   high-throughput screening (hts) is a method for scientific experimentation especially used in drug discovery and relevant to the fields of biology and chemistry. using robotics, data processing and control software, liquid handling devices, and sensitive detectors, high-throughput screening allows a researcher to quickly conduct millions of chemical, genetic, or pharmacological tests. through this process one can rapidly identify active compounds, antibodies, or genes that modulate a particular biomolecular pathway. the results of these experiments provide starting points for drug design and for understanding the interaction or role of a particular biochemical process in biology. ==assay plate preparation== the key labware or testing vessel of hts is the microtiter plate: a small container, usually disposable and made of plastic, that features a grid of small, open divots called wells. in general, modern (circa 2013) microplates for hts have either 384, 1536, or 3456 wells. these are all multiples of 96, reflecting the original 96-well microplate with spaced wells of 8 x 12 9 mm . most of the wells contain experimentally useful matter, depending on the nature of the experiment. this could be an aqueous solution of dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) and some other chemical compound, the latter of which differs for each well across the plate. it could also contain cells or enzymes of some type. (the other wells may be empty or contain untreated samples, intended for use as experimental controls.) a screening facility typically holds a library of stock plates, whose contents are carefully catalogued, and each of which may have been created by the lab or obtained from a commercial source. these stock plates themselves are not directly used in experiments; instead, separate assay plates are created as needed. an assay plate is simply a copy of a stock plate, created by pipetting a small amount of liquid (often measured in nanoliters) from the wells of a stock plate to the corresponding wells of a completely empty plate. ==reaction observation== to prepare for an assay, the researcher fills each well of the plate with some logical entity that he wishes to conduct the experiment upon, such as a protein, cells, or an animal embryo. after some incubation time has passed to allow the biological matter to absorb, bind to, or otherwise react (or fail to react) with the compounds in the wells, measurements are taken across all the plate's wells, either manually or by a machine. manual measurements are often necessary when the researcher is using microscopy to (for example) seek changes or defects in embryonic development caused by the wells' compounds, looking for effects that a computer could not easily determine by itself. other
Drug_discovery Pharmaceutics Scientific_techniques