dependency grammar (dg) is a class of modern syntactic theories that are all based on the dependency relation and that can be traced back primarily to the work of lucien tesniÃ¨re. the dependency relation views the (finite) verb as the structural center of all clause structure. all other syntactic units (e.g. words) are either directly or indirectly dependent on the verb. dgs are distinct from phrase structure grammars (constituency grammars), since dgs lack phrasal nodes - although they acknowledge phrases. structure is determined by the relation between a word (a head) and its dependents. dependency structures are flatter than constituency structures in part because they lack a finite verb phrase constituent, and they are thus well suited for the analysis of languages with free word order, such as czech, turkish, and warlpiri. ==history== the notion of dependencies between grammatical units has existed since the earliest recorded grammars, e.g. pÄá¹ini, and the dependency concept therefore arguably predates the constituency notion by many centuries.concerning the history of the dependency concept, see percival (1990). ibn maá¸ÄÊ¾, a 12th-century linguist from cÃ³rdoba, andalusia, may have been the first grammarian to use the term dependency in the grammatical sense that we use it today. in early modern times, the dependency concept seems to have coexisted side by side with the constituency concept, the latter having entered latin, french, english and other grammars from the widespread study of term logic of antiquity.concerning the influence of term logic on the theory of grammar, see percival (1976). dependency is also concretely present in the works of sÃ¡muel brassai (1800-1897), a hungarian linguist, and of heimann hariton tiktin (1850-1936), a romanian linguist.concerning dependency in the works of brassai, see imrÃ©nyi (2013), and concerning dependency in the works of tiktin, see coseriu (1980). modern dependency grammars, however, begin primarily with the work of lucien tesniÃ¨re. tesniÃ¨re was a frenchman, a polyglot, and a professor of linguistics at the universities in strasbourg and montpellier. his major work ÃlÃ©ments de syntaxe structurale was published posthumously in 1959 â he died in 1954. the basic approach to syntax he developed seems to have been seized upon independently by others in the 1960sconcerning early dependency grammars that may have developed independently of tesniÃ¨re's work, see for instance hays (1960), gaifman (1965), and robinson (1970). and a number of other dependency-based grammars have gained prominence since those early works.some prominent dependency grammars that were well established by the 1980s are from hudson (1984), sgall, hajiÄovÃ¡ et panevova (1986), melâÄuk (1988), and starosta
Grammar_frameworks Natural_language_parsing