 a contrast effect is the enhancement or diminishment, relative to normal, of perception, cognition or related performance as a result of successive (immediately previous) or simultaneous exposure to a stimulus of lesser or greater value in the same dimension. (here, normal perception, cognition or performance is that which would be obtained in the absence of the comparison stimulusâi.e., one based on all previous experience.) perception example: a neutral gray target will appear lighter or darker than it does in isolation when immediately preceded by, or simultaneously compared to, respectively, a dark gray or light gray target. cognition example: a person will appear more or less attractive than that person does in isolation when immediately preceded by, or simultaneously compared to, respectively, a less or more attractive person. performance example: a laboratory rat will work faster, or slower, during a stimulus predicting a given amount of reward when that stimulus and reward are immediately preceded by, or alternated with, respectively, different stimuli associated with either a lesser or greater amount of reward. ==types== frame|simultaneous contrast simultaneous contrast identified by michel eugÃ¨ne chevreul refers to the manner in which the colors of two different objects affect each other. the effect is more noticeable when shared between objects of complementary color.colour, why the world isn't grey, hazel rossotti, princeton university press, princeton, nj, 1985, pp 135-136. isbn 0-691-02386-7 in the image here, the two inner rectangles are exactly the same shade of grey, but the upper one appears to be a lighter grey than the lower one due to the background provided by the outer rectangles. this is a different concept from contrast, which by itself refers to one object's difference in color and luminance compared to its surroundings or background. frame|left|successive contrast successive contrast occurs when the perception of currently viewed stimuli is modulated by previously viewed stimuli. for example, when one stares at the dot in the center of one of the two colored disks on the top row for a few seconds and then looks at the dot in the center of the disk on the same side in the bottom row, the two lower disks, though identically colored, appear to have different colors for a few moments. one type of contrast that involves both time and space is metacontrast and paracontrast. when one half of a circle is lit for 10 milliseconds, it is at its maximum intensity. if the other half is displayed at the same time (but 20-50 ms later), there is a mutual inhibition: the left side is darkened by the right half (metacontrast), and the center may be completely obliterated. at the same time, there is a slight darke
Cognition Cognitive_biases Perception Psychophysics Vision