    african trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness is a parasitic disease of humans and other animals. it is caused by protozoa of the species trypanosoma brucei. there are two types that infect humans, trypanosoma brucei gambiense (t.b.g) and trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (t.b.r.). t.b.g causes over 98% of reported cases. both are usually transmitted by the bite of an infected tsetse fly and are most common in rural areas. initially, in the first stage of the disease, there are fevers, headaches, itchiness, and joint pains. this begins one to three weeks after the bite. weeks to months later the second stage begins with confusion, poor coordination, numbness and trouble sleeping. diagnosis is via finding the parasite in a blood smear or in the fluid of a lymph node. a lumbar puncture is often needed to tell the difference between first and second stage disease. prevention of severe disease involves screening the population at risk with blood tests for t.b.g. treatment is easier when the disease is detected early and before neurological symptoms occur. treatment of the first stage is with the medications pentamidine or suramin. treatment of the second stage involves: eflornithine or a combination of nifurtimox and eflornithine for t.b.g. while melarsoprol works for both it is typically only used for t.b.r. due to serious side effects. the disease occurs regularly in some regions of sub-saharan africa with the population at risk being about 70 million in 36 countries. as of 2010
Health_in_Africa Insect-borne_diseases Neglected_diseases Parasitic_diseases Protozoal_diseases Sleep_disorders Tropical_diseases