 jan or johann josef loschmidt (15 march 1821 â 8 july 1895), who referred to himself mostly as josef loschmidt (omitting his first name), was a notable austrian scientist who performed ground-breaking work in chemistry, physics (thermodynamics, optics, electrodynamics), and crystal forms. born in carlsbad, a town located in the austrian empire (now karlovy vary, czech republic), loschmidt became professor of physical chemistry at the university of vienna in 1868. he had two early mentors. the first was a bohemian priest, adalbert czech, who persuaded loschmidt's parents to send young josef to high school in the piarist monastery in schlackenwerth and, in 1837, to advanced high-school classes in prague. this was followed by two years of philosophy and mathematics at prague's charles university, where loschmidt met his second important mentor. this was the philosophy professor franz s. exner, whose eyesight was failing, and who asked loschmidt to be his personal reader. exner was known for his innovative school reforms, which included promoting mathematics and science as important subjects. he suggested to loschmidt, who became a close personal friend, that he apply mathematics to psychological phenomena. in the process of doing this, he became a very able mathematician. his 1861 booklet, chemische studien ("chemical studies"), proposed two-dimensional representations for over 300 molecules in a style remarkably similar to that used by modern chemists.j. loschmidt, chemische studien (vienna, austria-hungary: carl gerold's sohn, 1861). among these were aromatic molecules such as benzene (c6h6), and related triazines. loschmidt symbolized the benzene nucleus by a large circle, which he said was to indicate the yet-undetermined structure of the compound. some have argued, however, that he intended this as the suggestion of a cyclical structure, four years before that of [[friedrich august kekulÃ© von st
1821_births 1895_deaths Austrian_physical_chemists Austrian_physicists