 ==africa== *kingdom of dahomey â houegbadja (1645&ndash;1685) *ethiopian empire â fasilides (1632&ndash;1667) *emirate of harar â `ali ibn da`ud (1647â1671) ==asia== * china ** qing dynasty â shunzhi emperor (1644&ndash;1661) ** southern ming â *** prince of lu (1645&ndash;1653) *** prince of gui (1646&ndash;1662) * empire of japan â **monarch â go-kÅmyÅ (1643&ndash;1654) **tokugawa shogunate â tokugawa iemitsu (1623&ndash;1651) **ryukyu kingdom â shÅ shitsu (1648&ndash;1668) *joseon (korea) â injo (1623&ndash;1649) == europe == *  kingdom of denmarkânorway â *# christian iv (1588&ndash;1648) *# frederick iii (1648&ndash;1670) **duchy of schleswig â **# christian iv (1588&ndash;1648) and frederick iii (1616&ndash;1659) in condominial rule **# frederick iii (denmark) (1648&ndash;1670) and frederick iii (gottorp) (1616&ndash;1659) in condominial rule *  **estates of friesland, groningen, guelders, holland, overijssel, utrecht, zeeland (1581&ndash;1795) ** stadtholder - william ii, prince of orange, stadtholder of guelders, holland, overijssel, utrecht, zeeland (1647&ndash;1650) ***holland â grand pensionary jacob cats (1629&ndash;1631, 1636&ndash;1651) *  - charles i (1625&ndash;1649) *  - louis xiv (1643&ndash;1715) *  - ferdinand iii **duchy of bremen â christina, queen of sweden (house of vasa) (1648&ndash;1654) **principality of brunswick and lunenburg, wolfenbÃ¼ttel line â augustus, duke of brunswick-wolfenbÃ¼ttel (1635&ndash;1666) **holstein, duchy â **# christian iv (1588&ndash;1648) and frederick iii (1616&ndash;1659) in condominial rule **# frederick iii (denmark) (1648&ndash;1670) and frederick iii (gottorp) (1616&ndash;1659) in condominial rule **principality of verden â 
1648 1648_in_international_relations 17th-century_rulers Lists_of_state_leaders_by_year