frame|right|a typical firmware-controlled device: a television remote control. consumer products like this have been using firmware since the 1970s. in electronic systems and computing, firmware is the combination of persistent memory and program code and data stored in it. typical examples of devices containing firmware are embedded systems (such as traffic lights, consumer appliances, and digital watches), computers, computer peripherals, mobile phones, and digital cameras. the firmware contained in these devices provides the control program for the device. firmware is held in non-volatile memory devices such as rom, eprom, or flash memory. changing the firmware of a device may rarely or never be done during its economic lifetime; some firmware memory devices are permanently installed and cannot be changed after manufacture. common reasons for updating firmware include fixing bugs or adding features to the device. this may require rom integrated circuits to be physically replaced, or flash memory to be reprogrammed through a special procedure. firmware such as the rom bios of a personal computer may contain only elementary basic functions of a device and may only provide services to higher-level software. firmware such as the program of an embedded system may be the only program that will run on the system and provide all of its functions. before integrated circuits, other firmware devices included a discrete semiconductor diode matrix. the apollo guidance computer had firmware consisting of a specially manufactured core memory plane, called "core rope memory", where data were stored by physically threading wires through (1) or around (0) the core storing each data bit. ==origin of the term== ascher opler coined the term "firmware" in a 1967 datamation article.  originally, it meant the contents of a writable control store (a small specialized high speed memory), containing microcode that defined and implemented the computer's instruction set, and that could be reloaded to specialize or modify the instructions that the central processing unit (cpu) could execute. as originally used, firmware con
Embedded_systems Firmware