 thumbnail|right|the reverse of a stamp of the allied occupation of germany. in philately, gum is the substance applied to the back of a stamp to enable it to adhere to a letter or other mailed item. the term is generic, and applies both to traditional types such as gum arabic and to synthetic modern formulations. gum is a matter of high importance in philately. ==history== before postage stamps existed, people receiving letters would have to pay for them. the payment was based on how many papers were in the envelope and how far the letter had traveled. rowland hill came up a solution of prepayment. this led to his invention of the stamp gum in 1837. the world's first adhesive postage stamp was called the penny black. many early stamps were not gummed, however, and some have been unable to be gummed due to shortage( for instance, the typewritten uganda cowry stamps of 1895). extreme tropical climates were also a problem for curaÃ§ao and suriname. some stamps, intended only for sale to stamp collectors have been issued without gum, for instance the united states farley's follies souvenir sheets of 1933. on the first stamps of great britain the gum was called cement williams, l.n. & m. fundamentals of philately. state college: the american philatelic society, 1971, p.494. and was made from a mixture of potato starch, wheat starch and acacia gum.mackay, james. philatelic terms illustrated. 4th edition. london: stanley gibbons, 2003, p.65. isbn 0-85259-557-3. == types and application == originally, gumming took place after printing and before perforation, usually because the paper had to be damp for printing to work well, but in modern times most stamp printing is done dry on pre-gummed paper. there have been a couple of historical instances where stamps were regummed after being perforated, but these were unusual situations. on early issues, gum was applied by hand, using a brush or roller, but in 1880 de la rue came up with a machine gumming process using a printing press, and gum is now always applied by machine. the gum is universally spread as uniformly as possible. the greatest manufacturing problem of the gumming process is its tendency to make the stamps curl, due to the different reaction of paper and gum to varying moisture levels. in the most extreme cases, the stamp will spontaneously roll up into a small tube. various schemes have been tried, but the problem persists to this day. on swiss stamps of the 1930s, courvoisier used a gum-breaking machine that pressed a pattern of small squares into the gum, resulting in so-called grilled gum. another scheme has been to slice the gum with knives after it has been
Adhesives Natural_gums Philatelic_terminology