 castleton-on-hudson is a village located in the southwestern part of the town of schodack in rensselaer county, new york. the population was 1,473 at the 2010 census. the village is southeast of albany, new york. == history == castleton gets its name from the exploration of the north (hudson) river by henry hudson. while traveling up the river, he came upon a mohican indian village noted for a large structure located on a rise above the river. this structure was a storehouse for foodstuffs, but was of such size that it was thought to be a "castle", hence the name castleton. they burnt it down and continued promptly up the river. 
1827_establishments_in_New_York Populated_places_established_in_1827 Populated_places_on_the_Hudson_River Villages_in_New_York Villages_in_Rensselaer_County,_New_York