  a brainâcomputer interface (bci), sometimes called a mind-machine interface (mmi), direct neural interface (dni), synthetic telepathy interface (sti) or brainâmachine interface (bmi), is a direct communication pathway between the brain and an external device. bcis are often directed at assisting, augmenting, or repairing human cognitive or sensory-motor functions. research on bcis began in the 1970s at the university of california los angeles (ucla) under a grant from the national science foundation, followed by a contract from darpa. the papers published after this research also mark the first appearance of the expression brainâcomputer interface in scientific literature. the field of bci research and development has since focused primarily on neuroprosthetics applications that aim at restoring damaged hearing, sight and movement. thanks to the remarkable cortical plasticity of the brain, signals from implanted prostheses can, after adaptation, be handled by the brain like natural sensor or effector channels. following years of animal experimentation, the first neuroprosthetic devices implanted in humans appeared in the mid-1990s. ==history== the history of brainâcomputer interfaces (bcis) starts with hans berger's discovery of the electrical activity of the human brain and the development of electroencephalography (eeg). in 1924 berger was the first to record human brain activity by means of eeg. berger was able to identify oscillatory activity in the brain by analyzing eeg traces. one wave he identified was the alpha wave (8â13&nbsp;hz), also known as berger's wave. berger's first recording device was very rudimentary. he inserted silver wires under the scalps of his patients. these were later replaced by silver foils attached to the patients' head
Brainacomputer_interfacing DARPA_projects Humanacomputer_interaction Neural_engineering Neuroprosthetics User_interface_techniques Virtual_reality