  thumb|call: "shave and a haircut", response: "two bits". . in music, a call and response is a succession of two distinct phrases usually played by different musicians, where the second phrase is heard as a direct commentary on or response to the first. it corresponds to the call-and-response pattern in human communication and is found as a basic element of musical form, such as verse-chorus form, in many traditions. in sub-saharan african cultures, call and response is a pervasive pattern of democratic participationâin public gatherings in the discussion of civic affairs, in religious rituals, as well as in vocal and instrumental musical expression. it is this tradition that african bondsmen and women brought with them to the new world and which has been transmitted over the centuries in various forms of cultural expressionâin religious observance; public gatherings; sporting events; even in children's rhymes; and, most notably, in african-american music in its myriad forms and descendants including: gospel, blues, rhythm and blues, rock and roll, jazz and hip hop. call and response patterns between two musicians are common in indian classical music, particularly in the style of jugalbandi. call and response is likewise widely present in parts of the americas touched by the trans-atlantic slave trade. it is extensively used in cuban music, both in the secular rumbaorovio, helio 2004. cuban music from a to z. revised by sue steward. isbn 0-8223-3186-1 a biographical dictionary of cuban music, artists, composers, groups and terms. duke university, durham nc; tumi, bath. p191 and in the african religious ceremonies (santerÃ­a).sublette, ned 2004. cuba and its music: from the first drums to the mambo. chicago. isbn 1-55652-516-8 ==folk music== it is common in folk traditions of choral singing of many people, especially in african musical cultures . in the west, it is most readily seen in the sea shanty, african-american work songs, military cadences, quÃ©becois folk songs, and the dance-songs of various european countries including france (particularly brittany) and the faroe islands. ==classical music== in classical european music it is known as antiphony. ==popular music== the phenomenon of call and response is pervasive in modern western popular music, as well, largely because western music has been so heavily shaped by african contributions. cross-over rhythm and blues, rock 'n' roll and rock music exhibit call-and-res
Formal_sections_in_music_analysis Jazz_techniques Musical_techniques