 micronization is the process of reducing the average diameter of a solid material's particles. usually, the term micronization is used when the particles that are produced are only a few micrometers in diameter. however, modern applications (usually in the pharmaceutical industry) require average particle diameters of the nanometer scale. ==traditional techniques== traditional micronization techniques are based on friction to reduce particle size. such methods include milling, bashing and grinding. a typical industrial mill is composed of a cylindrical metallic drum that usually contains steel spheres. as the drum rotates the spheres inside collide with the particles of the solid, thus crushing them towards smaller diameters. in the case of grinding, the solid particles are formed when the grinding units of the device rub against each other while particles of the solid are trapped in between. methods like crushing and cutting are also used for reducing particle diameter, but produce more rough particles compared to the two previous techniques (and are therefore the early stages of the micronization process). crushing employs hammer-like tools to break the solid into smaller particles by means of impact. cutting uses sharp blades to cut the rough solid pieces into smaller ones. ==modern techniques== modern methods use supercritical fluids in the micronization process. the most widely applied techniques of this category include the ress process (rapid expansion of supercritical solutions), the sas method (supercritical anti-solvent) and the pgss method (particles from gas saturated solutions). in the case of ress, the supercritical fluid is used to dissolve the solid material under high pressure and temperature, thus forming a homogeneous supercritical phase. thereafter, the solution is expanded through a nozzle and small particles are formed. at the rapid expansion point right at the opening of the nozzle there is a sudden pressure drop that forces the dissolved material (the solid) to precipitate out of the solution. the crystals that are instantly formed enclose a small amount of the solvent that, due to the expansion, changes from supercritical fluid to its normal state (usually gas), thus breaking the crystal from inside-out. at the same time, further reduction of size is achieved while the forming and breaking crystals collide with each other at the vicinity of the nozzle. the particles that are formed this way have a diameter of a few hundreds of nanometers. in the sas method, the solid material is dissolved in an organic solvent and a supercritical fluid is then also forced by means of pressure to dissolve in the system. in this way, the volume of the system is expanded, thus lowering the density, and therefore also the solubility of the material of interest is decreased. as a result, th
Materials_science