   the history of ornamental gardening may be considered as aesthetic expressions of beauty through art and nature, a display of taste or style in civilized life, an expression of an individual's or culture's philosophy, and sometimes as a display of private status or national prideâin private and public landscapes. ==introduction==  forest gardening, a plant-based food pro-system, is the world's oldest form of gardening. forest gardens originated in prehistoric times along jungle-clad river banks and in the wet foothills of monsoon regions. in the gradual process of families improving their immediate environment, useful tree and vine species were identified, protected and improved whilst undesirable species were eliminated. eventually foreign species were also selected and incorporated into the gardens. the enclosure of outdoor space began in 10,000 bc. though no one knows the specific details of the first garden, historians imagine the first enclosure was a type of barrier for the purpose of keeping out animals and marauders. garden-making and design was a key precursor to landscape architecture, and it began in west asia, eventually spreading westward into greece, spain, germany, france, britain, etc. modern words of âgardenâ and âyardâ are descendants of the old english term âgeard,â which means fence or enclosure. vitruvius, a roman author and engineer, wrote the oldest surviving design manual in 27 bc. de architecture libri decem (the ten books on architecture) addressed design theory, landscape architecture, engineering, water supply and public projects, such as parks and squares. vitruvius asserted that firmitas (firmness, durability, strength), utilitas (commodity, convenience, utility) and venustas (delight, loveliness, beauty) were the main d
Horticulture_and_gardening Landscape_design_history