  the pallas's gull or great black-headed gull (ichthyaetus ichthyaetus) is a large gull. as is the case with many gulls, it has traditionally been placed in the genus larus.pons j.m., hassanin, a., and crochet p.a.(2005). phylogenetic relationships within the laridae (charadriiformes: aves) inferred from mitochondrial markers. molecular phylogenetics and evolution 37(3):686-699 this species breeds in colonies in marshes and islands from southern russia to mongolia. it is migratory, wintering in the eastern mediterranean, arabia and india. this gull nests on the ground, laying between two and four eggs. it occurs in western europe only as a rare vagrant. in great britain a recent review left a single occurrence in 1859 as the only acceptable record of this bird. the species also occurs as a vagrant in differing parts of the indian ocean, south of its normal range, and along the northern and eastern coasts of africa, where it visits annually on an irregular basis.field guide to the birds of east africa: kenya, tanzania, uganda, rwanda, burundi by stevenson & fanshawe. elsevier science (2001), isbn 978-0856610790 thumb|left|a juvenile great black-headed gull. this is a very large gull, being easily the world's largest black-headed gull and the third largest species of gull in the world, after the great black-backed gull and the glaucous gull. it measures  in length with a  wingspan.gulls: of north america, europe, and asia by klaus malling olsen & hans larsson. princeton university press (2004). isbn 978-0691119977.harrison, peter, seabirds: an identification guide. houghton mifflin harcourt (1991), isbn 978-0-395-60291-1 weight can vary from , with an average of {{conv
Birds_of_Europe Birds_of_Pakistan Birds_of_Turkey Birds_of_the_Palestinian_territories Gulls IUCN_Red_List_least_concern_species Larus