in relationships, interdependence is the degree to which members of the group are mutually dependent on the others. this concept differs from a dependent relationship, where some members are dependent and some are not. in an interdependent relationship, participants may be emotionally, economically, ecologically and/or morally reliant on and responsible to each other. an interdependent relationship can arise between two or more cooperative autonomous participants (e.g. a co-op). some people advocate freedom or independence as the ultimate good; others do the same with devotion to one's family, community, or society. interdependence can be a common ground between these aspirations. ==history== authors and leaders have written and spoken about interdependence throughout history, including karl marx, mahatma gandhi, franklin delano roosevelt and stephen covey. karl marx first used the term interdependence in the communist manifesto (1848) in describing the universal interdependence of nations in comparison to the old local and national seclusion of independence and self-sufficiency. the various classical civilizations over the ages established vast trading networks with one another. the exchange of goods and ideas occurred from the time of the early indian empire on the indus river, all the way up to the roman empire on the mediterranean. in some cases, it doesn't occur, but remain mutually beneficial despite this. today, international interdependence is often said to be strong and to have increased. international trade is taken to be an indicator of interdependence, and its high and, with some interruptions, rapidly growing values are accepted as evidence of the increasing interdependence of nations. between 1820 and 1992, world population increased 5-fold, income per head 8-fold, world income 40-fold, and world trade 540-fold.madison. 1995 sometimes international financial flows are taken as the measure of interdependence. ==measuring international interdependence== international disintegration is entirely consistent with a high degree of international interdependence. for interdependence exists when one country by unilateral action can inflict harm on (or provide benefits to) other countries. competitive protectionism, devaluation, deflation, or pollution of the air and sea beyond national boundaries are instances. interdependence is measured by the costs of severing the relationship (or the benefits of developing it). the higher the costs to one country, the greater is the degree of dependence of that country. if a small country benefits more from the international division of labor than a large country, its dependence is greater. if both partners to a transaction were to incur high costs from severing economic links, there would be interdependence.*streeten, paul. integration, interdependence, and globalization. ==role of interdependence in feminis
Collaboration Futurology Social_philosophy Systems_thinking