thumb|a simple indoor water tap tap water (running water, city water, municipal water, etc.) is water supplied to a tap (valve). its uses include drinking, washing, cooking, and the flushing of toilets. indoor tap water is distributed through "indoor plumbing", which has existed since antiquity but was available to very few people until the second half of the 19th century, when it began to propagate in what are now the developed countries. it became common in many regions during the 20th century, and is now lacking only among the poor, especially in developing countries. tap water is often culturally assumed to be potable water, especially in developed countries. more often than not it is potable, although water quality problems are not unusual. household water purification methods such as water filters, boiling, or distillation can be used when the potability is doubted. the application of technologies (such as water treatment plants) involved in providing clean water to homes, businesses, and public buildings is a major subfield of sanitary engineering. calling a water supply "tap water" distinguishes it from the other main types of fresh water which may be available; these include water from rainwater-collecting cisterns, water from village pumps or town pumps, or water carried from streams, rivers, or lakes (whose potability may vary). ==background== publicly available treated water has historically been associated with major increases in life expectancy and improved public health. water-borne diseases are vastly reduced by proper sewage and fresh water availability. providing tap water to large urban or suburban populations requires a complex and carefully designed system of collection, storage, treatment and distribution, and is commonly the responsibility of a government agency, often the same agency responsible for the removal and treatment of clean water. specific chemical compounds are often taken out of tap water during the treatment process to adjust the ph or remove contaminants, as well as chlorine to kill biological toxins. local geological conditions affecting groundwater are determining factors for the presence of various metal ions, often rendering the water "soft" or "hard". tap water remains susceptible to biological or chemical contamination. in the event of contamination deemed dangerous to public health, government officials typically issue an advisory regarding water consumption. in the case of biological contamination, residents are usually advised to boil their water before consumption or to use bottled water as an alternative. in the case of chemical contamination, residents may be advised to refrain from consuming tap
Drinking_water Water Water_pollution Water_supply_infrastructure