thumb|upright|mice are the most numerous mammal species used for live animal research. such research is sometimes described as vivisection. vivisection () is surgery conducted for experimental purposes on a living organism, typically animals with a central nervous system, to view living internal structure. more broadly, vivisection is any experimentation on live animals."vivisection", encyclopaedia britannica, 2009: "vivisection: operation on a living animal for experimental rather than healing purposes; more broadly, all experimentation on live animals."tansey, e.m. review of vivisection in historical perspective by nicholaas a. rupke, book reviews, national center for biotechnology information, p. 226.croce, pietro. vivisection or science? an investigation into testing drugs and safeguarding health. zed books, 1999, and "about us", british union for the abolition of vivisection. the term is often used by organizations opposed to animal experimentationyarri, donna. the ethics of animal experimentation: a critical analysis and constructive christian proposal, oxford university press, 2005, p. 163. but is rarely used by practicing scientists.paixao, rl; schramm, fr. ethics and animal experimentation: what is debated? cad. saÃºde pÃºblica, rio de janeiro, 2007 human vivisection has been perpetrated as a form of torture. ==animal vivisection==   thumb|an anesthetized pig used for training a surgeon research requiring vivisection techniques that cannot be met through other means is often subject to an external ethics review in conception and implementation, and in many jurisdictions use of anesthesia is legally mandated for any surgery likely to cause pain to any vertebrate.national academy of sciences guide for the care and use of laboratory animals in the u.s., the animal welfare act explicitly requires that any procedure that may cause pain use "tranquilizers, analgesics, an
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