 ladislas j. meduna (1896â1964), the hungarian neurologist and neuropathologist, chemically induced grand mal epileptic seizures as treatment for schizophrenia. it is the basis for modern convulsive therapy. meduna was born to a well-to-do family in budapest, hungary, in 1896. he studied medicine in budapest from 1914 to 1921, his studies being interrupted by military service in the italian front from 1915 to 1918. he was appointed to the hungarian interacademic institute for brain research, also in budapest. he worked under the direction of kÃ¡roly schaffer. he studied the neuropathology of the structure and development of the pineal gland and of microglia, lead poisoning, and avitaminosis. in 1927 he moved to the psychiatric institute with dr. schaffer and began clinical and research work in psychopathology. meduna's interest in treating schizophrenia began with observations that the concentration of brain glia varied among patients who died with epilepsy (more glia than normal) and those with schizophrenia (less glia than normal). he thought that the inductions of seizures in patients with schizophrenia would increase the concentration of glia and relieve the illness. the concept was supported by reports that the incidence of epilepsy in hospitalized patients with schizophrenia was extremely low; and that a few schizophrenic patients who developed seizures after infection or head trauma, were relieved of their psychosis. he sought ways to induce seizures in animals with chemicals; after trials with the alkaloids strychnine, thebaine, coramin, caffeine, and brucin, he settled on camphor dissolved in oil as effective and reliable. for a population with severe schizophrenia, he moved from budapest to the psychiatric hospital at lipotmezÅ, outside budapest. he began his dose-finding experiments on january 2, 1934. he was able to induce seizures in about 1/3 the first subjects. nevertheless, three of the first 11 patients had a positive response, encouraging his work.[see gazdag et al., 2009.] in his autobiography, he recalls the patient who began his treatment on january 23, 1934 in a severe 33-year-old catatonic patient. after just 5 treatments, catatonia and psychotic symptoms were abolished. increasing his cases to 26 patients, meduna achieved recovery in 10 and improvement in 3 more. a major factor in meduna's achievement was his selection of patientsâ9 of the first 11 patients were catatonic. catatonia is a syndrome that is remarkably responsive to induced seizures. the serendipity that c
1896_births 1964_deaths Guggenheim_Fellows History_of_psychiatry Human_subject_research_in_psychiatry Hungarian_emigrants_to_the_United_States Hungarian_neuroscientists Hungarian_psychiatrists Loyola_University_Chicago_faculty People_from_Budapest People_who_emigrated_to_escape_Nazism