   the history of film began in the 1890s, with the invention of the first motion-picture cameras and the establishment of the first film production companies and cinemas. the films of the 1890s were under a minute long and until 1927, motion pictures were produced without sound. the first eleven years of motion pictures show the cinema moving from a novelty to an established large-scale entertainment industry. the films became several minutes long consisting of several shots. the first rotating camera for taking panning shots was built in 1897. the first film studios were built in 1897. special effects were introduced and film continuity, involving action moving from one sequence into another, began to be used. in 1900, continuity of action across successive shots was achieved and the close-up shot was introduced. most films of this period were what came to be called "chase films". the first use of animation in movies was in 1899. the first feature length multi-reel film was a 1906 australian production. the first successful permanent theatre showing only films was "the nickelodeon" in pittsburgh in 1905. by about 1910, actors began to receive screen credit for their roles, and the way to the creation of film stars was opened. regular newsreels were exhibited from 1910 and soon became a popular way for finding out the news. overall, from about 1910, american films had the largest share of the market in all european countries except france. new film techniques that were introduced in this period include the use of artificial lighting, fire effects and low-key lighting (i.e. lighting in which most of the frame is dark) for enhanced atmosphere during sinister scenes. as films grew longer, specialist writers were employed to simplify more complex stories derived from novels or plays into a form that could be contained on one reel. genres began to be used as categories; the main division was into comedy and drama, but these categories were further subdivided. the years of the first world war were a complex transitional period for the film industry. the exhibition of films changed from short one-reel programmes to feature films. exhibition venues became larger and began charging higher prices. by 1914, continuity cinema was the established mode of commercial cinema. one of the advanced continuity techniques involved an accurate and smooth transition from one shot to another. d. w. griffith had the highest standing amongst american directors in the industry, because of the dramatic excitement he conveyed to the audience through his films. the american industry, or "hollywood", as it was
History_of_film