this article presents a list of discoveries' and includes famous observations. discovery observations form acts of detecting and learning something. discovery observations are acts in which something is found and given a productive insight. the observation assimilates the knowledge of a phenomenon or the recording of data using instruments.  ==anthropology== century of discovery and item *19th century : historical relatedness of languages *19th century : extinct human ancestry *20th century : culture and tool use among chimpanzees ==astronomy/cosmology== century of discovery, item and discoverer *3rd century b.c. : heliocentrism (earth and the planets revolving around the sun) by aristarchus of samos *3rd century b.c. : the discovery of the curvature of the earth, its size (circumference) computed by eratosthenes *2nd century b.c. : discovery of tides being caused by the moon, by seleucus of seleucia *16th century : explicit heliocentric model by nicolaus copernicus *17th century : moons of jupiter by galileo galilei *17th century : sunspots by johannes and david fabricius, christoph scheiner and galileo galilei *18th and 19th century : the outer planets, uranus and neptune *20th century : universe beyond our galaxy *20th century : expansion and age of the universe, based on hubble's law *20th century : cosmic microwave background radiation ==biology== *systemic circulation of blood and double circulatory system by william harvey *observation of microorganisms by antony van leeuwenhoek *discovery of the role of oxygen in respiration and photosynthesis by joseph priestley, antoine lavoisier and jan ingenhousz *former existence of extinct species *mendel's laws of genetics *discovery of evidence for the evolution of species in the fossil record and dna sequences. *chromosomes in the cell nucleus bear a definite linear arrangement of genes - the chromosome theory of inheritance. *discovery of the essential minerals, nutrients and vitamins in foodstuffs. *discovery of the mechanism of evolution by natural selection, by charles darwin *the role of microorganisms in causing infectious disease, by louis pasteur and joseph lister *the nervous system acts via electrical impulses. *discovery of the structure and function of dna and rna *discovery of the structure and function of enzymes and other proteins. *discovery of restriction endonucleases, later used in genetic engineering, by daniel nathans and [[ham
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