in flux compactifications of string theory, the base is usually a five-dimensional real manifold, since the typically considered conifolds are complex 3-dimensional (real 6-dimensional) spaces. conifolds are important objects in string theory: brian greene explains the physics of conifolds in chapter 13 of his book the elegant universe - including the fact that the space can tear near the cone, and its topology can change. this possibility was first noticed by  and employed by  to prove that conifolds provide a connection between all (then) known calabiâyau compactifications in string theory; this partially supports a conjecture by  whereby conifolds connect all possible calabiâyau complex 3-dimensional spaces. a well-known example of a conifold is obtained as a deformation limit of a quintic - i.e. a quintic hypersurface in the projective space \mathbb{cp}^4. the space \mathbb{cp}^4 has complex dimension equal to four, and therefore the space defined by the quintic (degree five) equations :z_1^5+z_2^5+z_3^5+z_4^5+z_5^5-5\psi z_1z_2z_3z_4z_5 = 0 in terms of homogeneous coordinates z_i on \mathbb{cp}^4, for any fixed complex \psi, has complex dimension three. this family of quintic hypersurfaces is the most famous example of calabiâyau manifolds. if the complex structure parameter \psi is chosen to become equal to one, the manifold described above becomes singular since the derivatives of the quintic polynomial in the equation vanish when all coordinates z_i are equal or their ratios are certain fifth roots of unity. the neighbourhood of this singular point looks like a cone whose base is topologically just s^2 \times s^3. in the context of string theory, the geometrically singular conifolds can be shown to lead to completely smooth physics of strings. the divergences are "smeared out" by d3-branes wrapped on the shrinking three-sphere in type iib string theory and by d2-branes wrapped on the shrinking two-sphere in type iia string theory, as originally pointed out by . as shown by , this provides the string-theoretic description of the topology-change via the conifold transition originally described by , who also invented the term "conifold" and the diagram :[[image:3foldcon
Algebraic_geometry Generalized_manifolds Singularity_theory String_theory